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20911 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Kanembu | Mutanen Kanembu | Kanembu kabila ce ta Chadi, galibi ana ɗaukarta zuriyar zamani na Daular Kanem-Bornu Lambar Kanembu an kiyasta kimanin mutane 655,000, wadanda suke a farko a lardin Lac na Chadi amma kuma a lardunan Chari-Baguirmi da Kanem. Suna magana da yaren Kanembu, wanda yaren Kanuri ya samo asali, tare da yawa suna magana da Larabci a matsayin yare na biyu.
Bayanin Lantarki Kalmar Kanembu na nufin "mutanen bu na Kanem Tarihi Fiye da shekaru dubu Masarautar Kanem-Bornu ta kasance tana da ƙarfi a tsakiyar Arewacin Afirka. Tasirin tasirinsa ya mamaye Gabashin Najeriya da Nijar, da arewacin Chadi, Kamaru, da Libya. Mazaunan nata sun yi kasuwanci tare da Misira kuma sun ɗauki nauyin makarantun Islamiyya har zuwa Alexandria. Ayarin raƙumanta sun isa tsarkakakkun biranen Makka da Madina. Har zuwa farkon shekarar 1900s da Turawan Faransa suka mamaye wannan yanki, Daular Kanem-Bornu ita ce babbar iko a tsakiyar tsakiyar Arewacin Afirka.
A ƙarshen karni na goma sha biyu, Kanembu ya koma cikin yankin da ke Yankin Kanem a yau. Sannu a hankali sun zama masu zaman kansu kuma sun kafa babban birni a Njimi a lokaci guda, suka ci gaba da faɗaɗa soja na kafa Daular Kanem Iyakar wannan masarautar ta farko ta zo ne tare da mulkin Mai (Sarki) Dunama Dabbalemi na daular Sayfawa, wanda ya yi sarauta daga shekarar 1221 zuwa 1259. Shi ne na farko daga cikin Kanembu da ya musulunta, ya yi shelar jihadi a kan ƙabilun da ke kewaye da shi kuma ya ƙaddamar da wani dogon lokaci na mamaya. Bayan sun inganta yankinsu a kusa da Tafkin Chadi sai suka doshi arewa a Fezzan da yamma a kasashen Hausa A ƙarshen karni na goma sha huɗu, amma, rarrabuwa a cikin gida ya raunana daular Kanem sosai, wanda ya tilasta wa daular Sayfawa komawa zuwa Borno a gabar yamma da tafkin Chadi Auren Kanem tare da mutanen yankin na wannan yankin ya haifar da wata sabuwar kabila, mai suna Kanuri Kanembu yana riƙe da dangi na kusa da Kanuri har zuwa yau. A yau mutanen Kanembu rukuni ɗaya ne na zuriyar wannan daula da ta taɓa samun nasara sosai, kuma har yanzu masarautunsu da sarakunan gargajiya suna da tasiri fiye da hukumomin gwamnati. Tare da ƙungiyar yare mai alaƙa da Kanuri, su ne suka fi yawa a cikin rukuni tsakanin arewacin gabar Tafkin Chadi da Saharar Sahara. Al'adar su ta gidaje da suttura bata canza sosai ba tun zamanin mulkin mallaka.
Tattalin arziki Kanembu su ne 'yan kasuwar Chadi. Kashi 75 zuwa 80 cikin 100 na dukkan chanan kasuwar da ke Chadi su ne Kanembu, wanda ke sanya su, ɗaya daga cikin rukunin Chadungiyoyin masu arzikin Chadi. Rukuni ne wadanda suma suka tsunduma cikin harkar noma da kiwo. Alkama, gero da masara ana kiwon su a kusa da tabki, amma da yake ƙasar ba ta da iyaka kuma ba ta da tsarin hanya, ƙarancin kasuwancin noma ya bunkasa. Kamar yadda suke rayuwa a gefen Sahara, yunwa ma wata barazana ce a gare su da ruwan sama kawai ke zuwa lokacin watan Yuli, Agusta da kuma watan Satumba.
Addini A mafi yawan tarihin daular Kanem-Bornu ta kasance Musulma ce, suna bin dokokin Islama. A zamanin yau wannan yana gauraya da imanin gargajiya na Afirka, bautar Islama ta zama abin da ya dace da al'ada tare da ruhaniya a cikin rayuwar yau da kullun. Za a ga maza, mata, musamman yara kanana sanye da kananan jakunkunan fata ko layu wadanda ke dauke da ayoyi na musamman na Alkur'ani ko bawon shanu don nisantar sharri. Marabous, malamai na ruhaniya, yawanci ana neman su don ikon warkaswa ko don ikon su don sadarwa tare da ruhohi.
Halittar jini Dangane da wani bincike daya, daya R1b Y-DNA haplogroup brougt da Baggara Balaraba yayi kashi 50% na Kanembu.
Duba kuma Jama'ar Kanuri
Masarautar Kanem
Daular Bornu
Bayani Easley, Dr. Larry. "The Four Forest States of Africa." Oyo Empire. Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau. 2 Mar. 2009.
Kehnide Salami, Yunusa Ph.D. "The Democratic Structure of Yoruba Political-Cultural Heritage." Department of Philosophy Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife. 29 Apr. 2009.
Shillington, Kevin. History of Africa. 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan Limited, 1995
Fasanya, Akin (2004). "The Original Religion of the Yorubas". http://www.laits.utexas.edu/africa/2004/database/fasanya.html
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Daular Kanem Bornu
Afirka
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25891 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCCP%20Fedeli%20alla%20linea | CCCP Fedeli alla linea | CCCP Fedeli alla Linea Italian pronunciation: i deli a linea] sun kasance ƙungiyar Italiyanci da aka kafa a cikin shekara ta 1982 a Berlin ta mawaƙi Giovanni Lindo Ferretti da mawaƙa Massimo Zamboni. Membobin da kansu sun ayyana salon ƙungiyar a matsayin "Musica Melodica Emiliana- Punk Filosovietico" Emilian Melodic Music- pro-Soviet punk Sunan su, CCCP, ya samo asali ne daga rubutun cyrillic na SSSR, acronym na Rasha ga Tarayyar Soviet Socialist Republics, kodayake an furta bin sautin Italiyanci.
CCCP ya bar abubuwan da aka saba da su na dutsen punk, kuma ya kai ga saɓanin saɓani na dutsen mayaƙa, kiɗan masana'antu, jama'a, electropop, kiɗan Gabas ta Tsakiya, har ma da kiɗan ɗakin yayin da suke isar da waƙoƙin su hangen nesa na ɗan adam, har ila yau suna gabatar da abubuwa. na gidan wasan kwaikwayo da falsafar rayuwa a cikin nunin su.
Ayyukan CCCP sun shafi dozin masu fasaha kamar Marlene Kuntz, Massimo Volume, da Offlaga Disco Pax Tarihi
1981–1983: Kafa An kafa CCCP a cikin 1981 lokacin da Ferretti ya sadu da Zamboni (dukkansu sun fito ne daga Reggio Emilia a cikin diski a Kreuzberg Berlin Da zarar sun dawo gida sun kafa sabuwar ƙungiyar da ake kira MitropaNK. A lokacin bazara mai zuwa Ferretti, Zamboni da bassist Umberto Negri sun koma Berlin: a lokacin wannan tafiya ce aka haifi CCCP Fedeli alla Linea. Membobin ƙungiyar sun yanke shawarar yin amfani da injin ƙwanƙolin maimakon ainihin ganga.
Sunan ƙungiyar suna bikin shaharar ƙaramar al'adar Emilia yayin da kuma suke yaba Tarayyar Soviet, ƙirƙirar hanyar haɗi tsakanin Rasha da lardin Emilia-Romagna.
A wannan lokacin ƙungiyar ta yi sau da yawa a cikin Jamus, suna wasa wasu kulab na ƙarƙashin ƙasa a Berlin kamar Kob ko Spectrumin. Dindindin su a Berlin ya rinjayi sautin ƙungiyar ta hanyar masana'antar gida. Al'adar Berlin ta Gabas da al'ummar musulmin yankin yammacin garin suma sun yi tasiri ga kalmomin Ferretti.
Wasannin kide-kide na farko a Italiya sun gamu da martani mara kyau daga taron, yana jagorantar ƙungiyar don ƙara sabbin membobi biyu a cikin layi: Annarella Giudici "Benemerita soubrette da mai wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Danilo Fatur Annarella, Fatur, da ɗan ƙaramin lokaci Silvia Bonvicini (na biyu "Benemerita soubrette sun ba da gudummawa don nuna halayen kide-kide ta hanyar buga zane-zane mai ban dariya yayin wasan su.
1984–1985: EPs na farko A cikin shekara ta 1984 ƙungiyar ta saki Ortodossia EP ɗin su na farko akan lakabin mai zaman kansa Attack Punk Records. A cikin wannan shekarar an saki Ortodossia II EP, wanda ya haɗa da waƙoƙi guda uku waɗanda aka riga aka haɗa su a cikin EP na farko ("Live in Pankow", "Spara Jurij", da "Punk Islam") da ƙarin waƙa ta huɗu ("Mi ami 1985 sun ga sakin EP na uku, Compagni, Cittadini, Fratelli, Partigiani.
EP ɗin guda uku an ƙera su kuma sun yi rikodin su tare da kuɗi kaɗan da ƙananan kayan kida a cikin ɗaki ɗaya da aka saita azaman ɗakin rikodi, kusa da layin tram na birni koyaushe yana damun rikodin.
1986: Fitar da kundi Kundin studio ɗin su na farko, 1964/1985 Affinità -Divergenze fra il Compagno Togliatti e Noi Del Conseguimento della Maggiore Età, an yi rikodin sa a cikin shekara ta 1985 kuma Attack Punk Records ya buga a cikin shekara ta 1986. Yana rage visceral tasiri na hardcore yayin da mayar da hankali a kan eerie bambanci tsakanin mai kauri amma kayayyakin instrumental bango da Ferretti 's delirious yanke-up lyrics kuma Brecht -ian bayarwa. Yanayin salo mai ƙyalƙyali (daga wanzuwar psychodrama zuwa ramin raye -raye, daga cabaret na batsa zuwa ballad na jama'a ya taimaka ƙirƙirar yanayi na zalunci na rashin jin daɗi da rashin nishaɗi, musamman a cikin tsakiyar, Emilia Paranoica Yawancin masu sukar kiɗa suna ɗaukar wannan kundi ɗaya daga cikin fitattun waƙoƙin Italiyanci na zamani, kuma babban ci gaba ga duk ƙungiyoyin punk na Turai. Tallace -tallacen kundin ya jawo Virgin Dischi, reshen Budurwar Italiya don shiga ƙungiyar. Wasu daga cikin magoya bayan kungiyar sun ga wannan matakin a matsayin cin amana kuma sun yi wa lakabi da kungiyar CCCP fedeli alla lira tare da lira (tsohuwar kudin Italiya kafin gabatar da Yuro maimakon linea ('layi' a ma'anar 'layin jam'iyyar', a layi tare da taken Soviet).
1987 1988: An sanya hannu don Budurwa A cikin 1987 ƙungiyar ta yi rikodin kuma ta saki na farko guda ɗaya Oh! Battagliero da kundi na biyu, Socialismo e Barbarie, wanda aka yi shi da babban kasafin kuɗi idan aka kwatanta da na farko. Aiki ne mai ƙarancin haɗin kai, wanda ya gudana daga kiɗan Gabas ta Tsakiya zuwa sigar dutsen waƙar Soviet, daga waƙoƙin Katolika zuwa wasan motsa jiki.
A cikin shekara ta 1988 Budurwa ta sake sakin Socialismo e Barbarie akan CD, da EPs na farko akan tattara Compagni, cittadini, fratelli, partigiani Ortodossia II.
A cikin wannan shekarar, CCCP ta saki guda Gobe (Voulez vous un rendez vous), sigar murfin mawaƙa da mai zane Amanda Lear.
1989: Kundin na uku Kundin na uku, Canzoni, Preghiere, Danze del II Millennio Sezione Europa (1989), ya rattaba hannu kan sauya musikarsu zuwa electropop. Keyboard, maimakon guitar, ya zama kayan aiki mafi mahimmanci. Yanzu kiɗan Gabas ta Tsakiya yana tasiri sautin su kuma yana da taushi fiye da na bayanan da suka gabata. Yana maye gurbin asalin zamantakewar siyasa tare da rikice -rikicen sihiri, da maƙasudin masana'antar su tare da synthpop mai ƙarancin juyi.
1989–1990: Litfiba da rasuwa A shekara ta 1989 CCCP, Litfiba, da Beraye sun yi rangadi a Tarayyar Soviet Moscow da Leningrad A Moscow sun taka rawa a cikin gidan sarauta cike da sojoji sanye da kayan sojoji. Sojojin sun miƙe lokacin da ƙungiyar ta taka a ƙarshen kide kide da waƙar Soviet "A Ja Ljublju SSSR".
A cikin wannan shekarar guitarist Giorgio Canali, bassist Gianni Maroccolo, masanin keyboard, Francesco Magnelli, da mawaƙa Ringo De Palma (ukun na ƙarshe sun bar Litfiba saboda wasu bambance -bambancen zane -zane tare da manajan ƙungiyar Alberto Pirelli) sun shiga kuma sun canza ƙungiyar.
Kungiyar, wanda membobi takwas suka hada yanzu, sun yi rikodin kundi na huɗu Epica Etica Etnica Pathos a cikin ƙauyen 700 da aka watsar. Wannan faifan yana nuna wani juyin halitta na kiɗa don ƙungiyar. CCCP ya kai ga zenith ɗin su tare da wannan kundi, Frank Zappa -wasan kwaikwayo na salo mai salo wanda shima yana tsaye azaman kundin kundin kide -kide na sirri, tare da ɗakunan hadaddun abubuwa kamar "MACISTE contro TUTTI", waƙar swan su, da sauyawa zuwa sabbin abubuwan son rai na Consorzio Suonatori Indipendenti (CSI), sabuwar ƙungiyar da aka haifa daga tokar CCCP.
Acronym da aka yi amfani da shi don sabon sunan ƙungiyar, CSI, yana tunatar da sabon halin da ake ciki a Tarayyar Soviet, tare da Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Italian (CSI)). Tare da ƙirƙirar CIS, Tarayyar Soviet kuma a lokaci guda ƙungiyar ta daina wanzuwa.
CCCP ya wargaje yadda ya dace ranar 3 ga Oktoban 1990, a daidai wannan ranar haɗuwar ta Jamus, kuma membobin suka ci gaba da wasu ayyukan.
Post-CCCP Lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet ta durkushe, Ferretti da Zamboni sun yanke shawarar yin layi tare da ɗaukar matakin siyasa kaɗan. An sake sunan Consorzio Suonatori Indipendenti (CSI) tare da jerin waƙoƙi daga Ko del Mondo Polygram, 1993). Suna hanzarta haɓakawa zuwa wani nau'in kiɗan dutsen dutsen (mafi yawan raunin-rashi) tare da Linea Gotica Polygram, 1996).
Lokacin da CSI ta wargaje a 1999, Ferretti ya yi muhawarar solo tare da Co-dex (2000), sannan ya kafa Per Grazia Ricevuta (PGR) kuma ya saki PGR (2002) wanda ya jagoranci zuwa kiɗan duniya.
Membobi Giovanni Lindo Ferretti (Cerreto Alpi, 9 Satumba a cikin shekara ta 1953): marubuci, mawaƙa (a cikin shekara ta 1982 zuwa ta 1990)
Massimo Zamboni (Reggio Emilia, 1957): guitar, songwriter (1982-1990)
Umberto Negri: bass, marubucin waƙa (1982–1985)
Zeo Giudici: ganguna (1982-1983)
Mirka Morselli ganguna (1983)
Annarella Giudici (an haifi Antonella Giudici): "Benemerita soubrette muryoyin (1984-1990)
Danilo Fatur: "Artista del popolo", muryoyin (1984-1990)
Silvia Bonvicini: muryoyi (1984-1985)
Carlo Chiapparini: guitar (1986–1989)
Ignazio Orlando: bass, madannai, ganguna (1986–1989)
Gianni Maroccolo (Manciano, 9 ga Mayu 1960): bass (1989-1990)
Francesco Magnelli: keyboards (1989-1990)
Ringo De Palma (an haife shi Luca De Benedictis, Turin, 28 ga Disamba 1963- Florence, 1 Yuni 1990): ganguna (1989-1990)
Giorgio Canali (1958): guitar, shirye-shirye (1989-1990)
Tsarin lokaci na Membobi
Binciken hoto
Albums ɗin Studio 1964/1985 Affinità-Divergenze fra il Compagno Togliatti e Noi-Del Conseguimento della Maggiore Età, Attack Punk Records, red vinyl 1986, Virgin ta sake fitar da shi a cikin shekara ta 1988
Socialismo e Barbarie, Virgin Records 1987, sake sakewa a cikin shekara ta 1988 akan CD tare da ƙarin waƙoƙi guda biyu.
Canzoni, Preghiere, Danze del II Millennio Sezione Europa, Budurwa, 1989
Epica Etica Etnica Pathos, Budurwa, 1990
Albums masu rai Rayuwa a Punkow, Budurwa, 1996
Albums na tattarawa Compagni, cittadini, fratelli, partigiani Ortodossia II, Budurwa, 1988
Ecco i miei gioielli, Budurwa, 1992
Ji daɗin CCCP, Budurwa, 1994
Muhimmin (CCCP), EMI, 2012
Marasa aure Haba! Battagliero, Budurwa, 1987
Gobe (Voulez vous un rendez vous) (feat. Amanda Lear Budurwa, 7 "da 12" vinyl, 1988
EP Ortodossia, Attack Punk Records, jan vinyl, 1984
Ortodossia II, Attack Punk Records, jan vinyl, sake sakewa a cikin 1985 ta Virgin a cikin baƙar vinyl
Compagni, Cittadini, Fratelli, Partigiani, Attack Punk Records, hoton hoto wanda Virgin ya sake fitarwa a 1985 a cikin baƙar vinyl
Ragazza Emancipata, Stampa Alternativa, 1990
VHS Tsarin zamani, 1989
Gidan wasan kwaikwayo Allerghia, 1987-1988
Duba kuma Consorzio Suonatori Indipendenti (CSI Per Grazia Ricevuta (PGR)
Hanyoyin waje Annarella Benemerita Soubrette CCCP feedeli alla linea RudePravda Fedeli alla Linea Tattaunawa da Umberto Negri akan gomma.tv (cikin Italiyanci)
Manazarta
Pages with unreviewed |
57459 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kia%20Mohave | Kia Mohave | Kia Mohave, ana kasuwa a Arewacin Amurka da China a matsayin Kia Borrego, abin hawa ne mai amfani da wasanni (SUV) wanda kamfanin kera na Koriya ta Kudu Kia ya kera. Motar ta yi muhawara a cikin 2008 a cikin Koriya da kasuwannin Amurka. Ana kiran Kia Borrego ne bayan filin shakatawa na Anza-Borrego Desert State a California; Borrego na nufin "babban tumaki" wanda za'a iya samu a wurin shakatawa na jihar.
Tarihin samarwa Samfurin samarwa, wanda mai zanen mota Peter Schreyer ya tsara, tsohon babban mai zanen Audi, an gabatar da shi a 2008 North American International Auto Show Tun farko an nuna motar a matsayin motar ra'ayi ƙarƙashin sunan Kia Mesa a Nunin Nunin Mota na Ƙasashen Duniya na Arewacin Amirka na 2005 kuma an ci gaba da sayarwa a Koriya a matsayin Mohave kafin a sake shi a Amurka. A cikin Amurka, Borrego ya ci gaba da dakatarwa don shekarar samfurin 2010, ba tare da wata magana ba game da dawowa ko sokewa, bayan ƙasa da tallace-tallacen da aka sa ran a 2009. Kia, duk da haka, har yanzu ya ci gaba da sayar da Borrego a Kanada, ma'ana Borrego shine sunan Kanada-kawai daga 2010 2011. Sigar cikin gida na Mohave ba sa sa kowane tambarin Kia, a maimakon haka suna amfani da sigar tambarin Kia Opirus, saboda matsayinsu na ƙirar ƙirar Kia. Tun daga ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2011, an dakatar da samfurin tare da Sorento a matsayin magaji, sai dai Gabas ta Tsakiya, China, Asiya ta Tsakiya, Brazil, Chile da Rasha. Daga baya an watsar da shi daga kasuwannin China da Brazil.
Bayanan fasaha Borrego ya yi amfani da ginin jiki-kan-firam, tare da daidaitacce ta dakatarwar iska, sarrafa gangaren tudu da watsawa ta atomatik mai girma da ƙananan iyaka. Borrego yana da daidaitattun layuka uku na kujeru a Amurka. Borrego ya dace da ko dai 3.0 L VGT dizal V6 (a cikin 2010), ƙarni na biyu Lambda II 3.8 LV6 yana samar da 206 kW (276 hp) ya da 4.6 Injin L V8 Hyundai Tau An kunna Tau V8 don ba da ƙasa da ƙarfi amma mafi ƙarfi fiye da na Hyundai Farawa sedan, kuma yana ƙirƙirar 269 kW (361 hp) da V8 yana da karfin juyi 3,400 kg (7,500 lb), kuma V6 yana iya jawo 2,300 kg (5,000 lb) ku. Akwai tsarin kewayawa azaman zaɓi. 2011 ya gabatar da ingantacciyar injin da fakitin wutar lantarki, wanda ke nuna sabunta S-Line 3.0 L V6 CRDi (yanzu mai suna S-II) haɗe tare da sabon-sabon watsawa ta atomatik mai sauri takwas daga Hyundai Powertech (an raba tare da manyan motocin alfarma na baya-baya na Hyundai-Kia).
An gabatar da Kia Borrego a matsayin SUV mafi girma a cikin jeri na motocin Kia a Amurka a cikin Yuli 2008 na shekarar ƙirar 2009. Jeri na Borrego a Amurka ya kasance kamar haka:
LX ita ce tushe Kia Borrego, kodayake tana da kayan aiki sosai don farashin tushe na $26,245 MSRP. Ya haɗa da irin waɗannan fasalulluka kamar: Tufafin Tufafi, shigarwa mara maɓalli, sitiriyo AM/FM tare da CD/MP3 mai kunnawa guda ɗaya da USB/iPod da jacks shigar da sauti da SIRIUS Tauraron Dan Adam Radio, lasifika shida, kwandishan, ƙafafun alloy, da 3.8 Injin L V6 tare da watsa atomatik. Abubuwan fasali kamar 4.6 Injin L V8 na zaɓi ne.
EX shine sigar haɓakar Kia Borrego, yana da farashin tushe na $27,995 MSRP, kuma ya ƙara fasalta kamar: sitiriyo AM/FM tare da mai canza diski guda shida CD/MP3 da kebul/iPod da jacks shigar da jiwuwa da ƙari. SIRIUS Tauraron Dan Adam Rediyo, tsarin sauti mai ƙima mai ƙima tare da amplifier waje da subwoofer mai hawa na baya, rufin rana mai ƙarfi, da sarrafa sauyin yanayi biyu. Fasaloli kamar kujerun bokitin gaba biyu masu zafi da 4.6 Injin L V8 na zaɓi ne.
Ƙididdigar ita ce sigar saman-layi na Kia Borrego, tana da farashin tushe na $37,995 MSRP, da ƙarin fasali kamar: daidaitaccen 4.6 Injin L V8, saman wurin zama na fata, kujerun kujerun bokiti na gaba biyu, ingantattun ƙafafun gami, kujerun guga biyu masu zafi, kewayawa GPS-allon taɓawa na zaɓi tare da tantance murya, da mai watsa Homelink.
Wayar hannu mara hannu ta Bluetooth da yawo na odiyon sitiriyo mara waya na zaɓi ne ga kowane ƙira.
2009 ita ce kawai samfurin shekara don Borrego a Amurka Bayan tallace-tallacen da ba a yi nasara ba a Amurka don 2009, an dakatar da Kia Borrego, kuma ya maye gurbinsa, sabon, na biyu na 2011 Kia Sorento, ya fara samarwa a West Point, Jojiya a shekarar 2010. Kodayake bai ƙunshi injin V8 ba (maimakon yana ba da sabbin injunan Inline Four-Silinda (I4) da injunan V6), ya ba da duk fasalulluka da Kia Borrego ke da shi, gami da sabon zaɓin wurin zama na jere na uku don duk samfuran ban da Base abin koyi.
Sakamakon hauhawar farashin man fetur a lokacin, 4.6 An sauke L <i id="mwWg">Tau</i> V8 daga kewayon a wasu kasuwanni.
An ƙaddamar da gyaran fuska ga Mohave a farkon 2016. Canje-canje sun haɗa da ingantaccen aminci da haɓakawa zuwa fakitin datsa ciki da na waje. Sabbin fasaloli kamar tsarin faɗakarwa na baya, tsarin faɗakarwa na tashi hanya, tsarin faɗakarwa na gaba, tsarin sa ido a kusa da kallo, hasken rana mai gudana, HID-fitilolin mota, fitilolin LED da fitilun hazo. S-Line V6 ya sami ƙaramin sabuntawa, wanda ya haɗa da SCR (Tsarin Rage Rage Zaɓuɓɓuka) don saduwa da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin fitar da diesel na EURO6 |
2681 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankara | Sankara | Ciwon daji rukuni ne na cututtuka da ke tattare da hadakar kwayoyin halitta (cell) mara kyau, tare da yuwuwar mamayewa ko yaduwa zuwa wasu sassan jiki. Wadannan sun bambanta da ciwace-ciwacen daji, wanda ba su yaduwa. Alamun cutar ya hada da dungulewa, zub da jini mara kyau, tari mai tsawo, rama da canji a cikin motsin hanji. Duk da yake wadannan cuwuka suna iya nuna akamun ciwon daji, suna iya wani cutan na daban. Akwai sama da nau'ikan ciwukan daji guda 100 da ke shafar mutane. Shan taba shine sanadin kusan kashi 22% na mace-mace ta hanyar cutar daji. Sauran kashi 10% kuma yana faruwa ne saboda kiba, rashin cin abinci mai kyau, rashin motsa jiki ko yawan shan barasa. Sauran abubuwan sun hada da wasu cututtuka, da fallasa hasken ionizing, da gurbataccen muhalli. A cikin kasashe masu tasowa, kashi 15 cikin 100 na cututtukan daji na faruwa ne saboda cututtuka irin su Helicobacter pylori, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Human papillomavirus infection, Epstein-Barr virus da Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Wadannan abubuwan suna aiki, akalla, ta hanyar canza kwayoyin halittar tantanin halitta. Yawanci, ana bukatar yawan canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta kafin ciwon daji ya taso. Kusan kashi 5-10% na cututtukan daji na faruwa ne saboda illar gado. Ana kuma iya gano cutar sankara ta wasu alamu da alamomi ko gwaje-gwajen tantancewa. Sa'an nan yawanci ana cigaba da bincike ta hanyar hoton asibiti kuma ana tabbatar da shi ta hanyar biopsy. Ana iya rage hadarin habakar wasu cututtukan daji ta hanyar rashin shan taba, kiyaye lafiyar kiba, iyakance yawan shan barasa, yawan cin kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itatuwa, da cin sitaci, da dukan hatsi, rigakafi da wasu cututtuka masu yaduwa, iyakance cin nama da aka sarrafa da jan name, da iyakance yawan shiga hasken rana kai tsaye. Gano cutar da wuri ta hanyar dubawa yana da amfani ga ciwon daji na mahaifa da na launi. Akwai sabani dangane da muhammancin gwajin cutar sankarar nono. Yawancin lokaci ana bi da kansa tare da wasu hadewar maganin radiation, tiyata, chemotherapy da maganin da aka yi niyya Radadi da kulawa da alamu sune muhimmin sashi na kulawa. Kulawa da jin dadi yana da mahimmanci musamman ga mutanen da ke fama da cigaba. Damar tsira ya dogara da nau'in ciwon daji da girman cutar a farkon jiyya. A cikin yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 15 a lokacin ganewar asali, adadin rayuwa na shekaru biyar a cikin duniya da suka cigaba yana kan matsakaicin 80%. Ga ciwon daji a Amurka, matsakaicin adadin rayuwa na shekaru biyar shine 66%. A cikin 2015, kusan mutane miliyan 90.5 sun kamu da cutar kansa. Ya zuwa 2019, kusan sabbin maganganu miliyan 18 na faruwa a shekara. A kowace shekara, ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane miliyan 8.8 (15.7% na mace-mace Mafi yawan nau'in ciwon daji a cikin maza sune ciwon huhu, ciwon prostate, ciwon daji, da ciwon ciki A cikin mata, nau'o'in da aka fi sani da shi sune ciwon nono, ciwon daji, ciwon huhu, da ciwon mahaifa. Idan ciwon daji na fata banda melanoma ya kasance cikin sabbin cututtukan daji kowace shekara, zai kai kusan kashi 40% na lokuta. A cikin yara, cutar sankarar bargo ta lymphoblastic da kuma ciwace-ciwacen kwakwalwa sun fi yawa, sai dai a Afirka, inda lymphoma ba Hodgkin ke faruwa sau da yawa. A cikin 2012, kimanin yara 165,000 'yan kasa da shekaru 15 sun kamu da ciwon daji. Haarin cutar kansa yana ƙaruwa sosai da shekaru, kuma yawancin cututtukan daji suna faruwa a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa. Yawan kudi yana karuwa yayin da mutane da yawa ke rayuwa har zuwa tsufa kuma yayin da canje-canjen salon rayuwa ke faruwa a cikin kasashe masu tasowa. A kudi halin kaka na ciwon daji aka kiyasta a 1,16 tiriliyan USD a kowace shekara Asalin kalma da ma'anoni Kalmar ta fito daga tsohuwar Girkanci ma'ana kaguwa da ƙari Likitocin Girka Hippocrates da Galen, da sauransu, sun lura da kamannin kaguwa da wasu ciwace-ciwacen daji masu kumbura. An gabatar da kalmar a Turanci a ma'anar likitancin zamani a kusa da 1600. Ciwon daji ya kunshi babban iyali na cututtuka wadanda suka hada da hadakar kwayar sel mara kyau tare da yuwuwar mamayewa ko yaduwa zuwa wasu sassan jiki. Suna samar da wani yanki na neoplasms Neoplasm ko kari wani rukuni ne na kwayoyin sel wadanda suka sami girma mara tsari kuma galibi za su samar da taro ko dunkule, amma ana iya rarraba su a fili. Duk kwayoyin kari suna nuna alamomi shida na ciwon daji Ana buƙatar waɗannan halaye don samar da kwayar cuta mara kyau. Sun hada da: Girman tantanin halitta da rarrabuwa ba su da sigina masu dacewa
Cigaba da girma da rarrabuwa har ma da aka ba da sigina sabani
Gujewa shirin mutuwar kwayar halitta
Mara iyaka na sassan sel
Haɓaka ginin magudanar jini
Mamaye nama da samuwar metastases Cigaba daga sel na yau da kullun zuwa sel waɗanda zasu iya samar da adadin da za'a iya ganowa zuwa kansa kai tsaye ya ƙunshi matakai da yawa da aka sani da cigaba mara kyau.
Alamomi da alamomi Lokacin da ciwon daji ya fara, ba ya haifar da alamun. Alamomi da alamomi suna bayyana yayin da taro ke girma ko ciwon ciki Sakamakon binciken ya dogara da nau'in ciwon daji da wurin da yake ciki. 'Yan alamun suna da takamaiman Yawancin lokuta suna faruwa a cikin mutane wadanda ke da wasu yanayi. Ciwon daji na iya zama da wahala a gano shi kuma ana iya daukarsa a matsayin babban mai koyi Mutane na iya zama cikin damuwa ko damuwa bayan an gano cutar. Hadarin kashe kansa a cikin mutanen da ke da ciwon daji ya kusan ninki biyu.
Alamomin gida Alamomin gida na iya faruwa saboda yawan kwayar cuta ko gyambonta. Alal misali, sakamako mai yawa daga ciwon huhu na huhu zai iya toshe bronchus wanda ke haifar da tari ko ciwon huhu Ciwon daji na esophageal zai iya haifar da kunkuntar esophagus, yana sa ya zama mai wuya ko mai radadi don hadiye; kuma ciwon daji na launi na iya haifar da raguwa ko toshewa a cikin hanji, yana shafar dabi'un hanji. Talakawa a cikin kirjin ko kwaya na iya haifar da kullu mai gani. Ulceration na iya haifar da zubar jini wanda zai iya haifar da alamomi kamar tari na jini (ciwon daji), anemia ko zubar da jini na dubura (ciwon daji), jini a cikin fitsari (ciwon mafitsara), ko zubar da jini na al'ada (endometrial ko cervical cancer). Kodayake ciwo na gida yana iya faruwa a cikin ciwon daji mai ci gaba, kwayar farko ba ta da zafi. Wasu ciwon daji na iya haifar da tarin ruwa a cikin kirji ko ciki Alamomin tsari Alamun tsarin na iya faruwa saboda amsawar jiki ga ciwon daji. Wannan na iya hadawa da gajiya, asarar nauyi ba da gangan ba, ko canjin fata. Wasu cututtuka na iya haifar da tsarin kumburi na tsarin da ke haifar da asarar tsoka da rauni mai gudana, wanda aka sani da cachexia Wasu nau'in ciwon daji kamar cutar Hodgkin, cutar sankarar bargo da ciwon daji na hanta ko koda na iya haifar da zazzabi mai tsayi Wasu bayyanar cututtuka na ciwon daji suna haifar da hormones ko wasu kwayoyin halitta da kwayar cuta ta haifar, wanda aka sani da paraneoplastic syndromes Ciwon daji na paraneoplastic na yau da kullun sun haɗa da hypercalcemia wanda zai iya haifar da canjin yanayin tunani, makarkashiya da bushewa, ko hyponatremia wanda kuma zai iya haifar da canjin yanayin tunani, amai, ciwon kai ko faduwa.
Metastasis Metastasis shine yaduwar cutar kansa zuwa wasu wurare a cikin jiki. Ciwace-ciwacen da aka tarwatsa ana kiran su da ciwace-ciwacen daji, yayin da na asali shi ake kira da ciwon farko. Kusan duk ciwon daji na iya metastasize. Mafi yawan mutuwar ciwon daji na faruwa ne saboda ciwon daji wanda ya daidaita.
Metastasis na kowa a karshen matakan ciwon daji kuma yana iya faruwa ta hanyar jini ko tsarin lymphatic ko duka biyu. Da hankula matakai a metastasis ne gida mamayewa, intravasation a cikin jini, ko Lymph, wurare dabam dabam a cikin jiki, extravasation cikin sabon nama, yaduwa da kuma angiogenesis Daban-daban nau'ikan cututtukan daji suna yin kaura zuwa ga wasu gabobin, amma gabadaya wuraren da aka fi sani da metastases su ne huhu, hanta, kwakwalwa da kasusuwa Dalilai Babban labarin: Abubuwan da ke haifar da ciwon daji Hoton GHS Hazard don abubuwan cutar kansa Rabon mutuwar ciwon daji da aka danganta da taba a cikin 2016. Yawancin ciwon daji, wasu kashi 90-95% na lokuta, suna faruwa ne saboda sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta daga abubuwan muhalli da salon rayuwa. Ragowar kashi 5-10 cikin 100 na gado ne. Muhalli yana nufin duk wani abu da ba a gada ba, kamar salon rayuwa, tattalin arziki, da halaye ba kawai gurbatacce ba[38]. Abubuwan muhalli na gama gari waɗanda ke haifar da mutuwar kansa sun haɗa da shan taba (25-30%), abinci da kiba (30-35%), cututtuka (15-20%), radiation (duka ionizing da rashin ionizing, har zuwa 10%). rashin motsa jiki, da gurbacewa.[3][39] Danniya na ilimin halin dan Adam baya bayyana a matsayin wani abu mai hadari ga farkon ciwon daji, ko da yake yana iya tsananta sakamako a cikin wadanda ke da ciwon daji. Ba a yiwuwa a gabadaya a tabbatar da abin da ya haifar da wani ciwon daji saboda dalilai daban-daban ba su da takamaiman alamun yatsa. Misali, idan mutumin da ke shan taba ya kamu da cutar kansar huhu, to mai yiwuwa ne ta hanyar amfani da taba, amma da yake kowa yana da dan karamin damar kamuwa da cutar kansar huhu sakamakon gurbataccen iska ko radiation, ciwon daji na iya tasowa saboda daya daga cikin wadannan dalilai. Sai dai cututtukan da ba kasafai suke faruwa ba tare da masu juna biyu da masu ba da gudummawar gabobin jiki lokaci-lokaci, ciwon daji gabadaya ba cuta ce mai iya yaɗuwa ba, duk da haka abubuwan da ka iya haifar da ci gaban ciwon daji na iya yaduwa; irin su oncoviruses kamar hepatitis B, cutar Epstein-Barr da HIV.
Sinadarai Sinadaran bkrin bayani: Barasa da ciwon daji da shan taba da ciwon daji Yawan cutar kansar huhu yana da alaqa sosai da shan taba. An danganta bayyanar da wasu abubuwa na musamman da takamaiman nau'in ciwon daji. Wadannan abubuwa ana kiran su carcinogens. Shan taba, alal misali, yana haifar da kashi 90% na cutar kansar huhu. Har ila yau yana haifar da ciwon daji a cikin makogwaro, kai, wuya, ciki, mafitsara, koda, esophagus da pancreas. Hayakin taba ya qunshi fiye da hamsin sanannun ƙwayoyin cuta, gami da nitrosamines da polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Taba yana da alhakin kusan daya cikin biyar na mutuwar cutar kansa a duniya da kusan ɗaya cikin uku a cikin kasashen da suka ci gaba. Yawan mutuwar cutar kansar huhu a Amurka ya yi kama da tsarin shan taba, tare da karuwar shan taba tare da karuwa mai ban mamaki a cikin adadin mutuwar cutar kansar huhu kuma, kwanan nan, raguwar yawan shan taba tun shekarun 1950 ya biyo bayan raguwar mutuwar cutar kansar huhu a cikin maza tun 1990. A Yammacin Turai, kashi 10% na ciwon daji na maza da kashi 3% na ciwon daji na mata ana danganta su da shan barasa, musamman ciwon hanta da na narkewar abinci. Ciwon daji daga bayyanar abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da aiki na iya haifar da tsakanin 2 zuwa 20% na lokuta, yana haifar da aƙalla mutuwar 200,000. Ciwon daji kamar kansar huhu da mesothelioma na iya fitowa daga shakar hayakin taba ko filayen asbestos, ko cutar sankarar bargo daga kamuwa da benzene. Fuskantar perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), wanda galibi ake amfani da shi wajen samar da Teflon, an san yana haifar da ciwon daji iri biyu.
Abinci Da Motsa Jiki Abinci da motsa jiki: Abinci da ciwon daji Abinci, rashin motsa jiki da kiba suna da alaka da kusan kashi 30-35% na mutuwar ciwon daji. A cikin Amurka, yawan nauyin jiki yana da alaqa da habaka nau'ikan ciwon daji da yawa kuma yana da tasiri a cikin 14-20% na mutuwar ciwon daji.Wani bincike na Burtaniya wanda ya hada da bayanai kan mutane sama da miliyan 5 ya nuna mafi girman kididdigar jiki da ke da alaqa da akalla nau'ikan ciwon daji guda 10 kuma ke da alhakin kusan cututtukan 12,000 kowace shekara a cikin ƙasar. An yi imanin rashin aiki na jiki yana ba da gudummawa ga hadarin ciwon daji, ba kawai ta hanyar tasirinsa akan nauyin jiki ba har ma ta hanyar mummunan tasiri akan tsarin rigakafi da tsarin endocrine.[54]. Fiye da rabin abin da ke haifar da abinci yana faruwa ne saboda rashin abinci mai gina jiki (cin abinci da yawa), maimakon cin kayan lambu da yawa ko wasu abinci masu lafiya. Wasu takamaiman abinci suna da alaqa da takamaiman cututtukan daji. Cin abinci mai yawan gishiri yana da alaka da ciwon daji na ciki. Aflatoxin B1, mai yawan gurɓatar abinci, yana haifar da ciwon hanta. Taunar goro na iya haifar da kansar baki. Bambance-bambancen kasa a cikin ayyukan abinci na iya yin bayanin bambance-bambance a cikin abin da ya faru na kansa. Misali, ciwon daji na ciki ya fi zama ruwan dare a Japan saboda yawan abinci mai gishiri yayin da ciwon hanji ya fi yawa a Amurka. Bayanan ciwon daji na bakin haure suna kwatanta na sabuwar kasarsu, sau da yawa a cikin tsara kaya.
Kamuwa Da Cuta Kamuwa da cuta: Abubuwan da ke kamuwa da cutar daji A duk duniya kusan kashi 18% na mutuwar kansa yana da alaqa da cututtuka masu yaduwa.[Wannan rabo ya tashi daga babban kashi 25% a Afirka zuwa kasa da kashi 10% a cikin kasashen da suka ci gaba. Kwayoyin cuta sune cututtuka na yau da kullun waɗanda ke haifar da ciwon daji amma kwayoyin cutar kansa da kwayoyin cuta na iya taka rawa. Oncoviruses (kwayoyin cutar da za su iya haifar da ciwon daji) sun hada da papillomavirus na mutum (ciwon daji na mahaifa), cutar Epstein-Barr (cututtukan lymphoproliferative B-cell da nasopharyngeal carcinoma), Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (Kaposi's sarcoma da primary effusion lymphomas), hepatitis B da hepatitis C ƙwayoyin cuta. hepatocellular carcinoma) da kuma ɗan adam T-cell cutar sankarar bargo-1 (T-cell leukemias). Har ila yau ciwon ƙwayoyin cuta na iya kara hadarin ciwon daji, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin ciwon daji na Helicobacter pylori wanda ke haifar da ciwon ciki.[59][60]. Cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji sun hada da Schistosoma haematobium (squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder) da hanta flukes, Opisthorchis viverrini da Clonorchis sinensis (cholangiocarcinoma).
Radiation Radiation: Ciwon daji da ke haifar da radiation Fitar da hasken wuta kamar hasken ultraviolet da kayan aikin rediyo abu ne mai hadari ga kansa. Yawancin cututtukan daji waɗanda ba melanoma ba suna faruwa ne saboda hasken ultraviolet, galibi daga hasken rana.[63] Tushen ionizing radiation sun haɗa da hoton likita da radon gas.[63] Ionizing radiation ba mutagen mai karfi ba ne musamman.[65] Fuskantar wurin zama ga iskar radon, alal misali, yana da hadarin kansa iri daya kamar shan taba.[65] Radiation shine tushen ciwon daji mafi karfi idan aka haɗa shi da sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar kansa, kamar radon da hayakin taba.[65] Radiation zai iya haifar da ciwon daji a yawancin sassan jiki, a cikin dukan dabbobi da kuma kowane shekaru. Yara suna da yuwuwar kamuwa da cutar sankarar bargo wanda ke haifar da radiation sau biyu kamar manya; Fitar da radiation kafin haihuwa yana da tasirin sau goma. Amfani da likitanci na ionizing radiation karami ne amma girma tushen cututtukan daji da ke haifar da radiation. Ana iya amfani da radiation ionizing don magance wasu cututtuka, amma wannan yana iya, a wasu lokuta, ya haifar da nau'i na ciwon daji na biyu.[65] Hakanan ana amfani da shi a wasu nau'ikan hoton likita.[66] Tsawaita bayyanar da hasken ultraviolet daga rana na iya haifar da cutar sankarau da sauran cututtukan fata.[67] Tabbatacciyar shaida ta tabbatar da hasken ultraviolet, musamman ma matsakaitan igiyar ruwa ta UVB, a matsayin sanadin mafi yawan cututtukan daji na fata wadanda ba melanoma ba, wadanda sune nau'in ciwon daji da aka fi sani a duniya.[67] Rashin ionizing mitar rediyo daga wayar hannu, watsa wutar lantarki da sauran makamantansu an bayyana su a matsayin yiwuwar cutar sankara ta Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya don Bincike kan Ciwon daji[68]. Hujja kuwa, ba ta goyi bayan wata damuwa ba. Wannan ya hada da cewa binciken bai sami daidaito tsakanin radiation wayar hannu da haɗarin ciwon daji ba
Gado Gado: Ciwon daji Mafi yawan ciwon daji ba na gado ba ne (na lokaci-lokaci). Ciwon daji na gado yana haifar da asali ne ta hanyar lahani na gado. Kasa da kashi 0.3 cikin 100 na yawan jama'a sune masu dauke da maye gurbi wanda ke da babban tasiri kan hadarin kansa kuma yana haifar da kasa da kashi 3-10 na cutar kansa. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan cututtuka sun haɗa da: wasu maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin halitta BRCA1 da BRCA2 tare da fiye da 75% hadarin ciwon nono da ciwon daji na ovarian, [71] da kuma ciwon daji na nonpolyposis colorectal (HNPCC ko Lynch syndrome), wanda ke cikin kusan 3. na mutanen da ke fama da ciwon daji, [72] da sauransu. Bisa kididdigar da ciwon daji ke haifar da mafi yawan mace-mace, hadarin kamuwa da cutar kansar launin fata lokacin da aka gano dangi na farko (iyaye, dan'uwa ko yaro) yana da kusan 2.[73]. Hadarin dangi daidai shine 1.5 don kansar huhu, [74] da 1.9 don kansar prostate.[75]. Ga ciwon nono, haɗarin dangi shine 1.8 tare da dangi na farko wanda ya hadaka shi yana da shekaru 50 ko sama da haka, da 3.3 lokacin da dangin ya hadaka shi lokacin yana kasa da shekaru 50.[76]. Mutane masu tsayi suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansa saboda suna da ƙwayoyin sel fiye da gajerun mutane. Tunda tsayin daka ya kayyade ta hanyar gado mai yawa, mutane masu tsayi suna da haɓakar haɗarin cutar kansa.
Wakilan Jiki Wakilan jiki Wasu abubuwa suna haifar da cutar kansa ta hanyar zahiri, maimakon sinadarai.[78] Babban misali na wannan shine tsawaita bayyanar da asbestos, filayen ma'adinai da ke faruwa a zahiri wadanda sune babban dalilin mesothelioma (ciwon daji na serous membrane) yawanci serous membrane kewaye da huhu.[78] Sauran abubuwan da ke cikin wannan nau'in, ciki har da abubuwan da ke faruwa a zahiri da kuma sinadarai masu kama da asbestos na roba, irin su wollastonite, attapulgite, ulun gilashi da ulun dutse, an yi imanin suna da irin wannan tasirin.[78] Abubuwan da ba su da fibrous wanda ke haifar da ciwon daji sun haɗa da cobalt na karfe na karfe da nickel da silica crystalline (quartz, cristobalite da tridymite).[78]. Yawancin lokaci, carcinogens na jiki dole ne su shiga cikin jiki (kamar ta hanyar numfashi) kuma suna buƙatar shekaru masu yawa don haifar da ciwon daji.[78]. Rashin raunin jiki da ke haifar da kansa ba ya da yawa.[79] Da'awar cewa karya kasusuwa yana haifar da ciwon daji, misali, ba a tabbatar da hakan ba.[79] Hakazalika, ba a yarda da raunin jiki a matsayin sanadin cutar kansar mahaifa, ciwon nono ko kansar kwakwalwa.[79] Ɗaya daga cikin tushen da aka yarda shine akai-akai, aikace-aikacen dogon lokaci na abubuwa masu zafi zuwa jiki. Mai yiyuwa ne a ce yawan kone-kone da ake yi a sassan jiki guda, kamar wanda ake samar da na’urorin dumama na kanger da na kairo (masu dumin hannu na garwashi), na iya haifar da cutar kansar fata, musamman idan akwai sinadarai masu dauke da cutar sankara.[79] Yawan shan shayi mai zafi yana iya haifar da ciwon daji na hanji[79]. Gabadaya, an yi imanin cewa ciwon daji yana tasowa, ko kuma ana karfafa ciwon daji da ya riga ya kasance, yayin aikin warkarwa, maimakon raunin da ya faru kai tsaye.[79] Koyaya, maimaita raunin da aka samu ga kyallen takarda iri ɗaya na iya hadakar kwayoyin sel da yawa, wanda hakan na iya ƙara yuwuwar maye gurbi mai cutar kansa. An yi hasashen kumburi na yau da kullun don haifar da maye gurbi kai tsaye.[79][80] Kumburi na iya ba da gudummawa ga yaduwa, rayuwa, angiogenesis da ƙaura na ƙwayoyin cutar kansa ta hanyar tasiri microenvironment na tumor.[81][82]. Oncogenes suna gina microenvironment pro-tumorigenic mai kumburi.
Hormones Hormones Wasu kwayoyin halitta suna taka rawa wajen bunkasa ciwon daji ta hanyar inganta yaduwar kwayar halitta.[84] Abubuwan haɓaka kamar insulin da sunadaran da ke ɗaure su suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaɗuwar ƙwayoyin cutar kansa, bambance-bambance da apoptosis, suna nuna yiwuwar shiga cikin carcinogenesis.[85]. Hormones sune muhimman abubuwa a cikin cututtukan daji masu alaƙa da jima'i, kamar kansar nono, endometrium, prostate, ovary da testis da kuma ciwon daji na thyroid da kansar ƙashi.[84] Misali, 'ya'yan mata masu fama da ciwon nono suna da adadin isrogen da progesterone da yawa fiye da 'yan matan mata masu ciwon nono. Wadannan matakan hormone masu girma na iya yin bayanin haɗarin da ke tattare da cutar kansar nono, ko da idan babu kwayar cutar kansar nono.[84] Hakazalika, mazan kakannin Afirka suna da matakan girma na testosterone fiye da mazan zuriyar Turai kuma suna da mafi girman matakin cutar kansar prostate.[84] Maza daga zuriyar Asiya, tare da mafi karancin matakan testosterone-activating androstanediol glucuronide, suna da mafi ƙarancin matakan ciwon daji na prostate.[84] Sauran abubuwan da suka dace: masu kiba suna da matakan girma na wasu kwayoyin halittar da ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji da kuma mafi girman adadin wadannan cututtukan.[84]. Matan da suke shan maganin maye gurbin hormone suna da babban hadarin kamuwa da cutar kansar da ke da alaqa da wadannan kwayoyin cutar.[84] A gefe guda kuma, mutanen da suke motsa jiki fiye da matsakaici suna da kananan matakan waɗannan kwayoyin halitta kuma suna rage haɗarin ciwon daji.[84]. Osteosarcoma na iya haɓaka ta hanyar hormones girma.[84] Wasu jiyya da hanyoyin rigakafin suna yin amfani da wannan dalili ta hanyar rage matakan hormone ta hanyar wucin gadi da kuma hana cututtukan daji masu saurin kamuwa da hormone.[84]
Cututtukan autoimmune Akwai wata gungiya tsakanin cutar celiac da kara hadarin duk ciwon daji. Mutanen da ke fama da cutar celiac da ba a kula da su ba suna da haɗari mafi girma, amma wannan hadarin yana raguwa tare da lokaci bayan ganewar asali da kuma kulawa mai tsanani, mai yiwuwa saboda ƙaddamar da abinci marar yisti, wanda ke da alama yana da rawar kariya daga ci gaban malignancy a cikin mutanen da ke fama da cutar celiac. Duk da haka, jinkirin ganewar asali da farawa na cin abinci marar yisti yana ƙara haɗarin malignancies.[86] Yawan ciwon daji na gastrointestinal yana karuwa a cikin mutanen da ke fama da cutar Crohn da ulcerative colitis, saboda kumburi na kullum. Har ila yau, immunomodulators da kwayoyin halitta da ake amfani da su don magance wadannan cututtuka na iya inganta hadakar cututtuka na hanji.
Pathophysiology Pathophysiology: Carcinogenesis Ciwon daji na faruwa ne sakamakon jerin maye gurbi. Kowane maye gurbi yana canza halin tantanin halitta kaɗan. Genetics Babban labarin: Oncogenomics Ciwon daji cuta ce ta asali cuta na tsarin girma na nama. Domin tantanin halitta ya canza zuwa kwayar cutar kansa, dole ne a canza kwayoyin halittar da ke daidaita girma da bambance-bambancen kwayar halitta.[88] Kwayoyin halittar da abin ya shafa sun kasu kashi biyu manya-manya. Oncogenes sune kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke haɓaka haɓakar ƙwayoyin sel da haifuwa. Kwayoyin da ke hana Tumor su ne kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke hana rarraba tantanin halitta da rayuwa. Mummunan canji na iya faruwa ta hanyar samuwar novel oncogenes, rashin dacewa kan-bayyanar da kwayoyin oncogenes na yau da kullun, ko ta hanyar bayyanawa ko naƙasa ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana kari. Yawanci, ana buƙatar canje-canje a cikin kwayoyin halitta da yawa don canza tantanin halitta ta al'ada zuwa kwayar cutar kansa.[89] Canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta na iya faruwa a matakai daban-daban kuma ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Riba ko asarar dukkanin chromosome na iya faruwa ta hanyar kurakurai a cikin mitosis. Mafi na kowa maye gurbi, wadanda canje-canje ne a cikin jerin nucleotide na DNA na genomic. Manyan maye gurbi sun hada da gogewa ko samun wani yanki na chromosome. Ƙwararrun kwayoyin halitta yana faruwa lokacin da tantanin halitta ya sami kwafi (sau da yawa 20 ko fiye) na ƙaramin wuri na chromosomal, yawanci yana ƙunshe da ɗaya ko fiye da oncogenes da kayan gado na kusa. Juyawa yana faruwa lokacin da yankuna biyu na chromosomal daban-daban suka zama masu haɗuwa da juna, sau da yawa a wani yanayi na musamman. Wani sanannen misalin wannan shine chromosome na Philadelphia, ko fassarar chromosomes 9 da 22, wanda ke faruwa a cikin cutar sankarar jini na myelogenous na kullum kuma yana haifar da samar da furotin BCR-abl fusion protein, wani oncogenic tyrosine kinase. Kananan maye gurbi sun hada da maye gurbi, gogewa, da sakawa, wanda zai iya faruwa a yankin mai tallata kwayar halitta kuma ya shafi maganganunsa, ko kuma yana iya faruwa a cikin jerin lambobin kwayar halittar da kuma canza aiki ko kwanciyar hankali na furotin. Har ila yau, rushewar kwayar halitta guda ɗaya na iya haifar da haduwa da kwayoyin halitta daga kwayar cutar DNA ko retrovirus, wanda ke haifar da bayyanar cututtuka na kwayar cutar kwayar cutar a cikin kwayar cutar da kuma zuriyarsa. Maimaita bayanan da ke cikin DNA na sel masu rai zai haifar da wasu kurakurai (maye gurbi). An gina hadadden gyaran kurakurai da rigakafi a cikin tsari kuma yana kiyaye tantanin halitta daga cutar kansa. Idan babban kuskure ya faru, tantanin da ya lalace zai iya lalata kansa ta hanyar tsarin mutuwar kwayar halitta, wanda ake kira apoptosis. Idan tsarin sarrafa kuskuren ya gaza, to, maye gurbin zai tsira kuma a wuce tare da sel 'ya'ya. Wasu mahalli suna sa kurakurai su iya tasowa da yaduwa. Irin waɗannan mahalli na iya haɗawa da kasancewar abubuwa masu barna da ake kira carcinogens, maimaita rauni na jiki, zafi, ionizing radiation ko hypoxia.[90] Kurakuran da ke haifar da ciwon daji suna hadaka kai da hadakawa, misali: Maye gurbi a cikin injin gyara kura kurai na tantanin halitta na iya sa wannan tantanin halitta da 'ya'yanta su tara kurakurai cikin sauri. Ƙarin maye gurbi a cikin oncogene na iya haifar da tantanin halitta yin haifuwa da sauri da yawa fiye da takwarorinsa na yau da kullun. Karin maye gurbi na iya haifar da asarar kwayar kuma za ta iya rushe hanyar siginar apoptosis da kuma dawwama tantanin halitta. Ƙarin maye gurbi a cikin injin siginar tantanin halitta na iya aika sigina masu haifar da kuskure zuwa sel na kusa. Juyawa tantanin halitta ta al'ada zuwa ciwon daji yana kama da tsarin sarkar da ke haifar da kurakurai na farko, wanda ke hadawa zuwa manyan kurakurai, kowane ci gaba yana barin tantanin halitta damar tserewa ƙarin sarrafawa waɗanda ke iyakance haɓakar nama na yau da kullun. Wannan labari mai kama da tawaye shine tsira da ba a so na mafi dacewa, inda karfin juyin halitta ke aiki da tsarin jiki da aiwatar da tsari. Da zarar ciwon daji ya fara tasowa, wannan tsari mai gudana, wanda ake kira juyin halitta na clonal, yana haifar da ci gaba zuwa matakai masu yawa.[91]. Juyin Halitta na Clonal yana haifar da intra-tumour heterogeneity (kwayoyin ciwon daji tare da maye gurbi daban-daban) wanda ke dagula ƙira ingantattun dabarun jiyya. Halayen iyawar halayen da cututtukan daji ke haɓaka sun kasu kashi-kashi, musamman ƙauracewa apoptosis, wadatar kai a cikin siginar girma, rashin jin daɗi ga siginar haɓaka girma, ci gaba da angiogenesis, yuwuwar kwafi mara iyaka, metastasis, sake fasalin kuzarin kuzari da gujewa lalatawar rigakafi.
Epigenetics Epigenetics: Ciwon daji epigenetics Matsayin tsakiya na lalacewar DNA da lahani na epigenetic a cikin kwayoyin gyaran DNA a cikin carcinogenesis Ra'ayi na gargajiya game da ciwon daji wani nau'in cututtuka ne waɗanda ke haifar da ci gaba na rashin daidaituwa na kwayoyin halitta waɗanda suka haɗa da maye gurbi a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari da oncogenes da rashin daidaituwa na chromosomal. Daga baya an gano rawar da aka samu na sauye-sauye na epigenetic.[92] Canje-canjen Epigenetic gyare-gyaren da suka dace da aiki zuwa ga kwayoyin halitta wadanda ba sa canza jerin nucleotide. Misalan irin wadannan gyare-gyare sune canje-canje a cikin DNA methylation (hypermethylation da hypomethylation), gyare-gyaren histone[93] da canje-canje a cikin gine-ginen chromosomal (wanda ya haifar da rashin dacewa na sunadaran kamar HMGA2 ko HMGA1).[94]. Kowane bayan waɗannan sauye-sauye yana sarrafa maganganun kwayoyin halitta ba tare da canza jerin DNA na asali ba. Waɗannan canje-canjen na iya wanzuwa ta hanyar rarrabuwar sel, suna dawwama ga tsararraki masu yawa kuma ana iya daukar su azaman epimutation (daidai da maye gurbi). Canje-canje na Epigenetic yana faruwa akai-akai a cikin ciwon daji. Alal misali, binciken daya ya lissafa kwayoyin halittar sunadaran sunadaran da aka saba canzawa akai-akai a cikin methylation tare da ciwon daji na hanji. Wadannan sun hada da 147 hypermethylated da 27 hypomethylated genes. Daga cikin kwayoyin halittar hypermethylated, 10 sun kasance hypermethylated a cikin 100% na ciwon daji na hanji kuma wasu da yawa sun kasance hypermethylated a cikin fiye da 50% na ciwon daji na hanji.[95]. Yayin da ake samun sauye-sauye na epigenetic a cikin ciwon daji, sauye-sauye na epigenetic a cikin kwayoyin gyaran DNA, yana haifar da raguwar maganganun sunadarai na gyaran DNA, na iya zama mahimmanci. Ana tsammanin irin waɗannan sauye-sauyen suna faruwa da wuri kafin su ci gaba zuwa cutar kansa kuma suna iya zama sanadin rashin zaman lafiyar kwayoyin halittar cututtukan daji.[96][97][98] Rage bayanin kwayoyin halittar DNA na gyaran DNA yana rushe gyaran DNA. Ana nuna wannan a cikin adadi a mataki na 4 daga sama. (A cikin adadi, jajayen kalmomi suna nuna tsakiyar rawar lalacewar DNA da lahani a cikin gyaran DNA don ci gaba zuwa ciwon daji.) Lokacin da gyaran DNA ya gaza lalacewar DNA ya kasance a cikin sel a matakin sama fiye da yadda aka saba (mataki na 5) kuma yana haifar da kara yawan mitoci. maye gurbi da/ko epimutation (matakin 6). Adadin maye gurbi yana karuwa sosai a cikin ƙwayoyin da ba su da lahani a cikin gyare-gyaren rashin daidaituwa na DNA[99] [100] ko a cikin gyaran hadin gwiwa (HRR).[101] Sabuntawar chromosomal da aneuploidy suma suna karuwa a cikin sel marasa lahani na HRR.[102] Mafi girman matakan lalacewa na DNA yana haifar da karar maye gurbi (gefen siffa na dama) da kara kazanta. Yayin gyaran DNA ninki biyu karya, ko gyara wasu lalacewar DNA, wuraren gyara da ba su cika cika ba na iya haifar da shiru na kwayoyin halitta.[103][104] Rashin bayyanar sunadaran gyaran DNA saboda maye gurbi na iya kara hadarin kansa. Mutanen da ke da nakasar gada a cikin kowane nau'in halittar DNA na 34 (duba labarin DNA gyara-rashi cuta) sun haɓaka haɗarin kansa, tare da wasu lahani suna tabbatar da damar 100% na ciwon daji (misali p53 maye gurbi).[105]. An lura da maye gurbi na gyaran layin DNA a gefen hagu na adadi. Duk da haka, irin wannan maye gurbi (wanda ke haifar da ciwon daji na ciwon daji) shine kawai ke haifar da kusan kashi 1 cikin dari na ciwon daji.[106] A cikin cututtukan daji na lokaci-lokaci, ƙarancin gyare-gyaren DNA na faruwa lokaci-lokaci ta hanyar maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halittar DNA amma galibi ana haifar da su ta hanyar sauye-sauyen epigenetic wadanda ke rage ko yin shuru na maganganun kwayoyin halittar DNA. An nuna wannan a cikin adadi a matakin 3rd. Yawancin binciken da aka yi na carcinogenesis mai nauyin ƙarfe mai nauyi ya nuna cewa irin waɗannan ƙananan karafa suna haifar da raguwa a cikin maganganun gyaran enzymes na DNA, wasu ta hanyar hanyoyin epigenetic. An ba da shawarar hana gyaran DNA don zama babbar hanyar da ke haifar da cutar sankara mai nauyi. Bugu da kari, akai-akai sauye-sauye na epigenetic na lambar jerin DNA don kananan RNAs da ake kira microRNAs (ko miRNAs). miRNAs ba sa kididdige sunadaran sunadaran, amma suna iya “nufa” ƙwayoyin furotin-coded kuma su rage maganganunsu. Ciwon daji galibi suna tasowa ne daga tarin maye gurbi da kwankwasa waɗanda ke ba da fa'idar zabin da ke haifar da haɓaka clonal (duba lahani na ci gaba zuwa kansa). Maye gurbi, duk da haka, bazai zama akai-akai a cikin cututtukan daji kamar sauye-sauyen epigenetic ba. Matsakaicin ciwon daji na nono ko hanji yana iya samun sauye-sauyen furotin da kusan 60 zuwa 70, wanda kusan uku ko hudu na iya zama maye gurbin “direba” sauran kuma na iya zama maye gurbin “fasinja”
Metastasi Metastasis: Metastasis Metastasis shine yaduwar cutar kansa zuwa wasu wurare a cikin jiki. Ciwace-ciwacen da aka tarwatsa ana kiran su da ciwace-ciwacen daji, yayin da na asali shi ake kira da ciwon farko. Kusan duk ciwon daji na iya daidaitawa.[35] Mafi yawan mutuwar ciwon daji na faruwa ne saboda ciwon daji wanda ya karu.[36] Metastasis na kowa a karshen matakan ciwon daji kuma yana iya faruwa ta hanyar jini ko tsarin lymphatic ko duka biyu. Matakan al'ada a cikin metastasis sune mamayewa na gida, shiga cikin jini ko lymph, wurare dabam dabam ta jiki, haɓaka cikin sabon nama, yaduwa da angiogenesis. Nau'o'in ciwon daji daban-daban suna yin kazamin gabobin jikinsu, amma gabaɗaya wuraren da aka fi samun kazanta su ne huhu, hanta, ƙwaƙwalwa da kasusuwa.[35]
Metabolism Tumor metabolome Kwayoyin al'ada yawanci suna haifar da kusan kashi 30% na makamashi daga glycolysis, [108] yayin da yawancin ciwon daji ke dogara ga glycolysis don samar da makamashi (Tasirin Warburg).[109][110] [111] Amma tsirarun nau'ikan ciwon daji sun dogara da phosphorylation oxidative a matsayin tushen makamashi na farko, gami da lymphoma, cutar sankarar bargo, da kansar endometrial.[112] Ko da a wadannan lokuta, duk da haka, amfani da glycolysis a matsayin tushen makamashi da wuya ya wuce 60%.[108] Wasu 'yan ciwon daji suna amfani da glutamine a matsayin babban tushen makamashi, wani bangare saboda yana samar da nitrogen da ake bukata don hadin nucleotide (DNA, RNA).[113][108]. Kwayoyin ciwon daji sukan yi amfani da oxidative phosphorylation ko glutamine a matsayin tushen makamashi na farko.[114] Yawancin bincike sun nuna cewa enzyme sirtuin 6 an zabi wanda ba a kunna shi ba a lokacin oncogenesis a cikin nau'ikan ƙari iri-iri ta hanyar haifar da glycolysis.[111] Wani sirtuin, sirtuin 3 yana hana ciwon daji wanda ya dogara da glycolysis, amma yana inganta ciwon daji wanda ya dogara da oxidative phosphorylation.[115]. An ba da shawarar rage cin abinci mai karancin carbohydrate (abinci na ketogenic) a wasu lokuta azaman maganin tallafi don maganin ciwon daji.
Bincike Bincike (Satumba 2021) aX-ray na kirji yana nuna kansar huhu a cikin huhu na hagu Yawancin ciwon daji ana gane su da farko ko dai saboda bayyanar alamu ko alamun cutar ko ta hanyar dubawa. Babu bayan wadannan da ke haifar da tabbataccen ganewar asali, wanda ke bugatar bincika samfurin nama ta hanyar likitan ilimin cututtuka. Ana bincikar mutanen da ake zargi da ciwon daji tare da gwaje-gwajen likita. Wadannan yawanci sun hada da gwaje-gwajen jini, X-rays, (contrast) CT scans da endoscopy. Binciken nama daga biopsy yana nuna nau'in tantanin halitta da ke yaduwa, darajar tarihinsa, rashin daidaituwa na kwayoyin halitta da sauran siffofi. Tare, wannan bayanin yana da amfani don kimanta tsinkaye da kuma zabar mafi kyawun magani. Cytogenetics da immunohistochemistry wasu nau'ikan gwaje-gwajen nama ne. Wadannan gwaje-gwajen suna ba da bayanai game da sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta (kamar maye gurbi, kwayoyin halittar fusion da sauye-sauye na chromosome na lambobi) kuma yana iya nuna hasashen hasashen da mafi kyawun magani. Ciwon daji na iya haifar da damuwa na tunani da kuma shiga tsakani na zamantakewa, kamar maganin magana, na iya taimakawa mutane da wannan.[118]
Rabewa Karin bayani: Jerin nau'ikan ciwon daji da Jerin sharuddan da suka danganci oncology Ciwon daji ana rarraba su da nau'in tantanin halitta wanda kwayoyin tumor suke kama da shi don haka ana zaton shine asalin kwayar cuta. Waɗannan nau'ikan sun hada da: Carcinoma: Ciwon daji da aka samo daga sel epithelial. Wannan rukunin ya qunshi yawancin cututtukan daji da aka fi sani kuma sun haɗa da kusan duka waɗanda ke cikin nono, prostate, huhu, pancreas da hanji. Sarcoma: Ciwon daji da ke tasowa daga nama mai haɗawa (watau kashi, guringuntsi, mai, jijiya), kowannensu yana tasowa daga kwayoyin halitta da suka samo asali a cikin kwayoyin halitta a waje da kasusuwa. Lymphoma da cutar sankarar bargo: Waɗannan nau'ikan guda biyu suna tasowa ne daga ƙwayoyin hematopoietic (masu samar da jini) waɗanda ke barin bargo kuma sukan yi girma a cikin ƙwayoyin lymph da jini, bi da bi.[119] Ciwon ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta: Ciwon daji da aka samo daga sel masu ƙarfi, galibi suna nunawa a cikin ƙwaya ko kwai (seminoma da dysgerminoma, bi da bi). Blastoma: Ciwon daji da aka samo daga sel "precursor" marasa girma ko nama na amfrayo. Ciwon daji yawanci ana kiransu ta hanyar amfani da -carcinoma, -sarcoma ko -blastoma a matsayin kari, tare da kalmar Latin ko Girkanci ga gabbai ko nama na asali a matsayin tushen. Misali, ciwon daji na parenchyma na hanta da ke tasowa daga sel epithelial masu cutarwa ana kiransa hepatocarcinoma, yayin da mummunan cutar da ke fitowa daga sel precursor na hanta ana kiransa hepatoblastoma kuma ciwon daji da ke fitowa daga kwayoyin kitse ana kiransa liposarcoma. Ga wasu cututtukan daji na yau da kullun, ana amfani da sunan gabobin Ingilishi. Misali, nau'in ciwon daji na nono da aka fi sani shine ake kira ductal carcinoma na nono. Anan, ductal na sifa yana nufin bayyanar cutar daji a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa, wanda ke nuna cewa ya samo asali ne a cikin magudanar madara. Ciwon daji mara kyau (wadanda ba ciwon daji ba) ana kiran su ta amfani da -oma azaman kari tare da sunan gabobin a matsayin tushen. Alal misali, kwayar tsoka mai santsi ana kiranta leiomyoma (sunan gama gari na wannan kwayar cuta mai saurin faruwa a cikin mahaifa shine fibroid). Abin mamaki, wasu nau'in ciwon daji suna amfani da -noma suffix, misalai ciki har da melanoma da seminoma. Wasu nau'in ciwon daji ana kiran su don girma da siffar sel a karkashin na'urar hangen nesa, kamar giant cell carcinoma, spindle cell carcinoma da kananan-cell carcinoma. Wani ciwon daji na ductal carcinoma na nono (kodadden wuri a tsakiya) kewaye da spikes na farar tabo da nama mai launin rawaya. Ciwon daji mai kaifi mai launi (cibi na sama) a cikin samfurin colectomy Ciwon daji mai squamous-cell (burin farar fata) kusa da bronchi a cikin samfurin huhu. Wani babban ciwon daji na ductal carcinoma a cikin samfurin mastectomy
Rigakafi Rigakafi Babban labarin: rigakafin ciwon daji An bayyana rigakafin cutar kansa azaman matakan aiki don rage hadarin kansa.[120] Mafi yawan lokuta na ciwon daji na faruwa ne saboda hadarin muhalli. Yawancin waɗannan abubuwan muhalli zabin salon rayuwa ne masu iya sarrafawa. Don haka, ciwon daji gabaɗaya ana iya rigakafinsa[121]. Tsakanin kashi 70% zuwa 90% na cututtukan daji na yau da kullun suna faruwa ne saboda abubuwan muhalli don haka ana iya yin rigakafi.[122] Fiye da kashi 30 cikin 100 na mace-macen cutar daji za a iya kiyaye su ta hanyar guje wa abubuwan haɗari da suka haɗa da: taba, kiba mai yawa, rashin abinci mara kyau, rashin motsa jiki, barasa, cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i da gurɓataccen iska.[123] Bugu da ari, ana iya la'akari da talauci a matsayin wani abu mai hatsarin gaske a cikin cututtukan daji na ɗan adam.[124] Ba duk abubuwan da ke haifar da muhalli ba ne ake iya sarrafa su ba, kamar abubuwan da ke faruwa ta zahiri da kuma ciwon daji da ke haifar da cututtukan gado na gado don haka ba a iya yin rigakafi ta hanyar halayen mutum.
Abincin abinci Abincin abinci da ciwon daji Yayin da aka ba da shawarwarin abinci da yawa don rage haɗarin ciwon daji, shaidar da za ta goyi bayan su ba ta tabbata ba.[14][125] Abubuwan abinci na farko waɗanda ke habaka hadari sune kiba da shan barasa. Abincin da ke da ƙarancin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari da jajayen nama suna da alaƙa da alaƙa amma sake dubawa da nazarin meta ba su kai ga daidaito ba.[126][127] Binciken meta-bincike na 2014 bai sami dangantaka tsakanin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari da ciwon daji ba.[128] Kofi yana da alaƙa da raguwar haɗarin cutar kansar hanta.[129] Bincike ya danganta yawan shan ja ko naman da aka sarrafa da yawan kamuwa da cutar kansar nono, ciwon hanji da kuma ciwon daji na pancreatic, al’amarin da zai iya kasancewa saboda kasancewar carcinogens a cikin naman da ake dafawa a yanayin zafi.[130][131] A cikin 2015 IARC ta ba da rahoton cewa cin nama da aka sarrafa (misali, naman alade, naman alade, karnuka masu zafi, tsiran alade) kuma, zuwa karamin digiri, jan nama yana da alaƙa da wasu cututtukan daji.[132][133]. Shawarwari na abinci don rigakafin ciwon daji yawanci sun haɗa da ba da fifiko ga kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itace, hatsi gabaɗaya da kifi da kuma nisantar sarrafa nama da jan nama (naman sa, naman alade, rago), kitsen dabbobi, abincin da aka ɗora da ingantaccen carbohydrates.
Magani Magani Ana iya amfani da magunguna don hana ciwon daji a wasu yanayi kaɗan[134]. A cikin yawan jama'a, NSAIDs suna rage hadarin ciwon daji na launi; duk da haka, saboda illar cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, suna haifar da illa gaba daya idan aka yi amfani da su don rigakafi.[135] An gano aspirin yana rage hadarin mutuwa daga cutar kansa da kusan kashi 7%.[136] Masu hana COX-2 na iya rage yawan kwayar polyp a cikin mutanen da ke da polyposis adenomatous iyali; duk da haka, yana da alaka da illa iri ɗaya da NSAIDs.[137] Yin amfani da tamoxifen ko raloxifene kullum yana rage hadarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono a cikin mata masu haɗari.[138] Amfani da cutarwa ga 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor kamar finasteride bai bayyana ba.[139] Karancin bitamin ba ya bayyana yana da tasiri wajen hana ciwon daji[140]. Yayin da ƙananan matakan bitamin D ke da alaƙa da haɓakar ciwon daji, [141] [142] [143] ko wannan dangantakar tana da dalili kuma ƙarin bitamin D yana da kariya ba a ƙayyade ba.[144][145]. Ɗaya daga cikin bita na 2014 ya gano cewa kari ba shi da wani tasiri mai mahimmanci akan hadarin ciwon daji.[145] Wani bita na 2014 ya kammala cewa bitamin D3 na iya rage hadarin mutuwa daga ciwon daji (kananan mutuwa a cikin mutane 150 da aka yi wa magani sama da shekaru 5), amma an lura da damuwa game da ingancin bayanan.[146] Beta-carotene yana kara yawan ciwon daji na huhu a cikin wadanda ke da haɗari.[147] Kariyar folic acid ba ta da tasiri wajen hana ciwon daji na hanji kuma yana iya ƙara yawan polyps.[148] Ba a nuna ƙarin sinadarin selenium don rage haɗarin cutar kansa ba.[149]
Allurar Rigakafi An samar da alluran rigakafin da ke hana kamuwa da wasu kwayoyin cuta na carcinogenic.[150] Alurar rigakafin cutar papilloma na dan adam (Gardasil da Cervarix) suna rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar mahaifa.[150] Alurar rigakafin ciwon hanta na B na hana kamuwa da cutar hanta da kuma haka yana rage haɗarin ciwon hanta.[150] Ana ba da shawarar gudanar da rigakafin cutar papillomavirus da rigakafin hanta B a inda albarkatu suka ba da izini.
Nunawa Nunawa Babban labarin: Binciken cutar daji Ba kamar yunƙurin gano cutar da alamu da alamun likita ke haifar da shi ba, gwajin cutar kansa ya haɗa da ƙoƙarin gano kansa bayan ya taso, amma kafin bayyanar cututtuka da ake iya gani.[152] Wannan yana iya haɗawa da gwajin jiki, gwajin jini ko fitsari ko hoton likita.[152] Ba a samun gwajin cutar kansa don nau'ikan ciwon daji da yawa. Ko da gwaje-gwajen suna samuwa, kila ba za a ba su shawarar ga kowa ba. Nunawa ta duniya ko tantanin jama'a ya ƙunshi tantance kowa.[153] Zaɓen tantancewa yana gano mutanen da ke cikin hadari mafi girma, kamar mutanen da ke da tarihin iyali.[153] An yi la'akari da abubuwa da yawa don tantance ko fa'idar tantancewar ta zarce kasada da kuma tsadar aikin tantancewar[152]. Wadannan abubuwan sun haɗa da: Lalacewar da za a iya samu daga gwajin nunawa: alal misali, Hotunan X-ray sun haɗa da fallasa zuwa radiation ionizing mai illa. Yiwuwar gwajin gano cutar kansa daidai Yiwuwar ciwon daji ya kasance: Binciken ba ya da amfani ga ciwon daji da ba kasafai ba. Matsalolin da za a iya samu daga hanyoyin biyo baya Ko akwai maganin da ya dace Ko ganowa da wuri yana inganta sakamakon jiyya Ko ciwon daji zai taɓa buƙatar magani Ko gwajin ya kasance karbuwa ga mutane: Idan gwajin gwajin ya yi nauyi (misali, mai tsananin zafi), to mutane za su ki shiga.[153]
Farashin Shawarwari Rundunar Tsaro ta Amurka gungiyar kwararru ta Amurka (USPSTF) ta ba da shawarwari ga cututtuka daban-daban: Yana ba da shawarar auna cutar kansar mahaifa ga mata masu jima'i kuma suna da mahaifa aqalla har zuwa shekaru 65.[154]. Ya ba da shawarar cewa a yi wa Amirkawa gwajin cutar kansar launin fata ta hanyar gwajin jini na facal, sigmoidoscopy, ko colonoscopy farawa daga shekara 50 har zuwa shekara 75.[155]. Shaidu ba su isa ba don bayar da shawarar don ko hana gwajin cutar kansar fata, [156] ciwon daji na baka, [157] kansar huhu, [158] ko ciwon gurguwar prostate a cikin maza a karkashin 75.[159]. Ba a ba da shawarar yin gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun don ciwon daji na mafitsara, [160] kansar testicular, [161] cancer ovarian, [162] cancer pancreatic, [163] ko prostate cancer.[164] Yana ba da shawarar mammography don gwajin cutar kansar nono kowane shekara biyu daga shekaru 50-74, amma baya ba da shawarar ko dai a yi gwajin nono ko gwajin nono na asibiti.[165] Wani bita na Cochrane na 2013 ya kammala cewa gwajin cutar kansar nono ta hanyar mammography ba shi da wani tasiri wajen rage mace-mace saboda yawan bincike-bincike da wuce gona da iri.
Gwajin Kwayar Halitta Gwajin kwayoyin halitta Duba kuma: Ciwon daji Nau'in Ciwon Kansa BRCA1, BRCA2 Nono, kwai, pancreatic HNPCC, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS1, PMS2 Colon, uterine, kananan hanji, ciki, urinary fili gungiyoyin da ba na hukuma ba suna ba da shawarar gwajin kwayoyin halitta ga mutane masu hadari na wasu cututtuka. Masu dauke da waɗannan maye gurbi na iya yin ingantacciyar sa ido, maganin rigakafi, ko tiyata don rage hadarinsu na gaba.
Gudanarwa Gudanarwa: Gudanar da ciwon daji da ciwon daji Akwai zabubbukan magani da yawa don ciwon daji. Na farko sun hada da tiyata, chemotherapy, radiation far, hormonal far, niyya far da palliative kula. Wadanne magunguna ne ake amfani da su ya dogara da nau'in, wuri da matakin ciwon daji da kuma lafiyar majiyyaci da abubuwan da ake so. Manufar magani na iya ko ba ta zama magani ba.
Chemotherapy Chemotherapy Chemotherapy shine maganin ciwon daji tare da daya ko fiye cytotoxic anti-neoplastic kwayoyi (chemotherapeutic agents) a matsayin wani bangare na daidaitaccen tsari. Kalmar ta kunshi magunguna iri-iri, waɗanda aka raba su zuwa manyan nau'ikan kamar su alkylating agents da antimetabolites.[168] Magungunan chemotherapeutic na al'ada suna yin aiki ta hanyar kashe ƙwayoyin sel waɗanda ke rarraba cikin sauri, wani abu mai mahimmanci na yawancin kwayoyin kansa. An gano cewa samar da magungunan cytotoxic a hade ya fi magani guda; wani tsari da ake kira haɗin kai; wanda ke da fa'ida a cikin kididdigar rayuwa da martani ga ciwace-ciwacen daji da ci gaban cutar.[169] Wani bita na Cochrane ya kammala cewa hadin gwiwa ya fi tasiri don magance ciwon daji na nono. Koyaya, gabaɗaya ba tabbas ko haɗin chemotherapy yana haifar da ingantacciyar sakamako na lafiya, lokacin da aka yi la'akari da rayuwa da guba.[170] Maganin da aka yi niyya wani nau'i ne na chemotherapy wanda ke kaiwa takamaiman bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta tsakanin ciwon daji da kwayoyin al'ada. Magungunan da aka yi niyya na farko sun toshe kwayar mai karkar isrogen, yana hana ci gaban ciwon nono. Wani misali na yau da kullun shine nau'in inhibitors na Bcr-Abl, wadanda ake amfani da su don magance cutar sankarar bargo ta myelogenous (CML).[4] A halin yanzu, maganin da aka yi niyya ya wanzu ga yawancin nau'ikan ciwon daji na yau da kullun, gami da ciwon daji na mafitsara, kansar nono, kansar colorectal, ciwon koda, cutar sankarar bargo, kansar hanta, kansar huhu, lymphoma, kansar pancreatic, kansar prostate, kansar fata, da kansar thyroid kamar da sauran nau’in ciwon daji[171]. Amfanin chemotherapy ya dogara da nau'in ciwon daji da mataki. A hade tare da tiyata, chemotherapy ya tabbatar da amfani a cikin nau'in ciwon daji da suka hada da kansar nono, ciwon daji, ciwon daji na pancreatic, sarcoma osteogenic, ciwon daji na testicular, ciwon daji na ovarian da wasu cututtuka na huhu.[172]. Chemotherapy yana warkar da wasu cututtukan daji, kamar wasu cutar sankarar bargo, [173] [174] marasa tasiri a wasu ciwace-ciwacen kwakwalwa, [175] da rashin buqata a wasu, kamar yawancin cututtukan fata marasa melanoma.[176]. Amfanin chemotherapy sau da yawa yana iyakance ta hanyar guba zuwa wasu kyallen takarda a cikin jiki. Ko da chemotherapy bai ba da magani na dindindin ba, yana iya zama da amfani don rage alamun cututtuka kamar zafi ko rage girman kwayar kwayar cuta da ba ta iya aiki a cikin bege cewa tiyata zai yiwu a nan gaba.
Radiotion Radiation Jiyya na radiation ya kunshi amfani da ionizing radiation a kokarin ko dai magani ko inganta alamun cututtuka. Yana aiki ta hanyar lalata DNA na nama mai ciwon daji, yana kashe shi. Don adana kyallen takarda na al'ada (kamar fata ko gabobin, wanda radiation dole ne ya wuce ta don magance ciwon daji), nau'ikan radiyo masu siffa suna nufin daga kusurwoyi masu yawa don shiga tsakani a cikin kwayar cuta, suna samar da kashi mafi girma a can fiye da kewaye, nama mai lafiya. Kamar yadda yake tare da chemotherapy, ciwon daji ya bambanta a cikin martanin su ga maganin radiation.[177][178][179] Ana amfani da maganin radiation a kusan rabin lokuta. Radiation na iya zama ko dai daga tushen ciki (brachytherapy) ko waje na waje. Radiyon shine mafi yawan haskoki na X-ray marasa karfi don magance ciwon daji na fata, yayin da ake amfani da hasken X-ray mai karfi don ciwon daji a cikin jiki.[180] Radiation yawanci ana amfani dashi ban da tiyata da ko chemotherapy. Ga wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji, kamar kansar farkon kai da wuyansa, ana iya amfani da shi kadai[181]. Don kashin kashi mai radadi, an gano yana da tasiri a kusan kashi 70% na marasa lafiya.[181]
Tiyata Tiyata ita ce hanyar farko ta jiyya ga mafi yawan kebantacce, kwararrun cututtukan daji kuma maiyuwa suna taka rawa wajen daidaitawa da tsawaita rayuwa. Yawanci wani muhimmin sashi ne na tabbataccen ganewar asali da matakan ciwace-ciwacen daji, kamar yadda ake bukatar biopsies yawanci. A cikin ciwon daji na gida, tiyata yawanci yana kokari ya cire gaba daya taro tare da, a wasu lokuta, kwayoyin lymph a yankin. Ga wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji wannan ya isa ya kawar da cutar kansa[172].
Kulawar Jin Dadi Kulawar jin dadi Kulawa da jin dadi magani ne wanda ke kokarin taimaka wa majiyyaci jin daɗi kuma ana iya hada shi tare da kokarin magance cutar kansa. Kulawa da jin dadi ya hada da aiki don rage damuwa ta jiki, tunani, ruhi da damuwa na zamantakewa. Ba kamar jiyya da ke nufin kashe kwayoyin cutar kansa kai tsaye ba, babban burin kula da jin dadi shine haɓaka ingancin rayuwa. Mutane a kowane mataki na maganin ciwon daji yawanci suna samun wani nau'i na kulawa. A wasu lokuta, gungiyoyin kwararrun likita suna ba da shawarar cewa marasa lafiya da likitoci su amsa cutar kansa kawai tare da kulawar jin dadi.[182] Wannan ya shafi marasa lafiya wadanda: [183] suna nuna karancin aiki, yana nuna iyakacin ikon kula da kansu[182]
1. bai sami fa'ida daga jiyya na tushen shaida ba
2. ba su cancanci shiga kowane gwaji na asibiti da ya dace ba
3. babu wata kwakkwarar hujja da ke nuna cewa magani zai yi tasiri.
Kulawar jin dadi na iya rikicewa tare da asibiti don haka ana nunawa ne kawai lokacin da mutane suka kusanci karshen rayuwa. Kamar kulawar asibiti, kulawar jinya yana ƙoƙarin taimaka wa majiyyaci su jimre da buƙatun su na gaggawa kuma don haɓaka ta'aziyya. Ba kamar kulawar asibiti ba, kulawar kwantar da hankali baya bukatar mutane su daina jiyya da ke nufin cutar kansa. Jagororin kiwon lafiya na ƙasa da yawa sun ba da shawarar kulawa da wuri na gaggawa ga marasa lafiya wadanda ciwon daji ke haifar da alamun damuwa ko waɗanda ke buƙatar taimako don jure rashin lafiyarsu. A cikin marasa lafiya da aka fara gano cutar ta metastatic, ana iya ba da kulawa ta gaggawa nan da nan. Ana nuna kulawar jin daɗi ga marasa lafiya waɗanda ke da tsinkayar ƙasa da watanni 12 na rayuwa har ma an ba su magani mai tsauri.
Immunotherapy Ciwon daji immunotherapy An fara amfani da nau'o'in hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ta hanyar amfani da immunotherapy, karfafawa ko taimakawa tsarin rigakafi don yaki da ciwon daji, tun daga 1997. Hanyoyi sun haɗa da kwayoyin rigakafi, maganin bincike, da kuma canja wurin kwayar halitta.[187].
Maganin Laser Maganin Laser: Laser a cikin maganin kansa Laser farfesa Laser yana amfani da haske mai karfi don magance ciwon daji ta raguwa ko lalata ciwace-ciwacen daji ko ci gaba mai saurin kamuwa. An fi amfani da Laser don magance ciwon daji na sama wanda ke saman jiki ko kuma murfin gabobin ciki. Ana amfani da shi don magance ciwon daji na fata na basal cell da farkon matakan wasu kamar su mahaifa, azzakari, farji, vulvar, da kuma ciwon huhu mara karami. Sau da yawa ana haɗa shi tare da wasu jiyya, kamar tiyata, chemotherapy, ko radiation far. Laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy (LITT), ko interstitial Laser photocoagulation, yana amfani da Laser don magance wasu cututtuka ta hanyar amfani da hyperthermia, wanda ke amfani da zafi don rage ciwace-ciwacen kwayoyi ta hanyar lalacewa ko kashe kwayoyin cutar kansa. Laser sun fi dacewa fiye da tiyata kuma suna haifar da karancin lalacewa, zafi, zubar jini, kumburi, da tabo. Rashin lahani shine dole ne likitocin fida su sami horo na musamman. Yana iya zama mafi tsada fiye da sauran magunguna[188].
Madadin Magunguna Madadin Magungunan karfafawa da madadin maganin cutar kansa rukuni ne daban-daban na jiyya, ayyuka da samfurori waɗanda ba sa cikin magungunan al'ada.[189] “Maganin Ƙarfafawa” yana nufin hanyoyi da abubuwan da ake amfani da su tare da magungunan gargajiya, yayin da “maganin madadin” yana nufin mahadi da ake amfani da su maimakon magungunan gargajiya[190]. Yawancin magungunan da ke da alaqa da ciwon daji ba a yi nazari ko gwada su ta amfani da dabaru na al'ada kamar gwajin asibiti ba. An bincika wasu madadin jiyya kuma an nuna ba su da tasiri amma har yanzu ana ci gaba da tallata su da hadakawa. Wani mai bincike kan cutar daji Andrew J. Vickers ya bayyana cewa, "Lakabin 'wanda ba a tabbatar da shi ba' bai dace da irin waɗannan hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ba; lokaci ya yi da za a tabbatar da cewa yawancin hanyoyin maganin ciwon daji an 'bata'.
Hasashen Dubi Hasashen Dubi kuma: Yawan tsira da cutar daji, Jerin adadin mace-macen cutar kansa a Amurka, da masu tsira da ciwon daji Matakai uku na mace-macen cutar kansa ta duniya daga 1990 zuwa 2017[192] Yawan tsira ya bambanta da nau'in ciwon daji da kuma matakin da aka gano shi, kama daga rayuwa mai yawa zuwa cikar mace-mace shekaru biyar bayan ganewar asali. Da zarar ciwon daji ya sami metastasized, tsinkaya yakan zama mafi muni. Kimanin rabin marasa lafiya da ke samun maganin ciwon daji (ban da carcinoma a wuri da kuma ciwon daji na fata wanda ba melanoma ba) suna mutuwa daga wannan ciwon daji ko maganinsa.[23] Mafi yawan mutuwar ciwon daji na faruwa ne saboda ƙazamin kwayar cuta ta farko.[193] Rayuwa ya fi muni a kasashe masu tasowa, [23] wani bangare saboda nau'in ciwon daji da aka fi sani a can yana da wuyar magani fiye da wadanda ke da alaƙa da ƙasashen da suka ci gaba.[194] Wadanda suka tsira daga cutar kansa suna kamuwa da kansar farko na biyu da kusan ninki biyu na wadanda ba a gano su ba.[195] An yi imanin cewa haɓakar hadarin ya kasance saboda bazuwar damar haɓaka kowane ciwon daji, yuwuwar tsira daga cutar kansa ta farko, abubuwan haɗari iri ɗaya waɗanda suka haifar da cutar kansa ta farko, illolin da ba'a so na magance cutar kansa ta farko (musamman magungunan radiation), da kuma mafi kyawun yarda da nunawa.[195]. Hasashen tsira na ɗan gajeren lokaci ko na dogon lokaci ya dogara da abubuwa da yawa. Mafi mahimmanci sune nau'in ciwon daji da shekarun majiyyaci da lafiyar jiki gaba daya. Wadanda ke da rauni tare da wasu matsalolin kiwon lafiya suna da karancin rayuwa fiye da sauran mutane masu lafiya. Ba zai yi yuwuwa masu shekaru dari ba su rayu har tsawon shekaru biyar ko da an sami nasarar jiyya. Mutanen da suka ba da rahoton ingancin rayuwa suna dade da rayuwa.[196] Mutanen da ke da karancin ingancin rayuwa na iya shafar bakin ciki da sauran rikice-rikice da ko ci gaban cuta waɗanda duka biyun suna lalata inganci da adadin rayuwa. Bugu da ƙari, marasa lafiya da ke da mummunan tsinkaya na iya zama cikin bakin ciki ko kuma ba da rahoton rashin ingancin rayuwa saboda sun fahimci cewa yanayin su na iya zama m. Mutanen da ke fama da ciwon daji suna da haɗarin toshewar jini a cikin jijiyoyinsu wanda zai iya yin barazana ga rayuwa.[197] Yin amfani da magungunan kashe jini irin su heparin yana rage hadarin daskarewar jini amma ba a nuna cewa yana ƙara rayuwa ga masu ciwon daji ba.[197] Mutanen da ke shan magungunan kashe jini su ma suna da hadarin zubar jini.[197] Ko da yake yana da wuyar gaske, wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji, ko da daga matakin ci gaba, na iya warkewa nan da nan. Wannan al’amari ana kiransa da gafara ba tare da bata lokaci ba.[198].
Epidemiology Epidemiology: Ilimin cututtukan daji na cutar kansa Duba kuma: Jerin kasashe ta adadin kansa Duba ko gyara bayanan tushe. Adadin mace-mace masu shekaru daga cutar kansa a cikin mutane 10,000.[199] An kiyasta cewa a cikin 2018, mutane miliyan 18.1 sun kamu da cutar kansa da kuma mutuwar mutane miliyan 9.6 a duniya.[200] Kimanin kashi 20% na maza da 17% na mata za su kamu da cutar kansa a wani lokaci yayin da kashi 13% na maza da kashi 9% na mata za su mutu daga gare ta.[200] A cikin 2008, an gano kimanin mutane miliyan 12.7 na ciwon daji (ban da ciwon daji na fata da ba na melanoma ba da sauran cututtukan da ba sa cutarwa) [23] kuma a cikin 2010 kusan mutane miliyan 7.98 sun mutu.[201]. Ciwon daji na kusan kashi 16% na mace-mace. Mafi yawan kamar na 2018 sune ciwon huhu (mutuwar miliyan 1.76), ciwon daji na launi (860,000) ciwon ciki (780,000), ciwon hanta (780,000), da ciwon nono (620,000).[2]. Wannan ya sanya cutar sankara ta zama babban sanadin mutuwar mutane a kasashen da suka ci gaba kuma na biyu a cikin kasashe masu tasowa.[23] Fiye da rabin lokuta suna faruwa a duniya masu tasowa.[23] Mutuwar cutar kansa ya kai miliyan 5.8 a 1990.[201] Mutuwar tana karuwa da farko saboda tsawon rayuwa da canje-canjen salon rayuwa a cikin kasashe masu tasowa[23]. Babban haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansa shine shekaru.[202] Ko da yake yana yiwuwa ciwon daji ya buge kowane shekaru, yawancin masu fama da ciwon daji sun haura 65.[202] A cewar Robert A. Weinberg, mai binciken ciwon daji, "Idan mun rayu tsawon lokaci, ba dade ko ba dade dukanmu za mu kamu da ciwon daji." tsawon rayuwa[205] da canje-canje masu alaƙa da shekaru a cikin tsarin endocrine.[206] Tasirin tsufa akan kansa yana da rikitarwa ta hanyar abubuwa kamar lalacewar DNA da kumburi da ke inganta shi da abubuwan kamar tsufa na jijiyoyin jini da canje-canjen endocrin da ke hana shi.[207]. Wasu cututtukan daji masu saurin girma suna da yawa musamman, amma galibi ba sa mutuwa. Nazarin autopsy a Turai da Asiya ya nuna cewa kusan kashi 36 cikin 100 na mutane ba a gano su ba kuma a fili ba su da cutar kansar thyroid a lokacin mutuwarsu kuma kashi 80% na maza suna kamuwa da kansar prostate ta hanyar shekaru 80.[208][209]. Kamar yadda wadannan cututtukan daji ba su haifar da mutuwar majiyyaci ba, gano su da zai wakilci cutar fiye da kima maimakon kulawar likita. Ciwon daji guda uku da aka fi sani da yara sune cutar sankarar bargo (34%), ciwan kwakwalwa (23%) da lymphomas (12%).[210]. A Amurka ciwon daji yana shafar kusan 1 cikin yara 285.[211] Adadin ciwon daji na yara ya karu da kashi 0.6% a kowace shekara tsakanin 1975 zuwa 2002 a Amurka[212] da 1.1% a kowace shekara tsakanin 1978 da 1997 a Turai.[210] Mutuwar cutar kansar yara ta ragu da rabi tsakanin 1975 da 2010 a Amurka.[211]
Tarihi Tarihi: Tarihin ciwon daji Yin zane tare da ra'ayoyi guda biyu na wata mace ta Holland wadda aka cire mata ciwon daji daga wuyanta a 1689 Ciwon daji ya wanzu ga dukan tarihin ɗan adam.[213]. Rubuce-rubuce na farko game da cutar kansa daga kusan 1600 BC a cikin littafin Edwin Smith Papyrus na Masar kuma ya bayyana kansar nono.[213] Hippocrates (c. 460 BC c. 370 BC) ya bayyana nau'ikan ciwon daji da yawa, yana nufin su da kalmar Helenanci karkinos (kaguwa ko crayfish).[213]. Wannan suna ya zo ne daga bayyanar da aka yanke na wani kakkauran ciwon daji, tare da “jiyoyin da suka miqe ta kowane bangare kamar yadda dabbar kaguwa ke da kafafunta, daga nan ne aka samo sunanta”[214]. Galen ya bayyana cewa "ana kiran ciwon daji na nono ne saboda kamannin kamanni da kaguwa da aka yi ta hanyar tsawaitawar ciwace-ciwacen daji da jijiyoyin da ke kusa da su".[215]: 738 Celsus (c. 25 BC 50 AD) da aka fassara. karkinos zuwa cikin Latin kansa, kuma yana nufin kaguwa da shawarar tiyata a matsayin magani.[213]. Galen (karni na biyu AD) bai yarda da yin amfani da tiyata ba kuma ya ba da shawarar abin da ake amfani da shi a maimakon haka[213]. Wadannan shawarwarin sun tsaya tsayin daka tsawon shekaru 1000.[213] A karni na 15, 16, da 17, ya zama karbuwa ga likitoci su rarraba gawarwaki don gano musabbabin mutuwar.[216] Farfesan nan dan kasar Jamus Wilhelm Fabry ya yi imanin cewa ciwon nono na faruwa ne sakamakon wani gudanwar madara a cikin bututun mama. Farfesa dan kasar Holland Francois de la Boe Sylvius, mabiyin Descartes, ya yi imanin cewa dukkanin cututtuka sune sakamakon hanyoyin sinadarai kuma ruwan lemun tsami na acidic shine dalilin ciwon daji. Nicolaes Tulp na zamaninsa ya yi imanin cewa ciwon daji guba ne da ke yaduwa a hankali kuma ya kammala cewa yana yaduwa.[217] Likitan John Hill ya bayyana shakar taba a matsayin sanadin cutar kansar hanci a shekarar 1761.[216] Wannan ya biyo bayan rahoton a shekara ta 1775 na wani likitan fida dan kasar Biritaniya Percivall Pott cewa chimney yana shafan cutar sankarau, ciwon daji na kwankwasa, cuta ce da ta zama ruwan dare tsakanin sharar bututun hayaƙi.[218]. Tare da yaduwar amfani da na'urar hangen nesa a cikin karni na 18, an gano cewa 'dafin ciwon daji' ya yadu daga ƙwayar cuta ta farko ta cikin ƙwayoyin lymph zuwa wasu shafuka ("metastasis"). Wani likitan fiɗa na Ingila Campbell De Morgan ne ya fara tsara wannan ra'ayi na cutar tsakanin 1871 da 1874.
Al'umma Da Al'adu Al'umma da al'adu Duk da cewa cututtuka da yawa (kamar gazawar zuciya) na iya samun hasashen mafi muni fiye da mafi yawan lokuta na ciwon daji, ciwon daji shine batun tsoro da fargaba. Har ila yau ana amfani da lafazin “kananan rashin lafiya” na bayyana ciwon daji da ke haifar da mutuwa a cikin tarihin mutuwa, maimakon sanya sunan cutar a sarari, yana nuna wani abin kunya da ya bayyana.[220] Har ila yau, ciwon daji ana kiransa "kalmar C";[221] [222] [223] Macmillan Cancer Support yana amfani da kalmar don kokarin rage tsoro game da cutar.[224]. A Najeriya, wani sunan gida na kansa da ake fassarawa zuwa Turanci zuwa “cutar da ba za a iya warkewa ba”[225]. Wannan imani mai zurfi cewa ciwon daji dole ne mai wuyar gaske kuma yawanci cuta mai kisa yana nunawa a cikin tsarin da al'umma suka zaba don tattara kididdigar ciwon daji: mafi yawan nau'in ciwon daji-wanda ba melanoma ba, yana lissafin kusan kashi daya bisa uku na cututtukan daji a duniya, amma kadan kaɗan ne ke mutuwa[226][227]—ba a kebe su daga kididdigar ciwon daji musamman saboda ana samun saukin bi da su kuma kusan koyaushe ana warkar da su, sau da yawa a cikin hanya ɗaya, gajeriyar hanya.[228]. Tunanin yammacin duniya game da haƙƙin marasa lafiya ga mutanen da ke fama da cutar kansa sun haɗa da alhakin bayyana cikakken yanayin lafiyar mutum, da hakkin shiga cikin yanke shawara tare ta hanyar mutunta kimar mutum. A wasu al'adu, an fi son sauran hakkoki da ƙima. Misali, yawancin al'adun Afirka suna daraja iyalai gaba daya maimakon dabi'a. A wasu sassa na Afirka, an fi sanin cutar da a makara ta yadda ba za a iya samun magani ba, kuma idan ana samun magani, za ta yi saurin ruguza iyali. A sakamakon wadannan dalilai, masu ba da kiwon lafiya na Afirka sukan bar 'yan uwa su yanke shawara ko, lokacin da kuma yadda za a bayyana cutar, kuma suna yin hakan sannu a hankali da da'ira, yayin da mutum ya nuna sha'awa da kuma ikon jure wa mummunan labari. [225] Mutane daga kasashen Asiya da Kudancin Amurka suma sun fi son a hankali, rashin gaskiya wajen bayyanawa fiye da yadda aka tsara a Amurka da Yammacin Turai, kuma sun yi imanin cewa wani lokaci zai fi kyau kada a ba da labarin cutar sankara.[225] Gabadaya, bayyana cutar ta ya fi yawa fiye da yadda ake yi a karni na 20, amma ba a ba da cikakken bayanin hasashen ba ga yawancin marasa lafiya a duniya.[225] A Amurka da wasu al'adu, ana daukar cutar kansa a matsayin cuta da dole ne a "yaki" don kawo karshen "tashe-tashen hankula"; An ayyana Yaƙi akan Ciwon daji a Amurka. Misalai na soja sun zama ruwan dare musamman a cikin kwatancin illolin cutar kansa, kuma suna jaddada yanayin lafiyar majiyyaci da kuma buƙatar ɗaukar matakan gaggawa da kansa maimakon jinkirtawa, yin watsi ko dogara gaba ɗaya ga wasu. Ƙididdigar soja kuma suna taimakawa wajen tantance tsattsauran ra'ayi, magunguna masu lalata.[229][230] A cikin 1970s, wani sanannen madadin maganin ciwon daji a Amurka wani nau'i ne na maganin magana na musamman, bisa ra'ayin cewa mummunan hali ne ke haifar da kansa.[231] Mutanen da ke da "ɗabi'ar ciwon daji"-masu bakin ciki, dannewa, ƙiyayya da kuma tsoron bayyana motsin zuciyar su-an yi imani da cewa sun bayyana kansa ta hanyar sha'awar tunani. Wasu masu ilimin halayyar dan adam sun ce maganin da zai canza tunanin majiyyaci game da rayuwa zai magance cutar kansa[231]. Daga cikin illolin, wannan imani ya baiwa al'umma damar zargin wanda aka azabtar da shi da ya haddasa cutar daji (ta hanyar "son" ta) ko hana maganinta (ta rashin zama cikakkiyar farin ciki, marar tsoro da ƙauna).[232]. Hakanan yana kara damuwa ga marasa lafiya, yayin da suka yi imani da kuskure cewa motsin rai na bakin ciki, fushi ko tsoro yana rage rayuwarsu.[232] Susan Sontag ta yi wa ra’ayin ba’a, wadda ta buga Illness as Metaphor yayin da take murmurewa daga maganin cutar kansar nono a 1978.[231]. Ko da yake ainihin ra'ayin yanzu gabaɗaya ana daukarsa azaman banza, ra'ayin wani kan pe
Tasirin Tattalin Arziki Tasirin Tattalin Arziki Jimillar kashe kuɗin kula da lafiya kan cutar daji a Amurka an kiyasta ya kai dala biliyan 80.2 a shekarar 2015.[234] Ko da yake kashe kudin kula da lafiya da ke da alaqa ya karu da cikakkiyar ma'ana a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, rabon kuɗin kiwon lafiya da aka keɓe don maganin cutar kansa ya kasance kusa da 5% tsakanin 1960s da 2004.[235][236]. An yi irin wannan tsari a Turai inda kusan kashi 6% na duk abin da ake kashewa na kula da lafiya ana kashewa wajen maganin ciwon daji[237][238]. Baya ga kashe kuɗin kula da lafiya da guba na kudi, ciwon daji yana haifar da farashi kai tsaye ta hanyar asarar yawan aiki saboda kwanakin rashin lafiya, rashin karfi na dindindin da nakasa gami da mutuwa da wuri a lokacin aiki. Ciwon daji yana haifar da farashi don kulawa na yau da kullun. Farashin kai tsaye da kuma farashin kulawa na yau da kullun ana kiyasta zai wuce ko daidai da kudin kula da lafiya na kansa.[239][238]
Wurin Aiki an hada ciwon daji a matsayin yanayin kariya ta Hukumar Daidaita Ayyukan Aiki (EEOC), musamman saboda yuwuwar cutar kansa da ke da tasirin wariya ga ma'aikata.[240] Wariya a wurin aiki na iya faruwa idan mai aiki ya yi imanin karya cewa mai ciwon daji ba zai iya yin aiki yadda ya kamata ba, kuma yana iya neman ƙarin izinin rashin lafiya fiye da sauran ma'aikata. Har ila yau, masu ɗaukan ma'aikata na iya yin yanke shawara na haya ko kora bisa rashin fahimta game da nakasa ciwon daji, idan akwai. EEOC yana ba da jagororin tambayoyi ga masu daukar aiki, da kuma jerin abubuwan da za a iya magance su don tantancewa da saukar ma'aikatan da ke fama da cutar kansa.[240]
Bincike Bincike: Jami'ar Binciken Ciwon daji na Asibitin Cancer na Florida Domin ciwon daji rukuni ne na cututtuka, [241][242] da wuya a sami "maganin ciwon daji" fiye da yadda za a sami magani guda daya don dukkan cututtuka masu yaduwa.[243] An tada tunanin masu hana Angiogenesis ba daidai ba suna da yuwuwar a matsayin maganin "harsashi na azurfa" da ke dacewa da nau'ikan ciwon daji da yawa.[244] Ana amfani da masu hana Angiogenesis da sauran magungunan ciwon daji a hade don rage cutar kansa da mace-mace.[245]. Ana nazarin magungunan ciwon daji na gwaji a cikin gwaje-gwajen asibiti don kwatanta maganin da aka tsara zuwa mafi kyawun magani. Ana iya gwada magungunan da suka yi nasara a nau'in ciwon daji guda ɗaya da sauran nau'ikan.[246] Ana gudanar da gwaje-gwajen bincike don inganta ingantattun hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ga majiyyatan da suka dace, dangane da ilimin halittarsu daya[247]. Binciken ciwon daji yana mai da hankali kan batutuwa masu zuwa: Ma'aikata (misali kwayoyin cuta) da abubuwan da suka faru (misali maye gurbi) wadanda ke haifar ko saukake canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙwayoyin da aka kaddara su zama ciwon daji. Madaidaicin yanayin lalacewar kwayoyin halitta da kwayoyin halittar da ya shafa. Sakamakon wadancan canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta akan ilimin halitta na tantanin halitta, duka a cikin samar da ma'anar kaddarorin kwayar cutar kansa da kuma saukake ƙarin abubuwan da ke haifar da ci gaban cutar kansa. Ingantacciyar fahimtar ilmin kwayoyin halitta da ilmin halitta saboda binciken cutar kansa ya haifar da sabbin hanyoyin magance cutar kansa tun lokacin da shugaban Amurka Richard Nixon ya ayyana "Yakin Ciwon daji" a 1971. Tun daga wannan lokacin, kasar ta kashe sama da dala biliyan 200 kan binciken cutar kansa, ciki har da albarkatu daga sassa na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu[248]. Adadin mutuwar ciwon daji (daidaita girman da shekarun yawan jama'a) ya ragu da kashi biyar tsakanin 1950 zuwa 2005.[249] Gasar don albarkatun kudi da alama ta danne kirkira, hadin gwiwa, hadarin hadari da tunanin asali da ake bukata don yin bincike na asali, ba tare da kin yarda da bincike mai karancin hadari cikin kananan hadaka havakawa sama da hadari, karin ingantaccen bincike. Sauran sakamakon gasa da alama karatu ne da yawa tare da ikirari masu ban mamaki waɗanda ba za a iya maimaita sakamakon su ba da kuma karkatattun abubuwan karfafawa wadanda ke karfafa cibiyoyin bayar da tallafi don hadaka ba tare da yin isassun jari a cikin ikonsu da wuraren aikinsu ba.[250][251][252][253] Virotherapy, wanda ke amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta, ana nazarin. Sakamakon cutar ta COVID-19, an sami damuwa cewa bincike da jiyya na cutar daji suna raguwa.[254][255]
Juna Biyu Ciwon daji na Ciwon daji yana shafar kusan 1 cikin 1,000 mata masu juna biyu. Mafi yawan ciwon daji da ake samu a lokacin daukar ciki iri daya ne da na ciwon daji da ake samu a cikin mata marasa ciki a lokacin haihuwa: kansar nono, kansar mahaifa, cutar sankarar mahaifa, lymphoma, melanoma, kansar kwai da kuma ciwon daji[256]. Gano sabon ciwon daji a cikin mace mai ciki yana da wahala, a wani bangare saboda duk wani alamun da aka saba dauka a matsayin rashin jin daɗi na yau da kullun da ke da alaqa da ciki. A sakamakon haka, ciwon daji yawanci ana gano shi a wani dan lokaci kadan fiye da matsakaici. Wasu hanyoyin hoto, irin su MRIs (hoton maganadisu na maganadisu), CT scans, duban dan tayi da mammograms tare da garkuwar tayin ana daukar lafiya yayin daukar ciki; wasu kamar su PET scans, ba su kasance ba.[256] Magani gabaɗaya iri daya ne da na mata marasa ciki. Duk da haka, ana guje wa radiation da magungunan rediyo yayin daukar ciki, musamman idan adadin tayin zai iya wuce 100 cGy. A wasu lokuta, ana jinkirta wasu ko duka jiyya har sai bayan haihuwa idan an gano ciwon daji a karshen ciki. Ana amfani da bayarwa da wuri don ciyar da farkon jiyya. Tiyata gabadaya ba ta da lafiya, amma tiyatar kashin gugu a farkon watanni uku na iya haifar da zubar da ciki. Wasu jiyya, musamman wasu magungunan chemotherapy da aka bayar yayin datsa na farko
Sauran Dabbobi Likitan dabbobi, wanda ya fi maida hankali kan kuliyoyi da karnuka, kwarewa ce mai girma a cikin kasashe masu arziki kuma ana iya ba da manyan nau'ikan jiyya na dan adam kamar tiyata da rediyo. Mafi yawan nau'ikan ciwon daji sun bambanta, amma nauyin kansar yana da alama aqalla yana da girma a cikin dabbobi kamar na mutane. Dabbobi, yawanci rodents, galibi ana amfani da su wajen bincike kan cutar kansa kuma nazarin cututtukan daji a cikin manyan dabbobi na iya amfanar bincike kan kansar ɗan adam.[257] A cikin wadanda ba mutane ba, an bayyana wasu nau'o'in ciwon daji masu yaduwa, inda ciwon daji ke yaduwa tsakanin dabbobi ta hanyar watsa kwayoyin ciwon daji da kansu. Ana ganin wannan al'amari a cikin karnuka masu ciwon sarcoma na Sticker (wanda kuma aka sani da canine transmissible venereal tumor), da kuma shaidanun Tasmania masu fama da ciwon fuska na shaidan (DFTD).
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
Cigaba da karatu Cutar |
52924 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilar%20Khoury | Pilar Khoury | Pilar Tony Khouri an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta shekarar 1994) ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba ga ƙungiyar Féminine ta Division 2 ta Faransa da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Lebanon Khoury ya taka leda a matakin kwaleji don Ottawa Gee-Gees, ƙungiyar Jami'ar Ottawa Ta bar a 2016 a matsayin wanda ya fi zira kwallaye a raga da kwallaye 58. Khoury ta koma Faransa a wannan shekarar, inda ta shiga Albi a cikin Division 1 Féminine Daga nan ta taka leda a kungiyoyin Division 2 Grenoble, Saint-Étienne da Nantes.
An haife shi a Kanada, Khouri dan asalin Labanon ne kuma ya wakilci Lebanon a duniya tun 2021. Ta taimaka wa Lebanon ta lama ta biyu a Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta WAFF ta 2022, inda ta ci kwallonta ta farko a duniya.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Khoury a Kanada ga iyayen Lebanon Ta yi nuni da cewa, al'ummar Lebanon da al'adun da suka girma sun kewaye ta, saboda yawan 'yan kasar Lebanon da ke yankinta.
Aikin kulob
Matasa da jami'a A shekaru 10, Khoury ta fara aikin samartaka a kulob din Ottawa Gloucester Hornets na gida, inda ta zauna tsawon shekaru bakwai. Ta fara ne a matsayin mai tsaron gida, kafin a motsa ta zuwa gaba a shekarar da ta gabata a kulob din. Daga nan Khoury ya koma ƙungiyar Jami'ar Ottawa, Ottawa Gee-Gees Ta yi nasarar samun nasararta a kakar wasa ta uku a kulob din, inda ta karya tarihin zura kwallaye a jami'a har sau biyu tare da lashe kofuna da dama. Khoury ta kammala aikinta tare da 'yar wasan Ottawa Gee-Gees a matsayin wacce ta fi kowa zura kwallo a raga, da kwallaye 58.
Albi Khoury ta fara babban aikinta a cikin Shekarar 2016, inda ta koma Division 1 Féminine side Albi a Faransa a ranar 1 ga Agusta. Bayan kasancewa ajiyar farko na farkon kakar 2016-17, ta zama na yau da kullum a cikin rabi na biyu kuma ta taimaka wa gefenta don kauce wa relegation. Kakar ta na biyu ta ga Koury ya rasa gmatches da yawa saboda raunin da ya faru, kuma an mayar da kulob din zuwa Division 2 Féminine Grenoble Ta koma Grenoble don lokacin 2018 19 a cikin Division 2. Bayan da aka tashi a hankali, inda ta ci sau daya a farkon kakar wasa ta bana, Koury ta ci kwallaye 10 a wasanni 10 na gaba. Ta kuma ci kwallaye uku a wasanni hudu na Coupe de France féminine Saint-Étienne A cikin shekara 2019, Khoury ta shiga rukunin na biyu na Saint-Étienne inda, a cikin kakar 2019-20, ta zira kwallaye shida a wasanni 11. Ta kuma zura kwallo daya tilo a wasanta na Coupe de France. A cikin 2020-21, Khouri ya zira kwallaye hudu a wasanni hudu, kafin a soke kakar wasa saboda annobar COVID-19 a Faransa Ta kammala da kwallaye 11 a wasanni 18 a dukkan gasa.
Nantes A ranar 27 ga Yuli 2021, Khouri ya koma Nantes Ta fara wasanta na farko a ranar 5 ga Satumba, a cikin nasara da ci 3-0 da Lens A ranar 10 Oktoba, Koury ta zira kwallonta ta farko ga Nantes, inda ta taimaka wa kungiyar ta lashe 3-0 da Orléans Ta ƙare kakar 2021 22 tare da kwallaye shida a cikin wasannin gasar 20, ta rasa ci gaban Division 1 da maki ɗaya. Khoury ta kuma ci kwallo daya a wasanni biyar na Coupe de France, ta taimaka wa kungiyar ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa An haife shi a Kanada, Khouri dan asalin Labanon ne. Ta bayyana sha'awarta ta taka leda a Lebanon fiye da Kanada, tana mai cewa ta yi mafarkin wakiltar gwagwalad Lebanon tun tana karama. An fara kiran Khoury ne zuwa kasar Lebanon a watan Afrilun 2021, gabanin wasan sada zumunci da za a yi a Armenia. Game da kiran da aka yi mata na farko, ta ce: “Ina da wahalar bayyana ma’anar hakan a gare ni. Don in wakilci ƙasar iyayena bayan duk sadaukarwar da suka yi don harkar ƙwallon ƙafata.” Koyaya, saboda sakamakon tabbatacce ga COVID-19, ta kasa tafiya. Ta fara wasanta na farko a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, inda ta taimakawa Lebanon ta doke Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da ci 1-0 a gasar cin kofin Asiya ta mata ta AFC ta 2022 An kira Khoury don wakiltar gwagwalad Lebanon a Gasar Mata ta WAFF ta 2022 ta taimaka wa gefenta ya zo na biyu, inda ta ci kwallonta ta farko a gwagwalad duniya a kan Syria a ranar 4 ga Satumba.
Salon wasa Da farko dan wasan gaba, Khouri ya dan wasan winger yayin zamanta a Nantes.
Rayuwa ta sirri Kakan mahaifiyar Khoury, Louis Saad, shi ma dan kwallon kafa ne; ya mutu a shekara ta 2013. Khoury ya bayyana cewa ya koya mata yadda ake buga kwallo. Kwanaki kadan kafin rasuwarta, kakanta ya mika mata takardar shaidar zama dan kasar Faransa, wanda ya taimaka mata wajen taka leda a Faransa shekaru uku bayan haka. Yayin wasa don Ottawa Gee-Gees, Khouri ya gkammala digiri na farko a kimiyyarlafiya tare da ƙarami a cikin ilimin halin ɗan adam Khoury ita ma daliba gwagwalad ce a lokacin da take Albi.
Kididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Ƙasashen Duniya Maki da sakamako jera kwallayen Lebanon na farko, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowane burin Khouri Girmamawa Lebanon
Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta WAFF 2022
Mutum Gwarzon Dan Wasan OUA 2014–15, 2015–16
Tauraro na Farko na OUA: 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16
Tawagar farko ta U SPORTS Duk-Kanada: 2014–15, 2015–16
Rubuce-rubuce
Ottawa Gee-Gees duk wanda ya zira kwallaye: kwallaye 58
Duba kuma Jerin sunayen 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na duniya mata na Lebaon
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun mutane
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30041 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudanar%20da%20Sharar%20gida%20a%20India | Gudanar da Sharar gida a India | Gudanar da sharar gida a Indiya yana ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Muhalli, dazuzzuka da Sauyin yanayi na kasar (MoEF&CC). A cikin shekarana 2016, wannan ma'aikatar ta fitar da Dokokin Gudanar da Watsa Labarai (SWM), waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da Dokokin Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling), kuma shwk2000 daga cikinsu ya kasance a wurin har tsawon shekaru 16. Wannan manufar ta kasa tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen amincewa da shigar da sassan da ba na yau da kullun ba (masu sharar shara) cikin tsarin sarrafa shara a karon farko.
Indiya na samar da tan miliyan 62 na sharar gida kowace shekara. Kimanin tan miliyan 43 (70%) ne aka tara wanda kusan tan miliyan 12 ake yi wa magani sannan kuma ana zubar da tan miliyan 31 a wuraren da ake zubar da shara. Tare da canza salon amfani da saurin bunƙasa tattalin arziƙin an kiyasce cewa samar da shara a cikin birni zai ƙaru zuwa tan miliyan 165 a shekarar 2030.
Ƙirƙirar sharar gida da abun da ke ciki </br>Gudanar da sharar gida (SWM) babbar matsala ce ga ƙungiyoyin gida na birane da yawa (ULBs) a Indiya, inda haɓakar birane, masana'antu da haɓakar tattalin arziƙi suka haifar da haɓakar datti na birni (MSW) kowane mutum [1]. Ingantacciyar SWM babban ƙalubale ne a biranen da ke da yawan jama'a. Samun ci gaba mai ɗorewa a cikin ƙasar da ke samun saurin haɓakar al'umma da inganta yanayin rayuwa yana daɗa wahala a Indiya saboda ƙasa ce daban-daban da ke da ƙungiyoyin addinai, al'adu daban-daban.
Duk da cigaba a yankunan zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da muhalli, tsarin SWM a Indiya ya kasance marasa canji. Sashin na yau da kullun yana da muhimmiyar rawa wajen fitar da ƙima daga sharar gida, tare da kusan kashi 90% na sharar da ake zubarwa a halin yanzu maimakon cike da ƙasa mai kyau [2]. To Akwai buƙatar gaggawa don matsawa zuwa mafi ɗorewar SWM, wanda ke buƙatar sabbin tsarin gudanarwa da wuraren sarrafa shara. Kuma Tsarin SWM na yanzu ba su da inganci, tare da sharar gida yana da mummunan tasiri ga lafiyar jama'a, muhalli da tattalin arziki [3]. Ma'aikatar Muhalli da dazuzzuka (MoEF) ne ta gabatar da Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar da Sharar gida a Indiya [4], duk da haka, yarda yana da canji kuma yana da iyaka.
E-sharar gida a Indiya Cibiyar kula da sharar gida ta duniya, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya (ITU) da Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta kiyasta cewa Indiya ta samar da tan miliyan 1.975 na e-sharar a cikin shekarar 2016 ko kuma kusan 1.5. kilogiram na e-sharar gida ga kowane mutum. Ƙungiyoyin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ASSOCHAM sun bayyana saurin bunƙasa tattalin arziki da kuma canza halayen masu amfani da shi zai iya ƙara yawan sharar gida a Indiya zuwa tan miliyan 5.2 a kowace shekara ta 2020.
Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar Sharar gida An ƙaddamar da Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar gida a cikin shekarata 2016. Manyan abubuwan sun haɗa da:
Ware sharar gida ya zama tilas. Ana buƙatar ƴan gida su raba sharar gida zuwa koguna guda uku Organic ko sharar da za a iya cirewa, da busassun sharar gida (kamar filastik, takarda, ƙarfe da itace), da sharar gida mai haɗari (diapers, adibas, maganin sauro, abubuwan tsaftacewa). Bugu da ari, manyan janareta na sharar gida kamar otal-otal da asibitoci ana tsammanin za su yi maganin sharar gida ko dai a wurin ko ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da ƴan birni. An umurci kananan hukumomi da hukumomin birni da su hada da masu diban shara na yau da kullun da masu tsinke shara cikin tsarin sarrafa shara. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da manufofin kasa suka amince da kuma sanya bangaren da ba na yau da kullun ba cikin tsarin sarrafa shara. Indiya tana da sama da masu diban shara kimanin miliyan 1.5 na rayuwa na yau da kullun kuma haɗa su cikin tsarin kula da sharar na yau da kullun na wakiltar wata dama ga hukumomin birni don daidaita ayyukansu, tare da samarwa masu sharar damar samun ingantacciyar damar shiga. Ana buƙatar masu kera kayan masarufi masu saurin tafiya FMCG waɗanda ke amfani da fakitin da ba za a iya lalata su ba ana buƙatar su tsara tsarin tattara dattin marufi da aka samar saboda samar da su. An bai wa hukumomin birni tanadin cajin manyan janaretoci kuɗin masu amfani don tattarawa da sarrafa sharar su. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya biyan tara tabo kan mutanen da ke kona shara ko jefar da shi a wuraren taruwar jama'a. Babu wani sharar da ba za a sake yin amfani da shi ba yana da ƙimar calorific na Har 1,500 Kcal/kg ko fiye da aka halatta a cikin wuraren shara. Ya kamata a yi amfani da waɗannan sharar gida don samar da makamashi ko don shirya man da aka ƙi Hakanan ana iya amfani da shi don haɗa haɗin gwiwa a cikin siminti ko masana'antar wutar lantarki.
Kasuwar sarrafa shara a Indiya Nan da shekarata 2025, ana hasashen girman kasuwar sarrafa sharar gida a Indiya zai kai dalar Amurka biliyan 15 tare da haɓaka kusan kashi 7 na shekara. Haɓaka tattalin arziƙi, haɓakar al'ummar birane, haɓakar rayuwa da haɓaka matakan amfani sune abubuwan gama gari a cikin bunƙasa tattalin arziƙin a duk faɗin duniya. Hakazalika, a Indiya, haɓakar daidaiton ikon siye ya haifar da ƙarin araha, samun dama ga amfani da albarkatu da kuma saurin haɓakar adadin sharar ma. Idan aka yi la'akari da halin da ake ciki yanzu zuwa birane a Indiya, ana sa ran adadin MSW zai ninka adadin da ake da shi a cikin shekaru goma. A kusan 80-85 MTs nan da shekarata 2030, yana ba da damar kasuwanci da aka kiyasta akan dalar Amurka biliyan 20.
Shirye-shiryen tushen birni A cikin shekarata 2014 Indiya ta buɗe Ofishin Jakadancin Swachh Bharat, ƙoƙarin tsaftace ƙasa na tsawon shekaru biyar. Kafin wannan yunƙurin haɗin gwiwa na ƙasa don tsari da sarrafa sharar gida gabaɗaya ya zo cikin fahimtar juna, birane da garuruwa da yawa a Indiya sun riga sun ƙaddamar da ƙoƙarin daidaikun mutane don tattara sharar gida na birni, ko dai bisa yunƙurin ƴan ƙasa da ko ƙoƙarin birni na kafa mai dorewa. tsarin.
Wasu misalan su ne Swach tushen a Pune (wanda aka kafa a cikin shekarata 1993), Tsabtace Gasar Ciniki a Warangal, <i id="mwaw">Nirmal Bhavanam, Nirmal Nagaram</i> ko Tsabtace Gidaje, Tsabtace Birni a Alappuzha, Shiga yaƙin neman zaɓe na 14 a Gangtok, Sharar gida na Zero a Bobbili, Andhra Pradesh, Gudanar da Sharar gida a cikin Mysore da Tabbataccen Gudanar da Sharar Sharar gida, Bangalore (an ƙirƙira a cikin shekarar 2009). Babban Kotun Karnataka ta umurci Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike na Bangalore da ya aiwatar da warewa na shara na tilas a matakin gida kafin tattarawa na farko ga kasar. Yana da wakilci na gwagwarmayar tushen ɗan ƙasa a matakin yanki, kuma manyan masu fafutuka irin su Almitra Patel da Nalini Shekar ne suka jagoranci ƙarar. Bayan wannan hukuncin na Babbar Kotun, wasu garuruwa a Indiya sun bi sawu don sanya wajabta wariya na sharar gida a matakin janareta, Mumbai, yadda aka saba. Kamar yadda yake cikin Swachh Survekshan shekarata 2020 (Bincike Mai Tsafta, wanda aka fitar a watan Agusta, Na shekarar 2020) na Govt. na Indiya, jerin manyan biranen 20 mafi tsafta, tare da sunan jihohin da ke cikin mahaifa, a Indiya sune kamar haka: 1. Indore (Madhya Pradesh) na shekara ta huɗu a jere, 2. Suratul (Gujarat), 3. Navi Mumbai (Maharashtra), 4. Ambikapur (Chhattisgarh), 5. Mysuru (Karnataka), 6. Vijayawada (Andhra Pradesh), 7. Ahmedabad (Gujarat), 8. New Delhi (Delhi), 9. Chandrapur (Maharashtra), 10. Khargone (Madhya Pradesh), 11. Rajkot (Gujarat), 12. Tirupati (Andhra Pradesh), 13. Jamshedpur (Jharkhand), 14. Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh), 15. Gandhinagar (Gujarat), 16. Chandigarh (Yankin Tarayyar), 17. Bilaspur (Chhattisgarh), 18. Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh), 19. Nashik (Maharashtra) da 20. Raigarh (Chhattisgarh).
Ayyukan fasahar sadarwa (IT). MoEFCC ta ƙaddamar da aikace-aikacen yanar gizo a cikin shekarata 2016 don bin diddigin sarrafa shara a Indiya. Aikace-aikacen, Tsarin Gudanar da Sharar da aka haɗa, yana tattara bayanai kuma yana taimakawa wajen daidaita masu samar da sharar gida, masu sake yin fa'ida, masu sarrafa wuraren zubar da ruwa da hukumomin jihohi.
Shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu Gwamnatin Indiya ta haɓaka haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu (PPP) don inganta ayyukan sarrafa sharar gida, duk da haka, sun kasance masu matsala. Kalubalen inganta ayyukan sarrafa shara a Indiya na haifar da rashin albarkatun kuɗi, sannan kima rashin ƙwarewar da suka dace da fasahar fasaha tare da sassan jama'a. Gwamnatoci sun fara bincika PPPs a matsayin madadin. Ci gaban da ci gaban da aka samu ya kasance ƙasa kaɗan. Bincike kan wannan ya ba da shawarar shawarwari daidai da wasu batutuwa da aka gano. Misali, PPP a cikin MSW ana ɗaukarsa bai balaga ba, duk da haka, an kafa manyan buƙatun kafin cancanta. Ƙungiyoyin gida na birni (ULBs) sun sami matsala wajen ayyana iyakar da ta dace don wasu ayyukan PPP. Abubuwan da suka shafi takamaiman batutuwan sun haɗa da matsananciyar buƙatar sabis shine dalili na farko a bayan zaɓin yanayin PPP; fahimtar cewa PPP yana ba da babbar fa'ida ga jama'a; na uku da haɗin kai: PPPs suna guje wa matsalolin kuɗi a kuma ɓangaren jama'a; da na hudu, ana tunanin PPPs na hana farashin ciniki da ba da darajar kuɗin da aka saka. Binciken ya kuma bayyana wasu munanan batutuwa marasa kyau waɗanda suka kutsa kai yayin amfani da yanayin PPP. Sau da yawa ana sayo su ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba, kuma sabanin yadda ake tsammani, sun haifar da hauhawar farashin ciniki da ayyukan da ba su da inganci. Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun bayyana suna cin gajiyar fannin ba tare da wasu ayyuka masu amfani ba. Akwai fuskoki da yawa waɗanda har yanzu ba a fahimta ba yayin amfani da PPP a fannin sarrafa shara.
Duba wasu abubuwan Muhalli na Indiya
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
34739 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimbey | Rimbey | Rimbey ne da ke tsakiyar Alberta, a ƙasar Kanada Tana a mahadar manyan tituna 20 da 53 a cikin yankin kwarin kogin Blindman kusan kilomita arewa maso yamma na Red Deer da kudu maso yammacin Edmonton Lardi, Rimbey wani yanki ne na gundumar zaben Rimbey-Rocky Mountain House-Sundre da kuma tarayya a cikin hawan Wetaskiwin Tarihi An yi al'umma bisa hukuma a cikin 1902, sunan farko da aka ba wa wurin zama a ƙarshen ƙarni shine Kansas Ridge kamar yadda yawancin mazaunan suka samo asali daga jihar Kansas ta Amurka Daga cikinsu akwai ’yan’uwan Rimbey uku (Sam, Ben, da Jim) waɗanda aka ba wa garin sunan a hukumance a shekara ta 1904. Rimbeys sun koma Kanada daga Scott County, Illinois bayan sun ƙaura zuwa Illinois a cikin 1830s daga Maryland An haife su a Pennsylvania A cikin 1919 Lacombe da Blindman Valley Electric Railway (daga baya wani ɓangare na Canadian Pacific Railway ya isa Rimbey, kuma akwai sha'awar "sabon gari" ta hanyar waƙoƙin (yanzu Highway 20). Kamfanonin hatsi guda biyu sun gina lif a shekara mai zuwa kuma yawan Rimbey ya karu zuwa 319 zuwa 1921.
Yaƙin Duniya na biyu ya kawo sauye-sauye ga Rimbey, yayin da samari da wasu lokuta danginsu suka bar ƙauyen. Lokacin da aka gama yaki wasu sun dawo wasu kuma ba su yi ba. Sabbin fuskoki da yawa sun zo Rimbey kuma yawan jama'a ya kai 634 ta 1946.
Alkaluma A cikin ƙidayar yawan jama'a ta 2021 da Kididdiga Kanada ta gudanar, Garin Rimbey yana da yawan jama'a 2,470 da ke zaune a cikin 1,084 daga cikin jimlar 1,180 na gidaje masu zaman kansu, canjin -3.8% daga yawanta na 2016 na 2,567. Tare da filin ƙasa na 11.38 km2 tana da yawan yawan jama'a 217.0/km a cikin 2021. A cikin ƙidayar yawan jama'a ta 2016 da Kididdiga Kanada ta gudanar, Garin Rimbey ya ƙididdige yawan jama'a 2,567 da ke zaune a cikin 1,077 daga cikin 1,160 na gidaje masu zaman kansu. 7.9% ya canza daga yawan 2011 na 2,378. Tare da filin ƙasa na tana da yawan yawan jama'a 225.2/km a cikin 2016.
Tattalin Arziki Rimbey galibi al'umma ce ta noma, tare da bangaren mai da iskar gas yana ƙaruwa da mahimmanci.
Garin yana da cikakkun abubuwan jin daɗi da suka haɗa da otal-otal, otal-otal, kayan abinci da yawa, dacewa, da shagunan giya da filin sansani. Rimbey yana da nasa asibiti da motar asibiti (ko da yake ana aika ƙarin hanyoyin musamman zuwa Red Deer, Calgary ko Edmonton) da nasa na 'yan sanda na Royal Canadian Mounted Police Abubuwan jan hankali Wurin shakatawa na Pas-Ka-Poo ya haɗa da manyan wuraren buɗaɗɗen lawns, wurin tarihi na ƙauyen, gidajen tarihi da ɗimbin nune-nune masu ban sha'awa, gami da Tarin Manyan Motoci na Duniya a Gidan Tarihi na Manyan Motoci na Smithson.
Rimbey Golf Trailer Park yana da nisan kudu. Tun daga lokacin an rufe filin wasan golf, saboda ambaliyar ruwa.
Garin yana da wurin shakatawa na waje a buɗe daga Mayu zuwa Satumba kowace shekara, wanda aka sake gina shi a matsayin ƙaramin tafkin olympic tare da ƙofar bakin rairayin bakin teku, wuraren zafi guda biyu, madaidaicin madauki na ruwa biyu da fesa pad ga jarirai har zuwa shekaru 15.
Gidan Beatty gida ne na tarihi a tsakiyar gari kuma ana iya yin rajista don yawon shakatawa ko don yin abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa.
Hakanan akwai wasu ƙananan wuraren shakatawa na jama'a (tsara don yara) a kusa da garin.
Ilimi Gudanar da Makarantar Makarantar Wolf Creek No. 72, Makarantar Elementary Rimbey, Rimbey Junior-Senior High School, da Makarantar Koyarwa ta Ƙasa ta Yamma suna ba da ilimi a cikin Rimbey. Garin kuma gida ne ga Makarantar Kirista ta Rimbey, makaranta mai zaman kanta wacce ke ba da koyo ga ɗalibai a cikin K-9. Makarantar Nursery ta Rimbey tana ba da shirye-shiryen tushen wasa don yara masu shekaru 3 zuwa 5.
Mai jarida Jaridar garin ita ce Rimbey Review Binciken ya fara bugawa a ranar 27 ga Janairu, 1997 kuma mallakar Sylvan Lake News ne. An sayar da takardar ga Black Press a shekara ta 2005. Binciken Rimbey ya yi nasara da Rimbey Record, wanda aka buga tun farkon 1930s. An ambaci Record ɗin, a cikin 1937, don taimakonsa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Edmonton Journal, wanda ya ci kyautar Pulitzer. Rikodin Rimbey ya kasance, a lokacin mutuwarsa, wani bangare ne na jerin jaridu, a karkashin Tutar Record Publishing wanda ya gaza ta hanyar kudi bayan kokarin bayyana jama'a bai yi nasara ba. Garin yana da gidan rediyo guda VF8020 akan 93.3 MHz, wanda Cocin Nazarene na Rimbey mallakarsa ne.
Fitattun mutane Harry Lang, gwanin kokawa wanda aka fi sani da Cowboy Lang Jeffrey Bowyer-Chapman, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo
Myrna Pearman masanin halitta kuma marubuci.
Duba kuma I Jerin al'ummomi a Alberta
Jerin garuruwa a Alberta
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
16142 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olajumoke%20Orisaguna | Olajumoke Orisaguna | Olajumoke Orisaguna (an haife ta a shekarar 1989) fitacciyar ƴar tallace a Najeriya wacce ta ja hankalin jama'a a lokacin da, take rawa tana juya kudu a kan titunan Legas, bisa rashin sani ta shiga cikin wani hoto da aka ɗauka tare da mawaƙin gambarar zamani na Birtaniya, Tinie Tempah, wacce mai daukar hoto 'yar Nijeriya, TY Bello ta dauka domin a shafin Mujallar This Day. TY Bello, a yayin da take yin gyare-gyare, ta gano wani hoton Olajumoke tare da Tinie Tempah a cikin hotunan. Binciken Bello ya nemo Olajumoke kuma yayi mata hoto. Ta bayyana a bangon mujallar above magazine kafin a ɗauke ta matsayin 'yar talla. Daga baya ta sami damar yin wasu ayyukan a manyan shirye-shirye da gabatarwa makarantun kwalliya. An ruwaito labarin a wasu kafofin yada labarai, ciki har da CNN da BBC Afirka.
Tarihin rayuwa An haifi Olajumoke Orisaguna a shekarar 1989 kuma ta tashi ne a garin Ire na jihar Osun. Ta samu horo ne a kan gyaran gashi inda ta haɗu da wani mai sana'ar hannu mai suna Sunday Orisaguna. Sun yi aure a 2010 kuma daga baya suka haifi yara biyu. Tana jin Turanci sosai. Jumoke kamar yadda ake kiranta cikin farin ciki, tayi tafiya zuwa Lagos tare da ɗayan ɗanta inda take fatan samun ƙarin kuɗin siyar da burodi. Mijinta ya tsaya a cikin jihar Osun tare da ɗayan inda yake girka ƙofofin zamiya don rayuwa. A yayin da take aiki a Lagas, an kama ta a bayan hoton da mai daukar hoto TY Bello ya dauka yayin da Bello ke daukar hoton mawakin Ingilishi Tinie Tempah Yayin da daga baya ke yin bita da kuma gyara hotunan da ta dauka, Bello ya yanke shawarar cewa Orisaguna na da kwazo a matsayin abin koyi. Bayan wallafawa a Instagram, Bello ya gano Orisaguna kuma ya ba da shawarar fara aikinta. Ta shirya hoton Orisaguna ya bayyana a bangon mujallar Style sannan ta shirya kirkirar wani shiri game da ita. Orisaguna daga baya an bata kwangilar samfura tare da Kananan Model Management, internships da aiki, duk da cewa bai iya Turanci sosai ba. Biyo bayan nasarar Orisaguna, mijinta da wani ɗa suka koma Legas. A Najeriya, kafofin watsa labarai sun yaba wa Orisaguna a matsayin abin koyi A cewar CNN, za a ba ta wasu ilimi kuma banki ya yi tayin biya wa yaranta don zuwa makaranta. Olajumoke ta samu kyautar tallafin ne daga Sujimoto Group da Poise Nigeria. Zata fara koyan Da'a, Kwarewa mai laushi, Kyautata zamantakewar mu da sadarwa a Poise Nigeria ƙngiyar Sujimoto ce ta ƙaddamar da karatun wanda ke son tabbatar da cewa Olajumoke na da kayan aiki na rayuwa bayan hankali ya mutu.
Rikici A cikin bidiyon YouTube Olajumoke Sauce 7: Trends and Acceptance da aka loda a watan Fabrairun 2018, Ms Orisaguna ta bayyana kanta cikin kaɗuwa da gaskiyar cewa wasu mutane 'yan luwadi ne kuma suna da ƴancin yin auren jinsi. Orisaguna ya ayyana luwadi a matsayin "ba-dan Najeriya ba", sannan ya ce da yaren Yarbanci, "Na san cewa babu wani ɗan Najeriya da aka haifa a matsayin dan luwaɗi ko maɗigo". Ta kuma ce ta samu matsalar yin bacci bayan ta gano a Facebook cewa wasu maza da mata masu luwadi suna shirin auren masu jinsi daya. Ms Orisaguna ta bayyana ne don yin barazanar ga mutanen LGBT lokacin da ta bayyana cewa "za a magance su ta hanyoyin da ba za ku yi tsammani ba". A cikin martanin, samfurin jinsin na Najeriya Veso Golden Oke sanya bidiyo hargitsa samfurin, yana ba ta shawarar ta kara sani game da al'umar LGBT. A karkashin dokar Najeriya bisa dogaro da shari'ar mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, alaƙar jinsi tsakanin mutanen LGBT ta kasance laifin laifi, tare da hukunci mai yawa wanda ya fara daga ɗaurin shekaru 14 zuwa hukuncin kisa.
Bayan shahararta ga shahara, mijinta, Sunday Orisaguna, yi zargin cewa tun lokacin da ta zama fitacciyar jaruma, ta kasance ba ta girmama shi kuma ta sanya aurensu ya zama abin kunya. A cikin martanin, ta ba da hira ga jaridar The Punch inda ta ce dangantakar tata tana nan daram, kuma Allah ne kawai zai yi hukunci a tsakanin mijinta da ita kan hirar da ya ke ba ta.
Manazarta Mata a Najeriya
Mata da suka kafa kamfani
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29957 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubar%20dalma%20ga%20dabbar%20raptors | Dubar dalma ga dabbar raptors | Guba gubar lamari ne mai mahimmanci na kiwon lafiya da ke shafar yawan raptor, a tsakanin sauran nau'in. Ba tare da gyarawa ba, yawancin raptors za su shiga cikin alamun gubar dalma da zarar an shafa. Yayin da jama'a na iya zama ba su san yadda za su iya haifar da matsalar ba, kusan kashi Dari 100% na gubar dalma za a iya hana su idan mutane sun mai da hankali sosai kan farautarsu da ayyukansu Akwai manyan masu bada gudummuwa guda biyu ga wadannan nau'in dabbobin daji da gubar dalma ke shafa kuma ta hanyar mafarauta ne masu amfani da harsashin gubar, ko kuma ta hanyar masu kifin dalma ta hanyar amfani da dalma.
Bayyanawa ga jagora Lokacin da mafarauta suka harbe dabba, sukan bar ɓarna da sauran sharar gawa a cikin dazuzzuka daga baya. Wannan zai zama matsala idan mafarauci ya zaɓi yin amfani da harsashin gubar. An nuna cewa da gaske duk dabbobin da aka harba da gubar na dauke da gutsuttsura dalma a cikinsu. Harsashin gubar hatsi guda har 150 guda ɗaya yana da ikon kashe gaggafa 10. Wani bincike ya nuna cewa a cikin gawarwakin barewa 38 da aka bincika, sama da kashi 74% na su sun ƙunshi guntun dalma sama da 100 daga harsashi ɗaya. Daga wurin shigar harsashi cikin dabba, waɗannan ƙananan gutsuttsura na iya yin tafiya har zuwa kimanin cikin gawa. Wasu daga cikin irin waɗannan gutsuttsura ƙanƙanta ne da ba za a iya gani da su ba, to Sai Dai amma za a nuna su akan hotunan dabbar. Masu cin zarafi da masu fasa bututun da suka gano ragowar dabbobin da sharar gida za su cinye wadannan kananan dalma. Daga nan sai a wargaje gutsuttsuran sannan a tsotse gubar a cikin jini saboda aikin nika na gizzard, wanda hakan ke haifar da tarin matsalolin kiwon lafiya' Dangane da matsalar kamun kifi, an gano lokacin kamun kifi mafi girma ya haifar da sakamako. Sannan a cikin mafi yawan adadin mace-mace sakamakon maganin gubar. Tsuntsaye na iya cin kifin da ya cinye jigon gubar ko nutsewa idan layin kamun kifi ya karye. Hakanan suna iya ƙoƙarin kai hari kan kifin da wani mai kamun kifi ya jawo shi. Akwai kuma abin da ake zubarwa ko kuma a bar shi a baya a cikin ruwa ko a wuraren kamun kifi, kuma wanda tsuntsaye za su iya cinyewa da gangan. Abin da ya kara dagula wannan al’amari shi ne, gubar ba wani sinadari ne da ake saurin kawar da shi ba, kuma ba za a iya kaskanta shi ba, domin abu ne mai tsayayye. Wannan yana haifar da ci gaba da tara tarin gubar a cikin mahalli a kan lokaci, saboda akwai ƙarin shiga fiye da yadda ake fita. Ko da yake ba a matsayin babban batu ba, akwai wasu hanyoyin da za a iya fallasa namun daji a zahiri ga gubar, kamar ta hanyar fenti na tushen gubar ko ta hanyar hakar ma'adinai.
Pathogenesis Lokacin da gubar ta shiga cikin sashin narkewa na raptors, yanayin acidic na cikin su yana ba da damar rushewa da shiga cikin jini. Idan gutsuwar gubar tana cikin kyallen tsuntsu ne kawai, ba zai yuwu ta haifar da gubar gubar ba, saboda cikinta yana buƙatar rushe shi. Da zarar cikin jini, sannan an gano gubar don kwaikwayi rawar calcium a cikin jiki, kuma yana iya ɗaukar hanyoyin salula na yau da kullun da tsarin da calcium zai bi. Sakamakon haka, ba za a iya ci gaba da kiyaye calcium homeostasis da zarar gubar ta shiga cikin jini ba. Ana watsar da siginar siginar zuwa synapses na jijiyoyi yayin da ƙwayoyin jijiya na cholinergic ke hanawa, yana haifar da canjin hali kamar yadda aka shafi cerebellum Sannan Ayyukan jijiyoyi a fili yana zama cikin haɗari sosai. A cikin jini da kanta, ƙwayoyin jajayen jini suna haɓaka raguwar rayuwa, kuma ƙarancin haɗin heme yana faruwa saboda enzymes -aminolevulinic acid dehydratase da ferrochelatase sun zama masu rauni. Tsuntsu sai ya zama rashin jini Alamomi da alamomi Lokacin da tsuntsaye suka fara nuna sauye-sauyen hali, za su iya fara nuna matsala wajen saukowa Har ila yau, suna fara nuna matsayi mara kyau, kuma sau da yawa ana iya samun su suna kallon ƙasa. To amman Muryar su na iya canza sauti, saboda sau da yawa yakan zama babban honk, kuma suna iya buɗe baki a wani yanki tare da ƙarar hayaniya da ke fitowa daga ciki. Bayan kamar makonni biyu, dangane da, tsuntsu ya zama mai rauni a bayyane, kuma yawanci yana nuna matsala ta tafiya da tashi. Fuka-fukan kuma na iya fara fitowa a faɗuwa, tare da fiffiken fikafikan da ake ganin sau da yawa suna jan ƙasa, kuma tsuntsayen na iya yin ƙarancin ƙoƙarin samun abinci. Idan tsuntsu ya rayu bayan makonni biyi zuwa uku 2 zuwa 3 bayan gubar dalma to shi ma zai iya fara bayyana ya bushe kuma kashin keel zai iya bambanta sosai saboda a cikin tsarin narkewar abinci ba zai iya narkar da abinci ba yayin da filin ya zama gurgu. Ana ganin koren feces sau da yawa akan gashin wutsiya, a matsayin tasirin wannan. Har ila yau, tsananin tattara gubar a cikin jini na iya yin illa ga tsarin koda da kuma tsarin haihuwa, kamar yadda kodan ke shafar kuma duk wani kwai da aka dage yana iya samun raunin bawo. Wasu nau'in mikiya kuma an gano cewa sun ragu don babu samar da maniyyi ya faru, kuma mazan na iya samun raguwar girman maniyyi. Har ila yau, ba sabon abu ba ne ga tsuntsaye su fuskanci makanta a sakamakon yadda kwayoyin bitamin ke shafa. Sakamakon ire-iren wadannan tasirin da gubar ke yi a jiki ga mikiya, ba kasafai ba ne wadannan tsuntsayen su fuskanci girgizar tsoka ko na kasa kafafunsu su zama gurguje. Saboda wasu nau'o'in waɗannan alamun da mai raptor zai iya fuskanta, masu gyaran namun daji na iya samun sauƙi lokacin riƙewa da kuma kula da tsuntsaye saboda suna da ƙarancin ƙarfin da za su iya yin yaki.
Bincike Mutumin da ya dandana tare da namun daji zai iya gano mafi yawan lokuta raptor mai alamar alama wanda ke da gubar dalma. Duk da haka, ba koyaushe ake gano cutar da ba ta dace ba. Tabbatacciyar hanyar tantance ko tsuntsu yana da gubar dalma ita ce ta hanyar ɗaukar samfurin jini da gwada shi don gubar. To amman Ana ɗaukar tsuntsun al'ada kuma yawanci gubar ba ta shafa ba idan an gano jinin yana da ƙasa da kusan g/dL, kodayake ba zai yuwu ba tsuntsu mai alama ya kasance ƙasa da g/dL. Ana ɗaukar raptor a matsayin fuskantar adadin gubar a cikin tsarin su idan yana tsakanin 20-60 g/dL. Idan mikiya tana da matakan jini na gubar sama da g/dL to ana la'akari da shi a matsayin shari'ar asibiti kuma yiwuwar mikiya ta tsira a wannan lokacin ba ta da yawa. Hakanan za'a iya gwada hanta da kashi don gwada gubar gubar ko da yake wannan na iya faruwa ne bayan gaggafa ta riga ta mutu. Tsuntsaye kuma za a iya yin x-ray, saboda duk wani babban guntu na gubar da aka cinye za a iya gani a kai.
Magani A lokacin da ake jinyar marasa lafiya da ke fama da gubar gubar, manufar ita ce rage shigar da gubar a cikin jini, don kawar da duk wani gubar mai guba da ke sha, da kuma taimakawa da tallafawa dabbar ta murmurewa. Idan gubar ta riga ta shiga cikin jini, yana da mahimmanci a bi da tsuntsun da wani abu da zai shiga jikin kowane ɓangarorin gubar ta hanyar amfani da mahaɗan chelating Duk Wadannan mahadi za su sa tsuntsu ya kawar da gubar daga jikinsa ta hanyar fitar da su a cikin fitsari. Magunguna na yau da kullun waɗanda ake amfani da su don magance wannan sune EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) da DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid). Ana ba da shawarar yin amfani da alluran intramuscularly tare da EDTA ko da yake a cikin jini sun fi tasiri, saboda tasirin gubar EDTA akan kodan. DMSA magani ne na baka na gama gari wanda ana iya amfani dashi don magani kuma. Idan an dauki x-ray kuma guntuwar gubar sun bayyana, ana iya cire su ta hanyar tiyata tare da endoscope, ta hanyar gastrotomy, ko kuma ta hanyar gavage a ciki, ko da yake idan ɓangarorin sun yi girma gubar gubar na iya yin girma a gare su. iya tsira daga tiyata.
Ilimi An nuna cewa akwai ƙarin yawan gubar dalma da ake gani a lokutan farautar manyan wasanni. An tabbatar da cewa, daidaita harsashin dalma na iya rage yawan tsuntsayen da suka kamu da cutar da gubar dalma. Mafi kyawun zaɓi shine mafarauta su canza zuwa harsashin da ba gubar ba. Harsashin jan karfe shine mafi mashahuri madadin kuma sama da kusan kashi 90% na mafarauta sun ce yana aiki daidai ko ma fiye da harsashin gubar na yau da kullun, kodayake akwai sauran zaɓuɓɓukan harsasai na ƙarfe waɗanda kuma za a iya amfani da su. Hakanan ana samun maganin kamun kifi mara gubar. Idan mafarauci ya ki canzawa zuwa harsashin da ba gubar ba a matsayin madadin, to, kona gawar ita ce mafi kyawun zaɓi na gaba. Ko da yake ana binne gawar ya fi a bar ta a fili, rodents da sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa za su iya tono gawar cikin sauƙi sannan kuma za a sake fallasa gawar. Har ila yau, mafarauta su fahimci yadda gubar za ta kasance a cikin naman da suke farautar abinci idan suka yi amfani da harsashin dalma, wanda shi ma ba shi da lafiya ga mutum.
Duba wasu abubuwan Guba na dabba
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22293 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/JUSTICE | JUSTICE | KUNGIYAR ADALCI ƙungiya ce ta kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da gyara dokokin da ke zaune a Kingdomasar Ingila Sashin Birtaniyya ne na Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Masu Shari'a, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa ta lauyoyi masu kishin kare hakkin dan'adam a duk duniya. Saboda haka, 'yan JUSTICE ne yawanci barristers da Lauyan, da alƙalai, da shari'a da malaman jami'a, da kuma dokar dalibai.
ADALCI yana zaman kansa ne kuma yana da dukkan jam'iyya, yana da wakilai na manyan jam'iyyun siyasa uku a Majalisar da ke mulki. Sadaka ce mai rijista a ƙarƙashin dokar Ingilishi.
Daraktan JUSTICE Andrea Coomber ne, kuma shugaban Majalisar JUSTICE ita ce Baroness Kennedy na Shaws QC.
Tarihi An kafa KUNGIYAR ADALCI a shekarata 1957, bayan ziyarar da kungiyar lauyoyi ta Burtaniya suka kai don lura da shari’ar cin amanar da mambobin Jam’iyyar African National Congress (ANC) suka yi a Afirka ta Kudu da nuna wariyar launin fata a Hungary. Shugabanta na farko shi ne Hartley Shawcross, babban mai shigar da kara na Burtaniya a Nuremberg, sannan wani mai kafa Peter Benenson wanda daga baya zai kafa kungiyar Amnesty International Tabbas, lokacin da AI ta fara farawa a cikin shekarata 1961, ta raba ofisoshinta tare da ADALCI.
A cikin shekarata 1958, ya zama sashen Birtaniyya na Hukumar Kula da Shari'a ta Duniya ('ICJ'). Sharuɗɗan asali na tsarin mulki na ADALCI sun yi alƙawarin don ƙarfafawa da ƙarfafa ƙa'idodin Dokar a cikin yankuna waɗanda Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya ke da alhakin kai tsaye ko a ƙarshe suke da alhakinsu: musamman, don taimakawa wajen gudanar da shari'a da kuma kiyaye abubuwan 'yanci na mutum'. Tabbas, ADALCI da kansa ya haifar da wasu rassa masu yawa a ƙasashen da har yanzu Turawan mulkin mallaka da yankuna masu dogaro. Kamar yadda kowane ɗayan waɗannan ƙasashe ya yunƙura zuwa samun 'yanci a cikin shekarata 1960s, rassan sun sake dawo da kansu a matsayin ɓangarorin ƙasa na ICJ. Wannan, bi da bi, ya canza girmamawar aikin ADALCI ga Burtaniya kanta.
Don haka, kodayake an kafa shi ne dan ƙiran ƙasa da ƙasa, ADALCI da sauri ya kafa takamaiman mai da hankali kan bin doka da kiyaye haƙƙoƙin asali a Burtaniya. Ta hanyar aikin sakatarenta na farko, Tom Sargant OBE, ADALCI cikin hanzari ya bunkasa kwarewa a shari'o'in da suka shafi rashin adalci, kuma ya tabbatar da sakin fursunoni da dama wadanda aka tsare bisa kuskure. Sargant ya kasance mai taimakawa wajen kafa jerin shirye-shiryen BBC <i id="mwJw">Rough Justice</i>, wanda ya kai ga sako daga gidan yari na mutum goma sha takwas da aka yiwa rashin adalci.
A dai-dai wannan lokacin JUSTICE ta cigaba a matsayin kungiyar siyasa, ta samar da rahotanni wadanda suka taimaka wajen kafa tsarin Ombudsman na Burtaniya, da Hukumar Kula da Raunin Laifuka, da Dokar Bayar da Dokar Masu Laifi a shekarar 1974, da Dokar Kare Bayanai na shekarar 1998, da Hukumar Binciken Laifukan Laifuka Hakazalika, yawancin matakan da ke ƙunshe a cikin Dokar sake fasalin Tsarin Mulki na shekarar 2005 ADALCI ya gabatar da su a baya. Ta hanyar 1990s ta kafa da kuma inganta shirye-shirye kan dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam, shari'ar masu laifi, mafaka da shige da fice, nuna wariya da sirrin mutane. Tana yin gwagwarmayar shigar da Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam a cikin dokar Burtaniya ta hanyar Dokar Yancin Dan Adam na shekarata 1998 Dame Anne Owers CBE, Babban Sifeta mai kula da gidajen yari, a baya ita ce Daraktar JUSTICE har zuwa shekarata 2001. Kujerun JUSTICE da suka gabata sun hada da Lord Alexander na Weedon QC, Lord Goodhart QC, da kuma tsohon Doka Lord, Lord Steyn Aikin yanzu Babban fannonin aikin ADALCI sune:
'Yancin ɗan'adam
Adalci na laifi
Dokar EU
Tsarin doka
Hankalin JUSTICE yana kan dokar Burtaniya amma aikinta ya haɗa da bayyana mahimmancin dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da kawo fahimtar nazarin kwatankwacin sauran ikon. Dokar Turai tana ci gaba da taka rawa a cikin wannan aikin. Yana aiki ne da farko ta hanyar yiwa 'yan majalissar da masu tsara manufofi bayani game da tasirin haƙƙin ɗan adam na doka. A matsayinta na kungiyar siyasa ba ta da hannu cikin yakin neman zabe da kararrakin kowane mutum da kuma samar da zaman kanta, kwararren masanin shari'a kan al'amuran da suka shafi 'yanci. Hakanan yana aiki a matakan Turai da na duniya, yana neman cibiyoyin Tarayyar Turai Majalisar Turai da ƙungiyoyin yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daban-daban.
Kowane yanki na ADALCI a wuraren aiki bi da bi yana ɗaukar batutuwa da yawa, ciki har da mafaka da shige da fice, yaƙi da ta'addanci, daidaito da wariya, tsare sirri, yanci EU da Tsaro, taimakon shari'a da samun adalci, da kuma batutuwan tsarin mulki zuwa ga matsayin bangaren shari'a da bin diddigin dokoki.
ADALCI shima yana da dadadden tarihi na tsoma baki cikin lamuran da suka shafi jama'a da suka shafi kare hakkoki na yau da kullun. Don wannan, ta shiga tsakani a cikin shari'o'in da ke gaban Kotun ofaukaka andara da Gidan Iyayengiji, Majalisar Tarayya, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin' Yan Adam, da Kotun Tarayyar Turai A watan Oktoba na shekarata 2009, ta zama ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta farko da ta sa baki a cikin shari'ar da ke gaban Kotun Koli ta Burtaniya Duba kuma Dokar doka
Mulki Dangane da Doka Mai Girma
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje ADALCI
Hukumar Shari'a ta Kasa da Kasa
Pages with unreviewed translations
Tarihi
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17906 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20Ali%20Jinnah | Muhammad Ali Jinnah | Muhammad Ali Jinnah, (Urdu; Gujarati;ranar 25 ga watan Disamba shekarata alif dari takwas da saba'in da shida 1876)_ranan 11 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 1948 a Karachi ɗan siyasar kasan Pakistan ne da ake duba a matsayin wanda ya kafa ƙasar Pakistan. Bayan raba ƙasar da India, ya zama Gwamnan-Jahar na Pakistan. Don girmamawa, al'ummar Pakistan suna kiransa da suna Quaid-e-Azam bra wadda a yaren Urdu, yake nufin "babban shugaba". Kazalika, 'yan ƙasar kuma suna kiransa da wani sunan a cikin yaren Urdu wanda ke nufin "mahaifin al'umma". Ranar haifuwarsa ranar hutu ce a duk fadin kasar Pakistan da ake kira da ranar Pakistan
Tarihin Rayuwar MA Jinnah An haifi Muhammad Ali Jinnah a ranar 25 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1876 a Karachi a cikin gidan Isma'ilism na Poonja Jinnah. Aljanna. An haife shi a Karachi, birnin Sindh. Sunan mahaifinsa Jinnah Poonja (1857- 1901) kuma sunan mahaifiyarsa Mithibai. Jinnah shi ne babba a cikin 'ya'ya bakwai na Jinnah Poonja da Mithibai. Iyalinsa sun yi ƙaura zuwa Sindh daga yankin Kathiawar na Gujarat, Indiya.
Sunan Jinnah na haihuwa shi ne Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Daga baya ya canza shi zuwa mafi sauki 'Muhammad Ali Jinnah' ko MA A gida, danginsa suna magana da yaren Gujarati, kuma yaran ma sun zo suna magana da Kutchi da Ingilishi. Ban da Fatima, ba a san komai game da 'yan uwansa ba Farkon shekarun aiki A shekarar 1891 (lokacin yana da shekaru goma sha biyar), Jinnah ya tafi Landan ya yi aiki na wasu shekaru a wani kamfani. A kusan wannan lokacin, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu.
A shekarar 1894, Jinnah ya bar aikinsa don karatun aikin lauya Ya shiga karatun a Lincoln's Inn kuma ya kammala karatu a 1896. Yayin da yake Landan, shi ma ya fara shiga harkokin siyasa. Ya matuƙar yaba da shugabannin siyasa na Indiya Dadabhai Naoroji da Sir Pherozeshah Mehta A hankali Jinnah yana bunkasa ra'ayin sa na siyasa. Yana tunani a kan layin cewa Indiya ta sami mulkin kai na tsarin mulki.
A wannan lokacin, mahaifinsa ya rasa kasuwancinsa. Wannan ya kuma sanya Aljannah cikin mawuyacin hali. A halin yanzu, ya fara aikin lauya a Mumbai Ya kuma gina gida a Unguwar Malabar ta Mumbai. Gidan yanzu ana kiransa Gidan Jinnah.
Ya zama babban lauya. A shekarar 1908 ya wakilci Bal Gangadhar Tilak, sanannen shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Indiya. Tilak yana fuskantar tuhuma ta tayar da hankali ga Dokar Burtaniya. Jinnah ta ɗaukaka ƙara sosai, amma an tura Tilak gidan yari. Bayan haka ya fidda rai
Shekarun farko a matsayin ɗan siyasa Jinnah ya riga ya shiga Majalisar Dokokin Indiya a shekarar 1906 lokacin da ya fara siyasa. Majalisar ta kasance babbar ƙungiyar siyasa a Indiya. Yawancin membobi da shugabannin Nationalan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Indiya sun fi son ƙarancin mulkin kai ga Indiya. Jinnah ma sunyi irin wannan ra'ayin. A waccan lokacin, abin koyi shi ne Gopal Krishna Gokhale A ranar 25 ga Janairu 1910, Jinnah ya zama memba a cikin Saba'in da mambobi biyu na majalisar dokoki. Ya kasance memba mai aiki a cikin Majalisar. Kamar sauran shugabannin Indiya, Jinnah shima ya goyi bayan Biritaniya a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya.Shugabannin sun goyi bayan Burtaniya suna tunanin cewa bayan yaƙin, Burtaniya zata ba Indiya Greatancin siyasa.
A farkon Jinnah ya nisanci shiga jam'iyyar All India Muslim League, wata kungiyar siyasa ta Indiya. Musulmai sun kafa kungiyar a 1906. A cikin shekarata 1913, Jinnah ya zama memba na Leagueungiyar Musulmi. A shekarar 1934, ya zama shugaban hadaddiyar kungiyar Musulmi. Ya taimaka wajen yin yarjejeniya tsakanin Majalisa da ƙungiyar Musulmai (Lucknow Pact a 1916). Yarjejeniyar ta yi kokarin gabatar da hadin kai ga Burtaniya don ba wa Indiya mulkin mallaka a cikin Masarautar Burtaniya. Wannan yayi kama da matsayin mulkin mallaka wanda Kanada, New Zealand da Ostiraliya suke dashi a lokacin.
A shekarar 1918, Jinnah ta sake yin aure. Matarsa ta biyu itace Rattanbai Petit. Tana da shekaru ashirin da huɗu fiye da shi. Ta kasance diyar abokiyar Jinnah Sir Dinshaw Petit 'yar Parsi ce amma rattanbai ta musulunta kafin ta auri Jinnah ta canza sunanta zuwa Maryam. Ma'auratan suna zaune a Bombay (yanzu Mumbai) kuma suna yawan zuwa Turai. A shekarar 1919, matar sa ta haifi ‘ya mace mai suna Dina.
Zuwa shekarar 1918, Mohandas Gandhi ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin Jam'iyyar Congress. Gandhi ya yi jerin gwanon zanga-zanga ba tashin hankali don samun mulkin kai ga Indiya. Jinnah ta dauki wani layi daban. Ya so gwagwarmayar tsarin mulki don samun mulkin kai ga Indiya. Jinnah ya kuma nuna adawa ga goyon bayan Gandhi ga kungiyar Khilafat A hankali, bambance-bambance da yawa a tsakanin su sun taso. A 1920, Jinnah ya bar jam'iyyar Congress. Ya zama shugaban hadaddiyar kungiyar musulmai. A wannan lokacin, Jinnah ta fito da wani shiri na rage banbance banbancen dake tsakanin Jam’iyyar Congress da kuma Kungiyar Musulmi. Shirin yana da matakai na aiki goma sha huɗu. Sabili da haka, sanannen sanannen littafin Jinnah ne na Maki goma sha huɗu. Amma jam'iyyar Congress ba ta yarda da wadannan ba.
A tsawon wadannan shekarun rayuwar Jinnah ta wahala. Ya mai da hankali kan siyasa ya haifar da rikici a cikin auren Jinnah. Ma'auratan sun rabu a 1927 kuma bayan mummunan rashin lafiya Rattanbai ya mutu.
A wannan lokacin, akwai taron shugabannin Indiya tare da gwamnatin Burtaniya. An gudanar da shi a London kuma an san shi da Taron Taron Zagaye. Jinnah ya soki manufofin Gandhi. Taron ya gaza. Jinnah shima baiyi farin ciki da Kungiyar Musulmai ba. Ya yanke shawarar barin siyasa. Ya sake fara aiki a matsayin lauya a Ingila. Duk tsawon wadannan shekarun, 'yar uwarsa Fatima Jinnah ta kasance mai kula da lamuran Aljannah, a gida da waje. Ta kuma zama mai ba shi shawara na kusa. Ta taimaka masa wajen renon ‘yar Jinnah, Dina Wadia. 'Yar ta auri Neville Wadia, dan Parasi wanda ya musulunta. Jinnah ba ta son wannan auren.
Shugaban kungiyar musulmin Shugabannin Musulmai da yawa na Indiya kamar Aga Khan III, Coudhary Rahmat Ali da Sir Muhammad Iqbal sun nemi Jinnah da ta dawo Indiya.
Shugabannin ƙungiyar musulmin sun so shi ya jagoranci kungiyar musulmin. Jinnah ta yarda ta dawo Indiya. A shekarar 1934, ya bar Landan ya koma Indiya don sake shirya gasar Musulmai. Amma ba zai iya farfado da martabar jam'iyyar ba har sai bayan zaben 1937 kasancewar Jam’iyyar Musulmi ta lashe kujeru kadan kacal. Koyaya, a wannan lokacin, Firayim Minista na Punjab, Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, ya taimaka Leagueungiyar. A watan Oktoba 1937, ya yarda da kungiyar Musulmai ta Jinnah ta shiga cikin gwamnatin sa mai karfi. Wannan ana kiransa Yarjejeniyar Jinnah-Sikandar Bambance-bambancensa da Jam'iyyar Congress ya ci gaba da zama babba. A shekara ta 1930, wasu shugabannin musulmai kamar Allama Iqbal sun yi ta jayayya game da raba kasar Musulman Indiya. A ƙarshe ya zo ga ƙarshe cewa Hindu da Musulmai ba za su iya zama a cikin ƙasa ɗaya ba. Jinnah kuma ya fara da ra'ayin raba ƙasa da Musulman Indiya. Jinnah da Kungiyar Musulmi sun fara aiki don samun irin wannan kasar ta daban. Sun yi wani shiri game da wannan a cikin 1940 mai suna Resolution na Pakistan Ana kiran wannan sabuwar ƙasar Pakistan.
A cikin 1941, Jinnah ya kafa wata jarida, mai suna Dawn Wannan jaridar ta buga ra'ayoyi da tunanin siyasa na Kungiyar Musulmi. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, Jinnah ya goyi bayan Birtaniyya, kuma ya yi adawa da Quit India motsi na jam'iyyar Congress. A 1944, Gandhi ya yi tattaunawa har sau 14 da Jinnah, amma ba su iya cimma matsaya ba. A wannan lokacin, Kungiyar Musulmi ta kafa gwamnatoci a wasu larduna, kuma sun shiga cikin gwamnatin tsakiya.
Zama Wanda ya kafa Pakistan Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Burtaniya ta fara matakai don ba wa Indiya 'yanci. A ranar 16 ga Mayu 1946, Birtaniyya ta sanar da shirin dunkulewar Indiya. Wata daya bayan haka, a ranar 16 ga Yuni 1946 Turawan ingila suka sanar da wani shiri na raba Raj Raj na Burtaniya zuwa ƙasashe biyu, daya na Hindu da daya na Musulmi.
Jam'iyyar Congress ta yarda da shirin 16 ga Mayu shekarata 1946. Muslimungiyar Musulmi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Jinnah ta yarda da duka tsare-tsaren. Amma, a ranar 16 ga Agusta 1946, Jinnah ya kuma sanar da Direct Action don samun 'yanci ga Pakistan, wata kasa ta Musulmai ta tsohon British Raj. Bayan zagaye na tattaunawa da yawa, an raba Raj na Birtaniyya (a watan Agusta 1947) zuwa ƙasashe biyu, Indiya da Pakistan. A shekarar 1971, Bangladesh ta sami 'yencin kai daga hannun Pakistan.
Janar-Janar An raba Birtaniyar Raj na Indiya zuwa ƙasashe biyu, waɗanda suka haɗa da, India da Pakistan. Jinnah ta zama Gwamna-Janar na farko a Pakistan, 'yar uwarsa Fatimah Jinnah ta zama "Uwar Kasa". Ya kuma zama shugaban majalisar dokokin Pakistan. A cikin wani jawabi ga majalisar da aka kafa a ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekarata 1947, Jinnah ya ba da labarin makomar Pakistan a matsayin ƙasa mara addini. Ya faɗi wannan a cikin kalmomi masu zuwa:
Kuna iya kasancewa cikin kowane addini ko akida wannan ba shi da nasaba da kasuwancin jihar. Idan lokaci ya yi, Hindu za ta daina zama Hindatu kuma Musulmai za su daina zama Musulmai, ba ta fuskar addini ba, domin wannan imanin mutum ne na kowane mutum, amma a siyasance a matsayinsa na ɗan ƙasa. Jinnah kuma ya ɗauki nauyin gwamnati kai tsaye. Bayan rabuwa, mummunan rikici tsakanin Musulmai da Hindu ya faru. Irin wannan tashin hankali ya kasance mai tsanani a cikin Punjab da Bengal. Jinnah ta zagaya yankunan tare da shugabannin Hindu daga Indiya don kwantar da hankalin jama'a. Mutane da yawa sun mutu a tashin hankalin. Alkaluman wadanda suka mutu sun banbanta daga mutane dubu dari biyu zuwa sama da miliyan daya. Jinnah tayi bakin ciki kwarai da gaske a duk wadannan abubuwan da suka faru.
Jim kaɗan bayan samun 'yancin kan Indiya da Pakistan, rikici ya ɓarke a Kashmir. Sarkin Kashmir ya yarda ya zama wani yanki na Indiya. amma galibi Musulman Kashmir ba su son wannan. Sun fara fada a Kashmir. Dole ne Indiya ta tura sojojinsa zuwa Kashmir, wanda ya zama wani yanki na Indiya. Indiya ta gabatar da batun ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da umarnin a kawo karshen rikicin kuma an yi farin ciki. Wannan matsalar har yanzu tana ci gaba da yin mummunan tasiri a alaƙar Indiya da Pakistan.
Matsayin Jinnah wajen samar da ƙasar Pakistan a matsayin sabuwar kasa yana da matukar muhimmanci. Wannan ya sanya shi shahara sosai a tsakanin mutanen Pakistan. A Gabashin Pakistan (yanzu Bangladesh mutane sun yi adawa da ra'ayin Jinnah cewa yaren Urdu ya zama yaren harshe na ƙasa kaɗai.
Mutuwa Muhammad Ali ya sha fama da cutar tarin fuka tun farkon shekarun 1940. Hisar uwarsa kawai da wasu fewan kaɗan na kusa da dangin sun san wannan. Bayan raba kasar Indiya da kirkirar kasar Pakistan, ya zama gwamnan janar na Pakistan. Aikinsa ya karu, amma lafiyarsa ta tabarbare. Don samun lafiyarsa, ya kwashe watanni da yawa a gidansa na hutawa na hukuma. Gidan sauran ya kasance a wani wuri mai suna a Ziarat Jinnah bai iya samun lafiyarsa ba. Ya mutu a ranar 11 Satumba 1948 daga tarin fuka Archived Ra'ayoyi Game da Jinnah A 'yan shekarun nan, wasu malamai sun ba da wasu sabbin ra'ayoyi game da ayyukan Aljannah. Jinnah ya nuna sha'awar cewa wasu daga cikin mafi rinjayen sarakunan Hindu su shiga Pakistan. Waɗannan malamai suna jayayya cewa wannan ra'ayin ya saba wa ra'ayin Jinnah cewa Hindu da Musulmi ba za su iya zama tare ba.
Wasu masana tarihi kamar HM Seervai da Ayesha Jalal sunce Jinnah na son duniyan Kudancin Asiya. Ya buƙaci a ware wa Musulmai kasa ta daban kasancewar shugabannin Majalisar ba sa son raba madafan iko da ƙungiyar Musulman.
Kwanan nan, shugabannin Indiya waɗanda ke cikin Bhartiya Janta Party, kamar Lal Krishna Advani da Jaswant Singh sun yaba wa Jinnah. An kori Jaswant Singh daga jam'iyyar ne saboda ya yabi Jinnah a littafinsa mai suna 'Jinnah- India, Partition and Independence'.
Tunawa Al'umma da mutane sunyi abubuwa da yawa don tunawa da Aljannah. A Pakistan ana kiransa Quaid-e-Azam. Hotunan sa sun bayyana a takardun kuɗi da yawa na Pakistan. An sanya sunan filin jirgin saman Karachi ne a bayansa. A shekarar 1998 wata sabuwar jami’a a Karachi aka sanya mata suna Jami’ar Mohammad Ali Jinnah Wata jami'a a cikin Islamabad an sanya mata sunan jami'ar Quad-e-Azam Sauran wurare da cibiyoyi da yawa suna ɗauke da sunansa a Pakistan da sauran wurare. Misali, a kasar Turkiya, ana kiran sunan titi mai girma sosai da sunan sa. A Iran, daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin babban birninta Tehran yana dauke da sunansa kuma a zauren Mumbai an sanya masa zauren jama'a a bayansa.
Littattafai da yawa, fina-finai da shirye-shiryen TV suna ba da labari game da rayuwa da aikin Aljannah, gami da fim din da ya shafi rayuwar mutum, Jinnah Shahararrun maganganu "Tare da imani, horo da sadaukar da kai ga aiki, babu wani abu mai amfani da ba za ku iya cimma ba."
"Kuyi tunani sau 100 kafin ku yanke shawara, Amma da zarar an yanke wannan shawarar, ku tsaya a matsayin mutum daya."
"Rashin nasara kalma ce wacce ban sani ba."
"Babu wata al'umma da za ta hau zuwa daukaka har sai matanku suna gefe da kai."
"Tsammani mafi kyau, Ka shirya ma mafi munin."
"Babu wata gwagwarmaya da za ta taba yin nasara ba tare da mata sun shiga kafada da kafada da maza ba."
"Dole ne ku tsaya tsayin daka kan ci gaban da kuma kula da dimokradiyya ta Musulunci, adalci na zamantakewar Musulunci da daidaito na maza a kasar ku."
"Addinin Islama yana fatan kowane Musulmi ya yi wannan aikin, kuma idan muka fahimci nauyin da ke kanmu lokaci zai zo nan ba da daɗewa ba da za mu tabbatar da kanmu cewa ya cancanci abin da ya gabata.
"Wannan 'yanci ba zai taɓa samun wata al'umma ba tare da wahala da sadaukarwa ba sakamakon kyakkyawan abin da ya faru a wannan yankin na baya-bayan nan."
"Mun kasance masu cutar da munanan al'adu. Laifi ne ga bil'adama cewa an rufe matanmu a cikin bango hudu na gidajen a matsayin fursunoni. Babu takunkumi a ko'ina don mummunan halin da matanmu suke ciki. "Pakistan ba wai kawai tana nufin 'yanci da' yanci ba ne amma Akidar Musulmai wanda ya kamata a kiyaye, wanda dole ne ya zo mana a matsayin kyauta mai daraja da taska wanda kuma, muna fatan sauran za su raba tare da mu."
Manazarta Pakistan
Asiya
Mutanen Asiya
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30154 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taimakon%20Shari%27a | Taimakon Shari'a | Taimakon shari'a, shine bayar da taimako ga mutanen da ba su da Iƙon samun wakilcin doka da samun damar shiga tsarin kotu. Ana kallon taimakon shari'a a matsayin jigon samar da damar yin adalci ta hanyar tabbatar da daidaito a gaban doka, 'yancin bayar da shawara da, 'yancin yin shari'a na gaskiya. Wannan labarin ya bayyana ci gaban taimakon shari'a da ka'idodinsa, da farko kamar yadda aka sani a Turai, Commonwealth of Nations da kuma a Amurka.
Taimakon shari'a yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da daidaiton samun adalci ga kowa, kamar yadda sashi na 6.3 na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ta tanada game da shari'ar laifuka. Musamman ga ƴan ƙasa waɗanda ba su da isassun hanyoyin kuɗi, ba da tallafin doka ga abokan ciniki da gwamnatoci ke ƙara yuwuwa, a cikin shari'ar.
Yawancin nau'ikan isarwa don taimakon doka sun fito, gami da lauyoyi masu aiki, asibitocin shari'a na al'umma, da biyan lauyoyi don tunkarar shari'o'i ga mutanen da suka cancanci taimakon shari'a. Hakanan za'a iya bayar da ƙarin nasiha da shawarwari na doka na yau da kullun ko na gaba ɗaya kyauta ko a farashi mai rahusa ta hanyoyin kamar cibiyoyin doka (Birtaniya), cibiyoyin shari'a na al'umma (Ostiraliya) ko wasu ƙungiyoyi daban-daban waɗanda ke ba da nau'ikan taimakon doka a ciki da waje. na kotu.
Tarihi Taimakon shari'a yana da alaƙa da ƙasan jindaɗi, kuma ba da taimakon shari'a ta wata jiha yana da tasiri akan halayen walwala. Taimakon shari'a wani tanadi ne na jindadi da gwamnati ke yi ga mutanen da ba za su iya ba da shawara daga tsarin shari'a ba. Taimakon shari'a yana taimakawa wajen tabbatar da cewa an aiwatar da tanadin jin daɗi ta hanyar samar wa mutanen da ke da haƙƙin samar da jin daɗi, kamar gidajen jama'a, samun shawarwarin doka da kuma kotuna.
A tarihi, taimakon shari'a ya taka rawa sosai wajen tabbatar da mutunta haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu waɗanda ke da alaƙa da tsaro na zamantakewa, gidaje, kula da zamantakewa, samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya da ilimi, waɗanda za a iya ba da su a bainar jama'a ko a ɓoye, da kuma dokar aiki da dokar hana wariya. Masana shari'a irin su Mauro Cappelletti suna jayayya cewa taimakon shari'a yana da mahimmanci wajen samarwa mutane damar samun adalci, ta hanyar ba da damar tilasta wa kowane mutum tilasta doka ta haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu Ra'ayinsa ya ci gaba a cikin rabin na biyu na ƙarni na 20, lokacin da dimokiradiyya tare da tattalin arzikin jari-hujja suka kafa jihohi masu sassaucin ra'ayi waɗanda suka mayar da hankali ga mutum. Jihohi sun yi aiki a matsayin 'yan kwangila da masu ba da sabis a cikin falsafar tushen kasuwa wacce ta jaddada ɗan ƙasa a matsayin mabukaci Wannan ya haifar da mai da hankali kan aiwatar da ɗaiɗaikun mutane don cimma haƙƙin kowa.
Kafin tsakiyar ƙarni na 20, wallafe-wallafe kan taimakon shari'a sun jaddada aiwatar da haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu tare Kamar yadda aka gina jihohin jindaɗi na gargajiya a cikin shekara ta 1940s da kuma bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, ƙa'idar da ke ƙunshe da ita ita ce 'yan ƙasa suna da alhakin gama kai na haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu; kuma jihar ta dauki alhakin wadanda ba za su iya ciyar da kansu ta hanyar rashin lafiya da rashin aikin yi ba. Aiwatar da haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu dole ne a haɗa kai, ta hanyar manufofi maimakon matakin shari'a na mutum ɗaya. An kafa dokoki don tallafawa tanadin jin daɗi, koda yake ana ɗaukar waɗannan a matsayin dokoki na masu tsarawa, ba lauyoyi ba. A cikin 1950s da 1960s, aikin jindadin jama'a ya canza, kuma ba a ɗauka cewa burin zamantakewar jama'a shine burin gama-gari. Mutane suna da 'yanci don cimma burinsu. Ƙasar jindaɗi a wannan lokacin ta faɗaɗa, tare da tanadin taimakon doka, yayin da damuwa ta bayyana kan ƙarfin masu ba da jin daɗi da ƙwararru. A cikin shekara ta 1960s da 1970s, buƙatu ya tashi na haƙƙin daidaikun mutane don aiwatar da haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu bisa doka da tanadin jindadin da suka dace da su. Hanyoyi sun bayyana ta hanyar da 'yan ƙasa za su iya tilasta musu haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu bisa doka, kuma lauyoyin jin daɗi sun yi amfani da taimakon shari'a don ba da shawara ga masu karamin karfi lokacin da suke mu'amala da jami'an jihohi. An ba da taimakon shari'a daga dokar iyali zuwa nau'ikan haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. A cikin shekara ta 1980s, ba a sake ganin rawar da jihar jindadin ta ke takawa a matsayin mai inganci ba, kuma ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna ƙara samar da jin daɗi. Ana ƙara ba da taimakon shari'a ta hanyar masu zaman kansu, amma sun ci gaba da mayar da hankali kan ba da taimako a shari'ar kotu. An ƙara ɗaukar 'yan ƙasa a matsayin masu amfani, waɗanda yakamata su iya zaɓar tsakanin sabis. Inda ba zai yiwu a samar da irin wannan zaɓin ba, an bai wa 'yan ƙasa 'yancin bayyana rashin jin daɗinsu ta hanyar tsarin korafe-korafen gudanarwa. Wannan ya haifar da tashin hankali, saboda ba a tsara taimakon shari'a don ba da shawara ga waɗanda ke neman gyara ta hanyoyin tafiyar da korafe-korafe ba. Har ila yau, tashin hankali ya fara bayyana a matsayin jihohin da suka jaddada tilasta aiwatar da ɗaiɗaikun mutane na haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, maimakon aiwatar da aiki tare ta hanyar manufofi, rage kuɗin tallafin doka a matsayin tanadin jihar jindaɗi. Aiwatar da ɗaiɗaikun jama'a na haƙƙin jin daɗi na buƙatar nau'in tallafin doka na jihohin da ke jaddada tilasta aiwatar da ayyukan gama gari.
Ƙungiyoyin taimakon shari'a Taimakon shari'a a tarihi ya samo asali ne daga yancin ba da shawara da 'yancin gudanar da shari'a ta gaskiya na kasashen nahiyar Turai na karni na 19. Dokokin talaka sun yi watsi da kudaden kotu ga talakawa tare da nada lauyoyi ga wadanda ba za su iya biyan kuɗin lauya ba Da farko abin da ake tsammani shi ne cewa lauyoyin da ke aiki za su yi aiki bisa ga fa'ida. A farkon ƙarni na 20, yawancin ƙasashen Turai ba su da hanyar da za ta bi don ba da agajin shari'a, kuma talakawa sun dogara ga taimakon lauyoyi. Yawancin ƙasashe sun ci gaba da kafa dokoki waɗanda suka tanadi biyan matsakaicin kuɗi ga lauyoyin aiki. Don hana buƙatar, taimakon shari'a an iyakance shi ga farashin lauyoyi a cikin shari'ar da ake buƙatar lauya. Ƙasashe da ke da tsarin shari'a na dokar farar hula da tsarin shari'a na gama gari suna ɗaukar hanyoyi daban-daban ga yancin ba da shawara a cikin shari'ar farar hula da na laifuka Ƙasashen dokokin farar hula sun fi jaddada yancin yin shawara a cikin shari'ar jama'a, don haka ba da taimakon shari'a inda ake buƙatar lauya. Ƙasashen dokokin gama gari sun jaddada yancin yin shawara da ba da agajin shari'a musamman dangane da shari'ar laifuka. Dangane da saurin haɓaka masana'antu a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 na Turai, ƙungiyar kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata sun fito waɗanda suka ƙalubalanci manufofin zamantakewa na gwamnatoci. Sun sami ra'ayi na doka don baiwa ma'aikata haƙƙin doka a cikin yanayin rashin lafiya ko haɗari, a ƙoƙarin hana ayyukan masana'antu daga ma'aikatan masana'antu. Ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata sun fara ba wa ma'aikata shawarwarin doka game da sababbin haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu Bukatar waɗannan ayyuka ya yi yawa kuma a ƙoƙarin samarwa ma'aikata shawarwarin da ba na bangaranci ba, gwamnatoci da yawa sun fara ba da taimakon doka tun farkon ƙarni na 20.
Kwanan nan A cikin ƙarni na 20, taimakon doka ya haɓaka tare da ƙa'idodin ci gaba; sau da yawa ana samun goyon bayan waɗancan ma’aikatan lauyoyi waɗanda suke ganin alhakinsu ne su kula da waɗanda ba su da kuɗi. Taimakon shari'a ya zama abin da lauyoyi za su iya bayarwa don biyan "bukatun shari'a" na waɗanda suka gano a matsayin matalauta, wariya. A cewar Francis Regan a cikin 1999, ba da agajin doka yana haifar da wadata, ba buƙatu ba ne, yana haifar da faffadan gibi tsakanin tanadin da ya dace da buƙatu da kuma ainihin buƙata. Shirye-shiryen sabis na doka, kamar sasanci na unguwanni da sabis na doka, akai-akai suna rufewa saboda rashin buƙata, yayin da wasu ke cika da abokan ciniki.
Ta ƙasa
Asiya Yawancin ayyukan taimakon shari'a na ci gaba ana ba da su ta ƙungiyoyin asali, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam (NGOs), ko kuma wasu gwamnatocin Asiya sun tsara su bisa dokokin tsarin mulki.
Hong Kong Hukunce-hukuncen yanki, Hong Kong yana ba da taimakon doka ta hanyar Sashen Ba da Agaji na Shari'a, wanda Majalisar Sabis na Ba da Agajin Shari'a ke kula da ita.
A Gudanarwa Sashen Ba da Agajin Shari'a yana ƙarƙashin sashin gudanarwa na Ofishin Babban Sakatare A cikin shekara ta 2007 an koma da shi zuwa Ofishin Harkokin Cikin Gida, wanda ke kula da al'amuran al'adu da gudanarwa na gida. Wannan dai ya sha suka sosai daga sansanin masu rajin kare dimokuradiyyar 'yan adawa saboda yin illa ga tsaka-tsaki na samar da agajin doka. Sun kada kuri'ar kin amincewa da duk ƙunshi sake tsara ofisoshin tsare-tsare, wanda canjin Sashen Taimakon Shari'a ya kasance ɓangare kamar haka:
Indiya Mataki na ashirin da 39A na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, ya tanadi adalci dai-dai da taimakon doka kyauta kamar haka:Gwamnati za ta tabbatar da cewa gudanar da tsarin shari'a yana inganta adalci, bisa ga dama iri ɗaya, kuma za ta ba da taimakon shari'a kyauta, ta hanyar doka ko tsare-tsare ko ta kowace hanya, don tabbatar da adalci. ba a hana kowane ɗan ƙasa ta dalilin tattalin arziki ko nakasa. Wannan labarin ya jaddada cewa sabis na shari'a abu ne da ba za a iya raba shi ba na 'ma'ana, adalci da adalci', domin idan ba tare da shi ba za a hana mutumin da ke fama da nakasa tattalin arziki ko wasu nakasu damar samun adalci. A cikin farar hula, Order XXXIII. R.18 na Code of Civil Procedure 1908 da sharadin cewa jihohi da gwamnatocin tsakiya na iya yin ƙarin tanadi kamar yadda suke ganin ya dace don ba da sabis na shari'a kyauta ga waɗanda aka ba su izinin kai kara a matsayin matalauta. Dokar Hukumomin Ayyukan Shari'a,</blockquote>
Philippines Taimakon shari'a na ci gaba ko taimakon shari'a na ci gaba, kamar yadda ake kira shi sau da yawa a cikin Philippines, ya yi nisa tun lokacin mulkin kama-karya na Marcos A lokacin dokar soja, uban kare hakkin dan Adam Sen. An aika Jose W. Diokno gidan yari sa’ad da Ferdinand Marcos ya kama duk ’yan adawar siyasa. Da zarar an saki Diokno kwanaki 718 bayan haka, lauya kuma tsohon dan majalisar dattawa ya kafa kungiyar Taimakon Shari'a ta Kyauta, mafi tsufa kuma mafi girma ga kare hakkin dan adam tun 1974. Ta hanyar sabbin hanyoyin amfani da FLAG na taimakon shari'a na ci gaba, wanda ya haɗa da sabis na shari'a na bono da kuma ba da alawus kyauta ga abokan cinikin da ba su da isasshen kuɗi, sabis na shari'a na kyauta ya zama daidaitaccen aiki a ƙasar. Daga baya, an bullo da dokokin da za su buƙaci sabbin lauyoyi masu lasisi su ba da sabis na shari'a kyauta ga matalauta na ƙayyadaddun lokaci da ƙayyadaddun lokaci. Shahararriyar doka akan taimakon shari'a na ci gaba ana kiranta Dokar Sabis na Taimakon Shari'a (CLAS). Dokar CLAS ta shafi lauyoyin da ke cikin shekarar farko ta aikinsu. Yawancin ayyukan shari'a na ci gaba ana ba da su ta yawancin kamfanonin lauyoyi da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai a Philippines.
A cikin shekara ta 2020, Duterte ya ƙirƙiro wata sabuwar doka da ake kira Dokar Yaki da Ta'addanci, wacce za ta kama duk wani mai adawa saboda rashin ma'anoni a cikin dokar kan wanda za a iya yiwa alama "'yan ta'adda". Hakan ya tunzura jama'a da kuma shugaban FLAG Atty. Jose Manuel "Chel" Diokno FLAG, tare da takwarorinsu ƴan jarida, ƴan jahohi, da ƴan siyasa da ake tsare da su sun mayar da martani tare da fitar da ƙalubalen doka mai lamba GR No. 252741 akan Sakataren Zartarwa na Duterte Salvador Medialdea bisa dalilai da ma'anar dokar. Daga cikin tanade-tanaden da ake tantamawa har da sashe na 29 na tsarewa ba tare da sammacin kama shi ba, inda za a iya kama wanda ake tuhuma ko da ba tare da sammacin kama shi ba kuma a tsare shi har na tsawon kwanaki.
Turai Mataki na 47 na kundin dokokin Tarayyar Turai ya tanadi cewa za a ba da agajin shari'a ga wadanda ba su da isassun kayan aiki, muddin irin wannan taimako ya zama dole don tabbatar da samun adalci.
Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai, da kuma Rasha A cewar PILnet: Cibiyar Sadarwar Duniya don Dokar Sha'awar Jama'a, tana da Wasu abubuwa kamar haka:Sama da shekaru goma kasashen tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai da kuma Rasha ke ci gaba da yin garambawul da sake fasalin tsarinsu na doka Yayin da aka gudanar da sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci a fannin shari'a a ko'ina cikin yankin, hanyoyin da za a tabbatar da samun damar yin amfani da bayanan shari'a da taimako galibi ba su da inganci kuma ba su da inganci. Saboda haka, mutane da yawa—musamman waɗanda matalauta ne ko kuma waɗanda ba su da ƙarfi—an bar su ba tare da samun ainihin lauyoyin ba a cikin al’amuran da suka shafi laifuffuka da waɗanda ba na laifi ba.A cikin Jamhuriyar Czech, mutanen da suka cancanta (yawanci waɗanda ke nuna rashin isashen kuɗi) na iya neman kotuna ko Ƙungiyar lauyoyin Czech don a naɗa musu lauya.
Denmark A Denmark, masu nema dole ne su cika waɗannan sharuɗɗa don karɓar taimakon doka don shari'ar jama'a: Mai nema ba zai sami fiye da kr. ba. 289,000 50,000) a shekara kuma da'awar jam'iyyar dole ne ya zama dai-dai. Game da shari'o'in laifuka, wanda aka yanke wa hukuncin.
Jamus A cikin shari'o'in jama'a da suka haɗa da aiki, gudanarwa, tsarin mulki da shari'o'in zamantakewa, ana ba da taimako a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsarin Ba da Shawara ta Shari'a (a cikin hanyar shawara kuma, inda ya cancanta, wakilci). A cikin shari'o'in da ake tuhuma, wanda ake tuhuma yana da haƙƙin ya ba da shawara, kuma a wasu lokuta idan hukuncin ya kai akalla shekara guda na tsare, ana iya ba wanda ake tuhuma shawara ko da ba ya so ba.
Italiya Wanda aka sani da Patrocinio a spese dello Stato, ana ba da taimakon doka ta Dokar Italiyanci DPR n. 115/2002 Labarai. 74-141. An yi niyya don aiwatar da Mataki na ashirin da 24 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Italiya da kuma tabbatar da samun dama ga haƙƙin tsaro (a cikin shari'o'in farar hula, gudanarwa da na laifuka) ga mutanen da ba za su iya samun sabis na lauya da kansu ba saboda rashin iya biyan su daga gare su. kudin shiga (kasa da €10,776.33 ga kowane mutum).
Kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Italiya, Sashe na 24 ya ce Abubuwa kamar haka:ɗaukarkowa damar daukar matakin shari'a don kare hakkinta da halalcin bukatunsa. Tsaro hakki ne da ba za a tauye shi ba a kowane mataki na shari'ar. Hanyoyin aiki da tsaro a gaban dukkan Kotuna suna da garantin ga marasa galihu ta cibiyoyin gwamnati. Doka ta ƙayyade sharuɗɗa da hanyoyin shari'a don magance rashin adalci.Taimakon shari'a a Italiya sabis ne don ba da izini ga kowa ya taimaka wa lauya ko kuma mashaidi ƙwararre ba tare da kowane kuɗaɗen doka ko farashi ba a cikin duk wani laifi, farar hula, gudanarwa, lissafin kuɗi ko aiwatar da kasafin kuɗi da kuma "hukuncin son rai" kuma a duk lokacin da kasancewar doka ta buƙaci lauya ko ƙwararren shaida. Ana ba da taimakon shari'a ga duk maki ko matakan gwaji, gami da duk wasu abubuwan da suka faru na haɗari da na ɗan lokaci. Ana ba da ita a gaban Kotuna, Kotunan ɗaukaka kara, Kotun Koli, kotunan sa ido da alkalai, Kotunan Gudanarwa na Yanki, Kwamitocin Bitar Shari'a, Hukumomin Kuɗi na Lardi da Yanki da Kotun Audit na Jiha.
Ƙasar Ingila
Ingila da Wales Dokar Taimakon Shari'a da Shawara ta 1949 ta samo asali ne ta hanyar taimakon doka. A cikin shekara ta 2009, taimakon shari'a a Ingila da Wales sun kashe mai biyan haraji 2bn a shekara wanda ya fi kowane mutum kashewa fiye da ko'ina a duniya kuma yana samuwa ga kusan kashi 29% na manya. Koyaya, samuwa da matakin samar da taimakon shari'a ya ragu sosai tun 2012 sakamakon matakan tsuke bakin aljihu a cikin Dokar Taimakon Shari'a, Hukunci da Hukuncin Masu Laifin 2012 Hukumar Bayar da Agaji ta Legal (har zuwa 31 ga Maris na shekara ta 2013 ta Hukumar Sabis ta Shari'a tana ba da taimakon shari'a a Ingila da Wales, kuma ana samunta don yawancin shari'o'in laifuka, da nau'ikan shari'o'in farar hula. Keɓancewa sun haɗa da cin zarafi, mafi yawan shari'o'in rauni na mutum (waɗanda ake magance su a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Kuɗaɗen Sharadi, nau'in kuɗin da ake buƙata da shari'o'in kamfanoni. Har ila yau, wasu lokuta ana rufe shari'ar iyali. Dangane da nau'in shari'ar, taimakon shari'a na iya ko a'a yana nufin gwadawa kuma a wasu lokuta taimakon shari'a na iya zama 'yanci ga waɗanda ke da fa'idodi, marasa aiki kuma ba su da tanadi ko kadara.
Gaba ɗaya ana ba da taimakon shari'a ta hanyar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na lauyoyi a cikin ayyukan sirri. Ƙayyadadden adadin masu kare jama'a ana ɗaukar su kai tsaye ta Hukumar Ba da Agaji ta Shari'a a ofisoshin Sabis na Tsaron Jama'a suna ba da shawarwari a ofisoshin 'yan sanda da bayar da shawarwari a majistare da kotunan rawani. Ana ba da taimakon taimakon shari'a ta hanyar lauyoyi a cikin aiki na sirri amma kuma ta lauyoyin da ke aiki a Cibiyoyin Shari'a da hukumomin shawarwari masu zaman kansu.
LASPO Bayar da taimakon shari'a yana ƙarƙashin Dokar Samun Shari'a ta 1999 da ƙarin dokoki, kwanan nan Dokar Taimakon Shari'a, Hukunci da Hukuncin Masu Laifin 2012 (LASPO), wacce ta fara aiki a cikin shekara ta 2013. LASPO ta haifar da raguwar kashi 46 cikin 100 na adadin shari'o'in da aka ba da taimakon shari'a, daga 925,000 a shekara ta 2012 zuwa shekara ta 497,000 kawai a cikin shekara mai zuwa. Dokar Taimakon Shari'a, Hukunci da Hukuncin Masu Laifin 2012 (LASPO) ta dakatar da taimako ga wuraren doka da suka haɗa da iyali, jin daɗi, gidaje da bashi. Akwai korafe-korafen da ke cewa rage tallafin lauyoyi daga LASPO ya hana talakawa samun adalci. LASPO ta kuma yi tasiri a kan masu ba da agajin doka, waɗanda suka ce suna "damuwa da... irin wannan zurfin yanke hukunci" ga taimakon doka. Akwai masu ba da agaji 37 da suka ruguje tun Afrilu 2020, wanda ya fi ofisoshi 70. Wannan ya sa lauyoyin da ke ba da agajin shari'a jin cewa aikinsu ya "gure" saboda asarar aiki. Misali, a cikin Exeter yanzu babu masu ba da agajin doka don ƙaura ko mafaka, tare da mai ba da mafi kusa shine nesa Plymouth daga tsakiyar gari. An bayyana cewa waɗannan masu samarwa suna karɓar matsakaicin matsakaiciyar kuɗin shiga na shekara-shekara na 27,000, wanda bai kai albashin farawa ga manajan da ya kammala karatun digiri a Aldi ba. Ƙungiyar Shari'a ta yi imanin cewa ya kamata a sanya wannan matakin na albashi mafi kyau. Yayin da lauyoyin da ke ba da tallafin shari'a suna samun tallafi daga hukumar ba da agajin shari'a, wani lokaci yana iya ɗaukar shekaru kafin biyan su. Wannan shi ne saboda matsalolin tsabar kuɗi tare da hukumar ba da agaji ta doka, wani abu da Ƙungiyar n Ƙwararwa na Ƙarfafawa suna ɗauka don jagoranci da bayani daga.
Scotland Tsarin ba da agajin doka a New Zealand yana ba da tallafin shari'a da Gwamnati ke bayarwa ga waɗanda ba su da ikon mallakar lauya. Ana samun taimakon shari'a don kusan duk ayyukan kotu a duk matakan tsarin kotu. Wannan ya haɗa da tuhume-tuhumen laifuffuka, batutuwan jama'a, rigingimun iyali, ƙararraki da iƙirarin Kotun Kolin Waitangi Ana gwada taimakon shari'a. A aikace yana samuwa ga ƙasa da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yawan jama'a. Hukumar Taimakon Shari'a ta Scotland ce ke gudanar da ita. Hakanan ana samun Taimakon Shari'a a Scotland a cikin Laifukan Laifuka, inda sama da 90% na aikace-aikacen Takaitawa ake ba da su. Ana amfani da jarrabawar Interests of Justice, da kuma gwajin ma'ana. A cikin shari'a mai tsanani (Jury Trials) Kotu tana tantance Taimakon Shari'a.
Afirka
Afirka ta Kudu Afirka ta Kudu ƙasa ce da ta sake gina tsarinta na shari'a a wani yunƙuri na yin koyi da ƙasashen yammacin turai, tare da samar da tsarin adalci da adalci. Afirka ta Kudu tana da tsarin shari'a na kasa da kuma, a wasu yankuna, tsarin gudanar da shari'a na kabilanci. Ana bayyana wannan a matsayin jam'i na shari'a “Dokokin cikin gida” na yau da kullun sun sha bamban sosai da sauran dokoki da al'adun ƙasar, suna hana ba da shawarar doka. Koyaya, tsarin shari'a na 'yan asalin Afirka ta Kudu baya buƙatar wakilci, don haka da gaske yana kawar da buƙatar taimakon doka. A kwaikwayi tsarin shari'a na Burtaniya, Afirka ta Kudu tana da lauyoyi, wadanda ke aiki a manyan kotuna, da lauyoyi, wadanda ke ba da shawarwari ba tare da kotu ba kuma suna aiki a kananan kotuna. A shekara ta 1969 gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta amince da bukatar taimakon shari'a, kuma ta mayar da martani ta hanyar samar da hukumar ba da agajin shari'a ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce ta fara aikinta a shekarar 1971 kuma a yanzu tana ba da mafi yawan taimakon shari'a a duk fadin kasar. Hukumar tana da 'yancin kai kuma tana da 'yancin kai daga gwamnati wajen yanke shawara, kuma tana da hurumin yanke shawarar ba da taimakon doka. Hukumar tana ba da taimakon shari'a ga duk "masu cancanta" masu samun kudin shiga na R600.00 ko ƙasa da haka. Idan mutane ba su cika wannan cancantar ba ana ba su wasu hanyoyin samun lauya, kamar ɗaukar ɗaya ko, idan wannan bai dace da su ba, nemo wanda zai yi aiki pro bono A wani misali na tarihin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu, kusan kashi 85% na dukkan lauyoyi a Afirka ta Kudu farar fata ne. Gwamnati ta yanke shawarar cewa bambancin launin fata a fannin shari'a shine fifiko kuma akwai "cibiyoyin kula da lafiya" masu balaguro don taimakawa wajen samar da ilimi a kan dokokin Afirka ta Kudu a duk fadin kasar, da nufin yada ilimi a duk faɗin mai yiwuwa, ko da yake musamman a yankunan da ke fama da talauci. Fiye da kashi 80% na kuɗaɗen Hukumar Taimakon Shari'a ana ba da umarni ne ga samar da masu ba da kariya a cikin lamuran aikata laifuka. An bayyana wannan gabaɗaya a Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin sakamakon dalilai guda biyu: galibin laifukan da matalauta ke aikatawa, da kuma samar da tsaro a cikin laifukan da ke zama fifiko idan aka kwatanta da ƙararrakin farar hula. Kafin aiwatar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1994, kashi 80% na duk mutanen da suka yi ƙoƙari a matsayin masu aikata laifuka ba su da wakilci, saboda babu haƙƙin tsaro kuma babu wani wajibci ga gwamnati na samar da wannan kariya. Bayan amincewa da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1994, gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta wajaba a samar da kungiyoyi irin su Hukumar Ba da Agaji ta Legal don taimakawa wajen samun damar samun taimakon doka. Ga waɗanda ke neman taimako kuma suna sane da rawar da suke takawa a cikin tsarin shari'a, ana samun taimakon doka a Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar abubuwa kamar haka:
Mai ba da shawara mai zaman kansa wanda ba a biya shi ba pro bono work)
Lauyoyin 'yan takara a kamfanonin lauyoyi na karkara da gwamnati ke ba da tallafi
Lauyan mai zaman kansa wanda gwamnati (ma'aikatar shari'a) ke ba da tallafi
Dakunan shan magani na jami'a masu zaman kansu
Dakunan shan magani na jiha
Cibiyoyin adalci na jiha (cibiyoyin bayar da agajin shari’a)
ƙwararrun kamfanoni na doka
Ofisoshin shawarwari na Paralegal
Tsarin inshora na doka
Duk waɗannan ayyukan suna wanzu kuma ana kiyaye su ta hanyar tallafi da ƙarfafawa. Duk da haka, waɗannan ayyuka sun kasance a buɗe ga zargi, wasu na cewa waɗannan ayyuka masu yawa da suka bambanta da Afirka ta Kudu ba su da mahimmanci idan babu isasshen ilimi da waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan suna samuwa ga mutane. Dangane da mayar da martani, gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta karfafawa makarantun shari'a na Afirka ta Kudu kwarin gwiwar fadada isarsu tare da kafa "dakunan shan magani" masu balaguro da karfafawa makarantu gwiwa da su kara manhajar karatu ta doka" don yaɗa ilimin wannan fanni.
Amirka ta Arewa
Kanada A Kanada, tsarin taimakon shari'a na zamani ya samo asali ne bayan da gwamnatin tarayya ta kafa tsarin raba farashi tsakanin gwamnatocin tarayya da na larduna a farkon shekara ta 1970. An saita gudunmawar kuɗin tarayya a asali a kashi 50% na farashin tsarin ba da agajin doka, amma matakin kuɗin ya canza a cikin shekaru. Ainihin isar da taimakon shari'a na matakin gwamnati na lardi ne, a matsayin wani yanki na hukumcin lardi kan gudanar da shari'a. Misali, Legal Aid Ontario yana ba da sabis na shari'a ga mazauna Ontario, Legal Services Society yana ba da shi ga mazaunan British Columbia,
Amurka Taimakon shari'a a cikin shari'o'in aikata laifuka haƙƙi ne na duniya wanda Kwaskwarima na Shida ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya lamunce. Yawancin samfuran isarwa don taimakon doka sun fito a cikin Amurka. An ba Hukumar Ayyukan Shari'a izini a matakin tarayya don kulawa da waɗannan shirye-shiryen. A cikin tsarin "lauyoyin ma'aikata", lauyoyi suna aiki da matakan gwamnati akan albashi kawai don ba da taimakon shari'a ga abokan ciniki masu ƙaramin karfi, kama da likitocin ma'aikata a asibitin gwamnati. A cikin tsarin "judicare", ana biyan lauyoyi masu zaman kansu da kamfanonin lauyoyi don kula da shari'o'i daga abokan cinikin da suka cancanta tare da shari'o'in abokan ciniki masu biyan kuɗi, kamar yadda ake biyan likitoci don kula da marasa lafiya na Medicare a ƙasar Amurka Tsarin asibitin shari'a na al'umma model. ya ƙunshi ɗakunan shan magani masu zaman kansu da ke yiwa wata al'umma hidima ta hanyar hidimomin shari'a da yawa (misali wakilci, ilimi, sake fasalin doka) da lauyoyi da waɗanda ba lauyoyi ba ne suka bayar, kama da asibitocin kiwon lafiya na al'umma.
Waɗanda ake tuhumar da ake tuhuma a karkashin laifuffukan da ba za su iya ba da damar ɗaukar lauya ba kawai an ba su tabbacin taimakon shari'a da ke da alaƙa da tuhume-tuhumen, amma an ba su tabbacin wakilci na shari'a, ko dai ta hanyar masu kare jama'a, ko kuma in babu tanadi na irin wannan ko kuma saboda yawan lokuta. lauyan da kotu ta nada Tattaunawar da ta shafi taimakon shari'a da kuma wanda ke da gata a irin wannan sabis ɗin ya sha suka daga masana ilimin shari'a waɗanda ke tabbatar da cewa waɗanda ke mamaye da kuma rubuta labaran mutanen da ke neman taimakon shari'a mutane ne da ke cin gajiyar labarin abokin ciniki na kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin talauci da rashin tabbas. na mutum. Sharhi sun tabbatar da cewa ana buƙatar waɗannan bayanan abokin ciniki na asymmetrically, na tsari na shirye-shiryen taimakon shari'a a cikin tsarin jari hujja na Amurka a matsayin kayan aiki don yin kira ga masu ba da gudummawa da sauran hanyoyin samun kuɗi. Wadannan wakilci da tantance waɗanda ke neman kuma suka cancanci taimakon shari'a ana bayar da hujjar bayar da gudummawa ga al'adar zargi waɗanda ke fama da talauci, kamar yadda labaran ba su da rawar da jihar da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki ke takawa wajen samar da waɗannan yanayi na abokan ciniki. Duk da haka, ba a bayar da taimakon shari'a a cikin ƙararrakin farar hula, ko hanyoyin kora, saboda waɗannan ba shari'ar laifi ba ne.
Oceania
Ostiraliya Ostiraliya tana da tsarin gwamnatin tarayya wanda ya ƙunshi ikon tarayya, jiha da yanki. Ostiraliya (Commonwealth) da gwamnatocin jahohi da yanki kowanne suna da alhakin samar da taimakon doka don abubuwan da suka taso a ƙarƙashin dokokinsu. Bugu da ƙari akwai hanyar sadarwa mai zaman kanta Kusan guda 200, ba don riba ba, cibiyoyin shari'a na al'umma Taimakon shari'a na al'amuran Commonwealth da na jihohi ana ba da su ne ta hanyar hukumomin ba da agajin shari'a na jiha da ƙasa (LACs), waɗanda hukumomi ne masu zaman kansu waɗanda aka kafa ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa. Gwamnatin Ostiraliya tana ba da tallafin doka don dangin Commonwealth, shari'ar farar hula da na laifuka ƙarƙashin yarjejeniya da gwamnatocin jihohi da ƙasa da LACs. Yawancin al'amuran Commonwealth sun shiga cikin Iƙon dokar iyali.
Kwamitocin ba da agajin doka suna amfani da gauraya samfurin don sadar da ayyukan wakilcin doka. Ana iya ba da gudummawar taimakon wakilcin doka ga ko dai lauyan cikin gida mai albashi ko kuma a tura shi ga wani mai zaman kansa. Haɗaɗɗen ƙirar yana da fa'ida musamman don samar da sabis ga abokan ciniki a yankunan yanki kuma a lokuta inda rikici na sha'awa yana nufin lauya ɗaya ba zai iya wakiltar ɓangarorin biyu ba.
Ta hanyar tarihi, Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta kafa Ofishin Sabis na Shari'a a cikin shekara ta 1942 don haɓaka tsarin ƙasa. A cikin shekara ta 1973 Babban Mai Shari'a a cikin gwamnatin Labour ta Whitlam, Lionel Murphy, ya kafa Ofishin Ba da Agajin Shari'a na Australiya. Murphy ya fahimci buƙatar gaggawar taimakon doka domin adalci ya kasance dai-dai da kowa ga kowa. Murphy ya gane cewa: "Daya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin daidaiton 'yan ƙasa a gaban dokoki shine rashin isassun shirye-shiryen ba da agajin doka cikakke a cikin Ostiraliya. Babban abin da gwamnati ta sa a gaba shi ne cewa taimakon shari'a ya kasance cikin sauƙi kuma dai-dai da samuwa ga 'yan ƙasa a ko'ina cikin Ostiraliya kuma a ba da tallafin don shawarwari da taimakon ƙararraki da kuma shari'a a duk nau'ikan shari'a da kuma a duk kotuna." (Sanata Honarabul Lionel Murphy AO QC, Attorney General) Kafa Ofishin Ba da Agajin Shari'a na Australiya a shekara ta 1973 ya biyo bayan kafa kwamitocin ba da agajin shari'a na jihohi. Waɗannan ofisoshin yanzu suna ba da mafi yawan tallafin shari'a kyauta ko kuma mai rahusa ga mabukata. A cikin shekara ta 1977, Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta kafa Dokar Taimakon Shari'a ta Commonwealth 1977 (LAC Act), wacce ta kafa shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Gwamnatin Ostiraliya da gwamnatocin jihohi da na ƙasa, waɗanda za a ba da taimakon doka ta kwamitocin ba da agajin doka masu zaman kansu da za a kafa a ƙarƙashin ƙasa. da dokokin yanki. Tsarin kafa LACs ya ɗauki fiye da shekaru goma. Ya fara ne a cikin shekara ta 1976 tare da kafa Hukumar Taimakon Shari'a na Yammacin Ostiraliya, wanda ya biyo baya a cikin shekara ta 1978 Hukumar Taimakon Shari'a ta Victoria (LACV), kuma ta ƙare a 1990 tare da kafa Hukumar Taimakon Shari'a ta Tasmania Shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwar da aka kafa ta Dokar LAC ta samar da yarjejeniyar ba da tallafin doka ta Commonwealth da jiha da ƙasa,
A cikin Yulin shekara ta 1997, Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta canza shirye-shiryenta don ba da kuɗi kai tsaye sabis na taimakon doka don al'amuran dokar Commonwealth. A ƙarƙashin wannan tsari, jihohi da yankuna suna ba da tallafi ga nasu dokokin. A cikin shekara ta 2013, an jinkirta shari'ar kisan kai a Kotun Koli ta Victoria saboda ba a samun taimakon doka. An ambaci wannan a matsayin sakamakon raguwar tallafin gwamnati ga hukumomin ba da agajin doka a Ostiraliya kuma ya haifar da karuwar shahara ga albarkatun taimakon shari'a na kan layi kamar Littafin Jagoran Shari'a An tattauna taimakon shari'a a Ostiraliya a cikin batun <i id="mwAZ0">Dietrich v The Sarauniya</i> (1992) An gano cewa, duk da cewa babu cikakkiyar dama ta samun lauya a bainar jama'a, a mafi yawan lokuta alƙali ya kamata ya ba da duk wata bukata ta a dage shari'a ko kuma a tsaya a lokacin da wanda ake tuhuma ba ya wakilci.
New Zealand Tsarin ba da agajin doka a ƙasar New Zealand yana ba da tallafin shari'a da Gwamnati ke bayarwa ga waɗanda ba su da Iƙon mallakar lauya. Ana samun taimakon shari'a don kusan duk ayyukan kotu a duk matakan tsarin kotu. Wannan ya haɗa da tuhume-tuhumen laifuffuka, batutuwan jama'a, rigingimun iyali, ƙararraki da iƙirarin Kotun Kolin Waitangi Duba kuma Samun damar Shirye-shiryen Adalci
Avocats Sans Frontières
Asusun warware rikicin muhalli
Sanin doka
Asibitin shari'a
Pro Bono Net
Mai kare jama'a
Dokar Muhalli ta Yamma
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Taimakon shari'a a Scotland (www.mygov.scot)
Shirin Taimakon Shari'a Ontario
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙi
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
21738 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim%20Ba | Ibrahim Ba | Ibrahim "Ibou" Ba (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 1973) shi ne tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Faransa wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na dama. Fara aikinsa tare da Le Havre a Faransa a farkon shekarun 1990s, ya ci gaba da wakiltar kungiyoyi a Italiya, Ingila, Turkiyya, da Sweden kafin ya yi ritaya a AC Milan a shekarar 2008. Cikakken dan kasa da kasa tsakanin shekara ta 1997 da shekarar 1998, ya ci wasanni takwas. kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Faransa kuma ta zira kwallaye
Farkon aiki An haife shi a Dakar, babban birnin Senegal, Ibrahim Ngom Ba bai cika sha takwas ba tukuna, a shekara ta 1991, ya fara wasa a kulob din Faransa na Le Havre AC, inda ya kwashe shekaru biyar. A shekara ta 1996, ya koma Bordeaux na Ligue 1, ya kai wasan karshe na Coupe de la Ligue
AC Milan A shekarar 1997, Ba ya canza sheka daga FC Girondins de Bordeaux zuwa Milan, kuma a shekarar 1998 zuwa 1999 ya lashe gasar Serie A. Daga baya kuma aka bashi a AC Perugia, inda ya samu rauni a gwiwa. Ya sake yin wani rance, tare da Olympique de Marseille, a shekara ta 2001. Dawowa cikin Milan, Ba ya ci duka Kofin Zakarun Turai na UEFA da Coppa Italia a lokacin nasarar da kungiyar ta samu sosai a kakar wasanni ta shekarar 2002 zuwa 2003, kodayake bai taba zama dan wasa ba, wasanni 5 kacal ya buga a dukkannin wasannin a kakar.
Bolton Wanderers A shekara ta 2003, ya bar Milan ya koma Bolton Wanderers a Ingila. Ya taimaka musu suka kai ga wasan karshe na Kwallon Kafa na shekarar, 2004, suna wasa a duka kafafu biyu na nasarar kusa da karshe akan Aston Villa. Koyaya, an bar shi daga cikin tawagar ranar wasan yayin da suka yi rashin nasara a hannun Middlesbrough. Ba ya buga wasansa na karshe a wasan Bolton da Chelsea a ranar 13 ga watan Maris shekara ta, 2004.
Çaykur Rizespor Ya kasa yin rawar gani a Bolton, sannan ya koma Turkiyya bayan kaka daya, inda ya koma Çaykur Rizespor kan yarjejeniyar shekara daya a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 2004.
Djurgårdens IF A ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta, 2005, Djurgårdens IF na Sweden ya sanya hannu kan Ba kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu. Djurgården ya lashe duka biyun Allsvenskan da Svenska Cupen a kakarsa ta farko tare da kulob din. A farkon shekara ta, 2006, an yanke shawarar cewa kwantiraginsa za ta kare kuma daga baya ya bar Djurgården a cikin Janairun shekarar, yana taka leda a wasanni 14 kuma ya ci kwallo daya.
Komawa AC AC A farkon shekara ta, 2007 Ba ya koma Italiya don yin horo tare da ƙungiyar Serie C2 Varese don taimakawa lafiyar sa. A watan Yunin shekara ta 2007, bayan tafiya zuwa Athens tare da tawagar A.C. Milan don halartar wasan karshe na UEFA Champions League inda suka doke Liverpool Premier League ta Liverpool, Ba ya amince da kwantiragin shekara daya tare da rossoneri. A karshen kakar shekara ta, 2007 zuwa 2008, inda ya buga wasa sau daya kacal a Coppa Italia a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa, ya yi ritaya daga wasan a matsayin dan wasa kuma ya zama mai leken Milan a Afirka.
Ayyukan duniya Ba ya ci wa Faransa wasa sau takwas tsakanin shekara ta, 1997 zuwa 1998, kuma ya ci kwallaye biyu. Kwallayen nasa biyu sun zo ne a wasannin sada zumunci da suka yi da Portugal da Afirka ta Kudu.
Rayuwar mutum Ibrahim Ba dan ɗa ne a shekara ta, 1970 dan ƙasar Senegal Ibrahima Ba (an haife shi a shekara ta, 1951), wanda ya kammala aikinsa a Faransa, inda ya taimaka wa Le Havre AC zuwa ci gaba a shekara ta, 1979 kuma ya kammala aikinsa a SC Abbeville. Karamin dan Ibrahima Ba, Fabien (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 1994) shi ma dan kwallon ne, yana wasa a Italiya tare da Giovanissimi Nazionali na tsohon dan uwansa Ibrahim tsohon kulob din AC Milan. A cikin shekarar, 2018, Paolo Maldini ya sanya sunan Ba daya daga cikin manyan abokansa daga duniyar kwallon kafa.
Daraja Kulab AC Milan Serie A: 1998–1999
Uefa Champions League: 2002 03
Coppa Italia: 2002-2003
Djurgårdens IF Allsvenskan: 2005 Kofin Sweden: 2005
Bayani "Ba ya koma Milan". UEFA. 1 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2002. An dawo da 14 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2015. "Bolton 5-2 Aston Villa". BBC. 21 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2004. An dawo da 22 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2013. "Aston Villa 2-0 Bolton". BBC. 27 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2004. An dawo da 22 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2013.
"Bolton 0-2 Chelsea". BBC. 13 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2004. An dawo da 22 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2013."Çaykur Rizespor Babrahim Ba ile anlaştı". arsiv.ntv.com.tr. An dawo 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2021. "Ibrahim Ba ya shirya wa Djurgården". Aftonbladet (a Yaren mutanen Sweden). An dawo 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2021. Masu horarwar suna da ban tsoro Aftonbladet (a Yaren mutanen Sweden). An dawo 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2021.
"Sv Cupen maza: Djurgården ya ci biyu svenskfotboll.se". www2.svenskfotboll.se. An dawo 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2021."Ba ya bar Djurgården". DIF.se. "Ibrahim Ba a Varese" (a cikin Italiyanci). AS Varese 1910. An adana daga asali ranar 21 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 200 'Dinho ya farfado da haɗin Milan?". Kwallon kafa Italia. 13 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2007. An adana daga asali ranar 9 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2007. An dawo da 30 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2007. "OFFICIAL: Ibou Ba torna al Milan" (a yaren Italiyanci). Kwallon kafa Italia. 15 Yuni 2007. An dawo da 30 Yuli 2007. "Ba ya yi ritaya, ya hau kan mukamin Scout a Milan Goal.com". www.goal.com. An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021 "Ba ya koma Milan". UEFA. 1 Fabrairu 2002. An dawo da 14 Maris 2015. "Bolton 5-2 Aston Villa". BBC. 21 Janairu 2004. An dawo da 22 Janairu 2013. "Aston Villa 2-0 Bolton". BBC. 27 Janairu 2004. An dawo da 22 Janairu 2013. "Bolton 0-2 Chelsea". BBC. 13 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2004. An dawo da 22 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2013. "Çaykur Rizespor Babrahim Ba ile anlaştı". arsiv.ntv.com.tr. An dawo 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2021. "Ibrahim Ba ya shirya wa Djurgården". Aftonbladet (a Yaren mutanen Sweden). An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021. Masu horarwar suna da ban tsoro Aftonbladet (a Yaren mutanen Sweden). An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021. "Sv Cupen maza: Djurgården ya ci biyu svenskfotboll.se". www2.svenskfotboll.se. An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021. "Ba ya bar Djurgården". DIF.se. "Ibrahim Ba a Varese" (a cikin Italiyanci). AS Varese 1910. An adana daga asali ranar 21 ga Yuni 2007. "'Dinho ya farfado da haɗin Milan?". Kwallon kafa Italia. 13 Yuni 2007. An adana daga asali ranar 9 ga Yulin 2007. An dawo da 30 Yuli 2007. "OFFICIAL: Ibou Ba torna al Milan" (a yaren Italiyanci). Kwallon kafa Italia. 15 Yuni 2007. An dawo da 30 Yuli 2007. "Ba ya yi ritaya, ya hau kan mukamin Scout a Milan Goal.com". www.goal.com. An dawo 22 Fabrairun shekarar 2021. "Ibrahim Ba» Internationals "Abokai". duniya.net. An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021. "Faransa da Afirka ta Kudu, 11 ga Oktoba 1997". 11v11.com. An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021. "Portugal da Faransa 22 Janairu 1997 Soccerway". us.soccerway.com. An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021. A.C. Milan Giovanissimi Nazionali ya Adana 9 Afrilu 2009 a Wayback Machine https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie-A/Milan/24-06-2018/50-volte-maldini-sono-uomo-felice-la-pelle-rossonera-28071449050.shtml?refresh_ce-cp Tambaya 42 http://www.difarkivet.se/dif_sm_guld_seniorer.pdf
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Ibrahim Ba a Soccerbase Gyara wannan a Wikidata Ibrahim Ba a Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Faransa (a Faransanci) Ibrahim Ba a Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Faransa (an adana shi (cikin |
48636 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikin%20yara%20a%20Afirka | Aikin yara a Afirka | Gabaɗaya ana fayyace aikin yara a Afirka bisa abubuwa biyu: nau'in aiki da mafi ƙarancin shekarun da suka dace na aikin. Idan yaro ya shiga cikin wani abu da ke cutar da ci gabansa na zahiri da tunani, gaba daya ana daukar shi a matsayin mai aikin yara. Wato duk wani aiki da ke da hatsarin hankali, jiki, zamantakewa ko tarbiyya mai cutarwa ga yara, tare da kawo cikas ga karatunsu ta hanyar hana su damar zuwa makaranta ko kuma bukatar su yi kokarin hada halartar makaranta da aiki mai tsawo da nauyi. Matsakaicin mafi ƙarancin shekaru na kowane aiki ya dogara da tasirin aikin akan lafiyar jiki da haɓaka tunanin yara. Yarjejeniyar ILO mai lamba 138 ta nuna mafi ƙarancin shekaru masu zuwa don shigar da aiki a ƙarƙashinsa, idan yaro yana aiki, ana ɗaukarsa ita a matsayin ɗan aikin ɗan aiki: ɗan shekara 18 don ayyuka masu haɗari (Duk wani aikin da ke dagula lafiyar jiki, tunani ko ɗabi'a na yara). da kuma shekaru 13-15 don ayyukan haske (duk wani aikin da ba ya barazana ga lafiyar yara da amincin su, ko hana su zuwa makaranta ko ilimin sana'a da horo), ko da yake 12-14 shekaru za a iya ba da izini don ayyukan haske a ƙarƙashin tsauraran sharuɗɗa. a cikin kasashe matalauta. Wata ma’anar da Shirin Ƙididdiga da Kula da Ƙididdiga na ILO ya gabatar kan aikin yara (SIMPOC) ya bayyana yaro a matsayin ɗan aikin yaro idan yana da hannu cikin ayyukan tattalin arziki, kuma yana ƙasa da shekaru 12 kuma yana aiki ɗaya ko fiye da sa'o'i a mako, ko yana da shekaru 14 ko ƙasa kuma yana aiki aƙalla sa'o'i 14 a kowane mako, ko kuma yana da shekaru 14 ko ƙasa kuma yana aiki aƙalla sa'a ɗaya a kowane mako a cikin ayyukan da ke da haɗari, ko kuma yana da shekaru 17 ko ƙasa kuma yana aiki a cikin "mummunan nau'i mara kyau. sana’ar yara” (karuwanci, yaran da ke kan bauta ko aikin tilas, rikicin makami, fataucin yara, hotunan batsa, da sauran ayyukan haram). Nahiyar Afrika ce ta fi kowace kasa a duniya yawan masu aikin yi wa yara aikin yi Wani rahoto da Kungiyar Kwadago ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta fitar ya nuna cewa a shekara ta 2016 kusan kashi 1 cikin 5 cikin 100 na yara ne ke cin gajiyar aikin yara. Matsalar ta yi tsanani a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara inda fiye da kashi 40% na dukkan yara masu shekaru 5-14 ke aiki don rayuwa, ko kuma kimanin yara miliyan 48. Ko da yake ana ɗaukar talauci a matsayin babban dalilin yin aikin yara a Afirka, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa dangantakar dake tsakanin aikin yara da talauci ba ta da sauƙi kamar alakar layi ta ƙasa. Wani binciken da aka buga a cikin 2016 Fahimtar aikin yara fiye da daidaitaccen tunanin tattalin arziki na talauci na kuɗi ya nuna cewa abubuwa masu yawa a kan buƙatu- da wadata-gefen da ƙananan matakan da macro na iya shafar aikin yara; yana ba da hujjar cewa tsarin, yanki, alƙaluma, al'adu, yanayi da abubuwan samar da makaranta suma suna iya yin tasiri a lokaci guda ko yara suna aiki ko a'a, yana mai tambayar game da tunanin gama gari cewa talaucin kuɗi koyaushe shine mafi mahimmancin dalili. A cikin wani binciken, Oryoie, Alwang, and Tideman (2017) ya nuna cewa aikin yara gabaɗaya yana raguwa yayin da kowane mutum mallakar filaye (a matsayin mai nuni ga dukiyar iyali a yankunan karkara) yana ƙaruwa, amma ana iya samun ci gaba a cikin ƙasa. dangantaka tsakanin aikin yara da mallakar ƙasa kusa da tsakiyar kewayon ƙasar kowace mace. Baya ga talauci, Rashin wadata, tare da wasu abubuwa kamar takurawar bashi, matsalar samun kudin shiga, ingancin makaranta, da halayyar iyaye game da ilimi duk suna da alaƙa da aikin yara.
Kungiyar Kwadago ta kasa da kasa ta yi kiyasin cewa noma shi ne kan gaba wajen aikin yi wa kananan yara aiki a Afirka. Yawancin ma'aikatan iyali ne marasa biyan kuɗi. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana shekarar 2021 a matsayin shekarar kawar da ayyukan yara ta duniya.
Tarihin al'adu Yara a Afirka sun yi aiki a gonaki da a gida tsawon tarihi. Wannan ba Afirka kadai ba ce; Yawancin yara sun yi aiki a aikin noma da yanayin gida a Amurka, Turai da kowace al'ummar bil'adama, cikin tarihi, kafin shekarun 1950. Masana sun yi nuni da cewa, wannan aiki, musamman a yankunan karkara, wani nau'i ne na makaranta da koyon sana'o'i, inda yara suka koyi fasaha da fasaha daga iyayensu, kuma tun lokacin da manya suka ci gaba da yin sana'ar gado. Ko da bayan sun yi ritaya daga aiki na yau da kullun, ’yan Afirka sukan koma kan dabarun da suka koya lokacin da suke kanana, misali noma, don rayuwa ko kasuwanci. Bass ya yi iƙirarin wannan gaskiya ne musamman a mahallin Afirka. Afirka nahiya ce mai bambancin al'adu. A sassan wannan nahiyar, ƙungiyoyin noma suna bin tsarin zuriya da dangi. Jirgin kasa na matasa tare da manya. Iyali da dangi suna ba da tsarin al'adu na yau da kullun wanda ke taimaka wa yara su koyi fasaha masu amfani kuma suna ba wa waɗannan al'ummomin damar samar da kansu a cikin tsara na gaba. A tarihi, babu makarantu na yau da kullun, maimakon haka, yara suna karatun boko ta hanyar yin aiki ba tare da dangi da danginsu ba tun suna kanana. Har ila yau ana kallon bautar da kananan yara a Afirka, kamar yadda ake yi a sauran sassan duniya, a matsayin wata hanya ta sanya tunanin daukar nauyi da tsarin rayuwa ga yara musamman a yankunan karkara, masu noma. A cikin karkarar Pare na arewacin Tanzaniya, alal misali, yara masu shekaru biyar za su taimaka wa manya wajen kula da amfanin gona, yara masu shekaru tara suna taimakawa wajen ɗaukar abincin dabbobi da nauyin nauyi da shekaru. A arewacin Afirka kudu da hamadar sahara, musulunci shine babban tasiri. An dauki bara da aikin yara a matsayin hidima don musanya ilimin kur'ani, kuma a wasu lokuta yana ci gaba har yau. Waɗannan yara masu shekaru 7-13, alal misali, ana kiran su almudos a Gambia, ko talibés a Senegal Iyaye sun sanya 'ya'yansu tare da marabout ko serin, malami ko malamin kur'ani. Anan sai su raba lokacinsu tsakanin bara da karatun Alqur'ani. Wannan aikin ya dace da daya daga cikin rukunan Musulunci guda biyar, alhakin shagaltar da zakka, ko sadaka.
Ci gaban mulkin mallaka a Afirka, daga 1650 zuwa 1950, da masu mulki irin su Birtaniya, Faransa, Belgium, Jamus da Netherlands suka karfafa tare da ci gaba da yin aikin yara. Masu gudanar da mulkin mallaka sun gwammace hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki na gargajiya na Afirka, wanda ke ɗaukar gida don aiki ba kawai manya ba. Miliyoyin yara sun yi aiki a gonakin noma na mulkin mallaka, ma'adinai da masana'antar hidimar gida. Yara a cikin waɗannan yankuna tsakanin shekaru 5-14 an ɗauke su a matsayin masu koyo ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba don musanya koyan sana'a. Dokokin Biritaniya na mulkin mallaka, alal misali, sun ba ’yan asalin ƙasar mallaka ga wasu daga cikin ƙasar ta asali don yin aiki na mata da ’ya’ya don biyan bukatun gwamnatin mulkin mallaka kamar gonaki da kuma masu yin picannin Sabbin dokokin haraji kuma sun sami kwarin gwiwar yin aikin yara. Masarautun mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya da Faransa sun bullo da sabbin haraji don taimakawa wajen biyan kudaden kananan hukumomin mulkin mallaka. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan, mai suna Head Tax, ya sanya harajin da kowane mutum zai biya, a wasu lokuta yana da shekaru 8. Al’ummar yankin sun bijire wa irin wannan haraji, suna boye ‘ya’yansu, kuma a mafi yawan lokuta dole ne su tabbatar da ‘ya’yansu sun shiga harkar tattalin arziki don biyan irin wadannan haraji da kuma biyan bukatun rayuwarsu. Makarantun mishan na Kirista a Afirka tun daga Zambiya zuwa Najeriya su ma suna bukatar aiki daga yara, kuma a musayar sun ba da ilimin addini, ba ilimin boko ba. A ƙarshen lokacin mulkin mallaka, gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka sun yi ƙoƙarin gudanar da makarantu da ilmantar da yara a sassan Afirka. Gabaɗaya waɗannan ƙoƙarin bai yi nasara ba ta fuskar rajista da tasiri. Yara kaɗan ne suka yi rajista. Ko da yara sun yi rajista, ba lallai ba ne yana nufin halarta akai-akai. Rashin rashin zuwa na yau da kullun, ko kuma yara sun daina fita daga makarantu don a maimakon su "je teku tare da masunta." Jack Lord ya yi iƙirari a cikin sharhinsa na takardun masana na tarihin mulkin mallaka na Afirka, cewa ƙarshen zamanin mulkin mallaka ya nuna cewa yara da iyalai sun yanke shawara dangane da hadaddun abubuwan tattalin arziki kamar samun kuɗin gida, yanayin iyali, da al'adun al'adu waɗanda suka yi la'akari da yin aiki tare da iyalai. a matsayin nau'i na ilimi da kuma nau'i na bunkasa zamantakewa da zamantakewa.
Aikin yara na zamani Noma kadai na daukar sama da kashi 30% na dukkan yaran Afirka masu shekaru 10-14. Tattalin arzikin da ba na yau da kullun kamar ƙananan ma'adinan sana'o'in hannu wani muhimmin ma'aikaci ne na aikin yara.
Burkina Faso A cewar Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka a cikin 2012, kashi 37.8% na yara a Burkina Faso, tsakanin shekaru 5-14, suna aiki ne a wuraren aikin dutsen dutse da ma'adinan zinare. Waɗannan yaran sun yi aiki kwanaki 6 zuwa 7 a mako har zuwa awanni 14 a kowace rana. Abin da ake kira "biyan kuɗi" yana cikin hanyar abinci don ci da wurin kwana. Tun daga wannan lokacin ne gwamnati ta amince da shirin aiwatar da ayyuka na kasa, kuma tare da hadin gwiwar hukumar ‘yan sanda ta kasa da kasa (Interpol), ta ceto yara da dama daga safarar yara. Asusun Tallafawa Yara na Kirista na Kanada (CCFC) ya hada hannu da EDUCO, wani memba na kungiyar ChildFund Alliance, don aiwatar da wani shiri da Tarayyar Turai ta tallafa a arewacin Burkina don hana yara aiki a ma'adinai.
Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo A shekara ta 2008, Bloomberg ya yi ikirarin bautar da yara a cikin ma'adinan tagulla da cobalt na DR Congo wanda ke samar da kamfanonin China. Yaran suna tono ma'adinan da hannu, suna ɗaukar buhunan tama a bayansu, sannan waɗannan kamfanoni ke siya su. Sama da 60 daga cikin masana'antun sarrafa kayan masarufi 75 na Katanga mallakar kamfanonin kasar Sin ne kuma kashi 90 na ma'adinan yankin na zuwa kasar Sin. Wani rahoton kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na Afirka ya yi ikirarin cewa ma'aikata 80,000 'yan kasa da shekaru 15, ko kuma kusan kashi 40% na dukkan masu hakar ma'adinai, suna samar da ma'adinai ga kamfanonin kasar Sin a wannan yankin na Afirka.
BBC, a cikin 2012, ta zargi Glencore da yin amfani da aikin yara wajen aikin hakar ma'adinai da narkar da su a Afirka. Glencore ya musanta yin amfani da aikin yara, kuma ya ce yana da tsauraran manufofin rashin amfani da aikin yara. Glencore ya yi iƙirarin sane da yara masu hakar ma'adinai waɗanda ta yi iƙirarin kasancewa wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar masu hakar ma'adinai. Ba tare da izini ba sun kai hari ga Glencore tun daga 2010, kuma kamfanin ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana roƙon gwamnati da ta cire masu hakar ma'adinai daga amincewar ta.
Kimanin yara miliyan 4.7 masu shekaru 5-14 suna aiki a Kongo. Bugu da ƙari, ma'adinan jan ƙarfe, yara tare da iyalansu suna shiga aikin haƙar ma'adinai na cobalt, wolframite, cassiterite, columbite-tantalite, zinariya, lu'u-lu'u. Yawancin waɗannan suna amfani da guduma don yantar da ma'adinan, zuba jarurruka masu tsauri ba tare da kayan kariya ba, da kuma jigilar duwatsu da hannu daga rami mai zurfi ko buɗaɗɗen ramuka. Har ila yau, yara suna aikin noma kuma ana ci gaba da ɗaukar su a matsayin yara sojan soja ga sojojin Kongo da ƙungiyoyin tawaye daban-daban. Ana yawan ganin aikin yara a titunan yankin Kinshasa.
Masar
Ghana Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka ta 2010 ta kiyasta sama da 2.7 ma'aikata miliyan a Ghana, ko kuma kusan kashi 43% na duk yara masu shekaru 5-14. Kashi 78.7% na waɗannan yara suna aikin noma, 17.6% a harkar kamun kifi da sufuri, da kuma 3.7% a masana'antu, wanda ya haɗa da aikin masana'antu da ma'adinai. A Ghana kashi 64 cikin 100 na yara suna neman aiki ne saboda dalilai na kudi, abin da ya sa ya zama kan gaba wajen tukin ganganci a yankin. Yawancin yaran da ke aiki a yankunan karkara suna aiki ne a gonakin iyali kuma galibi suna haɗa makaranta da aikinsu. A yankunan birane, irin su Accra da Ashanti yara ba sa shiga makaranta kuma galibi suna sana'ar kamun kifi da ayyukan gida. Yan dako, a cikin gida da ake kira kayaye, suna aiki a cikin birane kuma wasu daga cikinsu sun kai shekaru 6.
Noma, kamun kifi da ma'adinan sana'a sune manyan ma'aikata. A kudancin yankin Volta, yara suna aikin bautar addini na tsawon lokaci tsakanin 'yan watanni zuwa shekaru uku. An san su da trokosi (a zahiri: matar allah), fiashidi, ko vudusi. Wannan al'ada tana buƙatar 'yan mata su yi aiki da hidimar addini, don yin kaffara ga laifukan da ake zargin 'yan uwa ko kuma a matsayin hadaya don sa'ar iyali. Ana kuma ikirarin cewa wannan al’adar tana nan a kasashen da ke makwabtaka da ita, duk da cewa an haramta ta da kuma sanya zaman gidan yari a karkashin dokokin Ghana da makwabta.
A cikin 2013, kididdigar ayyukan yara ba ta canza sosai ba kuma bisa ga binciken da DOL ta yi kan mafi munin nau'i na aikin yara a Ghana, yawancin yaran da ke aiki suna yin ayyuka masu haɗari kamar feshin magungunan kashe qwari wajen samar da koko, kamun kifi da hakar gwal. Jerin Kayayyakin da Sashen ke samarwa na 2014 wanda ake yi ta aikin yara ko aikin tilastawa ya haɗa da kifi da tilapia musamman, koko da zinariya a matsayin kayayyakin da ake samarwa a irin waɗannan yanayin aiki a Ghana.
Kenya Suda, a cikin 2001, an kiyasta cewa Kenya tana da yara miliyan 3 da ke aiki a cikin yanayi mara kyau kuma waɗanda ake gani. Adadin ma'aikatan yara marasa ganuwa, in ji Suda, sun fi girma sosai. Ayyukan yara da ake gani a Kenya sun tsunduma cikin aikin noma, masana'antar yawon bude ido, ma'adanai da ma'adinai, aikin makiyaya, hakar ma'adinai, kwashe shara, sana'ar kamun kifi, da kuma harkar sufuri inda suke tafiya daga wuri zuwa wuri kamar yadda "Matatu" ke takawa.
Gwamnatin Kenya ta yi kiyasin cewa akwai yara miliyan 8.9 da ke tsakanin shekaru 5-13 da ke aiki, yawancinsu ba sa zuwa makaranta. Noma babban ma'aikaci ne; na duk ma'aikatan da ke aiki a cikin gonakin kofi, alal misali, 30% mutane ne masu ƙasa da shekaru 27.
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, a cikin rahoton bayanan kasarta na Kenya a cikin 2009, an kiyasta kusan kashi daya bisa uku na duk yara masu shekaru 5-14 suna aiki. Noma da kamun kifi sune manyan ma'aikata, waɗanda a da suka kai kusan kashi 79% na aikin yara.
Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka ta kiyasta, a cikin rahotonta na 2010, kusan kashi 32% na duk yaran Kenya masu shekaru 5-14 suna aiki, ko sama da miliyan 2.9. Noma da kamun kifi sune manyan ma'aikata. Sassan na yau da kullun da ke shaida mafi munin aikin yara sun haɗa da noman rake, wuraren kiwon kiwo, shayi, kofi, miraa (kayan shuka mai ƙara kuzari), shinkafa, sisal, taba, tilapia da kamun sardines. Sauran ayyukan tattalin arzikin da yara ke yi a Kenya sun hada da zubar da juji, tattarawa da sayar da kayan juji, gilashi da karafa, sayar da titi, kiwo da bara. Rahoton ya yi ikirari na tilasta wa yara cin zarafin yara a wuraren yawon shakatawa na jima'i a manyan biranen kasar kamar Nairobi, Kisumu, Eldoret da kuma garuruwan da ke gabar tekun Kenya. Talauci da rashin samun damar karatu sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da bautar da yara a Kenya. Kasar dai na fuskantar karancin malamai da makarantu, da cunkoso a makarantu, da kuma tabarbarewar tsare-tsare daga halin da yara ke ciki. Dokokin Kenya sun hana yaro shiga makarantu idan ba shi da rajista a matsayin ɗan ƙasa da hukumomin Kenya. A halin yanzu, kashi 44% na yaran Kenya a yankunan karkara ba su yi rajista ba. Don haka, ko da ana samun makarantu, yaran karkara ba sa iya tabbatar da zama ɗan ƙasa, kuma waɗannan yaran da ba su yi rajista ba suna iya rasa damar zuwa makaranta.
Madagascar Yara suna da yawa a cikin ƙananan ma'adinai na Madagascar Wasu yara suna shiga aikin haƙar gishiri, aikin kwalta, duwatsu masu daraja da tara taman gwal. Kimanin kashi 58% na yaran da ke cikin wadannan ma'adanai ba su wuce shekaru 12 ba. A cewar IPEC, yara ma'aikata a cikin wadannan ma'adanai yawanci sun fito ne daga iyalai da ke cikin mawuyacin hali na tattalin arziki.
A cewar wani rahoto na 2010 na Amurka, kusan kashi 22% na yaran Madagascar masu shekaru 5-14, ko sama da 1.2 miliyan aiki. Wata kungiyar da ke da tushe a Faransa ta ba da shawarar yin aikin yara a Madagascar ya wuce 2.4 miliyan, tare da yara sama da 540,000 masu shekaru 5-9 suna aiki. Kusan kashi 87 cikin 100 na yara masu aikin noma suna cikin aikin noma, galibi a cikin samar da vanilla, shayi, auduga, koko, kwakwa (busashen naman kwakwa), sisal, girbin jatan lande da kamun kifi. Yaran Malagasy da ke yin hidimar gida suna aiki kusan sa'o'i 12 a kowace rana. Ƙoƙari da dama da aka samu daga ƙasashen duniya sun shiga cikin Madagascar don taimakawa ragewa da hana ayyukan yara. Sai dai kuma hakan ya tsaya cik, bayan da gwamnati ta sauya bayan juyin mulkin shekarar 2009, domin an dakatar da yawancin kudaden da ake samu daga masu ba da taimako na kasa da kasa, da suka hada da Tarayyar Afirka, Tarayyar Turai, Bankin Duniya da kuma Amurka.
Maroko Wani rahoto na 2010 ya kiyasta kimanin yara 150,000 masu shekaru tsakanin 5 zuwa 14 suna aiki a Maroko Aikin noma da na cikin gida sune manyan ma'aikata. ’Yan mata, da ake kira ƙanana ƙasusuwa (kananan kuyangi), ana tura su aiki a matsayin bayin gida, da yawa masu shekaru 10 ko ƙasa da haka. Waɗannan ƙasusuwan ƙananan ƙasusuwan suna fitowa daga iyalai marasa galihu, suna fuskantar yanayin bautar da ba son rai ba, gami da dogon sa'o'i ba tare da hutu ba, rashin hutu, ta jiki, magana da jima'i, hana albashi har ma da ƙuntatawa kan motsi. An hana su ilimi. Ƙarin nau'o'in aikin yara da ake iya gani sun haɗa da yara kan titi a Casablanca, Marrakech, Fès da Mèknes. Waɗannan yaran suna rayuwa ta hanyar sayar da sigari, bara, takalma masu walƙiya, wankin motoci da aikin ƴan dako da dillalai a tashoshin ruwa. The Ministry of Planning in Morocco estimates that there are between 60,000 and 100,000 petites bonnes in the country. Studies commissioned by the Morocco government finds poverty and lack of school, often in combination, are primary causes of the little maids phenomenon in Morocco. Additionally, rural parents do not believe that an education or a diploma of any sort can help their girls find a job.
Najeriya A cikin 2006, akwai kimanin yara miliyan 15 masu aikin kwadago kasa da shekaru 14 a Najeriya Yawancin waɗannan sun yi aiki a cikin yanayi mai haɗari kuma na tsawon sa'o'i. Talauci shi ne babban abin da ke haifar da bautar da yara, kuma kudaden shigar da wadannan yaran ke samu shi ne babban bangare na kudaden shigar iyalansu da ke fama da talauci. Mafi akasarin masu yi wa yara aiki a Najeriya suna aiki ne a aikin noma da tattalin arziki na wucin gadi ko na yau da kullun. Ma'aikatan cikin gida sun kasance mafi ƙanƙanta nau'in aikin yara, kuma galibi ana lalata da su. Daga cikin tattalin arzikin da ba na yau da kullun ba da wuraren jama'a, siyar da titin yana da aikin 64%. Kamfanoni na yau da kullun na tsakiya a wuraren jama'a, galibi ana lura da yara a matsayin injiniyoyi da masu gudanar da bas.
Kimanin yaran Najeriya miliyan shida ne ba sa zuwa makaranta kwata-kwata. A halin da ake ciki, waɗannan yaran ba su da lokaci, kuzari ko kayan aiki don zuwa makaranta.
Rwanda ILO ta kiyasta Rwanda tana da yara ma'aikata 400,000. Daga cikin wadannan, 120,000 ana kyautata zaton suna da hannu a cikin mafi munin sana’ar yi wa kananan yara aiki, sannan 60,000 kuma yara ma’aikatan gida ne.
Swaziland
Tanzaniya
Zambiya Gwamnatin Zambiya ta kiyasta cewa akwai kananan yara 595,000 da ke aiki a kasar. Daga cikin waɗannan, 58% suna da shekaru 14 ko ƙasa da haka. Mutane da yawa suna aiki a ayyukan hakar ma'adinai na yau da kullun.
Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka ta kiyasta, a cikin rahotonta na 2010, kusan kashi 33% na yaran Zambia masu shekaru 5-14 suna aiki. Aikin noma shine babban ma'aikata, kuma tare da hakar ma'adinai yana ɗaukar kashi 98% na duk aikin yara a Zambia. Sassan na yau da kullun da ke shaida mafi munin aikin yara sun haɗa da noman auduga, taba, kamun kifi, shayi, kofi da gawayi. Yin aikin yara ya zama ruwan dare a aikin hakar ma'adinai. Duk da haka, ana shaida hakan a cikin ƙananan ma'adinan fasaha da na gargajiya, inda yara ke fitar da emeralds, amethyst, aquamarines, yawon shakatawa da garnets. Hakanan ana yin aikin yara a ma'adinan gubar, zinc da tagulla. Ba sa sanya wani kayan kariya don kare idanuwa ko fuska ko jikinsu; raunuka na kowa. Fataucin yara don dalilai masu haɗari ya zama ruwan dare a Zambia. Yara a aikin gona da hidimar gida ana musayar kudi, kaya da kuma kyauta ga ’yan uwa. Zambiya tana da tsauraran dokoki na hana fataucin yara da bautar da yara. Duk da haka, aiwatarwa da aiwatar da dokokinsa sun tabbatar da wahala.
A cewar ILO, bautar da yara a Zambiya wata dabara ce ta jure wa yara da iyalai idan manya masu cin abinci suka mutu, suka kamu da rashin lafiya, ko kuma lokacin da iyalai suka kasa samun abin dogaro da kai.
Dynamics Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) ta bayyana cewa, da farko, talauci shi ne babban karfi guda daya da ke kai yara zuwa wuraren aiki. Wani babban abin da ke jefa yara cikin mummunan aiki shi ne rashin makarantu da rashin ingancin makaranta.
Dokokin aikin yara a Afirka Yawancin gwamnatocin Afirka sun amince da Yarjejeniyar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) guda uku a hukumance. Bugu da kari, da yawa sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna tare da ILO don kaddamar da wani shiri a karkashin shirin kasa da kasa don kawar da aikin yara (IPEC).
Najeriya, alal misali, yanzu ta zama memba mai himma a cikin IPEC. Haka kuma tana aiwatar da aikin noman koko na yammacin Afirka. Dokar kare hakkin yara a Najeriya yanzu tana cikin dokar ta na kwadago, kuma ta haramta cin zarafin yara. Wasu jihohi, kamar Anambra, sun kuma hana yara yin aiki a lokutan makaranta. Kasar Afrika ta Kudu ta mayar da yaro dan kasa da shekaru 15 aiki a matsayin wani laifi na laifi, sai dai da izinin Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta daukar yara aikin fasaha. Sashe na 43 zuwa 47 na Dokar Aiki ya kuma haramta ɗaukar yara masu shekaru 15 zuwa 18 aiki idan aikin bai dace da shekarun su ba ko kuma wani abu da ke jefa su cikin haɗari. Kenya ta zartar da dokar yara a 2001. Sashi na 10 na wannan doka yana kare yara da matasa masu kasa da shekaru 18 daga cin zarafi na tattalin arziki da duk wani aiki da zai iya zama haɗari ko kuma ya kawo cikas ga ilimin yaron, ko kuma ya zama cutarwa ga yaro a ruhaniya, ɗabi'a ko ci gaban zamantakewa. Har ila yau, dokar ta haramta daukar duk wanda bai kai shekara 18 aikin soja ba ko kuma a duk wani rikici na makami.
Ghana, a matsayin wani misali, ta hana aikin yara. Sashe na 87 na Dokar Yara ta 1998 ya haramtawa kowane mutum daukar yaro aiki a cikin aikin cin zarafi, ko duk wani aiki da zai hana yaron lafiyarsa, ilimi ko ci gabansa. Sashi na 88 ya hana kowa daukar kowane yaro aiki da daddare, wato tsakanin karfe takwas na yamma zuwa karfe shida na safe. Sashe na 89 zuwa 90 na dokar ya ba wa yara sama da shekaru 13 damar yin aikin haske, da kuma waɗanda shekarunsu suka haura 15 aiki mara haɗari. A shekarar 2018 wasu mutane uku ne kawai aka ci tarar a Ghana bisa laifin daukar yara ‘yan kasa da shekarunsu aikin yi da kuma tauye musu hakkinsu na neman ilimi kuma babu wani ma’aikaci da ya yanke hukuncin dauri a gidan yari kawo yanzu, wanda hakan ya nuna cewa jami’an tsaro sun takaita a Ghana.
Yayin da ake aiwatar da dokoki masu mahimmanci a kusan dukkanin Afirka, aiwatar da doka ya kasance kalubale. Sakamakon rashin shiga tsakani da gwamnati ta yi, ana ci gaba da samun karuwar masu yi wa yara aikin yi. 14.2% na yara kuma suna aiki a ƙarƙashin yanayin haɗari tun sama da shekaru uku. Rashin sakamako ga masu daukan ma'aikata, ya haifar da yara zabar ci gaba da aiki saboda tsoron tashin hankali da/ko buƙatar wadata iyalansu ya tilasta musu su ci gaba da aiki.
Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ILO tana da ayyuka da yawa a Afirka da ke neman ragewa, da kuma kawar da ayyukan yi wa yara a Afirka hidima. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan aikin, wanda aka ƙaddamar a 2006 yana mai da hankali kan ƙasashen yammacin Afirka na Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Saliyo, Togo Wannan aikin, wanda aka fara a shekara ta 2009, yana da niyya ne ga mafi munin ayyukan aikin yara a yammacin Afirka. Yana da manyan abubuwa guda biyu: na farko zai tallafa wa kokarin kasa na kawar da mafi munin ayyukan yi wa kananan yara aiki, na biyu kuma na nufin hada kan masu tsara manufofin shiyya da inganta hadin gwiwar kananan hukumomi don kawar da mafi munin ayyukan yi wa kananan yara aiki a tsakanin kowa da kowa. Kasashe goma sha biyar na kungiyar raya tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afrika (ECOWAS).
Aikin KURET, wanda shi ne taƙaitaccen bayani na Yaƙi da Ƙwararrun, wani yunƙuri ne na yanki don hana cin zarafin yara ta hanyar ilimi. Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka ta ba da tallafi kuma World Vision, Cibiyar Ci gaban Ilimi, da Kwamitin Ceto ta Duniya, KURET ta fara aiki a cikin Satumba 2004. Ofishin yankin yana Kampala, Uganda. Wani rahoto a shekara ta 2009 ya ce ya kawo sauyi a rayuwar dubban yara a wannan yanki na Afirka. Patriots Ghana wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce take a Ghana. Manufar kungiyar ita ce al'umma mai cike da kishin kasa masu ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban Ghana. Ƙungiyar tana mai da hankali kan samun ci gaba ta hanyar ayyuka iri-iri na gida. Manufar su ita ce karfafawa 'yan kasar Ghana damar gudanar da ayyuka masu ma'ana dangane da kawar da fataucin yara da kwadago, kiwon lafiya, ilimi, 'yancin dan adam, da ci gaban tattalin arziki, don inganta rayuwar 'yan kasar Ghana marasa gata. Don haka masu kishin kasar Ghana suna da burin cimma burinsu ta hanyar da ta dace da hakkinsu wanda ke bayyana a cikin ayyukansu. Kungiyar ta jaddada bukatar samar da hanyar da ta dace saboda sakamakon saurin karuwar al'umma a Ghana, wanda ke haifar da rashin kula da lafiya ga talakawa. Samun wadata ga babban iyali ya haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali na kudi na dogon lokaci, musamman a yankunan karkara. Saboda bukatar da ake yi na ciyar da iyalansu, yara kan hana su ’yancinsu na neman ilimi, su yi aiki. Don kawar da talauci na dogon lokaci, ƙungiyar ta mai da hankali kan ayyukan da ke ƙarfafa al'umma don sake kafa 'yancin ɗan adam ta hanyar rage ayyukan yara a Ghana.
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
40268 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyenieju%20Daniel | Reyenieju Daniel | Reyenieju Oritsegbubemi Daniel (an haife shi 18 ga watan Disamba 1966) ɗan majalisar wakilai ne na 3, majalisar dokokin Najeriya. An haife shi a cikin dangin Pa George da Mrs. Elizabeth Reyenieju, dukansu na masarautar Warri. Reyenieju mutum ne wanda a da da na yanzu ya ketare shingen kabilanci.
Ilimi Ya yi karatun firamare da na gaba a Omatseye da Iwere College da ke Koko a lokacin ƙaramar hukumar Warri ta jihar Bendel da ke karkashin ta, yanzu ƙaramar hukumar Warri ta Arewa a jihar Delta. Bayan neman ilimi, ya samu gurbin karatu a Jami'ar Uyo, Jihar Akwa Ibom, inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Falsafa (BA) a 1988. Mai digiri a fannin masana'antu daga Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo Ile-Ife, Jihar Osun a 2014. Hon. Reyenieju mai karɓar lambobin yabo na duniya da dama da shirye-shiryen horo na gayyata daga cikin su; Kyautar Shugabancin Amurka da Afirka na 2004 da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta ba shi horo a cikin shirin baƙi na duniya.
Gwanintan aiki Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya samu aiki a kamfanin mai, DBN Nig. Ltd, Warri, a matsayin jami'in hulda da jama'a. A cikin ɗan ƙanƙanin lokaci, iyawar sa na ƙungiyarsa da ƙware na asali da sarƙaƙƙiyar sarrafa maza, kayan aiki da albarkatu sun bayyana ga shigar da ma'aikatansa. Hakan ya kai ga daukaka shi zuwa mukamin Manajan Ma'aikata. Matsayin da ya kasance har zuwa 2003, lokacin da ya yi ritaya da son rai.
Bayan ya bambanta kansa ta hanyar aiki tuƙuru, da ƙwarewar aiki mai amfani da makamai, sannan ya ɗora hanyarsa zuwa cikin duniyar kasuwanci mai wahala don kafa daular kasuwanci mai bunƙasa ta kansa: Nigitrade International Company Limited da Vio Interprom Services Limited. Ta hanyar wadannan kamfanoni, ya sami damar baiwa matasa a yankinsa sabuwar rayuwa ta hanyar samar musu da ayyukan yi.
Kwanan nan ne kakakin majalisar wakilai Rt. Hon. Femi Gbajabiamila a matsayin Mataimaki na Musamman akan Neja Delta Man Fetur da Gas.
Harkar siyasa da aiki A yayin da aka yi wannan kiran, sai aka yi kira da a ce da sunan da salon kungiyar Itsekiri National Youth Council (INYC), inda aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kasa na farko tsakanin 2003 zuwa 2007. A matsayinsa na shugaban kungiyar, ya kafa wata manufa ta zaman lafiya tsakanin al’ummar Itsekiri tare da sauran kabilu, ta hanyar amfani da kayan aiki mai amfani; A ziyarar da INYC ta kai wa Shugaban Tarayyar Najeriya na wancan lokacin Cif Olusegun Obasanjo, a Aso Villa, Abuja, a 2003.
An naɗa shi a cikin 13% Derivation Committee, saboda kyawawan halayen jagoranci da ya nuna, musamman a matsayinsa na shugaban INYC, ya rinjaye shi ya shiga siyasa. Kiran da ya amsa. Daga nan ya tsaya takara kuma ya samu tikitin wakiltar mazabar Warri a karkashin tutar jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party a zaben 2007. Don haka aka rantsar da shi a ranar 5 ga watan Yunin 2007 a matsayin dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar mazabar Warri a majalisar wakilai ta 6. An sake zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisar tarayya mai wakiltar mazabar Warri a majalisar wakilai a 2011 da 2015 Bayan da Cif Thomas Ereyitomi ya sha kaye a zaben fitar da gwani na ‘yan majalisar wakilai na jihar Delta na jihar Delta a hannun Cif Thomas Ereyitomi a ranar Laraba 3 ga watan Oktoba 2018, daga bisani ya samu tikitin tsayawa takara a karkashin jam’iyyar Social Democratic Party (SDP).
Ayyukan doka A majalissar ta 6, ya kasance memba a cikin wadannan zaunannen kwamitocin majalisar: Yayin da yake cikin majalisar, ya sami dalilin gabatar da kudirori da dama duk kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci da suka shafi al'ummarsa kai tsaye, hada da bayar da tallafin karatu 500 ga mazabarsa haka kuma ya dauki nauyin kudaden da yawa. Shi dan kishin al'umma ne, wanda ya yi imani da tsarin adalci, daidaito da wasa na gaskiya. Sama da duka; shi manzo ne na kyawawan halaye. Ya yi aiki a cikin wadannan kwamitoci a majalisar. Akwai: Dangantakar Majalissar dokoki, Man Fetur (Upstream), Navy, Aviation, Niger Delta, Air Force, FCT Area Councils, Legislative Budget and Research.
A majalissar ta 7, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin majalisar wakilai kan huldar majalisun tarayya kuma an zabe shi mataimakin shugaban kungiyar majalissar Commonwealth (yankin Afirka). Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin Ad-hoc akan Kundin Tsarin Mulki da Ma'aikatar Man Fetur (PIB). Ya kuma kasance shugaban kwamitin da ke kula da harkokin man fetur na sama a kan hada-hadar haramtattun kayayyaki da satar mai a gabar tekun Najeriya.
Hon. Reyenieju mai ba da shawara ne kuma mai aiwatar da ka'idoji da dabi'u na demokradiyya. A bisa dalilin da ya sa ya kai ga kai wa, ya shirya taron share fage na kwanaki 2 a mazabarsa. Mutane da yawa sun yaba da wannan matakin a matsayin fice.
A majalissar ta 8 (2015 -2019), yana aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitocin majalisa akan kasafin kudi, tashoshin ruwa, tashoshin ruwa da hanyoyin ruwa, yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, albarkatun iskar gas, abubuwan cikin gida, harkokin waje, da ICT. Kwanan nan ne aka nada shi Shugaban wani kwamiti na wucin gadi tare da wajabcin binciki makudan kudade da kamfanonin mai na kasa da kasa (IOCs) ke bin ‘yan kwangila da kuma asarar kudaden shiga ga Najeriya. A cikin shekaru 11 da ya yi yana zama mamba a zauren majalisar dokokin kasar, ya dauki nauyin kudirori 15 tare da gabatar da kudurori 19 domin jawo hankalin gwamnatin tarayya kan halin da al’ummarsa ke ciki. Shekaru 2 da shiga Majalisa ta 8 (2015 2017) kadai, ya dauki nauyin kudirori 9 yayin da 1 ya samu amincewa, wasu kuma suna mataki daban-daban na tsarin majalisa. Shahararru a cikin kudurorin akwai Kudi don Kafa Jami'ar Maritime, Okerenkoko, da Federal Polytechnic, Koko, Delta wanda ya tsallake karatu na biyu. Ya kuma dauki nauyin kudirin jawo hankalin gwamnati game da zubar da abubuwa masu guba, barazanar karuwar teku a Ogheye, da bukatar gaggawa ta cire Escravos Bar Mouth da sauransu.
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1966
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
24112 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%20Shi | Xi Shi | Xi Shi Hsi Shih fassara ta zahiri "(Uwargida) Shi ta Yamma"), a cewar almara, ɗaya daga cikin mashahuran Kyawawa Huɗu na tsohuwar China An ce ta rayu a ƙarshen lokacin bazara da kaka a Zhuji, babban birnin tsohuwar jihar Yue A cikin labarun gargajiya, an sanya wa Xi Shi suna Shi Yiguang Ministar Yue Fan Li ce ta gano ta kuma Sarki Goujian na Yue ya ba wa Fuchai na Wu a wani aikin jima'i wanda ya yi nasarar saukar da Jihar Wu a 473 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. Wannan asusun ya fara bayyana a cikin bazara da kaka Annals na Wu da Yue da aka buga ƙarni biyar bayan cin nasara, kuma babu shi gaba ɗaya a cikin ayyukan farko kamar Guoyu, Zuo zhuan, da Records of the Grand Historian An san Xi Shi, Wang Zhaojun, Diao Chan da Yang Guifei a matsayin "Kyawawa Huɗu a Tsohuwar China", daga ciki Xi Shi ne na farko.
Bayyana An ce kyawun Xi Shi ya wuce kima inda yayin da take jingina kan baranda don kallon kifin da ke cikin kandami, kifin zai dimauce har ya manta yin iyo da nutsewa a ƙasa. Wannan bayanin ya zama ma'ana a bayan haruffa biyu na farko na ƙarin magana na pinyin yana nufin ƙawa huɗu, wanda ake amfani da shi don yabon kyawun mace, ma'ana mutum yana da kyau tana nutse kifaye kuma tana ruɗar da tsuntsaye su faɗi, ta rufe duhuwar wata kuma ta kunyata furanni, (a zahiri 'Kifi nutsewa/Kyankyawan Ruwa, Wata hide/Flower kunya Labarin Xi Shi Sarki Fuui na Wu ya taɓa ɗaure Sarki Goujian na Yue bayan kayen da ya sha a yaki, daga baya Yue ta zama mai ba da haraji ga Wu A asirce yana shirin ɗaukar fansa, ministan Goujian Wen Zhong ya ba da shawarar horar da kyawawan mata da miƙa su ga Fuchai a matsayin kyauta (sanin Fuchai ba zai iya tsayayya da kyawawan mata ba). Wani hadiminsa, Fan Li, ya sami Xi Shi da Zheng Dan, ya ba Fuchai a 490 BC.
Dangane da kyawu da kyawun Xi Shi da Zheng Dan, Fuchai ya manta komai game da al'amuran jihar sa kuma a cikin zuga su, ya kashe babban mashawarcin sa, babban janar Wu Zixu Fuchai har ma ya gina Fadar Guanwa (Fadar kyawawan mata) a wani wurin shaƙatawa na daula a gangaren Tudun Lingyan, kimanin kilomita yamma da Suzhou Ƙarfin Wu ya ragu, kuma a cikin 473 BC Goujian ya ƙaddamar da yajin aikin sa kuma ya fatattaki sojojin Wu gaba ɗaya. Sarki Fuchai ya koka kan cewa ya kamata ya saurari Wu Zixu, sannan ya kashe kansa A cikin almara, bayan faɗuwar Wu, Fan Li ya yi ritaya daga matsayinsa na minista kuma ya zauna tare da Xi Shi a cikin jirgin ruwa na kamun kifi, yana yawo kamar aljanu a cikin hamada ta tafkin Taihu, kuma babu wanda ya sake ganin su. Wannan a cewar Yuan Kang ta Yue Jueshu Wani sigar, a cewar Mozi, ita ce daga baya Xi Shi ya mutu sakamakon nutsewa a cikin kogin.
Tasiri Haikalin Xi Shi, wanda ke gindin Dutsen Zhu Luo a kudancin Xiaoshan, a bakin Kogin Huansha.
Tekun Yammacin da ke Hangzhou an ce shi ne shigar Xi Shi cikin jiki, saboda haka ake kiranta da Xizi Lake, Xizi wani suna ne na Xi Shi, ma'ana Lady Xi. A cikin shahararren aikinsa na waƙar Waƙa, Abin sha a Yammacin Kogin ta hanyar Sunshine da Rain mashahurin masani Su Shi ya kwatanta kyawun Xi Shi da Tafkin Yammacin.
Li Bai na daular Tang ya rubuta waƙa kan Xi Shi.
An ambaci Xi Shi a cikin littafin labari Tafiya zuwa Yamma, a matsayin alamar alheri da kyawu.
An ambaci Xi Shi a cikin labarin Dream of the Red Chamber, an kwatanta jaruma Lin Daiyu a matsayin mai kamannin rashin lafiya kamar Xi Shi, kuma yana da kyau fiye da ita. Dukansu Lin da Xi Shi suna ba masu karatu hoton kyakkyawar mace, mai rashin lafiya.
Xi Shi ya bayyana a cikin gajeran labari na yuia ta Jin Yong (Louis Cha), Takobin Yen Maiden Sunanta kuma ya yi wahayi zuwa sunan Shih Tzu na zamani, wanda sunan China ya fassara zuwa "Xi Shi kare", amma an yi ikirarin sunan Ingilishi ya fito daga kalmar "zaki". Haƙiƙa "karen zaki" a cikin Sinanci an keɓe shi ga Pekingese Manazarta Pages with unreviewed |
23990 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidan%20Kayan%20Tarihi%20na%20Kasar%20Sin | Gidan Kayan Tarihi na Kasar Sin | Gidan Kayan Tarihi na ƙasar Sin yana gefen Tiananmen Square a Beijing, China. Manufar gidan kayan gargajiya ita ce ilmantar da al'adu dangane da tarihin kasar Sin. Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin ce ke ba da hurumin tafiyar da shi.
Sakamakon ɓarkewar cutar Covid-19, an rufe gidan kayan tarihin har na wani dogon lokaci a shekarar 2020. Halartarsa ta ragu da kashi 78 cikin 100 a dalilin wannan Annobar, yadda mutane 1,600,000 kacal ne suka samu halartarsa a wannan shekara. Hakan kuwa ya faru ne a lokacin da yake ganiyar sharafinsa domin kuwa a cikin shekara ta 2020 yana kuma cikin matsayi na biyu a cikin Jerin gidajen kayan gargajiya da aka fi ziyarta, bayan Louvre. Tarihi An kafa gidan kayan gargajiyar ne a cikin shekara ta 2003 ta hanyar haɗewar gidajen a
dana kayan tarihi guda biyu waɗanda suka mamaye gida ɗaya tun shekarar 1959: Gidan Tarihin Juyin Juya Halin China a reshen Arewa (wanda ya samo asali daga Ofishin Gidan Tarihin Juyin Juya Halin Ƙasa da aka kafa a 1950 don adana abubuwan gado na juyin juya halin 1949 da Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Sinawa a reshen Kudanci (tare da asali a duka Gidan Tarihin na Beijing, wanda aka kafa a 1949, da Ofishin Farko na Gidan Tarihi na Kasa, wanda aka kafa a 1912, An ba shi aiki don kiyaye mafi girman tarihin China).
An kammala gininsa a shekarar 1959 a matsayin daya daga cikin Manyan Gine-gine guda goma da ke bikin cika shekaru goma da kafuwar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin. Yana cika Babban Zauren Jama'a na adawa wanda aka gina lokaci guda. Tsarin yana zaune akan kuma yana da tsawon gaba na tsayin hawa huɗu na jimlar da fadin Gaban yana nuna ginshiƙai murabba'i goma a tsakiyar ta.
Bayan shekaru hudu na gyare -gyare, gidan kayan gargajiya ya sake buɗewa a ranar 17 ga Maris, 2011, tare da sabbin dakunan baje kolin 28, fiye da sau uku sararin baje kolin da ya gabata, da yanayin baje kolin kayan fasaha da wuraren ajiya. Tana da jimillar filin kusan 200,000 m 2 (ƙafafun ƙafa miliyan 2.2) don nunawa. Kamfanin Gerkan, Marg da Partners na Jamus ne ya tsara gyaran.
Tattarawa Gidan kayan gargajiyar, wanda ya ƙunshi tarihin ƙasar Sin daga Yuanmou Man na shekaru miliyan 1.7 da suka gabata har zuwa ƙarshen daular Qing (daular karshe a tarihin kasar Sin), yana da tarin abubuwa na dindindin 1,050,000, tare da abubuwa masu daraja da yawa, wanda ba kasafai za a same su a gidajen tarihi a ko'ina cikin China ko sauran sassan duniya ba.
Daga cikin mahimman abubuwa a cikin Gidan Tarihi na China akwai "Simuwu Ding" daga Daular Shang (mafi girman kayan ƙarfe na tagulla a duniya, akan kilo 832.84), murabba'i mai siffar murabba'i na daular Shang zun zunubi da huɗu tumaki shugabannin, a da manyan baiyanannun rubũtacce yammacin Zhou daular tagulla ruwa kwanon rufi, zinariya-inlaid daular Qin tagulla Tally a cikin siffar damisa, daular Han Jade binne kara sewn da zinariya thread, da kuma cikakken tarin daular Tang da sancai mai launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi da yumɓu na Daular Song Gidan kayan gargajiya kuma yana da tarin lambobi, gami da tsabar kuɗi 15,000 da Luo Bozhao ya bayar Gidan kayan gargajiyar yana baje koli na dindindin da ake kira Hanyar Tsufa, wanda ke gabatar da tarihin China tun daga farkon Yaƙin Opium na Farko, tare da mai da hankali kan tarihin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis da nasarorin siyasarta.
Hotuna Ƙididdigar agogo Saboda tsakiyar wurinsa a dandalin Tiananmen, an yi amfani da gaban gidan kayan gargajiya tun daga shekarun 1990 don nuna agogo ƙidaya da suka shafi lokutan muhimmiyar ƙasa, gami da miƙa mulkin mallaka na Hong Kong a 1997, canja wurin mulkin mallaka na 1999 na Macau, farkon wasannin Olympics na Beijing na shekarar 2008, da bude baje kolin duniya na 2010 a Shanghai Jayayya Nunin watanni uku na alamar alatu Louis Vuitton a cikin 2011 ya haifar da wasu ƙorafe-ƙorafe na kasuwanci a gidan kayan gargajiyar, tare da Farfesa na Jami'ar Peking Xia Xueluan ya bayyana cewa a matsayin gidan kayan tarihin jama'a, yakamata "a zahiri kawai ya sadaukar da kansa ga waɗanda ba -inganta al'adun gargajiya. Yves Carcelle, shugaban kuma babban jami'in Louis Vuitton Malletier, ya kare baje kolin ta hanyar cewa: "Abu mafi mahimmanci shi ne abin da za ku gano. Ina tsammanin kafin kuɗi, akwai tarihi: shekaru 157 na ƙerawa da fasaha. Wasu masu suka sun kuma yi zargin cewa tarihin gidan kayan gargajiyar yana mai da hankali ne kan nasarorin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis, yayinda ya rage ko watsi da batutuwan da suka shafi siyasa kamar Babban Leap Forward da Juyin Al'adu.
Manazarta Tarihin Sin
Sin
Pages with unreviewed |
25278 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillian%20Anderson | Gillian Anderson | Gillian Leigh Anderson, English: dʒ ɪ l i ə n JIL-ee-ən OBE (an haife ta ranar 9 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1968). Yar wasan kwaikwayon ƙasar Amurka ce. Matsayin ta ya haɗa da matsayin wakili na musamman na FBI Dana Scully a cikin jerin The X-Files, ɗan zamantakewa mara kyau Lily Bart a cikin fim ɗin Terence Davies Gidan Mirth shekara ta (2000), DSU Stella Gibson a cikin gidan talabijin na wasan kwaikwayo na laifi na BBC RTÉ. jerin Fall, likitan ilimin jima'i Jean Milburn a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Netflix <i id="mwIQ">, Ilimin Jima'i</i>, da Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Margaret Thatcher a cikin kakar ta huɗu na jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Netflix The Crown Daga cikin sauran karramawa, ta lashe lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy guda biyu, lambar yabo ta Golden Globe guda biyu da Guild Awards guda hudu na allo. Ta zauna a London tun shekara ta 2002, bayan shekarun baya sun raba tsakanin Ingila da Amurka.
Farkon rayuwa da karatu
An haife ta a birnin Chicago, Anderson ta girma a London, UK da Grand Rapids, Michigan.
Tayi karatu daga Makarantar wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar DePaul da ke Chicago, sannan ta koma New York City don cigaba da aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo. Bayan ta fara aikinta a kan mataki, ta sami karbuwa a duniya saboda rawar da ta kuma taka a matsayin Babban Jami'in FBI Dana Scully akan jerin wasan kwaikwayo na sci-fi na Amurka The X-Files Ayyukan fim ɗin sun haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo The Mighty Celt shekara ta (2005), The Last King of Scotland shekara ta (2006), Shadow Dancer shekara ta (2012), Viceroy's House shekara ta (2017) da fina-finan X-Files guda biyu: The X-Files: Fight the Futureshekara shekara ta (1998) da Fayilolin X: Ina son yin imani shekara ta (2008). Sauran sanannun kyaututtukan talabijin sun haɗa da: Lady Dedlock a Gidan Bleak shekara ta (2005), Wallis Simpson a Duk Zuciyar Dan Adam shekara(2010), Miss Havisham a cikin Babban tsammanin shekara ta (2011), Dr. Bedelia Du Maurier akan Hannibal shekarar (2013 shekara da shekara ta 2015), da Media on Allahn Amurka shekara ta (2017).
Ayyuka
Baya ga fim da talabijin, Anderson ta hau kan mataki kuma ta sami lambobin yabo da masu yawa. Matakin aikinta ya haɗa da Abokan da ba su nan shekara ta (1991), wanda ta sami lambar yabo ta Theater World Award for Best Newcomer; Gidan Doll (shekara ta 2009), wanda aka ba ta lambar yabo don lambar yabo ta Laurence Olivier, da kuma hoton Blanche DuBois a cikin A Streetcar mai suna Desire shekarar (2014, da shekara ta 2016), ta lashe lambar yabo ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo <i id="mwUw">na Maraice</i> don Mafi kyawun Jaruma kuma ta karɓi Laurence Olivier na biyu. Kyautar lambar yabo ga Best Actress A cikin shekara ta 2019, ta nuna Margo Channing a cikin matakin samarwa Duk Game da Hauwa'u wanda ta karɓi lambar yabo ta Laurence Olivier Award na uku.
Anderson ta tallafa wa kungiyoyin agaji da kungiyoyi masu yawa. Ita ce mai magana da yawun girmamawa ga Cibiyar Neurofibromatosis kuma mai haɗin gwiwar Ilimin Matasan Afirka ta Kudu don Dorewa (SAYes). An naɗa ta Babban Jami'in girmamawa na Mafi Kyawun Umarni na Masarautar Burtaniya (OBE) a cikin shekarar 2016 don ayyukanta na wasan kwaikwayo.
An haife Anderson a Chicago, Illinois, 'yar Rosemary "Posie" Alyce née Lane), mai nazarin kwamfuta, kuma daga baya mataimakiyar shugaban Neurofibromatosis Inc., ƙungiyar tallafawa NF ta West Michigan, da kuma Homer Edward “Ed” Anderson III, wanda ya mallaki kamfanin shirya fina-finai na baya-bayan nan. Ita 'yar asalin Ingilishi ce, Jamusanci, da Irish. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haihuwar ta, iyayenta sun ƙaura zuwa Puerto Rico tsawon watanni shabiyar 15, sannan zuwa London. Iyalin sun ƙaura don mahaifinta ya iya halartar Makarantar Fina -Finan London. Tare da iyayenta, ta rayu a arewacin Crouch End da Haringey. Ta kasance dalibar Makarantar Firamare ta Coleridge. Lokacin da Anderson ke da shekaru shadaya (11), iyalinta sun koma Amurka, suna zaune a Grand Rapids, Michigan. Sun cigaba da ajiye falo a London kuma sun kashe lokacin bazara a wurin. Daga baya Anderson ta ce a koyaushe tana da niyyar komawa Ingila. A cikin Grand Rapids, ta halarci Makarantar Firamare da Makarantar Sakandare ta City, shiri ne ga ɗalibai masu hazaka tare da ba da fifiko kan ilimin ɗan adam. Bayan tafiya zuwa Grand Rapids, Anderson ta bi tafarkin tawaye; shan miyagun ƙwayoyi, saduwa da saurayin da ya manyanta, da haɓaka bayyanar punk (rina gashin kanta launi daban-daban, aske gefen kanta, wasan huda hanci da rigar baki baki ɗaya). An saka ta a farfajiya tana da shekaru shahudu 14. Anderson ta saurari makada kamar Matattu Kennedys da Skinny Puppy Abokan karatunta sun zabe ta a matsayin "mai kyan aji", "mafi girman yarinya" da "mafi kusantar kamawa". An kama ta a daren kammala karatu saboda karya da shiga makarantar sakandare a kokarin manne makullan kofofin. Daga baya ta yi nasarar rage tuhumar zuwa ketare iyaka Tun tana ƙarami, Anderson tana sha'awar ilimin kimiyyar ruwa, amma bayan ta kasance mai sha'awar wasan kwaikwayo a lokacin ƙuruciyarta, ta fara aiki a cikin abubuwan samarwa na makarantar sakandare a farkon shekararta kuma daga baya a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na al'umma Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin ɗalibi a Grand Rapids Civic Theatre & School of Theater Arts Bayan kammala karatun sakandare a shekarar 1986, ta halarci Makarantar wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar DePaul da ke Chicago, inda ta sami digirin farko a shekarar 1990. Anderson ta kuma halarci shirin wasan bazara na Babban Burtaniya na lokacin bazara a Jami'ar Cornell Don ta tallafa wa kanta da kuɗi a lokacin ɗalibanta, ta yi aiki a Tsibirin Goose Island a Chicago. Bayan Anderson ta shahara, kamfanin giya ya sanya wa daya daga cikin giyar su sunan ta-wani gidan gona irin na Belgium wanda ake kira "Gillian". Anderson shine babba na 'yan uwa uku. Dan uwanta Haruna wanda aka gano yana da neurofibromatosis ta mutu a shekarar 2011 sakamakon bugun kwakwalwa, tana dan shekaratalatin 30. Haruna ya kasance DJ, mai ba da shawara, kuma mai aikin Buddha Ya kasance a cikin shekara ta biyu na shirin PhD a ilimin halayyar haɓaka a Jami'ar Stanford lokacin da aka gano shi da glioblastoma a shekara ta 2008. 'Yar uwarta Zoe kwararriya ce, wacce Anderson ta kira "fitaccen mai fasaha". Anderson dan bidi'a ne Tare da lafazin Ingilishi da asalin ta, an yi mata ba'a kuma tana jin ba ta da wuri a cikin Amurka ta Tsakiya kuma ba da daɗewa ba ta karɓi lafazin Midwwest Har zuwa yau, tana sauƙaƙa sauyawa tsakanin lafazin Amurka da Ingilishi. A May shekara ta 2013, a lokacin wata hira da BlogTalkRadio, Anderson jawabi al'amari na ta shaidar dan kasa "An tambaye shi ko zan ji kamar wata Brit fiye da wani American kuma ban sani ba, abin da amsar wannan tambayar. Na san cewa ina jin cewa London tana gida kuma ina matukar farin ciki da hakan a matsayin gidana. Ina son London a matsayin birni kuma ina jin daɗi a can. Dangane da asali, har yanzu ina cikin rudani. Anderson ta ƙaura zuwa New York lokacin tana da shekaru ashirin da biyu (22), kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai jiran abinci don tallafawa kanta. Ta fara aikinta a cikin wasan Alan Ayckbourn 's Abokan Abokai a Manhattan Theatre Club tare da Brenda Blethyn saboda rawar da ta taka ta lashe lambar yabo ta Duniya ta shekarar 1990 da shekara ta 91 don "Mafi Sabuwa". Matsayin wasan kwaikwayo na gaba shine a cikin Christopher Hampton 's Philanthropist a Long Wharf Theatre a New Haven, Connecticut Anderson ta koma Los Angeles a shekara ta 1992 kuma ta shafe shekara guda tana dubawa. A wannan shekarar, ta fito a fim ɗin ta na farko mai tsayi, The Turning, tare da Karen Allen da Tess Harper Fim ɗin fim ɗin daidaitawa ne na wasan Kona Gida Duk da cewa ta taba yin alwashin ba za ta taba yin aikin talabijin ba, kasancewar rashin aiki tsawon shekara guda ya canza mata tunani. Anderson ta tuna: “Da farko dai, na yi rantsuwa cewa ba zan taɓa ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles ba, kuma da zarar na yi, na rantse ba zan taɓa yin talabijin ba. Sai da na kusan kusan shekara guda ba tare da aiki ba na fara shiga [duba] wasu abubuwa da zan yi addu’a don ba zan samu ba saboda ba na son shiga ciki. Ta shiga gidan talabijin na yau da shekarar a kullun a cikin shekarar 1993 tare da bayyanar baƙo akan wasan kwaikwayo na kwaleji, Class na '96, akan sabuwar hanyar Fox Network Sakamakon wannan bayyanar baƙon, Anderson an aika da rubutun don The X-Files Tana da shekaru ashirin da hudu (24) lokacin da ta yanke shawarar tantancewa saboda, "a karon farko cikin dogon lokaci, rubutun ya ƙunshi mace mai ƙarfi, mai zaman kanta, mai hankali a matsayin jagora." Furodusa Chris Carter ya so ya yi hayar ta, amma Fox tana son wanda ke da tallan talabijin na baya da kuma sha'awar jima'i. Fox ya aika da ƙarin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, amma Carter ya tsaya kusa da Anderson, kuma a ƙarshe an jefa ta a matsayin Babban Jami'in FBI Dana Scully An yi fim ɗin don yanayi biyar na farko a Vancouver, British Columbia, kafin ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles, jerin sun gudana tsawon yanayi tara. An kuma shirya fina -finai biyu masu alaƙa, waɗanda aka saki a cikin shekarar 1998 da shekarar 2008. A lokacin da take kan The X-Files, Anderson ta lashe lambobin yabo da yawa don hoton hoton Agent Scully na musamman, gami da Kyautar Emmy don Fitacciyar Jarumar Fim a cikin Wasannin, Kyautar Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Television Series Drama, biyu 'Yan wasan allo Guild Awards don Fitaccen Aiki ta Mace Jaruma a cikin Jerin Wasannin Wasanni da Kyautar Saturn don Mafi kyawun Jaruma a Talabijin Anderson ita ce 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta farko da ta lashe Emmy, Golden Globe, da SAG Award a cikin wannan shekarar. Don rawar, ta karɓi jimlar zaɓen Emmy guda huɗu, nadin Golden Globe huɗu da nadin SAG tara. Anderson ita ce mace ta farko da ta rubuta da kuma jagorantar wani labari na The X-Files duk abubuwa A lokacin gudanarwarta-tsakanin yanayi na biyar da na shida-Anderson ta yi fim tare da The X-Files: Fight the Futureta fim na shekara ta 1998 wanda ta cigaba da labarin X-Files. Har ila yau, Anderson ta ba da muryar halinta na Scully a cikin The Springfield Files wani labari na jerin talabijin mai ban dariya mai ban dariya The Simpsons Yayin yin fim ɗin X-Files, ta sadu da mataimakiyar darektan fasaha Clyde Klotz, wanda ya zama mijinta na farko. Halin Anderson akan The X-Files ya fara wani abin da ake kira The Scully Effect kamar yadda likitan likita da wakilin FBI na musamman suka yi wahayi zuwa ga samari da yawa don neman ayyukan kimiyya, magani, da tilasta bin doka. Ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙaruwar adadin mata a waɗannan fannoni. "The Scully Effect" ya kasance batun binciken ilimi. A cikin shekara ta 1996, Anderson ya ba da labarin shirye -shiryen talabijin 'Yan leƙen asirin Sama da Dalilin da Ya Sa Shirin ke sauka Yayin da take shirya jerin shirye -shiryen BBC na Future Fantastic, jigon kiɗan wasan kwaikwayon, ta wayar lantarki Hal kuma ta fara haɗin gwiwa tare da su. A cikin shekara ta 1997, Anderson ya ba da muryoyin kalmomin magana kuma ya yi tauraro a cikin bidiyon kiɗan don "Extremis" guda ɗaya, wanda aka watsa akai -akai akan MTV Ta kuma taimaka wajen tara kundin kiɗa na lantarki, Future: A Journey Through The Electronic Underground, for Virgin Records, wanda ya sami yabo daga masu sukar kiɗan Turai. A cikin shekara ta 1997, Anderson ya fito a cikin fim mai zaman kansa Chicago Cab A shekarar 1998, ta fito a fim din Playing by Heart. Anderson kuma yana da rawar tallafawa a cikin fim ɗin The Mighty A cikin shekara ta 1999, Anderson yana da rawar tallafawa a cikin sakin Ingilishi na Hayao Miyazaki Gimbiya Mononoke, inda ta bayyana halin Moro. Anderson mai son aikin Studio Ghibli ne da aikin Miyazaki. Ta kuma shiga cikin Hauwa'u Ensler 's The Vagina Monologues.
2000s A cikinshekara 2000, Anderson ya yi tauraro a cikin fim ɗin The House of Mirth tare da Eric Stoltz Terence Davies 'karbuwa na littafin Edith Wharton na sunan ɗaya wanda ta sami babban yabo da kyaututtuka kamar Kyautar Fim ɗin Burtaniya Mai Kyau don Mafi Kyawun' Yar Wasan, Kauye Muryar Fim ɗin Muryar Mafi Kyawun Jagoran Aiki, da Nuna Kyautar Kyautar Ƙwararrun Masu Fim ɗin Fina -Finan Ƙwararru don Mafi kyawun Jaruma.
Manazarta
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1968
Pages with unreviewed |
53175 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunan%20mahaifi%20Zwelithini | Sunan mahaifi Zwelithini | Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu (27 Yuli 1948 12 Maris 2021) shi ne Sarkin Zulu daga 1968 zuwa mutuwarsa a 2021.
Matsayin siyasa A cikin rashin iko da aka samu a shekarun 1990 yayin da aka kawar da mulkin wariyar launin fata da kuma mulkin kasar da turawan Afirka ta Kudu suka yi, Sarki ya kara jan hankalinsa ga siyasar bangaranci. Da farko dai jam'iyyar Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) wacce Zulu ke da rinjaye ta yi adawa da wasu sassa na sabon kundin tsarin mulkin da jam'iyyar ANC ta gabatar dangane da mulkin cikin gida na KwaZulu Musamman ma, IFP ta yi kamfen don neman wani sarki Zulu mai cin gashin kansa kuma mai cin gashin kansa, a matsayin shugaban kasa na tsarin mulki. Sakamakon haka, IFP ta kaurace wa rajistar jam’iyyarta a zaɓen 1994 har sai an fayyace rawar da sarki zai taka a sabuwar dimokradiyya. Mandela da shugaba De Klerk sun shirya wata ganawa ta musamman inda aka amince da cewa za a kira masu shiga tsakani na kasa da kasa domin su daidaita batun sarki. Sakamakon haka, an yi wa IFP rajista don zaɓen. Ta nuna karfinta na siyasa ta hanyar karbar mafi rinjayen kuri'un lardin KwaZulu-Natal a zaben da aka ce.
Ya zama Sarki bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, Sarki Cyprian Bhekuzulu, a 1968 yana da shekara 20. Yariman Isra'ila Mcwayizeni ya kasance mai mulki daga 1968 zuwa 1971 yayin da Sarkin ya fake a lardin Transkai na Afirka ta Kudu na tsawon shekaru uku don kaucewa kisa. Bayan bikin cikarsa shekaru 21 da aurensa na farko, an nada Zwelithini a matsayin sarki na takwas na Zulus a wani bikin gargajiya a Nongoma a ranar 3 ga Disamba 1971, wanda ya samu halartar mutane 20,000. Zwelithini ya mutu ne a ranar 12 ga Maris, 2021, yana da shekaru 72, bayan an ba da rahoton an kwantar da shi a asibiti saboda rashin lafiya da ke da alaka da ciwon sukari. Yayin shirye-shiryen jana'izar sa, firaministan gargajiya na sarki, Mangosuthu Buthelezi, ya sanar da cewa ya mutu sakamakon COVID-19 A lokacin mafi yawan mulkin Sarki, dan uwansa (kawunsa a lissafin Zulu na Afirka Mangosuthu Buthelezi, Yariman KwaPhindangene kuma wanda ya kafa IFP, shine Firayim Minista na Zulu. Amma, a cikin watan Satumba na 1994, tashin hankali tsakanin ƴan uwa da ke da alaƙa a baya ya kai kololuwa a bainar jama'a yayin da bikin Shaka Zulu ya gabato. Jita-jitar cewa Sarkin na kokarin maye gurbin Buthelezi a matsayin firaministan Zulu da tsohon mai jiran gado Prince Mcwayizeni, wanda ya koma jam'iyyar ANC a shekarar 1990, da alama dai bayan da sarkin ya sanar da cewa Buthelezi ba zai zama babban mai ba shi shawara ba, kuma a lokaci guda ya soke bikin. Domin kare lafiyarsa, sojojin gwamnatin tarayya sun raka Sarki Zwelithini da jirgi mai saukar ungulu zuwa Johannesburg Ko da yake a lokacin Buthelezi yana rike da mukamin Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida a Majalisar Zartarwar Afirka ta Kudu, kokarin da Shugaba Mandela ya yi na sasantawa ya ci tura. Buthelezi ya mayar da taron daga Nongoma zuwa Stanger, kuma ya yi jawabi ga dimbin magoya bayansa na Zulu 10,000.
Bayan haka, ana tattaunawa da mai magana da yawun Sarkin, Yarima Sifiso Zulu a gidan talabijin na gidan rediyon Afirka ta Kudu, Buthelezi da masu tsaronsa suka katse shirin da karfi, inda suka tsorata Yarima Sifiso. Lamarin da aka watsa a gidan talabijin ya ja hankalin al'ummar kasar da kuma tsawatar da jama'a daga Mandela, lamarin da ya sa Buthelezi ya nemi gafarar iyalan masarautar Zulu, majalisar ministoci da al'ummar kasar kan halinsa. Dangantaka tsakanin Zwelithini da Buthelezi ta inganta daga baya.
Sarki Zwelithini ya ba da hadin kai kamar yadda doka ta tanada da ANC tun bayan da ta karbi ragamar mulki a KwaZulu-Natal Hukumomin lardin KwaZulu-Natal ne ke kula da kudaden Sarkin.
A cikin 1989 ya soki shugabannin ANC da rashin gayyatarsa da Buthelezi zuwa wani gangamin maraba da wadanda ake kara na Rivonia, wadanda aka saki bayan kusan shekaru 30 a gidan yari.
A matsayinsa na sarkin tsarin mulki na masarautar KwaZulu-Natal, ya kasance shugaban Ubukhosi, cibiyar shugabancin gargajiya da jihar ta amince da shi wanda ya kunshi sarakunan cikin gida. Matsayinsa na jagoranci ya kuma haɗa da shugabancin Hukumar Ƙabilar Usuthu da Hukumar Yankin Nongoma, waɗanda aka kafa a ƙarƙashin tanadin dokar KwaZulu Amakhosi da Iziphakanyiswa. A cikin jawabinsa na bude Majalisar Lardi a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2003, Sarkin ya shawarci gwamnati da ’yan majalisa da su kara kula da Ubukhosi :Ba a tuntubar shugabannin gargajiya ko kuma shiga cikin tsarin tsara manufofin da ke da tasiri kai tsaye a harkokinsu na yau da kullum. Cibiyar ta Ubukhosi ta kasance tun da dadewa kuma ta tsira daga wahalhalu da dama a karkashin gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka da suka gabata. A mahangar ƴan ƙasa, muhimmiyar rawar da Inkosi ke takawa na iya kasancewa wajen nuna alamar haɗin kan al'umma. Don haka duk wani ra'ayi cewa cibiyar Ubukhosi, yanzu da muke da gwamnatin dimokuradiyya, za a iya yin watsi da ita, ya kasance mafarkin bututu. Wasu kasashe da ke kan iyakokinmu sun yanke shawarar kawar da tsarin shugabancin gargajiya nan da nan bayan samun 'yancin kai daga sarakunan mulkin mallaka. Duk da haka, tun daga lokacin sun fahimci cewa sun tafka manyan kurakurai kuma yanzu suna sake ƙirƙira waɗannan cibiyoyi da tsada. A matsayina na Sarkin Zulu ina alfahari da irin rawar da Firayim Ministan Zulu, Yariman KwaPhindangene, Dokta MG Buthelezi ya taka wanda shi kadai ya taka rawar gani wajen ganin an kafa Cibiyar Shugabancin Gargajiya a kasar nan.
Matsayin al'adu Sarkin ya kasance shugaban kungiyar Ingonyama Trust, wata kungiya ce da aka kafa don gudanar da filayen da sarki ya mallaka domin amfanin al’ummar Zulu da walwalar abin duniya. Wannan ƙasa ta ƙunshi kashi 32% na yankin KwaZulu/Natal.
A matsayinsa na mai kula da al'adu da al'adun Zulu, Sarki Zwelithini ya farfado da ayyukan al'adu irin su Umhlanga, bikin rawa mai launi da alama wanda, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, yana haɓaka wayar da kan ɗabi'a da ilimin AIDS a tsakanin matan Zulu, da Ukweshwama, bikin 'ya'yan itace na farko, wanda wani aiki ne na gargajiya wanda ya shafi wasu al'adun gargajiya da suka hada da kashe bijimi. Bikin na ƙarshe ya kasance ƙarƙashin wata ƙara a watan Nuwamba 2009 ta Animal Rights Africa, yana zargin cewa hanyar kisan dabbar zalunci ce da dabbanci. Ya kuma yi balaguro da yawa zuwa kasashen waje don bunkasa yawon bude ido da kasuwanci a kasashen Yamma ga KwaZulu-Natal, da kuma tara kudade ga kungiyoyin agaji da Zulu ke tallafawa, galibi tare da wata tawagar sarauniyarsa A irin waɗannan lokuta ƙungiyoyin Zulu na cikin gida suna karbar bakuncinsa akai-akai, kuma suna ba da masu sauraro ga Zulus da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje.
A watan Yuni 1994, Jami'ar Zululand ta ba Sarki digirin girmamawa a fannin noma. Ya kasance Chancellor na reshen Afirka ta Kudu na Jami'ar Newport ta Amurka. A cikin Maris 1999 Coker College of South Carolina ta ba shi digiri na girmamawa a shari'a. A cikin rabin farko na 2001 an rantsar da shi a matsayin Chancellor na ML Sultan Technikon a KwaZulu-Natal.
An buga tarihin rayuwar Sarki da aka ba da izini, King of Goodwill, a cikin 2003. Wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa na wannan aikin da aka fara a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kasuwa, Johannesburg a ranar 16 ga Maris 2005. Sarkin ya yi magana a cocin Synagogue of All Nations da ke Legas, Najeriya, a cikin 2004, game da mahimmancin kasuwanci da zaman lafiya.
Rigingimu A watan Janairun 2012, yayin da yake magana a wani taron tunawa da cika shekaru 133 na yakin Isandlwana, Sarkin ya haifar da cece-kuce tare da bayaninsa cewa dangantakar jinsi daya ta "rube". Hukumar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Afirka ta Kudu da kuma kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam sun yi Allah wadai da kalaman nasa Shugaba Jacob Zuma ya tsawatar da sarkin kan kalaman nasa. Daga baya gidan sarautar Zulu ya ce an yi kuskuren fassara kalaman Sarkin kuma bai yi Allah-wadai da dangantakar jinsi daya ba, illa dai kawai ya bayyana damuwarsa ne kan halin da ake ciki na tabarbarewar tarbiyya a Afirka ta Kudu da ya haifar da cin zarafi da suka hada da namiji da namiji. cin zarafin jima'i A watan Satumban 2012, Sarki Goodwill Zwelithini ya nemi gwamnatin KwaZulu-Natal ta ba da Naira miliyan 18 don gina sabbin kadarori, ciki har da sabon gidan sarauta na miliyan 6 ga karamar matarsa Sarauniya Mafu da kuma inganta fadar Sarauniya MaMchiza. Sashen gidan sarautar Sarkin CFO, Mduduzi Mthembu, ya shaidawa kwamitin majalisar cewa ana bukatar kudin. Sashen ya kuma bukaci dala miliyan 1.4 don inganta fadar Sarauniya MaMchiza. Tuni dai gwamnati ta ware kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 6.9 ga iyalan gidan sarautar a shekarar 2012, ba a karon farko da ake zargin an kashe makudan kudade ba; a shekara ta 2008, jam'iyyun adawa sun soki matan Sarki Zwelithini saboda kashe kusan dalar Amurka 24,000 kan lilin, tufafin zane, da kuma hutu masu tsada. Da yake jawabi a wurin taron al'ummar karamar hukumar Phongolo UPhongolo a watan Maris din shekarar 2015, Sarki Zwelithini ya amince da cewa yayin da sauran kasashen duniya suka taka rawar gani a kokarin da aka yi na 'yantar da kasar Afirka ta Kudu, bai kamata a dauki hakan a matsayin uzuri ga baki na kawo matsala a kasar a yanzu ta hanyar yin takara da 'yan kasar. don karancin damar tattalin arziki. <ref name="nehanda">Foreigners must go home King Zwelithini Nehanda'. Retrieved 15 April 2015.'''</ref> Da yake kara da cewa yana da ’yancin fadin abin da ba ‘yan siyasa ba ne, ya bukaci baki da su koma kasashensu, tun da a cewarsa, ‘yan Afirka ta Kudu da ke kasashen waje ba su ci gaba da bude harkokin kasuwanci a kasashen da suka karbi bakuncinsu ba. An gudanar da wadannan dubaru ne a daidai lokacin da ake samun zaman dar-dar tsakanin 'yan Afirka ta Kudu da kuma wadanda ba 'yan kasar ba, tashin hankalin da ya barke a Soweto a watan Janairu ya bazu zuwa KwaZulu-Natal, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane uku. Kakakin jam'iyyar Democratic Alliance, ya yi kira da a janye hankalin jama'a tare da neman gafara, ya soki kalaman da cewa "rashin nauyi ne sosai", yayin da wani jami'in SAHRC ya lakafta su da nuna kyama dangane da hare-haren da ake kaiwa 'yan kasashen waje. Ana zargin cewa ya haifar da tashin hankali ga wadanda ba 'yan kasar ba, duk da cewa kalaman Zwelithini na nuna kyama ga al'umma da sha'awar 'yan kasashen waje sun yi imanin cewa alhakin barin Afirka ta Kudu bai banbance tsakanin 'yan gudun hijira na doka da kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba, daga baya kakakinsa ya ce yana magana ne kawai ga wadanda ke cikin kasar ba bisa ka'ida ba. Mata da yara Sarki Goodwill Zwelithini yana da mata shida da ’ya’ya 28. Waɗannan sun haɗa da
maDlamini na Kwa-Khethomthandayo Royal House, Nongoma, (an haife shi Sibongile Winifred Dlamini), ya yi aure 27 Disamba 1969 a St Margaret's Church, Nongoma. Prince Lethukuthula Zulu (na Ndlunkulu Sibongile MaDlamini), an haife shi 1970 ya mutu 2020. Gimbiya Nombuso Zulu (na Ndlunkulu Sibongile MaDlamini), wanda ya mallaki Sabis na Abinci na Ilembe na Durban, an haife shi 1973.
Ntombizosuthu Ka Zwelithini Duma (na Ndlunkulu Sibongile MaDlamini), 'yar kasuwa wacce ta mallaki Dabarun Dabaru da Zamalwandle Transport Logistics tare da mijinta. An haife shi a shekara ta 1979, ya auri Mbongiseni Duma, wani ɗan kasuwa mazaunin Johannesburg. Gimbiya Ntandoyenkosi Ka Zwelithini Ngcaweni (na Ndlunkulu Sibongile MaDlamini), Manajan Kadara a Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Jama'a (PIC), an haife shi 1982. An auri Busani Ngcaweni, wanda ya jagoranci ofishin tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasar Afirka ta Kudu, Kgalema Motlanthe Gimbiya Sinethemba Bati Zulu (na Ndlunkulu Sibongile Dlamini), an haife shi 1989, a halin yanzu. yana neman digiri a Harkokin Harkokin Duniya, a Jami'ar Witwatersrand.
Buhle KaMathe na Kwa-Dlamahlahla Royal House, Nongoma, an haife shi A cikin watan Mayun 1996, ita da 'yarta sun sami munanan raunuka a wani hari da aka kai musu inda aka yi musu bulala, aka caka musu wuka da harbe-harbe.
Gimbiya Sibusile Zulu (na Ndlunkulu Buhle KaMathe), an haife shi 1972.
Gimbiya Nandi Zulu (na Ndlunkulu Buhle KaMathe), an haife shi 1977, ya yi aure (civil) 6 Disamba 2002 a St John's Cathedral, Mthatha, na Bishop Sitembele Mzamane da (na al'ada) 7 Disamba a Thembu Great Place kusa da Qunu, ga Cif Mfundo Bovulengwa Mtirara, an haife shi 25 Maris 1973, Muƙaddashin Mataimakin Babban Hakimin Thembu daga 2000, Babban Hakimin Gargajiya na Matye'ngqina Yarima Phumuzuzulu (na Ndlunkulu Buhle KaMathe Phumuza), mai suna bayan babban kakansa Sarki Phumuzululu kaDinuzulu, ɗan Sarki kaCetshwayo
Prince Shlobosenkosi Zulu (na Ndlunkulu Buhle KaMathe), an haife shi a shekara ta 1988, ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Kearsney a Dutsen Botha, Durban Yarima Nhlanganiso Zulu (na Ndlunkulu Buhle KaMathe), ya auri Wandi
Yarima Buzabazi, ya ba da shawarar maye gurbin mahaifinsa ta bangaren sarauta Marigayi Yarima Butho Zulu
Mantfombi Dlamini, na Kwa-Khangelamankengane Royal House, Nongoma, Babbar Matar, 1953–2021, 'yar Sobhuza II na Swaziland kuma 'yar'uwar Sarki Mswati III, ta yi aure 1977. Mai martaba ta kuma kasance memba na Cocin Adventist na kwana bakwai, kuma shine mai rikon mukamin mai mulki a kan mutuwar mijinta. Sarki Misuzulu Zulu (na Ndlunkulu Mantfombi), an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Satumba 1974 a Kwahlabisa, KwaZulu-Natal, tare da digiri a cikin Nazarin Duniya daga Jacksonville, Florida, Sarkin Zulu daga 7 ga Mayu 2021. Yana da aure kuma yana da ‘ya’ya biyu tare da matarsa. Ya yi karatu a St. Charles College, Pietermaritzburg
Gimbiya Ntandoyesizwe Zulu (na Ndlunkulu Mantfombi), an haife shi a 1976, ta yi aure 13 Afrilu 2002 a Endokeni Royal Palace, Nongoma, zuwa marigayi Prince Oupa Moilwa, Shugaban Bahurutshe BagaMoilwa Bikin farar hula 11 Yuli 2004, a Pongola Ya yi karatu a St. John's Diocesan School for Girls, Pietermaritzburg
Gimbiya Nomkhosi (na Ndlunkulu Mantfombi), an haife shi 1978, ango Melusi Moyo. Ya yi karatu a The Wykeham Collegiate
Yarima Bambindlovu (Makhosezwe), an haife shi a shekara ta 1981 (na Ndlunkulu Mantfombi) manomi, mai zanen ciki da fasaha. Ya yi karatu a St. Charles College, Pietermaritzburg
Gimbiya Bukhosibemvelo, (na Ndlunkulu Mantfombi), haifaffen 1985, ta auri Sipho Nyawo, wadda ta biya mata shanu 120 a matsayin wani bangare na ilobolo'' Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Epworth, Pietermaritzburg
Prince Lungelo, haifaffen 1984 (na Ndlunkulu Mantfombi), ya taba zama dalibi a makarantar kwana ta Michaelhouse a KwaZulu-Natal.
Prince Mandlesizwe, haifaffen 1990 (na Ndlunkulu Mantfombi)
Prince Simangaye, haifaffen 1991 (na Ndlunkulu Mantfombi)
Thandekile "Thandi" Jane Ndlovu na Linduzulu Royal House, Nongoma, ya yi aure 1988
Yarima Sihlangu Zulu (na Ndlunkulu Thandi), mai zane mai suna zulusoul
Gimbiya Mukelile Zulu (na Ndlunkulu Thandi)
Nompumelelo Mchiza na oSuthu Royal House, Nongoma, ya auri 25 Yuli 1992.
Gimbiya Nqobangothando Zulu (na Ndlunkulu Nompumelelo)
Prince Nhlangano Zulu (na Ndlunkulu Nompumelelo)
Gimbiya Cebo Zulu (na Ndlunkulu Nompumelelo)
Zola Zelusiwe Mafu of Ondini Royal House, Ulundi, haifaffen betrothed 2006, aure 2014. Prince Nhlendlayenkosi Zulu (na Ndlunkulu LaMafu)
Duba kuma Jerin sarakunan Zulu
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Wurin yawon shakatawa da ke kwatanta bikin rawan Reed
Gidan yanar gizon Sarauta ba na Turai ba 'Yan gidan sarautar Zulu sun yi tafiya cikin salo' News24
Matattun 2021
Haifaffun 1948
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
15117 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafsat%20Abdulwaheed | Hafsat Abdulwaheed | Hafsat Abdulwaheed Ahmed (an haife ta 5 ga Mayun shekara ta, 1952) ƴar Nijeriya ce, marubuciya, mawaƙiya, kuma mai rajin kare haƙƙin mata. Ita ce mace ta farko marubuciyar Hausa daga Arewacin Najeriya da ta rubuta wani littafi da aka wallafa. Hafsat ta fito ne daga unguwar Kofar Mata da ke cikin garin Kano na Jihar Kano a Najeriya Rayuwar farko An haifi Hafsat Abdulwaheed a ranar 5 ga Mayu, 1952. Marubuciya ce ƴar Najeriya wacce take yin rubutu akasari da Hausa Mawaƙiya ce, kuma mai rajin kare haƙƙin mata Ta fito ne daga unguwar ƙofar Mata da ke cikin garin Kano, Arewacin Najeriya. Ta yi karatun firamare a makarantar firamare ta Shahuci da sakandare a Provincial Girls School a halin yanzu ana kiranta Makarantar Sakandaren Ƴan Mata ta Shekara, duk a Jihar Kano. Ta fara rubutu tun tana makarantar firamare. Ta auri Muhammed Ahmed Abdulwaheed a ranar 25 ga Janairun 1966 A farkon shekarun 1970 ta zama mace ta farko marubuciyar Hausa da ta fara wallafa littafin nata. A cikin shekarun 2000, ta yi yunƙurin tsayawa takarar zaɓen gwamna a jihar Zamfara da ke Arewacin Najeriya. Ta rubuta littattafai sama da 30, biyar ne kawai aka buga. Tana da yara da dama kuma babban cikinsu shine Kadaria Amed, yar jarida
Fannin Rubutu Hafsat Abdulwaheed ta fara rubutu tun tana makarantar firamare, in da ta rubuta tatsuniyoyin almara kuma ta samu lambobin yabo. Ta taɓa karɓar kyauta daga Britishungiyar Birtaniyya lokacin da take aji huɗu ko biyar. A shekarar 1970 ta shiga daya daga cikin labaran nata, mai suna So Aljannar Duniya ("So Aljannar Duniya ce"), wacce ta rubuta lokacin da take aji biyar a firamare, a gasar adabi da kamfanin buga takardu na Arewacin Najeriya (NNPC) ya shirya. Littafin ya samo asali ne daga abubuwanda yayanta suka aura wanda a lokacin ta auri wata 'yar Libya kuma bambancin al'adu suka fara haifar da rikici a cikin auren. Ta bita ta kuma tace shi kafin a kawo shi.
Littafin, wanda shine sanannen littafin nata, shine yazo na biyu a gasar. Don haka masu sharhi suka yi wa Aljannar Duniya hukunci a matsayin share fagen wani nau'in rubutu na Hausa na zamani da ake kira Littattafan Soyayya ko "Littattafan Soyayya", ko kuma abin da ake kira "Adabin Kasuwar Kano". Cara Giaimo ya nakalto Abdallah Uba Adamu da Graham Furniss suna cewa, wannan littafin ne "da gaske ne ya daidaita duniya ga rubutun [Hausa] na labarin soyayya. Hafsat Abdulwaheed ta rubuta litattafai sama da 30, tatsuniyoyi da marasa tatsuniyoyi. Daga cikin wadannan, ban da So Aljannar Duniya, Yardubu Mai Tambotsai ("'Yardubu mai mallaka" almara), Nasiha ga Ma'aura Nasihar ga Ma'auratan da ba su da labarinsu), Namijin Maza Tauraron Annabawa (ba almara a kan rayuwar Annabi Muhammad), da kuma wani littafin wakoki, na farko a Turanci, Ancient Dance, an buga.
Siyasa Abdulwaheed ya kasance memba na wata kungiyar kare hakkin mata a Najeriya da ake kira Baobab. Lokacin da kasar ta koma kan mulkin dimokiradiyya a shekarar 1999 bayan tsawan mulkin soja, kungiyar ta lura cewa babu mata a majalisar ministocin Jihar Arewa maso Yammacin Zamfara, inda Hafsat ke zaune tare da mijinta tsawon shekaru. A wani lokaci, ta ce, “shugabannin kungiyar sun je ziyarar gwamnan tare da nuna rashin jin dadinsu da wannan ci gaban. Ban tafi tare da su ba saboda ba a ba ni yin shiru ba lokacin da na ji wani abu ba daidai bane.
“Lokacin da suka dawo, sai suka gaya min cewa gwamnan ya ce babu wata mace a Zamfara da ta yi karatun da za ta yi aiki a majalisar ministocinsa, kuma ina ganin hakan cin fuska ne, domin a gidana kadai‘ ya’yana mata sun yi karatu sosai.
"Sai na ce, 'To, ba kawai za mu nemi matsayin kwamishina ba ne, za mu kwace kujerarsa'. Kuma na yanke shawarar cewa zan tsaya takarar gwamnan a zabe mai zuwa Burinta bai kasance ba, duk da haka, saboda shawarar da ta yanke ya gamu da hayaniya. "Ka sani a Arewa baƙon abu ne a ce mace ta ce tana son yin komai don amfanin jama'a, sai dai rage matsayin shugabanci", in ji ta. Bayan la'antar neman takarar da malaman addinin musulinci suka gabatar mata, jam'iyyar da take son yin takara a kanta ta karyata mata goyon baya kuma, a karshe, mahaifinta ya ba ta damar yin magana da ra'ayin, duk da cewa ta buga takardu da wasu kayan yakin neman zabe. Manazarta Haifaffun |
18388 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnodar | Krasnodar | Krasnodar Russian birni ne, da ke a Kudancin Rasha, a kan Kogin Kuban, kusan arewa maso gabashin tashar Bahar Maliya ta Novorossiysk Ita ce cibiyar gudanarwa ta Krasnodar Krai (wanda aka fi sani da Kuban Tana da yawan mutane Jumulla 744,900 a 2010, 646,175 a 2002 da 620,516 a 1989.
Suna An kafa garin ne a watan Janairu 12, 1794 (kalandar Gregorian) a matsayin Yekaterinodar Sunan asalin yana nufin "Kyautar Catherine", duka don girmamawar kyautar da Catherine the Great ta bayar a yankin Kuban zuwa ga Black Sea Cossacks (daga baya Kuban Cossacks sannan kuma don girmama Saint Catherine, Shuhada, wanda ake wa kallon zama magajin birni. Bayan Juyin Juya Hali na Oktoba, Yekaterinodar aka sake masa suna zuwa Krasnodar (Disamba 1920). Akwai ma'anoni biyu masu yuwuwa ga sabon sunan garin: Krasno- ma'ana ko dai 'kyakkyawa' (wani tsohon tushe) ko 'ja' (musamman dacewa dangane da yanayin siyasar lokacin); da -dar ma'ana 'kyauta'. Don haka, sunan birni yana nufin ko dai kyakkyawar kyauta ko kyautar ja (ma'ana 'kyautar ja'). Tarihi Asalin garin yana farawa ne da sansanin soja da Cossacks suka gina don kare iyakokin masarauta da neman mallakar Rasha akan Circassia, wanda Ottoman Turkey ta fafata A farkon rabin ƙarni na 19 Yekaterinodar ya zama babban cibiyar Kuban Cossacks An ba shi matsayin gari a cikin 1867. Zuwa shekarar 1888 kusan mutane 45,000 suka rayu a cikin garin kuma ya zama muhimmiyar cibiyar kasuwanci ta kudancin Rasha. A cikin 1897, an gina katafaren bikin tunawa da tsohon tarihin Kuban Cossack Host 200 a Yekaterinodar.
A lokacin Yaƙin basasa na Rasha garin ya canza hannaye sau da yawa tsakanin Red Army da Sojojin sa kai, yawancin Kuban Cossacks sun kasance masu adawa da Bolsheviks waɗanda ke goyan bayan Farar Fata A lokacin Yakin Patan Patasa (Yaƙin Duniya na II), Sojojin Jamusawa sun mamaye Krasnodar tsakanin 12 ga Agusta, 1942 da 12 ga Fabrairu, 1943. Garin ya sami asara mai yawa a cikin fadan amma an sake gina shi kuma an gyara shi bayan yakin.
A lokacin rani na 1943, Soviet ta fara gwaji, gami da na 'yan ƙasarsu, don haɗa kai da Nazis da shiga cikin laifukan yaƙi. An gudanar da irin wannan gwaji na farko a Krasnodar a ranakun 14-17, 1943 na Yuli. Wannan ita ce fitina ta farko a bainar jama'a game da kisan Yahudawa da yawa a lokacin Kisan kiyashi kan Yahudawa. Kotun Krasnodar ta yanke hukuncin kisa sau takwas, wadanda aka gudanar a dunkule a dandalin garin a gaban taron mutane kusan dubu talatin.
An haifi shahararren soprano 'yar Rasha Anna Netrebko, soprano Evgenia Kononova, cosmonaut Gennady Padalka, Andrei Shkuro mai sabawa ra'ayin juzu'i da motsa jiki mai motsa jiki Inna Zhukova an haife su a Krasnodar. Wani sananne 'yan qasar na Krasnodar ne Girka kwando na duniya Lazaros Papadopoulos, suka yi hijira zuwa ƙasar Girka tare da Pontic Greek iyaye lokacin da yake da shekaru 10 da haihuwa.
Manyan abubuwan gani Krasnodar gida ne ga hasumiyar ƙarfe wanda injiniyan Rasha kuma masanin kimiyya Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov ya gina a 1928; yana kusa da Krasnodar Circus Sauran abubuwan jan hankali sun hada da Cathedral na St. Catherine, da Gidan Tarihi na Fasahar Jiha, wurin shakatawa da gidan wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Maxim Gorky, kyakkyawan zauren kade kade na Krasnodar Philharmonic Society, wanda ake ganin yana da wasu daga cikin mafi kyawun kyan gani a kudancin Rasha, State Cossack Choir da da krasnodar circus
Wurin da ya fi ban sha'awa na Krasnodar shine titin Krasnaya (wanda aka fassara shi da "Ja, Kyakkyawan Titi"). Akwai abubuwan gani da yawa a can. A farkon wannan titin mutum na iya ganin Babban Gidan Wasan Kere-Kere; a daya karshen kuma mutum zai iya ganin Avrora cinemacenter. "Arumpump Arch" yana tsakiyar titin Krasnaya.
Sufuri Babban kamfanin jirgin saman shine Kuban Airlines (a Filin jirgin saman Krasnodar na Duniya kuma manyan otal-otal a cikin birni sun haɗa da Intourist, Hotel Moskva, da Hotel Platan. Krasnodar yana amfani da 220 V 50 Hz samar da wutar lantarki tare da kantunan zagaye biyu, kamar yawancin ƙasashen Turai.
Jigilar jama'a a cikin Krasnodar ta ƙunshi bas ta birni, trolleybuses, trams, da marshrutkas Trolleybuses da trams, dukansu suna da ƙarfi ta wayoyin lantarki, sune ainihin hanyar sufuri a Krasnodar. Ba kamar Moscow da Saint Petersburg ba, Krasnodar ba shi da tsarin birni.
Tambari Tambari na Yekaterinodar da aka gabatar a 1841 da Cossack yesaul Ivan Chernik. Harafin sarauta "E" a tsakiya na Ekaterina II ne (na Rasha don Catherine II Hakanan yana nuna ranar da aka kafa garin, Mikiya mai kai biyu (mai alamar Tsar na taimakon Black Sea Cossacks), bulawa na Cossack ataman, Yekaterinodar sansanin soja, da tutoci masu haruffa "E", "P", "A da" N "tsaye ga Catherine II, Paul I, Alexander I da Nicholas I. Taurari masu launin rawaya kewaye da garken suna misalta stanitsas na Bahar Maliya 59 a cikin garin.
Alakar duniya
Tan tagwayen birane Krasnodar yana tagwaye birane guda biyar, kamar yadda hukumar kula da ƴan uwan birane ta duniya ta tsara. (SCI):
Tallahassee, United States
Karlsruhe, Germany
Burgas, Bulgaria
Harbin, China
Ferrara, Italy
Shahararrun mutane Anna Netrebko (b. 1971), mawaƙin opera
Alexander Tamanian (1878-1936), Armenian neoclassical architect
Gennady Padalka (b. 1958), cosmonaut
Alexandre Bondar (b. 1972), marubuci kuma marubuci
Sergei Tiviakov (b. 1973), dara darakta Grandmaster
Eduard Kokcharov (b. 1975), dan wasan kwallon hannu
Natalia Chernova (b. 1976), mai wasan motsa jiki
Lazaros Papadopoulos (b. 1980), dan wasan kwallon kwando na Girka
Inna Zhukova (b. 1986), mai wasan motsa jiki mai motsa jiki
Manazarta Tashar yanar gizo ta Krasnodar Gudanar da Gari da Duma
Hotunan Krasnodar Krasnodar labarai
Birane
Biranen Rasha
Biranen Asiya
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25842 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nollywood | Nollywood | Nollywood tana nufin masana'antar fim ta Najeriya Asalin kalmar ta samo asali ne a farkon shekarun 2000, wanda aka samo asalin ta a wata kasida a cikin jaridar New York Times. Saboda tarihin hadaka ma'anoni da abubuwan da ke faruwa, babu wata ma'ana mai ma'ana ko yarjejeniya don kalmar, wanda ya sa ta zama batun jayayya da yawa.
Etymology Asalin kalmar "Nollywood" har yanzu ba a sani ba; Jonathan Haynes ya bi diddigin farkon amfani da kalmar zuwa labarin shekarar 2002 da Matt Steinglass ya buga a jaridar New York Times, inda aka yi amfani da ita wajen bayyana sinima ta Najeriya Charles Igwe ya lura cewa Norimitsu Onishi kuma ya yi amfani da sunan a cikin labarin Satumba na shekarar 2002 da ya rubuta wa New York Times. A lokaci ya ci gaba da za a yi amfani da a kafofin watsa labarai don koma zuwa Nijeriya fim, tare da definition daga baya zaci su zama wani portmanteau daga cikin kalmomi "Nigeria" da kuma Hollywood babbar cibiyar finafinai ta Amurka. Ma'anar abin da ake kallon fina -finan Nollywood ya kasance batun muhawara. Alex Eyengho ya ayyana Nollywood a matsayin "jimlar ayyukan da ke faruwa a masana'antar fina finan Najeriya, da Turanci, Yarbanci, Hausa, Igbo, Itsekiri, Edo, Efik, Ijaw, Urhobo ko kuma wani daga cikin yarukan Najeriya sama da 300 Ya ci gaba da cewa "yanayin tarihin Nollywood ya fara ne tun kafin Najeriya ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta da kokarin wasan kwaikwayo (mataki) da na fim celluloid irin su Cif Hubert Ogunde, Cif Amata, Baba Sala, Ade Love, Eddie Ugbomah. da wasu da yawa Tsawon shekaru kuma ana amfani da kalmar Nollywood don nufin wasu masana'antun fina-finai masu alaqa, kamar gidan sinimar Turanci ta gidan sinima na Ingilishi na Ghana, wadanda galibi ana shirya fina-finansu tare da Najeriya da/ko kamfanonin Najeriya ke rarraba su. Haka kuma an yi amfani da kalmar don fina -finan diasporaan Najeriya/Afirka na kasashen waje wadanda ake dauka suna da alagqa da Najeriya ko aka yi su musamman don kama masu sauraron Najeriya. Babu wani takamaiman ma'anar yadda fim din dan Najeriya zai kasance kafin a kira shi Nollywood Wasu masu ruwa da tsaki a koda yaushe suna bayyana rashin jituwarsu kan wa'adin; bayar da dalilai kamar gaskiyar cewa bako ne ya kirkiro kalmar, kamar irin wannan nau'in na mulkin mallaka An kuma yi jayayya cewa kalmar tana kwaikwayon abin da ya riga ya kasance Hollywood maimakon asali a cikin kansa, wannan asali ne kuma na musamman na Afirka.
Kananan masana'antu
Fim din Najeriya Shirya fina-finai a Najeriya ya kasu kashi-kashi, da na kabilanci da na addini Don haka, akwai masana'antun fina finai daban-daban kowannensu yana neman nuna damuwar sashin musamman da kabilun da yake wakilta. Duk da haka, akwai masana'antar fina-finan turanci wacce ke narkar da shirin fim daga mafi yawan masana'antun yankin.
Fim din Yarbanci ya kasance karamar masana'antar Nollywood, tare da yawancin masu yin ta a yankin Yammacin Najeriya. Fim din yaren Yarbanci ya fara ne yayin da 'yan wasan gungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo na yawo daban-daban na Yarbawa suka fara daukar ayyukansu sama da mataki don shiga harkar fim ta amfani da tsarin Celluloid, har zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1960. Waɗannan kwararrun ana ɗaukar su a wasu wurare a matsayin na farko 'yan fim na Najeriya na gaskiya. Fina -finan kamar Kongi's Harvest (1972), Bull Frog in The Sun (1971), Bisi, 'Yar Kogin (1977), Jaiyesimi (1980), da Cry Freedom (1981) sun fada cikin wannan zamani na masana'antar fina -finan Yarbawa. Likitoci kamar Ola Balogun, Duro Ladipo da Adeyemi Afolayan (Ade Love) sun taka rawar gani lokacin da suka fito da “Ajani Ogun” a shekarar 1976. Wannan fim din yana daaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da suka taimaka wajen sanya fim din yaren Yoruba akan taswira, sannan sauran abubuwan da Hubert Ogunde da sauran su suka biyo baya. Ofaya daga cikin masu hana shinge na farko daga Najeriya, ya fito ne daga masana'antar yaren Yoruba; sanannen misali shine Mosebolatan (1985) na Moses Olaiya wanda ya tara ₦107,000 (kimanin 2015 ₦44.2 miliyan) a cikin kwanaki biyar da fitowar ta. Masana'antar Fim ɗin Hausa, wanda aka fi sani da Kannywood, shima ƙaramin masana'antar Nollywood ne, galibi masana'antar na Kano Fim din, wanda shi ne mafi girma a Arewacin Najeriya, sannu a hankali ya samo asali daga shirye -shiryen RTV Kaduna da Rediyon Kaduna a shekarun 1960. Tsofaffin sojoji kamar Dalhatu Bawa da Kasimu Yero sun fara shirya wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya zama sananne ga masu sauraron Arewa. Shekaru na 1990 sun sami canji mai ban mamaki a cikin sinimomin Arewacin Najeriya, suna dokin jawo hankalin karin masu sauraron Hausa waɗanda ke ganin fina -finan Bollywood sun fi jan hankali, Kannywood; Hadin sinima na al'adun Indiya da Hausa ya samo asali kuma ya shahara sosai. Turmin Danya ("The Draw"), 1990, galibi ana ambaton shi a matsayin fim din Kannywood da ya fara cin nasara. Cikin sauri aka bi wasu kamar Gimbiya Fatima da Kiyarda Da Ni Sunusi Shehu na Mujallar Tauraruwa ya ƙirƙiri kalmar "Kannywood" a 1999 kuma nan da nan ya zama sanannen sunan masana'antar. Zuwa shekarar 2012, sama da kamfanonin fina -finai 2000 aka yi wa rijista da kungiyar masu shirya fina finan jihar Kano.
Fim din Ingilishi na Ghana A cikin shekarun da suka gabata an kuma yi amfani da kalmar Nollywood don nufin wasu masana'antun fina-finai masu alaƙa, kamar gidan sinima na Ingilishi na Ghana Kusan shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2007, ɗan fim ɗin Najeriya Frank Rajah Arase ya rattaba hannu kan wata kwangila tare da wani kamfanin samar da fina -finai na kasar Ghana, Venus Films, wanda ya hada da taimakawa shigar da 'yan wasan Ghana cikin manyan masana'antar Nollywood. Wannan haɗin gwiwar a karshe ya haifar da shaharar wasu fitattun 'yan wasan Ghana, kamar Van Vicker, Jackie Appiah, Majid Michel, Yvonne Nelson, John Dumelo, Nadia Buari da Yvonne Okoro, wanda ake iya cewa kamar na takwarorinsu na Najeriya. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, saboda tsadar shirya fim a Najeriya, an tilasta wa masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya yin fina -finai a wajen Legas don rage tsada, tare da nuna ficewar yin fim a Hollywood daga Los Angeles zuwa birane kamar Toronto da Albuquerque, wani abin da aka sani da samar da gudu. A sakamakon haka, wasu furodusoshi da yawa, sun fara harbi a birane kamar Accra, Ghana, suna sanya tanadi don saka hannun jari a ingantattun kayan aiki, da yawa daga cikinsu suna kokarin shigar da finafinan su akan babban allon. Wannan ci gaban ya haifar da wani hadin gwiwa tsakanin masana'antar fim ta Najeriya da ta Ghana, kuma yawancin fina -finan Ingilishi daga Ghana suma sun fara amsa alamar "Nollywood". Wannan ya faru ne saboda karuwar abubuwan hadin gwiwa da waɗannan fina-finan ke samu, da kuma saukin yadda suke amintar da ma'amaloli na rarrabawa tare da gidajen shirya fina-finan Najeriya. Wannan kuma galibi saboda yawancin mutanen da ba na Yammacin Afirka ba za su iya bambance tsakanin wadannan fina-finai da fina-finan Najeriya, tunda ya zama al'ada ga manyan fina-finai daga Najeriya zuwa taurarin taurari daga Najeriya da Ghana.
Nollywood Amurka Nollywood Amurka tana da fadi, ana amfani da ita don nufin fina-finan Najeriya da aka yi a kasashen waje. Kodayake ana kiran su da suna Nollywood USA, ana iya harba wadannan fina-finan a kowace kasa da ba ta Afirka ba. Waɗannan fina -finan galibi 'yan fim din Najeriya ne da ke zaune a kasashen waje ke yin su kuma galibi ana yin su ne don masu sauraron Najeriya. Kamar kalmar "Nollywood", ma'anar "Nollywood USA" ba ta da ma'ana.
Fina-finan Nollywood na Amurka yawanci suna ba da labaran Najeriya, kuma galibi suna yin taurarin kafa jaruman Nollywood, tare da 'yan wasan Najeriya/Afirka masu zuwa da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje. Fina finan galibi suna da fitattun finafinai a Najeriya kuma a wasu lokutan ma suna ba da tabbacin sakin wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa kamar na fina finan Nollywood na yau da kullun..
Nollywood a ciki rigima 20 A cikin shekarar 2012, an ba da sanarwar cewa Nollywood za ta yi bikin cika shekara 20. Wannan shekara ta cika shekaru 20 bayan fitowar fim din kai tsaye zuwa bidiyo Rayuwa a Daure (1992), wanda a iya cewa alama ce ta bunkasa a zamanin fim din bidiyo Daga karshe an yi bikin tunawa da ranar a watan Yunin 2013. Daga baya an bayyana taron a matsayin yanke hukunci na wani bangare na masana'antar ba taron da aka amince da shi ba; kungiyar masu shirya fina -finai (AMP) ce ta shirya taron, kungiyar da ta kunshi masu shirya fina -finan bidiyo. Tun bayan sanar da bikin "Nollywood 20" a cikin 2012 har zuwa bikinta a shekara ta 2013, taron ya jawo cece -kuce daga masu ruwa da tsaki; mafi yawansu sun yi imanin cewa masana'antar ta girmi shekaru fiye da 20. Tun da Nollywood ya kasance kalma ce ga masana'antar fina finan Najeriya gaba ɗaya, an yi ta jayayya cewa ba za a iya amfani da Rayuwa a cikin Bondage don murnar masana'antar fim ta Najeriya ba, yana mai bayyana cewa fim din ba, a zahiri, fim din bidiyo na farko ne na Najeriya, haka ma ba fim din bidiyo na farko "mai nasara", kasa da fim din Najeriya na farko. Wannan biki mai cike da rudani ya kuma haifar da rahotanni cewa wani bangare na masana'antar, "Association of Nigeria Theatre Arts Practitioners (ANTP)" na shirin sake sunan masana'antar zuwa wani lokaci wanda zai mamaye tarihin masana'antar fim ta Najeriya, tun daga lokacin. An zargi Nollywood da rarrabuwar kawuna. Yayin da magoya bayan taron suka yi gardama cewa ita ce "alamar Nollywood" da ake yi ba masana'anta ba, an yi ta ce-ce-ku-ce cewa kalmar "Nollywood" ta wanzu ne kawai a cikin shwk2000s, don haka ana buƙatar bayani akan yadda za a iya ƙara "Nollywood Brand" zuwa shekarar 1992 wanda ba shi da mahimmanci ta kowace hanya, kuma me yasa ba kawai ga fim din farko na Najeriya da aka yi ba. Alex Eyengho ya lura a cikin labarin 2012 cewa kalmar "Nollywood" ba ta nan a cikin shekarun samar da fina -finan bidiyo da na Zamanin Zinare Seun Apara, a cikin labarinsa a 360Nobs.com ya bayyana cewa: "Ko dai masu gabatar da taron ba su yi binciken su da kyau ba ko da gangan ba sa son yin lissafin tarihi". Adegboyega Oyeniya yayi sharhi: "Ban san abin da suke magana ba ta hanyar bikin 'Nollywood 20'; shin suna yin Ramsey Tokunbo Nouah ko Genevieve Nnaji Watakila, suna bikin arziki. Wadannan mutane su daina yaudarar ‘yan Najeriya”. Wasu kafafen yada labarai sun kuma bayar da rahoton cewa taron ya faru ne sakamakon kwadayi da son rai, yayin da masu shirya gasar suka ziyarci mutane na siyasa don neman kudade da sunan Masana'antu, amma ana zargin sun raba kudaden da aka tara a tsakaninsu. Wani batun da ya haifar da laifin taron shine cewa ba a girmama ainihin "masu cimma nasara" a Nollywood ba, a'a an girmama masu aikin kusan iri daya tare da masu shirya taron da ake zargi. Masu shirya fina -finai da masu ruwa da tsaki da dama sun bayyana rashin jin dadinsu da bikin karyar da ake cewa; Kunle Afolayan ya yi tsokaci: “Duk tunanin Nollywood a shekara 20 ba shi da ma'ana a gare ni saboda Nollywood da na sani ya wuce shekaru 20. Na tuna mahaifina ya harbe fim kimanin shekaru 37 da suka gabata kuma ni ma na girma a harkar. Dangane da abin da ya shafe ni, wannan abin banza ne. A wata hira, ya bayyana cewa: "Idan Nollywood shine sunan da mutane suka yanke shawarar kira masana'antar fim a Najeriya, to ni ina cikin sa. Idan Nollywood shine abin da suke cewa shekaru 20 ne, to ni bana cikin wannan Nollywood saboda na yi fiye da shekaru 30 ina harkar fim Jide Kosoko ya kuma yi tsokaci: “Masana’antar fina -finan Najeriya a nawa tunani ba shekaru 20 ba ne. Idan da gaske dukkanmu muna cikin masana'antu ɗaya, to masana'antar da nake ciki ba shekara 20 ba ce. Akwai bukatar gaya wa duniya labarin gaskiya na masana'antar mu kuma kada ku goge masu majagaba. A nawa fahimtar, abin da suke biki shine Rayuwa a Daure ba Nollywood ba Tunde Kelani ya ce: "ta yaya Nollywood za ta yi bikin shekara 20 kuma na wuce shekaru 40 a masana'antar?" Shugaban dan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya a lokacin, Ibinabo Fiberesima, ya yarda cewa Nollywood ta fi 20, amma ya ba da abin da ake ganin magana ce mai gamsarwa kan dalilin shirya bikin, yana mai cewa: "Labarin yin bikin namu ne duk da Nollywood ya fi Shekaru 20. Ya daɗe da mutane suna yi mana biki amma a yanzu, muna yin bikin kanmu kuma muna mayar wa da al'umma ƙuri'a. Mataki ne mai kyau da muka ɗauka musamman yanzu da ingancin fina finan mu ya inganta Labarin Kafar sadarwa Baya ga yaɗa labaran Nollywood ta manyan kafofin watsa labarai a Najeriya, watau TV, Rediyo, da Buga, wasu littattafan kan layi suna buga abubuwan musamman akan masana'antar. Wadannan sun haɗa da
Nollywood ta sake dawowa
Takardun bayanai da aka yi niyyar gabatar da Nollywood ga masu sauraron yamma sune Jamie Meltzer 's Welcome to Nollywood (2007) (USA), This is Nollywood Franco Sacchi, Robert Caputo, 2007) (Nigeria) da Nollywood Babila Ben Addelman, Samir Mallal, 2008 (Kanada).
Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje Nollywood Masana'antar Fina -Finan Najeriya Hollywood na Afirka
Pages with unreviewed |
61990 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%20Okojie | Victoria Okojie | Victoria Okojie yar Najeriya ce ma'aikaciyar dakin karatu, kwarrareyan me Illimi kuma mai gudanarwa. Ita ce babbar magatakarda/Babban Darakta na Majalisar Rijistar Laburaren Najeriya,mataimakiyar Gwamnatin Tarayyya ta Nigeria.Okojie kuma tsohuwar shugaban kungiyar laburbura ta Najeriya ne sannan kuma memba ce a hukumar gudanarwa ta kungiyar hada-hadar karatu ta kasa da kasa (IFLA).Ita malama ce a Sashen Laburare da Kimiyyar Watsa Labarai na Jami'ar Abuja, Abuja.
Articles with hCards
Ilimi Okojie ta kammala digirinta na biyu a fannin Kimiyyar Laburare (MLS) a Jaim’ar ibadan Ibadan, kafin ta wuce Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya, inda ta kammala digirinta na uku a Laburare da Kimiyyar Sadarwa a shekara ta 2012.
Sana'a Aikin karatun Okojie ta fara ne a shekarar 1984 a jami'ar Ibadan.Ta shiga British council ne a shekarar 1994 kuma ta kai matsayin Darakta a majalisar, yar Najeriya ta farko da ta taba yin hakan. A lokacin aikinta, ta tuntubi Bankin Duniya, Hukumar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da kuma Ma'aikatar Raya Kasa da Kasa ta Burtaniya.
A shekarar 2009, Okojie ta shiga aikin gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya a karkashin inuwar hukumar rijistar masu karatu ta Najeriya, inda ta zama magatakarda/Shugaba na majalisar. An zabe ta shugabar kungiyar laburare ta Najeriya daga 2000 zuwa 2010. Okojie ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Lantarki da Cibiyoyin Ƙasa ta Duniya (IFLA) Sashen Afirka. tsakanin 2011 da 2015. A cikin 2012, ta kasance cikin shugabannin ɗakin karatu na duniya goma sha biyu da aka zaɓa don yin aiki tare da IFLA a cikin Laburare da Bayani. Okojie ta taba zama memba a hukumar gudanarwa ta IFLA; Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Duniya, Ƙwaƙwalwar UNESCO na Shirin Duniya; Kwamitin Ba da Shawara, Shirin Gidauniyar Bill & Melinda Gates Global Library; da kuma Ƙungiyar Laburaren Afirka ta Yamma. Okojie ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da shirin Nigerian Information Professionals Innovation Ambassadors Network (NIPIAN).
Kyaututtuka da karramawa Okojie ta lashe lambar yabo ta hidimar hidima ta Nigerian Library Association a 2000. Har ila yau, ta samu lambar yabo ta "Daughter of Destiny" na kungiyar laburare ta Najeriya reshen jihar Oyo, baya ga kungiyar matasa ta Najeriya Youth Initiative for Transparency, Good Governance, Peace and Social Orientation (NYITGPSO) a matsayin "Icon of Education" na shekarar 2012. A cikin 2012, Jami'ar Commonwealth, Belize, ta ba Okojie digiri na girmamawa, saboda gudunmawar da ta bayar a fannin Laburare da Kimiyyar Watsa Labarai. Okojie kuma yar’uwa ne a Ƙungiyar Laburare ta Nijeriya (2005); Shirin Jagorancin Baƙi na Duniya (IVLP) na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, Gwamnatin Amurka, Amurka (2008), da Cibiyar Koyon Rayuwa ta UNESCO, Hamburg, Jamus (2007).
Wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa Gbaje, ES, and V. Okojie (2011). Samun dama ga mai amfani ga dabarun ilimi a ɗakunan karatu na jami'o'in Najeriya. Dakunan karatu na Najeriya, Vol. 44.
Ekoja, II, VO Okojie da H. Emmanuel (2019). Matsayin ɗakin karatu na ƙasa na Najeriya wajen gina ƙazamin karatu: ƙalubale da dabaru. A cikin Magana akan Batutuwan Ilimi: Festschrift don girmama Farfesoshi Biyar Masu Ritaya. Maisamari, AM et al. (ed): Abuja, Jami'ar Abuja Press. shafi 85-100.
Okojie, V. da Igbinovia, OM (2022). Ra'ayoyin duniya game da ayyukan ɗakin karatu mai dorewa. shafi na 376. Victoria Okojie, Faith Orim, Oso Oluwatoyin and Adeyinka Tella (2020). Dama da kalubale na masu karanta e-book da na'urorin tafi-da-gidanka a cikin ɗakunan karatu: Kwarewa daga Najeriya. In Adeyinka Tailor (Ed). Littafin Jagora na Bincike akan Na'urorin Dijital don Haɗuwa da Haɗuwa a cikin Laburaren p.208-230. Adeyinka Tella, Okojie Victoria, da Olaniyi, T. (2018). Kayayyakin Alamar Jama'a da Laburaren Dijital, IGI Global.
Adeyinka Tella, Victoria Okojie da OT Olaniyi (2018). Kayan aikin alamar jama'a da ɗakunan karatu na dijital. In Adeyinka Tailor and Tom Kwanya (Eds). Littafin Jagora na Bincike akan Sarrafa Dukiyar Hankali a cikin Dakunan karatu na Dijital, p.396-401. Okojie V. da Okiy, R. (2017). Dakunan karatu na jama'a da tsarin cigaba a Najeriya. Takarda da aka gabatar a IFLA World Library da taron Watsa Labarai a Athens, Girka, shafi Okojie, Victoria da Omotoso, Oladele (2013) Ilimi da horar da ƙwararrun bayanai: Matsayin haɗin gwiwa na Majalisar Registration Council of Nigeria (LRCN). Takarda da aka gabatar a IFLA World Library da taron Bayani a Singapore.
Duba kuma Ƙungiyar Laburare ta Najeriya
Majalisar Rijistar Labura ta Najeriya
Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Lantarki da Cibiyoyin Ƙasa ta Duniya
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Makarantar mata ta Nigeria
Mutanen jahar edo
Makaranta a nigeria
Rayuwan mutane
Jami’ar |
18229 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%20Chaplin | Charlie Chaplin | Sir Charles Spencer Charlie Chaplin KBE (16 Afrilu 1889 25 Disamba 1977) ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya, mai wasan barkwanci, ɗan fim, marubucin allo, edita, mawaƙi, kuma marubuci Ya kasance sananne sosai a cikin fina-finai marasa sauti (inda babu magana ko sauti). Ya yi aiki, ya jagoranci, ya rubuta, kuma ya samar da mafi yawansu.
Charlie Chaplin ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kusan shekaru 70. Ya fara aiki tun yana da shekaru 5, kuma ya yi aiki har ya kai shekaru 80. Halin da Charlie Chaplin ya fi takawa ana kiransa "The little Tramp. "Tramp" mutum ne mai kyawawan halaye, wanda yake sanye da sutura, da manyan wando, da takalmi, da gashin baki, da kuma bakar hula.
Chaplin yana girma An haifi Charles Spencer Chaplin a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 1889 a London, England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Chaplin ya taso a mara kyau na ƙuruciya; mahaifiyarsa, Hannah Hill Chaplin, mawakiya ce, ’yar fim, kuma’ yar kidan kuru, ta kwashe tsawon rayuwarta a ciki da wajen asibitocin tabin hankali. Mahaifinsa, Charles Spencer Chaplin Sr. ya kasance mawaƙi mai nasara har ya fara sha. Bayan iyayensa sun rabu, Charlie da dan uwansa, Sidney, sun kwashe yawancin yarintarsu a gidajen marayu, inda galibi suke fama da yunwa kuma ana doke su idan ba su da kyau. Ya fara fara wasan kwaikwayo yana da shekara biyar. Ya yi aiki a zauren kiɗa a cikin 1894, yana tsaye ga mahaifiyarsa.
Lokacin da Charlie ke yaro, an kwantar da shi a asibiti na makonni da yawa daga mummunan rashin lafiya. Da daddare, mahaifiyarsa za ta zauna taga taga abin da ke faruwa a waje. Muhimmin aikinsa na farko ya zo ne lokacin da ya shiga Lads na takwas. A cikin 1900, ɗan'uwansa Sydney ya taimaka masa ya sami matsayin kyanwa mai ban dariya a cikin kayan wasan Cinderella A cikin 1903 yana cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai suna "Jim: A Romance of Cockayne". Chaplin ya kasance a cikin Casey's 'Court Circus' iri-iri. Shekarar mai zuwa, ya zama sananne a cikin kamfanin Fred Karno na 'Fun Factory' kamfanin ban dariya.
Yunƙurin kashe shi An shirya yunƙurin kashe Chaplin shirin da yayi sanadiyyar rasa ran Firayim Ministan Japan Inukai Tsuyoshi Ranar 15 ga Mayu 1932, Firayim Minista Inukai Tsuyoshi wasu matasa hafsoshin sojan ruwa goma sha ɗaya suka harbe Firayim Minista (akasarinsu sun cika shekara ashirin kenan) a gidan firaminista. Tsarin kisan kai na asali ya hada da kisan Chaplin wanda ya isa Japan a ranar 14 ga Mayu 1932, a wurin liyafar Chaplin, wanda Firayim Minista Inukai ya shirya. Lokacin da aka kashe Firayim Ministan, dansa Inukai Takeru yana kallon wasan kokawa na sumo da Charlie Chaplin, wanda watakila ya ceci rayukansu duka.
Lambobin yabo Chaplin ya lashe Oscars biyu na musamman. An zabi Chaplin da farko a matsayin "Best Actor" da "Best Comedy Directing". Amma kuma, a maimakon haka, sai aka ba shi lambar yabo ta musamman "don iya aiki da fasaha a fagen aiki, rubutu, ba da umarni da kuma samarwa" Kyautar ta biyu ta musamman ta Chaplin ta zo ne shekaru 44 bayan haka, a cikin 1972 Lokacin samun wannan lambar yabo, Chaplin yana da tsayi mafi tsayi (mutane suna tsaye suna tafawa) a cikin tarihin Award Academy. A cikin 1976 an bashi BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, kyautar nasara ta rayuwa. Chaplin ya zama ɗan wasa na farko da ya fito a bangon Lokaci a shekarar 1925. Tatsuniyoyi suna cewa, Chaplin ya taɓa shiga gasar Charlie Chaplin mai kama da juna. Chaplin ya sha kashi a gasar.
Fina-finai 1914: Making a Living
1916: The Floorwalker
1916: The Fireman
1916: The Vagabond
1916: One A.M.
1916: The Count
1916: The Pawnshop
1916: Behind the Screen
1916: The Rink
1917: Easy Street
1917: The Cure
1917: The Immigrant
1917: The Adventurer
1918: A Dog's Life
1918: The Bond
1918: Shoulder Arms
1919: Sunnyside
1919: A Day's Pleasure
1921: The Kid
1921: The Idle Class
1922: Pay Day
1923: The Pilgrim
1925: The Gold Rush
1928: The Circus
1931: City Lights
1936: Modern Times
1940: The Great Dictator
1947: Monsieur Verdoux
1952: Limelight
1957: A King in New York
Zama Jarumi A ranar 9 Maris 1975, Sarauniya Elizabeth Ta yiwa Charlie Chaplin kyara a Ingila.
Mutuwa Chaplin ya mutu a ranar Kirsimeti a ranar 25 Disamba 1977, a Vevey, Vaud, Switzerland Ya mutu sakamakon bugun jini a cikin barcinsa, yana da shekara 88. A ranar 1 ga Maris, 1978, wasu tsirarun mutanen Switzerland suka sace gawarsa. Suna ƙoƙarin neman kuɗi daga dangin Chaplin. Wannan shirin bai yi aiki ba. An kama masu laifin, kuma an gano gawar Charlie makonni 11 bayan haka a kusa da Tafkin Geneva An binne shi a ƙarƙashin kankare don hana faruwar hakan.
Shafuka masu alaƙa Jerin jerin wasiƙa na Jamusanci
Manazarta
Sauran yanar gizo by Association Chaplin
Charlie Chaplin at the TCM Movie Database
Charlie Chaplin at AllMovie
Ƴan fim
Masu daukan |
25529 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9%20Holland | André Holland | André Holland (an haife shi a watan Disamba 28, 1979) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne ɗan Amurka, wanda aka san shi sosai don wasan kwaikwayonsa na 2016 a matsayin Kevin a cikin Fim ɗin Kyautar Kyautar Moonlight.
A duk aikinsa, Holland ya yi aiki a fim, talabijin, da shirye -shiryen wasan kwaikwayo. A talabijin, ya yi tauraro a matsayin Dr. Algernon Edwards a cikin jerin Cinemax The Knick (2014 2015) kuma a matsayin Matt Miller a cikin jerin FX na Labarin Horror na Amurka: Roanoke (2016). Ya nuna ɗan siyasa kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya Andrew Young a cikin fim ɗin 2014 Selma da marubucin wasanni Wendell Smith a cikin fim na 2013 na 42 A kan mataki, ya yi tauraro a cikin wasan Wilson Wilson na <i id="mwGw">Jitney</i> akan Broadway a 2017. A cikin 2020, yana taka rawa a kan jerin wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗan Netflix The Eddy, wanda Damien Chazelle ya jagoranta.
Rayuwar farko An haife Holland kuma ya girma a Bessemer, Alabama Ya sauke karatu daga Makarantar Katolika ta John Carroll Matsayinsa na farko ya kasance a cikin samar da Oliver! a Birmingham Summerfest Theatre, yana ɗan shekara goma sha ɗaya. Ya halarci Jami'ar Jihar Florida kuma ya yi karatu a ƙasashen waje a cibiyar nazarin FSU London lokacin da yake can. Ya kuma samu wani Master of Fine Arts digiri daga New York University a shekarar 2006.
Sana'a
2006–2015: Aikin farko Wasan Holland na farko akan allon ya kasance a cikin wani labari na Doka & Umarni a 2006. A kusa da wannan lokacin, Holland ta fara yin wasanni akai -akai akan mataki. A cikin 2006, ya nuna haruffa uku a cikin wasan Blue Door Charles Isherwood na The New York Times ya ba da aikinsa kyakkyawan bita. A cikin shekara ta 2008, ya buga Eric a wasan Wig Out! kuma ya ɗauki matsayinsa na farko na fim a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na <i id="mwQA">Sugar</i> A shekara mai zuwa, ya nuna Elegba da Marcus a cikin The Brother/Sister Plays A cikin shekara ta 2010, an jefa shi cikin wasan Matthew Lopez The The Whipping Man, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Vivian Robinson/Audelco don Mafi Tallafin Mai wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin shekara ta 2011, ya yi tauraro a matsayin Julian "Fitz" Fitzgerald a cikin ɓangarori da yawa na NBC sitcom Abokai tare da Amfana A cikin shekara ta 2013, ya nuna Wendell Smith a cikin fim na 42 A cikin shekara ta 2014, ya nuna Andrew Young a cikin fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Ava DuVernay Selma Don rawar da ya taka, an ba shi lambar yabo don lambar yabo ta NAACP don Babban Jarumin Tallafawa a cikin Hoto Daga shekara ta 2014 zuwa shekara ta 2015, ya yi tauraro a cikin rawar tallafawa gaban Clive Owen a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Cinemax The Knick 2016 -yanzu: Hasken wata da bayan A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da shashida, ya sami sanarwa mai yawa don aikinsa kamar Kevin a fim ɗin Barry Jenkins na fim ɗin <i id="mwaw">Moonlight</i>, wanda ya sami babban yabo da yabo da yawa Fim ɗin ya lashe lambobin yabo na Academy da yawa, gami da Mafi kyawun Hoto, a bikin shekara na 89th Wasu masu sukar fim sun nuna wasan Holland, gami da waɗanda ke Rolling Stone da GQ, waɗanda suka yi masa lakabi da "fitacce" a cikin fim ɗin. A matsayin memba na fim ta gungu simintin, ya samu wani gabatarwa domin yi fice a wasan da wani Cast a Motion Picture a 23rd Screen Actors Kungiya Awards Ya kuma karɓi nade -nade na Mafi kyawun Mai Tallafi daga Fim ɗin Filastik na Florida da Fitaccen Mai Tallafawa a Kyautar Black Reel Awards Bayan nasarar Moonlight, a cikin shekara ta 2017, Holland ta nuna Youngblood a wasan Wilson Wilson na <i id="mwjg">Jitney</i> akan Broadway. Daga baya ya fito a cikin fim ɗin DuVernay na almara mai ban sha'awa A Wrinkle in Time, wanda aka saki a cikin watan Maris shekara ta 2018. Fim din ya samu gamsuwa daga masu suka. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya nuna babban halayen Henry Matthew Deaver akan jerin Hulu <i id="mwmQ">Castle Castle</i> juyawarsa a cikin jerin ya sami kyakkyawan bita daga masu suka, ciki har da Amy Woolsey na Vulture, wanda ya yaba aikinsa a matsayin "mai rubutu." Tun daga watan Yuli na shekara 2018, ya yi tauraro a cikin samar da Othello a Shakespeare's Globe, mai tsada tare da Mark Rylance A cikin shekara ta 2018, ya kuma yi wasansa na farko na Off Off Broadway tare da samar da Greg Keller's Dutch Masters Filmography
Fim
Talabijin
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin waje Pages with unreviewed |
17922 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arewa%2024 | Arewa 24 | AREWA24 Tashar talabijin ce ta tauraron dan adam ta Najeriya wacce ake samu a DSTV, GOtv, Startimes,da canal+ wanda ke nuna salon rayuwar Yankin Arewacin Najeriya. Tashar tana daga cikin tashoshi na farko na harshen hausa. Tashar talabijin ta Arewa 24 tana yaɗa shirye-shiryenta ga masu kallo sama da mutum miliyan 40 a Najeriya da Yammacin Afirka, a cewar tashar wadda ke bikin shekara bakwai da kafuwa.
Tashar wadda ke da babban ofishi a Jihar Kano da ke arewacin Najeriya, a ranar Litinin 28 ga watan Yunin 2022, ta cika shekara takwas cur da kafuwa.
Arewa 24 tasha ce da ke yaɗa shirye-shiryen da suka shafi rayuwar Hausawa ta yau da kullum cikin harshen Hausa saɓanin kafofi irinsu BBC Hausa da ke yaɗa labarai kawai.
Wata sanarwa daga tashar ta ce an kafa ta ne "domin cike wagegen giɓi" a arewacin Najeriya.(Ihayatu (talk) 22:20, 30 Mayu 2023 (UTC)).(Ihayatu (talk) 22:20, 30 Mayu 2023 (UTC))
Tarihi AREWA24 mallakar Equal Access ce kuma tana daukar nauyin shirye-shiryen al'adu da ilimantarwa ga mutanen arewacin Najeriya a cikin harshen hausa. Cibiyar sadarwar tashar ita ce Nilesat.
An kirkiro AREWA24 ne a shekara ta 2013 domin cike gurbi a cikin shirye shiryen nishadi da kuma salon rayuwa na harshen hausa. Kaddamarwar ta ci kusan dala miliyan bakwai kuma Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ce ta dauki nauyinta. Tashar ita ce tashar talabijin ta farko da ake gabatar da shirye-shiryenta 24/7 da harshen Hausa wacce ta samo asali daga gina zaman lafiya da nishadi. A cewar shafin yanar gizon Equal Access International, tashar na nufin fadada al'adun Arewacin Najeriya, tare da samar da alfahari da al'adu. A shekara ta 2017, AREWA24 ta yi aiki tare da Eutelsat Communication don bunkasa damarta a matsayin tashar talabijin ta kyauta a yankin Kudu da Saharar Afirka don masu jin Hausa. A shekara ta 2018, tashar ta kara waka da wasanni a cikin harshen hausa. A wannan shekarar, AREWA24 ta kulla sabuwar kawance da kungiyar Girl Effect don tallafawa nasarar 'yan mata a arewacin Najeriya. Tashar ta kuma hada hannu da finafinan Kannywood da ke Kano, Najeriya.
Bikin Cikar Arewa24 Shekara 7 da Kafuwa
Tashar talabijin ta Arewa 24 tana yaɗa shirye-shiryenta ga masu kallo miliyan 40 a Najeriya da Yammacin Afirka, a cewar tashar wadda ke bikin shekara bakwai da kafuwa.
Tashar wadda ke da babban ofishi a Jihar Kano da ke arewacin Najeriya, a yau Litinin 28 ga watan Yunin 2021, ta cika shekara bakwai cur da kafuwa.
Arewa 24 tasha ce da ke yaɗa shirye-shiryen da suka shafi rayuwar Hausawa ta yau da kullum cikin harshen Hausa saɓanin kafofi irinsu BBC Hausa da ke yaɗa labarai kawai.
Wata sanarwa daga tashar ta ce an kafa ta ne “domin cike wagegen giɓi” a arewacin Najeriya.
“An kafa tashar Arewa 24 a shekarar 2014 domin cike wawakeken giɓin da ake da shi a fagen shirye-shiryen nishaɗi da tsarin rayuwa da ake shiryawa da harshen Hausa, waɗanda ke nuni da abubuwan da ake alfahari da su a rayuwar Arewacin Najeriya da al’adu da kaɗe-kaɗe da fina-finai da fasaha da girke-girke da kuma wasanni.”
Shugaban Arewa 24, Jacob Arback ya ce: “Mutane da dama ba su fahimci cewa akwai mutane masu magana da harshen Hausa sama da milyan 80 a Arewacin Najeriya da kuma yankin Sahel ba, kuma yankin na cike da matasa masu basira a ko’ina.
“Sai dai abin da na fi alfahari da shi, shi ne yadda hukumar gudanarwa da ma’aikatanmu suka tattaru daga bangarori na rayuwa daban-daban da addinai da ƙabilu da kuma yankunan Najeriya daban-daban.”
Tashar na da ɗumbin mabiya a shafukan sada zumunta da suka haɗa da Facebook (1,397,067) da Twitter (124.5K) da Instagram (1.7k).
SHIRYEN-SHIRYEN DA SUKE WAKANA A YANZU
Gari ya waye
Dadin Kowa Zango na 3
Kwana Casa'in Zango na 6
Fina-finan Kannywood
H Hip Hop
Zafafa 10
Akushi Da Rufi Ubongo Kids
Akili Me
Mata A Yau
Kaddarar Rayuwa
Lafiya Jari
Labarin (Shiri Mai dogon zongo)
Waiwaye Rayuwar matasa
Dandalin taurari
Ado da kwalliya
Rahotanni
Shahararrun wakoki
Al'adun mu
Gidan badamasi
Manyan mata
Zamantakewa
Shirin Gari ya waye
Shirin GARI YA WAYE, shiri ne na musamman na Gidan AREWA24 da ke kawo muku a kowacce safiya, shirin yana duba ne ga dukkanin rayuwar Arewacin Najeriya; Al’adu da Wasanni da Matasa da al’amuran dake faruwa yau da gobe na Fasaha da Wasannin Kwaikwayo da Kiwon Lafiya da Motsa Jiki, Zamantakewa, Harkokin Kasuwanci, Nishadantarwa da Jaruman ‘Yanwasa da ma wasun su, Shirye-shiryen Gari ya waye sun hada da Tattaunawa akan muhimman batutuwa da Rahotanni da suka saba zuwa a cikin shirin.
Shirin Akushi da rufi
Shirin Akushi Da Rufi wanda Kwararriyar Mai shirya Abinci kuma mai gabatarwa Fatima Rabi’u Gwadabe, ta ke kawo muku girke-girken Arewacin Nijeriya iri daban-daban da za’a iya gudanarwa a kowanne Dakin Girki. Kowanne shiri yana zuwa mukune da sabon salon girki na musamman daga Arewaci wanda ake gabatarwa cikin sauki da tsari kuma mataki-mataki, dadin dadawa, za’a koyi fasahar girke-girke na gargajiya. Sa’annan, masu kallo zasu san muhimmancin amfani da kayayyakin gina jiki da kuma Sinadaran girki na musamman.
Dadin Kowa
Wasan kwaikwayo na asali mai farin jini da AREWA24 ta shirya, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo, inda ya kawo labarin Dadin Kowa, wani kirkirarren gari wanda jaruman cikinsa suke nuni da irin rayuwar al’ummar dake arewacin Najeriya ta zahiri.
Da irin wannan labaran ne masu kallo suke ganin kansu a wannan matsayi da irin burikansu da kalubalensu da kuma kwatanta irin dabi’un su wajen fadi tashinsu wajen yanke shawara game da sana’arsu da iyalansu da kudadensu ko kuma rikici. Dadin Kowa shine ya cinye gasar Afirka Magic na 2016.
Manazarta Fina-Finan Hausa
Nigerian television shows
Hausa-language mass media
Pages with unreviewed |
51373 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Sorokin | Anna Sorokin | Articles with hCards
Anna Sorokin (;An haife shi a Janairu 23,1991),kuma aka sani da Anna Delvey,ƴaƴa ce kuma ɗan damfara wanda ya fito a matsayin magajiya mai arziƙi don samun damar manyan al'amuran zamantakewa da fasaha na New York daga 2013 zuwa 2017.
Haihuwar iyaye masu aiki a cikin Tarayyar Soviet(yanzu Rasha ),Sorokin ya yi hijira daga Rasha zuwa Jamus tare da danginta yana da shekaru goma sha shida a 2007.A cikin 2011,ta bar Jamus don zama a London da Paris kafin ta koma New York City a 2013,inda ta shiga cikin mujallar Faransanci ta PurpleSorokin ta yi tunanin wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta na membobi da gidauniyar fasaha,j6j6
wanda ya haɗa da ba da hayar wani babban gini don nuna shagunan talla da nune-nune ta fitattun mawakan da ta hadu da su yayin da suke aiki.Daga baya ta ƙirƙiri takaddun kuɗi na bogi don tabbatar da ikirarinta na samun asusun amintattu na miliyoyin Yuro,kuma ta ƙirƙira wasu tabbaci na musayar waya.Sorokin ya yi amfani da waɗannan takardu,da kuma cak na zamba,don yaudarar bankuna,abokan aiki,da ƴan kasuwa wajen biyan kuɗi da bayar da lamuni masu yawa ba tare da lamuni ba.Ta yi amfani da wannan don samun kuɗaɗen salon rayuwarta, gami da zama a cikin manyan otal-otal masu yawa.Tsakanin 2013 zuwa 2017, Sorokin ya zamba tare da yaudarar manyan cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi,bankuna,otal-otal,da daidaikun mutane kan jimillar $275,000.
A cikin 2017,NYPD ta kama Sorokin a wani aiki mai tsanani tare da taimakon tsohuwar kawarta,Rachel DeLoache Williams,wanda ya zargi Sorokin da zamba ta 62,000.A cikin 2019,an gurfanar da Sorokin da laifi a wata kotun jihar New York da laifin yunƙurin aikata manyan laifuka,lalata a mataki na biyu,da satar ayyuka,kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 4 zuwa 12 a gidan yari.Bayan ta yi shekara biyu,an tsare ta a hannun Hukumar Kula da Shige da Fice ta Amurka don a tasa keyar ta zuwa Jamus.A ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2022,an ba Sorokin belin $10,000 kuma an sake shi daga kurkuku.Tun daga Oktoba 2022,ana buƙatar Sorokin ya kasance a cikin sa'o'i 24 na tsare gida tare da saka idanu na lantarki kuma babu damar shiga kafofin watsa labarun.
HiLabarin Sorokin ya sami karbuwa lokacin da Williams ta rubuta dogon labari a cikin <i id="mwMg">Vanity Fair</i> game da abubuwan da ta samu tare da Sorokin a cikin 2018.Ta faɗaɗa labarin a cikin littafinta na 2019 Abokina Anna.A wannan shekarar,'yar jarida Jessica Pressler ta rubuta wata kasida ga New York game da rayuwar Sorokin a matsayin zamantakewa;Netflix ya biya Sorokin 320,000 don haƙƙin labarinta kuma ya haɓaka shi a cikin 2022 miniseries Inventing Annai.Labarin rayuwar Sorokin ya kasance batun wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa, tambayoyi,kwasfan fayiloli,da shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Sorokin a ranar 23 ga Janairu, 1991,a Domodedovo,wani gari mai aiki da tauraron dan adam a kudu da Moscow, Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Rasha a cikin Tarayyar Soviet.Mahaifinta,Vadim,ya yi aiki a matsayin direban babbar mota yayin da mahaifiyarta ke da wani ƙaramin kantin sayar da kayayyaki.A cikin 2007,lokacin da Sorokin ke 16,danginta sun ƙaura zuwa North Rhine-Westphalia,Jamus.A can, mahaifinta ya zama babban jami'in gudanarwa a kamfanin sufuri har sai da kamfanin ya yi rashin ƙarfi a cikin 2013.Daga nan ya buɗe kasuwancin HVAC wanda ya kware akan ingantaccen amfani da makamashi.Mahaifiyar Sorokin matar gida ce. Sorokin ya halarci Bischöfliche Liebfrauenschule Eschweiler(Episcopal School of Our Lady of Eschweiler),makarantar nahawu ta Katolika a Eschweiler.Takwarorinsu sun ce ta yi shiru tana kokawa da yaren Jamusanci.Yayin da yake matashi,Sorokin ya bi Vogue da sha'awar sha'awa,shafukan yanar gizo,da kuma asusun hoto akan LiveJournal da Flickr.
Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar a watan Yuni 2011,Sorokin ya koma London don halartar Central Saint Martins,makarantar fasaha,amma ba da daɗewa ba ya fita ya koma Jamus.A cikin 2012,ta ɗan ɗan yi aiki a wani kamfanin hulɗar jama'a a Berlin.Daga nan Sorokin ya ƙaura zuwa Paris,inda ta sami kusan 400 a kowane wata ta hanyar horarwa don Purple,mujallar fashion ta Faransa.Duk da cewa Sorokin ba ta yawan tuntuɓar iyayenta,sun ba ta kuɗin haya. A wannan lokacin,Sorokin ya fara amfani da sunan"Anna Delvey",wanda ta ce ya dogara ne akan sunan budurwar mahaifiyarta.Iyayen Sorokin,duk da haka,sun "ba su gane sunan sunan ba".Sorokin daga baya ya yarda cewa"kawai ya zo da shi."
A tsakiyar 2013,Sorokin ya yi tafiya zuwa Birnin New York don halartar Makon Kasuwanci na New York.Samun samun sauƙin yin abokai a New York fiye da Paris,ta zaɓi zama,ta koma ofishin Purple New York na ɗan gajeren lokaci.Bayan barin Purple,Sorokin ya zo da ra'ayin"Anna Delvey Foundation"-ƙungiyar mambobi masu zaman kansu da kuma gidauniyar fasaha-kuma bai yi nasara ba ya nemi kudade daga masu arziki na zamantakewar birni.Shawararta ta haɗa da ba da hayar dukan Gidan Ofishin Jakadancin Church,wanda ya ƙunshi benaye shida da 45,000 sq ft (4,200 m kuma mallakin Aby Rosen 's RFR Holdings,a matsayin wurin abubuwan da suka shafi abubuwa da yawa da kuma ɗakin studio,inda ta tsara cibiyar fasahar gani tare da shagunan tallan da mai zane Daniel Arsham ya keɓe,ɗaya daga cikin abokanta daga horon ta.da nunin nunin Urs Fischer,Damien Hirst,Jeff Koons,da Tracey Emin.Ta sami taimakon shirin daga ɗan ginin Santiago Calatrava.Ta kuma tattauna batun siyar da abubuwan sha a wurin da Roo Rogers.
DJ Elle Dee ya bayyana wani baƙon gamuwa da Sorokin a wani biki a watan Mayu 2014 a Montauk,New York,inda Sorokin ya yi kama da cewa ita ce mai arziƙi kuma ta yi alfahari game da nau'ikan tufafin da take sanye da su,amma kuma ta nemi masu zuwa wurin kwana.Da suka ki,sai ta kwana a mota tana barci.Dee ya kuma bayyana sauran mahalarta taron da ta halarta wanda Sorokin ya shirya a Standard,High Line "Da kyar ta san su-kamar dai watakila shi ne karo na biyu da suka taba haduwa, irin mu.Kowa ya zauna,shiru yana kallon wayarsa.Dee ya bayyana Sorokin a matsayin"mai hakki da ma'ana", musamman ga mutanen da ke cikin masana'antar sabis.Ta caccaki mutanen da ba su da mabiya da yawa a Instagram kuma ta yi alfaharin yadda za ta yi hayar dala 12,000 a kowane wata a saman rufin gida mai dakuna shida.Dee ya kuma ce Sorokin ta dogara da ita da sauran abokan aikinta ne suka biya mata kudadenta, inda ta ce ta manta da jakarta ko kuma a ce an yi gaggawar ceredit card dinta ba ta yi aiki ba,tana zubar da hawayen kada wadanda suka bushe da sauri lokacin da ta fahimci shirin.ba zai yi aiki ba.
A cikin 2015,Sorokin ya sadu da mai tattara zane-zane kuma dalibin Jami'ar Pennsylvania Michael Xufu Huang a wani liyafar cin abinci.Sanin cewa Huang ya shirya ya halarci Venice Biennale, Sorokin ya tambaye shi ko za ta iya raka shi. Huang ya amince kuma ya yi ajiyar jirgin sama da dakin otal don Sorokin bisa fahimtar cewa za a mayar masa da kuɗin dalar Amurka 2,000- $3,000.Lokacin da suka dawo New York,Sorokin ya bayyana don"manta"tsarin kuma ya kasa biya. Da farko Huang ya ɗauka cewa Sorokin ba shi da tunani kawai.Hakanan a cikin 2015,Sorokin ya halarci Art Basel a Miami Beach.Sorokin ta dauki hayar kamfanin hulda da jama'a don yin wa kanta liyafar bikin ranar haihuwa a gidan cin abinci na Sadelle a cikin Janairu 2016;bayan da aka ki karbar katin kiredit nata kuma aka buga hotunan Huang a wurin taron a shafukan sada zumunta, ma'aikatan gidan abincin sun tambayi Huang ko yana da bayanan tuntubar Sorokin.A wannan lokacin Huang ta fara shakkun Sorokin,kuma ta lura cewa, baƙon abu koyaushe tana biyan kuɗi da kuɗi kuma tana zama a otal,ba ɗaki ba.A ƙarshe an biya shi amma daga asusun Venmo da sunan da ba a sani ba.Daga nan ya toshe hanyar sadarwar Sorokin zuwa gare shi a shafukan sada zumunta,inda ya kawo karshen abokantakar su. A cikin Fabrairu 2016,yayin da Sorokin ke zaune a dakin hotel a cikin Standard,High Line,ta sadu da Rachel DeLoache Williams,sannan editan hoto a Vanity Fair,a wani gidan rawa.Williams ta bayyana Sorokin a matsayin"mai nema da rashin kunya ga masu jiran aiki"kuma ta ce"idan an bude lif,ba za ta jira wasu mutane su sauka ba".Duk da haka, Williams ta zama abokai na kud da kud da Sorokin kuma daga baya ta taimaka wajen kama ta.
Sorokin ya yi amfani da Microsoft Word don ƙirƙirar bayanan banki na bogi da wasu takaddun kuɗi waɗanda ke nuna cewa tana da Yuro miliyan 60 a asusun ajiyar banki na Switzerland amma ba za ta iya shiga ba tunda sun amince kuma tana Amurka Daya daga cikin abokan Sorokin ya sa ta tuntuɓar lauya Andrew Lance a Gibson Dunn,wanda kuma ya sa ta tuntuɓar manyan cibiyoyin hada-hadar kuɗi da yawa, ciki har da Babban Bankin Ƙasa da Ƙungiyar Zuba Jari .A cikin Nuwamba 2016,Sorokin ya gabatar da takaddun karya a matsayin wani ɓangare na neman lamuni na dala miliyan 22 ga City National. City National ta ki ba da bashi lokacin da Sorokin ya kasa samar da tushen kadarorin Swiss,sannan ta nemi lamuni daga sansanin soja. Fortress ya amince yayi la'akari da aikace-aikacen idan Sorokin ya biya 100,000 don biyan kuɗin shari'a dangane da aikace-aikacen.A cikin Disamba 2016,tare da Sorokin ya kasa biyan haya, Gidan Ofishin Jakadancin Ikilisiya a maimakon haka an yi hayar zuwa Fotografiska New York.
A ranar 12 ga Janairu,2017,Sorokin ya shawo kan City National da ya ba ta wurin yin sama da fadi na wucin gadi kan dala 100,000,bisa alkawarin cewa za a biya cikin gaggawa.Sorokin ya ba da adiresoshin imel na AOL na karya na"Peter Hennecke",manajan kasuwancin da ba ya wanzu; lokacin da zato ya taso,Sorokin ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya mutu,sannan ya ƙirƙiro sabon mutum mai suna "Bettina Wagner". Masu gabatar da kara a shari'ar ta daga baya sun nuna cewa ta yi amfani da Google don neman"ƙirƙirar imel ɗin karya da ba za a iya ganowa ba".Sorokin ya aika da dala 100,000 zuwa sansanin sansanin don neman rancen amma wani manajan darakta a sansanin sojan ya fara shakku game da bukatar Sorokin saboda rashin daidaito a cikin takardunta alal misali,ta yi ikirarin cewa ta kasance al'adun Jamus,amma fasfo dinta ya bayyana cewa an haife ta a Rasha.Lokacin da daraktan ya shirya tantance kadarorin Sorokin ta hanyar ganawa da ma’aikatan bankinta a Switzerland,ta janye takardar neman rancen don hana ci gaba da bincike.A watan Fabrairun 2017,an mayar da kashi $55,000 na juzu'in da ba a kashe da Fortress ba a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin da ya dace ya koma Sorokin. Sorokin ya kashe dalla-dalla kan kayan alatu,na'urorin lantarki,da mai horar da mutum,da kuma $800 na haskaka gashi da kari na gashin ido $400.
A cikin Disamba 2019,labarin Sorokin shine batun Magajiya Karya, faifan wasan kwaikwayo-takardun bayanai ta 'yar jarida Vicky Baker da marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Chloe Moss da BBC Radio 4 suka fitar, tare da Bella Dayne a matsayin Sorokin. A cikin jerin talabijin na Amurka na 2020 Katy Keene,halin Pepper Smith,wanda Julia Chan ta buga, ya dogara da Sorokin. A ƙarshen Yuli da farkon Agusta 2021,Anna X, wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ta labarin Sorokin ta Joseph Charlton tare da Emma Corrin da Nabhaan Rizwan,ya gudu a Harold Pinter Theater a London da The Lowry a Salford.
Shonda Rhimes ne ya ƙirƙira jerin abubuwa tara na Netflix Inventing Anna.A cikinta,Julia Garner ta buga Sorokin.An fitar da jerin shirye-shiryen a watan Fabrairu 2022 kuma shine babban shirin da ake kallo akan Netflix a cikin makon da aka fitar. A cikin 2022,Sorokin ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da Bunim/Murray Productions don tauraro a cikin jerin talabijin na gaskiya game da rayuwarta bayan kurkuku.Hakanan tana aiki akan wani littafi game da lokacinta a gidan yari da kuma podcast.A ƙarshen Mayu 2022,Sorokin ya haɗu da ƴan'uwan Paris Hilton da Nicky Rothschild akan wani shiri na faifan podcast na Hilton Wannan shine Paris.
Nunin fasaha da tallace-tallace Tun daga Disamba 2022,Sorokin ya sayar da fasaha na darajar $340,000.An yi amfani da abin da aka samu wajen bayar da beli da biyan hayar watanni uku na gidan Sorokin na $4,250/wata-wata mai daki ɗaya a ƙauyen Gabas, Manhattan.
Sorokin ya ba da autographed,iyakanceccen bugu na"Run It Again"yana nuna Sorokin yana ba wa ma'aikacin tallace-tallace umarnin sake gwada katin kiredit/metro ga Chloe Fineman,ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya nuna Sorokin.
Nunawa Wani nunin rukuni mai suna"Free Anna Delvey"ya gudana a titin 176 Delancey a Yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya daga Maris 17 zuwa Maris 24, 2022,yayin da Sorokin ke ci gaba da tsare. Nunin ya ƙunshi fasaha daga masu fasaha 33 da Sorokin ya yi wahayi, gami da Nuhu Becker,mawallafin mujallar Whitehot.An jera kowane yanki don siyarwa akan $10,000. Alfredo Martinez, wanda a baya ya kasance gidan yari saboda yin zane-zane na Jean-Michel Basquiat, da Julia Morrison,wacce ta ba da dala 8,000 na kudinta don daukar nauyin wasan kwaikwayon amma ba a biya ta ba duk da alkawuran da Sorokin ya yi. Ɗaya daga cikin guda,mai suna Send Bitcoin,yana nuna Sorokin zaune yana sanye da rigar ja yayin aiki akan kwamfuta kuma yana fuskantar nesa daga mai kallo.Sauran sassan sun haɗa da Anna akan ICE,da ICE,duka suna magana ne akan Shige da Fice na Amurka da Tilasta Kwastam.UltraNYC ta kira guntuwar"doodles" da"ɓangare na sabuwar dabararta don samun riba daga sabon shahararta.."Grunge ya bayyana nunin"gaba daya an nuna shi [Sorokin]cikin tausayawa,idan ba a bayyane yake ba,haske."
A ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2022, yayin da Sorokin ke ci gaba da tsare shi,"Wanda ake zargin"ya buɗe a wani gidan rawa a bene na biyu na Otal ɗin Jama'a a Manhattan.An buɗe wasan kwaikwayon da waƙar"Hasken Haske"na mawakiya Kanye West,sai kuma Sarauniya Yuhua Hamasaki ta ja hankalin jama'a.Samfuran sun bi ta cikin ɗakin suna riƙe da zanen Sorokin a cikin firam ɗin zinariya yayin da suke sanye da fararen safar hannu,tabarau na Versace,da safa baƙar fata suna rufe kawunansu da fuskokinsu. Sorokin ya yi jawabi ga taron ta hanyar faifan rikodin da aka riga aka yi,yana mai cewa wasan kwaikwayon"labari na ne daga hangen nawa". An sake saka farashin zanen akan US$ kowanne, tare da Sorokin ya bayyana kashi 15% na kudaden da aka samu za a kai ga kungiyoyin agaji na yara. Taron dai ya samu halartar 'yan jarida da masu yada labarai da dama.
Alamomin da ba su da ƙarfi A cikin Yuni 2022,Sorokin ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana ƙaddamar da tarin abubuwan da ba su da ƙarfi Ta ƙirƙiri irin waɗannan alamu guda 10 waɗanda ta yi iƙirarin ba masu riƙe da“hanyoyi na musamman”zuwa gare ta.
Rayuwa ta sirri Sorokin yana kula da asusun kafofin watsa labarun,wanda ta bayyana a matsayin satire,akan Twitter da Instagram.Ta hanyar Instagram,ta haɗa tare da Julia Fox,wanda yake shirin haɗin gwiwa.A cikin Janairu 2021, Sorokin ta rubuta wasiƙar baƙar magana ga Donald Trump a cikinta tana tsammanin zama fursuna a tsibirin Rikers.
Sorokin yana da saurayi a New York na tsawon shekaru biyu har ya koma Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa.Duk da kiyaye sirrin sirrinsa,Sorokin ya bayyana cewa saurayinta ya ba da tattaunawar TED kuma an bayyana shi a cikin New Yorker.Ta ba da shawarar cewa za ta bayyana sunan sa a kan kudi,inda za a fara sayan a kan $10,000;duk da haka,Rachel DeLoache Williams ta bayyana ainihin saurayin shine Hunter Lee Soik. A cikin 2019,Sorokin ya sanya hannun jari a fasaha da cryptocurrency.A lokacin,burinta ya haɗa da gudanar da asusun zuba jari.
Duba kuma Jerin masu fasaha
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan |
57243 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota%20FJ%20Cruiser | Toyota FJ Cruiser | Toyota FJ Cruiser wani matsakaicin girman SUV ne mai salo na retro wanda Toyota ya samar tsakanin 2006 da 2022. An gabatar da shi azaman motar ra'ayi a cikin Janairu 2003 Arewacin Amurka Nunin Nunin Bayar da Kaya, FJ Cruiser an yarda da shi don samarwa bayan amsawar mabukaci mai kyau kuma an yi muhawara a Janairu 2005 North American International Auto Show a cikin tsari na ƙarshe. Kamfanin Toyota Hino Motors ne ya gina FJ Cruiser a Hamura, Japan, tsakanin 2006 da 2022. Motar tana da haɗin gine-gine da yawa tare da Toyota Land Cruiser Prado FJ Cruiser ya shiga kasuwar Japan a ranar 4 ga Disamba 2010, wanda aka sanar a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba a waccan shekarar.
A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 2013, Toyota USA ta sanar da bugu na shekara ta 2014 Trail Teams bugu za a kira shi "Ultimate Edition" kuma shekarar ƙirar 2014 za ta kasance ta ƙarshe ga FJ Cruiser a waccan kasuwa. An ci gaba da yin sa don siyarwa a wasu kasuwanni kamar Ostiraliya har sai an daina fitar da shi zuwa waccan kasuwa a watan Agusta 2016. har yanzu ana sayar da shi a kasuwanni irin su Chile, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Philippines da kuma ƙasashen Kudancin Afirka. A ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2022, Toyota ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da FJ Cruiser a Gabas ta Tsakiya nan da Disamba 2022, tare da samfurin bugun ƙarshe.
Zane da haɓakawa A lokacin da samar da ainihin FJ40 ya ƙare a cikin 1984, Toyota ya koma ƙara girma da alatu na layin Land Cruiser Tunanin sabon FJ tare da rugujewar damar FJ40 ya samo asali ne a tsakiyar 1990s tare da mai tsara samfuran Toyota Dave Danzer da mataimakin shugaban tallace-tallace da ayyuka Yoshi Inaba. Danzer ya yi aiki a asirce tare da Akio Toyoda don kafa wani shago na musamman a NUMMI shuka don gwada yiwuwar sabon FJ40 ta hanyar hada Tacoma underpinnings tare da jikin Toyota Bandeirantes, motar FJ40, wanda har yanzu yana aiki a Brazil (kamar yadda samfurin diesel kawai) a lokacin; An dakatar da Bandeirante a cikin 2001. Toyoda ya koma Japan don shiga cikin kwamitin gudanarwa da ke ba da babban tallafi ga aikin. Toyota's flagship design studio, Calty, an kawo shi don isar da sabon fassarar FJ40. An san motar Offside a cikin gida da Rugged Youth Utility (RYU) da nufin jawo hankalin matasa maza masu siye, wani sashi na Toyota ya ji sun rasa hulɗa da su a lokacin. Mutane da yawa suna ɗaukar ra'ayi na RYU an ƙirƙira su ciki har da 2001 Rugged Sports Coupe ra'ayi kafin ƙirar retro wanda mai zanen ɗan shekaru 24 Jin Won Kim ya ƙirƙira a matsayin ra'ayi na ƙarshe na waje, tare da William Chergosky yana ƙirar ciki. Tunanin FJ Cruiser da aka yi muhawara a 2003 Detroit Auto Show a Voodoo Blue, wanda zai zama launin sa hannu don samarwa FJ Cruiser. Salon mai ƙarfin hali ya kasance abin bugu nan da nan tare da latsa mota da sauran jama'a duk da fafatawa da ƙarin ra'ayoyi masu ban mamaki kamar Cadillac goma sha shida da Dodge Tomahawk Ta hanyar tayar da halayen ƙira daga wurin hutawa FJ40, an kalli FJ Cruiser a matsayin sabuwar motar halo don Toyota, kamar irin wannan mai salo na 2005 Mustang ya kasance na Ford A tsakiyar 2004, Toyota ya fara kimantawa da yawa a kan hanya na dandalin FJ ta hanyar tuki alfadarai masu tasowa a kan yawancin hanyoyin da suka fi wuya a Arewacin Amirka, ciki har da Mowab, Utah, da daji na Angeles, da Mojave Desert, da Rubicon Trail Duk da kowane alfadari guda ɗaya yana kashe ɗaruruwan dubunnan daloli, ƙungiyar haɓaka ta ƙudiri aniyar tura ƙarfin samfuran don isar da ingantaccen aikin daga waje a cikin ƙirar samarwa. Canje-canje ga tsarin sarrafa gogayya na A-TRAC da daidaitawar dakatarwa sun zo ne a sakamakon gwajin samfurin kai tsaye. Na waje na FJ ra'ayin ya kasance ba canzawa sosai lokacin da samfurin samarwa na ƙarshe ya yi muhawara a 2005 Chicago Auto Show Koyaya, babban injiniyan samarwa Akio Nishimura dole ne ya canza abubuwan more rayuwa da aka bayar a cikin tunanin Chergosky don kiyaye farashin samarwa FJ Cruiser daidai. Ciki na musamman yana taɓawa kamar mai canza kaya wanda ya ninka azaman rikon shebur, fitilolin ciki masu cirewa waɗanda suka ninka azaman fitilolin walƙiya, da kujerun gaba masu faɗuwa an cire su, kodayake abubuwa da yawa sun kasance a matsayin zaɓin |
60508 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masanin%20yanayi | Masanin yanayi | Masanin yanayi masanin kimiyya ne wanda ke nazari kuma yana aiki a fagen nazarin yanayi da nufin fahimtar ko hasashen abubuwan da ke faruwa a duniya ciki har da yanayi. Wadanda ke nazarin yanayin yanayi masana yanayi ne a cikin bincike, yayin da wadanda ke amfani da tsarin lissafi da ilmi don shirya hasashen yanayi na yau da kullun ana kiran su masu hasashen yanayi ko kuma masu aikin meteorologists.
Masana yanayi suna aiki a hukumomin gwamnati, shawarwari masu zaman kansu da sabis na bincike, masana'antu masana'antu, kayan aiki, gidajen rediyo da talabijin, da ilimi Ba za a rikita su da masu gabatar da yanayi ba, waɗanda ke gabatar da hasashen yanayi a cikin kafofin watsa labaru da kewayon horo daga 'yan jarida da samun horo kaɗan a cikin yanayin yanayi zuwa cikakkun masanan yanayi.
Bayani Masana yanayi suna nazarin yanayin duniya da mu'amalarta da saman duniya, tekuna da halittu Ilimin ilimin lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi yana ba su damar fahimtar cikakken kewayon abubuwan abubuwan yanayi, daga samuwar dusar ƙanƙara zuwa yanayin duniya gaba ɗaya. Masana yanayi na bincike sun kware a fannoni kamar: Ilimin yanayi don ƙididdige sassa daban-daban na yanayi da bambancinsu don tantancewa, misali, yuwuwar iskar da aka bayar ko ɗumamar yanayi Ingancin iska inda suke sha'awar al'amuran sufuri, canzawa da tarwatsa gurɓataccen yanayi kuma ana iya kiran su da su tsara yanayin da ake ciki don rage gurɓataccen hayaƙi.
Convection na yanayi don tsaftace ilimin tsarin da sojojin da ke cikin cyclones na wurare masu zafi, hadari da kuma tsakiyar latitude;
Samfuran yanayi da haɓaka hasashen yanayi na lambobi Masana yanayi na aiki, kuma aka sani da masu hasashen:
Tattara bayanan yanayi a wasu ƙasashe, amma galibin masu fasaha ne ke yin su a wasu wurare.
Yi nazarin bayanai da abubuwan ƙididdiga samfurin hasashen yanayi na lamba don shirya hasashen yanayi na yau da kullun.
Bayar da shawarwarin yanayi da jagora ga masu zaman kansu ko masu amfani da gwamnati.
Haɗin kai tare da masu bincike don haɗa kimiyya da fasaha a cikin tsarin tsinkaya, musamman don ƙididdiga da samfuran samfuri, don masu amfani da yanayin da suka dogara kamar noma, gandun daji, jirgin sama, jigilar ruwa da kamun kifi, da sauransu.
Masana yanayi na iya zama masu ba da shawara ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a cikin nazarin ayyukan da suka shafi abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi kamar filin iska, kariyar hadari, da sauransu. A ƙarshe za su iya zama masu gabatar da yanayi a cikin kafofin watsa labarai (rediyo, TV, intanet).
Horowa Don zama masanin yanayi, dole ne mutum ya ɗauki akalla digiri na farko na jami'a a fannin yanayin yanayi. Ga masu bincike, wannan horon yana ci gaba da ilimi mai zurfi, yayin da masu hasashe, kowace ƙasa tana da hanyarta ta horo. Misali, Hukumar Kula da Yanayin Kasa ta Kanada da Burtaniya suna da nasu kwas na horo bayan jami'a, yayin da Météo-Faransa ke daukar nauyin duk horon da zarar mutum ya ci jarrabawar shiga makarantar kimiyyar yanayi ta kasa bayan kammala karatun sakandare. A Amurka, Ma'aikatar Yanayi ta Ƙasa ko kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suna ɗaukar hayar masu hasashen hasashen bayan jami'a, kuma suna samun horo kan aikin, yayin da masu bincike ke ɗaukar hayar gwargwadon gwanintarsu.
A wasu kasashe, kamar a Amurka, akwai hanya ta uku da wanda ya kammala karatunsa a fannin yanayi da sadarwa a matakin koleji ko jami'a zai iya daukar hayar masarrafar watsa labarai. Ya kamata a bambanta su da masu gabatar da yanayi waɗanda ke da digiri na sadarwa kawai.
Wasu sanannun masana yanayi Francis Beaufort, wanda ya kirkiro ma'aunin iskar da ke dauke da sunansa.
Vilhelm Bjerknes, wanda ya kafa na zamani meteorology wanda ya halicci Bergen School of Meteorology, inda masu bincike suka bayyana ka'idar gaba da cyclogenesis na tsakiyar latitudes hadari.
Yakubu Bjerknes, ɗan tsohon, wanda ya halarci makarantar Norwegian kuma wanda ya yi nazarin al'amuran El Niño Ya danganta na karshen da Kudancin Oscillation.
Daniel Draper, mai ƙirƙira na'urori masu mahimmancin ma'aunin yanayi da suka haɗa da jagorancin iska mai rikodin kai da kayan aiki mai sauri, rikodin busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun kwan fitila, hygrograph, ma'aunin ruwan sama mai rikodin kai, ma'aunin zafin rana, da ma'aunin mercurial. barograph.
George Hadley, na farko don gabatar da tasirin jujjuyawar duniya a cikin bayanin iskõki na kasuwanci da yanayin yanayi.
Anna Mani, Masanin ilimin lissafi na Indiya da masanin yanayi wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga fannin kayan aikin meteorological, ya gudanar da bincike, kuma ya buga takardu masu yawa akan hasken rana, ozone, da ma'aunin makamashi na iska.
Sverre Petterssen, memba na Makarantar Nazarin Yanayin Yaren mutanen Norway kuma daga baya ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ƙungiyar uku na James Stagg don saukar da Normandy James Stagg, RAF meteorologist wanda ke da alhakin ƙungiyoyi uku na masana kimiyyar yanayi suna tsinkaya a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1944, wanda ya ba da izinin sauka a Normandy.
Carl-Gustaf Rossby, wani masanin meteorologist na Sweden ne wanda aka fi sani da ganowa da kuma kwatanta raƙuman ruwa da ake gani a cikin da kuma a cikin yankunan yamma a cikin yanayin duniya, wanda aka sani da raƙuman ruwa na Rossby, ko raƙuman duniya. An nuna Rossby a bangon mujallar Time a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 1956, saboda gudummawar da ya bayar a fagen. Mafi kyaun kyautar na Amurka, wanda Rossby shima mai karɓa ne a shekarar 1953, ana mai suna bayansa Carl-Gustaf Rossby Bincike Ted Fujita, masanin yanayi na kasar Japan wanda ya shahara da karatunsa akan guguwa da fashewa, da kuma kirkiro ma'aunin Fujita. Da farko ya yi nazarin bam din nukiliya da aka jefa a Nagasaki, wanda ya taimaka masa wajen bincike a nan gaba kan fashe-fashe Ya yi cikakken nazari kan abubuwan da suka faru na guguwa da yawa, yana ba da cikakkun bayanai kan yadda guguwa ta kasance da ƙarfi.
Josh Wurman, mai bincike ne a cikin ilimin yanayi, misali a matsayin jagoran masana kimiyya na aikin VORTEX2 Shi ma babban masanin yanayi ne akan jerin Storm Chasers na Discovery Channel.
Duba kuma Weather forecasting
National Weather Service
Certified Consulting Meteorologist
List of meteorologists
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15881 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie%20Aina | Jackie Aina | Jacquelyn Lonje Olayiwola Oyeshola Bolayemi Aina (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta shekarar 1987) wadda aka fi sani da 'Jackie Aina' Ba'amurkiya ce 'yar asalin Najeriya da ke amfani da kafar tashar YouTube. Tana yin batutuwa kan abubuwan da suka shafi shawarwari ga mutane kan sauya launin fata da kuma kwalliya. Tana da hadin gwiwa tare da Anastasia Beverly Hills, Sephora da kuma Sigma Beauty.
Tarihin Rayuwa Jackie Aina an haife ta ga mahaifiyar Ba'amurke Ba'amurke kuma mahaifin Najeriya dan asalin Yarbawa Bayan shekaru biyu na kwaleji, Aina ta shiga Amurka Reserve Army Yayin da take aiki a Hawaii, ta gano cewa tana da ƙwarewa a matsayin mai ƙirar kwalliya kuma an yi mata aikin MAC Cosmetics A cewar 'yar kasuwa, Aina "ana ci gaba da fada mata a wuraren kirga kayan kwalliya cewa yanayin da take son gwadawa ba zai yi aiki a fuskarta ba", don haka ta fara kirkirar bidiyo "game da kayan da kallon da take so wadanda za su iya aiki ga kowa".
Gwagwarmaya A matsayinta na mai gwagwarmaya kan bambance-bambancen dake cikin masana'antar kayan kwalliya, Aina ta bayar da hujjar cewa mutane masu launi ba su da wakilci sosai kuma galibi ana yin biris da su a masana'antar kyau, kuma ta soki lamirin inuwar kayan shafa don ba na kowa ba. Ta ci gaba da nuna rashin jeri jeri inuwar duhu don tushe a cikin layi. Ta gaya wa Bustle a cikin 2018, "Dukkanmu mun fito ne daga wurare daban-daban kuma mun kuma zo cikin tabarau daban-daban da iri, kuma abin da ke iya zama wani abu da zan yarda da shi na manta da shi ba batun wani ne ba." Baya ga inuwar gidauniya, Aina ta ce inuwar ido, ja da launukan lebe ba na duniya ba ne don launin fata. Duk da yake sukar da Aina ke yi wa kamfanonin kayan kwalliya ya lalata dangantakar da ta yi da yawancin su, tana mai tabbatar da cewa burinta ba zai taba tozarta su ba. Yawancin kamfanonin kayan kwalliya sun amince da sukar ta, wanda ya haifar da nasarar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin su da Aina. Aina ba ta yarda da mutanen da ke da'awar cewa "ba sa ganin launi", tana mai cewa sun yi biris da al'amuran launin fata kuma suna hana ta tattauna su. A cikin zanga-zangar bidiyo ta YouTube, ta yi kwas na kwalliyar kwalliya ta fari da fari, kuma daga baya ta bayyana cewa ta sanya kayan da ba daidai ba. Bayan co-kafa IT Cosmetics kuma Shugaba Jamie Kern Lima ya soki masana'antar kyau saboda hotunan mata ba tare da hadawa da rashin gaskiya ba, Aina, wacce a baya ta soki kayan kwalliyar IT, ta fuskance ta da sauran masana'antar game da kebe mutane masu launi da karban suka daga wata farar mace.
Hadin gwiwa A watan Yulin shekara ta 2016, Aina ta haɗa kai da elf Kayan shafawa don kirkirar palette inuwar ido. Bustle ya ba da rahoton cewa paletin "ya haɗa da sautin lu'u-lu'u guda biyar da launuka masu ƙyalƙyali tare da shimmery da matte mai ƙarewa" kuma ya bayyana launuka kamar "tsirara-ish mauve, taupe na jan ƙarfe, burgundy mai duhu, zinare mai sheƙi, da zurfin teal". Wannan zai zama farkon haɗin gwiwar Aina don sayarwa cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci.
A colin Watan Maris shekarar 2017, Sigma Beauty ta fito da saitin goge biyar "Dole ne a sami" wanda Aina ta ƙirƙira. A watan Disamba na shekarar 2017, Aina ta sanar da cewa za ta ƙaddamar da fure biyu na zinare masu haske, La Bronze da La Peach, tare da Artist Couture. Shahararriyar zakara ga mata da maza masu launin fata, Aina ta bayyana ra'ayinta cewa samfurin gidauniyar ta kayan kwalliya mai suna Too Fuskanta ba ta samar da wadatattun inuwa ba, Too Faced ta sanar da hadin gwiwa da ita don fadada zangon inuwar gidauniyar Haihuwar Wannan. A watan Yunin shekara ta 2018, an faɗaɗa zangon inuwa daga 24 zuwa 35 tabarau. Tara daga cikin sabbin inuwa goma sha ɗaya Aina ta tsara su, inda da yawa suka sayar. Ta ce ta saurari ra'ayoyin mabiyanta na kan layi da sauran tasirin launi. Aina ta ce haɗin gwiwar ba sakamakon illar da Fenty Beauty ta yi wa masana'antar kwalliyar ba ne bayan da ta ƙaddamar da gidauniya a cikin tabarau 40 a shekarar 2017, kuma ita da Too Faced ba su da labarin hakan. Ta kuma ce alamar ta kai gare ta a kokarin fadada kayayyakin na su tun kafin ta samu irin wadannan mabiya a yanar gizo. Aina ta fada wa Bustle a shekarar 2018 cewa za ta kirkiro layin kwalliya kafin shekarar 2019. A watan Agusta shekarar 2019, Aina ta fito da palette mai inuwa tare da haɗin gwiwar Anastasia Beverly Hills. A kan tabarau ɗin da aka haɗa, Aina ta ce, "paletin na kowa da kowa ne amma fifikata shi ne tabbatar da cewa na zaɓi inuwar da za ta yi aiki musamman don duhun duhu da zurfin duhu."
Yanayin Forvr A ranar 13 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2020, Aina ta sanar da sakin layin kayan gida, Forvr Mood, wanda zai sayar da kyandirori, kayayyakin kula da fata, da turare.
Kyauta A 49th NAACP Image Awards a 15 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2018, Aina lashe NAACP Image Award for "YouTuber na bana". NAACP ta gabatar da rukunin kyautar tare da hadin gwiwar Google, a shekarar 2018.
Duba kuma Jerin mutanen Yarbawa
Manazarta Mata
Ƴan Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed |
53203 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdalla%20Hamdok | Abdalla Hamdok | Abdalla Hamdok Al-Kinani (kuma ya fassara Abdallah, Hamdouk, Alkinani an haife shi 1 Janairu 1956) ɗan ƙasar Sudan ne mai kula da jama'a wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na 15 na Sudan daga 2019 zuwa Oktoba 2021, kuma daga Nuwamba 2021 zuwa 2 Janairu 2022. Kafin nadin nasa, Hamdok ya yi aiki a mukamai masu yawa na kasa da kasa. Daga Nuwamba 2011 zuwa Oktoba 2018, ya kasance Mataimakin Babban Sakatare na Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNECA). Ma'aikatan hukumar ta UNECA sun bayyana Hamdok a matsayin "Jami'in diflomasiyya, mutum mai tawali'u kuma haziki kuma mai tarbiyya". A cikin 2020, an sanya sunan Hamdok a cikin 50 Mafi Tasirin Mutane 50 na Bloomberg na shekara. Bayan mika mulki daga kwamitin mulkin soja na rikon kwarya zuwa majalisar mulkin Sudan a lokacin shirin mika mulki ga dimokradiyya a shekarar 2019, majalisar mulkin kasar ta nada Hamdok a matsayin firaminista. An rantsar da shi a ranar 21 ga Agusta, 2019. A lokacin juyin mulkin Sudan na Oktoban 2021, an yi garkuwa da shi kuma aka koma wani wuri da ba a bayyana ba. Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai da Amurka da sauran kasashen yammacin duniya sun bayyana cewa suna ci gaba da amincewa da majalisar ministocin Hamdok a matsayin "shugabannin tsarin mulki na gwamnatin rikon kwarya". A ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, 2021, an 'yantar da dukkan fursunonin siyasa kuma an mayar da Hamdok a matsayin firayim minista a wani bangare na yarjejeniya da sojoji. Hamdok ya yi murabus a ranar 2 ga Janairu 2022 a ci gaba da zanga-zangar.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Abdalla Hamdok a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1956 a Al Dibibat, Kudancin Kordofan, Sudan. Ya yi digirin digirgir a Jami'ar Khartoum da digirin digirgir a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Manchester Aikin farko da na duniya Daga 1981 zuwa 1987, Hamdok babban jami'i ne a ma'aikatar kudi da tsara tattalin arziki ta Sudan. A cikin shekarun 1990, Hamdok ya rike manyan mukamai da farko a Deloitte & Touche sannan kuma a kungiyar kwadago ta kasa da kasa a Zimbabwe, sannan ya rike shekaru da dama a Bankin Raya Afirka a Cote d'Ivoire Hamdok shi ne Daraktan Yanki na Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya na Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya ta Duniya da Taimakon Zabe daga 2003 zuwa 2008. Hamdok ya yi aiki a takaice a Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNECA) a 2001 da 2002 a matsayin Darakta na Haɗin Kai da Ciniki kuma daga 2011 zuwa Oktoba 2018 ya kasance Mataimakin Babban Sakatare na UNECA. Ma'aikatan UNECA sun bayyana Hamdok a matsayin Mai son Afirka na gaskiya, jami'in diflomasiyya, mutum mai tawali'u kuma haziki kuma mai tarbiyya". A watan Satumban 2018, an nada Hamdok a matsayin ministan kudi a karkashin shugabancin Omar al-Bashir na Sudan amma ya ki nada.
Firayim Ministan Sudan An ba da shawarwari a watan Yuni 2019 daga mai magana da yawun Forces of Freedom and Change (FFC) kuma a watan Agusta 2019 ta Sudan Daily cewa FFC za ta gabatar da Hamdok a matsayin Firayim Minista na Sudan, wanda ya yi shawarwari kan mika mulki ga Sudan ta 2019 zuwa dimokiradiyya da Majalisar soja ta wucin gadi (TMC). An bayyana hanyoyin miƙa mulki bisa ƙa'ida a cikin Yarjejeniyar Siyasa da FFC da TMC suka sanya hannu a ranar 17 ga Yuli 2019 da kuma Kundin Tsarin Mulki da FFC da TMC suka sanya hannu a ranar 4 ga Agusta 2019. Majalisar mulkin Sudan ta nada Hamdok a matsayin Firaminista a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, kamar yadda daftarin tsarin mulkin kasar ya bukata. Daga bisani aka rantsar da shi a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta. A karkashin sashi na 19 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, a matsayinsa na minista a lokacin rikon kwarya, an hana Hamdok (tare da wasu manyan shugabannin rikon kwarya) shiga zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin da aka shirya kawo karshen wa'adin mika mulki a kusa da 2022/2023. A matsayinsa na firayim minista, Hamdok ya zaɓi majalisar ministoci A ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 2019, ya wanke shugabannin jami'o'in Sudan, ya kori kansila 28 da mataimakan shugabanni 35 tare da nada mataimakan shugabanni 34. Manufar ita ce a maye gurbin mutanen da ke rike da madafun iko da ke wakiltar gwamnatin al-Bashir.
Yunkurin kisa A ranar 9 ga Maris, 2020, wani fashewar mota ya nufi Hamdok da ayarin motocinsa a wani yunkurin kisan gilla a babban birnin kasar Khartoum Har yanzu ba a gano wanda ya aikata laifin a bainar jama'a ba. Akalla motoci 3 ne suka lalace a yunƙurin, amma ba a samu asarar rai ba sai dai wani jami'in tsaro da ya samu rauni.
Oktoba 2021 juyin mulki A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2021, sojojin Sudan, karkashin jagorancin Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, sun kama Hamdok da wasu manyan jami'an gwamnati a wani juyin mulki Ma'aikatar yada labaran kasar ta bayyana cewa Hamdok "har yanzu shine halastaccen ikon rikon kwarya a kasar" tare da yin kira da a gaggauta sakin firaminista da dukkan jami'an da ake tsare da su. Har ila yau, ma'aikatar ta bayyana cewa "dukkan matakan bai-daya da kuma hukunce-hukuncen da bangaren soji suka dauka ba su da wani tushe na tsarin mulki, da keta doka, kuma ana daukar su a matsayin laifi." A ranar 26 ga Oktoba, Hamdok, tare da matarsa, suka koma gidansa da ke unguwar Kafouri a birnin Khartoum. Sakin Hamdok ya biyo bayan la'antar juyin mulkin da kasashen duniya suka yi da kuma kira ga sojoji da su saki dukkan jami'an gwamnatin da ke tsare. A ranar 27 ga Oktoba, wakilan Tarayyar Turai, Norway, Jordan, Libya, Somalia, Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Isra'ila, Sudan ta Kudu, Haiti, Venezuela, Paraguay, Switzerland, Amurka da Birtaniya sun bayyana cewa kasashensu "na ci gaba da yin aiki tare da su. amince da Firayim Minista [Hamdok] da majalisarsa a matsayin shugabannin kundin tsarin mulki na gwamnatin rikon kwarya". A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, Saudiyya, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, Amurka da Burtaniya sun yi kira da a maido da gwamnatin farar hula ta Sudan. Wadannan kasashe sun kuma yi kira da a kawo karshen dokar ta-baci, da sakin fursunonin siyasa, da kuma “hakika hadin gwiwar farar hula da sojoji” a lokacin mika mulki ga zabe. Wannan dai shi ne karo na farko da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da Saudiyya suka bukaci a maido da gwamnatin farar hula da kuma komawa kan madafun iko. Rayayyun mutane
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34245 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Yoav | Operation Yoav | Operation Yoav (wanda kuma ake kira Operation Plagues Goma ko Operation Yo'av wani aikin sojan Isra'ila ne da aka gudanar daga 15-22 Oktoba 1948 a cikin hamadar Negev, a lokacin Yaƙin Larabawa da Isra'ila na 1948. Manufarta ita ce ta kora tsakanin sojojin Masar a bakin gaɓar, da hanyar Biyer-sheba, da Hebron, da hanyar Urushalima, da yaƙi dukan Negeb. Operation Yoav ya kasance karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Front Front Yigal Allon An yi wa wannan aiki suna ne bayan Yitzhak Dubno, wanda kwamandojinsa a Palmach suka yi masa lakabi da "Yoav". Dubno, babban jami'in Palmach, an tuhumi shi ne da shiryawa da kuma jagorantar kare kibbutzim Negba da Yad Mordechai. An kashe Dubno ne a wani samame da aka kai ta sama a Kibbutz Negba jim kadan bayan da sojojin Masar suka fara kai farmaki a yankin kudancin Isra'ila.
Fage A yankunan tsakiya da arewacin kasar Falasdinu, Isra'ilawa sun yi nasarar samun galaba mai yawa a yankin kafin a fara aiki da tsagaita bude wuta na biyu. Amma Hamadar Negev ta kudu, wadda aka ware wa kasar Yahudawa a cikin Tsarin Rarrabuwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 1947 na Falasdinu, har yanzu yana karkashin ikon Masar. Duk da tsagaitawar ta biyu, Masarawa sun hana ayarin yahudawa wucewa zuwa Negev, kuma sun kama wasu mukamai fiye da layin sulhu. Ayyukan Annoba Goma (bayan horon da Allah ya aika wa Masarawa don riƙe Isra’ilawa bauta a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci an yi shi kuma an amince da shi a zaman majalisar zartarwa na 6 ga Oktoba 1948. Wannan farmakin ya zo ne a ranar 14 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1948, lokacin da aka harba wani ayari dauke da manyan motoci 16 a lokacin da suke wucewa ta yankunan kasar Masar.
Ralph Bunche, wanda ya zama mai shiga tsakani na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa Count Folke Bernadotte, ya ce:
Matakin soja na [Isra'ila] na 'yan kwanakin nan ya kasance a kan sikelin da za a iya aiwatar da shi ne kawai bayan dogon shiri, kuma da kyar za a iya bayyana shi a matsayin matakin ramuwar gayya kan harin da aka kai kan ayarin motocin [Isra'ila]. Aikin ya zo daidai da Operation ha-Har, 18-24 ga Oktoba, inda dakarun Harel da Etzioni Brigades suka kai hari kan kauyukan Masar da ke kan hanyar Jerusalem Corridor Tarihi Sojojin Isra'ila sun hada da birged soji guda uku, Negev Brigade, Givati Brigade karkashin jagorancin Abraham "Kiki" Elkin, da Yiftach Brigade, bataliyar mai sulke daga Brigade ta 8 masu sulke da kuma kakkabo manyan bindigogi da aka samu ga sojojin. IDF a lokacin. A ranar 18 ga Oktoba kuma rundunar Oded Brigade ta shiga aikin. Da yammacin ranar 15 ga watan Oktoba sojojin saman Isra'ila sun kai hari Gaza, al-Majdal (yanzu Ashkelon Beersheba da Beit Hanoun An sake kai harin bama-bamai a wasu wurare a cikin dare biyu masu zuwa. Wata bataliyar rundunar sojojin ta Yiftach Brigade ta yi aikin hakar ma'adinan jirgin kasa tsakanin El-Arish da Rafah da kuma hanyoyi daban-daban a yankin na Gaza, inda suka kuma tuka wata hanya. Bataliyoyin Birgediya Biyu na Givati Brigade sun kori kudu maso gabashin Iraki al-Manshiyya (a yanzu Kiryat Gath don haka yanke hanya tsakanin al-Faluja da Beit Jibrin Bataliya ta 52 ta Givati da Brigade ta 8 sun kama Beit Jibrin a ranar 23 ga Oktoba. Da sanyin safiya na ranar 21 ga watan Oktoba, bayan dare biyu na hare-hare ta sama, sojojin Negev Brigade da 8th Armored Brigade sun kai hari kan Beersheba daga yamma. Wata runduna ta sake haɗa su daga arewa. Dakarun sojojin Masar sun kunshi sojoji 500 da wasu kananan bindigogi. Sun dan yi tsayin daka na tsawon awanni biyar kafin su mika wuya. An yi wa cin nasarar Biyersheba suna Operation Moshe, bayan Moshe Albert, wanda ya faɗi yana kare Beit Eshel da aka kewaye. Yayin da aka ba da umarnin tsagaita wuta na tsawon sa'o'i 15:00 a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, an ci gaba da aiwatar da kwanaki da suka biyo bayan aikin, da kuma alaƙa da shi. Bayan da Masarawa suka koma kudu daga Ashdod (Oktoba 28) da al-Majdal (Nuwamba 6) zuwa Gaza, yankin gabar tekun da ke Yad Mordechai ya kasance a hannun sojojin Isra'ila. A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, an kama sansanin Suwaydan na Iraki tare da canza sunan sansanin Yoav don girmama aikin. A ranar 29 ga watan Oktoba sojoji na birgediya ta 8 sun yi kisan kiyashi a al-Dawayima A ƙarshen aikin Janar Allon ya nemi izinin ƙaddamar da hari a kan tuddan Hebron da cikin kwarin Jericho. David Ben-Gurion ya ki yarda, musamman saboda fargabar cewa hakan zai kai ga shiga Burtaniya. Hukumar ba da agajin ‘yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayar da rahoton cewa, ‘yan gudun hijira a zirin Gaza sun haura daga 100,000 zuwa 230,000 sakamakon aikin da ake yi na Operation Yoav. Wannan adadi bai haɗa da waɗanda suka gudu zuwa Dutsen Hebron ba.
Kauyukan Larabawa da aka kama
Brigades masu shiga 8th Brigade masu sulke
Givati Brigade
Negev Brigade
Oded Brigade
Yiftach Brigade
Duba kuma Yakin sojojin ruwan Isra'ila a Operation Yoav
Jerin fadace-fadace da ayyuka a yakin Falasdinu na 1948
Rushewar wuraren Falasɗinawa a Isra'ila
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yaƙin Isra'ila da Larabawa na Farko da 'Yan Gudun Hijira 1948-53 Archived Kada Mu Manta labarin Nizar Sakhanini
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16143 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufuoma%20McDermott | Ufuoma McDermott | Ufuoma Stacey McDermott (yadda ake furtawa; r (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da ɗaya(1981) yar fim ce ta Nijeriya, ta kasakance yar wasan kwaikwaiyo kuma mai sana'ar kwalliya.
Tarihin rayuwa Ejenobor an haife ta ne a garin Benin iyayen ta yan Najeriya ne mazaunan asalin Urhobo dake jihar Delta a Najeriya. Ta yi kaura daga garin Benin izuwa jahar Jos, inda ta yi amfani da mafi kyaun shekarun yarinta, daga baya kuma ta koma Legas, inda ta zauna a mafi yawan rayuwarta kuma har yanzu tana zaune a legas har zuwa yau. Tana da shekara bakwai, mahaifinta ya kuma kirkiro mata sunan dabba: ISIO (wanda ke nufin "tauraruwa" a Urhobo An rada mata suna ne saboda tauraruwar 'yar fim din shirin TELEFEST da NTA Benin suka hada, Tukunyar Rayuwa Aure da Iyali Ejenobor ta yi aure a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta (2010) da Steven McDermott. A hukumance ta sauya sunanta zuwa Ufuoma McDermott a ranar 23 ga watan Mayu, a shekara ta( 2014) a wata babbar kotun Legas.
Karatu Ta wuce makarantar Alama mai zaman kanta a Jos, jihar Plateau, Tunwase Nursery da firamare Ikeja, Legas daga karshe Molly International Nursery da firamare A jos Estate don makarantar gandun daji da ilimin firamare. Sannan ta halarci Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Odogbolu, Jihar Ogun don karatun sakandare.
Daga baya Ufuoma ta sami digiri a fannin harshen Faransanci daga Jami'ar Legas inda ta shiga cikin shirin hutun tallafin karatu na Gwamnatin Tarayya. Hakanan tana da takaddun sheda da difloma daga Alliance Française da NIIT. Ta yi digiri na biyu a Harkokin Jama'a da Harkokin Kasa da Kasa, ita ma daga Jami'ar Legas A shekara ta( 2011) ta halarci Kwalejin Koyon Fina-finai ta New York a Los Angeles don kwas na wasan kwaikwayo sannan daga baya ta yi kwas din yin fim daga Dov Simen ta Hollywood Film Institute. A cikin shekara ta (2013) ta sami takardar shaidar a cikin Gudanar da Harkokin Kasuwancin Dan Adam daga Makarantar Kasuwancin London. A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 2015) tana daga cikin shirin ilimantar da dangi daga Najeriya, mallakar kamfanin Relativity Media a Beverly Hills.
Nishaɗi Ta fara aiki a cikin nishaɗi tare da yin tallan kayan kawa a cikin shekara ta (2000) a matsayin samfurin daukar hoto sannan daga baya ta koma kan titin titin jirgin sama da masu kyau Fim A watan Fabrairun shekara ta (2004) Ejenobor ta yanke shawara kan harkar fim. Farawa tare da Zeb Ejiro Shugaban Kasa Dole ne Ya Mutu, ta ci gaba da samun rawar gani a fina-finai. A watan Mayu shekara ta (2005) ta fara taka rawar gani a Rayuwa da Mutuwa, fim dinta na uku bayan Shugaban Kasa Kada Ya Mutu da Guy akan Layi A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2005) ta buga Chibuzor a cikin Edge na Paradise TV jerin da Royal Roots network suka samar.
A shekara ta 2008) ta ɗauki matsayin "Lillian Wright" a cikin shirin gidan talabijin na Mama da Ni rawar da ta ba ta damar zaɓar mafi kyawun 'yar wasa a shekarar ta 2010) Festival de Télévision de Monte- Carlo da kuma daya a The Terracotta Nigerian TV da Film Awards. An zabi ta a matsayin Jarumar shekara ta 2011) a Future Awards
Mataki A watan Janairun shekara 2018) McDermott ya sake maimaita matsayinta na "Mama Baby", "Mata Kira Jagora" da "Sister Esther" a cikin shirin Ji Maganar!, wanda ya dawo shekara ta biyu a jere zuwa Harvard kuma an shirya shi a sanannen gidan wasan kwaikwayo na American Repertory a Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.SA. Kayan aikin ya shafi jigogi daban-daban, wadanda ke magance matsalolin mata a cikin al'umma. Wasan kwaikwayon, wanda ya fara fitowa a Legas, Najeriya a shekara ta 2014) ya kuma kunshi hazikan 'yan wasa kamar Joke Silva, Taiwo Ajayi-Lycett da Bimbo Akintola. Saurari Kalmar da aka gabatar a bikin Edinburgh na Kasa da Kasa a watan Agusta shekara ta (2019) da McDermott, Joke Silva, Taiwo Ajayi-Lycett da sauran membobin wasan kwaikwayon da aka yi a Royal Lyceum, a Edinburgh, Scotland. Guardian ta Burtaniya, a cikin bita game da wasan kwaikwayon ta bayyana shi a matsayin "a lokaci guda mai tsauri da kuma wahayi", yana ba wa wasan tauraruwa uku daga cikin biyar.
Ganewa Fitacciyar Jaruma a cikin jerin Talakawa Nominee Kyautar Nishaɗin Nijeriya a shekara ta (2011)
Actor of the shekara ta (2011) Nominee- The Future Awards
Mafi kyawun ressan takarar --an wasa Lambar yabo ta Nymph ta shekara ta 2010 Bikin Gidan Talabijin na Monte Carlo Mafi kyawun Actan wasa a jerin waɗanda aka zaɓa a jerin Wasanni, Terracotta TV da Kyautar Fim
Go Red Africa, Mafi Kyawun Mace Mace, a shekara ta( 2007)
Youthungiyar Matasan Afirka, Gwarzon Misali, a shekara ta (2009)
Ta wakilci Najeriya a gasar sarauniyar kyau ta Miss Earth a shekara ta 2004) McDermott ya kasance mai magana a TEDx Rayfield, wanda aka gudanar a watan Disamba na shekara ta (2017)
Lambobin yabo
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Ufuoma McDermott on IMDb
Haifaffun 1981
Mata
Rayayyun mutane
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41202 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Nwawuba | Henry Nwawuba | Henry Nwawuba(an haifeshi ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu, 1969) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne, ɗan kasuwa, ma'aikacin banki kuma ɗan agaji. Shi dan majalisar wakilai ne (Nigeria), mai wakiltar Mbaitoli Ikeduru Federal Constituency na jihar Imo. A yanzu haka yana wa’adinsa na biyu a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa (Najeriya). An zabe shi a lokuta biyu a dandalin jam’iyyar PDP. Shi ne mataimakin shugaban kwamitin majalisar kan yankin Neja Delta.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Henry Nwawuba a Aba, jihar Abia jihar Abia (tsohuwar jihar Imo), Najeriya ga Cif Henry Nwawuba (Snr) da marigayiya Christiana Nwawuba Nee Meniru daga Nawfia a jihar Anambra. Ya yi karatun firamare a Makarantar Ma’aikatan Jami’ar Bayero Kano da Sakandare a Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Aminu Kano da Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Kano. Ya halarci Jami'ar Jos, Jihar Filato daga 1988 zuwa 1992 inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha. Daga nan sai ya wuce Ingila bayan hidimar matasa ta kasa a 1993, inda ya karanta Business Computing a digirin sa na biyu a Jami'ar Westminster.
Sana'a da rayuwar siyasa Henry Nwawuba kafin ya shiga harkokin siyasa ya samu bunkasuwar sana’a a matsayin ma’aikacin banki, inda ya kafa daya daga cikin manya-manyan bankunan masu karamin karfi a Najeriya, Fortis Micro Finance Banks Plc. Kasuwancin sa masu zaman kansu sun haɗa da harkar mai da iskar gas, yawon buɗe ido, sadarwa da sarrafa kayan gona. Ya kasance babban jami'in gudanarwa na NICNOC Nigeria Limited, wani kamfani mai kula da mai da iskar gas. Ya kuma zauna a kwamitin Capital Meat Ltd, daya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin sarrafa nama a Najeriya da ke tasowa. Kafin nan, ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan gona na kwamfuta a City of London Colt Technology Services Telecommunications a London, Ingila.
Bayan dawowarsa Najeriya daga kasar Ingila a shekarar 2006, Nwawuba ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki na musamman kan ayyuka na musamman ga gwamnan jihar Filato Mista Michael Botmang. Ya yi ritaya daga kasuwanci har zuwa 2015 lokacin da aka zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisar wakilai (Nigeria) don wakiltar mazabar Mbaitoli Ikeduru na jihar Imo a karkashin jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party. An sake zaben shi don yin wa’adi na biyu a 2019. Bukatunsa na majalisa sun hada da Gyara da Ƙirƙiri a Tsarin Manufofi, Ci gaban Neja-Delta, abubuwan cikin gida, haɓaka jarin ɗan adam, mai da iskar gas, banki da fasahar sadarwa. Nwawuba ya jagoranci fafutuka da dama don ci gaban yankin Neja Delta wanda ke daukar nauyin ayyukan mai da iskar gas babbar hanyar samun kudaden shiga a Najeriya. Shi ne Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan Neja-Delta kuma Shugaba/Kodinetan Tattaunawar Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta farko a kan Neja Delta. A cikin watan Maris 2020, ya jagoranci wasu 'yan majalisa daga Kudu maso Gabas (Nigeria) don neman gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta shigar da yankin cikin ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa da za a samu daga rancen dala biliyan 22 daga hukumomin kudi na kasa da kasa ya gabatar da koke-koke da ya gabatar daga Kudu maso Gabas Elite. A shekarar 2019, an nada shi mataimakin shugaban kwamitocin majalisar wakilai kan yankin Neja Delta. A Majalisar Dokoki ta 8 ya hada hannu da kudirin dokar kafa hukumar raya Kudu Maso Gabas wadda ta kai matakin karatu na daya da na biyu a zauren Green Chamber bayan da aka fara yi. Ya kuma yi aiki a kwamitin fasaha kan zartar da dokar masana'antar man fetur (PIB) tsakanin 2018 da 2019. Shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya ki amincewa da kudirin dokar a karshen shekarar 2019. An sake nada shi don yin aiki a kwamitin don nazarin amincewarsa a majalisa ta 9. A watan Mayu 2020, ya dauki nauyin kudirin "Bukatar Najeriya ta samar da hangen nesa na ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na dogon lokaci" wanda majalisar wakilai ta amince da shi gaba daya. Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta mayar da martani ta kaddamar da kwamitin gudanarwa karkashin jagorancin ministar kudi Zainab Ahmed da Atedo Peterside a watan Oktoban 2020 domin samar da wani tsari na ajandar Najeriya na 2050. Bayan barkewar cutar COVID-19, Majalisar Wakilai ta sake aiwatar da ajandarta na majalisa don daidaitawa da gaskiyar COVID-19. An tsara Henry Nwawuba don yin aiki a cikin kwamitin da ya sake rubuta takarda kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin wucin gadi kan aiwatar da ajandar majalisa na majalisa ta 9.
Nwawuba ya kasance cikin tawagogin majalisar dokokin kasa da kasa da dama a Najeriya, ciki har da tawagar kwararrun da aka aika zuwa Afirka ta Kudu domin nuna adawa da kyamar baki da 'yan Najeriya suka fuskanta a kasar a shekarar 2017 tare da shugaban masu rinjaye na lokacin (yanzu shugaban majalisar wakilai Femi Gbajabiamila Rayuwa ta sirri Henry Nwawuba ya auri Mrs. Leton Nwawuba (née Idemyor) wanda ta fito daga jihar Rivers kuma sun sami albarkar ‘ya’ya uku, Denzel Nwawuba, Nwakaego Chloe Zina Nwawuba, da Somtochukwu Henry Tedum Nwawuba.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa Matsayin sarauta: Ogbuhuruzo na Amaukwu Orodo Yuli 2016
Jakadan Aminci
Majiɓinci, Ƙungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya
Memba, Chartered Institute of Bankers of Nigeria
Grand Patron, Owerri Sports Club
Kyautar Sabis na Zinare Rotary Club
Labarai Neja Delta: Lokaci ya yi da za a ɗauki alhakin. Tafiya Zuwa Yanzu: Wasika zuwa ga Manyan Mambobina.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Haifaffun 1969
Rayayyun mutane
Articles with hAudio microformats
Yan siyasan Najeriya
Yan majalisan wakilai
Yan jamiyyar |
50408 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauyin%20yanayi%20a%20Tanzaniya | Sauyin yanayi a Tanzaniya | Sauyin yanayi a Tanzaniya, yana shafar yanayin yanayi na mazauna Tanzaniya. Yanayin zafi a Tanzaniya yana ƙaruwa tare da yuwuwar aukuwar ruwan sama mai ƙarfi (sakamakon ambaliya) da bushewar yanayi (sakamakon fari). Karancin ruwa ya zama matsala mai yawa kuma yawancin manyan ruwa sun sami raguwa sosai a matakan ruwa, ciki har da tafkin Victoria, tafkin Tanganyika Lake Jipe, da tafkin Rukwa. Bangaren noma na Tanzaniya, wanda ke daukar sama da rabin al'ummar kasar, yana da rauni musamman saboda manoman sun dogara ne kan noman ruwan sama. A daya hannun kuma, karuwar ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya ya haifar da ambaliyan ruwa a fadin yankin, wanda ya lalata ababen more rayuwa da rayuwa. Kaso da yawa na al'ummar Tanzaniya suna zaune a bakin tekun kuma sun dogara da kamun kifi da kiwo. Ana sa ran hawan teku da sauye-sauyen ingancin ruwa za su yi tasiri ga wadannan sassa da kuma zama kalubale ga kasar. Tanzaniya ta samar da Shirye-shiryen Daidaitawa na Aiki (NAPAs) a cikin 2007 kamar yadda Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Mulki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin Yanayi ta umarta. Hukumar ta NAPA ta bayyana sassan noma, ruwa, lafiya, da makamanci a matsayin sassan Tanzaniya da suka fi fuskantar sauyin yanayi. A cikin 2012, Tanzaniya ta samar da dabarun sauyin yanayi na ƙasa don mayar da martani ga karuwar damuwa game da mummunan tasirin sauyin yanayi da sauye-sauyen yanayi kan yanayin zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da na zahiri na ƙasar. A cikin 2015, Tanzaniya ta ƙaddamar da gudummawar da aka ƙaddara ta ƙasa (INDC).
Tasiri kan yanayin yanayi Tsakanin 1981 zuwa 2016 akwai wuraren bushewa a sassa na arewa maso gabas da yawancin kudancin Tanzaniya. Sabanin haka, matsakaicin yanayin jika ya faru a tsakiyar Tanzaniya da kuma yanayin jika mai ƙarfi a arewa maso yammacin ƙasar. Bayyanar yanayin dumamar yanayi yana bayyana a yanayin zafin shekara. A cikin shekarun 2090, ana hasashen dumamar yanayi tana cikin kewayon 1.6 zuwa 5.0 °C, kuma ana rarraba shi daidai a fadin kasar. Domin ruwan sama akwai yarjejeniya mai ƙarfi don raguwa a matsakaicin adadin kwanakin damina da kuma ƙaruwar yawan ruwan sama a kowace rana ta ruwan sama ('ƙarfin ruwan sama'). A hade waɗannan canje-canjen suna ba da shawarar ƙarin ruwan sama mai canzawa, tare da yiwuwar busassun busassun biyu (kamar fari da kuma yuwuwar haɗarin ruwan sama mai ƙarfi (sau da yawa yana hade da ambaliya Ana iya ganin tasirin sauyin yanayi na matsanancin fari, ambaliya, mutuwar dabbobi, gazawar amfanin gona da barkewar cututtuka (kamar kwalara da zazzabin cizon sauro) akai-akai.
Tasiri akan mutane
Tasirin tattalin arziki
Noma Noma (ciki har da kiwo) shine babban yanki a cikin tattalin arzikin Tanzaniya, yana samar da rayuwa, samun kudin shiga da aikin yi. An kuma gano shi a matsayin bangaren da ya fi fuskantar sauyin yanayi Ƙara yawan zafin jiki da 2 °C 4 Akwai yuwuwar °C zai canza rarraba yankuna bakwai na agro-ecological na Tanzaniya. Wuraren da suke noman amfanin gona na shekara zai dace da amfanin gona na shekara. Canjin yanayi zai kasance yana haɓaka haɓaka tsiro da rage tsawon lokacin girma. Rashin lahani a fannin noma na iya haɗawa da raguwar noman amfanin gona na amfanin gona daban-daban wanda ya ta'azzara ta hanyar sauye-sauyen yanayi da rashin hasashen yanayi na yanayi, zaizayar ƙasa tushen albarkatun ƙasa da lalacewar muhalli. Wani bincike na 2011 ya gano cewa amfanin amfanin gona duka yana shafar dumama da haɓakar haɓaka. Ƙara yawan zafin jiki da 2 °C a lokacin noman da aka yi hasashen nan da shekarar 2050 zai iya rage yawan amfanin noman shinkafa, dawa da masara da kashi 7.6%, 8.8% da 13% a Tanzaniya. An samu karuwar yawan hazo da kashi 20 cikin 100 na hazo tsakanin yanayi don rage amfanin shinkafa, dawa da masara da 7.6%, 7.2% da 4.2% bi da bi nan da 2050. Misali tsananin fari da aka yi a Dodoma ya haifar da raguwar girbi da kashi 80%.
Tasirin lafiya Akwai wasu cututtukan da ke da saurin yanayi a Tanzaniya waɗanda za su iya zama ruwan dare yayin fari da ambaliya. Cututtuka masu nasaba da ruwa kamar kwalara da zazzabin cizon sauro na iya karuwa a Tanzaniya saboda sauyin yanayi. A wasu sassan Tanzaniya, an danganta barkewar cutar kwalara da karuwar ruwan sama. An samu bullar cutar kwalara a arewa maso gabas da kudu maso gabas da tafkin Victoria da kuma yankunan gabar tekun Tanzaniya sakamakon yawan ruwan sama. Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa hadarin farko na kwalara ya karu da kashi 15% zuwa 19% na kowane 1 °C yana ƙaruwa. An kuma yi hasashen cewa a shekarar 2030 jimillar farashin kwalara da ke da nasaba da canjin yanayi zai kasance tsakanin kashi 0.32% zuwa 1.4% na GDP na kasar Tanzaniya. An san cewa cutar zazzabin cizon sauro ta fi yawa a lokacin ruwan sama mai yawa da kuma yanayin zafi saboda yana sanya wuraren zama na sauro (kamar tafkuna, tafkuna, rijiyoyi ko ramuka, koguna, koguna da magudanan ruwa) wuraren kiwon da suka dace. Misali, wani bincike da aka gudanar a gundumar Lushoto ta kasar Tanzaniya, ya bayyana cewa cutar zazzabin cizon sauro ta yi kaurin suna a lokutan damina mai yawa kuma akwai alaka da karuwar zafi.
Ragewa da daidaitawa
Manufofi da dokoki don daidaitawa Tanzaniya ta samar da Shirye-shiryen Daidaitawa na Aiki (NAPAs) a cikin 2007 kamar yadda Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Mulki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin Yanayi ta umarta. Gabaɗayan hangen nesa na NAPA na Tanzaniya shi ne gano ayyukan daidaita sauyin yanayi cikin gaggawa da gaggawa waɗanda ke da ƙarfi don haifar da ci gaba mai dorewa na dogon lokaci a cikin canjin yanayi. Hukumar ta NAPA ta bayyana sassan noma, ruwa, lafiya, da makamashi a matsayin sassan Tanzaniya da suka fi fuskantar sauyin yanayi. Yadawa da fadada fasahar da ba ta da tsada, mai saukin kai kamar murhu mai kona itace, da kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a madadin hanyoyin makamashi kamar iska da hasken rana. Tanzaniya ta zayyana matakan daidaita fifiko a cikin NAPA, da dabaru daban-daban na sassan ƙasa da sakamakon bincike. Hukumar ta NAPA ta yi nasara wajen karfafa sauye-sauyen yanayi a cikin manufofin sashe a Tanzaniya; duk da haka, haɗin gwiwar tsakanin sassan da ke da mahimmanci don aiwatar da dabarun daidaitawa ya kasance mai iyaka saboda ƙalubalen hukumomi kamar rashin daidaiton wutar lantarki, ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi da kuma tsarin sashe mai tushe. Yawancin ayyukan da ake yi a Tanzaniya sun shafi aikin noma da sarrafa albarkatun ruwa (ruwa, ceton ruwa, tattara ruwan sama); duk da haka, makamashi da yawon shakatawa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
28744 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20Security%20Service%20%28Nijeriya%29 | State Security Service (Nijeriya) | A Jami'an (SSS), A matsayin Department of State Services (Dss), ne hukumomin tsaro na Najeriya da kuma daya daga uku gaje kungiyoyi da National Security Organization (NSO). Hukumar tana karkashin fadar shugaban kasa ta Tarayyar Najeriya, kuma tana kai rahoton ayyukanta ga ofishin hukumar NSA.
Babban nauyin da ya rataya a wuyanta shi ne a cikin kasar kuma ya hada da yaki da leken asiri, tsaro na cikin gida, yaki da ta'addanci, da sa ido da kuma binciken wasu nau'ikan manyan laifuka da ake yiwa jihar. Ana kuma dorawa alhakin kare manyan jami’an gwamnati, musamman shugaban kasa, mataimakin shugaban kasa, gwamnonin jahohi da shugabannin jihohi da gwamnatocin da suka kai ziyara tare da iyalansu.
hedikwatar ta a Abuja Kamar yadda shelar shugaban kasa ta 1999 ta nuna, hukumar SSS tana aiki ne a matsayin sashe a cikin ma’aikatar tsaro da kuma karkashinta mai baiwa shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro Daraktoci Janar na SSS
Asalin Cika daya daga cikin alkawuran da ya yi a jawabinsa na farko na kasa a matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, Ibrahim Babangida a watan Yunin 1986 ya bayar da doka mai lamba 19, ta rusa hukumar tsaro ta kasa (NSO) tare da sake fasalin jami'an tsaron Najeriya zuwa hukumomi uku daban-daban a karkashin ofishin kungiyar. kodinetan tsaron kasa. Hukumar tsaron farin kaya (SSS) ta dora alhakin leken asirin cikin gida, tare da Darakta Janar Ismaila Gwarzo da Mataimakin Darakta Laftanar Col. AK Togun. Hukumar leken asiri ta kasa (NIA) ta kula da bayanan sirri na waje da kuma hana leken asiri. Hukumar leken asiri ta tsaro (DIA) ce ke da alhakin gudanar da bayanan sirri da suka shafi sojoji a waje da cikin Najeriya. Hedikwatar hukumar ta farko tana lamba 15, Awolowo road, Ikoyi a Legas A halin yanzu dai wannan rukunin yana dauke da hukumar yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa ta EFCC. Daga karshe dai an mayar da hedikwatar ta SSS zuwa Abuja a lokacin mulkin Janar Sani Abacha, hedkwatar da aka fi sani da "Yellow House", tana gefen arewa na shiyyar makamai uku a kan titin Aso a Maitama, Abuja.
Umarni Manufar hukumar SSS ita ce ta kare tare da kare Tarayyar Najeriya daga barazanar cikin gida, tabbatar da tabbatar da aiwatar da dokokin aikata laifuka a Najeriya, da samar da shugabanci da ayyukan shari'a ga hukumomin tarayya da na jihohi. Ana kuma tuhumar SSS da kare Shugaban kasa, Mataimakin Shugaban kasa, Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa, Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai, Gwamnonin Jihohi, danginsu, sauran manyan jami’an gwamnati, tsoffin shugabannin kasa da matansu, da wasu fitattun ‘yan takarar ofis. na Shugaban kasa, Mataimakin Shugaban kasa da Gwamnoni, da shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kasashen waje da suka kai ziyara. Hukumar SSS a kullum ta saba da ayyuka daban-daban da ake bukata ta hanyar haifar da barazanar tsaro a Najeriya da suka hada da yaki da ta'addanci da masu tayar da kayar baya.
Nasara, gazawa da kuma kisa Hukumar SSS ta yi nasara mai ma'ana wajen gudanar da aikin ta na tsaro na cikin gida na farko. Hukumar tun a farkon farko ta na da alaka da kama dan kunar bakin wake dan kasar Masar Omar Mohammed Ali Rezaq a shekarar 1993 a lokacin da yake kokarin shiga Najeriya ta kan iyakar Najeriya da Benin. Amurka dai na neman Rezaq ne saboda ya jagoranci harin bam da aka kai wa kungiyar Abu Nidal a jirgin EgyptAir a shekarar 1985 daga baya aka mika shi ga Amurka bayan an samu bukatar a hukumance daga ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka.
A watan Oktobar 2010, SSS sun kama tarin makamai da alburusai da suka samo asali daga Iran a tashar jirgin ruwa ta Apapa da ke Legas hakan duk da takunkumin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kakabawa Iran Makaman da suka hada da makaman roka, harsasai da turmi, an boye su ne a cikin kwantena goma sha uku da aka bayyana karya a matsayin “kayan gini”, ana zargin cewa ana amfani da Najeriya ne a matsayin wurin jigilar kayayyaki yayin da Gambia ta kasance kasa ta karshe da za ta kai makaman.
An kuma bayyana cewa hukumar ta kutsa kai cikin kungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayin addini a kasar ciki har da kungiyar Boko Haram A cikin watan Satumban 2001, an kama wasu masu gabatar da kara guda shida 'yan Pakistan da kungiyar Tabliq, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Musulmi ta gayyace a jihar Benue a jihar Benue bisa zarginsu da keta haddin shige da fice sannan aka kore su a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba. A cewar wikileaks, Mista Kayode Are, "Darekta Janar na SSS ya nuna damuwa game da kudaden da ake ba wa kungiyar, wanda ya zo ta hanyar wayar tarho daga Pakistan, Indiya da Malaysia Hakazalika a cewar WikiLeaks, a shekarar 2009 an kama wani mai wa'azi mai tafiya a jihar Taraba kuma an kore shi.
Hukumar SSS ta kuma samu wasu nasarori wajen yaki da masu garkuwa da mutane a Najeriya tare da kama wasu masu garkuwa da mutane tare da kubutar da wadanda suka mutu. A watan Oktobar 2011, hukumar ta ceto Limamin cocin Katolika na St Bernard Eguahulo a karamar hukumar Orhionmwon ta jihar Edo, Rev. Fr Sylvester Chukwura, daga maboyar wanda ya yi garkuwa da shi. Masu garkuwar dai an basu kudin fansa ne daga bisani jami’an SSS suka yi musu kwanton bauna. A lokaci guda kuma, hukumar SSS ta kuma kama wani mai garkuwa da mutane a jihar Edo mai suna Binebi Sibete, wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin kasurgumin mai garkuwa da mutane. Ana neman Binebi da wasu abubuwa da ya kashe jami’in SSS a shekarar 2010 da kuma kona jirgin sintiri na gwamnatin jihar a Gelegele.
An caccaki hukumar SSS kan barin Umar Farouk Abdul Mutallab, dan kunar bakin wando, ya shiga jirgin da ya tashi daga Legas daga Legas, duk da cewa mahaifinsa ya gargadi jami’an tsaro kan ra’ayin ‘ya’yansa masu tsauri kan Amurka. A nata bangaren, SSS ta ce mahaifin Mista Mutallab bai sanar da ita ba game da ‘ya’yansa da ake zargi da tsatsauran ra’ayi, hukumar ta ce mahaifin Mista Mutallab ya tattauna da jami’ai a ofishin jakadancin Amurka da ke Abuja, kuma ya nemi taimakon wani tsohon mai ba Najeriya shawara kan harkokin tsaro. Hukumar SSS dai ta ce hukumomin Amurka ba su bayar da bayanan da Mista Mutallab babba ya ba su ba, haka kuma tsohon mai baiwa shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro bai tuntubi hukumar ba don haka sun kasa yin aiki da bayanan da basu samu ba.
Haka kuma hukumar ta sha suka sosai sakamakon harin bam da aka kai a gidan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Abuja ranar 26 ga watan Agustan 2011. Kungiyar Boko Haram da ke da alaka da kungiyar Al-Qaeda reshen Magrib (AQIM) ta dauki alhakin harin bam da aka kai da mota wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 24; kungiyar ta sha fama da rikicin Boko Haram da ya faro sakamakon kashe shugabansu da 'yan sanda suka yi bayan kama shi. Al’ummar Najeriya dai na kara sukar hukumar ne bayan da jaridu suka yi ta yada labaran da ke cewa hukumar ta samu bayanan sirri game da harin bam daga Amurkawa. Daga baya wannan labarin ya zama karya ne bayan da aka bayyana cewa hukumar SSS ce ta samu wasu sahihan bayanan sirri daga wasu majiyoyi a cikin kungiyar Boko Haram game da wani hari da ke shirin kaiwa Abuja. Hukumar leken asirin ta bayyana wasu muhimman gine-gine da ma'aikatun gwamnati a matsayin harin, inda daga bisani hukumar ta kara kaimi a Abuja, sannan ta shawarci jami'an diflomasiyya da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da ke birnin da su dauki kwararan matakan tsaro ga ma'aikatansu da wuraren. Rahoton na karshe na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan lamarin ya tuhumi mashawarcin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan harkokin tsaro a Abuja da mataimakinsa, ana zarginsu da sakaci idan aka yi la’akari da yadda aka ba su “isassun bayanan sirri kan yiwuwar harin kunar bakin wake”, amma duk da haka sun kasa aiwatar da matakan da suka dace. Dukkan mutanen biyu an sauke su daga mukamansu.
A farkon watan Nuwamban shekarar 2011, jaridun Najeriya sun yi ta yada labaran da ke cewa gwamnatin Amurka ta ba da shawara kan tafiye-tafiye kan Najeriya. Shawarwari na tafiye-tafiye a cewar jaridun ya hada da barazanar hare-haren bama-bamai a manyan otal-otal da ke Abuja da ‘yan kasashen waje ke yawan zuwa. Nan take labarin ya haifar da firgici a tsakanin jama’a da kuma zargin rashin iya aiki da ake yi wa jami’an tsaro, wato SSS. Labarin ya kuma yi zargin cewa jakadan na Amurka ya bayar da wata sanarwa da ke bayyana cewa Amurka ta yi wannan gargadin ne kai tsaye saboda hukumomin tsaron Najeriya sun gaza yin aiki da bayanan sirrin da aka raba musu a baya. A karshe dai an shawo kan lamarin ne a lokacin da mai ba shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro, Gen. Owoye Andrew Azazi ya bukaci shaidun da ke nuna cewa lallai Amurkawa sun yi irin wannan gargadin ko kuma jakadan na Amurka ya fadi abin da aka alakanta shi da shi a jaridu. Labarin ya zama karya ne, barazanar da ake yi wa otal-otal a haƙiƙanin binciken sirri ne na yiwuwar barazanar da hukumar SSS ta yi a watannin baya wanda aka yi ta yawo a cikin da’irar gwamnati. Hukumar SSS ta kasa sarrafa bayanai a kan lokaci kuma da ya dace wanda hakan ya sa jama’a suka rasa kwarin gwiwa ga kungiyar.
Hukumar ta yi asarar ma’aikata da dama a bakin aiki, yayin da ba a bayyana yawan mace-macen da aka yi a wasu lokuta a kafafen yada labarai ba. A yayin bikin cikar Najeriya shekaru 50 a Abuja a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 2010, wani bam da aka dana a mota ya halaka mataimakin daraktan hukumar da Mista Tahir Zakari Biu jami’in hukumar yaki da yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa ta EFCC a lokacin da suke kokarin kwashe motocin da aka yi watsi da su a bakin hanya. kilomita daga wurin da aka yi bikin. Kungiyar fafutukar kwato yankin Neja Delta (MEND) ta dauki alhakin kai harin. Hukumar SSS ta samu nasarar gano rajistar motar da aka yi amfani da ita wajen kai harin inda daga bisani ta kama wasu da ake zargi a Legas, wanda ya shirya aikin Mista Henry Okah da hukumomin kasar Afirka ta Kudu suka kama aka gurfanar da shi a Afirka ta Kudu bisa zargin ta’addanci. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2007 an harbe wani jami’in tsaro (SPO) da ke aiki da cikakken kariya na Mista Onyema Ugochukwu, dan takarar gwamnan jihar Abia a karkashin jam’iyyar PDP a shekarar 2007 a wani yunkurin kashe shugaban makarantarsa. An harbi mai tsaron lafiyar a ka da kuma a hannunsa. A shekarar 2013, an samu cikas a wani harin da jami’an tsaro suka kai a jihar Nasarawa da ke tsakiyar kasar domin kamo shugaban kungiyar asiri ta Ombatse wanda da yawa ke ikirarin cewa yana da karfin iko da ake amfani da shi wajen gurgunta wasu kabilu musamman Fulani, lamarin da ya haifar da dimbin jami’an tsaro. Ma’aikatan da suka mutu ciki har da wasu mutane shida na SSS da ake zargin an kashe ta hanyar amfani da karfin sihiri
A cikin watan Fabrairun 2013, SSS ta tarwatsa wata kungiyar ta'addanci karkashin jagorancin jami'an Iran da ke tattara bayanan sirri don kai hare-hare a kan Amurka da Isra'ila a cikin kasar.
Rigima A cikin wani rahoto na musamman a ranar 29 ga Satumba, 2020, Peoples Gazette ta ruwaito dogon bayani da ke fallasa son zuciya da son zuciya a cikin daukar ma’aikatan Hukumar Tsaro ta Jihar da Bichi ke jagoranta, rahoton ya zama sananne da badakalar daukar ma’aikata ta SSS. Rahoton ya ruwaito majiyoyi da dama, ciki har da ma’aikatan hukumar, wadanda suka bayar da alkaluman yadda hukumar ta yi watsi da ka’idojin daukar ma’aikata domin fifita wasu daga kananan hukumomin babban daraktan hukumar da kuma yankin Arewacin Najeriya a kan yankin Kudu.
Shugabanni a shiyyar Kudu da Tsakiyar Najeriya sun soki tsarin tare da yin barazanar gurfanar da hukumar tsaro ta farin kaya da babban darakta a gaban kotu.
Duk da cewa an wargaza wannan shahararriyar hukumar ta NSO, sabuwar kafa ta tsaro a 1990 ta ci gaba da yin aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ba tare da wani hukunci ba. Gwamnati ta haramta ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi kamar NANS da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jami'o'i, ƙungiyar tsakiyar dukkanin malaman jami'a da malaman jami'a. An yi wa wasu 'yan kasa da ba su ji ba ba su gani ba hari ba tare da biyan diyya na gwamnati ba. An kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam sosai. Dokar mai lamba 2 ta ci gaba da kasancewa a cikinta, kuma an tsare ‘yan kasar da dama a karkashinta, duk da cewa an rage wa’adin da aka bari na tsarewa ba tare da tuhuma ba daga watanni shida zuwa makonni shida a watan Janairun 1990. Tare da taimakon wannan da wasu dokokin da suka tauye 'yanci, yawanci ana yin su ne a baya, ana tsare da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na gwamnati kamar Gani Fawehinmi, Tai Solarin, da Balarabe Musa a kai a kai. Duk da soke dokar lamba 4, gwamnati na da gogewa da yawa tare da kungiyoyin yada labarai. A cikin 1988 Newswatch an haramta shi na tsawon watanni shida, kuma an ci gaba da cin zarafin 'yan jarida, malamai, da masu fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a daga jami'an tsaron jihar.
Jami’an tsaron gwamnati na yawan cin zarafi, kamawa, da kuma tsare editoci da ‘yan jaridu daga mujallu masu sukar tsarin mulki. A ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 1997 Aoetokunbo Fakeye, wakilin tsaro na The News, an kama shi. A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, Jenkins Alumona, editan The News, jami'an SSS sun kama shi a wani gidan talabijin na Legas. A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, Onome Osifo-Whiskey, manajan editan mujallar Tell, jami’an SSS a Legas sun kama shi a lokacin da yake tuka mota zuwa coci tare da ‘ya’yansa. A ranar 29 ga Oktoba, Osifo-Whiskey ya yi gargadin cewa mujallar ta samu rubutacciyar barazanar kisa, wadda ta lissafa sunayen ma’aikatan 27. A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, jami'an SSS sun kama Babafemi Ojudu, editan News/Tempo Rafiu Salau, editan gudanarwa na News/Tempo, an kuma kama shi a tsakiyar watan Nuwamba. An tsare tsohon shugaban hukumar editan jaridar The Guardian, kuma Farfesan aikin jarida da ya ziyarce shi a wata jami’ar Amurka, Olatunji Dare, an tsare shi cikin dare tare da kwace fasfo dinsa da ya zo daga Amurka a ranar 2 ga watan Yunin 1997. An ce ya kai rahoto ga hukumar DSS don karbo fasfo dinsa. Bayan da jami’an SSS suka yi masa tambayoyi a ranar 17 ga watan Yuni game da ayyukansa a kasashen waje, sai aka mayar da fasfo dinsa.
Ana kuma zargin hukumar SSS da murkushe ayyukan siyasa na kungiyoyin adawa. An soke ko hana tarurrukan jama'a ba bisa ka'ida ba, gami da al'amuran al'adu, taron ilimi, da tarukan 'yancin ɗan adam. A ranar 25 ga Satumbar 1997, 'yan sanda da jami'an SSS sun tarwatsa taron karawa juna sani na Human Rights Africa (HRA) ga dalibai a Jos, suka kama daraktan HARA Tunji Abayomi da wasu mutane 4, tare da tsare wasu dalibai 70 a takaice. An tsare Abayomi da sauran su na tsawon kwanaki 10 sannan aka bayar da belinsu. An soke wani taron bita a Fatakwal a ranar 1 ga Mayun 1998 kan yadda za a magance rikice-rikice a Fatakwal lokacin da hukumar SSS ta gargadi masu gudanar da taron na yankin cewa ba za a iya gudanar da irin wannan taro a ranar ma’aikata ba, wato ranar hutu. Irin wannan taron karawa juna sani a wani waje ya ci gaba ba tare da tsangwama ba duk da hutun.
Makamai da kayan aiki Tun daga shekarar 2010, daidaitattun bindigogin harin da SSS Combat Operatives/Security Protection Officers (SPO) ke amfani da su sune IMI Tavor Tar-21 da masana'antun Sojoji na Isra'ila suka samar da makamin kariya na sirri na FN P90 bindigar FN F2000, duka biyu an kera su. ta FN Herstal waɗannan bindigogi sun maye gurbin Uzi a matsayin makamin harin farko na SSS. Har ila yau, ma'aikatan suna amfani da makamai na gefe daban-daban da bindigogi daga masana'antun da yawa da suka hada da Beretta, Glock, da Browning Hukumar ya kuma tura van saka backscatter X-ray screeners daga Basix Technologies domin ganowa da bama (bama-bamai) saboda wani upsurge a fashewar bamabamai tasowa daga wani Boko Haram a arewa gabashin Najeriya A cikin wannan aikin yaƙar ta'addanci, hukumar ta kuma yi amfani da jam'in IED ta wayar hannu don kariya ta VIP a wuraren jama'a kamar filayen wasa da kuma tsarin wayar hannu don amfani da ayarin motocin.
Saboda yawan masu amfani da wayar salula ta GSM a Najeriya da kuma yadda ake amfani da wayar salula a matsayin babbar hanyar sadarwa ta masu garkuwa da mutane da kuma 'yan ta'adda, ya sa hukumar ta samu damar dakile kiran waya An tura masu kama lambar IMSI da masu gano hanyar sigina don shiga tsakani da bin diddigin hanyoyin sadarwar wayar GSM da tauraron dan adam Hukumar tana kula da jerin motocin alfarma masu sulke da kuma SUVs da ake amfani da su wajen jigilar shugaban kasa, mataimakin shugaban kasa da manyan baki masu ziyara. Sauran motocin galibi SUVs da Kamfanin Ford Motor Company, Toyota da Lexus ke samarwa kuma hukumar na amfani da su.
Duba kuma Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Kasa (NIA) Mai alhakin ayyukan leken asirin kasashen waje da ayyukan hana leken asiri
Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Tsaro (DIA) Mai alhakin bayanan soja.
National Security Organisation (NSO) Shugaban Hukumar Tsaro ta Jiha da Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Kasa
Manazarta An samo wasu abubuwan na wannan labarin daga Rahoton Ƙasar Najeriya kan Ayyukan Haƙƙin Dan Adam na 1997, Ofishin Jakadancin Amirka na Ofishin Demokraɗiyya, Haƙƙin Dan Adam, da Labour, 30 Janairu 1998.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Wurin aiki: Hukumar Tsaron Jiha (Nigeria)
RSF/Masu Labarai Ba tare da Iyakoki ba akan Sabis na Tsaro na Jiha (SSS)
Najeriya: NIA: Shekaru 20 na Hidima
Najeriya: Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Kasa (NIA) A Twenty A Tribute
Jami'an Najeriya
Gwamnatin Najeriya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
30639 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abimbola%20Lagunju | Abimbola Lagunju | Abimbola Lagunju (an haife shi a shekara ta 1960 a Ibadan) marubucin Najeriya ne. Ya yi karatun likitanci a St Petersburg na kasar Rasha daga 1979 zuwa 1987. Ya dawo Najeriya ne a cikin tabarbarewar tattalin arziki da Bankin Duniya da IMF ya sanyawa Najeriya. Najeriya ce ta bambanta da wadda ya bari a 1979. Middle Class da ya kasance a yanzu ya zama marasa hali. Daga baya ya rubuta a cikin ‘ya’yan sa hannun (The Children of Signatures). Tabarbarewar tattalin arziki da zamantakewar kasarsa ya sanya sha'awarsa ta sauya daga akidar akida zuwa tambayar kakkausan gwaje-gwajen tattalin arziki na siyasa da ya ziyarci kasashe masu tasowa, musamman ma kasashen Afirka da ke kudu da hamadar Sahara masu rauni da cibiyoyi na Bretton Woods suka yi. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin waɗannan cibiyoyi da ƙasashen Afirka daga baya za ta zama batun yau da kullun a cikin rubuce-rubucensa.
Ya bar Najeriya zuwa ƙasar Portugal a shekara ta 1993 tare da iyalansa, kuma bayan wani dan lokaci na aiki da karatu a Lisbon, ya samu aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin Development Aid. Wannan abin da ya faru ya fallasa shi ga mawuyacin hali da ga alama ba zai ƙare ba na matsanancin talauci na mutanen karkara na Afirka. Ya yi rubuce-rubuce da dama kan alakar da ke tsakanin shugabannin Afirka da 'yan kasarsu. A cikin littafinsa mai suna ‘Days of Ilusions’, ya zargi ‘yan siyasar yankin da ke da alhakin halin kuncin rayuwar ‘yan kasa kai tsaye, da kuma talakawa da suka bari ‘yan siyasar yankin su yi amfani da su.
Baya ga ƙasidu da dama a kafafen yada labarai na intanet a Najeriya, ayyukansa sun shafi nau'o'in adabi guda hudu: wakoki, kasidun siyasa, kace-nace na siyasa da gajerun labarai.
</br>Abimbola Lagunju ya rubuta littattafai goma sha hudu.
Guguwar Zuciyar Dan Adam
Inuwar Bakan gizo Bakan gizo tarin waqoqi ne da aka zuga daga ra'ayin marubuci game da Afirka ta yau da kuma matsayinta a duniya a yau dangane da kasashen da suka ci gaba. Tarin ya ƙunshi batutuwa daban-daban, ciki har da siyasar Afirka, dangantaka tsakanin jihohi, soyayya, abota da yaki. Wannan hasashe ne na duniya da ake gani daga mahangar wani ɗan Afirka mai sha'awar zaburar da ƴan Afirka kan samar da kyakkyawar makoma ga Afirka. Ya'yan Sa hannu 'Ya'yan Sa hannu sun ƙunshi raɗaɗi na ƙauna da rashin jin daɗi. Yayin da ta ke nuna tsananin ƙauna ga Afirka, ta kuma bayyana matsalolin da nahiyar ke fuskanta a matsayin masu son kai. Tare da waiwayar tarihi, ta yi kamanceceniya da halin da nahiyar ke ciki a yanzu, kuma tana kalubalantar Afirka wajen kallon matsalolinta daga madubin ɗabi'a. Sauƙaƙan harshe, mai wadatar zurfafa da hoto, tarin kuma ya shafi wasu fannonin rayuwa. Afirka a cikin Mirror Afirka a cikin madubi ya ɗauke mu cikin mawuyacin hali na Baƙar fata Afirka daga lokacin bauta har zuwa yau. Yana neman kafa dalilin rauni na dan Afirka a cikin dangantakarsa da duniyar waje da kuma tunaninsa na tarihi ga bala'o'in da ya shafi kansa. Littafin ya yi nazarin bincike daban-daban da hanyoyin magance matsalolin tattalin arziki da siyasa na Afirka kuma ya tabbatar da rashin amfanin waɗannan hanyoyin. Tana gabatar da ka'idar motsin makamashi na zamantakewar al'umma kuma tana neman bayyana matsalolin da Afirka ke fuskanta ta hanyar zabin rarraba wannan makamashi. Tana kalubalantar bakar fata ta Afirka da ta tashi tsaye wajen daukar nauyin da ya rataya a wuyanta na tarihi na fanshi kanta da kuma bakar fata.
Ranakun Ruɗe Hillview, unguwa mai tarin yawa kuma matalautan ma'aikata ita ce tukunyar narkewa ga duk masu mafarkin zuwa Plateau, tsakiyar gari mai kyau, alamar da ba ta da alaƙa ga masu cin zarafi a ƙasar. Har ila yau, taron jama'a ne ga wadanda suka kai ga Plateau, suka yi birgima da gangar jikinsu. Cikin rashin gamsuwa da yadda 'yan siyasa suka kasa cika alkawuran da yawa kafin zaben da kuma murkushe su a karkashin matsin tattalin arziki, mazauna Hillview sun kammala cewa suna gab da halaka. Ƙarƙashin jagorancin mashawarcin gida, Ƙungiya don Rigakafin Kashewa (APE) an yi niyya don samun kuɗi daga IMF da WWF. Gwagwarmayar mamaye muhimman mukamai a cikin kungiyar ta APE ya haifar da wargajewar kungiyar da wuri zuwa kashi uku. Akinola Igwe, mutum ne mai saukin kai, mai gaskiya kuma mai bin doka da oda mazaunin Hillview, kuma shugaban daya daga cikin bangarorin kungiyar APE nan ba da jimawa ba ya shiga cikin makirci, magudi, da barazana…. Days of Ilusions wani abin dariya ne akan siyasar Afirka ta zamani.
Cikin Rungumar Tsoro Shekaru aru-aru, Afirka na rayuwa da tsoro kuma, a cikin tsadar gaske, ta dace da ɓatanta. Kalubalen duniyar zamani ba wai kawai sun sa wannan tsarin ya zama wanda ya daina aiki ba amma yana da matukar haɗari ga ci gaba da rayuwar Baƙar fata Afirka. Ba za a iya ɗaukar rayuwa azaman abin bayarwa ba. Dole ne Afirka ta yi gwagwarmaya da ita. Wannan gwagwarmayar tana haifar da yunƙurin ƙauracewa rayuwa ta asali zuwa ingantacciyar rayuwa mai dorewa. Dole ne Afirka ta tashi tsaye don fuskantar wannan kalubale. Kudin rashin daidaituwa a fuskar tsoro shine tarwatsewa da bacewa. A cikin Rungumar Tsoro na neman kawar da Baƙar fata Baƙar fata da ke sarrafa tsoro ta hanyar gwada kai na gaskiya ba na son zuciya ba.
Fouta Yayi Murnar Rayuwa A cikin neman 'yancin rayuwa, gwamnati da masu mulki suna da hakki. Gwamnati tana da mafi ƙarancin nauyin da ba za a iya ragewa ba don samar da ingantattun kayayyaki da sabis na jama'a masu inganci, masu sauƙin isa, isassu kuma inganci na zamantakewa; da kuma sanar da jama'a, ba wai wanzuwar wadannan hidimomi ba, har ma da hakkokinsu da ba za a tauye su ba. Jama'a, a daya bangaren, suna da hakkin neman 'yanci daga kasuwanni masu inganta rayuwa da kayayyakin more rayuwa. Idan daya daga cikin bangarorin biyu ya gaza a cikin wajibai, rayuwa, daga ciki har zuwa tsufa ta rasa tsarkinta kuma tana wanzuwa ne kawai a matsayin kayayyaki a hannun sojojin kasuwa. Duk da rashin daidaito, Fouta da ƙarfin hali yana murna da rayuwa cikin salo….
Taron Pelting na Guguwa Tare da Okey Nwanyanwu A cikin Tattalin Arziki na Guguwa tarin wakoki ne game da bala'i na tarihi da na zamani na Afirka. Ya koka da rashin taimako da 'yan Afirka ke fuskanta wajen fuskantar bala'o'in da mutum ya haifar da shi, kuma yana ƙarfafa farfadowar da aka ɓullo da kan ƙwaƙƙwaran ainihi, girman kai da yunƙurin farfadowa da kai.
Gaffes Muammar Gaddafi na Libya, shugaban Libya tun 1969 mai yiwuwa yana daya daga cikin shugabannin da ke da cece-kuce a duniya. Shafukansa na wasan kwaikwayo da maganganunsa sun ba da mamaki da kuma ruɗe har ma mafi aminci daga cikin masoyansa. Gaffes na Gaddafi tarin zantuka ne daga jawaban Gaddafi da ayyana shi. Littafin ya ba da haske game da sabani, rashin daidaituwa, rashin fahimta da kuma yanayin barkwanci na wasu tunani da furucin Muammar Gaddafi.
Ayoyi daga Karkashin Sands Ayoyi daga Karkashin Sands tarin wakoki ne kan yanayin Afirka tun daga lokacin mulkin mallaka har zuwa yanzu. Wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] anda ke nuna rashin nasara a tsakanin Afrika kudu da hamadar Sahara da na waje da kuma tsakanin su kansu 'yan Afrika. Da yawa daga cikin waqoqin suna nuna gazawar masu aiki a fagen siyasa da tattalin arziƙin gargajiya da na al'ada ga talakawan da ke fama da wahalhalu da tsare-tsare da cibiyoyi waɗanda ya kamata su ba su kariya da kula da su. Wasu waqoqin suna mayar da hankali ne kan buri da buri, da martanin tsira nan take da kuma halin rashin taimako da aka karva a matsayin makoma ta waxanda aka wulakanta su ta fuskar gazawar shugabanninsu.
Gombii da Sauran Gajerun Labarai Gombii da sauran gajerun labarai tarin labarai ne na ban tausayi da ban dariya. Waɗannan labarai ne na batattu na al'adun gargajiya da kuma mummunan sakamako na rashin fahimtar tsarin shigo da rance da aro a ƙauye da biranen Afirka.
Lokacin Da Wayewa Yayi Mana Fuska A Cikin Motar Bus Na Afirka Lokacin da wayewa ta buge mu a kan motar bas ta Afirka labari ne mai ban sha'awa game da ra'ayoyin 'yan Afirka da ke hawa a cikin motar Afirka a zamanin da da na yanzu, shugabanninsu na gida da na waje, na gargajiya da kuma na gargajiya. addinan da aka shigo da su daga waje, da mugunyar siyasa a muhallinsu da dabarun rayuwarsu daban-daban. Littafin ya yi nuni ne da ban dariya, yadda al’ummar duniya ke gani da alaka da shugabannin Afirka.
Wannan Ba Har Yanzu Labari Na bane Wannan Ba Har Yanzu Labarina Ba labari ne na rayuwar wani babban ɗan ƙasa tun yana ɗan shekara biyar. Mista Ibukun Irewole, mai ba da labari ya ɗauke mu a shekarun farko da ya yi a Tilane ba tare da wahala ba da kuma kalubale daban-daban da ya fuskanta a lokacin balagagge. Ya yi brush da KGB na Rasha, da Polizei na Jamus da kuma a lokuta da dama, tare da hukumomin kasarsa. Yana ganin kansa a matsayin wanda aka zalunta da yawa.......
Guguwar Zuciyar Dan Adam Abimbola Lagunju, yana zana abubuwan tarihin Afirka maras lokaci, ya samar mana da waƙoƙin hotuna, littafin rubutu na abubuwan lura da kuma fayil ɗin fassarori masu fa'ida. Muna tafiya tare da wani balaguron asiri na tunaninsa, yana tsayawa kawai don yin la'akari da manyan jigogi, teburi masu sauƙi na ɗan adam da bayyananniyar wahayi. Ko muna kewayawa ta hanyar macrocosm ko kuma bincika ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, mun gano cewa ya kasance a can kafin mu. Wannan tarin wakoki ne masu kyau wadanda suka kunshi cikakken kwarewar ɗan Adam daga soyayya da kauna, zuwa zalunci da cin amana. Abimbola Lagunju tana da aure da ‘ya’ya uku kuma tana zaune a garin Ibadan a Najeriya Magana Rayayyun mutane
Yarbawa
Yarbawa Mata
Yarbawa 'yan |
24061 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy%20Fairy%20%28OTW%29 | Pussy Fairy (OTW) | Pussy Fairy (OTW) (wadda aka yiwa lakabi da P*$$ Y Fairy (OTW) waka ce da mawaƙiyar Amurka Jhené Aiko ta rubuta don kundin ɗakin studio na uku, <i id="mwEA">Chilombo</i> shekara ta (2020). Julian-Quán Việt Lê ce ta samar da waƙar tare da rubuta shi tare da Aiko da Micah Powell. Def Jam ya fitar da shi don saukar da dijital da yawo azaman na uku na kundin a watan Janairu 16 ga watan Fabrairu,shekara ta 2020. "Pussy Fairy (OTW)" Ballad ne na R&B, wanda ke nuna murhun murhun alchemy crystal wanda aka yi niyyar kunna Svadhishthana (sacral chakra). A cikin waƙoƙin, Aiko tana aiki a matsayin "aljannar farji" kuma tana alfahari game da aikin jima'i.
Waƙar ta sami ingantattun bita daga masu sukar kiɗa, waɗanda suka yaba da abubuwan da suka shafi jima'i. Sun kwatanta kalmomin bayyanannu zuwa kiɗan shekara ta 1990. "Pussy Fairy (OTW)" shi ne Aiko farkon solo guda ɗaya wanda ya isa saman gusa arbain 40 akan <i id="mwHQ">Billboard</i> Hot 100 na Amurka kuma an tabbatar da platinum akan Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Rikodin Amurka (RIAA) don siyar da raka'a dijital sama da miliyan guda. Waƙar ta bayyana akan Chart Singles UK da kuma New Zealand Hot Singles chart Brandon Parker ya jagoranci bidiyon kiɗan na waƙar, wanda ke nuna Aiko yana rawa tare da abokin tarayya a ɗakin rawa mai launin shuɗi. Masu bita sun lura cewa faifan bidiyon bai cika bayyana kalmomin ba. Aiko ya kuma loda bidiyon koyarwa don wasan kwaikwayo da bidiyo tare da gaskiyar kan waƙar, gani, da rayuwar ta. Don ci gaba da inganta waƙar, ta fito da kuma tarin katunan riguna da t-shirts da sigar tsabta tare da bidiyon kiɗa mai rakiya.
Bayani da saki Jhené Aiko ya rubuta "Pussy Fairy (OTW)" tare da Julian-Quán Việt Lê da Micah Powell. Việt Lê ya samar da waƙar, yana yin rikodin ta makirufo mai nuni. Việt Lê, Christian Plata, Zeke Mishanec da Fisticuffs sune injiniyan sauti, kuma Andy Guerrero da Trey Pearce ne suka taimaka musu. Gregg Rominiecki ya kula da haɗakarwar waƙar. Def Jam ya saki "Pussy Fairy (OTW)" a watan Janairu 16, shekara ta 2020 azaman na uku daga Aiko na ɗakin studio na uku, <i id="mwQA">Chilombo</i> An yi waƙar don saukar da dijital da yawo Don haɓaka shi, Aiko ta sayar da tarin katunan katunan riguna biyu da t-shirts ta gidan yanar gizon ta. Kasancewar tsarin launin ruwan hoda da fari, tufafin yana da hoton zane na kyanwa da aka yi ado da almara tare da taken ɗaya. An haɗa kwafin dijital na kundin tare da kowane abu. A cikin labarin Fabrairu shekara ta 2020 don HotNewHipHop, Mitch Findlay bai da tabbas idan za a haɗa "Pussy Fairy (OTW)" akan Chilombo Duk da haka, Aiko ya tabbatar da haɗawarsa bayan ya bayyana jerin waƙoƙin album ɗin a ƙarshen wannan watan. Guda guda yana da tsayi 3:01; akan kundin, an kara shi zuwa 3:41. A watan Fabrairu 21 ga watan Fabrairu, 2020, Aiko ya fito da sigar "tsabtataccen tsabta na "Pussy Fairy (OTW)", wanda ke da ƙarancin waƙoƙi. Bidiyon kiɗa, wanda Aiko ya bayyana a matsayin almara a cikin gandun daji a Babban Tsibiri, an samar da shi a wannan ranar. Kafin sakin bidiyon, ta sanya hotunan kanta a cikin kayan aljana a Instagram Aiko ya sanar a watan Mayu 29,ga wata shekara ta 2020, cewa za ta fito da sabon sigar "Pussy Fairy (OTW)" tare da dogon gabatarwa akan bugun ɗimbin Chilombo, duk da haka, waƙar tana da tsayi iri ɗaya akan bugun ɗimbin Def Jam da aka saki a watan Yuli 17,ga wata shekara ta 2020.
Kiɗa da waƙoƙi "Farji Fairy (OTW)" shi ne wani R & B Ballad rubuta a cikin key na D manyan, kunsawa wani Alchemy crystal sauti tasa Wannan kayan da aka featured cikin Chilombo, sau da yawa amfani don a samar da guda bango rubutu Aiko ya zaɓi maɓallin D manyan don "Pussy Fairy (OTW)" don kunna Svadhishthana mai sauraro, chakra da ke da alaƙa da "jin daɗi da kusanci"; ta bayyana martanin da aka yi niyyar yi kama da "kunna ƙwallon ku da ƙwaijin ku". An gabatar da Aiko ga kwanon sauti yayin aikin jiyya, kuma ya yi amfani da su a cikin bidiyon tunani na shekara ta 2019 mai taken Trigger Protection Mantra Tare da kwanon sauti, abun da ke cikin waƙar ya haɗa da bass -boosted intro". A wani ungulu labarin, Halle Kiefer kira da song ta sautin matsayin "musamman mellow", da kuma The Guardian Laura Snapes ce shi yana da wani "visceral fricative kidan". Guda ɗaya game da jima'i; Aiko ta yi waka game da “ƙwarewar ɗakin kwana”, kuma tana aiki a matsayin "aljannar farji" a take. A cikin labarin Noisey, Kristin Corry ta taƙaita saƙon waƙar a matsayin "darasi cikin lalata". A kan fitowar ta, kafafen watsa labarai sun lura da abubuwan da suka shafi jima'i, wanda wasu marubuta suka yi wa lakabi da rashin tsaro don aiki Nalae Anais White, yana rubutawa The Fader, ya bayyana wannan matsayin a matsayin "mai ƙarfin hali" da "mara kyau." The son sha'awa mayar da hankali a tashi daga "rashin tsoro post-breakup makamashi" da Chilombo baya aure, jawo (maras tauyewa) da kuma Babu wani daga Your damuwa biyu saki a shekara ta 2019. A cikin bita na Chilombo, Stephen Kearse na <i id="mwvA">Pitchfork ya</i> fassara waƙoƙin sa na farko guda shida, gami da "Pussy Fairy (OTW)", yayin da take ba da labari game da "mace mai jure ciwon zuciya da ƙara ƙarfi". MTV News 'Trey Alston ya rubuta cewa waƙar wani ɓangare ne na babban jigo a cikin waƙar Aiko wanda ke nuna waƙar ta game da "yadda jima'i ke haɗa mu gaba ɗaya kuma yana ƙarfafa wasu motsin rai yayin raunana wasu". An ambaci "Pussy Fairy (OTW)" a cikin "On The Way", waƙar da aka ƙara zuwa bugun ɗimbin kundin. Hypebeast ta Sofia Caraan halin "farji Fairy (OTW)" lyrics matsayin "babu-Cibiyar tana-kange". Aiko ta yi alfahari game da wasan kwaikwayon jima'i, "Na san kuna son yin lalata da ni", kuma tana raira waƙa, "wannan dick yana sa ni alfahari", don sa mai sauraro ya yi tambaya "wanene ke bayarwa da karɓar jin daɗi". A cikin labarin 'Yan tawaye, Tamantha Gunn ta lura cewa Aiko yana yin "kowane irin mugun abu" ta hanyar rera waƙar mawaƙa "Kada ku yi mamakin yaro, lokacin da na busa shi da yawa Na yi muku taɗi da wannan farji Yanzu kuna jin kamar zaka iya tashi. Masu bita sun yi imanin waƙar ta kasance game da tsohon saurayin Aiko, Big Sean HotNewHipHop s Lynn S. ya gano layin "wanda dick ya sa raina ya yi murmushi" kamar yadda ake nufi da shi. Uproxx 's Carolyn Droke ya ce kalmomin, "Na fitar da ku a lokacin bazara Fuck duk lokacinku na kyauta Ba kwa buƙatar min lokaci Wannan shine lokacin ni da ni", sun kasance game da kusanci da abokin tarayya, yayin da White ya yi imanin cewa sun kasance game da mallakar mallaka a cikin dangantaka. Tarba mai mahimmanci An sadu da "Pussy Fairy (OTW)" tare da ingantattun bita daga masu sukar kiɗa. <i id="mw4Q">Allon tallace-tallace</i> Carl Lamarre yaba shi a matsayin "punchiest kuma mafi m hanya" daga Chilombo. A cikin bita na kundi don Bayyanawa!, Ryan B. Patrick ya ce wakar “mai jan hankali ce kuma ribald kamar yadda kowa ke fita” kuma ya zabe ta a matsayin daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali. Wani mai ba da gudummawa ga HipHopDX ya rubuta cewa "Triggered (Freestyle)" da "Pussy Fairy (OTW)" sun saita babban tsammanin kafin sakin kundin. Duk da yake yabon aiko ta maher, Entertainment Weekly Marcus Jones ya bayyana "farji Fairy (OTW)" a matsayin "alamar ban tsoro kira hypnotizing masoya cikin sauntering dama da baya a cikin ɗakin kwanana ga wani Extended hutu hutu". <i id="mw9A">Glamour</i> da Rolling Stone sun kasance "Pussy Fairy OTW" a matsayin ɗayan mafi kyawun waƙoƙin a shekara ta 2020. Wasu masu sukar sun yaba waƙar saboda wakokin batsa na batsa, wanda <i id="mw_w">Vibe</i> 's Candace McDuffie ta bayyana da nuna Aiko "yana jin daɗin ikon jikinta". Trey Alston ya yaba wa kalmomin a matsayin "na musamman da kai tsaye wanda ba za ku iya taimakawa ba amma kuna son bin ta kowane umarni". Joi-Marie McKenzie na <i id="mwAQU">Essence ya</i> ambaci "Pussy Fairy (OTW)" a matsayin misali na yadda Aiko ya mai da hankali kan warkarwar jijjiga akan Chilombo ya sake zama ba tare da ya kasance "mai farin-ciki sosai". A cikin labarin Afrilu s shekara ta 2020 ga <i id="mwAQs">Elle</i>, Nerisha Penrose mai suna "Pussy Fairy (OTW)" ɗayan manyan waƙoƙ guda ashirin da Hudu i 24 na shekara zuwa yau. Penrose ya ji daɗin mayar da hankali kan chakra na sacral tunda ya ƙara zurfafa cikin abubuwan jima'i. Yabon waƙar a matsayin haskaka album, Laura Snapes ta taƙaita shi a matsayin "buƙatun da ba a sani ba don jin daɗi da ƙin hukunci". Stephen Kearse ya ji daɗin "Pussy Fairy (OTW)", amma ya soki Aiko don yin ma "coy da inert" a cikin hanyar biyo baya Farin Ciki akan Komai (HOE) duk da kiran kanta "aljannar farji". Ungulu Craig Jenkins idan aka kwatanta "farji Fairy s jima'i abun ciki tare da 1990s songs kamar Bell Biv DeVoe 's Do Ni! Da kuma Silk s Freak Ni Ya ji "Pussy Fairy (OTW)", Tinashe 's So much Better a shekara ta (2019) da Summer Walker 's Girls Need Love a shekara ta (2018), ya nuna mawaƙan R&B suna "gaba sosai game da son sha'awa da sha'awa". A cikin <i id="mwASY">mataimakiyar</i>, Kristin Corry ta ce Aiko ta yi "sigar wasan kwaikwayon nata na jam ɗakin bacci", amma ta lura cewa ba a bayyane take kamar kundin Janet Jackson na shekara ta1997 The Velvet Rope Ayyukan kasuwanci Dangane da labarin Uproxx na shekara ta 2020, "Pussy Fairy (OTW)" ya kasance "sananne sosai". Ya kai lamba guda arbain 40 a kan <i id="mwATE">Billboard</i> Hot 100 na Amurka a watan Maris 21, shekara ta 2020, kuma ya kasance akan ginshiƙi na makonni guda ashirin da Bihar 25. Waƙar ta sami lambar zinariya ta Ƙungiyar Rikodin Masana'antu ta Amurka (RIAA) don siyar da raka'a 500,000. Goma sha biyu daga Chilombo waƙoƙi bayyana a cikin allon-tallan Hot R & B Songs chart, ciki har da "farji Fairy (OTW)" abin da ya bayyana a yawan biyar. Har ila yau, ta kai matsayi ɗaya a kan taswirar Waƙoƙin Dijital na R&B na Amurka. Guda ɗaya ya hau kan lamba guda goma 10 a kan taswirar Rhythmic na Amurka, da lamba guda ashirin da biyu 12 akan US R & B/Hip-Hop Airplay ginshiƙi. Guda ɗaya ya kai lamba takwas a kan jadawalin R & B/Hip-Hop na Amurka, da lamba guda ashirin da uku 23 akan taswirar Waƙoƙin Hot R & B/Hip-Hop na Amurka. A kan jadawalin Wakokin R&B na Amurka, waƙar ta yi ƙima a lamba ta uku, kuma a kan taswirar Waƙoƙin Yawo na Amurka, ta kai lamba guda ashirin da uku 23. Waƙar ta kuma bayyana a kan taswirar Waƙoƙin Yawo na Amurka., ya kai lamba guda ashirin da biyu 22, kai lamba guda coma sha Hudu 14 a kan taswirar Tallace-tallace ta Waƙoƙin Dijital ta R&B/Hip-Hop ta Amurka kuma a lamba 34 a kan taswirar Tallace-tallace ta Waƙar Dijital ta Amurka. "Pussy Fairy (OTW)" shima ya hau kan lamba 28 akan <i id="mwAV4">ginshiƙi na US Rolling Stone</i> Top 100 a cikin makon Janairu 17, shekara ta 2020. Hakanan ya kai lamba shida akan jadawalin Urban Airplay na Mediabase na sati na Yuni 22, shekara ta 2020. Guda guda kuma ya bayyana akan taswirar duniya. A cikin makon Maris 13, shekara ta 2020, ya kai lamba 84 a kan Chart Singles UK, yana ɗaukar mako guda a kai. A kan taswirar Hot Singles na New Zealand, "Pussy Fairy (OTW)" ya kai lamba guda ashirin 20 don ranar fitowar Janairu 27, shekara ta 2020.
Bidiyon kiɗa Brandon Parker ne ya jagoranci bidiyon waƙar, wanda aka saki a watan Janairu 16, shekara ta 2020, a Arewacin Hollywood A ciki, Aiko yana rawa tare da wani mutum a cikin gidan rawa wanda ke da hasken shuɗi. Ta loda bidiyon koyarwa ga tashar ta ta YouTube don rushe rawar rawar bidiyon kiɗan na masu kallo. Ta kuma saki bidiyon da ya haɗa da abubuwan ban mamaki game da waƙar, bidiyon kiɗan ta, da rayuwar ta. A cikin labarin Uproxx, Haruna Williams ya kwatanta manufar bidiyon Aiko da shirin talabijin na Pop-Up Video Waƙar da bidiyon kiɗa sun sami amsa mai kyau akan Twitter, kuma Aiko ya zama jigon da ke canzawa Masu lura da cewa, video da aka ba kamar yadda bayyane matsayin lyrics, ko da yake The Fader Sajae Dattijon jawabin cewa shi ne "har yanzu ko ta yaya cikakken wasa domin song ta sexy batun kwayoyin halitta". Carolyn Droke ya bayyana abin da ake gani a matsayin "yin taɓarɓarewa" kuma "an tsara shi sosai". Halle Kiefer ya kwatanta saitin ma'ajiyar kayanta da kayan Aiko zuwa bidiyon kiɗan waƙoƙin Aaliyah "inaya daga cikin Miliyan shekara ta (1996) da Shin Kai Wanene? shekara ta (1998).
Kyauta da ma'aikata Ƙididdigar da aka karɓa daga bayanin kula na Chilombo da Tidal Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Takaddun shaida
Nassoshi
Bayanan ƙasa
Ambato
Hanyoyin waje Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Pages with unreviewed |
29537 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadou%20Sanogo | Amadou Sanogo | Amadou Haya Sanogo (an haife shi a shekara ta 1972 ko kuma a shekara ta 1973) hafsan sojan Mali ne wanda ya jagoranci juyin mulkin Malin a 2012 akan shugaba Amadou Toumani Touré Ya ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kwamitin farfado da dimokuradiyya da dawo da jihar (CNRDRE). An kuma ce Sanogo yana da hannu wajen kamawa da murabus din mukaddashin Firayim Minista Cheick Modibo Diarra a watan Disamban shekarar 2012, wanda ya kai ga naɗa ma'aikacin gwamnati Django Sissoko a matsayin Firayim Minista. A cewar Human Rights Watch, sojojin Sanogo suna da hannu a cikin munanan take hakkin dan Adam da suka hada da azabtarwa, cin zarafi, da kuma tsoratarwa ga 'yan jarida da dangin sojojin da aka tsare.
Rayuwar farko Sanogo yana daya daga cikin yaya shida na Mamadou Sanogo da matarsa suka haifa. Ana yi wa Amadou Sanogo lakabi da “Bolly” a wajen ‘yan uwa.
Haihuwa Sanogo ya fito ne daga Ségou daya daga cikin manyan biranen kasar Mali da ke gabar kogin Niger Sanogo ya shafe shekaru 22 a rundunar sojin kasar Mali Kafin juyin mulkin, Sanogo ya rike mukamin soja na matsakaicin matsayi. Mahalarta shirin Ilimi da Horar da Sojoji na Duniya, ya sami horo "a shirye-shiryen horo a Amurka, a Jojiya da kuma Marine Corps Base Quantico a Virginia", to amma malamansa na Amurka "ba su taba yi masa alama ba. fita a matsayin kayan jagoranci na gaba". Ya kuma karanci harshen turanci a sansanin sojojin sama na Lackland dake Texas.
CRNDRE Ayyukansa na farko a matsayinsa na shugaban kasa sun hada da dakatar da kundin tsarin mulki da ayyukan wasu kungiyoyi, da kuma kafa dokar hana fita da kuma rufe kan iyakokin kasar. Ko da yake dalilin juyin mulkin shi ne zargin Amadou Toumani Touré na rashin gudanar da tawaye na tawayen Abzinawa na 2012, sojojin Mali sun rasa iko da babban birnin yankin Kidal, Gao, da Timbuktu a cikin kwanaki goma da hawan Sanogo ofishin, jagoranci Reuters don kwatanta juyin mulkin a matsayin burin kai na ban mamaki". A ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu, jaridar New York Times ta ba da rahoton cewa yana ƙoƙarin kawar da hankali daga juyin mulkin zuwa gwagwarmayar arewa, yana gaya wa wani ɗan jarida, "Ya kamata mu manta da kaɗan kaɗan Kwamitin, Majalisa, Kundin Tsarin Mulki wannan zasu iya jira. Babban batu, shi ne arewa. Wannan shi ne mafi mahimmanci." Bayan takunkumin tattalin arziki da kakabawa kasar takunkumin da kungiyar raya tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afrika ECOWAS ta yi, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da shugaban kasar Blaise Compaore ya kulla a Burkina Faso a karkashin inuwar kungiyar ECOWAS, wadda za ta sa Sanogo ya mika mulki ga Dioncounda Traoré., wanda zai zama shugaban kasa na wucin gadi har sai an gudanar da zabe Bayan da sabon shugaban kasar na rikon kwarya Dioncounda Traoré da firaministan kasar Cheick Modibo Diarra suka hau karagar mulki, gwamnatin mulkin sojan da Sanogo ke jagoranta ta bayyana karara cewa sun janye na wani dan lokaci ne kawai kuma gwamnatin mulkin soja za ta ci gaba da rike mukamin sa ido har zuwa lokacin zabe. ECOWAS ta bai wa gwamnatin rikon kwarya shekara guda ta gudanar da zabe.
Addini A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba shekarata 2012, Sanogo ya shiga cikin shugabannin addini na Mali don yin jawabi a wani taron Bamako na adawa da tsattsauran ra'ayin addini. A ranar 11 ga Disamban shekarar 2012, gwamnatin mulkin Sanogo ta kama Firai Minista Modibo Diarra tare da tilasta masa yin murabus. Matakin da ECOWAS ta yi Allah wadai da shi, ya biyo bayan nadin Django Sissoko a matsayin Firayim Minista a wannan rana.
Kama da saki yana jiran shari'a Bayan zaben Ibrahim Boubacar Keita a matsayin shugaban kasa, Sanogo ya samu mukamin janar na taurari hudu a ranar 14 ga Agustan shekarar 2013; ana kyautata zaton cewa matakin wani bangare ne na kokarin shawo kan Sanogo ya yi ritaya, wanda hakan zai ba shi damar yin hakan cikin mutunci. Jim kadan kafin a rantsar da Keita a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, an kori Sanogo daga mukaminsa na shugaban kwamitin garambawul na soja a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2013. A ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 2013, an kama Sanogo tare da tuhume shi da hannu wajen yin garkuwa da bacewar abokan hamayya a cikin sojojin Mali. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa a tsare yayin da yake jiran shari'a. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2020, an sanar da cewa za a saki Sanogo har sai an gurfanar da shi gaban kotu. Hakan dai ya biyo bayan hukuncin da kotu ta yanke na sakin Sanogo bayan an dage zaman shari’ar Sanogo a minti na karshe.
Manazarta Mutanen mali na karni 21
Mutanen segou
Masu kayan sarki na kasar mali
Musulman Mali
Rayayyun mutane
Shuwagabannin da sukayi juyi
Wanda baasan shekarun haihuwarsu bah
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
39540 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ona%20Batlle | Ona Batlle | Ona Batlle Pascual (an haife ta a ranar 10 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta 1999) ƙwararriyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Sipaniya wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Ingila Manchester United da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Spain.
Aikin kulob wasan da aka buga 19 Nuwamba 2022.
Aikin matasa An haifi Ona Batlle Pascual a ranar 10 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta, 1999 a Vilassar de Mar, wani gari a lardin Barcelona, kuma ta fara buga kwallon kafa tare da Vilassar de Mar. A cikin shekarar, 2011, FC Barcelona ta leƙo ta a lokacin wasan da tawagar Catalonia 'yan kasa da shekaru 12. Ta shiga shirin matasa na FC Barcelona La Masia kuma ta ci gaba da matsayi, inda ta sami ci gaba zuwa Barcelona B, ƙungiyar matasa mafi girma ta Barcelona wadda ta taka leda a Segunda División, a cikin shekara ta, 2014. A ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta, 2016, Batlle an kira shi zuwa tawagar farko kuma shi ne wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasan da Barcelona ta yi da FC Twente a gasar zakarun Turai.
A lokacin rani na shekarar, 2017, Barcelona ta canza mayar da hankali ga daukar manyan 'yan wasa, wanda ya sa matasa 'yan wasa su sami damar shiga cikin tawagar farko. Batlle ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan La Masia bakwai da za su tafi a lokacin rani don biyan damar manyan kungiyoyin farko tare da wasu kungiyoyi. Lokacin da ta tafi, Batlle ta ce ba za ta yi watsi da komawa kulob din da ya "kafa ta ba."
Madrid CFF Batlle ta rattaba hannu a Madrid CFF a watan Yulin shekara ta, 2017, sa hannu na farko da kulob din ya yi bayan ci gaban da suka samu zuwa Primera División. Ta yi babban wasanta na farko a wasan farko na kungiyar Primera División, a matsayin wacce ta maye gurbin Laura del Río a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Levante. Batlle ta tabbatar da matsayinta a matsayin mai farawa a lokacin kakar wasa, tana wasa a cikin wasanni 28 cikin 30 na gasar ciki har da farawa 26 yayin da Madrid CFF ta ƙare kamfen ɗin Primera División na farko a tsakiyar tebur a matsayi na goma.
Levante Bayan kakar wasa daya tare da Madrid, Batlle ta sanya hannu tare da Levante a watan Yuni shekarar, 2018. Duk da haka, kafin farkon kakar wasa Batlle ta ji rauni a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-20 a watan Agusta, ta jinkirta fara wasa a kulob din. A ƙarshe ta fito Levante ta farko a matsayin mai maye gurbinsa a wasan da ta yi nasara da ci 3–2 a wajen tsohuwar ƙungiyar Madrid CFF a ranar 5 ga Disamba shekarar, 2018. Batlle ta ci kwallonta na farko na Primera División a wasan da suka doke Logroño da ci 4–2 a ranar 22 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta, 2018. A ranar 24 ga watan Yuni ashekara ta, 2020, Batlle ta fitar da wata sanarwa cewa ba za ta sabunta kwantiraginta da Levante ba kuma a maimakon haka za ta zama wakili na kyauta. Ta kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasa 17 da suka shigar da kara a gaban kungiyar kulab din kwallon kafa ta mata (ACFF) da kuma kungiyar 'yan wasan kwallon kafa ta Spaniya (AFE) a lokacin, inda suka yi jayayya da yin amfani da lissafin biyan diyya wanda zai kara kudin da ake bukata. sauran Primera División don siyan yan wasan da aka ware a matsayin wakilai masu kyauta. An saita diyya ta Batlle akan Yuro 500,000.
Manchester United A ranar 13 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta, 2020, Batlle ta sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu tare da zaɓi na na uku tare da ƙungiyar FA WSL ta Ingila Manchester United. Ta fara wasanta na farko ne a ranar 6 ga watan Satumba shekara ta, 2020, wanda ta fara a farkon kakar wasa yayin da United ta tashi kunnen doki 1 1 da masu rike da kofin gasar Chelsea. A dunkule, Batlle ta bayyana a wasanni 23 cikin 27 da United ta buga a kakar wasa ta bana kuma an ba ta kyautar gwarzuwar ‘yar wasan mata a karshen kamfen. A wasan farko na gasar kakar shekarar, 2021 zuwa 2022, Batlle ta ci wa kungiyar kwallonta ta farko a wasan da suka doke Reading da ci 2-0. Ta yi wasanni 21 na gasar a cikin kamfen na shekarar 2021 zuwa 2022 kuma an karbe ta da lambar yabo ta PFA Team of the Year.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Matasa Batlle ta wakilci Spain a matakin kasa da shekaru 17, da kasa da 19 da kuma kasa da shekaru 20 ciki har da manyan gasa na matasa guda biyar: Bugu biyu na gasar zakarun Mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 na UEFA na shekarar (2015 da 2016) FIFA U-17 World Cup, a shekarar, 2017 Gasar Cin Kofin Mata na U-19 da Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na Mata na U-20 na shekarar, 2018.
Kasar Sipaniya ta lashe gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai ta mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 a shekarar 2015, bayan da ta doke Switzerland da ci 5-2 a wasan karshe. Batlle ta fara ne a wasanni hudu cikin biyar a gasar. Sun kare ne a matsayi na biyu a bugu na 2016, inda suka sha kashi a hannun Jamus a bugun fenariti a wasan karshe. Batlle ta fara kowane wasa a Spain a gasar. Sakamakon kai tsaye Spain ta cancanci shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta shekarar, 2016 FIFA U-17. Batlle dai ta fara buga wasanni biyar ne daga cikin shidan da suka hada da dukkan wasannin zagayen gaba yayin da Spain ta zo ta uku, inda ta sha kashi a hannun Japan a wasan kusa da na karshe kafin ta doke Venezuela a matakin na uku.
A cikin watan Yuli a shekara ta, 2017, Pedro López ya zaɓi Batlle don wakiltar Spain a Gasar Mata ta Matan U-19 ta shekarar, 2017. Spain ta lashe gasar ne da kwallon da Patricia Guijarro ta ci Faransa a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Batlle ta sake farawa kowane wasa a gasar kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan Spain bakwai da aka zaɓa cikin ƙungiyar gasar. Sakamakon ya kuma baiwa Spain damar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata na 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 na shekarar, 2018. Batlle ta kare wasa daya ne kawai a gasar cin kofin duniya, inda ta samu rauni da Paraguay a wasan farko da ya kawo karshen gasarta. Abokiyar wasanta Patricia Guijarro ta sadaukar da burinta a kan Amurka ga Batlle ta hanyar rike rigarta zuwa kyamara da magoya baya. Spain ta kare a matsayi na biyu, bayan da ta sha kashi a hannun Japan da ci 3-1 a wasan karshe.
Babban A ranar 17 ga Mayu, 2019, Batlle ta fara wasanta na farko a wasan sada zumunta da Kamaru, inda ta maye gurbin Eunate Arraiza a lokacin hutu. An bar ta daga cikin jerin 'yan wasa 23 na gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA 2019 bayan kwana uku.
A cikin watan Fabrairu a shekara ta, 2020, an kira Batlle zuwa tawagar Spain don samun damar fara gasar babbar gasar kasa da kasa, na shekara, 2020 SheBelieves Cup. Ta fara wasanni biyu na farko na gasar, nasara da Japan da ci 3-1 da kuma rashin nasara da ci 1-0 a hannun mai rike da kofin duniya na Amurka yayin da Spain ta kare a matsayi na biyu a farkon bayyanar SheBelieves.
Kididdigar aiki
Kulob Ayyukan kasa da kasa Ƙididdiga daidai kamar wasan da aka buga 2 Satumba 2022
Girmamawa Barcelona
Copa de la Reina: 2017
Matasan Spain
Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 17: 2015
Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 na UEFA: 2016
FIFA U-17 Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya Matsayi na uku: 2016
Gasar Cin Kofin Mata na Mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 na UEFA: 2017
FIFA U-20 ta zo ta biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya: 2018
Mutum ɗaya
Ƙungiyar Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Mata ta UEFA: 2016
Ƙungiyar Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta UEFA: 2017
Gwarzon 'Yar wasan Mata na Manchester United: 2020–21
Ƙungiyar PFA WSL na Shekara: 2021–22
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan |
30188 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gur%C9%93atar%20kogin%20Hudson | Gurɓatar kogin Hudson | Tsakanin shekarar 1947 zuwa 1977, General Electric ya gurɓata kogin Hudson ta hanyar fitar da polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) yana haifar da lahani iri-iri ga namun daji da mutanen da ke cin kifi daga kogin.
Sauran nau'o'in gurbatar yanayi da suka hada da gurbacewar Mercury da kuma garuruwan da ke fitar da najasa da ba a kula da su ba, sun haifar da matsala a kogin.
Dangane da wannan gurbatar yanayi, masu fafutuka sun yi zanga-zangar ta hanyoyi daban-daban; misali, mawaki Pete Seeger ya kafa Hudson River Sloop Clearwater da Clearwater Festival don jawo hankali ga matsalar. Ƙarfafawar muhalli a duk faɗin ƙasar ya haifar da ƙaddamar da Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace ta Tarayya a cikin shekarata 1972 da Dokar Kula da Abubuwan Guba na 1976. Gwamnatin tarayya ta ayyana gurɓataccen yanki na kogin, tsawo, azaman wurin Superfund a cikin shekarar 1984. An fara aiwatar da ayyukan gyare-gyare masu yawa a kan kogin a cikin shekarun 1970 tare da aiwatar da izinin zubar da ruwa da kuma rage yawan zubar da ruwa, da ayyukan kawar da ruwa, wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa karni na 21.
Shawarwari na cin kifi sun kasance suna aiki.
Nau'in gurbatar yanayi da sauran tasirin muhalli Ma'aikatar Kula da Muhalli ta Jihar New York (NYSDEC) ta jera sassa daban-daban na Hudson a matsayin rashin ingancin ruwa saboda PCBs, cadmium, da sauran mahadi masu guba Rarraba Kogin Hudson tare da rashin ingancin ruwa (ba lallai ba ne gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu kamar babban tushe na Hudson) sune Kogin Mohawk, Dwaas Kill, Schuyler Creek, Saw Mill River, Esopus Creek, Hoosic River, Quaker Creek, da Batten Kill Hakanan an jera tafkuna da yawa a cikin kwandon ruwa na Hudson. Sauran wasu matsalolin gurbatar yanayi da ke shafar kogin sun hada da: zubar da ruwa na bazata, zubar da ruwa a birane, karafa masu nauyi, furuns, dioxin, magungunan kashe qwari, da polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Ma'aikatu da yawa waɗanda suka taɓa yin layi a kogin Hudson sun zubar da shara da sharar masana'antu kai tsaye cikin kogin. Waɗannan masana'antun sun samar da masu canza wuta, capacitors, da injunan lantarki, waɗanda suka yi amfani da PCBs azaman dielectric da ruwa mai sanyaya. Ba a tantance wannan ƙazantar ba sai a shekarun 1970. A lokacin, manyan masana'antun da suka rage a yankin mallakar General Electric ne, wanda ya zama babban alhakin tsaftace kogin Hudson. Tsakanin kusan shekarata 1947 da 1977, GE ta saki na PCBs a cikin kogin. PCBs sun fito ne daga masana'antar masana'anta guda biyu na kamfanin a Hudson Falls da Fort Edward, New York Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta hana kera PCBs a shekarata 1979. Yawancin PCBs da ke cikin kogin Monsanto Co. ne ya kera su a ƙarƙashin alamar suna Aroclor 1242 da Aroclor 1016. Ana samun mafi girman taro na PCBs a cikin Thompson Island Pool. Wani sanannen mai gurɓatawa shine General Motors, wanda ke gudanar da Majalisar Tarrytown ta Arewa a Arewacin Tarrytown, New York (yanzu da ake kira Sleepy Hollow). yana aiki daga shekarar 1896 zuwa 1996. Kamfanin ya yi amfani da kusan galan miliyan 1 na ruwa a kowace rana, wanda aka mayar da shi cikin kogin a matsayin sharar gida. Sharar masana'antar shuka (musamman chromate na gubar da sauran zane-zane, tsaftacewa, da sinadarai na siyarwa) za a kwashe kai tsaye zuwa cikin kogin. Za a sarrafa sharar gida ta hanyar sarrafa najasa na ƙauyen. A kusa da shekarata 1971, mai kula da magudanar ruwa da na ƙauyen ya ba da tabbacin cewa an wuce gona da iri, kuma shi da sauran mazauna yankin za su yi iyo a bakin rairayin bakin teku, duk da haka Dominick Pirone, masanin ilimin halittu kuma tsohon darektan kungiyar masunta na Kogin Hudson (yanzu kogin ya kasance. An nakalto yana cewa: "Kuna iya sanin irin kalar motocin da suke zana a ranar da aka ba su da irin kalar kogin." Wani bincike na shekarar 2008 ya nuna cewa Mercury a cikin kifi na Hudson River na kowa, ciki har da bass bass, yellow perch, bigmouth bass, smallmouth bass da carp, sun ƙi sosai a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata. An fitar da sakamakon ne daga babban bayanan bincike na mercury na kifin kifin da NYSDEC ta tara kuma aka tattara a tsawon tsawon Hudson, daga ruwan birnin New York zuwa magudanar ruwa na Adirondack. Binciken ya nuna cewa yanayin ya yi daidai da farfadowar da kogin Hudson ya samu a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, a matsayin martani ga kokarin kungiyoyin fafutuka, jami'an gwamnati da masana'antu ta hanyar hada kai don taimakawa wajen tsaftace tsarin kogin. A shekara ta 1991, ɗanyen zebra, nau'in cin zarafi, ya fara bayyana a cikin kogin Hudson, wanda ya haifar da kusan bacewa na 'ya'yan itacen pearly na asali. A cikin shekarata 2010, NYSDEC ta ƙaddara cewa Cibiyar Makamashi ta Indiya, cibiyar makamashin nukiliya a Buchanan, ta keta Dokar Ruwa mai Tsafta saboda yawan janyewar ruwa daga Hudson, wanda ke kashe miliyoyin kifaye da sauran kwayoyin ruwa a kowace shekara. Jihar ta bukaci Entergy, ma'aikacin shuka, ya maye gurbin fuskar kifin ta da hasumiya mai sanyaya don rage tasirin muhalli. A cikin shekarata 2017 Jihar New York da Entergy sun cimma yarjejeniya cewa tashar Indiya za ta rufe a shekarata 2021. Kamfanin ya daina samar da makamashi na dindindin a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, shekarar 2021.
Tasiri PCBs sun haifar da gurɓataccen kifaye mai yawa a cikin kogin kuma a fili sun haifar da canjin juyin halitta cikin sauri a cikin tomcod na Atlantic, wanda bayan kimanin shekaru 50 na fallasa ya haifar da canjin amino acid guda biyu a cikin kwayar halittar AHR2, wanda ya sa mai karɓa ya ɗaure da rauni tare da PCBs. fiye da al'ada. Maye gurbin baya hana tomcods tara PCBs a jikinsu da wuce su zuwa bass mai ratsin da duk abin da ke cinye su. Wannan tsarin watsa gurɓata zuwa ga manyan halittu kuma ana kiransa da biomagnification Kuma Suma sinadarai masu guba sun taru a cikin magudanar ruwa da suka sauka zuwa gindin kogin. A cikin shekarata 1976 NYSDEC ta haramta duk wani kamun kifi a Upper Hudson saboda matsalolin lafiya da PCBs. Hakanan ya ba da shawarwari masu taƙaita cin kifin da aka kama tsakanin dogon yanki na Kogin Hudson daga Hudson Falls zuwa Troy Shawarwarin Kifin da Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jihar New York (DOH) ta bayar na ci gaba da aiki har zuwa Janairu 2021. DOH ya ba da shawarar cin kifin da aka kama daga Dam ɗin Kudancin Glens zuwa Dam ɗin Tarayya a Troy. Mata ‘yan kasa da shekara 50 da yara ‘yan kasa da shekara 15 ba a ba su shawarar su ci duk wani kifin da aka kama a kudu da Dam din Palmer Falls da ke Koranti, yayin da wasu kuma ake shawartar su ci a ko’ina daga abinci daya zuwa hudu a kowane wata na kifin Hudson River, dangane da nau’in da wurin da aka kama. Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ambaci mercury, PCBs, dioxin, da cadmium a matsayin sinadarai da ke tasiri kifaye a waɗannan wuraren. Ana tunanin PCBs ne ke da alhakin matsalolin kiwon lafiya waɗanda suka haɗa da cututtuka na jijiyoyin jini, ƙananan IQ da ƙananan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ɗan gajeren lokaci (ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya), rushewar hormonal, tsarin garkuwar jiki, ciwon daji, ciwon fata, cutar Parkinson, ADHD, cututtukan zuciya, da ciwon sukari. Gurɓatar PCB a cikin mutane na iya fitowa daga shan gurɓataccen ruwa, sha ta cikin fata, cin gurɓataccen rayuwar ruwa, da/ko shakar PCBs marasa ƙarfi. Cutar da PCB yana da haɗari musamman ga mata masu juna biyu da masu shayarwa. Kuma Lalacewar na iya kaiwa tayin kuma yana iya haifar da lahani na haihuwa. Cutar da nono kuma na iya yin illa ga yaro a kaikaice.
Tsaftacewa A cikin shekarata 1966, Pete Seeger da Toshi Seeger sun kafa Hudson River Sloop Clearwater, ƙungiyar ilimin muhalli da kuma ainihin jirgin ruwa sloop wanda ke inganta fahimtar kogin da tarihinsa. Clearwater ya sami karbuwa na ƙasa don gwagwarmayar da ta fara a cikin shekarar 1970s don tilasta tsabtace gurɓataccen PCB na Hudson wanda GE da sauran kamfanoni suka haifar. Sauran takamaiman matsalolin ruwan ruwa na Hudson waɗanda Clearwater ke damun su shine matsin lamba na ci gaba a cikin rabin rabin kwarin Hudson, ruwan kwarin kwari, gefen ruwa na Manhattan yamma, injinan nukiliya na Indiya, da New York New Jersey Harbor dredge zubar zubar. A cikin shekarata 1972 Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa kuma ta kafa tsarin ba da izinin fitarwa na ƙasa baki ɗaya don duk ruwan saman. Ana buƙatar duk masu sallamar majiyar kogin Hudson don samun izini daga NYSDEC. Hane-hane a cikin waɗannan izini ya haifar da raguwa gaba ɗaya a cikin lodin gurɓataccen ruwa zuwa kogin, yayin da masana'antu, masana'antar wutar lantarki da ƙananan hukumomi suka girka ko inganta tsarin sarrafa ruwan sha ko kuma yin wasu gyare-gyaren shuka don rage gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa. Daga cikin fitattun masana'antar gyaran magudanar ruwa har da kammala aikin kula da ruwan sha ta Arewa da ke Manhattan, inda ake fitar da galan miliyan 150 a kowace rana na najasar da ba a kula da su ba zuwa kogin har sai da shukar ta bude a shekarar 1986. Koyaya, gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu kamar PCBs da karafa masu nauyi, waɗanda aka fitar kafin aiwatar da sabbin buƙatun izini, sun kasance a cikin ruwan kogin. A cikin shekarata 1980, Consolidated Edison (Con Ed) ya amince ya watsar da yakinsa na shekaru 17 don gina kayan aikin samar da wutar lantarki a kan Storm King Mountain, bayan ƙalubalen doka ta ƙungiyar muhalli mai zaman kanta Scenic Hudson Ayyukan ƙungiyoyin ƴan ƙasa waɗanda suka haifar da shawarar Con Ed sun haifar da ƙirƙirar Riverkeeper, ƙungiyar kare muhalli mai zaman kanta wacce ta girma a cikin ƙungiyar laima ta duniya, Ƙungiyar Waterkeeper Alliance Daga cikin yunƙurin farko na tsaftace kogin Hudson na sama shine cirewa a cikin 1977-78 na na gurbataccen ruwan kogin kusa da Fort Edward. A cikin 1984, EPA ta ayyana shimfidar kogin, daga Hudson Falls zuwa Birnin New York, don zama wurin Superfund da ke buƙatar tsaftacewa. Ana ɗaukar wannan wuri mai haɗari a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a cikin al'umma. Yawancin shirye-shirye suna nufin rage gurɓatar PCB. A cikin 1991, an sami ƙarin gurɓatar PCB a Bakers Falls, kusa da tsohuwar masana'antar GE Hudson Falls, kuma an fara shirin gyarawa. A cikin Agusta Na shekarar 1995, mai isar Hudson na sama an sake buɗe shi don kamun kifi, amma akan kama-da-saki kawai. An kammala cire gurɓataccen ƙasa daga tsibirin Rogers a cikin Disamba shekarata 1999. A cikin shekarata 2001, bayan nazarin shekaru goma na gurɓatar PCB a cikin Kogin Hudson, EPA ta ba da shawarar wani shiri don tsabtace kogin ta hanyar zurfafa sama da na PCB. Mafi munin wuraren PCB ana niyya don gyarawa ta hanyar cirewa da zubar da fiye da yadi cubic miliyan 2.6 na gurɓataccen ruwa. Aikin hako shi ne mafi tsananin yunƙurin muhalli da aka taɓa kawowa don tsaftace kogi, kuma zai ci GE kusan dala 460,000,000. General Electric ya ɗauki matsayin cewa yaƙe kogin zai haifar da PCBs. A cikin 2002, EPA ta umurci GE don tsaftace shimfidar kogin Hudson da ya gurbace. EPA ta kuma sanar da cewa ƙarin na gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin kogin Hudson na sama za a cire. GE ya fara ayyukan zubar da ruwa don tsaftace PCBs a ranar 15 ga Mayu, a shekarata 2009. An kammala wannan matakin (Mataki na ɗaya) na tsaftacewa a cikin Oktoba a shekarata 2009, kuma yana da alhakin cire kusan na gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa, wanda ya fi adadin da aka yi niyya. Fiye da jiragen ruwa 620 da ke cike da ruwa an kwashe su zuwa wurin sarrafawa da ke kan tashar Champlain, kuma sama da motocin dogo 80 ne suka yi jigilar daskararru zuwa wani wurin sharar gida a Andrews, Texas. Haƙiƙanin iyaka na Mataki na ɗaya ya kasance kusan fiye da yadda aka tsara, kuma za a faɗaɗa mataki na biyu a sakamakon haka. Mataki na biyu na aikin tsaftacewa, wanda GE ke jagoranta kuma EPA ke sa ido, ya fara ne a watan Yuni Shekarata 2011, wanda aka yi niyya kusan na gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwan PCB daga wani yanki mai nisan mil arba'in na Kogin Upper Hudson. Mataki na biyu na tsaftacewa zai ɗauki kimanin shekaru 5 zuwa 7 don kammalawa. A cikin shekarata 2010, General Electric ya yarda ya ba da kuɗi da gudanar da yaƙin neman zaɓe na biyu a Kogin Upper Hudson tsakanin Fort Edward da Troy. EPA ne ke kula da waɗannan ayyukan. Duk da cewa an yi tafiyar hawainiya, kungiyoyin fafutukar kare muhalli sun tuntubi jama'a kan yanayin gurbatar kogin. Scenic Hudson, Hudson River Sloop Clearwater, Hudson Riverkeeper, da Hukumar Tsaro ta Albarkatun Kasa sun ci gaba da matsawa don ƙarin aiki daga General Electric. Bayan mutuwar Seeger a shekara ta 2014, mai kula da yankin EPA Judith A. Enck ya bayyana cewa "aikin ban mamaki" na Seeger da kungiyar Clearwater sun taimaka wajen tsaftace kogin Hudson.
Inganta ingancin ruwa A cikin shekarata 2016, an hango wani kifin kifin kifi yana ninkaya a kogin Hudson a yammacin titin 63rd a Manhattan. Daga baya Whales sun zama abin gani gama gari a cikin kogin. Bayyanar karuwar ziyarar whale yana da alaƙa da wasu haɗe-haɗe na tsaftacewa da kuma kiyaye namun daji waɗanda ke haifar da masaukin baki ga whale. Kuma An hango Whales har zuwa gadar George Washington. Jami’ai daga hukumomin tarayya da na jihohi sun gargadi masu amfani da jiragen ruwa da su nisanta kafa 100 (m 30) daga whale don gujewa rauni ko haifar da damuwa.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Hudson River PCBs Superfund Site EPA
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
19713 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa%20Kaita | Isa Kaita | Isa Kaita CON, CBE, LL. D (ABU), LL. D (BUK), DPA (Oxon) (An haife shi a watan Janairun shekara ta alif 1912 zuwa watan Nuwamban shekara ta alif 1994), ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne. Ya ci gaba da rike Masarautu anamasa lakabi da Madawaki na jihar Katsina sannan kuma daga baya, da Waziri na jihar Katsina. Kafin ya shiga siyasa, ya kasance fitaccen mai yada labarai a BBC A cikin shekarun 1950 zuwa1960, ya kuma kasance ƙaramin Ministan Ayyuka da Ilimi a yankin Arewacin Najeriya Rayuwa da farkon aiki An haifi Isa Kaita a cikin jihar Katsina ga dangin mai martaba mahaifinsa, Malam Haruna shi ne Wazirin Masarautar jihar Katsina, mukamin da daga baya zai rike shi ma. Ya kuma halarci makarantar Firamare ta jihar Katsina (wacce daga baya aka sa mata suna Barewa College) sannan daga baya ya tafi Kwalejin Horar da Malamai ta jihar Katsina, shahararriyar kwalejin da ta samu halartar dimbin ‘yan siyasa daga Arewa kamar su Ahmadu Bello, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa da Aliyu Bida Bayan kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1922, ya fara koyarwa a makarantar Midil ta jihar Katsina. Ya koyar a makarantar tsawon shekaru 19 kafin ya zama mai sanarwa a rediyo a shekara ta 1941. Ya yi aiki a gidan rediyon Zoy a gidan Rediyo da ke Accra, Ghana. Ya shiga tashar a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II kuma an san shi da yin watsa shirye-shirye game da labarai masu alaƙa kan yaƙin. Ya bar gidan rediyo a shekarar 1944 ya zama sakatare ga mai martaba sarkin jihar Katsina da kuma Hukumar 'Yan Asalin jihar Katsina. A cikin shekara ta 1948, ya yi tafiya zuwa Burtaniya don samun difloma a harkokin mulki a Jami'ar Exeter, London UK
Harkar siyasa Siyasarsa ta fara ne lokacin da ya sami nasarar zama dan majalisar dokokin yankin Arewa a shekara ta 1951. Ya kuma tsaya takarar ne a karkashin tsarin siyasa na kungiyar Jama'ar Arewa. Kafin zaben, ya kasance memba na kafa kuma sanannen mai kamfen din jam’iyyar, ya kuma kasance sakataren kudi na jam’iyyar. A shekarar 1954, ya maye gurbin Ahmadu Bello a matsayin ministan ayyuka yayin shi ma ya kasance sakataren kudi na jam'iyyar. A lokacin Jamhuriya ta Farko ta Nijeriya, shi ne ministan Ilimi na yankin kuma an san shi da himma don bunkasa ci gaban ilmantarwa da wayewar manufofin ilimi. Ya kuma kasance mai ba da shawara mai mahimmanci ga Ahmadu Bello, firaministan yankin kuma babban jagoran siyasa.
Daga baya aiki Bayan an sanya ayyukan siyasa a shekara ta 1966 Isa Kaita ya yi ritaya zuwa Kaduna inda ya kasance memba na hukumar a wasu kamfanoni kalilan irin su United African Company da Chellarams. A lokacin Shagari gwamnati a shekarar 1980s, ya kasance shugaban Code of Tsawaita ofishin. Ya kuma kasance mai ba da himma don kirkirar Jihar Katsina. Mai sha'awar wasanni, ya kasance majiɓincin Fungiyar iveswararrun powararrun 'Yan Nijeriya da Polo ta Nijeriya. Ya kuma kasance mamba a kungiyoyi da dama kamar kungiyar Birtaniyya da Najeriya, kungiyar Indie Najeriya, Jama'atul Nasrul Islam, Rotary club da sauransu.
Iyali Daga cikin ‘ya’yan Isa Kaita akwai Abdulmalik wani kwamishinan‘ yan sanda mai ritaya, Shehu dan siyasa, Sadiq wani ma’aikacin Banki, Ibrahim jami’in diflomasiyya, Ali na Kwastam din Najeriya, Abdulaziz tsohon Kwamishinan Gidaje na Ayyuka da Sufuri na Jihar Katsina kuma yanzu mamba ne na Manajan Julius Berger Nijeriya PLC, Mustapha dan kasuwa, Umar dan kasuwa, Ahmed na Julius Berger PLC da Musa.
Ya mutu a gidansa da ke jihar Kaduna a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 1994.
Bayani Rosalynde Ainslie, Catherine Hoskyns, Ronald Segal; Political Africa: A Who's Who of Personalities and Parties, Frederick A. Praeger, 1961. p 119-120.
Billy J. Dudley. Parties and Politics in Northern Nigeria, p 136.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Littafin Isa Kaita Biography
Jerin sunayen Ministocin a wancan taron Kasafin Kudi a shekarar 1955
Isa Kaita ne ya rawaito daga Yomi Solade Jam'iyyu da siyasa a arewacin Najeriya Daga Billy J. Dudley
https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015424/http://katsinaemirate.com/
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42979 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abedi%20Pele | Abedi Pele | Abedi an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Nuwambar shekarar 1964), wanda aka fi sani da suna Abedi Pele, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ghana wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari kuma wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin din tawagar Ghana Ana yi masa kallon ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Afirka a kowane lokaci. Ya taka leda a kungiyoyi da dama na Turai kuma ya sami sunansa a Ligue 1 na Faransa tare da Lille da Marseille, na karshen inda ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai na UEFA a shekarar 1993, a tsakanin sauran sunayen sarauta. Ana yi masa kallon ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan zamaninsa.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Abedi Ayew a cikin iyali a garin Kibi kuma ya girma a garin Dome da ke wajen arewacin birnin Accra Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Ghana a Tamale. An kuma ba shi laƙabin "Pelé" saboda iyawarsa a ƙwallon ƙafa, wanda ya haifar da kwatancen da ɗan wasan Brazil Pelé Aikin kulob Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan Afirka na farko da suka taka rawar gani a wasan kwallon kafa na Turai. Aikin makiyaya na Abedi Pelé ya fara da Real Tamale United a Ghana a shekarar 1978. Ya bar Ghana ne bayan kammala gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka a shekarar 1982 inda ya koma kungiyar Al Sadd da ke Qatar kan kuɗi dala 1,000. Bayan ɗan lokaci tare da FC Zürich, ya koma Ghana amma, bayan da Kotoko da Hearts of Oak suka kasa sanya hannu a kansa, ya koma AS Dragons FC de l'Ouémé a Benin. Daga baya zai koma Ghana ya bugawa Real Tamale United kakar wasa daya. Ya fara aikinsa a Turai tare da Chamois Niort na Faransa, daga baya ya koma Marseille kafin ya koma Lille a matsayin aro.
A matakin kulob ɗin, ya kasance jigo a yadda Marseille ta mamaye gasar Faransa, wanda ya haifar da gasar zakarun lig huɗu da na gasar cin kofin Turai biyu. A Marseille, ya kasance memba na "Magical Trio" na tawagar tare da Jean-Pierre Papin da Chris Waddle, wanda ke jagorantar watakila mafi ƙarfi na Turai a farkon shekarar 1990s, ciki har da cin kofin Turai na ƙarshe a shekarar 1991 Abedi shi ne kawai sauran memba na uku har yanzu tare da gefen lokacin da Marseille ci Milan a shekarar 1993 Champions League ƙarshe a Munich Daga baya ya koma Lyon bayan aronsa a Lille. Ya kuma taka leda a Torino na Italiya kuma ya kammala aikinsa na Turai tare da Munich shekarar 1860 Abedi Pele ya ci gaba da rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da ƙungiyar Al Ain a Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa kuma an zaɓe shi ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan ƙasashen waje da ke taka leda a gasar UAE.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa Abedi Pele ya bugawa Ghana wasa sau 73. Ya kasance ɗan wasa a gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarun 1980 da kuma 1990 tare da tawagar ƙasarsa, kuma memba a tawagar Ghana da ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekarar 1982, amma bai taɓa samun damar buga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ba, kamar yadda Black Stars ya kasa samun tikitin shiga gasar a lokacin rayuwarsa. Duk da haka, za a iya cewa shi ne ya fi kowa rinjaye a fagen ƙwallon ƙafa na Afirka kusan shekaru goma. Ƙwallon da ya yi a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka a shekarar 1992, wanda aka zaɓe shi a matsayin dan wasan gasar, ya yi fice musamman, domin ya zura kwallo a zagaye uku a jere, inda ya taimakawa Ghana ta kai ga wasan ƙarshe, amma ya karɓi katin gargaɗi a wasan kusa da na karshe. da Najeriya wanda ke nufin an dakatar da shi zuwa wasan ƙarshe; Ghana ta sha kashi a bugun fenareti a hannun Ivory Coast Wasan ya ba shi ƙarin laƙabi na Maradona na Afirka".
Abedi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Afirka na farko da suka samu matsayi na farko a zaɓen gwarzon ɗan ƙwallon duniya na FIFA, inda ya yi hakan a shekarar 1991 da shekarar 1992. Ya lashe kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Afirka na Faransa shekaru uku a jere, shi ne wanda ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan Afirka na BBC a shekarar 1992, da kuma lambar yabo ta hukumar ƙwallon ƙafar Afirka sau biyu.
Abedi ne ke riƙe da tarihin da ya fi yawan bugawa a gasar cin kofin Afrika. Ya buga wasansa na farko a Libya a shekarar 1982 kuma ya ci gaba da fafatawa a gasar har tsawon shekaru 16 masu zuwa, bayyanarsa ta ƙarshe ta zo ne a bugun shekarar 1998 a Burkina Faso. Baya ga cin zarafi da ya yi a gasar ta shekarar 1992, Abedi ya kuma samu yabo sosai saboda ƙwallaye uku da ya ci a gasar a shekarar 1996, inda ya jagoranci Ghana zuwa wasan dab da na kusa da ƙarshe a gasar duk da masu suka suna kyautata zaton zai kasance cikin magriba.
Bayan ritaya Ayew ya halarci wasannin sadaka da FIFA ta shirya fiye da kowane ɗan wasan Afirka. Abedi Pele memba ne a kwamitin ƙwallon ƙafa na FIFA, kuma na kwamitin matsayin 'yan wasa na FIFA da CAF. Hakan ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Afrika ta Kudu ta sanya shi a matsayin kakakin gasar cin kofin duniya na shekarar 2006.
Domin nuna godiya ga ayyukan ibada da Abedi ke yi wa ƙasar, gwamnatin Ghana ta ba shi lambar yabo mafi girma a ƙasar, Order of Volta (civil division). Ta haka ne ya zama ɗan wasan Ghana na farko da aka karrama shi.
CAF-UEFA All Star Daga cikin lambobin yabo na ƙasa da ƙasa, an sanya shi sau da yawa a cikin zabukan FIFA "All-Star" kuma ya zama kyaftin din 'yan wasan Afirka a nasarar da suka samu kan takwarorinsu na Turai a gasar cin kofin Meridian na shekarar 1997 A ranar 29 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1997, an buga wasan farko na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai da CAF na gasar cin kofin Meridian tsakanin Turai da Afirka a Benfica 's Estádio da Luz a Lisbon kuma an watsa shi a cikin kasashe 100 na duniya, ciki har da 30 a Afirka, don masu sauraro miliyan 60. masu kallo. Abedi Pele ne ya zura ƙwallo a farkon wasan, bayan da Vincent Guérin ya rama wa Turai daf da za a tafi hutun rabin lokaci, shi ne Gwarzon dan wasan Afirka na shekarar 1998, Mustapha Hadji, wanda ya ci wa Afirka tamaula a minti na 78 da ci 2-1. nasara A cikin shekarar 2001, an canza tsarin gasar cin Kofin All-Star Cup na UEFA–CAF a karo na biyu don haɗa 'yan wasa masu shekaru tsakanin 35 zuwa 45 waɗanda a yanzu suna farin ciki da matsayinsu na 'tsohuwar' kuma suna buga wasan don jin daɗi kawai. Tawagar ta haifar da tunanin manyan lokutan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a matakin kulob da na duniya
Jakadan ƙwallon ƙafa A watan Yunin 2001 ne gwamnatin Ghana mai ci ta tsayar da shi don ya zama shugaban hukumar ta FA, wata dama da daga baya ya yi watsi da wani gogaggen tsohon kocin Ghana wanda a nasa kalaman ya ce wannan wata dama ce. don koyi da manyansa.
A halin yanzu yana da kulob na rukuni na farko, wanda ake kira Nania, tare da fatan nan gaba na horar da matasa masu basira don haɓaka ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar. Ya kuma kasance yana gudanar da ayyukan agaji daban-daban a fadin nahiyar Afirka.
Duba kuma Football in Africa portal
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1964
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
32283 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9lder%20Costa | Hélder Costa | Hélder Wander Sousa de Azevedo e Costa (an haifeshi a ranar 12 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1994) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Angola wanda ke taka leda a matsayin winger na Leeds United. Da farko yana wakiltar Portugal a matakin matasa, a cikin shekara ta 2021 ya zaɓi ya wakilci ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Angola.
Wasanni
An kafa shi a Benfica, wanda ya yi wasa a Taça da Liga guda ɗaya, Costa ya shafe yawancin aikinsa a ƙasashen waje, ciki har da Deportivo de La Coruña a La Liga da Monaco a Ligue 1. Ya kuma shafe shekaru da yawa a Ingila tare da Wolverhampton Wanderers da Leeds United, inda ya lashe Gasar EFL tare da duka biyun.
Costa ya wakilci Portugal daga 'yan kasa da shekaru 16 har zuwa babban bangaren, wanda ya zira kwallaye a bayyanarsa a cikin shekarar 2018. A cikin shekara ta 2021, ya zura kwallo a wasansa na farko an Angola.
Aikin kulob/Kungiyar
Benfica A ranar 11 ga watan Agusta Shekara ta 2012, Costa ya buga wasansa na farko na ƙwararru tare da Benfica B a wasan shekarar 2012 da shekara ta 13 Segunda Liga da Braga B inda ya buga mintuna 72 a matsayin winger. Manufar sana'arsa/Aikinsa ta farko ta zo a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta 2013, a 3-0 na gida a kan Portimonense, daya daga cikin takwas na kakar ciki har da 23 Nuwamba a cikin nasara 4-3 a kan Oliveirense wanda shi ma aka kore shi. A ranar 25 ga watan Janairu Shekara ta 2014, Costa ya yi muhawara tare da Benfica a wasan zagaye na uku na 2013-14 Taça da Liga da Gil Vicente, yayi wasa a mintuna na 13 na ƙarshe na nasarar 1-0 a Estádio da Luz a madadin Miralem Sulejmani. Bai kara taka rawa a gasar ba, wanda Benfica ta ci gaba da yin nasara. A ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba Shekarar 2014, ya zira kwallaye uku hat-trick a Segunda Liga tare da Benfica B da Olhanense a ci 5-1 gida. Costa ya zo ta hanyar Benfica Academy a cikin wannan shekaru kungiyar kamar yadda 'yan'uwansa nan gaba Portugal kasa da kasa Ivan Cavaleiro da Bernardo Silva.
Deportivo (rance) A ranar 19 ga Watan Janairu Shekarar 2015, an ba da Costa aro zuwa Deportivo de La Coruña na La Liga har zuwa karshen kakar wasa. Ya buga wasanni shida ga Galiciyan, duk daga benci na maye gurbin.
Monaco (lamuni) A ranar 10 ga Watan Yuli Shekarar 2015, Costa ya koma kulob din Monaco na Ligue 1 a kan aro na shekara guda. An sanya hannu tare da abokan wasan Benfica Cavaleiro da Silva. Ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Ligue 1 ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, inda ya bude rashin nasara da ci 3-1 a hannun Bordeaux l. Ya kuma ba da taimako ga Kylian Mbappé na farko da ya zura a ragar Monaco a nasarar da suka yi da Troyes da ci 3–1 a ranar 26 ga Watan Fabrairu Shekarar 2016. Costa ya taka leda sau 28 kuma ya zira kwallaye 5 a duk gasa ga Monaco a lokacin kakar 2015-16, yana fuskantar gasa sosai daga Silva, Thomas Lemar da Mbappé.
Wolverhampton Wanderers A ranar 29 ga watan Yuli Shekara ta 2016, Costa ya koma aro na tsawon kakar wasa zuwa kulob din EFL Championship Wolverhampton Wanderers, wanda ya fara buga wasa a ranar 6 ga Agusta a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin a wasan da suka tashi 2–2 a Rotherham United. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din a gasar cin Kofin EFL da ci 2–1 da ta doke Cambridge United a ranar 23 ga Watan Agusta, da kuma burinsa na farko a gasar a ranar 17 ga Watan Satumba a ci 2-0 da Newcastle United a St James' Park. An kuma yaba wa Costa saboda rawar da ya taka a wasan da Liverpool ta buga a gasar cin kofin FA, inda Wolves ta yi nasara da ci 2-1 a Anfield; Costa ya taimaka a ragar Wolves. A ranar 30 ga watan Janairu Shekarar 2017, Wolves ta sayi Costa gaba ɗaya akan £13 kudin canja wuri miliyan, a lokacin mafi girman kudin da kungiyar ta biya. Bayan biyansa, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu da rabi da kungiyar. Bayan ya zira kwallaye 12 da taimakawa takwas a duk gasa a kakar wasa ta farko, a karramawar karshen kakar wasa ta shekara, ya ci kyautar 2016–17 Wolves Player of the Season Award, kuma ya karbi kyautar Gwarzon Dan Wasan ’Yan Wasan lashe Goal na Season ga burin da ya zira kwallaye da Cardiff City. A ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba Shekarar 2017, Costa ya zira kwallonsa ta farko na kakar Shekarar 2017-18 a nasarar 4-1 da Leeds United. Ya sami lambar yabo ta mai nasara a lokacin Gasar Cin Kofin EFL ta 2017–18, yana ba da gudummawar kwallaye biyar da taimako shida a gasar a tsawon lokacin kakar. Costa ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar Premier a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta 2018 a wasan farko na Wolves a gasar Premier da suka tashi 2-2 da Everton. A ranar 29 ga watan Disamba, a cikin nasara 3-1 da Tottenham Hotspur a filin wasa na Wembley, ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Premier. A cikin duka a lokacin kakar 2018-19, Costa ya buga wasanni 30 ga Wolves a duk gasa yayin da ya taimaka wa gefen zuwa matsayi na bakwai, wanda ya isa ya cancanci zuwa Gasar Europa ta 2019-20 Leeds United A ranar 3 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2019, Costa ya shiga ƙungiyar Championship Leeds United a kan aro don kakar Shekarar 2019-20. A wani bangare na yarjejeniyar, Costa zai koma Leeds kai tsaye a watan Yuli shekarar 2020 kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu akan kusan £15. kudin canja wuri miliyan. An ba shi riga mai lamba 17, wanda ya sa ya zama dan wasa na farko da ya saka ta a shekarar 2014, bayan an fitar da rigar daga ritaya. Ya fara wasansa na farko a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta a gasar Leeds's Championship ranar bude ranar 3–1 nasara da Bristol City, kuma farkonsa na farko bayan kwanaki tara a gasar cin kofin EFL da Salford City, yana ba da gudummawa biyu. Costa ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta a wasan cin kofin EFL da Stoke City, wanda ya yi daidai da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida bayan an tashi 2-2 a daidai lokacin da aka tashi wasan, shi ma ya ci fanareti a wasan 4– 5 cin kashi. A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, a cikin nasara da ci 4-0 a kan Middlesbrough, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar. A ranar 7 ga Yuli 2020, Costa ya shiga Leeds kai tsaye kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu. Kwanaki daga baya, Leeds ya sami ci gaba zuwa Premier League a matsayin zakarun EFL. Costa ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar Premier a Leeds a wasan farko na kakar wasa da zakarun Liverpool a ranar 12 ga Satumba 2020, inda ya taimaka wa Mateusz Klich kwallon da aka ci 4-3 a waje da gida kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu a raga. mako daga baya a wasan farko na Leeds na gida na kakar wasa, nasara da ci 4–3 akan Fulham. A ranar 31 ga Agusta 2021, Costa ya koma Valencia ta La Liga a kan aro don kakar 2021-22.
Ayyukan kasa
Portugal An haife shi a Angola, Costa ya fara wasansa na kasa da kasa a matsayin wakiltar kasar Portugal. Ya taka leda a Portugal a 2013 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship, kuma ko da yake bai zira kwallo a ragar tawagar zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe ba, an sanya shi cikin Kungiyar Gasar. Costa kuma ya wakilci Portugal a gasar Toulon ta 2014.. Costa ya karbi kiransa na farko ga manyan 'yan wasan Portugal gabanin wasannin gasar UEFA Nations League a watan Oktoba 2018. Ya buga wasansa na farko a duniya a wasan sada zumunci da Scotland a Hampden Park ranar 14 ga Oktoba, a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 3-1 inda ya zura kwallon farko. Portugal ta lashe gasar UEFA Nations League na 2018-19, amma Costa ba a kira shi zuwa gasar hudu na karshe ba.
Angola A ranar 16 ga Maris, 2021, an kira Costa zuwa tawagar Angola don buga wasannin neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2021 da Gambia da Gabon. Ya cancanci saboda ya buga wasan sada zumunci ne kawai ga Portugal. Ya buga wasansa na farko a wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2022 a gidan Masar a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba a waccan shekarar, inda ya ci kwallon farko a gida da suka tashi 2-2. Ta hanyar yin haka, ya zama dan wasan kwallon kafa na uku a tarihi (a bayan Alfredo Di Stéfano da José Altafini don zira kwallo a raga a karon farko ga kasashe biyu daban-daban.
Salon wasa Costa na iya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gefe a kowane bangare na filin. Hakanan zai iya buga wasan gaba An san shi da fasaha, saurinsa, dabara da fasaha.
Kididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Ƙasashen Duniya Maki da sakamako ne aka jera adadin kwallayen Portugal ko Angola a farko, ginshiƙi na nuna ci bayan kowace ƙwallon Costa.
Girmamawa Benfica
Taca da Liga 2013-14 Wolverhampton Wanderers
Gasar EFL 2017-18 Leeds United
Gasar Cin Kofin EFL: 2019-20 Mutum
Ƙungiyar Gasar Cin Kofin Zakarun Turai ta Uefa ta Under-19 2013 Wolverhampton Wanderers Gwarzon Dan Wasan Shekara: 2016–17 Kyautar Gwarzon Dan Wasan Kwallon Kafar Wolverhampton Wanderers: 2016–17 Burin Wolverhampton Wanderers na Lokacin: 2016-17
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Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Hélder Costa at Soccerbase Hélder Costa at ForaDeJogo National team data Rayayyun mutane
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25565 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimunah%20Mohd%20Sharif | Maimunah Mohd Sharif | Maimunah Mohd Sharif (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta shekarata alif 1961) Babbar Darakta ce ta kare muhalli a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN-Habitat). Ta fara aiki a watan Janairun shekarar 2018, inda ta zama mace ta farko a Asiya da ta zama Babbar Darakta na UN-Habitat. Daga watan Janairu shekarata 2019 zuwa watan Janairun shekarar 2020 ita ma ta kasance mukaddashin Darakta Janar na Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Nairobi (UNON). Tana rike da mukamin Mataimakiyar Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma tana zaune a Babban Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Babban Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Babban Sakataren. Kafin nadin ta a matsayin Babbar Darakta na UN-Habitat, Sharif ita ce Magajiyar Garin Penang, Malaysia. Kafin nadin ta a matsayin Magajin gari, ita ce Shugabar Majalisar Municipal ta Seberang Perai daga shekara ta 2011, mace ta farko da aka naɗa a wannan mukami.
Farkon Rayuwa, Karatu da Iyali Sharif an haife ta kuma ta girma a Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia, 'yar Mohd Sharif bin Idu (uba) da Shariah binti Adam (uwa) ne, tana da 'yan uwa maza huɗu da 'yar uwa mace guda. Ta kuma yi karatun firamare a Sekolah Kebangsaan Sungai Dua, da karatun sakandare a Tunku Kurshiah Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan.
Ta halarci Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jami'ar Wales kuma ta kammala karatun digiri na farko tare a Nazarin Tsarin Gari. Ta kuma rike Babbar Jagora a Kimiyyar Nazarin Karatu daga Jami'ar Kimiyya ta Malaysia. Tana auren Adli Lai suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu.
Aiki Sharif ta jagoranci wata tawaga wacce ta tsara da aiwatar da ayyukan sabunta birane a George Town, babban birnin tsibirin Penang na Malaysia. A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2009, a matsayinta na Babbar Manaja, Malama Sharif ta kafa George Town World Heritage Incorporated tare da gudanar da Gidan Tarihi na George Town, wanda UNESCO ta rubuta a watan Yulin 2008. Daga shekara ta 2017 zuwa shekara ta 2018, ta yi aiki a matsayin Magajiyar Garin majalisar tsibirin Penang, Malaysia. Bayan nadin ta da babban sakataren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Antonio Guterres ya yi, babban zauren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zabi Maimunah Sharif a matsayin Babbar Darakta na Shirin Tsugunar da Mutane na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya UN-Habitat a ranar 22 ga Disambar shekara ta 2017. Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya António Guterres ne ya nada ta na tsawon shekaru hudu.
Tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya A ranar 22 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2018, Sharif ta karbi mukamin ta a hedkwatar UN-Habitat da ke Nairobi, Kenya. Ta gaji Joan Clos na Spain. A cikin watan Janairun shekara ta 2019 Maimunah Mohd Sharif aka nada a matsayin mukaddashin Darakta Janar na Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Nairobi bayan nadin wanda ya gabace ta, Hanna Tetteh, a matsayin Shugabar Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ga Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka a Addis Ababa. An maye gurbin ta da Zainab Bangura mai ci, wacce aka nada a ranar 30 ga Disambar shekara ta 2019. A matsayinta na Babban Darakta na UN-Habitat Sharif ta mayar da hankali kan yin garambawul da sake farfado da hukumar, hada kai don tallafawa na ciki da na waje don sake fasalin kungiyar da sabon Tsarin dabarun 2020–2023. Ƙoƙarin da ta yi na canza ƙungiyar zuwa ƙwaƙƙwaran jagora da ƙwaƙƙwaran ci gaba kan al'amuran birni ya samu karbuwa daga masu ruwa da tsaki.
Shirye-shiryen da Sharif ya yi a matsayin Babban Darakta na UN-Habitat sun hada da amincewa da kudurin Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai lamba 73/539 wanda ya kafa sabon tsarin gudanar da mulki ga UN-Habitat kuma ya kuma fara aiwatar da ayyukan karfafa gwiwa na cikin gida. Sharif yana kula da fara aiwatar da wani tsari don ci gaban birane mai ɗorewa, wanda ya haɗu da ƙungiyoyi sama da 24 don dabarun Majalisar Nationsinkin Duniya kan ɗorewar birane. A watan Mayun shekara ta 2019, Sharif ya jagoranci Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta farko a Nairobi. A karkashin taken, 'Innovation for Better Quality of Life in Cities and Communities', tare da jigon taken 'Hanzarta aiwatar da Sabon Agenda na Gari don Samun Nasarar Manufofin Ci Gaban', Majalisar ta tattaro ƙasashe membobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, na musamman na Majalisar UNinkin Duniya. hukumomi, kananan hukumomi da wadanda ba na Jiha ba, da suka hada da kungiyoyin farar hula, matasa da mata, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da masana. Ta kafa Kwamitin Gudanarwa na UN-Habitat kuma ta zaɓi membobinta, ta sake dubawa kuma ta amince da Tsarin dabarun UN-Habitat 2020–2023, sannan ta sake nazarin ci gaba a aiwatar da Sabon Agenda (NUA), da sauran ayyuka. Sharif ya jagoranci zaman na tara da na goma na dandalin biranen duniya; a Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (2018) da Abu Dhabi, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (2020), bi da bi. UN-Habitat ce ta shirya, Dandalin Biranen Duniya shine babban taron duniya kan birane. An kafa shi a cikin 2001 don tattaunawa da bincika saurin biranen birni da tasirin sa ga al'ummomi, birane, tattalin arziƙi, canjin yanayi da manufofin. Sharif ya shahara da kusanci da mutane game da tsarin birane kuma ta ce "mutanen da ke cikin birane ne ke sanya su wurare masu fa'ida. Matasa mata da maza suna tururuwa zuwa birane ba don abubuwan more rayuwa ba, amma don mutane da damar da ke cikin wannan birni. Ta ba da muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga rashin haɗin kai a cikin birane kuma tana aiki don haɓaka matsayin mutane da al'ummomin da aka keɓe, kamar mata da matasa, waɗanda ta ce "a baya an bar su a baya a cikin shugabanci, ci gaba da aiwatar da ayyukan haɗin gwiwa." Har ila yau, ta kasance mai cikakken imani ga tunani mai kyau, tana mai cewa, "idan muka yi tunani mai kyau, kashi 50% na matsalolin sun warware kuma sun rage 50% don yin aiki"
Nasarori da Kyaututtuka Cibiyar Masu Shiryawa ta Malaysia Mai Shirya Shekara ta 2014. Habitat III a cikin Quito 2016 Kyautar Ba da Gudummawar Yan Adam ta Duniya Littafin Rikodin Malaysia, Janairu 2018 mace ta farko Asiya da aka nada a matsayin Babban Darakta na UN -Habitat.
Sauran Ayyuka Sharif memba ne na Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya, cibiyar jagoranci da aka ƙaddamar a cikin shekara ta 2015 wanda ya haɗu da masu yanke shawara mata da maza waɗanda suka ƙuduri aniyar warware shingen jinsi da sanya daidaiton jinsi ya zama gaskiya a fagen tasiri. Sharif ya himmatu don cimma daidaiton jinsi a UN-Habitat. Ta bayyana cewa "daidaiton jinsi da karfafawa mata lamura ne da ke kusa da zuciyata. Mata da 'yan mata sune' fuskar ɗan adam 'na birane kuma dole ne mu sami dama daidai wa kowa kuma mu more rayuwa mai inganci A halin yanzu tana ɗaya daga cikin Zakarun Gender guda biyar da ke zaune a Nairobi.
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Mahaɗa Bayanin UN-Habitat
Mata
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41273 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suharto | Suharto | Suharto rtoʊ/; Lafazin Indonesiya; 8 Yunin shekarar 1921-27 Janairu 2008) wani hafsan sojan Indonesiya ne kuma ɗan siyasa, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Indonesia na biyu kuma mafi dadewa a kan mulki. Suharto wanda masu sa ido na kasa da kasa ke kallonsa a matsayin mai mulkin kama karya, Suharto ya jagoranci Indonesiya a matsayin mulkin kama-karya na tsawon shekaru 31, tun daga faduwar magabacinsa Sukarno a shekara ta 1967 har zuwa nasa yayi murabus a shekara ta 1998 bayan wani tashin hankali a fadin kasar. Har yanzu ana muhawara a kan gadon mulkinsa na shekaru 31, da dukiyarsa ta dalar Amurka biliyan 38 a gida da waje. An haifi Suharto a ƙaramin ƙauyen Kemusuk, a yankin Godean kusa da birnin Yogyakarta, a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Holland. Ya girma cikin tawali’u. Iyayensa Musulmi 'yan Javan sun sake aure ba da dadewa da haihuwarsa ba, kuma ya zauna tare da iyayen da suka yi renonsa tsawon lokacin kuruciyarsa. A lokacin mulkin Jafananci, Suharto ya yi aiki a cikin jami'an tsaron Indonesiya da Japan ta tsara. A lokacin fafutukar samun yancin kai na Indonesiya ya shiga cikin sabuwar rundunar sojojin Indonesiya. A can, Suharto ya kai matsayin Major-General bayan samun cikakken 'yancin kai na Indonesiya.
An yi yunkurin juyin mulki a ranakun 30 ga watan Satumba da 1 ga watan Oktoba 1965 da sojojin da Suharto ke jagoranta. Bisa tarihin hukuma da sojojin suka yi, wannan yunkurin ya samu goyon bayan jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Indonesiya (PKI). Daga baya sojojin sun jagoranci wani tashin hankali na kawar da gurguzu a fadin kasar kuma Suharto ya kwace mulki daga hannun shugaban Indonesia wanda ya kafa Sukarno. An nada shi shugaban riko a shekarar 1967 kuma ya zabe shi a shekara mai zuwa. Sannan ya kaddamar da yakin neman zabe da aka fi sani da "de-Sukarnoization" don rage tasirin tsohon shugaban. Suharto ya ba da umarnin mamaye Gabashin Timor a cikin shekarar 1975, sannan wani mummunan mamayar shekaru 23 ya biyo baya. Taimakon shugabancin Suharto ya kasance yana aiki a cikin shekarar 1970s da 1980s. A cikin shekarun 1990s, new order ya ƙara ƙarfin iko da cin hanci da rashawa ya kasance tushen rashin jin daɗi kuma, bayan rikicin kuɗin Asiya na 1997 wanda ya haifar da tarzoma mai yawa, ya yi murabus a watan Mayu 1998. Suharto ya mutu a cikin watan Janairu 2008 kuma an yi jana'izar jiha.
Karkashin gwamnatinsa ta "Sabuwar oda", Suharto ya gina gwamnati mai karfi, mai zaman kanta kuma wacce sojoji suka mamaye. Abin da ya fara a matsayin mulkin kama-karya na sojan oligarchic ya samo asali ne zuwa tsarin mulkin kama-karya wanda ke kewaye da Suharto. Ƙarfin tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali a kan ƙasar Indonesiya dabam-dabam da kuma nuna adawa da gurguzu ya ba shi goyon bayan tattalin arziki da diflomasiyya na yammacin duniya a lokacin yakin cacar baka. Domin yawancin shugabancinsa, Indonesiya ta sami gagarumin masana'antu, haɓakar tattalin arziki, da ingantattun matakan samun ilimi. Gwamnatin Indonesiya tana la'akari da shirye-shiryen bayar da matsayin Gwarzon Jarumin Ƙasa ga Suharto kuma an yi ta muhawara sosai a Indonesia. A cewar Transparency International, Suharto ya kasance daya daga cikin shugabannin da suka fi cin hanci da rashawa a tarihin zamani, bayan da ya yi almubazzaranci da dalar Amurka 15-35. biliyan a lokacin mulkinsa.
Suna Kamar yawancin Javanese, Suharto suna da suna ɗaya kawai. Abubuwan da suka shafi addini a cikin 'yan shekarun nan wani lokaci suna kiransa da "Haji "ko "Al-Haj Mohammed Suharto", amma waɗannan sunaye ba sa cikin sunansa na yau da kullun kuma ba a yi amfani da su ba. Rubutun "Suharto" yana nuna rubutun Indonesiya na zamani, ko da yake gaba ɗaya tsarin a Indonesia shine dogara ga rubutun da wanda abin ya shafa ya fi so. A lokacin haihuwarsa, daidaitaccen rubutun shine "Soeharto", kuma ya yi amfani da ainihin rubutun a duk rayuwarsa. Harshen Ingilishi na duniya gabaɗaya yana amfani da harafin 'Suharto' yayin da gwamnatin Indonesiya da kafofin watsa labarai ke amfani da 'Soeharto'.
Ƙuruciya An haifi Suharto a ranar 8 ga watan Yuni 1921 a cikin wani gida mai katangar bamboo a cikin hamlet na Kemusuk, wani yanki na babban ƙauyen Godean, sannan wani ɓangare na Indies Gabas ta Holland. Ƙauyen yana da yammacin Yogyakarta, cibiyar al'adu ta Javanese. An haife shi kuma iyayensa 'yan kabilar Java, shi ne ɗa tilo na auren mahaifinsa na biyu. Mahaifinsa, Kertosudiro, yana da ’ya’ya biyu daga auren da ya yi a baya kuma jami’in ban ruwa ne na kauye. Mahaifiyarsa, Sukirah, wata mace ta gari, tana da alaƙa da Hamengkubuwono V ta ƙwarƙwararsa ta farko. Makonni biyar bayan haihuwar Suharto, mahaifiyarsa ta sami raguwar damuwa; An sanya shi a cikin kulawar babban uwarsa, Kromodirjo a sakamakon haka. Kertosudiro da Sukirah sun sake aure tun farkon rayuwar Suharto kuma dukkansu sun sake yin aure. Yana da shekara uku aka mayar da Suharto wurin mahaifiyarsa, wadda ta auri wani manomi na gida wanda Suharto ke taimakawa a cikin kayan shinkafa. A cikin shekarar 1929, mahaifin Suharto ya kai shi ya zauna tare da 'yar uwarsa, wadda ta auri wani mai kula da aikin gona, Prawirowihardjo, a cikin garin Wuryantoro a cikin wani yanki mai talauci da rashin samun albarkatu kusa da Wonogiri. A cikin shekaru biyu da suka biyo baya, mahaifinsa ya mayar da shi wurin mahaifiyarsa da ke Kemusuk sannan mahaifinsa ya dawo da shi Wuryantoro. Prawirowihardjo ya dauki renon yaron a matsayin nasa, wanda ya samar wa Suharto siffar uba da kwanciyar hankali a Wuryantoro. A shekarar 1931, ya koma garin Wonogiri don halartar makarantar firamare, inda ya fara zama tare da ɗan Prawirohardjo Sulardi, daga baya kuma tare da dangin mahaifinsa Hardjowijono. Yayin da yake zaune tare da Hardjowijono, Suharto ya saba da Darjatmo, dukun ("shaman") na fasahar sufanci na Javanese da warkar da bangaskiya. Abin da ya faru ya shafe shi sosai kuma daga baya, a matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, Suharto ya kewaye kansa da harshe na alama mai ƙarfi. Matsalolin biyan kuɗin karatunsa a Wonogiri ya haifar da sake komawa ga mahaifinsa a Kemusuk, inda ya ci gaba da karatu a ƙananan kuɗi Schakel Muhammadiyah (makarantar tsakiya) a cikin birnin Yogyakarta har zuwa 1938. Tarbiyar Suharto ya bambanta da na manyan masu kishin Indonesiya irin su Sukarno a cikin abin da ake ganin ba shi da sha'awar adawa da mulkin mallaka, ko kuma matsalolin siyasa fiye da kewayensa. Ba kamar Sukarno da da’irarsa ba, Suharto ba ta da wata alaka da Turawa ‘yan mulkin mallaka. Saboda haka, bai koyi yaren Dutch ko wasu harsunan Turai ba a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa. Ya koyi magana da Yaren mutanen Holland bayan shigarsa cikin sojan Dutch a 1940.
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18276 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaidullah%20Khan | Abaidullah Khan | Mataimakin-admiral (Vice-Admiral) Abaidullah Khan (mafi kyau da akafi sani da AU Khan, ```sojin-ruwa ne na kasar Pakistan mai matsayin tauraro uku na admiral, sannan kuma daga baya ya zama jigo wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a kawo da fasahar canja wuri na iska -daidaita karfin gwiwa -da jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu na Agosta 90Bravo daga Faransa a shekara ta alif 1994, zuwa shekara ta alif 1997.
Tarihin rayuwa An kuma haifi Abaidullah Khan a shekara ta alif 1940, a yankin Kashmir, yanzu wani bangare ne na yankin India daPakistan, kuma an bashi aikin Sojan ruwa ne a shekara ta alif 1958, a matsayin Midshipman tare da S No. PN. 775 a Bangaren zartarwa Ya kasance daga zuriyar Kashmiri Pathan wanda ya rasa iyayensa yana da shekaru tara a lokacin raba Indiya da kuma yaƙin farko da Indiya a shekara ta alif 1947, kuma an kula da shi a gidan kulawar. Daga baya ya shiga Kwamandan Jirgin Ruwa, kuma ya sami horo a PNS Hangor a Kasar Faransa, a shekara ta 1966 zuwa shekara ta 1969. A cikin shekara ta 1971, Lt-Cdr. AU Khan yana aiki a matsayin babban kwamanda na biyu na PNS Hangor, lokacin da aka tura shi cikin tekun Larabawa, yana aiki a yammacin yakin na uku da Indiya a shekara ta alif 1971, Tare da Laftanar Fasih Bokhari, Lt-Cdr. Khan ya kasance mai taimakawa a cikin dakin sarrafawa don gano hakikanin daidaito da matsayin jiragen yakin Indiya wadanda daga karshe suka nutsar da INS Khurki karkashin umurnin Capt. MN Mulla Bayan yakin, Lt-Cdr. An karrama Khan da lambar yabo ta gallantry kuma an umurce shi da ya halarci kwas a kan karatun Yaƙin a Islamabad, daga ƙarshe ya sami MSc a karatun yaƙi a shekara ta alif 1980, A cikin shekara ta alif 1980s, Cdre. AU Khan ta umarci Squadron a matsayin jami'inta a cikin umarnin dabaru Cdre. Daga baya an sanya Khan a matsayin sojan ruwa na Navy ga Royal Navy a High Commission of Pakistan a Kasar London a Kasar Burtaniya A cikin shekara ta alif 1993–zuwa 1994, Rear-Admiral AU Khan ya sami karin girma a matsayin kwamandan rundunar, Kwamandan Pakistan Fleet, inda ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa wajen bayar da shawarwari masu karfi don samo dukkanin rundunar jiragen ruwa na Type-21 daga Royal Navy, suna halartar bikin tare Mataimakin Burtaniya Admiral Roy Newman, Jami'in Tutar na Plymouth, wanda ya ba da <i id="mwbA">Ambuscade</i> wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin <i id="mwbg">Tariq</i> a matsayin jagoran jirgin A cikin shekara ta alif 1994, R-Adm. Khan ya karbi jagorancin Kwamandan Jirgin Ruwa kuma an sanya shi a matsayin DCNS (Ayyuka) a Navy NHQ. A shekara ta alif 1994, Adm. Saeed Mohammad Khan ya zabi R-Adm. Khan a matsayin shugaban kungiyar ta biyu da ta ziyarci Faransa yayin da kungiyar farko a karkashin R-Adm. Javed Iftikhar ya ziyarci Kingdomasar Ingila don mallakar jiragen ruwa da aka shigo da su. An ruwaito shi a cikin kafofin watsa labarai cewa R-Adm AU Khan ya ba da babbar himma da shawarwari don neman fasahar AIP daga kasar Faransa ta hanyar musayar fasaha maimakon samun Mai <i id="mwgg">tallata</i> daga Kingdomasar Ingila R-Adm. Khan wanda aka horar a jirgin ruwa na Faransa ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shawo kan gwamnati ta samo fasahar AIP daga Faransa kan hangen nesa na dogon lokaci, kuma wannan dangantakar mai matukar rikitarwa an sanya hannu a shekara ta alif 1994, tare da Faransa duk da Adm. Saeed Mohammad Khan 's urgings. A shekara ta alif 1995, an daukaka Mataimakin Admiral Khan a matsayin Mataimakin Babban Hafsan Sojan Ruwa, kuma gwamnatin Benazir ta dauke shi a matsayin ta biyu a matsayin shugaban Kamfanin Jirgin Ruwa na Kasa (PNSC) a shekara ta alif 1996, wanda ya yi aiki ta hanyar fadada aikin har zuwa shekara ta 2000, lokacin da ya yi ritaya daga shekaru 42 na aikin soja. A cikin shekara ta 2001 zuwa 2002, V-Adm. AU Khan ta sanya shi a cikin Lissafin Kulawa da Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, saboda rawar da yake takawa wajen sasanta yarjejeniyar don siyan fasahar jiragen ruwa na Agosta 90Bravo</i>, duk da cewa gwamnati ta warware sunansa nan da nan, tana mai cewa kura-kurai ne. A cikin shekara ta 2018, V-Adm. Khan ya halarci babban taro a bikin "don girmama jirgin karkashin ruwa don yalwata abubuwan da suka faru a shekara ta alif 1971", yayin da yake duba gidan kayan gargajiya na karkashin ruwa, a Pakistan Naval Museum a garin Karachi.
Duba kuma Sojojin ruwan Pakistan
Marayu a lokacin da aka raba Indiya
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1940
Mutanen Kashmiri
Mutane Pashtun
Pages with unreviewed |
58718 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Ajayi%20Crowther | Samuel Ajayi Crowther | Samuel Crowther 31 Disamba 1891),masanin harsunan Yarbawa ne,limami,kuma bishop na Anglican na farko na Afirka ta Yamma.An haife shi a Osogun(a yanzu Ado-Awaye,Jihar Oyo,Najeriya),shi da iyalinsa barayin bauta sun kama shi yana dan shekara goma sha biyu.Wannan ya faru ne a lokacin yakin basasar Yarabawa,musamman yakin Owu na 1821-1829,inda aka yi wa kauyensa Osogun hari.Daga baya aka sake siyar da Ajayi ga dillalan bayi na Portugal,inda aka saka shi a cikin jirgin don a kai shi Sabuwar Duniya ta Tekun Atlantika.
Rundunar Sojin Ruwa ta Yammacin Afirka ta Squadron ta kubutar da Crowther daga bauta a wata tashar ruwa da ke bakin teku,wanda ke tilasta wa Burtaniya takunkumi kan cinikin bayi na Atlantic.An sake tsugunar da mutanen da aka 'yantar a Saliyo.A Saliyo,Ajayi ya karɓi sunan Ingilishi na Samuel Crowther,kuma ya fara karatunsa da Ingilishi.Ya karɓi addinin Kiristanci kuma ya danganta shi da ƙabilar Krio da ke hawan Saliyo a lokacin.Ya karanci harsuna kuma an nada shi minista a Ingila,inda daga baya ya sami digiri na uku a jami'ar Oxford.Ya shirya nahawun Yarbanci da fassarar Littafin Anglican na Addu'a gama gari zuwa Yarabanci,kuma yana aiki a kan fassarar Littafi Mai Tsarki na Yarbanci,da kuma sauran ayyukan harshe.
Tarihin Rayuwa Wani jikan Sarki Abiodun, ta hannun mahaifiyarsa,Afala,Ajayi yana da kimanin shekara 12 a duniya lokacin da Fulani masu kai hari suka kama shi da iyalinsa,tare da daukacin kauyensa,a hannun wasu bayin Allah a watan Maris 1821 kuma suka sayar wa 'yan kasuwar bayi na kasar Portugal .Mahaifiyarsa Afala,wadda daga baya ta yi baftisma da sunan Hannatu,da ƙanensa,da sauran danginsa suna cikin waɗanda aka kama.Wataƙila an kashe mahaifinsa Ayemi a harin da aka kai ƙauyensa ko kuma jim kaɗan bayan haka.
Birtaniya ta haramta cinikin bayin Atlantika a shekara ta 1807 kuma sun yi amfani da sojojin ruwansu wajen sintiri a gabar tekun Afirka.A wannan lokacin, Spain da Portugal har yanzu sun yarda da cinikin bayi na Atlantic a yankunansu na Amurka.Kafin jirgin bawa ya bar tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa Amurka, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Royal Navy na Burtaniya ne suka hau shi karkashin jagorancin Kyaftin Henry Leeke.Sun 'yantar da mutanen da aka kama kuma suka tafi da Ajayi da iyalinsa zuwa Freetown,Saliyo,inda hukumomin yankin suka sake tsugunar da su.
Sa’ad da yake Saliyo,Crowther ya sami kulawa daga Ƙungiyar Mishan na Cocin Anglican (CMS) kuma an koyar da shi Turanci.Saboda kyawawan halayensa na ilimi, Ajayi ya kai shi makaranta,kuma cikin ɗan lokaci kaɗan,ya sami damar karanta Littafi Mai Tsarki cikin sauƙi.Ya koma Kiristanci.A ranar 11 ga Disamba 1825 John Raban ya yi masa baftisma,yana mai suna Samuel Crowther,mataimakin Cocin Christ,Newgate,London,kuma ɗaya daga cikin majagaba na CMS.
Yayin da yake Freetown,Crowther ya zama mai sha'awar harsuna. A cikin 1826 an kai shi Ingila don halartar makarantar St Mary's Church a Islington,wacce ta kafa alaƙa da 'yan Afirka masu 'yanci a ƙarni na 18.Ya koma Freetown a 1827.Shi ne ɗalibi na farko da aka shigar da shi a sabuwar Kwalejin Fourah Bay da aka buɗe,makarantar mishan na Anglican.Saboda sha'awar harshe,ya yi karatun Latin da Girkanci na tsarin karatun gargajiya,amma kuma Temne na Afirka ta Yamma.Bayan ya kammala karatunsa,Crowther ya fara koyarwa a makarantar.
Tafiya ta mishan ta Crowther zuwa ƙasar Yarbawa Najeriya ta yau)ta fara a 1841.Ya wakilci sashin mishan na Balaguron Neja,tare da Rev.JF Schon .An nada Crowther a matsayin firist kuma an zaɓi shi don aikin CMS a cikin aikin Yarbawa a ziyararsa ta biyu zuwa Ingila a 1843,bayan ƙwaƙƙwaran bayanin balaguron da kuma halayen da ba safai ya nuna ba.A cikin 1846,Crowther da Rev.Townsend ya bude aikin CMS a Abeokuta.A lokacin balaguron Neja a shekarar 1854,Crowther ya taka rawa wajen kafa mishan a Nijar.
Aure da iyali Crowther ya auri wata yar makaranta,Asano (watau Hassana; ta kasance musulma),ta yi wa Susan baftisma.An kuma 'yantar da ita daga jirgin bawa na Portugal kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin wasiƙar Crowther ta 1837.Ya rubuta cewa: Jirgin Mai Martaba Mai Martaba Bann,Kyaftin Charles Phillips,ya kama ta a ranar 31 ga Oktoba 1822." Saboda haka Asano yana cikin wadanda aka sake tsugunar da su a Saliyo.Ta kuma koma Kiristanci.'Ya'yansu da yawa sun hada da Dandeson Coates Crowther,wanda daga baya ya shiga hidima kuma a cikin 1891 ya zama babban diyakon Neja Delta. 'Yar su ta biyu, Abigail,ta auri Thomas Babington Macaulay,ƙaramin abokin tarayya. Dan su kuma jikan Crowther,Herbert Macaulay,ya zama daya daga cikin masu kishin kasa na Najeriya na farko.
Manufar An zaɓi Crowther don ya raka James Schön ɗan mishan a balaguron Nijar na 1841 .Tare da Schön,ana sa ran zai koyi Hausa don amfani da shi wajen balaguro.Manufarta ita ce ta ƙarfafa kasuwanci,koyar da dabarun noma,ƙarfafa Kiristanci,da kuma taimakawa wajen kawo ƙarshen cinikin bayi.Bayan balaguron,an sake kiran Crowther zuwa Ingila,inda aka horar da shi a matsayin minista kuma Bishop na London ya nada shi.Schön ya rubuta wa Ƙungiyar Mishan ta Ikilisiya yana lura da amfani da ikon Crowther akan balaguron,yana ba da shawarar cewa ya kasance cikin shiri don naɗa Crowther ya koma Afirka a cikin 1843 kuma,tare da Henry Townsend,ya buɗe wata manufa a Abeokuta,a jihar Ogun ta Najeriya a yau.
Crowther ya fara fassara Littafi Mai Tsarki zuwa Yarabanci kuma ya haɗa ƙamus na Yarbanci. A cikin 1843,an buga littafinsa na nahawu,wanda ya fara aiki a kansa lokacin balaguron Nijar.Harshen Yarbanci na Littafin Anglican na Addu'a gama gari ya biyo baya.Crowther kuma ya tattara ƙamus na harshen Yarbanci,gami da adadin karin magana na cikin gida,wanda aka buga a London a cikin 1852.
Ya kuma fara tsara wasu harsuna.Bayan balaguron Neja na Biritaniya na 1854 da 1857, Crowther,wanda wani matashin ɗan Igbo mai fassara mai suna Simon Jonas ya taimaka,ya samar da jigon harshen Igbo a 1857.Ya buga ɗaya don harshen Nupe a 1860,da cikakken nahawu da ƙamus na Nupe a 1864.
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23708 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilla%20Limann | Hilla Limann | Hilla Limann, GCMG (12 ga Disamba 1934 23 ga Janairun shekarar 1998) ɗan diflomasiyya ɗan ƙasar Ghana ne kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki da Shugaban ƙasar Ghana daga ranar 24 ga Satumba 1979 zuwa 31 ga Disamban shekarata 1981. Ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in diflomasiyya a Lome, Togo da Geneva, Switzerland.
Ilimi Limann, wanda asalin sunansa na ƙarshe Babini, an haife shi a garin Gwollu da ke arewacin Garin Gold Coast a gundumar Sissala ta Yammacin Yammacin Yamma ga dangin talakawa. Ya kuma sami nasarar samun ingantaccen ilimi, kuma ya ɗauki aikin hidimar ƙasashen waje. Hilla ya kammala karatunsa na farko a Makarantar Gwamnati ta Tamale, a shekarar 1949. Tsakanin 1957 da 1960, ya karanci Kimiyyar Siyasa a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London. Daga baya ya kammala Diploma a Faransanci a Jami'ar Sorbonne, Faransa. Ya kuma sami digirin BA (Hons) a Tarihi a Jami'ar London da Ph.D a Kimiyyar Siyasa da Dokar Tsarin Mulki a Jami'ar Paris.
Ofishin Harkokin Waje Dokta Limann ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban, Kwamitin Turai, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Ghana tsakanin shekarar 1965 zuwa 1968. A lokacin 1967, ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Tsarin Mulki wanda ya tsara Tsarin Mulkin Gana na shekara ta 1969. A 1968, ya zama Shugaban Chancery/Babban Sakatare a ofishin jakadancin Ghana da ke Lomé, Togo. An nada shi mai ba da shawara a Babban Ofishin Jakadancin Ghana a Geneva, Switzerland a shekarar 1971. Ya dauki mukamin Head, Turai, Amurka na kudu maso gabashin Asiya Desk a Ghana a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje a watan Yunin shekarar 1975.
Siyasa Bayan juyin mulkin shekara ta 1979 wanda Jerry Rawlings ya jagoranta, Limann, kodayake kusan ba a san ko da a Ghana ba, an zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban ƙasa akan tikitin Jam'iyyar Jama'a kuma yana da goyon baya mai ƙarfi tsakanin mabiyan tsohon Shugaban Ghana Kwame Nkrumah. Ya tsaya takarar ne sakamakon rashin cancantar Alhaji Imoru Egala da Majalisar Koli ta Soja mai mulki ta yi sannan ya lashe kashi 62% na yawan ƙuri'un da aka kada a zagaye na biyu na zaben.
Dr. Limann ya hau kujerar shugaban ƙasa a ranar 24 ga Satumban shekarar 1979. Ya kasance mai matsakaicin tattalin arziki, kuma ya goyi bayan dabi'un dimokuradiyya da Pan-Africanism. Rawlings ne ya hambarar da shi a ranar 31 ga Disamban shekarata 1981. Ta haka ne kawai ya zama shugaban jamhuriya ta uku ta Ghana.
A shekarar 1992, a karshen mulkin soji na PNDC da ya hambarar da shi, Dr. Limann ya sake tsinci kansa cikin harkokin siyasa kuma ya tsaya a matsayin ɗan takarar babban taron jama'ar ƙasa, sabuwar jam'iyyar da ya kafa, a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa a waccan shekarar. Ya sami kashi 6.7% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada a zabukan, yana zuwa na uku. Ya ci gaba da aiki a cikin ƙungiyar siyasa ta Nkrumahist a Ghana har zuwa mutuwarsa.
Ƙari Bayan bikin mika mulki a shekarar 1979, jami'an leken asirin Sojoji sun rika bayar da rahoton rugujewar ayyukan tsoffin membobin kungiyar ta AFRC. Dokta Limman ya dage cewa babu wata hujja ta doka da za ta tsare su a tsare karkashin tsarin demokradiyya. Wannan shawarar ta ƙarshe ta sa ya zama shugaban ƙasa da shekarun wulakanci da nisantar da shi da ya sha a hannun gwamnatin Rawlings.
Mutuwa da binnewa Limann yana da matsalolin rashin lafiya na yau da kullun kuma daga baya ya mutu sakamakon sanadi. Ya rasu ya bar mata, Fulera Limann, da yara bakwai: Lariba Montia (née Limann), Baba Limann, Sibi Andan (née Limann), Lida Limann, Daani Limann, Zilla Limann da Salma Limann. An yi jana'izarsa a wurin jana'izarsa ta sirri a garinsu, Gwollu da ke gundumar Sisala ta yankin Yammacin Yamma da tsakar dare ranar 1 ga Maris shekarar 1998. Tawagar gwamnati karkashin jagorancin Ministan Tsaro na wancan lokacin, Alhaji Mahama Iddrisu sun kasance don yin makoki tare da dangin.
Gidauniyar Hilla Limann Gidauniyar Hilla Limann gidauniya ce da aka ƙaddamar a ranar tunawa da shekaru 40 na shugabancinsa a watan Satumba na shekarar 2019. Manufarta ita ce ta kawo ƙarshen cin zarafin haƙƙin ɗan adam ta hanyar ilimi, ta himmatu ga ci gaban ɗan adam ga matalauta da marasa galihu, samar da haske game da dimokiraɗiyya ta gaskiya da haɓaka sanin haƙƙin ɗan adam.
Daraja An girmama Limann tare da Knight Grand Cross na St Michael da St George ta Elizabeth II, Sarauniyar Ingila a shekarar 1981.
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46199 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakin%20Sakkwato | Yakin Sakkwato | Asalin Labarin
Tun farkon lamari, Turawan Ingilishi
suke haƙon birnin Sakkwato, saboda
zamowarsa cibiyar Daular Usmaniyya, wacce Turawa ke ganin, hamɓarar da ita,
shi ne zai kai su ga samun nasarar baza
fuka-fukansu na mulkin mallaka a duk
faɗin Ƙasar Hausa da sauran masarautun
da ke ƙarƙashin wannan Daula baki ɗaya.
Saboda haka tun bayyanar Clapperton a
gaban Sarkin Musulmi Muhammadu
Ballo a cikin shekarar 1824, Turawan
suke leƙen asiri tare da hilatar yadda za
su karya lagon daular wacce dukkan
farfajiyar Ƙasar Hausa take cikinta.
A ranar 15 ga watan Maris na shekarar
1903; shekaru 99 da kenan bayan kafa
daular, aka gwabza yaƙin da ya durƙusar
da Daular ta koma ƙarƙashin Turawa.
Rundunar mayaƙan Birtaniya da ta je
wannan yaƙin, ta ƙunshi manya-manyan
hafsoshin soja guda 25, N.C.O. guda 5,
likitocin soja guda 2, likitan N.C.O. guda
1, maɗauka bindiga guda 68, sojojin
musamman guda 656, sojojin kareya guda
400, bindigogin musamman guda 4 da
kuma zungura-zunguran bindigogi masu
tsawon milimita 75 guda 4. Kamar yadda
na ruwaito daga Bala (2015), da kuma
Audu da Osuala (2015).
Mayaƙan na Birtaniya sun fara yada
zango a garin Ƙauran Namoda a kan
hanyar tasu ta zuwa Sakkwato kafin su
ratsa ta garuruwan Argungu da Shagari
sannan suka dira a Sakkwato. Kamar
yadda Audu da Osuala (2015), suka yi
ƙarin haske.
Bayan da mayaƙan na Birtaniya suka isa
garin Sakkwato, sai rundunar mayaƙan
Sakkwatawa ita ta fito da manufa ta kare
wannan daula ta Usmaniyya. An ƙiyasta
adadin mayaƙan na Sakkwato da cewa
sun kai mutane 6000; 2000 mahaya
dawakai, 4000 kuma sojojin ƙasa da suka
haɗa da ‘yan baƙa, ‘yan bindiga da
sauransu.
Da farkon fara yaƙin, mayaƙan Sakkwato
sun jure wa hare-haren Turawan, amma
daga ƙarshe saboda tsufan makaman da
Sakkwatawan ke ɗauke da su waɗanda su
ne masu, kwari da baka, takkuba,
bindigar harbi-ka-ruga da sauransu, sai
ya zama Turawa sun yi galaba a kansu;
suka tarwatsa gayyar, mutane suka tsere.
Bayan fasa wannan runduna ta mayaƙan
Sakkwato da Turawa suka yi, sai Sarkin
Musulmi Attahiru I ya karkata
linzamin dokinsa zuwa Gabas, saura
kuma suka bishi wasu kuma suka tsaya.
Daga nan sai ya nufi yin gudun hijira.
Wannan mataki na gudun hijira dama
malaman Sakkwato sun tattauna shit un
kafin zuwan Turawan da kuma gwabza
wannan yaƙi.
Fitattun malamai da suka haɗa da Ƙari
Abdallah da Ƙari Ahmad bn Sa’ad su suka
fitar da hukunce-hukunce guda uku:
Yaƙar rundunar Turawa; gudun hijira ko
kuma janyewa cikin hikima kamar irin
yadda Annabi (SAW) ya fice daga Makkah
zuwa Madina a lokacin da zai yi hijira; ko
kuma yin sulhu bisa dogaro da
abubuwan da suka zo a littattafan Shehu
Usmanu Ɗanfodiye mai suna al-masa’il
al-muhimmah da kuma Bayanul wujubu
al-hijira ala al-ibad Kamar yadda ya zo a
Bala (2015).
Sannan kuma kafin barin sarkin
Musulmin Sakkwato ya aika jakadu zuwa
sassan kusa dana nesa na daular da
saƙon cewa, kar su yadda su rayu
ƙarƙashin shugabancin kafirai, su biyo
shi zuwa Gabas domin gudun hijira tare
da manya-manyan waziran daular da
nufin samun mafaka; musamman
duwatsu, inda za su sake haɗa ƙarfin
mayaƙan da za su kori sojojin Birtaniya,
su sake dawowa da martabar daular.
Kamar yadda Bala (2015), ya naƙalto
daga Ƙari Abdallah.
A cikin jama’ar da suka koma cikin garin
Sakkwato daga filin daga, akwai
Muhammad Attahiru abin yiwa laƙabi
da Attahiru II Saboda haka sai turawa
suka naɗa shi a matsayin sabon sarkin
Musulmi a ranar 21 ga watan Maris na
shekarar 1903.
Bayan kammala wannan naɗi, sai
Turawan suka ce ta zama bata same su
ba. Saboda haka suka yi shiri suka bi
bayan rundunar sarkin Musulmi Attahiru
I. Amma kafin Turawan su taras da
rundunar ta girmama, saboda amsa
wancan umarni na sarkin Musulmi da
jama’a suka yi. Duk da cewa, ba za rasa
waɗanda suka ƙi amsa umarnin ba.
Amma masarautu kamar Kano da
Dutse duk sun bi. Kamar yadda ya zo a
NNPC (2007), Sanusi (2009), da Kuma
Abubakar (2011).
Tun farkon tafiyar Sarkin Kano Alu
Maisango zuwa Sakkwato, akkwai Sarkin
Dutse Abdulƙadir III (1901 1903) a
cikin tagawar. Saboda haka a lokacin da
sarki Alu ya juya zuwa Sakkwato tare
suka juya. Sannan kuma bayan tasowar
tawagar gudun hijirar, an samu dandazon
mutanen Dutse da suka shiga rundunar
Sarkin Musulmi Attahiru I aka yi gudun
hijirar da su.
Biyon bayan wannan ruduna ta masu
gudun hijira da Turawa suka yi, basu iya
cim-musu ba sai a garin Bebeji, garin da
ya sake zama filin gwabzawa da Turawa
a karo na biyu a cikin wannan shekara. A
nan Turawan suka yi yunƙurin datse
tawagar ta sarkin Musulmi amma abin ya
ci tura. Haka Musulmi suka tarwatsa
wannan runduna ta Turawa, suka cigaba
da tafiya.
Haka nan dai abubuwa suka cigaba,
Musulmi suna cigaba da tafiya, Turawa
suna biye da su suna datse su, su kuma
suna tarwatsa su har Allah ya kai
wannan mayaƙa na Musulmi zuwa garin
Burma, ko kuma Dutsin Bima kamar
yadda ya zo a mabambantan ruwayoyi;
wasu su ce Burma wasu kuma su ce
Dutsin Bima.
A arangamar farko da aka yi, Musulmi
sun samu nasarar ragargazar sojojin
Ingila. Har ta kai ga sojojin sun ɗebe
tsammanin samun galaba. Saboda haka
suka tura ƙasar Salo (Sierra lion); Yankin
Gwal (Gold-Cost), wato Ghana kenan;
Legas da kuma Kudancin Najeriya aka
turo musu da ƙarin sojoji da makamai.
Isowar waɗannan sojoji na taron dangi
wannan gari na Burmi a sati na uku na
watan Juli (July), sai suka yi dirar mikiya
a kan mayaƙan Musulmi a ranar 27 ga
watan na Juli. Mayaƙan na Musulunci
sun yi iya bakin ƙoƙarinsu su jurewa
wannan yaƙi amma abin ya ci tura. Daga
ƙarshe Turawan suka samu nasarar
harbin Sarkin Muslumi Attahiru a goshi.
Harbin da ya sabauta mutuwarsa.
Wannan rasuwa ta Sarki Attahiru I a
wannan fagen fama, ita ta haifar da
tarwatsewar dubban jama’ar da ke
wannan filin daga. Sannan kuma shi ne
ya kawo samun nasarar Turawa game da
murƙushe wannan da Daula Shehu
Usmanu a matakin ƙarshe. Kuma ita ce ta
kafa mulkin-mallaka a Ƙasar Hausa.
|
46067 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar%20Lauyoyin%20Duniya | Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Duniya | Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Duniya IBA wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1947, ita ce Ƙungiyar bar association ta ma'aikatan shari'a na duniya, ƙungiyoyin lauyoyi da ma ƙungiyoyin doka. A halin yanzu IBA tana da membobin lauyoyi sama da dubu 80,000 da ƙungiyoyin lauyoyi 190 da ma ƙungiyoyin doka. Hedkwatarta ta a duniya tana a birnin London, Ingila, kuma tana da ofisoshin a biranen Washington, DC, Amurka, Seoul, Koriya ta Kudu da São Paulo, Brazil.
Tarihin IBA Wakilan ƙungiyoyin lauyoyi 34 na ƙasa sun hallara a birnin New York, New York a ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairu 1947 don ƙirƙirar ko assasa ƙungiyar da ake takaita sunan da; IBA-(International Bar Association). Kasancewar tsarin farko ya iyakance ga ƙungiyoyin lauyoyi da ƙungiyoyin doka, amma a cikin shekara ta 1970, an bada dama wa membobin IBA ga kowane lauyoyi. Membobin sana'ar shari'a da suka haɗa da lauyoyi, lauyoyi, lauyoyi, membobin shari'a, lauyoyi na cikin gida, lauyoyin gwamnati, malamai da ɗaliban shari'a sun ƙunshi membobin IBA.
Dangantaka da sauran kungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa IBA ta gudanar da matsayi na musamman a gaban babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Zamantakewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (ECOSOC) tun daga 1947. A ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba 2012, IBA ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna tare da Kungiyar Hadin gwiwar Tattalin Arziki da Ci Gaba (OECD). Har ila yau, IBA tayi haɗin gwiwa tare da OECD da Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muggan kwayoyi da Laifuka (UNODC) a cikin Dabarun Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa don Sana'ar Shari'a, wani shiri na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa ga lauyoyi. IBA kuma ta haɗu tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi da suka haɗa har da International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata (IOE).
Tsarin IBA IBA ta kasu kashi biyu Sashen Ayyukan Shari'a (LPD) da Ƙungiyar Jama'a da Muradun Ƙwararru (PPID). Kowace Sashe tana ba da kwamitoci daban-daban da kuma dandalin tattaunawa waɗanda aka keɓe ga takamaiman wuraren aiki. Waɗannan kwamitoci suna fitar da wallafe-wallafe na yau da kullun waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan ayyukan shari'a na ƙasa da ƙasa. PPID tana dauke da Hukumar Ba da Lamuni (BIC) da Cibiyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam (IBAHRI). An kafa BIC a cikin 2004 kuma ta ƙunshi wakilai daga ƙungiyoyin lauyoyi da ƙungiyoyin doka a duniya. An kafa IBAHRI a shekarar 1995 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mai girma, Nelson Mandela.
Babban Daraktan IBA na yanzu shine Mark Ellis.
Cibiyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam (IBAHRI) An kafa Cibiyar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Duniya (IBAHRI) a cikin shekarar 1995 a ƙarƙashin shugabancin Nelson Mandela. Bayanin manufa na IBAHRI shine "ingantawa, kare da kuma aiwatar da hakkokin bil'adama a ƙarƙashin ingantacciyar doka". IBAHRI na gudanar da ayyuka iri-iri a fagen kare hakkin ɗan Adam da bin doka da oda, musamman ma fannin da ya shafi ƴancin kai na ɓangaren shari’a da haƙƙin shari’a.
Lambobi da jagoranci kan aikin shari'a IBA tana ba da lambobi sirri, da jagoranci kan ayyukan shari'a na duniya. Dokokin IBA akan Ɗaukar Hujjoji a Hukuncin Ƙasashen Duniya, waɗanda aka karɓa a cikin 1999 kuma aka sake sabuntawa a cikin 2010, ƙungiyoyi suna amfani da su a cikin sasantawa na kasuwanci na duniya.
Har ila yau, IBA ta fitar da: Jagoran IBA kan rikice-rikice masu sha'awar shiga tsakani na ƙasa da ƙasa, jagororin IBA don tsara sharuddan sasantawa na kasa da kasa, da ka'idojin IBA kan Halayyar Sana'ar Shari'a (2011).
Ƙungiyoyin ayyuka da ƙungiyoyi masu gudanarwa Rukunin Ayyukan Doka
Rukunin masu sa'ido akan Rikicin Kuɗi
Rukunin masu sa ido akan Ta'addanci Duniya
Kyautar Lauyan Mata ta Duniya IBA Hukumar ta IBA tana da lambar yabo da ake baiwa fitacciyar lauya mace da aka yi la'akari da cewa ta fi cancantar wannan karramawa. Ana bayar da ita a kowace shekara kuma LexisNexis ne ke ɗaukar nauyin shirin bada kyautar. Kyautar ta haɗa da gudummawar dalar Amurka 5,000 ga ƙungiyar agaji don fitar da wanda zai yi nasara.
Waɗanda suka karɓi kyautar a baya sun haɗa da: Helvi Sipilä na Finland a 2001
Navi Pillay ta Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 2003
Dianna Kempe ta Bermuda a cikin 2006
Anne-Marie Hutchinson ta Ingila a 2010
Olufolake Solanke na Najeriya a 2012
Tukiya Kankasa-Mabula of Zambia in 2014
Carol Xueref na Faransa a cikin 2016 Eloísa Machado de Almeida na Brazil a cikin 2018
Shugabannin IBA na baya-bayan nan 2018–2019: Horacio Bernardes Neto, 2017–2018: Martin Šolc, CZE
2015–2017: David W. Rivkin, USA
2013–2014: Michael Reynolds, GBR 2011–2012: Akira Kawamura, JAP
2009–2010: Fernando Pelaez-Pier, VEN
2007–2008: Fernando Pombo, ESP
2005–2006: Francis Neate, GBR
2003–2004: Emilio Cardenas, 2001–2002: Dianna Kempe, BER
1999–2000: Klaus Böhlhoff, 1997–1998: Desmond Fernando, LKA
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ƙungiyar Bar Association ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta yanar gizo
Kungiyar Duniya
Kungiyar |
19517 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabirul%20Islam | Sabirul Islam | Sabirul Islam Bengali an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif 1990), ɗan kasuwar Turanci ne, marubuci kuma mai magana mai motsa gwiwa Ya rubuta littattafai uku na taimakon kai da kai Wasan sa na Teen-Trepreneur an sayar dashi sama da makarantu 550 a kasar Burtaniya da cikin ƙasashe guda 14 na duniya. Tun daga shekara ta 2011, ya yi magana a kan al'amuran 700 a duk duniya a matsayin ɓangare na yaƙin Inspire1Million.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Sabirul Islam a Tower Hamlets, London, England kuma ya girma ne a London, England. Ya halarci makarantar Swanlea. A cikin shekara ta 2008, ya bar Kwalejin (City and Islington college). Iyayen addinin Islama sun fito ne daga ƙasar Bangaladash da tushe a Sylhet wanda ya zo London don aiki da rayuwa mafi kyau. Yana da ‘yan’uwa biyar; kane biyu da kanne mata uku. Musulunci ya fara ziyartar Sylhet yana dan shekara uku. A lokacin yarintarsa, iyayensa ba su taɓa yin aiki ba kuma galibi suna rayuwa ne daga fa'idodin jihohi a Burtaniya, kuma a cikin maƙwabtarsa, tashin hankali, aikata laifi da ƙwayoyi sun kasance al'amuran yau da kullun. An gano yana da cutar farfadiya yana da shekaru 11 kuma likitocinsa sun nuna cewa ba zai taɓa yin tafiya a cikin jirgin sama a cikin yanayin sa ba.
Ayyuka
Farkon aiki Yana dan shekara 13, Addinin Musulunci dan uwansa mai shekaru 14 ne ya dauke shi aiki a kamfaninsa, The Royal Dragons, tsarawa da buga kalanda na malamai. An kuma ba wa addinin Musulunci matsayin daraktan samar da kayayyaki, amma bayan Musulunci bai dauke shi da muhimmanci ba kuma ya dauke shi a bakin komai, sai aka kori shi bayan makonni biyu. Tabbatar da cewa dan uwan nasa ba daidai bane shine dalili bayan kafa kasuwancin sa na farko. A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2004, kasuwancin Musulunci na farko shi ne kamfanin tsara gidan yanar gizo na kamfanoni wanda ake kira Veyron Technology, wanda ya gudana tare da abokai shida, dukkansu 'yan shekaru 13 zuwa 14. Sun buga kofofin manyan mashahuran bankuna guda biyar suna neman su tsara gidan yanar gizon su ga duk wani ma'aikacin da ya wuce. Banki na shida shine Merrill Lynch kuma babban daraktan ya lura dasu kuma ya basu dama kuma sun samu 2000 cikin makonni biyu na farko. Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya rufe ta. Kamfaninsa yana da wasu manyan abokan ciniki, ciki har da ABN AMRO da Morgan Stanley kuma har ma sun sami lambar yabo ga 'Best Inner East London Company'. Tun yana dan shekara 16, yayin da yake karatu a makaranta, Merrill Lynch ya dauke shi aiki a matsayin karamin dan kasuwar hannun jari, wanda ya ba shi shirin na makonni biyu don koyon abubuwan yau da kullun game da saka jari da kasuwanci a Birnin New York. Bayan watanni uku ya zama ɗan kasuwa na ɗan lokaci na tsawon watanni tara. A shekara ta 2006, ya hadu da wanda ya kirkiro kamfanin Mybnk, Lily Lapenna, lokacin da ya shiga wata gasa don saka 10 cikin abubuwa daban-daban don sayarwa a kan riba, sai ya mayar da shi 200.
Rayuwar mutum Daga watan Agusta zuwa watan Satumban shekara ta 2013, Musulunci ya ziyarci Bangladesh a karon farko cikin shekaru 20, inda ya kwashe makonni biyu yana tallata kamfen din Inspire1Million ta hanyar abubuwa da dama. Ya gabatar da jawabai a jami’o’i shida a Dhaka, ya ziyarci jami’o’i da kwalejoji daban-daban guda 10 a Chittagong, Sylhet da Brammanbaria don gabatar da jawabinsa da kuma raba kwarewarsa.
Littattafai
Duba kuma Burtaniya ta Bangladesh
Jerin 'yan Bangladesh na Burtaniya
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Sabirul Islam on Goodreads
The World At Your Feet website
Inspire 1 Million website
Teen Trepreneur website Teen Speakers website
Inspire 1 Million Bangladesh website
Scheidies, Nick. Tart, Nick. Sabirul Islam Interview: Fired at 13, Founder at 14 JuniorBiz. 9 April 2010
How a young entrepreneur sold over 42,000 copies of his book in 9 months Interview with Sabirul Islam Your Hidden Potential. 31 August 2010
Lai, Christina. “The World Doesn’t Need Another Jay-Z Or Beyoncé” Meet Teen Entrepreneur Sabirul Islam Live Magazine. 22 November 2012
Sabirul Islam: Determined to Inspire. iamyoungpreneur. 15 February 2013
Amin Nova, Tasnuva. Sabirul Islam motivates young entrepreneurs at DIU ''Dhaka Tribune. 29 September 2013
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1990
Musulman ingila
Pages with unreviewed |
22158 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolores%20LaChapelle | Dolores LaChapelle | Dolores LaChapelle (née Greenwell (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta 1926 ta mutu a ranar 21 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2007) wata Ba'amurkiya ce mai hawa dutse, mai tsalle-tsalle, Malamar T'ai chi, malama mai zaman kanta, kuma jagora a cikin harkar motsa jiki mai zurfin ciki.
Rayuwar farko da asalin rayuwa An haife ta a Denver, Colorado a ranar 4 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta 1926, ta halarci makarantun ‘yan mata Katolika kuma ta kammala karatun ta a Jami'ar Denver a shekara ta 1947 sannan ta kwashe shekaru uku tana koyar da wasan motsa jiki a Aspen, Colorado Ayyuka A shekara ta 1950, ta yi hawa na farko a kan tsaunin Mount Columbia, na biyu mafi girma a saman Rockies na Kanada, da kuma na Snow Dome, babban koli na ruwa na nahiyar Bayan kuma sun auri Edward LaChapelle, ta yi shekara tare tare da shi a Davos, Switzerland daga shekara ta 1950 zuwa shekara ta 1951, sannan suka koma Alta, Utah A shekara ta 1952, an haifi ɗansu Randy a Denver, Colorado (Randy ya canza sunansa zuwa David LaChapelle a lokacin da ya girma). A matsayin dangi zasu juya sau uku a shekara zuwa gidajensu da wuraren aiki a Alta, Utah, inda suka yi hunturu kuma Randy David ya kasance a gida; tsaunin Blue Glacier Washington na Mountains na Olympic, inda suka shafe lokacin bazara; da Kirkland, Washington Dolores da Ed sun ƙaura zuwa Silverton, Colorado a cikin shekara ta 1973 da farko saboda a nan ne Ed ya gudanar da bincike mai yawa Daga baya za su rabu duk da cewa sun ci gaba da abokantakarsu da ƙwararriyar adabin adabi. Ed ya kafa rayuwa a Alaska. Dolores, duk da haka, ta ji daɗin Dutsen San Juan a kudu maso yammacin Colorado, sauran rayuwarta. Ta yi amfani da "Hanya ta tsaunin dutse" daga gidanta wallafe-wallafe, rubuce-rubuce, koyarwa, wasan motsa jiki, bikin raba gari da kiɗa.
Dolores ya kasance farkon farko kuma masanin falsafa da bincike. Gwargwadon binciken nata ya kuma gabatar da wasu batutuwa masu rikitarwa, wanda ta binciko su a wani babban laburaren litattafai da labarai. Ta lura kuma ta ambaci kowane rubutu a cikin wannan matsattsen gidan yanar gizo na kayan da ke da alaƙa wanda a ƙarshe zata haɗa shi a cikin tarin ta, sama da dozin mai kauri da hannu, mai ɗaukar madafan zobe uku mai haɗa shi duka. Wannan rukunin binciken da ba safai ake samu ba ya hada da daruruwan fayilolin tarihin rayuwa wadanda ke dauke da tarihin rayuwar tsaunuka, yayin da ta hau dukkan tsaunuka 14K (sama da kafa 14,000) na Rock Rockies da shekara 20, wasikar wasiku da marubuta da mawaka kamar su Gary Snyder da Art Goodtimes da Shekarun da suka gabata sun yi aure ga ƙwararren masanin dusar ƙanƙara da masanin ƙanƙara Ed LaChapelle. An adana wannan rukunin hikima a cikin Silverton yana jiran dama don ingantaccen adanawa da samun dama har zuwa Yuli 2011 lokacin da mai kula da tarin, Ananda Foley, (kwatankwacin surukar Dolores) ta shirya gida mai kyau don wannan tarin na musamman tare da Aspen Center don Nazarin Muhalli Ananda ya tsara kayan tarihin rayuwa da labaran rayuwar LaChapelle. Ana iya samun bayanan wannan aikin a gidan yanar gizon LaChapelle Legacy Tana sa ran jin ta bakin masu sha'awar shiga cikin wannan aikin na rayuwar mutum (bayanin da yake zuwa na watan Yulin shekara ta 2012).
A shekara ta 2004 Dolores LaChapelle ta karɓi kyautar "Maƙerin Tarihin Gudanar da Tarihi" daga Jami'ar Utah a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata goma da suka yi fice a tarihin wasan tseren kankara. A cikin dukkan matan da ke filin nata da suka karɓi wannan lambar yabo, ita ce "onlyan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta baya-baya kawai a cikin gungun", a cewar ƙawarta ta kusa Peter.
LaChapelle ta mutu a ranar 21 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2007 bayan wani maraice na cin abincin dare a lokacin cin abincin kifin na Kogin Kogin tare da David Grimes wanda ya ce suna jin daɗin raira Goodnight Irene, Goodnight kafin ta juya don barci. Kafin ta rufe kofarta, sai ta ce da shi "wace babbar waka kenan, ko ba haka ba?"
Littattafai daga Dolores LaChapelle Deep Powder Snow: Shekaru Arba'in na Gudun Gudun Ruwa, Raɗaɗɗen ruwa, da Hikimar Duniya, Kivakí Press, Yuni 1993, Tai Chi: Komawa zuwa Mountain Hazard Press, 2002.
DH Lawrence: Gabatarwa ta Farko Jami'ar Arewacin Texas Press, Afrilu 1996, Bukukuwan Duniya: Bukukuwan Yanayi Ga Kowa Yara da Tsoho, Finn Hill Arts, 1976, Hikimar Duniya (Sabon Tsarin Falsafa Na Farko) Kungiyoyin Masu Koyawa, 1978, Matakai na Farko a Bangaskiya, Herder da Herder, 1969, ASIN: B0006BYRW0. Landasa Mai Alfarma, Jima'i Mai Tsarki: Fyaucewa daga Zurfin: Game da Ilimin Ilimin Halitta Mai Girma da Bikin Rayuwa, Kivakí Press, 1992, Magana "A al'adun gargajiyar, idan mace ta kasance ta hanyar ɗaukar childrena heranta sai ta zama kai tsaye dattijo wanda duk ƙabilar ke neman sa saboda tana" sani. Jima'i Mai Tsarkaka, Kasa Mai Alfarma, da Alaka "Akasin ra'ayin da aka yarda da shi, ba Kiristanci ba ne ko ci gaban aikin gona shi kadai ya haifar da rarrabuwa tsakanin mutane da sauran dabi'a a al'adarmu ta Turai." Sacasa mai tsarki, Jima'i mai tsarki: Fyaucewa daga Zurfi, p. 24
Labarai daga Dolores LaChapelle Ritual yana da mahimmanci fasaha da bikin a cikin Al'adu mai Dorewa, Guguwar bazara, 1984, Cibiyar mahallin.
Tsarkakakkiyar Jima'i, redasa Mai Alfarma, da Alaka Daga Dolores LaChapelle. Ganyen Magana, Lokacin hunturu 2001. Volume 10, Lamba 3.
Kara karantawa
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje LaChapelle Legacy, gidan yanar gizo
Haifaffun 1926
Mutuwan 2007
Pages with unreviewed |
17322 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadu%20Maccido | Muhammadu Maccido | Ibrahim Muhammadu Maccido ɗan Abubakar (Haihuwa: 20 Afrilu 1928 Rasuwa: 29 Oktoba 2006), wanda aka fi sani da Muhammadu Maccido, shi ne Sarkin Musulmi na 19 a Najeriya Ya kasance mataimaki na farko ga Siddiq Abubakar III (1903–1988) wanda ya kasance Sarkin Musulmi na tsawon shekaru 50. Maccido ya yi ayyuka da dama na gwamnati a lokacin rayuwarsa kuma ya yi fice sosai a matsayin mai hulda da Shugaban Nijeriya Shehu Shagari (mulki 1979 1983) har zuwa lokacin da sojoji suka yi juyin mulki suka kawar da Shagari daga mulki. Lokacin da mahaifinsa ya mutu a shekarar 1988, shugaban gwamnatin mulkin soji a Najeriya, Ibrahim Babangida ya nada Ibrahim Dasuki (mulki a 1985 1993) a matsayin sabon Sarkin Musulmi, shawarar da ta haifar da zanga-zanga mai ƙarfi a duk arewacin Nijeriya.
A shekarar 1996, Sani Abacha (1993 1998), tsohon shugaban mulkin sojan Nijeriya 6, ya tumɓuke Dasuki daga muƙaminsa ya kuma naɗa Maccido sabon Sarkin Musulmi. An naɗa Maccido a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1996 kuma ya yi mulki daga matsayin na tsawon shekaru goma. Ya yi amfani da mukamin don kokarin sasanta rarrabuwar kawuna a tsakanin al’ummar Musulmin arewacin Najeriya, da inganta alaka da sauran al’ummomin Musulmi, da rage rikice-rikicen kabilanci a cikin Najeriya. A ranar 29 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2006, bayan ganawa da Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo, Maccido ya mutu a hatsarin jirgin saman kamfanin jirgin sama na ADC Airlines Flight 53, tare da ɗansa Badamasi Maccido, yayin da suke komawa Sakkwato. An binne shi a Sakkwato tare da yawancin sauran Sarakunan na Sakkwato.
Rayuwar farko Muhammadu Maccido yana ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan yaran da Sarki Siddiq Abubakar III ya haifa kafin Abubakar ya zama Sarkin Musulmi a shekarar 1938. An haife shi ne a 20 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1928 a wajen garin Sakkwato a garin Dange Shuni Sauran yara da yawa sun mutu yayin haihuwa kuma don haka lokacin da aka haifi Muhammadu ga babbar matar Abubakar Hauwa, an ba shi ƙarin suna Maccido (ma'anar bawa don ƙoƙarin kawar da rashin sa'a. Duk da cewa Abubakar ya haifi 'ya'ya biyu ne kawai kafin ya zama Sarkin Musulmi, amma ya riga ya sami karin' ya'ya 53 bayan haka. Maccido ya yi fice a kotun Abubakar yayin da yake girma kuma tsarin shugabancin mahaifinsa na da matukar tasiri a karshen mulkin Maccido. Misali ɗaya shi ne a shekarar 1943 lokacin da Sardauna Ahmadu, wanda ya ƙalubalanci Abubakar a zaɓen a matsayin sarki, ana zarginsa da karkatar da kuɗin haraji kuma Abubakar ya hukunta shi da kurkuku; amma, Ahmadu ya dauki lauya a kudu don daukaka kara kan hukuncin kuma kotun Burtaniya ta ba da umarnin a daina tuhumar. Yanayin siyasa ya yi matukar damuwa bayan wannan kuma daga wannan Maccido ya koyi yin sulhu da abokan adawar siyasa. Maccido ya yi karatu a kwalejin da ke Zariya kafin ya yi karatu a shekarar 1952-1953 a Kwalejin Kudancin Devon da ke Burtaniya.
Shiga cikin siyasa A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata na mulkin Biritaniya a kan yankin, Maccido ya zama mai tasiri a cikin muƙamin siyasa daban-daban. A shekarar 1951, Maccido ya zama memba na Majalisar Dokoki a Kaduna yana mulkin Hukumar 'Yan Asalin Sakkwato. Kodayake yana da ƙuruciya kuma ƙaramin memba na Majalisar, ya sami damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa da shugabannin farko na Nijeriya da yawa saboda ɗan sarki ne. A ƙarshen 1950s, Zamfara da sauran al'ummomin arewa sun fara fuskantar rikice-rikicen rikici tare da jam'iyyun siyasa da ke gwagwarmaya da juna kafin zaɓen shekarar 1959. An tura Maccido zuwa ga al'ummomin don zama wakilin masarautar Sokoto a kokarin rage tashin hankali. Ya rike mukamai daban-daban a Hukumar 'Yan Asalin Sakkwato a cikin shekarun 1950 ciki har da Kansilan Ayyuka (1956), Kansila na Raya Karkara (1959), da Kansilan Aikin Gona (1960). Tare da rikice-rikicen bayan samun 'yanci a Najeriya, wanda ya karu sosai bayan kisan Firimiya Sir Ahmadu Bello (daga Sakkwato) a shekarar 1966, Maccido ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimaka wa mahaifinsa a kokarin sasanta rikicin. A Sakkwato, wasu fusatattun Musulmai sun yunkuro zuwa Cocin Katolika da nufin rusa ginin a wani bangare na fushin da ake yi wa Ibo da Kirista. Maccido da Marafa, suruki ne ga Ahmadu Bello, sun sadu da taron kuma suka shawo kansu suka watse don hana lalata cocin. Shekarar da ta biyo baya, Maccido ya zama Kwamishina na Majalisar zartarwar Jihar Arewa maso Yamma kuma ya yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona sannan daga baya Ma'aikatar Lafiya. Duk da cewa ya yi nesa da gwamnatocin sojoji a shekarun 1970s, ya yi aiki a matsayin jami’in tuntuba tsakanin masarautar Sakkwato da shugaban Najeriya na tsawon shekaru a lokacin Shugabancin Shehu Shagari A cikin shekarar 1986, Maccido ya bar siyasa a cikin kasar ya koma ga mahaifinsa mara lafiya Abubakar da siyasar cikin gida a Sakkwato. Lokacin da mahaifinsa ya kuduri aniyar rashin lafiya sosai saboda ayyukan ofis, Maccido ya kasance daga cikin Inungiyar Inner don gudanar da Masarautar.
Dasuki a matsayin Sarkin Musulmi Abubakar III ya mutu a ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1988 yayin da Ibrahim Babangida ya kasance shugaban gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Najeriya. Kamar yadda yake a gargajiyance a tsarin addinin Sakkwato, masu zaɓen masarautu daban-daban ne suka dauki nauyin lamarin suka zabi Maccido a matsayin sabon Sarkin Musulmi a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1988. Amma, a ranar 6 ga watan Nuwamba, gwamnatin soja ta Babangida ta yanke hukuncin cewa Ibrahim Dasuki, wanda ya kalubalanci Maccido ga matsayin kuma mashahurin abokin kasuwancin Babangida ne, zai zama sabon sarki. Nan take rikici ya barke a Sakkwato da sauran arewacin Najeriya tare da magoya bayan Maccido wadanda ke nuna rashin amincewarsu da katsalandan din sojoji a cikin masarautu. Maccido an tura shi gudun hijira zuwa Afirka ta Kudu. Ya dawo bayan mulkin Babangida amma bai goyi bayan jajircewar mabiyansa ga Dasuki ba. Ya karfafawa magoya bayansa gwiwa da kada su yi tarayya da mulkin Dasuki kuma su kasance a rabe. Rayuwa ta bunkasa cikin wahalar kudi ga Maccido kuma gidansa ya fara zama mara kyau kuma har wayarsa ta katse saboda rashin biyan kudi. Musulmai da yawa a arewacin Najeriya sun yi adawa da mulkin Dasuki, tare da jerin korafe korafe da suka hada da cewa Dasuki ya rusa gidan Muhammed Bello, Sarkin Musulmi na biyu, don yin gyare-gyare a harabar gidan sarautar.
Sultan Maccido daga baya ya dawo da kuɗi. Ya fara shigo da kayayyaki da sayar da kayayyakin ga 'yan kasuwar gida, kafin ya zama sarki. Marigayi Sani Abacha ne ya cire Ibrahim Dasuki daga wannan muƙamin a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1996. Ba tare da bin tsarin mulkin gargajiya na Sakkwato ba, Abacha ya nada Maccido a matsayin sabon Sarkin Musulmi kuma an naɗa masa sarauta, ko kuma nadin sarauta, a 21 ga watan Afrilu 1996 a Sultan Masallacin Bello. A matsayin Sultan, ya zama jagora na ruhaniya ga al'ummar musulmin Najeriya kuma shugaban masarautar Sokoto. Don kaucewa matsaloli tare da Dasuki da magoya bayansa, Maccido ya roki Abacha da ya tabbatar an bi da shi ta hanyar mutuntaka kuma za a bar shi ya dawo daga gudun hijira bayan wani dan lokaci. Lokacin da ‘yan fashi da makami suka far wa Dasuki a gidansa, Maccido ya aika da wani jami’in hukuma don ba Dasuki goyon baya. A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin muƙamin nasa, ya kuma zama Shugaban Majalisar Ƙoli ta Harkokin Addinin Musulunci a Nijeriya kuma ya yi kyakkyawar alaka da sauran kungiyoyin Musulmi a duk duniya daga wannan matsayin. Ya halarci Taron Duniya kan Addinin Musulunci, ya tafi Saudiyya don tara kudi don makarantun Islamiyya, kuma ya yi mu’amala sosai da Musulmai a wasu wurare a duniya. Don tallafawa musulmai a arewacin Najeriya, Maccido ya ba da wata kungiya ga kungiyar mata mata ta ilimi, ta kafa makaranta a wajen Sakkwato, sannan ta fara wani babban yunkuri na yada kwayar cutar shan inna a yadu. A shekara ta 2004, ya shirya bukukuwan jihadi na shekara biyu na Usman dan Fodio, wanda ya kafa Masarautar Sakkwato, da kuma fara Yaƙin Fulani Tare da karuwar rikice-rikicen kabilanci tsakanin Kiristoci da Musulmai a Najeriya, Maccido ya yi ƙoƙari don kawo ƙarshen tashin hankali kuma ya sa baki sau da yawa don rage tashin hankali. A lokacin da yake sarki, ya kuma ba sarakunan gargajiya wasu 'ya'yansa uku. An nada dansa Malami a matsayin "danburan sokoto"; Ahmed, wanda yanzu haka Sanata ne, an nada masa rawani a matsayin "Mainan Sokoto"; da Bello, wanda shi ne Shugaba na FBN Holdings a Najeriya, an nada shi da "Kyakkyawan Sakkwato". Koda bayan mutuwar mahaifinsu, dukkansu sun riƙe mukamansu na manyan sarakunan halifancin.
Koyaya, Maccido ya nuna adawa ga gwamnatin jihar ta Najeriya lokacin da suka yi kokarin baiwa mabiya Shi’a yan cirani damar yin salla a masallatan Sokoto. Kamar mahaifinsa, ya yi adawa da wannan yunƙurin kuma ya ƙi ba da damar yin addu'a ga Musulmin Shi'a.
Mutuwa Bayan bikin karamar Sallah a shekarar 2006, Maccido ya tafi Abuja don ganawa da Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo Bayan wannan taron, Maccido ya hau jirgi ya dawo Sokoto ranar Lahadi 29 ga watan Oktoba. A cikin jirgin akwai ɗaya daga cikin 'ya' ya Badamasi Maccido (wanda shi ne Sanata daga Sakkwato), jikan sa, da sauran hukumomin gwamnatin yankin da suka je Abuja domin bitar ilmi. Jirgin na ADC Airlines mai lamba 53 ya fadi ne jim kadan bayan tashinsa ya kashe yawancin mutanen da ke cikin jirgin ciki har da Maccido, dansa, da kuma jikan sa. Maccido jikinsa bai ƙone ba, yana mai sauƙin ganewa. An jagoranci gawarsa a kan titunan Sakkwato tare da dubun dubatan masu makoki da suka hallara. An binne shi a babban kabarin sarakunan Sokoto (Hubbare), kusa da na mahaifinsa.
Manazarta
Bayanan kula
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Tarihi: Sultan na Sokoto, Martin Plaut, Labaran BBC, 29 ga Oktoba 2006
Katolika suna ɗaukaka kyawawan halayen Maccido, The Guardian, Nijar, Nuwamba 3, 2006
Sarkin Morocco ya yi alhinin marigayi Sultan, da sauran wadanda hatsarin ya rutsa da su, The Guardian, Nijar, Nuwamba 3, 2006
Sarakunan Sakkwato
Pages with unreviewed |
21380 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsunan%20Songhay | Harsunan Songhay | Harsunan Songhay, Songhai ko Ayneha harsuna [soŋaj] ko [soŋoj], lafazi cikin Songhay: IPA: rukuni ne na yaruka yarukan da ke da alaƙa da juna wanda ke tsakiyar tsakiyar Kogin Neja a ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma na Mali, Nijar, Benin, Burkina Faso da Najeriya Musamman, ana magana da su a cikin biranen Timbuktu, Niamey da Gao Ana yin amfani dasu ko'ina a matsayin yaren harshe a wannan yankin tun daga zamanin daular Songhai A Mali, gwamnati a hukumance ta amince da yaren Gao (gabashin Timbuktu a matsayin yaren da za a yi amfani da shi azaman matsakaiciyar ilimin firamare. Wasu yarukan Songhay ba su da fahimtar fahimtar juna tsakanin juna. Misali, Koyraboro Senni, ana magana da shi a Gao, ba shi da ma'ana ga masu magana da harshen Zarma a Nijar, a cewar masana harsuna Koyaya, Songhoyboro Ciine, Zarma, da Dendi suna da kyakkyawar fahimta tsakanin Nijar. Ga masana ilimin harshe, babban abin da ke shafan harsunan Songhay ya kasance wahalar tantance alaƙar su; ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin Nilo-Saharan, kamar yadda Joseph Greenberg ya bayyana a cikin shekarata 1963, amma har yanzu wannan rarrabuwa ya kasance mai kawo rigima. Masanin ilimin harshe Gerrit Dimmendaal shekarar (2008) ya yi imanin cewa a yanzu ya fi dacewa a ɗauke shi dangin mai yare mai zaman kansa. Roger Blench ya yi iƙirarin cewa harsunan Songhay da Saharar sun kafa reshen Songhay-Sahara tare da juna a cikin babban harshe na Nilo-Saharar phylum. A tarihi, sunan Songhay ba ƙabilanci ba ne ko kuma yaren yare ne ga kowa, amma suna ne ga masu mulki na Daular Songhai waɗanda suka dace da Songhai. Koyaya, madaidaiciyar kalmar da 'yan ƙasar ke amfani da ita don magance yarukan da kuma mutane gabaɗaya ita ce "Ayneha". Baya ga Songhai da kyau, wasu masu magana a Mali ma sun ɗauki sunan Songhay a matsayin sunan ƙabilanci, duk da haka, wasu kungiyoyin masu magana da Songhay suna nuna kansu da wasu kalmomin ƙabilanci, kamar Zarma (Djerma) ko Isawaghen (Sawaq).
'Yan waƙoƙi da wasiƙu da aka tsara a cikin Songhay da aka rubuta da rubutun larabci suna cikin Timbuktu. Koyaya, a halin yanzu an rubuta Songhay cikin rubutun Latin.
Iri-iri Masu binciken sun rarraba harsunan Songhay zuwa manyan rassa biyu; Kudu da Arewa. Kudancin Songhay yana tsakiyar Kogin Neja. Zarma Djerma yaren Songhay da ake ji da shi sosai tare da masu magana da miliyan biyu ko uku, babban harshe ne na kudu maso yammacin Nijar (mai rusawa daga da kudancin Mali) gami da babban birnin Yamai Koyraboro Senni, tare da masu magana da magana 400,000, shine yaren garin Gao, mazaunin tsohuwar Daular Songhai. Ana magana da Koyra Chiini zuwa yamma. Ƙaramar Arewa mafi ƙanƙanta rukuni ne na yaruka masu yawa na Berber waɗanda ake magana da su a cikin Sahara Tunda tasirin Abzinancin ya zarce fiye da ƙamus zuwa cikin ilimin halittar juna, wasu lokuta ana kallon yaren arewacin Songhay kamar harsunan gauraye Haɗakar jinsi Diedrich Hermann Westermann, mishan ne kuma masanin harshe, ya yi jinkiri tsakanin sanya shi ga Gur ko la'akari da shi a matsayin keɓewa, kuma Maurice Delafosse ya haɗa shi da Mande A halin yanzu, ana daukar Songhay a matsayin Nilo-Saharan, biyo bayan sake tsara harsunan Afirka da Joseph Greenberg ya yi a 1963; Hujjar Greenberg ta ta'allaka ne da kimanin ƙididdigar ƙididdiga 70, gami da karin magana An gabatar da wannan shawarar ta musamman, musamman, Lionel Bender, wanda ke ganinsa a zaman wani yanki ne mai zaman kansa na Nilo-Saharan. Roger Blench ya lura cewa Songhay ya ba da ma'anar ma'anar kyan gani wanda ya dace da yaren Nilo da Sahara. Tun daga 2011, ya yi imanin cewa Songhay ya fi kusa da harsunan Sahara maƙwabta kuma ba ya bambanta.
Koyaya, rabe-raben Nilo-Saharan yana da rikici. Lacroix, wanda ya yi la'akari da kusan 30 daga cikin abubuwan da Greenberg ke ikirarin yarda da su sun yarda da hujjar Greenberg, kuma haka kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan ana gudanar da su ne tsakanin Zarma da Saharar Sahara, Ina labarin Tagdal, wacce makwabta Saharan? don haka yana jagorantar mutum don zargin su da kalmomin lamuni Wasu Songhay– An dade ana kamanceceniya da Mande (aƙalla tun daga yammaci), da Mukarovsky (1966), Denis Creissels (1981) da Nicolaï (1977, 1984) sun bincika yiwuwar dangantakar Mande; Creissels sanya wasu 50 misãlai, ciki har da mutane da yawa sassan jiki da kuma morphological suffixes (kamar causative a -endi), yayin da Nicolaï da'awar da wasu 450 irin wannan kalmomi, kazalika da wasu kama hankali typological halaye. Duk da haka, Nicolaï ƙarshe ƙarasa da cewa wannan m ya ba da isasshen, kuma a shekarar 1990 samarwa a sosai labari jarrabawa: cewa Songhay ne Abzinanci na tushen Creole harshen, restructured karkashin Mande tasiri. A goyon bayan wannan ya kawo shawara 412 kamance, jere duk hanyar daga asali ƙamus (tasa hanta to a fili aro (anzad goge alkaadi Qadi Wasu kuma, kamar su Gerrit Dimmendaal, ba su gamsu ba, kuma Nicolaï (2003) ya yi la’akari da tambayar asalin Songhay har yanzu a buɗe yake, yayin da yake jayayya game da tsarin Bender da aka gabatar.
Kamanceceniyar yanayin halittar Greenberg tare da Nilo-Saharan sun haɗa da karin suna na ai (cf. Zaghawa ai 'I', ni (cf. Kanuri nyi 'ku (sg.)', Yer (misali Kanuri -ye 'mu', wor (cf. Kanuri -wi 'kai (pl.)'; dangi da sigar formants -ma (misali Kanuri -ma da -ko (cf. Maba -ko mahimmin kari ne -an Karin maganar jam'in hamayya -r (cf. Teso -r wanda ya ɗauka don bayyana a cikin karin magana yer da wor, mara tasiri wucewa -a (cf. Teso -o Mafi ban mamaki game da kamanceceniyar Mande wanda Creissels ya lissafa shine mutum na uku da ke magana akan sg. (pan-Mande a ina pl. (kwanon rufi-Mande i ko e), da demonstratives wo "wannan" (gwama Manding o, wo kuma babu "can" (cf. Soninke ba, sauran Mande na mummunan na (an samo shi a cikin yarukan yaren Manding) da kuma cikakkiyar mana (cf. Manding má, máŋ kalmomin ma (cf. Manding máa da copula ti (cf. Bisa ti, Manding de le haɗin magana ta ka (cf. Manding kà), karin kalmomin -ri (sakamakon cf. Mandinka -ri, Bambara -li aiwatar da sunaye), -ncè (ethnonymic, cf. Soninke -nke, Mandinka -nka -anta (na al'ada, cf. Soninke -ndi, Mandinka -njaŋ -anta (sakamakon sakamako, cf. Soninke -nte -endi (haddasawa, cf. Soninke, Mandinka -ndi da kuma sanya ra "in" (cf. Manding lá, Soso ra Harsunan Songhay ana ɗaukar su a matsayin dangi mai zaman kansa ta Dimmendaal (2011), kodayake ya sanya Sahara a matsayin wani ɓangare na Nilo-Saharan.
Nahawu Songhay ne mafi yawa a tonal, SOV kungiyar na harsuna, an togiya kasancewa bamban Koyra Chiini na Timbuktu, wanda shi ne maras tonal kuma yana amfani da SVO domin.
Songhay yana da morpheme -ndi wanda ke nuna alama ko mawuyacin hali ko mara amfani. Fi'iloli na iya ɗaukar lokuta biyu na morpheme, ɗaya don kowane ma'ana. Ta haka ne a zahiri ndi-ndi-ndi a fassara ta "[shinkafar] ta kasance ta sanya wani ya ci [wani: sanadi] [ta wani: sanadi]".
Sake ginin Proto-Songhay Teburin Da ke ƙasa akwai wasu gyare-gyare na Proto-Songhay: Wasu waƙoƙin Proto-Gabashin Songhay:
Lambobi Kwatanta lambobi a cikin kowane yare:
Bibiyar Tarihi Dimmendaal, Gerrit. 2008. Ilimin Lafiyar Harshe da Bambancin Harsuna akan Nahiyar Afirka. Harshen harshe da ilimin harshe 2 (5): 843 ff.
Dupuis-Yakouba, Auguste 1917. Essai pratique de méthode zuba l'étude de la langue songoï ou songaï Paris: Ernest Leroux.
Hunwick, John O.; Alida Jay Boye. 2008. Treididdigar ofididdigar Timbuktu Thames da Hudson.
Nicolaï, Robert 1981. Yarukan Les du songhay: gudummawa à l'étude des sauyawa harsuna Paris: SELAF. 302 shafi na.
Nicolaï, Robert Petr Zima. 1997. Songhay LINCOM-Europa. 52 shafi na.
Prost, RPA [André]. 1956. La langue sonay da yaren yare Dakar: IFAN. Jerin: Mémoires de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire; 47. 627 shafi na.
Mai bugawa da taƙaitaccen bugu:
CSLI Cibiyar Nazarin Harshe da Bayani.
IFAN Institut Français d'Afrique Noire (tunda aka maishe shi Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire) SELAF ciungiyar d'ungiyar l harsunan harsuna da anthropologiques de Faransa.
SUGIA Sprache und Geschichte a cikin Afrika, jaridar da Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, Cologne (Köln) suka buga.
Köppe Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
Akan dangantakar halittu Bender, M. Lionel 1996. Harsunan Nilo-Saharan: Rubutun Kwatanta München: LINCOM-Europa. 253 shafi na
Roger Blench da Colleen Ahland, "Rarrabuwa daga Harsunan Gumuz da Koman", aka gabatar a taron bunkasuwar harshe a Afirka, Lyons, Disamba 4, 2010
D. Creissels. 1981. "De la possibilité de rapprochements entre le songhay et les langues Niger Congo (en mahimmancin Mandé)." A cikin Th. Schadeberg, ML Bender, eds., Nilo-Sahara Ci gaba na Farko na Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium, Leiden, Satumba 8-10, pp. 185–199. Littattafan Foris.
Greenberg, Joseph, 1963. Yarukan Afirka (Jaridar Duniya ta Nazarin Harsunan Amurka 29.1). Bloomington, IN: Jami'ar Indiana ta Latsa.
Lacroix, Pierre-Francis. 1971. "L'ensemble songhay-jerma: problèmes et thèmes de travail". A cikin Acte du 8ème Congrès de la SLAO (Société Linguistique de l'Afrique Occidentale), Série H, Fasicule hors série, 87-100. Abidjan: Annales de l'Université d'Abidjan.
Mukarovsky, HG 1966. "Zur Stellung der Mandesprachen". Anthropos, 61: 679-88.
Nicolaï, Robert 1977. "Sur l'autart du du songhay". Annales de la faculté des lettres de Nice, 28: 129-145.
Nicolaï, Robert. 1984. Préliminaires à une étude sur l'origine du songhay: matériaux, problématique et hypothèses, Berlin: D. Reimer. Jerin: Marburger Studien zur Afrika- und Asienkunde. Serie A, Afirka; 37. 163 shafi na
Nicolaï, Robert. 1990. Parentés linguistiques (à propos du songhay) Paris: CNRS. 209 shafi na
Nicolaï, Robert. 2003. La Force des choses ou l'épreuve 'nilo-saharienne': tambayoyi sur les reconstructions archéologiques et l'évolution des langues SUGIA Karin 13. Köln: Köppe. 577 shafi na
Manazarta
Duba wasu shafukan Masanin wayo, Dictionary Songhai Koyraboro Senni Faransanci,> Kalmomi 3000
Yankin Magana a Tadaksahak
Wasu siffofin ilimin kalmomin kalmomi a cikin Tadaksahak
PanAfrican L10n shafi akan Songhai Zarma
Littattafan masanin ilimin harshe Jeffrey Heath akan yarukan Songhay
Harshe da Al'adu Djerma
Taswirorin dake nuna yaren Songhay na Mali da Niger
Arewa Songhay littafin tarihin rayuwa da takaitaccen bayanin wannan gidan
Al'ada
Al'umma
Al'ummomi
Ƙabilun Nijar
Mutanen Afirka
Mutanen Nijar
Pages with unreviewed translations
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24839 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Osborn | Ben Osborn | Benjamin Jarrod Osborn (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta shekarar 1994 ne English sana'a kwallon wanda ke taka EFL Championship kulob Sheffield United A duniya, ya wakilci kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na matasa na Ingila na kasa da kasa, a karkashin 18, karkashin 19, da kuma karkashin 20 Aikin kulob
Nottingham Forest An haife shi a Derby, Ingila, Osborn ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa lokacin da ya shiga Derby County Samun An saki bayan daya kakar, ya shiga hammayarsu Nottingham Forest 's matasa makarantar a shekara tara. A farkon kakar sa tare da ƙungiyar U18, ana yawan amfani dashi azaman hagu na baya A watan Afrilu shekara ta 2012, Osborn an zabe shi gwarzon dan wasan Academy na shekara kuma an bashi sabuwar kwangila a watan da ya biyo baya. Bayan raunin da ya samu ga Gonzalo Jara, Osborn ya sami ci gaba zuwa rukunin farko na gandun daji kuma ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a Gasar Championship a ranar 29 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2014, yana wasa a tsakiya na tsawon mintuna 90 na wasan 1-1 da Ipswich. Garin Kodayake wasansa na farko ya haifar da canjaras, Osborn ya bayyana farin cikin sa na farko a shafin sa na Twitter. Bayan buga wasanni takwas a kungiyar a kakar 2013-14, an sanar a ranar 29 ga watan Afrilu cewa Osborn ya rattaba hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragin shekaru biyar da kungiyar. Bayan kamfen na pre-season mai ban sha'awa, wanda ya haɗa da kwallaye biyu a kan Ilkeston, Osborn ya zama babban memba na ƙungiyar farko a ƙarƙashin manaja Stuart Pearce a farkon kakar shekarun 2014-15 kuma an ba shi lamba talatin -riga ta takwas. Idan babu 'yan wasan tsakiya na yau da kullun Henri Lansbury da David Vaughan saboda rauni, Osborn ya kasance mai maye gurbinsa a cikin wasanni uku na Forest na farko kuma ya fara wasannin farko da zagaye na biyu a gasar League Cup Ayyukansa sun sa Pearce ya yi imani cewa Osborn yana da damar zama babban ɗan wasa na kulob. Babban burin Osborn na farko ga Forest shine mai nasara na mintina 92 daga yadi 18 a kan abokan hamayyar gida da kulob din Derby County a filin wasa na Pride Park a ranar 17 ga watan Janairun na shekarar 2015. Makonni uku bayan haka a ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015, Osborn ya zira kwallo ta biyu a kakar, kuma ya kafa kwallaye biyun farko, a wasan da suka doke Brighton & Hove Albion da ci kuma burin sa na uku na kakar daga baya ya zo a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2015, a cikin nasarar 3 0 akan Karatu Osborn ya gama kakar shekarun 2014-15 bayan ya yi wasanni arba'in kuma ya zira kwallaye uku a duk gasa. An kuma ba Osborn kyautar Goal na kakar, wanda ya zira a ragar Derby County a ranar 17 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2015 kuma aka zaɓa don Nottinghamshire Professional Footballer of the Year, amma ya sha kashi a hannun abokin wasan sa na lokacin Andy Reid A farkon kakar shekara 2015 16, Osborn bai fito a ƙarƙashin sabon jagorancin Dougie Freedman ba saboda ƙarancin tsari kuma ya bayyana a wasan sa na farko na kakar, wasan da aka tashi 1-1 da Bolton Wanderers, a ranar 22 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2015. A yayin wasan da suka yi da Middlesbrough a ranar 19 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2015, wanda suka yi rashin nasara da ci 2-1, Osborn ya samu rauni a gindi kuma an maye gurbinsa da rabin lokaci. Bayan wata guda a gefe, Osborn ya dawo kungiyarsa ta farko a ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2015 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Chris Burke a cikin mintuna 59th, a cikin rashin nasara 0-1 da Sheffield Laraba A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara 2016, Osborn ya zira kwallon sa ta farko a kakar wasa a wasan da aka tashi 1-1 da Charlton Athletic Don wasan da ya yi da Charlton Athletic, magoya baya sun zaɓi Osborn Man of the Match. A ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2016, bayan da ya buga wasanni ashirin da uku kuma ya ci wa Forest gwal guda a kakar wasa ta bana, Osborn ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan kwallon kafa na Kwallon kafa na watan watan Janairu na shekara 2016. Bayan lashe kyautar, Freedman ya yaba Osborn a matsayin "ƙwararriyar baiwa" da "cikakken sadaukarwa da zuciya mai yawa". Osborn daga baya ya ƙara ƙarin kwallaye biyu a cikin kakar 2015 16 akan Bristol City da Karatu. A wasan karshe na kakar Osborn ya ba da taimako biyu, yayin da Nottingham Forest ta doke Milton Keynes Dons da ta koma ta biyu 2-1. Osborn ya gama kakar shekarar 2015-16 bayan ya yi wasanni talatin da takwas kuma ya zira kwallaye uku.
Lokacin 2016-17 ya ga Osborn ya canza lambobin rigar daga lamba 38 zuwa lamba 11, wanda Andy Reid ya yi ritaya, sannan kuma ya gan shi ya rattaba hannu kan tsawaita kwangilar, yana tsare shi a Forest har zuwa shekarar 2020. Osborn ya fara farkon kakar shekarun 2016 17 a wasan farko na kakar, nasarar 4 3 akan Burton Albion, wanda kuma shine farkon wasan gasa na Philippe Montanier a matsayin manaja. Burin Osborn na farkon kakar wasa ya zo ne a wasan sa na casa'in da tara ga Forest a lokacin da suka ci Barnsley 5-2 a Oakwell A ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamba, an danganta Osborn da kungiyoyin Premier League Watford da Swansea City Ba da daɗewa ba, Osborn ya buga wasansa na 100 a gasar Forest a cikin doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 ranar 2 ga watan Disamba. A ranar 21 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2017 Osborn ya zira ƙwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka yi da Bristol City tare da "lokacin sihiri", don kawo ƙarshen nasarar wasanni takwas na Forest wanda a ƙarshe ya kashe Montanier aikinsa. Bayan da Matty Cash ya buga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, Osborn ya bugi kwallon sannan ya jefa ta a ragar golan City Fabian Giefer don kwallo ta biyu a kakar. An zabi wannan burin ne don Mafarkin Mafarkin Watan Janairu, yayin da Osborn da kansa aka zaba a matsayin Gwarzon Dan Wasan Forest. Osborn zai zira kwallaye biyu, tare da kwallaye a kan Sheffield Laraba da Brighton Hove Albion, don kammala kakar tare da kwallaye hudu cikin wasanni arba'in da tara.
Sheffield United A ranar 26 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2019, Osborn ya koma sabuwar kungiyar Premier League da aka inganta Sheffield United kan kwangilar shekaru uku kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba.
Aikin duniya An haife shi a Derby, Ingila, Osborn ya cancanci bugawa Ingila wasa kuma Ingila U18 ce ta fara kiran ta ranar 6 ga watan Maris na shekarar 2012. Osborn ya fara buga wasan sa na U18 na Ingila washegari, a wasan da suka doke Poland U18 da ci 3-0, wanda ya zama fitowar sa kawai.
Ingila U19 ta kira Osborn a ranar 20 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2012 Osborn ya fara buga wasansa na Ingila U19 na farko a ranar 26 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2012, yana wasa mintuna 45, a cikin nasarar 3-0 da Estonia U19 Osborn ya ci gaba da fitowa sau biyu a kan Tsibirin Faroe U19 da Ukraine U19 Ingila U20 ta kira Osborn a karon farko a ranar 20 ga watan Maris shekarar 2015 Osborn ya fara buga wa Ingila U20 na farko kwanaki shida bayan haka, yana wasa mintuna 69, a kan Mexico U20 kuma ya ci 4-2 a bugun fenariti bayan wasa 1 1.
Rayuwar mutum An haife shi a Derby, Ingila, Osborn ya halarci Makarantar West Park a Spondon. Ya girma yana tallafawa County Derby kuma yana da tagwaye mata, Bethan da Holly Osborn.
Daraja Nottingham Forest Academy Player of the Year: 2011–12 Burin Nottingham Forest Goal na Lokacin: 2014–15 Matashin Gwarzon Dan Kwallon Kafar Watanni Janairu 2016 Nottingham Forest Player of the Season: 2017–18
Nassoshi
Manazarta Ben Osborn at Soccerbase 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila
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13638 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20Hajar%20al-Asqalani | Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani | Dan Hajar al-'Asqalani, ko Ibn Hajar Arabic cikakken suna: Shihāb al-Dīn Abū 'l-Faḍl Aḥmad dan Nūr al-Dīn Alī dan Muḥammad dan Ḥajar Asqalānī (18 Fabrairu 1372 2 Fabrairu 1449 [852 AH]), ya kasance masanin ilimin Musulunci na zamani. "wanda aikinsa ya kasance shine hadaddin karshe na kimiyyar Hadith Ya wallafa wasu ayyuka 150 a cikin hadisi, tarihi, tarihin, tafsiri, waƙoƙi, da kuma hukunce-hukuncen Shafi'ite, wadanda suka fi daraja wadanda kasancewarsa sharhin Sahih Bukhari ne, mai taken Fath al-Bari Farkon rayuwa An haife shi a Alkahira a 1372, ɗan malamin Shafi'i kuma mawaƙi Nur al-Din 'Ali. Iyayensa biyu sun mutu tun yana karami, kuma shi da 'yar uwarsa, Sitt al-Rakb, sun zama sanannun mahaifin matar mahaifinsa na farko, Zaki al-Din al-Kharrubi, wanda ya yi wa Ibn Hajar karatun Alqurani tun yana dan shekara biyar. A nan ne ya yi fice, yana koyon karatun Suratul Maryam a rana guda tare da haddace Alqur’ani gab da shekara 9. Ya sami ci gaba cikin haddace ayoyin kamar fasalin ɗaukar hoto na aikin Ibn al-Hajib akan tushe na fiqh Ilimi A lokacin da ya raka al-Kharrubi zuwa Makka tun yana dan shekara 12, an dauke shi wanda ya cancanci ya jagoranci sallar Tarawih a lokacin Ramadan Lokacin da mai kula da shi ya mutu a shekara ta 1386, Ibn Hajar ya yi karatu a Misra wanda aka danƙa wa malamin hadisi Shams al-Din ibn al-Qatta, wanda ya shigar da shi cikin darussan da Siraj al-Din al-Bulqini (d. 1404) da Ibn al- Mulaqqin (d. 1402) a cikin Shafi'i fiqh da Abd al-Rahim bn al-Husain al-'Iraqi (d. 1404) a hadisi, bayan haka ya tafi Damascus da Kudus, don yin karatu a karkashin Shams al-Din al -Qalqashandi (d. 1407), Badr al-Din al-Balisi (d. 1401), da Fatima bint al-Manja al-Tanukhiyya (d. 1401). Bayan kara ziyartar Makka da Madina da Yemen, ya koma Masar Al-Suyuti ya ce: "An ce ya sha ruwan Zamzam ne domin ya kai matsayin al-Dhahabi cikin haddace wanda ya yi nasarar aiwatar da shi, har ma ya zarce shi."
Rayuwarsa A 1397, yana da shekaru ashirin da biyar, Al-'Asqalani ya aure shahararriya gwanar hadisai Uns Khatun, wanda aka gudanar ijazas daga Hafiz al-Iraqi, kuma ya ba jama'a da laccoci ga taro masu yawa na Malamai, ciki har da al-Sakhawi Matsayi Ibn Hajar ya cigaba har zuwa ga nada shi matsayin babban alkalin Masar Qadi a lokuta sau da yawa a rayuwarsa.
Mutuwa Ibnu Hajar ya mutu bayan Isha (sallar dare) a ranar 8 ga Dhul Hijja 852 (2 Fabrairu 1449), yana da shekara 79. Kimanin mutane dubu 50 ne suka halarci jana'izar sa a Alkahira, wadanda suka hada da Sultan Sayf ad-Din Jaqmaq (1373-1453 AZ) da Halifa na Alkaimak-Mustakfi II (r. 1441-1451 AZ).
Ayyuka Ibn Hajar ya rubuta kamar 150 ayyukansu a kan hadisi, hadisi terminology, sada kimantawa, tarihi, Kur'ani mai tafsirin, shayari kuma Shafi'i fikihu Fath al-Bari Sharhin Ibn Hajar na Sahih Bukhari Jami` al-Sahih (817/1414), ya kammala wani aikin da ba a kammala ba wanda Ibn Rajab ya fara a shekara ta 1390. Ya zama mafi shahararren aikin da aka fi girmamawa akan marubucin. Masanin tarihi Ibn Iyaas (d.930 AH) ya ba da labarin "Cerebra" kusa da Alkahira a littafinsa (Rajab 842 Disamba 1428). Yawancin manyan mashahuran Masar suna cikin taron, Ibn Hajar da kansa ya ba da karatu, mawaƙan sun ba da halayen ilimi kuma an rarraba zinari. al-Isaba fi tamyiz al-Sahaba ingataccen kamus na Sahabbai al-Durar al-Kamina ƙamus ɗin tarihin rayuwa na manyan mutane na ƙarni na takwas. Tahdhib al-Tahdhib raguwa da Tahdhib al-Kamal, kundin tarihi na hadisi daga Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Mizzi Taqrib al-Tahdhib warwarewar Tahthib al-Tahthib. Ta'jil al-Manfa'ah tarihin rayuwar masu riwayar <i id="mwcA">Musnads</i> na imamai huɗu, ba a sami cikin al-Tahthib ba. Bulugh al-Maram min adillat al-ahkam akan hadisi da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Shafi'i fiqh. Nata'ij al-Afkar fi Takhrij Ahadith al-Adhkar Lisan al-Mizan sake duba littafin Mizan al-'Itidal ne daga al-Dhahabi Talkhis al-Habir fi Takhrij al-Rafi`i al-Kabir al-Diraya fi Takhrij Ahadith al-Hidaya Taghliq al-Ta`liq `ala Sahih al-Bukhari Risala Tadhkirat al-Athar al-Matalib al-`Aliya bi Zawa'id al-Masanid al-Thamaniya Nukhbat al-Fikar tare da bayanin sa mai taken Nuzhah al-Nathr a cikin ilimin ilimin hadisi al-Nukat ala Kitab bn al-Salah sharhin <i id="mwjg">Muqaddimah</i> na Ibn al-Salah al-Qawl al-Musaddad fi Musnad Ahmad tattaunawar hadisi na ingantacce a cikin <i id="mwlA">Musnad</i> Ahmad Silsilat al-Dhahab Ta`rif Ahl al-Taqdis bi Maratib al-Mawsufin bi al-Tadlis
Duba kuma Jerin Ash'aris da Maturidis
Manazarta
Haɗin waje Biodata a MuslimScholars.info Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani da Sharhinsa Littattafan Ibn Hajar |
26441 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanyi%20Mbau | Khanyi Mbau | Khanyisile Mbau (an haife ta 15 ga Oktoba 1985), wanda aka fi sani da Khanyi Mbau, ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ƴar Afirka ta Kudu, mai watsa shirye -shiryen talabijin kuma mawaƙiya. An tashe shi a Soweto, Mbau ya shahara sosai kuma ya zama sunan gida a matsayin Doobsie na biyu a cikin SABC 2 wasan opera Muvhango (2004-2005); kamar Mbali a cikin SABC 1 wasan opera Mzansi da ƙaramin jerin SABC 1 Bayan Tara. Tun daga shekarar 2018, ita ce mai watsa shirye -shiryen nishaɗin SABC 3 The Scoop, Babban Sirrin BET Africa kuma tana wasa Tshidi akan Mzansi Magic's Abomama.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Khanyisile Mbau a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 1985. Mahaifiyarta, Lynette Sisi Mbau, ta yi aiki a sashen kuɗi na asusun fansho a Bankin Barclays Mahaifinta, Menzi Mcunu, bai auri mahaifiyarta a lokacin ba saboda ma'auratan suna soyayya kawai. Mcunu ba shi da da'awa ga yaron amma ya sanya mata suna duk da haka: Khanyisile, wanda ke kawo haske. Mbau ta rike sunan mahaifiyar ta. Lynette ba da daɗewa ba ta bar jariri Khanyi tare da iyayenta a Mofolo, Soweto sannan ta koma bakin aiki, ta bar kakarta kusan ta yi renon ta. Kakannin Mbau sun kasance a Yammacin Turai sosai a cikin suturar su da ganin duniya. Mbau ya ce, "Gladys (kakarta) za ta yi muku bulala idan kuka karya ka'idoji. Ta gudanar da iyalinta tare da kyawawan halaye da kulawa ga daki -daki na Fadar Buckingham Mbau cikin ƙauna ya kira ta da
Sana'a
Talabijin A 2004, Mbau ya maye gurbin ƴar wasan kwaikwayo Lindiwe Chibi a matsayin Doobsie akan Muvhango bayan saurayinta Dan Mokoena ya harbi Chibi. Shekara guda bayan haka an kore ta daga rawar, inda aka ba da rahoton cewa ta ɓata lokaci mai yawa tare da bayyana a cikin tabloids na Lahadi. A cikin 2006 Mbau ya shiga jerin shirye -shiryen wasan kwaikwayo na SABC 1 Mzansi, a kakarsa ta biyu, a matsayin Mbali. SABC 1 bai sabunta wasan ba a kakar wasa ta uku. Daga baya a 2007 Mbau ya taka rawar Zee a cikin ƙaramin jerin SABC 1 Bayan 9 A cikin 2012 ita ce alƙali mai baƙo a karo na biyu na SABC 1 's Turn It Out A shekarar 2013 ta alamar tauraro a cikin wani sashe na E.tv anthology wasan kwaikwayo jerin, Ekasi: Our Stories. Ta kuma fito a cikin shirin shirin DStv Vuzu, I Am, kuma ta nuna Sindisiwe Sibeko akan DStv's Mzansi Magic mini-series Kamar Uba Kamar Son A watan Agustan 2012, Mbau ta fitar da tarihin rayuwarta Bitch, Don Allah! Ni Khanyi Mbau, ɗan jarida Lesley Mofokeng ne ya rubuta.
A cikin 2013 Mbau ya fito a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gaskiya na gaskiya Reality Check on E.tv. A cikin wannan shekarar, Mbau ta fara shirya shirye -shiryen nata a tashar OpenView HD eKasi+, Katch It With Khanyi An sabunta nunin don kakar wasa ta biyu a ƙarshen 2014. Ya kai lamba ɗaya a cikin rabon masu sauraro don nunin magana, ya zarce rabon Motswako na SABC 2. Katch It With Khanyi an yi muhawara tare da masu kallo 785,000, wanda ya karu zuwa 1,669,000 a makon farko na Nuwamba 2014. A lokacin wasan kwaikwayon na karo na biyu, an ba shi lambar yabo don Kyautar Fim da Talabijin ta Afirka ta Kudu 2015.
A cikin 2014, Mbau ya fafata a kakar wasa ta bakwai na Strictly Come Dancing A cikin mako na 7 ita da abokin aikinta Quintus Jansen sun kasa samun isassun ƙuri'un da za su ci gaba da kasancewa a gasar, kuma an kawar da ita. An samu cece-kuce na farko a kafafen sada zumunta yayin da manyan masoyan Mbau suka nuna rashin jin dadin su tare da tuhumar amincin tsarin kaɗa ƙuri'a. A watan Yulin 2015, MTV Africa ta ƙaddamar da yaƙe -yaƙe na leɓe, inda Mbau ya karɓi kyautar gida.
A cikin watan Afrilu na 2015, Mbau ya sami rawar tallafawa "Pinky" a cikin telenovela na E.tv na farko, Ashes to Ashes A watan Nuwamba na 2015, an ba ta suna don "Mafi kyawun Asusun Instagram" a cikin Kyautar Kan layi na Channel24, wanda ya karrama mawaƙa na cikin gida, taurari da mutanen jama'a waɗanda ke da tasiri da tasiri a gaban yanar gizo.
A watan Maris na 2016, Mbau ya taka rawar Palesa Simelane a cikin shirin wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin mai suna Umlilo; harafin da wani kabad 'yan madigo jihar m wanda ya shiga wani polygamous aure, da kuma ta tafin kafa dalili da aka samar da yara. A watan Yulin 2016, Mbau ya sauko da wani sabon shirin talabijin a SABC 3 mai suna The Weekend Edition tare da mai watsa shiri na rediyo da talabijin Phat Joe. Duo ya dauki bakuncin wasan kwaikwayon salon rayuwa a safiyar ƙarshen mako, wanda aka yi fim a Cape Town.
A watan Yuli na shekarar 2017, Mbau ya fito a wani sabon shirin nishaɗi mai taken The Scoop wanda aka watsa a SABC 3 a matsayin wani bangare na sabon jeri na tashar. A watan Satumba na 2017, tashar BET Africa ta sanar da wani sabon shirin gaskiya mai kashi 13 mai taken Babban Sirri, wanda Mbau ya shirya. A cikin jerin, tana sa mahalarta su bayyana sirrinsu mafi duhu. An nuna wasan kwaikwayon a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2017 kuma ya ƙare tare da ɓangaren haɗuwa biyu.
A watan Maris na 2018, Mbau ya shiga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu da aka fi kallo, Uzalo, a SABC 1, inda ya nuna rawar go-getter Dinekile aka Lady Die wanda ɗan sata ne ta fatauci kuma yana fatan rayuwa kamar ɗan uwanta MaNgcobo. Bayan ta yi ɗan gajeren lokaci a kurkuku saboda ƙananan laifuffuka kuma ta san hanyar da take bi, ba ta cimma abin da take so ba tukuna. A watan Yuli na shekarar 2019, Mbau ta ba da sanarwar dawowarta ga wasan don kakarta ta 5. A cikin Afrilu 2018, Mzansi Magic ya fitar da tirela don sabon jerin wasan kwaikwayon su, Abomama, wanda ke bincika da ƙalubalantar ra'ayoyin bangaskiya da zunubi. Mbau shine ke jagorantar rawar Tshidi, tsohuwar sarauniyar ghetto mai neman yarda ta zama matar birni wacce ta auri likitan da Leroy Gopal ya buga. An nuna wasan kwaikwayon tare da masu kallo sama da miliyan, wanda ya sa ya zama na uku da aka fi kallo akan DSTV.
Rediyo A cikin 2016, Mbau ya zama mai watsa shirye -shiryen rediyo akan Metro FM, Wanda nashi ne ko ta yaya, tare da masu nishaɗi Somizi Mhlongo da Ntombi Ngcobo. An fara nuna shirin a ƙasa a ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2016, kuma ya gudana tsawon shekara guda har ya zo ƙarshe a sake fasalin tashar.
Fim Fim ɗin farko da Mbau ya fito da shi, Farin Ciki Kalmar Harafi Hudu ne, wanda aka fara nunawa ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 2016. Ta taka rawar Zaza, matar ganima ga Bheki (Simo Magwaza), mahaifiyar yara biyu, kuma mai kantin sayar da takalma. Fim ɗin ya fara tare da lambobi masu lalata akwatin akwatin kuma ya ci gaba da karɓar manyan akwatunan akwatin sama da miliyan 7 a cikin sati na uku akan da'irar silima. A watan Oktoban 2016, bikin Fim na Johannesburg ya sanya sunan Mbau a cikin manyan jaruman jaruman fina-finan Afirka ta Kudu 10, bayan nasarar Farin Ciki Is Kalmar Harafi Hudu Fim na biyu na Mbau, mai ban sha'awa mai taken The Red Room, an shirya shi don fitar da sinima a cikin 2018.
A cikin 2017, Mbau ta fara shirya fim ɗin ta na uku tare da mai shirya fina -finai kuma ɗan wasan barkwanci Leon Schuster, Frank da Fearless, wanda aka shirya don fitowar silima a cikin 2018.
Harkokin kasuwanci A watan Nuwamba 2018, Mbau ta ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da irin nata gin mai suna I Am Khanyi Millennial Shimmer Gin.
Fina-finai
Kyaututtuka da Tantancewa
Kyautar Kwalejin Fina -Finan Duniya ta Afirka ta Kudu
Manazarta Mata Mawaka
Mata yan fim
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32063 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romain%20Sa%C3%AFss | Romain Saïss | Romain Ghanem Paul Saïs an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Maris, shekarar 1990) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Morocco wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ko ɗan tsakiya ga ƙungiyar Premier League ta Wolverhampton Wanderers kuma kyaftin ɗin tawagar ƙasar Maroko.
Saïss ya fara aikinsa da Valence, sannan ya buga wasa a Le Havre da Clermont na Ligue 2, da kuma Angers na Ligue 1 kafin ya koma Wolverhampton Wanderers a 2016.
Cikakken kasa da kasa tun daga shekarar 2012, Saïss ya samu wasanni sama da 50 a Morocco. Ya wakilci kasar a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka guda uku, da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018.
Aikin kulob/ƙungiya
Farkon aiki Saïss ya fara babban aikinsa ne tare da Olympique de Valence a cikin kulob ɗin Championnat de France Amateur 2 (a mataki na biyar), kuma ya kara masa albashin Yuro 500 na wata-wata tare da wanke-wanke a gidan abincin iyayensa. A 21, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa na farko na ƙwararru tare da Clermont Foot a Ligue 2. A watan Yunin 2013, Saïss ya koma Le Havre AC a yarjejeniyar shekara biyu. Lokacin da ya kare, ya koma kungiyar Angers ta Ligue 1 kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu.
Wolverhampton Wanderers A ranar 30 Agusta 2016, Saïss ya koma Ingila, ya shiga kulob din Championship Wolverhampton Wanderers a kudin da ba a bayyana ba akan yarjejeniyar shekaru hudu. Ya buga wasansa na farko a ranar 17 ga Satumba a ci 2-0 a Newcastle United. A wasan, ya fuskanci cin zarafi na wariyar launin fata daga abokin hamayyarsa Jonjo Shelvey, wanda Hukumar FA ta dakatar da shi na wasanni biyar da tarar fan 100,000 a watan Disamba. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din a ranar 30 ga Satumba 2017 a nasarar da ta yi da Burton Albion da ci 4–0. Bayan haɓakar Wolves zuwa Premier League a cikin shekarar 2018, Saïss ya fara fitowa gasar Premier a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi 1–1 da Manchester United a Old Trafford a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2018. A gasar Premier ya zo ne da ci 1-2 a wajen Cardiff City a filin wasa na Cardiff City ranar 30 ga Nuwamba. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Premier a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Fulham a Craven Cottage a ranar 26 ga Disamba 2018. A ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 2019 ya amince da sabon kwantiragi har zuwa lokacin rani na 2021. A ranar 25 ga watan Yuli 2019 Saïss ya fara bayyanarsa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Turai a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da Wolves ta ci 2 0 a gida da Crusaders a 2019–20 UEFA Europa League Second Qualifying Round kuma a ranar 24 ga Oktoba ya zira kwallonsa ta farko. Kwallaye a cikin irin wannan gasar lokacin da ya zira kwallon farko na cin nasara 2-1 a waje a Slovan Bratislava a matakin rukuni na UEFA Europa League na 2019-20. A ranar 18 ga Maris 2021 aka sanar da cewa Saïss ya tsawaita shekara guda ta atomatik zuwa kwantiraginsa na yanzu tare da Wolves ta hanyar farawa sau 20 a gasar Premier a lokacin kakar 2020-21 kuma saboda haka zai ci gaba da kasancewa tare da kulob din har zuwa Yuni 2022. A ranar 15 ga Disamba, 2021 Saïss an bayyana shi a matsayin Maldini dan Morocco ta babban kocin Bruno Lage, bayan nuna shi a wasan da suka buga da Brighton & Hove Albion, inda ya zura kwallo daya tilo a wasan da ake nema na nasara (Wolves's first-ever) nasara a Brighton a cikin babban ƙoƙarinss bakwai tun daga 1979). Ya buga wasansa na 100 a gasar Premier a wasan da suka doke Tottenham da ci 2-0 a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 2022. Fitowarsa na 200th a duk gasa ga Wolves ya kasance a ranar 5 ga Maris 2022 a wasan gida da Crystal Palace.
Ayyukan kasa Saïss, wanda aka haifa kuma ya girma a Faransa mahaifinsa ɗan Moroccan da mahaifiyarsa 'yar Faransa, ya zaɓi ya wakilci tawagar ƙasar Maroko. Ya buga wasansa na farko a wasan sada zumunci da suka yi da Togo a watan Nuwamba 2012. Saïss yana cikin tawagar 'yan wasan Morocco da suka kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 2017 a Gabon. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a duniya a wasan da suka doke Togo da ci 3-1 a rukuninsu. A cikin watan Yuni 2018, an sanya sunan shi a cikin 'yan wasa 23 na Morocco a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2018 a Rasha, kuma ya buga wasan rukuni da Iran da Spain.
Bayan gasar cin kofin Afirka na 2019, wanda Morocco ta yi wasan karshe na 16, Saïss ya zama kyaftin na Atlas Lions.
Rayuwa ta sirri Saïss musulmi ne kuma yana azumi a watan Ramadan Kididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Ƙasashen Duniya Maki da sakamako ne suka jera yawan kwallayen da Morocco ta ci.
Girmamawa
Kulob Wolverhampton Wanderers
Gasar EFL 2017-18
Mutum Angers Player of the Season: 2015–16
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Bayanin Romain Saïss a foot-national.com
Romain Saïss Romain Saïss Romain Saïss Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
42078 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundunar%20Ha%C9%97in%20gwiwa%20ta%20%C6%98asashen%20Duniya | Rundunar Haɗin gwiwa ta Ƙasashen Duniya | Rundunar hadin gwiwa ta Multinational Joint Task Force MNJTF runduna ce ta kasa da kasa baki daya, rundunar ta kunshi, galibin sojoji, daga kasashe kamar su; Benin, Kamaru, Cadi, Nijar, da Najeriya. Tana da hedikwata a birnin N'Djamena kuma an ba ta damar kawo karshen ta'addancin Boko Haram.
Tarihi An fara shirya wannan tawaga ne a matsayin rundunar Najeriya kadai a shekara ta 1994, a lokacin gwamnatin Sani Abacha, domin "binciko ayyukan 'yan fashi da kuma saukaka zirga-zirga" a kan iyakarta ta arewa. A cikin shekara ta 1998 an fadada rundunar ta hanyar hada ta da rundunoni daga kasashen Chadi da Nijar da ke makwabtaka da Nijar da nufin tunkarar matsalolin tsaro a yankin tafkin Chadi, wadda ke da hedkwatarta a garin Baga na jihar Borno.
Kungiyoyi masu ikirarin kishin Islama sun girma kuma sun fadada ayyukansu a cikin shekarun 2000s da farkon 2010s. Daman dai tun a shekara ta 2009 ne rikicin Boko Haram ya soma, kuma jami'an tsaro a yankin na kara fuskantar kalubale kai tsaye daga kungiyoyin 'yan jihadin Kungiyoyin Boko Haram da Ansaru sune suka fi kowa aiki kuma sanannu. A cikin watan Afrilun 2012, an ƙara inganta rundunar ta MNJTF, izuwa ayyukan yaƙi da ta'addanci. Brig. Gen. Enitan Ransome-Kuti, dan Beko Ransome-Kuti kuma dan wan mawakin nan Fela Kuti ya taba zama kwamandan rundunar a baya.
Ci gaba A watan Janairun shekarar 2015 ne hedikwatar MNJTF da ke Baga a Najeriya, mayakan Boko Haram su ka mamaye hedikwatar, inda suka ci gaba da yiwa mazauna yankin kisan kiyashi tare da lalata garin, gami da raba mazauna yankin da dama daga matsugunnan su. A lokacin sojojin Najeriya ne kawai suke a hedkwatar a garin. Rahotanni sun ce suma (sojojin) sun tserewa maharan. Wannan lokaci ne na wulakanci ga rundunar MNJTF, da kuma al'ummomin da ke ba da gudummawa. An ba wa tsarin siyasa na fadada MNJTF sabon karfi da kuzari wanda ya haifar da ci gaba cikin sauri, gami da kara adadin sojoji, da mayar da hedikwatar HQ zuwa birnin N'Djamena, na kasar Chadi.
Babban sauye-sauyen tsarin MNJTF da aka samu a tarurrukan shekarar 2015 sun hada da karuwar lambobi, da samar da wani sabon ra'ayi na ayyuka karkashin kulawar hukumar kula da tafkin Chadi, da kuma tafiyar da hedikwatar hukumar zuwa N'Djamena. An amince da cewa wani jami'in Najeriya ne zai zama kwamandan rundunar soji na tsawon lokacin aikin yaki da yan kungiyar na Boko Haram, tare da dan Kamaru a matsayin mataimakin kwamanda da kuma babban hafsan sojojin Chadi. An nada Manjo-Janar Tukur Yusuf Buratai (na Najeriya) Kwamandan rundunar ta MNJTF na farko a watan Mayun shekara ta 2015. Sai dai kuma kwamandancin nasa bai dade ba domin a watan Yulin 2015 aka nada shi a matsayin hafsan hafsoshin sojin Najeriya, aka kuma mika mukamin na buratai, ga Manjo-Janar Iliya Abbah (dan Najeriya) a ranar 31 ga Yuli 2015. Manjo-Janar Lamidi Adeosun (dan Najeriya), an nada shi Kwamandan MNJTF a watan Janairun 2016. An maye gurbin Adeosun a matsayin kwamanda da Manjo-Janar Lucky Irabor a watan Mayu 2017. A watan Agusta 2018, Manjo-Janar CO Ude ya maye gurbin Irabor. Manjo Janar IM Yusuf ya karbi mulki daga hannun Ude, yayin da kwamandan na yanzu Maj Gen JJ Ogunlade ya karbi ragamar mulki daga hannun yusuf a ranar 19 ga watan Maris.
An tsara rundunar a sassa hudu na kasa acikin tsarin wasu rukunnai masu zuwa: Sector 1 (Kamaru) mai hedikwata a Mora; Sector 2 (Chadi) mai hedikwata a Baga-Sola; Sashi na uku (Najeriya) dake garin Baga; da kuma Sector 4 (Nijar), dake garin Diffa. Har yanzu akwai babban shakku a tsakanin kasashen duniya kan cewa sabuwar rundunar za ta iya samar da sakamako mai kyau, kuma za a sanya ido sosai kan nasarar da ta samu ko akasin haka a matsayinta na rundunar kasa da kasa. Shugaban kasar Chadi Idriss Déby, ya bayyana rashin jin dadinsa a cikin kawancen hadin gwiwar saboda daukar nauyin da bai dace ba na yaki da kungiyoyin masu dauke da makamai tare da sanar da killace ayyukan soji a kan iyakokinta.
Duba kuma Rikicin Boko Haram
G5 Sahel
Tawagar Tarayyar Afirka a Somaliya
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Tarayyar Afirka a Darfur
Force Intervention Brigade
Shigar sojojin Amurka a Kamaru
Manazarta
Boko Haram
Ƙungiyoyin sojojin ƙasa da |
8920 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh | Riyadh | Riyadh da ar-Riyāḍ, <small>Najdi itace babban birnin kasar Saudiya kuma garin dakeda mafi yawan al'ummah, fadin Kasar yakai kimanin kilomita 790 km (491 mi), tana nan ne a arewa maso gabashin Makkah. Kuma harwayau itace babban birnin Riyadh Province kuma tana cikin garuruwan tarihin Najd da Al-Yamama. taba nan ne a tsakiyar Arabian Peninsula akan wani babban plateau, yawan al'umman garin sunfi miliyan shida (6,000,000).
Ankasa birnin zuwa gundumomi 15, wanda shugaban birnin ke kula dasu, wato shugaban Riyadh da kuma hukumar cigaban birnin Riyadh, wanda gwamnan shine Faisal bin Bandar Al Saud. Shugaban ta na yanzu shine Ibrahim Mohammed Al-Sultan. Riyadh itama tana daga cikin biranen Duniya kyawawa.
Tarihi
Farkon Tarihi
Lokacin zamanin Jahiliyya birnin dayake a waccan lokaci a inda ake kira Riyadh ayanzu itace Hajr kuma an ruwaito cewar kabilar Banu Hanifa ne suka kafa ta. Hajr itace babban birnin yankin Al-Yamamah Wanda gwamnoninta sukeda hurimin gudanar da yawaicin tsakiya da gabashin Arabia Lokacin zamanin Umayyad da Abbasid. Al-Yamamah ta balle daga cikin Daular Abbasid a 866 sannan garin yafada ƙarƙashin mulkin Ukhaydhirites, Wanda suka canja birnin daga Hajr zuwa kusan da Al-Kharj. Daga nan garin yashiga cibaya na tsawon lokaci. A karni na 14th, matafiyin nan na Arewacin Afirka Ibn Battuta yayi rubutu akan ziyararsa zuwa Hajr, inda kuma ya bayyana ta da "Babban birnin Al-Yamamah, kuma sunan ta itace Hajr". Ibn Battuta ya cigaba da bayyana garin a matsayin birnin canals da itatuwa Wanda yawan al'ummah ta ke daga cikin Bani Hanifa, yace yacigaba da tafiya da Shugaban su har zuwa Makkah da yin aikin Hajji.
Daga baya, garin Hajr ya balle zuwa kananan gidaje da unguwanni, daga cikin shahararrunsu akwai Migrin (ko Muqrin) da Mi'kal, dukda sunan Hajr an cigaba da amfani dashi acikin wakokin mawakan garin. Abinda aka dogara dashi dangane da sunan Riyadh na farko yazone da jerin bukukuwa da aka ruwaito tun a karni na 17th a shekarar 1590. A 1737, Deham ibn Dawwas, Dan gudun hijira dake unguwan Manfuha, ya karbe ikon gudanarwar Riyadh. Ibn Dawwas ya Gina Katanga daya data zagaye the various oasis town in the area, Wanda tazamar dasu cikekken gari dunkulalliya. Sunan "Riyadh," dake nufin "gardens" refers to these earlier oasis towns.
Kasar Saudiya ta Uku
A 1744, Muhammad ibn Abdel Wahhab yayi hadaka da Muhammad ibn Saud, Shugaban garin dake kusa Diriyah. Ibn Saud ya shirya kwace sauran yankin da burin shigo da ita karkashin mulkin kasar musulunci daya. Ibn Dawwas na Riyadh led the most determined resistance, da hadin gwiwa da mayaka daga Al Kharj, Al Ahsa, da kuma Banu Yam clan of Najran. However, Ibn Dawwas fled and Riyadh capitulated to the Saudiya a 1774, Wanda yakawo karshen dogon Lokacin da akai tayi, kuma yakaiga kaddamar da First Saudi State, tareda Diriyah a matsayin babban birni.
First Saudi State an lalata ta daga sojojin da Muhammad Ali of Egypt ya turo, kuma sunyi hakan ne karkashin Ottoman Empire. Mayakan Ottoman razed the Saudi capital Diriyah in 1818. They had maintained a garrison at Najd. This marked the decline of the House of Saud for a short time.(sfn|Farsy|1990|p=14) Turki bin Abdullah bin Muhammad became the first Amir of the Second Saudi State; the cousin of Saud bin Saud, he ruled for 19 years till 1834, leading to the consolidation of the area though they were notionally under the control of the Muhammad Ali, the Viceroy of Egypt.(sfn|Farsy|1990|p=14) In 1823, Turki ibn Abdallah chose Riyadh as the new capital. Following the assassination of Turki in 1834, his eldest son Faisal killed the assassin and took control, and refused to be controlled by the Viceroy of Egypt. Najd was then invaded and Faisal taken captive and held in Cairo. However, as Egypt became independent of the Ottoman Empire, Faisal escaped after five years of incarceration, returned to Najd and resumed his reign, ruled till 1865, and consolidated the reign of House of Saud.(sfn|Farsy|1990|p=14)
Following the death of Faisal, there was rivalry among his sons which situation was exploited by Muhammad bin Rashid who took most of Najd, signed a treaty with the Ottomans and also captured Hasa in 1871. In 1889, Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, the third son of Faisal again regained control over Najd and ruled till 1891, whereafter the control was regained by Muhammad bin Raschid.(sfn|Farsy|1990|p=14)
Internecine struggles between Turki's grandsons led to the fall of the Second Saudi State in 1891 at the hand of the rival Al Rashid clan, which ruled from the northern city of Ha'il. The al-Masmak fort dates from that period.
Abdul Rahman bin Faisal al-Saud had sought refuge among a tribal community on the outskirts of Najd and then went to Kuwait with his family and stayed in exile. However, his son Abdul Aziz retrieved his ancestral kingdom of Najd in 1902 and consolidated his rule by 1926, and further expanded his kingdom to cover "most of the Arabian Peninsula."(sfn|Farsy|1990|p=15) He named his kingdom as Saudi Arabia in September 1932(sfn|Farsy|1990|p=15) with Riyadh as the capital.(sfn|Facey|1992|p=271) King Abdul Aziz died in 1953 and his son Saud took control as per the established succession rule of father to son from the time Muhammad bin Saud had established the Saud rule in 1744. However, this established line of succession was broken when King Saud was succeeded by his brother King Faisal in 1964. In 1975, Faisal was succeeded by his brother King Khalid. In 1982, King Fahd took the reins from his brother. This new line of succession is among the sons of King Abdul Aziz who has 35 sons; this large family of Ibn Saud hold all key positions in the large kingdom.(sfn|Farsy|1990|p=15)
Tarihi na Zamani
daga 1940s, Riyadh "mushroomed" daga wani karamin gari da aka wasar dashi zuwa wani ishashen metropolis. sanda sarkin Shah Saud ya hau mulki, ya mayar da kudurinsa canja fasalin Riyadh zuwa tazamani, kuma yafara cigaban Annasriyyah, cibiyar fadar sarautar garin, a 1950. biyo bayan misalai kamar birnin American, sabbin garuruwan dake dukkanin unguwan nin anyi sune samfarin grid-like squares of a chess board kuma aka sadar dasu da manyan hanyoyi da suka shiga zuwa cikin garin. Samfarin na grid pattern a birnin an shigo dashi a 1953. Karin yawan al'ummah garin yacigaba da karuwa daga 1974-1992 averaged 8.2 percent a duk shekara.
Tun a 1990s, ansamu jerin terrorist attacks akan YAN garin da baki da kuma samun zanga-zanga akan gidan masarautar garin. A 13 November 1995, wani bam a mota daya tashi a wajen wani aji na Saudi National Guard yakashe mutane shida, tareda jikkata mutum sama da 60. A 12 May 2003, mutum 34 sun mutu a series of suicide attacks harin da akakai kan YAN Amurika. A 8 November 2003, a suicide truck bomb attack in the Muhiya residential area with Saudis and Arab foreigners was responsible for killing 18 and injuring 122 people. Al-Qaeda has claimed responsibility for the attacks. On 23 June 2006, Saudi security forces stormed a suspected hideout of al-Qaeda in the neighborhood of al-Nakhil; a bloody battle ensued during which six extremists and a policeman were killed. The current mayor of Riyadh is Ibrahim Mohammed Al Sultan, an experienced transport official. He was appointed mayor in 2015.
Riyadh has the largest all-female university in the world, the Princess Nora bint Abdul Rahman University.
Riyadh is now the administrative and to a great extent the commercial hub of the Kingdom. According to the Saudi Real Estate Companion, most large companies in the country establish either sole headquarters or a large office in the city. For this reason, there has been a significant growth in high rise developments in all areas of the city. Most notable among these is King Abdullah Financial District which is fast becoming the key business hub in the city.
According to the Global Financial Centres Index, Riyadh ranked at 77 in 2016-2017. Though the rank moved up to 69 in 2018, diversification in the economy of the capital is required in order to avoid what the World Bank called a "looming poverty crisis" brought on by lingering low oil prices and rich state benefits.
Since 2017, Riyadh has been the target of missiles from Yemen. In March 2018, one person died as a result of a missile attack. The number of missiles which targeted Riyadh are a small portion of the dozens of missiles fired from Yemen at Saudi Arabia due to the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen. In April 2018, heavy gunfire was heard in Khozama; this led to rumors of a coup attempt.
Anazarci Biranen |
15017 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Jibril | Sarah Jibril | Sarah Nnadzwa Jibril ‘yar siyasa ce a Najeriya kuma masaniyar halayyar dan adam. An haife ta ne a jihar Kwara ta Najeriya a watan Maris, a shekara ta 1945. Ita ce mai ba shugaba Goodluck Jonathan shawara na musamman kan da'a da kyawawan dabi'u. Ita ce 'yar takarar shugabancin kasa mace ta farko a Najeriya a zaɓen fidda gwani da manyan zabuka, kasancewar ta tsaya takarar shugaban ƙasa a karo huɗu.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi Jibril dan kabilar Nupe ne a karamar hukumar Pategi ta jihar Kwara. Ta yi karatun sakandare a makarantar Queen Elizabeth, Ilorin. Yayinda take yarinya tana son zama likita, amma wannan ya ƙare ne bayan ta sami tallafin karatu don samun difloma a fannin ilimi a Burtaniya. Koyaya, bayan dawowarta Najeriya, ta dauki alƙawari tare da Advanced Teacher's College, Kano don koyar da Ilimin Jiki da Lafiya. Tana da digirinta na farko a shugabancin wasanni daga Senior Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas city, Amurka. Har ila yau, tana da digiri na biyu a Fannin Ilimin Ilimin Ilmi tare da Jagora da Nasiha daga Jami'ar Legas. Kafin sha'awarta ga siyasa, tana aiki a kan ilimin zamantakewar al'umma a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, Zariya. Saboda nuna godiyar ta na shiga cikin addini, ta sami tallafin karatu daga wata kungiyar kiristoci a Amurka don fara karatun digirin digirgir (Ph.D) a cikin kwarin gwiwar kirista.
Tana da littattafai guda biyu zuwa sunanta, na farko Hints for Effective Parenting: For Effective Family Living, kuma na biyu a 2006, mai taken Ethics for Development.
Harkar Siyasa Neman Jibril na mukamin gwamnati ya fara ne a shekarar 1983, lokacin da ta tsaya takarar sanata a jihar Kwara. A cewarta, sha'awar sake juya akalar tunanin 'yan Najeriya kan siyasa ne ya sanya ta shiga cikinta. Ta bayyana cewa sunanta, "Sarah", ya game burinta ga Najeriya.
An kuma nada Jibril kwamishina na ci gaban al’umma, matasa da wasanni a jihar Kwara, kuma ta yi aiki a mukamai daban-daban na wasanni ciki har da majalisar wasanni ta jihar Kaduna. A shekarar 1992, ta yi takarar zama shugabar kasa a karkashin jam’iyyar Social Democratic Party, amma aka zo ta hudu a zaben fidda gwani, duk da cewa ta lashe zaben fidda gwani na dan takarar shugaban kasa ga jiharta, Kwara. Ta sake tsayawa takarar neman zama shugabar kasa a shekarar 1998, karkashin jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party, amma ta sha kaye a hannun Olusegun Obasanjo. A 2003, ta sauya sheka daga PDP zuwa Progressive Action Congress don zama mace ta farko da ta wakilci wata rajista kuma ta zama dan takarar shugaban kasa amma ta sake kayar da Obasanjo.
Bayan shan kaye a zaben fidda gwani na shugaban kasa a zaben 2011 ga shugaban kasa, Goodluck Jonathan, musamman samun kuri'a daya tak, an nada ta mai ba da shawara na musamman kan halaye da dabi'u ga shugaban kasa.
A matsayinta na mai ba da shawara ta musamman, ta yi kira da a samar da tsarin karatun kasa wanda zai tabbatar da cewa ‘yan Nijeriya ba su da cin hanci da rashawa a dukkan matakai kuma ana ci gaba da martaba manufofin kafa kasar. Jibril ta kuma zargi masu adawa da Shugaba Jonathan a matsayin marasa tsari da rashin kyan gani. Ta kuma zargi gwamnonin jihohi a Najeriya da rashin yin amfani da dukiyar da gwamnatin tarayya ta basu yadda ya kamata tare da goyon bayan sake takarar tsohon shugaban kasa, Goodluck Jonathan.
A shekarar 2015, an soki ta saboda danganta shigar da laifuka na lalata da mata da ake yi wa mata da sanya tufafin lalata na samarin matan Najeriya.
A wata hira da jaridar Vanguard, ta goyi bayan yaki da rashawa na shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari, kuma ya bayyana cewa gwamnatin da ta gabata ba ta yi abin da ya kamata don kiyaye mutunci da rikon amana ba. Ta ki cewa komai kan ko za ta sake tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa a karo na biyar a 2019, yana bayanin cewa yayi wuri da rashin hankali game da batun zabe lokacin da aka rantsar da sabuwar gwamnati zuwa ofis. Jibril ita ce mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Progressive Liberation Party.
Rayuwar mutum Jibril shi ne matar Birgediya Janar Jibril, kuma suna da ’ya’ya hudu da jikoki. Kasancewar ta auri wani babban soja, tayi aiki a matsayin sakatariyar kungiyar matan hafsoshin Najeriya reshen jihar Legas. Tana iya magana sosai a yarukan Nupe, Hausa, Yoruba da Ingilishi.
Nassoshi Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun |
40890 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Cook | James Cook | James Cook FRS (7 Nuwamba 1728 -14 ga watan Fabrairu 1779) ɗan ƙasar Biritaniya ne mai bincike, navigator, zane-zane, kuma kyaftin a cikin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Burtaniya, wanda ya shahara da tafiye-tafiye uku tsakanin shekarata 1768 da 1779 a Tekun Pasifik da zuwa New Zealand. da Australia musamman. Ya yi cikakkun taswirori na Newfoundland kafin yayi balaguro sau uku zuwa tekun Pasifik, a lokacin da ya sami nasarar isar Turai ta farko zuwa gabar tekun gabashin Ostiraliya da tsibiran Hawai, da zagaye na farko na New Zealand.
Cook ya shiga aikin sojan ruwa na Burtaniya lokacin yana matashi kuma ya shiga Rundunar Sojojin ruwa a shekarar 1755. Ya ga wani mataki a Yaƙin Shekara Bakwai kuma daga baya ya yi nazari tare da tsara taswira da yawa na ƙofar kogin St. Wannan yabo ya zo a wani lokaci mai mahimmanci ga jagorancin binciken Birtaniya na ketare, kuma ya jagoranci hukumarsa a 1768 a matsayin kwamandan HMS. Ƙoƙari don farkon tafiya guda uku na Pacific.
A cikin waɗannan tafiye-tafiyen, Cook ya yi tafiya na dubban mil a wurare da ba a san shi ba na duniya. Ya tsara filaye daga New Zealand zuwa Hawaii a cikin Tekun Pasifik daki-daki da ma'auni da masu binciken Yammacin Turai ba su tsara a baya ba. Ya yi nazari da sunaye fasali, kuma ya rubuta tsibirai da bakin teku akan taswirorin Turai a karon farko. Ya kuma nuna haɗe-haɗe na jirgin ruwa, ingantaccen bincike da fasaha na zane-zane, ƙarfin hali, da ikon jagorantar maza a cikin yanayi mara kyau.
An kai wa Cook hari tare da kashe shi a shekara ta 1779 a lokacin balaguron bincike na uku da ya yi a tekun Pacific a lokacin da yake yunkurin yin garkuwa da shugaban da ke mulki a tsibirin Hawai`i, Kalani`ōpu`u, domin kwato wani tsinke da aka karbo daga daya daga cikin jiragen ruwa bayan da ma'aikatansa suka dauko itace daga binne shi. ƙasa. Duk da yake akwai cece-kuce game da matsayin Cook a matsayin 'mai ba da ikon mulkin mallaka' da kuma tashin hankalin da ke tattare da hulɗarsa da 'yan asalin ƙasar, ya bar gadon ilimin kimiyya da yanki wanda ya yi tasiri ga magajinsa har zuwa 20th. karni, kuma an keɓe masa abubuwan tunawa da yawa a dukan duniya.
Ƙuruciya da iyali An haifi James Cook a ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1728 NS a ƙauyen Marton a Arewacin Riding na Yorkshire kuma an yi masa baftisma a ranar 14 ga watan Nuwamba (NS) a cocin Ikklesiya na St Cuthbert, inda za a iya ganin sunansa a cikin rajistar cocin. Shi ne na biyu a cikin 'ya'ya takwas na James Cook (1693-1779), ma'aikacin gona dan Scotland daga Ednam a Roxburghshire, da matarsa da aka haifa a gida, Grace Pace (1702-1765), daga Thornaby-on-Tees. A cikin shekarar 1736, danginsa sun ƙaura zuwa gonar Airey Holme a Great Ayton, inda ma'aikacin mahaifinsa, Thomas Skottowe, ya biya shi don halartar makarantar gida. A shekara ta 1741, bayan ya yi makaranta na shekaru biyar, ya fara aiki ga mahaifinsa, wanda aka kara masa girma zuwa manajan gona. Duk da cewa bai yi karatun boko ba, ya zama gwani a fannin lissafi, ilmin taurari da kuma zane-zane a lokacin tafiyarsa ta Endeavor. Don nishaɗi, zai hau dutsen kusa, Roseberry Topping, yana jin daɗin damar kaɗaici. Cooks' Cottage, gidan iyayensa na ƙarshe, wanda mai yiwuwa ya ziyarta, yanzu yana cikin Melbourne, Ostiraliya, bayan an ɗauke shi daga Ingila kuma an sake haɗa shi, brick by brick, a cikin shekarar 1934. A cikin shekarar 1745, lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 16, Cook ya ƙaura zuwa ƙauyen masu kamun kifi na Staithes, wanda za a koya a matsayin ɗan kanti ga mai siyar da kayan abinci da haberdasher William Sanderson. Masana tarihi sun yi hasashen cewa a nan ne Cook ya fara jin ruɗin teku a lokacin da ya leƙa ta tagar shagon. Bayan watanni 18, ba tare da tabbatar da dacewa da aikin shago ba, Cook ya yi tafiya zuwa garin Whitby da ke kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa don gabatar da abokan Sanderson John da Henry Walker. Masu tafiya, waɗanda suke Quakers, sun kasance fitattun masu mallakar jirgin ruwa a cikin cinikin kwal. Gidansu yanzu shine Gidan kayan tarihi na Kyaftin Cook Memorial. An dauki Cook a matsayin dan kasuwa da ke koyon aikin sojan ruwa a cikin ƴan ƙananan jiragen ruwansu, masu tuka gawayi a gabar tekun Ingila. Aikinsa na farko shi ne a cikin jirgin ruwa mai suna Freelove, kuma ya shafe shekaru da yawa a kan wannan da sauran jiragen ruwa daban-daban, yana tafiya tsakanin Tyne da London. A matsayin wani ɓangare na karatunsa, Cook ya yi amfani da kansa ga nazarin algebra, geometry, trigonometry, kewayawa da falaki duk ƙwarewar da zai buƙaci wata rana don ba da umarnin jirgin nasa. Koyarwarsa na shekaru uku ya kammala, Cook ya fara aiki akan jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci a cikin Tekun Baltic. Bayan ya ci jarrabawar sa a shekara ta 1752, nan da nan ya ci gaba ta hanyar sojan ruwa na 'yan kasuwa, inda ya fara da haɓakarsa a wannan shekarar don ya yi aure a cikin ƙungiyar abokantaka. A cikin shekarar 1755, a cikin wata guda da aka ba da umarnin wannan jirgin ruwa, ya ba da kansa don hidima a cikin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa, lokacin da Biritaniya ta sake yin amfani da abin da zai zama Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai. Duk da buƙatar farawa a ƙasan matsayi na sojan ruwa, Cook ya gane cewa aikinsa zai ci gaba da sauri a cikin aikin soja kuma ya shiga sojan ruwa a Wapping a 17 ga watan Yuni 1755. Cook ya auri Elizabeth Batts, 'yar Samuel Batts, mai kula da Bell Inn a Wapping kuma ɗaya daga cikin masu ba shi shawara, a ranar 21 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1762 a St Margaret's Church, Barking, Essex. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya shida: James (1763-1794), Nathaniel (1764-1780, sun ɓace a cikin HMS). Thunderer wanda ya kafa tare da dukkan hannaye a cikin guguwa a yammacin Indiya), Elizabeth (1767-1771), Joseph (1768-1768), George (1772-1772) da Hugh (1776-1793, wanda ya mutu daga zazzabi mai zafi yayin da yake dalibi). a Kwalejin Kristi, Cambridge Lokacin da ba a teku ba, Cook ya rayu a Gabashin Ƙarshen London. Ya halarci Cocin St Paul, Shadwell, inda aka yi wa dansa James baftisma. Cook ba shi da zuriyar kai tsaye-duk 'ya'yansa sun mutu kafin su haifi 'ya'yansu.
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
24107 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle%20Berry | Halle Berry | Halle Berry Maria /h æ l i an haife ta Maria Halle Berry. ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekarar 1966) ne American actress. Ta fara aikinta a matsayin abin ƙira kuma ta shiga gasannin kyakkyawa da yawa, ta gama a matsayin farkon mai tsere a gasar Miss USA kuma ta zo ta shida a cikin Miss World dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da shida 1986 Matsayin fim ɗin ta na nasara ya kasance a cikin wasan barkwanci Boomerang dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da biyu (1992), tare da Eddie Murphy, wanda ya haifar da matsayi a cikin fina-finai, kamar wasan kwaikwayo na iyali The Flintstones dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da hudu (1994), wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na siyasa Bulworth dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da takwas (1998) da fim ɗin Gabatarwa. Dorothy Dandridge dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da tara (1999), wanda ta lashe lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe Berry ta lashe lambar yabo ta Academy don Mafi Kyawun Jaruma saboda rawar da ta taka a fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya mai suna Monster's Ball shekarara dubu biyu da daya (2001), ta zama mace ta farko kuma mace mai launi ɗaya da ta ci kyautar. Ta ɗauki manyan mukamai don yawancin shekarun dubu biyu 2000, kamar Storm a <i id="mwKw">X-Men</i> dubu biyu (2000) da jerin abubuwan X2 shekarara dubu biyu da uku (2003) da X-Men: The Last Stand shekarara dubu biyu da shida (2006); Yarinyar ɗaurin aure Jinx a cikin Die Wata Rana shekarara dubu biyu da biyu (2002); kuma a cikin Gothika mai ban sha'awa shekarara dubu biyu da uku (2003). A cikin shekarun shekarara dubu biyu da goma 2010, ta fito a fim ɗin almarar kimiyya Cloud Atlas shekarara dubu biyu da sha biyu (2012), mai laifin laifi Kira (2013) da fina-finan aikin X-Men: Kwanaki na Gaba da Baya shekarara dubu biyu da sha hudu (2014), Kingsman: The Golden Circle shekarara dubu biyu da sha bakwai (2017) da John Wick: Babi na 3 Parabellum shekarara dubu biyu da sha tara (2019).
Berry ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan da aka fi biyan kuɗi a Hollywood a cikin shekarun 2000, kuma tana da hannu wajen shirya fina-finai da yawa da ta yi. Berry shima mai magana da yawun Revlon ne. Ta taba yin aure da dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa David Justice, mawaƙa-mawaƙa Eric Benét, da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Olivier Martinez Tana da yaro kowanne da Martinez da samfurin Gabriel Aubry An haifi Berry Maria Halle Berry; An canza sunanta bisa doka zuwa Halle Maria Berry tana ɗan shekara biyar. Iyayen ta sun zaɓi sunanta na tsakiya daga Shagon Sashen Halle, wanda a lokacin ya zama alamar ƙasa a wurin haifuwarta na Cleveland, Ohio Mahaifiyarta, Judith Ann née Hawkins), fari ce kuma an haife ta a Liverpool, Ingila. Judith Ann ta yi aiki a matsayin likitan jinya. Mahaifinta, Jerome Jesse Berry, ma'aikacin Asibitin Ba'amurke ne a asibitin masu tabin hankali inda mahaifiyarta ke aiki; daga baya ya zama direban bas. Iyayen Berry sun sake aure lokacin tana ɗan shekara huɗu; ita da 'yar uwarta, Heidi Berry-Henderson, mahaifiyarsu ce ta yi renon su kaɗai. Berry ta ce a cikin rahotannin da aka buga cewa ta nisanta da mahaifinta tun tana ƙuruciya, lura a 1992, "Ban taɓa jin labarin sa ba tun [ya tafi]. Wataƙila ba shi da rai. Mahaifinta ya zagi mahaifiyar ta sosai. Berry ta tuno yadda ta ga yadda ake yiwa mahaifiyar ta dukan tsiya yau da kullun, ta harba matakala sannan ta bugi kan ta da kwalbar giya. Berry ta girma a Oakwood, Ohio kuma ta sauke karatu daga Makarantar Sakandaren Bedford inda ta kasance mai farin ciki, ɗalibi mai daraja, editan jaridar makaranta da kuma sarauniya. Ta yi aiki a sashen yara a shagon Sashen Higbee. Sannan ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Al'umma ta Cuyahoga A cikin shekarun 1980, ta shiga gasa masu kyau da yawa, inda ta lashe Miss Teen All American a 1985 da Miss Ohio USA a 1986. Ita ce Miss USA ta farko da ta zo ta biyu a tseren Christy Fichtner na Texas. A gasar hira ta Miss USA 1986, ta ce tana fatan zama mai nishadantarwa ko kuma tana da alaƙa da kafofin watsa labarai. Alƙalan sun ba ta hirar ta mafi ƙima. Ita ce Ba'amurke ta farko da ta shiga gasar Miss World a shekarar 1986, inda ta kare a matsayi na shida sannan Giselle Laronde ta Trinidad da Tobago ta zama Miss World. Dangane da Littafin Littafin Tarihi na Yanzu, Berry ya bi aikin yin samfuri a New York Makonnin farko na Berry a New York ba su da daɗi: Ta kwana a cikin mafaka mara gida sannan a cikin YMCA. Sana'a
Farkon aiki A cikin 1989, Berry ya ƙaura zuwa New York City don bin burin burinta. A lokacin farkon ta a can, ta rasa kuɗi kuma dole ne ta zauna na ɗan lokaci a cikin mafaka mara gida. Yanayinta ya inganta a ƙarshen waccan shekarar, kuma an jefa ta cikin rawar abin koyi Emily Franklin a cikin ɗan gajeren jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na ABC Living Dolls, wanda aka harba a New York kuma ya kasance farkon jerin jerin wa Wanene Boss? A lokacin da ake buga wa 'Yar tsana rai, ta faɗi cikin suma kuma an gano tana da ciwon sukari na 1 Bayan sokewar Dolls, ta koma Los Angeles. Farkon fim ɗin Berry ya kasance cikin ƙaramin rawar ga Jungle Fever na Spike Lee (1991), inda ta taka Vivian, mai shan muggan ƙwayoyi. A waccan shekarar, Berry tana da rawar farko tare a cikin Tsananin Kasuwanci A cikin 1992, Berry ya nuna mace mai ƙwazo wacce ta faɗi matsayin jagorar Eddie Murphy a cikin wasan barkwanci na Boomerang A shekara mai zuwa, ta dauki hankalin jama'a a matsayin babban bawan kabila a cikin karbuwa na TV na Sarauniya: Labarin Iyalin Amurka, dangane da littafin Alex Haley Berry yana cikin fim ɗin Flintstones mai rai wanda ke wasa da "Sharon Stone," sakataren sultry wanda ke ƙoƙarin lalata Fred Flintstone. Berry ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, yana wasa tsohon mai shan muggan kwayoyi yana fafutukar sake dawo da riƙon ɗanta a Rasa Ishaya (1995), tare da Jessica Lange Ta yi hoton Sandra Beecher a Race the Sun (1996), wanda ya dogara kan labari na gaskiya, wanda aka harba a Ostiraliya, kuma ya yi aiki tare tare da Kurt Russell a cikin Hukuncin zartarwa Farawa daga 1996, ta kasance mai magana da yawun Revlon na shekaru bakwai kuma ta sabunta kwangilarta a 2004. Ta yi tauraro tare da Natalie Deselle Reid a fim ɗin barkwanci na 1997 B*A*P*S A cikin 1998, Berry ta karɓi yabo saboda rawar da ta taka a Bulworth a matsayin mace mai hankali da masu gwagwarmaya suka taso wanda ya ba wani ɗan siyasa Warren Beatty sabuwar yarjejeniya kan rayuwa. A wannan shekarar, ta buga mawaƙa Zola Taylor, ɗaya daga cikin matan mawaƙan mawaƙan mawaƙa Frankie Lymon, a cikin tarihin rayuwar Me yasa wawaye suka faɗi cikin ƙauna A cikin HBO biopic na 1999 Gabatar da Dorothy Dandridge, ta nuna mace Ba'amurke ta farko da aka zaɓa don lambar yabo ta Academy don Kyawun 'Yar Fim, kuma ita ce Berry wani aikin jin daɗin zuciya wanda ta gabatar, haɗin gwiwa tare da yin gwagwarmaya sosai. domin ta koma. An san aikin Berry tare da kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da Kyautar Primetime Emmy Award da Golden Globe Award 2000s Berry ya nuna mahaukaciyar guguwa mai rikitarwa a cikin daidaita fim ɗin jerin fina-finai mai ban dariya X-Men (2000) da jerin abubuwansa, X2 (2003), X-Men: The Last Stand (2006) da X-Men: Days of Future Past 2014). A 2001, Berry ta bayyana a cikin film katon kifi, wanda featured ta farko tsirara scene. Da farko, ta kasance tana adawa da yanayin faɗuwar rana a cikin fim ɗin wanda za ta bayyana ba ta da kyau, amma daga ƙarshe Berry ya yarda. Wasu mutane sun danganta canjin zuciyar ta zuwa ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin adadin da Warner Bros. ya ba ta; an ba da rahoton an biya ta ƙarin 500,000 don gajeriyar yanayin. Berry ya ƙaryata waɗannan labaran, yana gaya wa wani mai yin tambayoyin cewa sun yi mata nishaɗi kuma "an yi su don tallata fim ɗin." Bayan ta yi watsi da ayyuka da yawa waɗanda ke buƙatar tsiraici, ta ce ta yanke shawarar yin Swordfish saboda mijinta na lokacin, Eric Benét, ya tallafa mata kuma ya ƙarfafa ta ta shiga haɗari. Berry ya bayyana a matsayin Leticia Musgrove, matar da ke cikin damuwa na mai kisan kai Sean Combs a cikin fim ɗin Fim ɗin Monster's 2001. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Kwamitin Bincike na Ƙasa da Kyautar 'Yan Jarida Guild Award for Best Actress; a cikin daidaituwa mai ban sha'awa ta zama mace Ba'amurkiya ta farko da ta lashe lambar yabo ta Academy for Best Actress (a farkon aikinta, ta nuna Dorothy Dandridge, Ba'amurke na farko da aka zaɓa don mafi kyawun 'yar wasa, kuma wanda aka haife shi a asibiti ɗaya Berry, a Cleveland, Ohio). Hukumar NAACP ta fitar da sanarwar: “Ina taya Halle Berry da Denzel Washington murna saboda ba mu fata da sanya mu alfahari. Idan wannan alama ce cewa a ƙarshe Hollywood a shirye take ta ba da dama da yin hukunci bisa ga fasaha ba akan launin fata ba to abu ne mai kyau. Wannan rawar ta haifar da jayayya. Yanayin soyayya ta tsirara mai hoto tare da halayyar wariyar launin fata wanda tauraron tauraron Billy Bob Thornton ya buga shine batun hirar kafofin watsa labarai da tattaunawa tsakanin Baƙin Amurkawa. Mutane da yawa a cikin jama'ar Ba-Amurkan sun soki Berry saboda ɗaukar wannan matakin. Berry ya amsa: "Ban ga dalilin da zai sa na sake yin nisa ba. Wannan fim ne na musamman. Wannan yanayin ya kasance na musamman kuma mai mahimmanci kuma ana buƙatar kasancewa a wurin, kuma zai zama ainihin rubutun musamman wanda zai buƙaci wani abu makamancin haka. Berry ya nemi ƙarin kuɗi don tallan Revlon bayan ya lashe Oscar. Shugaban kamfanin kayan shafe -shafe Ron Perelman, ya taya ta murna, inda ya ce yadda ya yi farin ciki da ta yi wa kamfaninsa kwalliya. Ta amsa, "Tabbas, za ku biya ni ƙarin." Perelman ya ja da baya cikin fushi. A cikin karban kyautar ta, ta ba da jawabin karramawa inda ta karrama jaruman fina -finan da ba su taba samun dama ba. Ta ce, “Wannan lokacin ya fi ni girma. Wannan ya kasance ga kowace mace marar suna, marar fuska mace mai launi wacce yanzu ta sami dama yau da dare saboda an buɗe wannan ƙofa. A matsayinta na 'yar Bond Giacinta' Jinx 'Johnson a cikin fitacciyar jarumar fim ɗin 2002 ta mutu Wata Rana, Berry ta sake ɗaukar hoto daga Dr. A'a, ta fito daga cikin ruwa don yin gaisuwa da James Bond kamar yadda Ursula Andress ta yi shekaru 40 da suka gabata. Lindy Hemming, mai zanen kaya a ranar Die Wata, ta dage cewa Berry ya sa bikini da wuka don girmamawa. Berry ya ce game da abin da ya faru: "Yana da daɗi", "mai ban sha'awa", "sexy", "tsokana" da "zai sa ni har yanzu a can bayan lashe Oscar." An harbi yanayin bikin a Cadiz An ba da rahoton wurin ya yi sanyi da iska, kuma an fitar da hoton Berry da aka nannade cikin tawul mai kauri a tsakanin ɗaukar don ƙoƙarin ɗumama ɗumi. Dangane da zaben labarai na ITV, an zaɓi Jinx a matsayin yarinya mafi ƙarfi ta huɗu akan allo koyaushe. Berry ya ji rauni yayin yin fim lokacin da tarkace daga gurneti mai hayaƙi ya shiga cikin idonta. An cire shi a cikin aiki na mintina 30. Bayan Berry ya ci lambar yabo ta Kwalejin, an ba da izinin sake rubutawa don ba ta ƙarin lokacin aiki don X2 Ta yi tauraro a cikin mai ban sha'awa na tunani Gothika gaban Robert Downey, Jr. a cikin Nuwamba 2003, lokacin da ta karye hannunta a wani yanayi tare da Downey, wanda ya karkatar da hannunta da ƙarfi. An dakatar da samarwa tsawon makonni takwas. Ya kasance matsakaici ne a ofishin akwatin Amurka, yana ɗaukar 60 miliyan; ya sake samun 80 miliyan a kasashen waje. Berry bayyana a cikin nu karfe band yi ɗingishi Bizkit 's music video for Behind Blue Eyes ga motsi hoto soundtrack ga fim. A wannan shekara, ta mai suna 1 a FHM 100 Sexiest Women a Duniya zabe. Berry ta yi tauraro a matsayin matsayin taken a cikin fim ɗin Catwoman, wanda ta karɓi dalar Amurka 12.5 miliyan. Sama da dalar Amurka 100 miliyan fim; ya tara dalar Amurka 17 kawai miliyan a karshen mako na farko, kuma masu sukar suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗayan mafi munin fina -finan da aka taɓa yi An ba ta lambar yabo mafi kyawun Razzie Award saboda rawar da ta taka; ta bayyana a bikin don karɓar kyautar a cikin mutum (yayin da take riƙe da Oscar daga Monster's Ball tare da jin daɗin jin daɗi, la'akari da shi ƙwarewar "ƙasan dutsen" don zama "a saman." Riƙe lambar yabo ta Kwalejin a hannu ɗaya da Razzie a ɗayan ta ce, "A rayuwata ban taɓa tunanin zan tashi a nan ba, in lashe Razzie! Ba kamar na taba burin kasancewa a nan ba, amma na gode. Lokacin da nake yaro, mahaifiyata ta gaya min cewa idan ba za ku iya zama mai hasara mai kyau ba, to babu yadda za ku zama mai nasara. Fitowar fim ɗin ta na gaba ya kasance a cikin Oprah Winfrey -wanda aka samar da fim ɗin talabijin na ABC Idanunsu Suna Kallon Allah (2005), daidaitawa na littafin Zora Neale Hurston, tare da Berry yana nuna mace mai 'yanci wanda rashin jin daɗin jima'i na yau da kullun ya tayar da hankalin mutanen zamanin ta 1920. karamar al'umma. Ta sami lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award na biyu saboda rawar da ta taka. Hakanan a cikin 2005, ta yi aiki a matsayin babban mai samarwa a cikin Lackawanna Blues, kuma ta sauko muryarta don halayen Cappy, ɗaya daga cikin ɗimbin injiniyoyi da yawa a cikin fasalin Robots A cikin mai ban sha'awa Perfect Stranger (2007), Berry ta yi tauraro tare da Bruce Willis, tana wasa mai labaru wanda ke ɓoye don gano wanda ya kashe abokin yarinta. Fim ɗin ya tara dalar Amurka miliyan 73 a duk faɗin duniya, kuma ya karɓi sake dubawa mai ɗumi -ɗumi daga masu suka, waɗanda ke jin cewa duk da kasancewar Berry da Willis, "ya yi yawa don yin aiki, kuma yana fasalta karkatacciyar ƙarewa da ke ba da haushi da wuce gona da iri." Fitowar fim din ta na 2007 na gaba shine wasan kwaikwayo Abubuwa da muka Rasa a cikin Wuta, tare da Benicio del Toro, inda ta ɗauki matsayin wata gwauruwa ta kwanan nan tana ƙawance da abokin damuwar mijinta. Fim ɗin shi ne karo na farko da ta yi aiki tare da darektar mata, Danish Susanne Bier, inda ta ba ta sabon yanayin "tunani iri ɗaya," wanda ta yaba. Yayin da fim ɗin ya sami dalar Amurka miliyan 8.6 a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na duniya, ya sami kyakkyawan bita daga marubuta; Austin Chronicle ya sami fim ɗin da cewa "an gina shi sosai kuma an yi wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayo na cikin gida da na cikin gida" kuma yana jin cewa "Berry yana da ƙima a nan, gwargwadon yadda ta kasance." A cikin watan Afrilu 2007, an ba Berry tauraro a Hollywood Walk of Fame a gaban gidan wasan kwaikwayon Kodak a 6801 Hollywood Boulevard saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga masana'antar fim, kuma a ƙarshen shekaru goma, ta kafa kanta a matsayin ɗayan mafi yawan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a Hollywood, suna samun kimanin 10 miliyan a kowane fim.
2010s A cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai zaman kansa Frankie da Alice (2010), Berry ta taka muhimmiyar rawa na wata matashiyar Ba'amurkiya mai bambancin launin fata wacce ke gwagwarmaya da halayen ta na canzawa don riƙe ainihin kanta. Fim ɗin ya sami takaitaccen sakin wasan kwaikwayo, don mayar da martani mai mahimmanci. Dan Jaridar Hollywood duk da haka ya bayyana fim ɗin a matsayin "wasan kwaikwayo na tunani mai kyau wanda ya shiga cikin duhu na tunanin mace ɗaya" kuma ya sami Berry yana "ɓarna" a ciki. Ta sami lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Masu sukar Fina-Finan Afirka don Kyakkyawar Jaruma da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe Award for Best Actress-Motion Picture Drama Daga baya ta zama wani babban abin jigo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Garry Marshall Sabuwar Shekarar Hauwa'u (2011), tare da Michelle Pfeiffer, Jessica Biel, Robert De Niro, Josh Duhamel, Zac Efron, Sarah Jessica Parker, da Sofía Vergara, a tsakanin da yawa wasu. A cikin fim ɗin, ta ɗauki nauyin tallafawa wata ma'aikaciyar jinya ta yi abota da wani mutum a matakin ƙarshe (De Niro). Yayin da masu suka suka firgita fim din, ya samu dalar Amurka miliyan 142 a duk duniya. A cikin 2012, Berry ya yi tauraro a matsayin ƙwararren malamin nutsewa tare tare da mijin Olivier Martinez a cikin ɗan ƙaramin abin da ake gani Dark Tide, kuma ya jagoranci jeri na gaba da Tom Hanks da Jim Broadbent a cikin fim ɗin almara na almara na Wachowskis Cloud Atlas. (2012), tare da kowane ɗan wasan kwaikwayo yana wasa haruffa daban -daban guda shida a tsawon ƙarni biyar. An yi kasafin kuɗi a dalar Amurka miliyan 128.8, Cloud Atlas ya yi dalar Amurka miliyan 130.4 a duk duniya, kuma ya haifar da martani daga masu suka da masu sauraro. Berry ya bayyana a wani sashi na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo mai zaman kansa Fim ɗin 43 (2013), wanda Chicago Sun-Times ta kira Citizen Kane of mugun." Berry ta sami babban nasara tare da aikinta na gaba, a matsayin mai aikin 9-1-1 wanda ke karɓar kira daga wata yarinya da wani mai kisan gilla ya sace, a cikin mai laifin mai laifi The Call (2013). An ja Berry zuwa "ra'ayin kasancewa wani ɓangare na fim ɗin da ke ba da ƙarfi ga mata. Ba sau da yawa muna samun irin wannan matsayin, inda talakawa ke zama jarumai kuma suke yin wani abin mamaki. Manohla Dargis na Jaridar New York Times ta gano fim ɗin ya zama "mai ban sha'awa mai ban tsoro," yayin da mai bita Dwight Brown ya ji cewa "rubutun yana ba Berry halayyar shuɗi-shuɗi da za ta iya sawa, mai rauni da ɓacin rai Kira ya kasance abin bacci, wanda ya tara dala miliyan 68.6 a duk duniya. A cikin 2014, Berry ya rattaba hannu kan tauraro kuma yayi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na CBS Extant, inda ta ɗauki matsayin Molly Woods, ɗan sama jannatin da ke gwagwarmayar sake haɗawa da mijinta da ɗanta na android bayan sun kashe 13 watanni a sararin samaniya. Nunin ya gudana tsawon yanayi biyu har zuwa shekarar 2015, yana samun ingantattun bita daga masu suka. USA Today ta yi tsokaci: “Ita [Halle Berry] tana kawo mutunci da nauyi ga Molly, ƙwaƙƙwaran ilimin da zai ba ku damar siyan ta a matsayin ɗan sama jannati da ganin abin da ya same ta a matsayin abin tsoro maimakon abin dariya. Berry duk yana ciki, kuma kuna iyo tare. Hakanan a cikin 2014, Berry ya ƙaddamar da sabon kamfanin samarwa, Fina-Finan 606, tare da abokin haɗin gwiwa Elaine Goldsmith-Thomas. An sanya masa suna ne bayan Dokar Anti-Paparazzi, SB 606, wacce 'yar wasan ta tura kuma wacce Gwamnan California Jerry Brown ya sanya wa hannu a cikin dokar 2013. Sabon kamfani ya fito a matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar Berry don yin aiki a Extant A cikin fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo mai ban dariya Kevin Hart: Menene Yanzu? (2016), Berry ya bayyana a matsayin kanta, yana adawa da Kevin Hart, yana halartar taron wasan karta wanda ke yin ba daidai ba. Kidnap, mai ban dariya Berry wanda aka yi fim a 2014, an sake shi a cikin 2017. A cikin fim ɗin, ta yi tauraro a matsayin mai hidimar gidan cin abinci tana taɗe abin hawa lokacin da waɗanda ke cikinta suka sace ɗanta. Masu garkuwa da mutane sun tara dalar Amurka miliyan 34 kuma sun tattara dabaru daban-daban daga marubuta, wadanda ke jin cewa "yana kutsawa cikin amfani da rubutaccen rubutaccen rubutu sau da yawa don cin gajiyar fa'idar gurɓacewar sa-ko kuma har yanzu gwanin ban sha'awa na [Berry]." Daga baya ta buga wani wakili wanda ƙungiyar leƙen asirin Amurka ta yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai ban dariya Kingsman: The Golden Circle (2017), a matsayin wani ɓangare na simintin jeri, wanda ya ƙunshi Colin Firth, Taron Egerton, Mark Strong, Julianne Moore, da Elton John Yayin da aka cakuda martani mai mahimmanci ga fim ɗin, ya sami dalar Amurka miliyan 414 a duk duniya. Tare da Daniel Craig, Berry ya yi tauraro a matsayin uwa mai aji yayin tarzomar 1992 Los Angeles a Deniz Gamze Ergüven 's drama Kings (2017). Fim ɗin ya sami iyakancewar wasan kwaikwayo bayan fara nuna shi a bikin Fina -Finan Duniya na Toronto, kuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na liyafar ɗumi -ɗumi, iri -iri ya lura: "Yakamata a ce Berry ya ba da mafi kyawun mafi munin wasan kwaikwayon na ƙarni na huɗu da suka gabata, amma wannan wataƙila shine kawai wanda ke jujjuyawa zuwa matsanancin yanayi a fim guda. Ta buga Sofia, mai kisan kai, a cikin fim ɗin John Wick: Babi na 3 Parabellum wanda Lionsgate ya fitar a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 2019. A cikin 2017, ta ba da muryoyin da ba a yarda da su ba ga waƙar, "Kira Duk Ƙaunata" ta Bruno Mars daga kundin ɗakin studio na uku, 24K Magic Berry ya fafata da James Corden a yaƙin rap na farko akan wasan farko na TBS 's Drop the Mic, wanda aka fara watsawa ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 2017. Ita ce, har zuwa watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2019, babban mai gabatar da shirye -shiryen gidan talabijin na BET Boomerang, dangane da fim din da ta fito a ciki. Jerin ya fara ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 2019. Berry ta fara halarta na jagora tare da fasalin Bruised wanda a ciki take wasa wani mayaƙan MMA mai suna Jackie Justice, wanda ya sake haɗawa da ɗanta da ya rabu. An fara yin fim a 2019 tare da harbi a Atlantic City da Newark An yi fim ɗin farko na duniya a bikin Fina -Finan Duniya na Toronto ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2020. Ko Netflix ya sami haƙƙin rarraba fim.
A cikin kafofin watsa labarai
Ƙoƙari Tare da Pierce Brosnan, Cindy Crawford, Jane Seymour, Dick Van Dyke, Téa Leoni, da Daryl Hannah, Berry yayi nasarar yin yaƙi a 2006 akan tashar Cabrillo Liquefied Gas Gas wanda aka ba da shawarar a bakin tekun Malibu. Berry ya ce, "Ina kula da iskar da muke shaka, ina kula da rayuwar ruwa da yanayin muhallin teku." A watan Mayun 2007, Gwamna Arnold Schwarzenegger ya ki amincewa da ginin. 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo na Hasty Pudding sun ba ta lambar yabo ta Mace ta Shekara ta 2006. Berry ya shiga cikin kamfen na wayar salula mai kusan gidaje 2,000 ga Barack Obama a watan Fabrairu na 2008. A watan Afrilu na 2013, ta fito a cikin shirin bidiyo don kamfen ɗin Gucci na "Chime for Change" wanda ke da nufin tara kuɗi da wayar da kan al'amuran mata ta fuskar ilimi, lafiya, da adalci. A watan Agustan 2013, Berry ya ba da shaida tare da Jennifer Garner a gaban Kwamitin Shari’a na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California don tallafa wa dokar da za ta kare ’ya’yan mashahuran daga fitina daga masu daukar hoto. Kudirin ya wuce a watan Satumba.
Hoton Berry was ranked No. 1 on People "50 Most Beautiful People in the World" list in 2003 after making the top ten seven times and appeared No. 1 on FHM "100 Sexiest Women in the World" the same year. She was named Esquire magazine's "Sexiest Woman Alive" in October 2008, about which she stated: "I don't know exactly what it means, but being 42 and having just had a baby, I think I'll take it." Men's Health ranked her at No. 35 on their "100 Hottest Women of All-Time" list. In 2009, she was voted #23 on <i id="mwAmM">Empire</i>'s 100 Sexiest Film Stars. The same year, rapper Hurricane Chris released a song entitled "Halle Berry (She's Fine)," extolling Berry's beauty and sex appeal. At the age of 42 (in 2008), she was named the "Sexiest Black Woman" by Access Hollywood's "TV One Access" survey. Born to an African-American father and a white mother, Berry has stated that her biracial background was "painful and confusing" when she was a young woman, and she made the decision early on to identify as a black woman because she knew that was how she would be perceived.
Rayuwar mutum Berry ya sadu da likitan likitan Chicago John Ronan daga Maris 1989 zuwa Oktoba 1991. A cikin Nuwamba 1993, Ronan ya kai karar Berry akan 80,000 a cikin abin da ya ce bashi ne da ba a biya ba don taimakawa ƙaddamar da aikinta. Berry hujjatayya da cewa kudi kyauta, kuma mai hukunci sallami hali saboda Ronan aikata ba jerin Berry a matsayin ma'abucin a lõkacin da ya yi domin fatarar a 1992. A cewar Berry, duka daga tsohon saurayin da ya ci zarafinsa lokacin yin fim ɗin The Last Boy Scout a 1991 ya huce mata kunne kuma ya sa ta rasa kashi tamanin cikin dari na jin ta a kunnen ta na hagu. Berry bai taɓa ambaci mai cin zarafin ba, amma ya ce shi wani sananne ne a Hollywood. A cikin 2004, tsohon saurayi Christopher Williams ya zargi Wesley Snipes da alhakin wannan lamarin, yana mai cewa "Na gaji da mutane suna tunanin ni ne mutumin [wanda ya aikata hakan]. Wesley Snipes ta murƙushe kunnen ta, ba ni ba. Berry ya fara ganin ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa David Justice akan TV yana wasa a cikin wasan ƙwallon kwando na MTV a watan Fabrairu 1992. Lokacin da wani dan rahoto daga garin Cincinnati na Justice ya gaya mata cewa Adalci masoyi ne, Berry ya ba wakilin lambar wayarta don ya ba Justice. Berry ya auri Adalci jim kadan bayan tsakar dare ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1993. Bayan rabuwarsu a watan Fabrairun 1996, Berry ta bayyana a bainar jama'a cewa ta yi baƙin ciki sosai har ta yi tunanin kashe kanta. An saki Berry da Justice bisa hukuma a ranar 24 ga Yuni, 1997. A watan Mayun 2000, Berry bai roƙi wata gardama ba game da tuhumar barin wurin haɗarin mota kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru uku na gwaji, tarar 13,500 kuma an ba da umarnin yin sa’o’i 200 na hidimar al’umma. Berry ta auri mijinta na biyu, mawaƙa-mawaƙa Eric Benét, a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2001, biyo bayan shekaru biyu na soyayya. Benét ya sami jinya don jarabar jima'i a cikin 2002, kuma a farkon Oktoba 2003 sun rabu, tare da kisan aure ya ƙare a ranar 3 ga Janairu, 2005. A cikin Nuwamba 2005, Berry ya fara yin soyayya da samfurin Faransa Kanada Gabriel Aubry, wanda ta sadu da shi a wani hoto na Versace. Berry ta haifi 'yarsu a cikin Maris 2008. A ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 2010, Berry da Aubry sun ba da sanarwar dangantakar su ta ƙare a wasu watanni da suka gabata. A watan Janairun 2011, Berry da Aubry sun shiga cikin gwagwarmayar tsare tsare, fi mayar da hankali kan sha'awar Berry don ƙaura da 'yarsu daga Los Angeles, inda Berry da Aubry suka zauna, zuwa Faransa, gidan na dan wasan Faransa Olivier Martinez, wanda Berry ya fara soyayya a 2010 bayan sun hadu yayin yin fim ɗin Dark Tide a Afirka ta Kudu. Aubry ya ki amincewa da wannan mataki bisa hujjar cewa zai yi katsalandan a tsarin tsare su na hadin gwiwa. A watan Nuwamban 2012, wani alkali ya ki amincewa da bukatar Berry na matsar da 'yar ma'auratan zuwa Faransa saboda hasashen Aubry. Kasa da makwanni biyu bayan haka, a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 2012, Aubry da Martinez duk an yi musu jinya a asibiti saboda raunin da suka samu bayan sun shiga tashin hankali na zahiri a gidan Berry. Martinez ya yi kama ɗan ƙasa a kan Aubry, kuma saboda an ɗauke shi a matsayin tashin hankali na cikin gida, an ba shi umarnin kariya na gaggawa na ɗan lokaci wanda ya hana Aubry zuwa tsakanin yadi 100 na Berry, Martinez, da yaron da yake hannun jari tare da Berry, har zuwa Nuwamba 29, 2012. A gefe guda, Aubry ya sami umarnin dakatar da Martinez na wucin gadi a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 2012, yana mai cewa yakin ya fara ne lokacin da Martinez yayi barazanar kashe Aubry idan bai yarda ma'auratan su koma Faransa ba. Takardun kotu da aka fallasa sun hada da hotunan da ke nuna manyan raunuka a fuskar Aubry, wadanda aka watsa su a kafafen yada labarai. A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 2012, Lauyan Berry ya ba da sanarwar cewa Berry da Aubry sun cimma yarjejeniya ta tsaro a kotu. A watan Yuni na 2014, hukuncin Babbar Kotun ya nemi Berry ya biya Aubry 16,000 a wata a cikin tallafin yara (kusan 200k/shekara) kazalika da sake biyan 115,000 da jimlar 300,000 don kuɗin lauyan Aubry. Berry da Martinez sun tabbatar da haɗin kansu a cikin Maris 2012, kuma sun yi aure a Faransa a ranar 13 ga Yuli, 2013. A watan Oktoba 2013, Berry ta haifi ɗa. A cikin 2015, bayan shekaru biyu na aure, ma'auratan sun ba da sanarwar cewa suna saki. An ba da rahoton cewa an kammala kisan aure a cikin Disamba 2016, amma, har zuwa Nuwamba 2020, shari'ar tana ci gaba. Berry ya fara soyayya da Grammy mai cin nasara mawaƙin Amurka Van Hunt a cikin 2020, wanda aka bayyana ta ta Instagram.
Filmography
Fim
Talabijin
Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa
Duba kuma Jerin sunayen farkon Ba'amurke
Manazarta
General bibliography Banting, Erinn. Halle Berry, Weigl Publishers, 2005. Gogerly, Liz. Halle Berry, Raintree, 2005. Naden, Corinne J. Halle Berry, Sagebrush Education Resources, 2001. O'Brien, Daniel. Halle Berry, Reynolds Hearn, 2003. Sanello, Frank. Halle Berry: A Stormy Life, Virgin Books, 2003. Schuman, Michael A. Halle Berry: Beauty Is Not Just Physical, Enslow, 2006. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun |
30881 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samia%20Suluhu%20Hassan | Samia Suluhu Hassan | Samia Suluhu Hassan (an haife ta a ranan 27 Janairu 1960) 'yar siyasar Tanzaniya ce wacce ke aiki a matsayin shugabar Tanzaniya ta shida kuma a yanzu. Ita mamba ce a jam'iyyar Social-Democrat Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM). Suluhu ita ce shugabar gwamnati mace ta uku a wata kasa ta Gabashin Afirka (EAC), bayan Sylvie Kinigi a Burundi da Agathe Uwilingiyimana a Ruwanda, kuma ita ce shugabar mace ta farko a Tanzaniya. Ta fara aiki a ranar 19 ga Maris 2021 bayan mutuwar Shugaba John Magufuli a ranar 17 ga Maris 2021.
Yar asalin Zanzibar Suluhu ta yi minista a yankin mai cin gashin kansa a lokacin gwamnatin shugaba Amani Karume. Ta taba zama ‘yar majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Makunduchi daga shekarar 2010 zuwa 2015 sannan ta kasance ministar kasa a ofishin mataimakin shugaban kasa kan harkokin kungiyar daga 2010 zuwa 2015. A shekarar 2014, an zabe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar majalisar mazabar da ke da alhakin tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kasar.
Suluhu ta zama mace ta farko a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban kasar Tanzaniya bayan babban zaben shekarar 2015, bayan an zabe ta a kan tikitin CCM tare da shugaba Magufuli. An sake zaben Suluhu da Magufuli a karo na biyu a shekarar 2020. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar rikon kwarya mace ta biyu a cikin EAC a takaice shekaru 27 bayan Sylvie Kinigi ta Burundi, wanda ya kai kusan karshen shekara ta 1993.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Suluhu a ranar 27 ga Janairun shekarata 1960 a Makunduchi, wani tsohon gari a tsibirin Unguja, a cikin masarautar Zanzibar.
Ta yi karatun sakandare a shekarar 1977 kuma ta fara aiki.Daga baya, ta ci gaba da karatun gajerun kwasa-kwasan lokaci-lokaci.A shekara ta 1986, ta kammala karatun digiri a Cibiyar Gudanar da Ci Gaba (Jami'ar Mzumbe ta yau) tare da difloma mai zurfi a aikin gwamnati.
Tsakanin shekarata 1992 zuwa 1994, ta halarci Jami'ar Manchester kuma ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki.A cikin shekarata 2015, ta sami MSc dinta a Ci gaban Tattalin Arziƙin Al'umma ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa-shirin tsakanin Buɗaɗɗen Jami'ar Tanzaniya da Jami'ar Kudancin New Hampshire.
Aiki Bayan kammala karatunta na sakandare, Ma’aikatar Tsare-tsare da Raya Kasa ta dauke ta aiki a matsayin ma’aikaciya. Bayan kammala karatun digirinta na aikin gwamnati, an ɗauke ta aiki a wani aiki da Hukumar Abinci ta Duniya ta ɗauki nauyinta.
Aikin siyasa A shekara ta 2000, ta yanke shawarar tsayawa takarar kujerar gwamnati. An zaɓe ta a matsayin mamba ta musamman a majalisar wakilai ta Zanzibar kuma shugaba Amani Karume ya nada ta minista. Ita ce mace daya tilo da ke rike da mukamin minista a majalisar ministocin kuma abokan aikinta maza “sun raina" saboda ita mace ce. An sake zabe ta a shekara ta 2005 kuma an sake nada ta a matsayin minista a wani babban fayil.
A shekara ta 2010, ta nemi takarar Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa, inda ta tsaya a mazabar Makunduchi kuma ta yi nasara da fiye da kashi 80%. Shugaba Jakaya Kikwete ya naɗa ta a matsayin karamar ministar harkokin kungiyar. A shekarar 2014, an zabe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar majalisar mazabar da aka dorawa alhakin rubuta sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kasar.
A watan Yulin shekarar 2015, dan takarar shugaban kasa na CCM John Magufuli ya zaɓe ta a matsayin abokin takararsa a zaɓen 2015, wanda ya sa ta zama mace ta farko da ta tsaya takara a tarihin jam'iyyar. A ranar 5 ga Nuwamban shekarar 2015 ta zama mace ta farko mataimakiyar shugaban kasa a tarihin kasar bayan nasarar Magufuli a zaben. An sake zaben Magufuli da Suluhu a karo na biyu na shekara biyar a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 2020.
Fadar shugaban kasa A ranar 17 ga Maris din shekarar 2021, Suluhu ta sanar da cewa Magufuli ya mutu bayan ya yi fama da rashin lafiya; tun karshen watan Fabrairu ba a ga Magufuli a bainar jama'a ba. An rantsar da ita a matsayin magajinsa a ranar 19 ga Maris din shekarar 2021, kuma za ta yi aiki daidai da wa'adin shekaru biyar na Magufuli na biyu. Jinkirin da aka samu a farkon wa'adinta ya zo ne saboda kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Tanzaniya ya fito fili ya bukaci mataimakin shugaban kasar da ya rantsar da shugaban kasa kafin ya hau kan kujerar shugabancin kasar; Shugabannin 'yan adawa sun nuna damuwa game da yiwuwar "vacuum" lokacin da 18 ga Maris ya wuce ba tare da an rantsar da Suluhu ba. Bayan an rantsar da ita, Suluhu ta zama shugabar kasa mace ta farko a Tanzaniya. Ita ce kuma Zanzibari ta biyu da ta rike mukamin, kuma Musulma ta uku bayan Ali Hassan Mwinyi da Jakaya Kikwete. Ta kuma zama ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin mata biyu masu hidima a Afirka, tare da Sahle-Work Zewde ta Habasha. A tsarin mulkin kasar dai, tun da ta hau karagar mulkin Magufuli fiye da shekaru uku, idan ta kammala wannan wa'adi za ta samu cikakken wa'adi daya ne kawai idan ta yanke shawarar tsayawa takara a zabe mai zuwa.
Gwamnatin Suluhu ta fara kokarin dakile annobar COVID-19 a Tanzaniya, sabanin shakkun kwayar cutar a zamanin Magufuli.An sanya dokar hana fita ta kwanaki 14 ga matafiya masu shigowa Tanzaniya daga ƙasashen da ke da sabbin bambance-bambancen SARS-CoV-2. An kuma ba baƙi shawarar su sanya abin rufe fuska, tsaftace kansu, da kuma aiwatar da nisantar da jama'a. Suluhu ta ba wa ofisoshin jakadanci da sauran kungiyoyin kasa da kasa damar shigo da alluran rigakafin cutar a cikin kasar don yi wa ‘yan kasashen waje allurar rigakafin yau da kullun na Tanzaniya, wanda Ma’aikatar Lafiya ta ba da taimako.
Rayuwa ta sirri A shekarar 1978, Suluhu ta auri Hafidh Ameirin, jami’in kula da harkokin noma wanda a shekarar 2014 ya yi ritaya.Suna da yara hudu. Diyarta Wanu Hafidh Ameir (an haife ta a shekara ta 1982), 'yar ma'auratan na biyu, kujera ce ta musamman a Majalisar Wakilai ta Zanzibar. A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2021, an fara kamfen ɗin rigakafin COVID-19 a ƙarƙashin jagorancinta a Tanzaniya, tare da samun kashi na farko na rigakafin tare da yin kira ga dukkan 'yan Tanzaniya da su sami jabs suna cewa ƙasar "ba tsibiri ba ce".
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33726 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Kwallon%20Kafa%20ta%20Mata%20ta%20Tanzaniya | Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Tanzaniya | Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Tanzaniya, ita ce kungiyar kwallon kasar Tanzaniya kuma hukumar kula da wasan kwallon kafa ta Tanzaniya ce ke kula da ita Ana yi musu lakabi da Tauraron Twiga Twiga Stars sun samu gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin mata ta CAF na farko a ranar 5 ga watan Yuni na shekarar 2010, bayan da ta doke Eritrea da ci 11 4 a jimillar.
Tarihi
2010 Twiga Stars ta doke Habasha a wasan share fage na gasar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Afirka ta shekarar 2010 da jimilla 4-2. An buga wasan farko a Addis Ababa ranar 8 ga watan Maris. Tanzaniya ta samu nasara a wasan da ci 3-1, da Ester Chabruma da Mwanahamis Omary da Asha Rashid suka ci Wasan da aka buga a filin wasa na Uhuru da ke Dar es Salaam a ranar 29 ga watan Maris ya tashi kunnen doki 1-1. A zagayen farko na gasar cin kofin Afrika, Tanzania ta doke Eritrea da jimilla 11-4. Twiga Stars ta yi nasara da ci 8-1 a Dar es Salaam a ranar 23 ga watan Mayu, sannan ta tashi 3-3 a Asmara ranar 5 ga watan Yuni.
Bayan nasarar da Twiga Stars ta samu na samun tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika a Afirka ta Kudu, wata 'yar kasuwa 'yar kasar Tanzaniya, Rahma Al-Kharoosi, ta dauki nauyin horar da su na tsawon makonni biyu a Amurka a watan Agustan na shekarar 2010. Shugaban Tanzaniya Jakaya Kikwete ya ba da gudummawar Shilling Tanzaniya miliyan 53 (kimanin dalar Amurka 30,000) a ranar 9 ga watan Yuni don biyan kudaden horo da alawus-alawus kafin gasar zakarun Turai. Tanzaniya ta sha kashi a dukkanin wasannin ukun da ta buga a rukunin A na gasar cin kofin Afrika, inda ta karbi bakuncin Afirka ta Kudu da ci 2–1 a ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba, Mali da ci 3–2 a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, da Najeriya da ci 3-0 a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba.
Su ne batun 2010 shirin fim Twiga Stars: Tanzaniya's Soccer Sisters na Nisha Ligon.
2011 Tanzaniya ta samu tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 2011 a Maputo lokacin da abokan karawarta a zagayen share fage, Kenya, Uganda, da Sudan suka ki shiga. Twiga Stars ta kare a matsayi na uku a rukunin B mai kungiyoyi hudu a wasannin. Sun yi rashin nasara a hannun Ghana da ci 2–1 a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, sun yi kunnen doki da Afirka ta Kudu da ci 2–2 a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba, sannan suka yi canjaras da Zimbabwe 2–2 a ranar 11 ga watan Satumba.
2012 A zagayen farko na gasar cin kofin mata ta Afirka ta 2012, Tanzaniya ta doke Namibiya da ci 2–0 a Windhoek a ranar 14 ga Janairu da kuma 5–2 a Dar es Salaam a ranar 29 ga Janairu. A zagayen farko, Tanzania ta sha kashi a hannun Habasha da ci 2–1 a Addis Ababa ranar 27 ga Mayu da kuma 1–0 a Dar es Salaam ranar 16 ga watan Yuni. Don haka Tanzania ta kasa tsallakewa zuwa wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin Afrika da ake yi a Equatorial Guinea. Babban kocin, Charles Boniface Mkwasa, ya yi murabus kwanaki biyu bayan wasan karshe da Habasha, kuma washegari, Nasra Mohammed, mataimakin kocin, ya zargi rashin isasshen tallafin kudi daga Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Tanzaniya, da rashin samun ci gaba. A ranar 21 ga watan Yuni, Mkwasa ya amince cewa ya kori ‘yan wasa da dama daga kungiyar bayan ya gano cewa sun aikata luwadi.Gaskiya ne wasu daga cikin ‘yan wasan sun tsunduma kansu cikin luwadi, amma mun cire su daga kungiyar da zarar mun sami labarin halinsu. Mun dauki matakin ba tare da la’akari da iyawa da gudunmawar dan wasan a kungiyar ba. Akwai wannan matsalar da wadannan ’yan wasan ke son su kasance kamar takwarorinsu maza, domin suna buga kwallo, suna son su zama kamar maza. Amma a koyaushe na kasance mai tauri a kan wannan. Na yi magana da su, ina ƙoƙarin yi musu nasiha a kan yadda ya kamata su kasance kuma ina ganin akwai gagarumin sauyi a wannan fanni kuma ba shakka horon su yana da kyau. A wani taron manema labarai na gaba, Mkwasa ya yi ikirarin cewa an yi masa kuskure. Shugabar hukumar kwallon kafa ta Tanzaniya Lina Mhando, ta bayyana hakan a matsayin "abin kunya da babu shi" kuma ta ce babu wata kwakkwarar hujja kan zargin. Manajan tawagar Furaha Francis, ya ce ko da akwai wannan badakalar, an yi ta kururuwa kuma babu wata hujja da za ta tabbatar da zargin.
2014 Zambia ta doke Tanzaniya a zagayen farko na neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa na mata na Afirka ta 2014 da jimilla 3-2.
2015 Tanzania ta samu tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka na shekarar 2015 a birnin Brazzaville na Jamhuriyar Congo bayan da ta doke Zambia a zagaye na biyu na gasar da maki 6-5.
Duba kuma Wasanni a Tanzaniya
Kwallon kafa a Tanzaniya
Kwallon kafa na mata a Tanzaniya
Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Tanzaniya ta kasa da shekaru 20
Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Tanzaniya ta kasa da shekaru 17
Tawagar kwallon kafa ta maza ta Tanzania
Bayanan kula da manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gidan yanar gizon hukuma
Bayanan martaba na FIFA
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
29766 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oles%20Sanin | Oles Sanin | Articles with hCards
Oles Hennadiyovych Sanin dan kasar Ukraine; An haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1972 a Kamin-Kashyrskyi darektan fina-finai ne na Ukrainian, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, mai daukar hoto, furodusa, mawaƙa da sculptor. Fitaccen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Ukraine; An ba shi lambar yabo ta Alexander Dovzhenko Ukrainian State Award.
Tarihin Rayuwa An haife shi a Kamin-Kashyrskyi a cikin yankin Volyn. Ya kammala karatunsa a Ivan Karpenko-Kary National University of Theater, Film da TV a Kyiv a shekara ta 1993 a cikin ajin actor (malayi: Valentyna Zymniya) kuma ya gama da kwas na shirya fim na fitattun fina-finai (tutor: Leonid Osyka) a shekara ta 1998. Ya yi horon horo a Netherlands da Amurka. A cikin shekaru 1994-2000 ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan fim, darektan daukar hoto, darektan samarwa a cikin sifa da Documentary fina-finai 'sashe na Ukrainian reshe na kasa da kasa kungiyar Internews Network (yanzu Internews Ya samar da da yawa dozin takardun shaida (misali ga irin wannan tashoshi kamar Internews Network, Canal Ukrainian TV tashar 1 1, NTV, TNT, Polsat, DALAS studio, IKON, PRO Helvecia Ya kasance darektan daukar hoto na fina-finai na gaskiya da yawa kuma ya jagoranci wasu ƴan rubuce-rubuce da gajerun fina-finai.
Sanin yana shugabantar Ƙungiyar Matasan Cinematographers na Yukren.
Yana buga gangunan bandura, torban, hurdy-gurdy kuma yana bin al'adar Volhynia na 'yan wasan hurdy-gurdy.
Ya kasance yana yin kayan kida da kansa, ya ƙware da fasaha irin na kakansa. Amfani da pseudonym Oleś Smyk Ukrainian shi memba ne na Kyiv Kobzar Gild Biyu daga cikin fina-finansa na farko, na farko Mamay (2003) da "The Guide (film) (2014), sun kasance fina-finai da hukuma kasar Ukraine ta basu kyautar Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Shirin The Guide ya kasance labari ne akan ƙaddamar da ta fadawa kobzars na Ukrainian a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2014 a 30th Warsaw Film Festival Kyaututtuka da karramawa Alexander Dovzhenko Ukrainian State Award na fim din Mamay Ukrainian 2003),
Medal Azurfa na Ukrainian Academy of Arts
Kyautar Azurfa ta Brothers Lumière Fina-finai
Fina-finan fasali 1995 Atentat osinnie vbivstwo u Miunkheni Kashe-kashen Kaka a Munich (dan wasan kwaikwayo)
2003 Mamay Ukrainian darektan fim, marubucin allo, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo)
2012 Match The Match mataimakin darekta 2013 The Guide Ukrainian ma'ana Jagora ko furanni suna da idanu darektan fim, marubucin allo)
Fina-finan kundin Tarihi 1994 Matinka Nadiya Mother Nadia 1994 Bura The Storm 1995 Zymno Hutu 1996 Pustyn''' Deserts 1998 Tanok morzha The Danse na Walrus (wanda aka rubuta tare)
1999 Natsiya. Lemky A Nation Lemkos 1999 Natsiya. Yevreyi Ƙasa Yahudawa 1999 Hrikh Sin 2000 Rizdvo, abo iak Hutsuly kintsia svitu chekaly Kirsimeti ko yadda Hutsuls ke jiran Doomsday 2001 kvarel' The Watercolor 2005 Den 'siomyi Ranar Bakwai (Daraktan fim)
2008 Perebyzhchyk The Defector (wanda aka rubuta tare da Mark Jonathan Harris 2017 Perelomnyi lokacin: vijna za demokratiyu v Ukrayini Breaking Point: The War for Democracy in Ukraine'' (co-authored with Mark Jonathan Harris Bayanan kula
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Official page of The Guide eng. and ukr.)
Sanin about his film The Guide at the 30th Warsaw Film Festival, 10.2014 (ukr.)
http://www.wff.pl/en/filmy/the-guide01/
http://povodyr.com/en/authors.html Note on the Ukrainian Film Club of Columbia University (2014.10.26)
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1972
Marubutan fina-finai 'yan Ukraine
Darektocin fim 'yan kasar |
31477 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raguwar%20Yawan%20Kwari | Raguwar Yawan Kwari | Bincike da yawa sun ba da rahoton raguwar yawan ƙwari. Mafi yawanci raguwar sun haɗa da raguwa da yawa, kodayake a wasu lokuta gabaɗayan nau'ikan ƙarin suna shuɗewa. Ragewar ba ta da nisa daga uniform. A wasu yankunan, an sami rahotannin karuwar yawan kwari, kuma wasu nau'ikan ƙwari suna da girma a duniya.
Wasu daga cikin ƙwari da abin ya fi shafa sun hada da ƙudan zuma, malam buɗe ido, asu, beetles, dragonflies da damselflies. An ba da shedar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙwari a cikin ƙarni na 20; Tunawa da abin da ya faru a fuskar iska misali ne. Dalilai masu yiwuwa suna kama da sauran asarar halittu, tare da binciken gano: lalata muhalli, gami da aikin gona mai zurfi amfani da magungunan kashe qwari (musamman magungunan kashe qwari haɓaka birane, da haɓaka masana'antu; gabatar da nau'in da sauyin yanayi. Ba duk umarni na kwari ke shafa ta hanya ɗaya ba; Ƙungiyoyi da yawa batutuwa ne na taƙaitaccen bincike, kuma alkaluma masu kwatanta daga shekarun da suka gabata ba sa samuwa.
Dangane da raguwar da aka bayar, an ƙaddamar da ƙarin matakan kiyayewa masu alaƙa da kwari. A cikin 2018 gwamnatin Jamus ta ƙaddamar da "Shirin Ayyuka don Kariyar Kwari", kuma a cikin 2019 ƙungiyar 27 ƙwararru da masu ilimin halittu sun rubuta buɗaɗɗen wasiƙa suna kira ga kafa bincike a Burtaniya "don ba da damar bincike mai zurfi na Haƙiƙanin barazanar rushewar muhalli sakamakon raguwar kwari ba tare da bata lokaci ba”.
Tarihi Rikodin burbushin halittu game da kwari ya kai shekaru daruruwan miliyoyin shekaru. Yana nuna akwai ci gaba da matakan baya na duka sabbin nau'ikan bayyanarwa da bacewa. Wani lokaci sosai, rikodin kuma yana bayyana yana nuna ɓarkewar ƙwari, waɗanda aka fahimci abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi ne ke haifar da su kamar ayyukan volcanic ko tasirin meteor. Lamarin bacewar Permian-Triassic ya ga mafi girman matakin gushewar ƙwari, kuma Cretaceous–Paleogene na biyu mafi girma. Bambance-bambancen kwari ya sake farfadowa bayan halakar da yawa, sakamakon lokutan da sabbin nau'ikan suka samo asali tare da karuwa mai yawa, kodayake farfaɗo wa na iya ɗaukar miliyoyin shekaru. Damuwa game da bacewar Holocene da ɗan adam ke haifarwa yana ƙaruwa tun ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, kodayake yawancin damuwar farko ba ta mai da hankali kan ƙwari ba. A cikin wani rahoto game da invertebrates na duniya, Ƙungiyar Zoological ta London ta ba da shawarar a cikin 2012 cewa yawan kwari ya ragu a duniya, yana shafar pollination da kayan abinci ga sauran dabbobi. An ƙiyasta cewa kusan kashi 20 cikin 100 na dukkan nau'in invertebrates suna fuskantar barazanar bacewa, kuma nau'in da ke da ƙarancin motsi da ƙananan jeri sun fi fuskantar haɗari. Nazarin gano raguwar ƙwari ya kasance shekaru da yawa-bincike guda ɗaya ya bi diddigin raguwa daga 1840 zuwa 2013-amma shine sake buga 2017 na nazarin ajiyar yanayi na Jamus wanda ya ga batun ya sami tartsatsi a kafofin watsa labarai. Ƴan jarida sun ba da rahoton raguwa tare da kanun labarai masu ban tsoro, gami da "Insect Apocalypse Masanin ilimin halittu Dave Goulson ya gaya wa The Guardian a cikin 2017: "Muna da alama muna yin fasfot ɗin ƙasar da ba su da kyau ga yawancin nau'ikan rayuwa, kuma a halin yanzu muna kan hanya don Armageddon Don yawancin karatu, abubuwa irin su yawa, biomass, da wadatar jinsuna galibi ana samun su suna raguwa ga wasu, amma ba duk wurare ba; wasu nau'ikan suna raguwa yayin da wasu ba sa. Ƙwarin da aka yi nazari ya kasance galibin malam buɗe ido da asu, kudan zuma, beetles, dragonflies, damselflies da dutsen dutse Kowane nau'in yana tasiri ta hanyoyi daban-daban ta hanyoyi daban-daban ta hanyar canje-canje a cikin muhalli,kuma ba za a iya la'akari da cewa ana samun raguwa mai yawa a cikin ƙungiyoyin kwari daban-daban. Lokacin da yanayi ya canza, wasu nau'ikan suna daidaitawa cikin sauƙi ga canjin yayin da wasu ke ƙoƙarin tsira. Sanarwar Maris 2019 ta ƙungiyar Entomological Society of America ta ce har yanzu ba a sami isassun bayanai da za su yi hasashen halakar kwari da ke kusa ba kuma wasu daga cikin hasashen da aka fitar na iya "an tsawaita da iyakokin bayanan ko kuma an wuce gona da iri. hyped". Ga wasu ƙungiyoyin ƙwari kamar wasu malam buɗe ido, asu, kudan zuma, da beetles, an sami raguwar yawa da bambancin a cikin binciken Turai. Waɗannan gabaɗaya sun haifar da tsarin faɗuwa gabaɗaya, amma akwai sauye-sauye ga nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan mutum ɗaya a cikin ƙungiyoyi. Misali, tsirarun asu na Biritaniya sun zama ruwan dare gama gari. Sauran yankuna sun nuna ƙaruwa a wasu nau'in kwari, kodayake ba a san halin da ake ciki a yawancin yankuna a halin yanzu ba. Yana da wahala a tantance abubuwan da ke faruwa na dogon lokaci a yawan kwari ko bambancin saboda ba a san ma'aunin tarihi ga nau'ikan nau'ikan da yawa ba. Robust bayanai don tantance yankunan da ke hadarin ko jinsin mutane ba su da wani yanki ne na Arctic da yankuna masu zafi da kuma mafi yawan hemisphere.
Dalilai da sakamako
Abubuwan da aka ba da shawara Ba a fahimci musabbabin raguwar yawan kwari ba. Wataƙila za su bambanta tsakanin ƙungiyoyin ƙwari daban-daban da yankuna na yanki. Abubuwan da ake zargin suna da mahimmanci sune lalata wuraren zama ta hanyar noma mai tsanani da ƙauyuka, amfani da magungunan kashe ƙwari, an gabatar da nau'in nau'i, sauyin yanayi, eutrophication daga taki, gurbacewa, da hasken wucin gadi Yin amfani da ƙarin adadin maganin kashe ƙwari da ciyawa a kan amfanin gona ya shafi ba kawai nau'in ƙwarin da ba a yi niyya ba, har ma da tsire-tsire da suke ciyarwa. Sauye-sauyen yanayi da shigar da nau'ikan halittu masu ban sha'awa da ke gogayya da na asali sun sanya nau'in ƴan asalin cikin damuwa, kuma a sakamakon haka suna iya fadawa cikin cututtuka da ƙwayoyin cuta. Tsire-tsire suna girma da sauri a gaban ƙarar CO 2 amma sakamakon yanayin shuka ya ƙunshi ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki. Yayin da wasu nau'ikan irin su ƙuda da kyankyasai na iya karuwa a sakamakon haka, an kiyasta jimillar ƙwayoyin kwari suna raguwa da kusan 0.9 zuwa 2.5% a kowace shekara.
Tasiri Rage yawan ƙwarin yana shafar yanayin halittu, da sauran yawan dabbobi, gami da mutane Ƙwari suna kan "tsari da aikin tushe na yawancin halittun duniya." Wani nazari da aka yi a duniya na shekarar 2019 ya yi gargadin cewa, idan ba a sassauta ta da tsayuwar daka ba, raguwar za ta yi mummunar tasiri ga yanayin halittun duniya. Tsuntsaye da manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa waɗanda ke cin kwari na iya shafar kai tsaye ta hanyar raguwa. Rage yawan kwarin zai iya rage ayyukan muhallin da ke samarwa ta hanyar kwari masu fa'ida, kamar pollination na amfanin gona, da zubar da sharar halittu. A cewar Ƙungiyar Zoological ta Landan, baya ga irin wannan asarar ƙimar kayan aiki, raguwar kuma tana wakiltar hasarar raguwar darajar ainihin nau'in Shaida
Ma'auni Ana amfani da ma'auni na musamman guda uku don kamawa da ba da rahoto kan raguwar ƙwari:
Abundance a sauƙaƙe sanya jimlar adadin kwari ɗaya. Dangane da mahallin, yana iya komawa zuwa adadin ƙwari a cikin wani taro na musamman, a cikin yanki, ko jimillar kwari a duniya (ba tare da la'akari da wane nau'in mutane ke cikin ba).
Biomass jimlar nauyin kwari (kuma ba tare da la'akari da nau'in ba).
Diversity adadin extant nau'in kwari. Dangane da mahallin, raguwar rayayyun halittu na iya nufin wasu nau'ikan kwari sun ɓace a cikin gida, kodayake yana iya nufin nau'in sun ɓace gaba ɗaya a duk duniya. Yawancin binciken da aka yi na bin diddigin kwarin suna ba da rahoton yawa kawai, wasu kan biomass kawai, wasu akan duka biyun, amma duk da haka wasu suna ba da rahoto akan duk ma'auni uku. Bayanai kai tsaye da ke da alaƙa da asarar bambance-bambance a matakin duniya sun fi ƙarancin yawa fiye da raguwar yawa ko raguwar ƙwayoyin halitta. Ƙididdiga don asarar bambance-bambance a matakin duniya yakan haɗa da fitar da bayanai daga yawa ko bayanan halitta; yayin da wani lokaci bincike ya nuna bacewar wani nau'in kwari a cikin gida, ainihin ɓarnar da aka yi a duniya yana da ƙalubale don ganewa. A cikin bita na 2019, David Wagner ya lura cewa a halin yanzu bacewar Holocene yana ganin asarar nau'ikan dabbobi a kusan sau 100 1,000 na al'ada na duniya, kuma binciken daban-daban ya sami irin wannan, ko yuwuwa ma saurin halakar ƙwari ga ƙwari. Wagner ya yanke shawarar cewa mai tsanani ko da yake wannan hasarar rayayyun halittu shine, raguwar yalwar halittu ne zai sami mafi girman tasirin muhalli.
Dangantaka tsakanin raguwar awo A ƙa'idar yana yiwuwa ma'auni uku su kasance masu zaman kansu. Misali raguwar ƙwayoyin halitta bazai ƙunshi raguwar yawa ko bambance-bambance ba idan duk abin da ke faruwa shine kwarin na yau da kullun yana ƙara ƙarami. A aikace ko da yake, yawa biomass suna da alaƙa da kusanci, yawanci suna nuna irin wannan matakin raguwa. Canji a cikin bambance-bambancen halittu sau da yawa, ko da yake ba koyaushe ba, daidai yake da sauran ma'auni guda biyu.
Rothamsted Insect Survey, UK Rothamsted Insect Survey a Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Ingila, ya fara sa ido kan tarkon kwarin a cikin Burtaniya a cikin 1964. A cewar ƙungiyar, waɗannan sun samar da "mafi dacewa daidaitattun bayanai na dogon lokaci akan kwari a duniya". Tarkunan suna "hanzarin juye- sauyen Hoovers yana gudana 24/7, suna ci gaba da yin samfurin iska don ƙaura", a cewar James Bell, jagoran binciken, a cikin wata hira a cikin 2017 tare da mujallar Kimiyya Tsakanin 1970 da 2002, ƙwayar halittar ƙwarin da aka kama a cikin tarko ta ragu da sama da kashi biyu bisa uku a kudancin Scotland, ko da yake ta tsaya tsayin daka a Ingila. Masanan kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa an riga an yi hasarar yawan kwari a Ingila a shekara ta 1970 (alkalumman da ke Scotland sun fi na Ingila da aka fara binciken), ko kuma aphids da sauran kwari sun karu a wurin idan babu masu farautarsu.
Dirzo et al. 2014 Wani nazari na 2014 da Rodolfo Dirzo da sauransu a Kimiyya suka lura: "Daga cikin duk kwari tare da IUCN rubuce-rubucen yawan jama'a [203 nau'in kwari a cikin umarni biyar], 33% suna raguwa, tare da bambanci mai karfi tsakanin umarni." A cikin Burtaniya, "30 zuwa 60% na nau'ikan kowane tsari suna da raguwar jeri". Masu pollinators na kwari, "ana buƙatar kashi 75% na duk amfanin gonakin abinci na duniya", da alama "suna raguwa sosai a duniya a cikin yalwa da bambance-bambancen", wanda aka danganta a Arewacin Turai zuwa raguwar nau'in tsire-tsire da suka dogara da su. Binciken ya yi nuni da asarar ƙashin baya da invertebrates da ɗan Adam ya haifar a matsayin Defaunation Anthropocene".
Nazarin Krefeld, Jamus A cikin 2013 Krefeld Entomological Society ya ba da rahoton "raguwa mai girma a cikin kwayoyin halittu na kwari" an kama shi a cikin tarkon malaise a cikin wuraren ajiyar yanayi 63 a Jamus (57 a Nordrhein-Westfalen, ɗaya a Rheinland-Pfalz da ɗaya a cikin Brandenburg Wani bincike da aka buga a cikin 2017 ya ba da shawarar cewa, a cikin 1989-2016, an sami raguwar yanayin yanayi na 76%, da raguwar lokacin bazara na 82%, a cikin biomass na kwari a cikin shekaru 27 na binciken. Ragewar ta kasance "bayyane ba tare da la'akari da nau'in mazauni ba" kuma ba za a iya bayyana shi ta hanyar "sauyin yanayi, amfani da ƙasa, da halayen wurin zama ba". Marubutan sun ba da shawarar cewa ba wai kawai malam buɗe ido, asu da kudan zuma na daji suna nuna raguwa ba, kamar yadda binciken da aka yi a baya ya nuna, amma "al'ummar ƙwari masu tashi gaba ɗaya". A cewar The Economist, binciken shine "na uku mafi yawan binciken kimiyya da aka ambata (na kowane nau'i) a cikin kafofin watsa labaru a cikin 2017". Masanin ilimin halittu na Burtaniya Simon Leather ya ce yana fatan rahotannin kafofin watsa labaru, bayan binciken, an yi karin gishiri game da "Armageddon na muhalli"; ya yi iƙirarin cewa Krefeld da sauran karatun ya kamata su zama faɗakarwa, kuma ana buƙatar ƙarin kudade don tallafawa karatun dogon lokaci. Marubutan binciken na Krefeld ba su iya danganta koma baya ga sauyin yanayi ko magungunan kashe kwari ba, in ji shi, amma sun ba da shawarar cewa an shiga aikin noma sosai. Yayin da yake amincewa da shawarar da suka yanke, ya yi gargadin cewa "bayanan sun dogara ne akan kwayoyin halitta, ba nau'in jinsi ba, kuma shafukan yanar gizon ba a ci gaba da yin samfurin ba kuma ba su da wakilci a duniya". Sakamakon Krefeld da sauran nazarin, gwamnatin Jamus ta kafa "Shirin Ayyuka don KariƘar Kwari".
El Yunque National Forest, Puerto Rico Wani bincike na 2018 na El Yunque National Forest a Puerto Rico ya ba da rahoton raguwa a cikin arthropods, da kuma lizards, frogs, da tsuntsaye nau'in cin kwari bisa ma'auni a 1976 da 2012. Masanin ilimin halitta dan kasar Amurka David Wagner ya kira binciken a matsayin "kira" da "daya daga cikin labaran da suka fi tayar da hankali" da ya taba karantawa. Masu binciken sun ba da rahoton "asara na kwayoyin halitta tsakanin kashi 98% zuwa 78% na kiwo na ƙasa da kuma arthropods a cikin shekaru 36, tare da asarar shekara tsakanin 2.7% da 2.2%". An danganta raguwa da hauhawar matsakaicin zafin jiki; nau'in ƙwari na wurare masu zafi ba za su iya jurewa yanayin zafi da yawa ba. Babban marubucin, Brad Lister, ya gaya wa The Economist cewa masu binciken sun kadu da sakamakon: "Ba za mu iya yarda da sakamakon farko ba. Na tuna [a cikin 1970s] malam buɗe ido a ko'ina bayan ruwan sama. A ranar farko da baya [a cikin 2012], na ga da kyar."
Netherlands da Switzerland A cikin 2019 binciken da Statistics Netherlands da Vlinderstichting (Yaren mutanen Holland Butterfly Conservation) na lambobin malam buɗe ido a cikin Netherlands daga 1890 zuwa 2017 ya ba da rahoton an ƙiyasta raguwar kashi 84 cikin ɗari. Lokacin da aka bincika ta nau'in mazaunin, an gano yanayin ya daidaita a cikin ciyayi da gandun daji a cikin 'yan shekarun nan amma raguwa ya ci gaba a cikin ƙasa An danganta raguwar ta ne sakamakon sauye-sauyen amfani da filaye saboda ingantattun hanyoyin noma wanda ya haifar da raguwar ciyawa. Haɓaka kwanan nan a wasu al'ummomi da aka rubuta a cikin binciken an danganta su da canje-canjen (mai kiyayewa) a cikin kula da ƙasa don haka haɓakar mazaunin da ya dace. Wani rahoto da Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyyar Halitta ta Switzerland ta fitar a watan Afrilun 2019 ya ba da rahoton cewa kashi 60 cikin 100 na ƙwarin da aka yi nazari a Switzerland na cikin haɗari, galibi a wuraren noma da na ruwa; cewa an sami raguwar kashi 60 cikin 100 na tsuntsaye masu cin kwari tun 1990 a yankunan karkara; kuma an bukaci daukar matakin gaggawa don magance musabbabin.
2019 Sánchez-Bayo da Wyckhuys bita Wani bita na 2019 da Francisco Sánchez-Bayo da Kris AG Wyckhuys suka yi a cikin mujallar Kariyar Halittu ta yi nazarin binciken ƙwaro na dogon lokaci guda 73 waɗanda suka nuna raguwa, galibinsu a Amurka da Yammacin Turai. Yayin da aka lura da ƙaruwar yawan jama'a ga wasu nau'in ƙwari a wasu yankuna na musamman, marubutan sun ba da rahoton asarar 2.5% na kwayoyin halitta a kowace shekara. Sun rubuta cewa bita "ya bayyana raguwar raguwar ban mamaki wanda zai iya haifar da bacewar 40% na nau'in kwari a duniya a cikin ƴan shekarun da suka gabata", ƙarshe da aka kalubalanci. Sun lura da gazawar bita, wato binciken ya fi mayar da hankali ne kan rukunin kwari masu shahara (malabari da asu, ƙudan zuma, dodanniya da ƙwaro); An yi kaɗan akan ƙungiyoyi kamar Diptera (ƙuda), Orthoptera (wanda ya haɗa da ciyawa da crickets da Hemiptera (irin su aphids bayanai daga baya wanda za a iya ƙididdige abubuwan da ke faruwa ba su da yawa; kuma bayanan da ke wanzu galibi suna da alaƙa da Yammacin Turai da Arewacin Amurka, tare da tropics da kudancin kogin (manyan wuraren ƙwari) ba su da wakilci. An yi tambaya kan hanyoyin da harshe mai ƙarfi na bita. Mahimman kalmomi da aka yi amfani da su don binciken bayanan wallafe-wallafen kimiyya sune [kwari da [raguwa [bincike], wanda yawanci ya mayar da binciken gano raguwa, ba ƙaruwar ba. Sánchez-Bayo ya amsa cewa kashi biyu bisa uku na binciken da aka yi bitar sun fito ne daga wajen binciken bayanai. David Wagner ya rubuta cewa yawancin bincike sun nuna "babu wani gagarumin canje-canje a cikin lambobin ƙwari ko haɗari", duk da nuna rashin amincewa da "binciken da ba shi da mahimmanci". A cewar Wagner, babban kuskuren takardun shine daidaitawa "40% raguwar yanayin ƙasa ko yawan jama'a daga ƙananan ƙasashe masu yawan jama'a da kusan rabin ko fiye na ƙasarsu a aikin noma zuwa 'kashe kashi 40% na nau'in ƙwari a duniya fiye da yadda ya kamata. shekaru masu zuwa." Ya rubuta cewa bacewar kashi 40 cikin 100 zai kai asarar kusan nau'ikan miliyan 2.8, yayin da kasa da nau'in kwari 100 aka san sun bace. Duk da yake gaskiya ne cewa kwari suna raguwa, ya rubuta, bita ba ta ba da shaida don tabbatar da ƙarshe ba. Sauran sukar sun haɗa da cewa marubutan sun danganta raguwa da wasu barazana ta musamman dangane da nazarin da suka yi bitar, ko da kuwa waɗannan binciken sun nuna kawai barazanar maimakon bayyana su a fili. Masanin ilimin halittu na Biritaniya Georgina Mace ya yarda cewa bitar ba ta da cikakkun bayanai da ake buƙata don tantance halin da ake ciki, amma ta ce yana iya yin la'akari da ƙimar raguwar ƙwari a cikin wurare masu zafi A cikin kimanta tsarin nazarin, edita a cikin Halittar Halittar Duniya ta Duniya ta bayyana cewa, "Binciken wallafe-wallafen marasa son rai har yanzu zai sami raguwa, amma ƙiyasin da aka danganta da wannan hanya ta 'unidirectional' ba ta tabbata ba. Komon et al. an yi la'akari da binciken "mai faɗakarwa ta hanyar mummunan ƙira" saboda da'awar da ba ta da tushe da al'amurran da suka shafi hanyoyin da suka lalata ingantaccen kimiyyar kiyayewa. Sun bayyana abin da ake kira ɓarna a cikin binciken yana wakiltar asarar nau'ikan a takamaiman wurare ko yankuna, kuma bai kamata a fitar da su azaman bacewa a ma'auni mafi girma na yanki. Sun kuma lissafta cewa an yi amfani da nau'ikan IUCN Red List ba daidai ba kamar yadda kwari ba su da wani bayani game da raguwar yanayin da aka rarraba su azaman samun raguwar 30% daga marubutan binciken. Simmons et al. Har ila yau, yana da damuwa game da sharuddan bincike na bita, ra'ayi na yanki, ƙididdige ƙimar ƙarewa, da ƙima mara kyau na direbobi na canjin jama'a yana bayyana yayin da yake "bita mai amfani na raguwar yawan kwari a Arewacin Amirka da Turai, bai kamata a yi amfani da shi azaman shaida ba. yanayin yawan ƙwari na duniya da kuma barazanar."
Rahoton kima na duniya game da bambancin halittu da sabis na muhalli Platform na Kimiyya-Tsarin Manufofin Gwamnati akan Diversity da Sabis na Muhalli ya ba da rahoton kimarta game da bambancin halittun duniya a cikin 2019. Takaitaccen bayaninsa game da rayuwar ƙwari shine "Ba a san yanayin duniya na yawan ƙwari ba amma an sami saurin raguwa a wasu wurare. Sau da yawa ana ba da rahoton raguwar yawan kwari a cikin gida irin su kudan zuma na daji da malam buɗe ido, kuma yawan kwari ya ragu da sauri a wasu wuraren ko da ba tare da an sami sauyi mai yawa na amfanin ƙasa ba, amma ba a san girman irin wannan raguwar a duniya ba. Matsakaicin nau'in ƙwari da ke barazanar bacewa shine babban rashin tabbas, amma akwai shaidun da ke goyan bayan ƙiyasin 10 bisa ɗari."
van Klink et al. 2020 Wani bincike-bincike na 2020 na van Klink da sauransu, wanda aka buga a cikin mujallar Kimiyya, ya gano cewa kwari a duniya suna raguwa da yawa a cikin kusan kashi 9% a cikin shekaru goma, yayin da yawan ƙwari na ruwa ya bayyana yana ƙaruwa da 11. a kowace shekara goma. Binciken ya yi nazarin nazarin dogon lokaci guda 166, wanda ya ƙunshi shafuka 1676 daban-daban a duk faɗin duniya. Ya sami bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin raguwar kwari dangane da yankin marubutan sun ɗauki wannan alamar bege, kamar yadda ya nuna abubuwan gida, gami da ƙoƙarin kiyayewa, na iya yin babban bambanci. Labarin ya bayyana cewa karuwar kwarin na iya kasancewa a wani bangare na ƙoƙarin tsaftace tafkuna da koguna, kana kuma yana iya alaka da dumamar yanayi da bunƙasar samar da kayan aiki na farko sakamakon karuwar kayan abinci mai gina jiki. Duk da haka, zaɓin bayanai da hanyoyin da ke cikin labarin an soki su a cikin haruffa e-wasiku hudu a Kimiyya, wani sharhin fasaha da aka buga a Kimiyya da kuma ra'ayi daya da aka buga a Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Ruwa.
Crossley et al. 2020 A cikin takarda na 2020 a cikin mujallar Nature Ecology Evolution wanda ya yi nazarin ƙwari da sauran arthropods a duk wuraren Binciken Muhalli na Tsawon Lokaci (LTER) a cikin Amurka, marubutan sun sami raguwa, wasu suna ƙaruwa, amma gabaɗaya ƙarancin asara a cikin arthropod yawa ko bambancin. Wannan binciken ya sami ɗan bambanta a wuri, amma gabaɗaya lambobi masu tsayi na kwari. Kamar yadda aka gani a cikin takarda, marubutan ba su yi wani zaɓi na fifiko na arthropod taxa ba. Maimakon haka, sun gwada hasashe cewa idan raguwar arthropod ya kasance mai yawa, za a gano shi a cikin shirye-shiryen kulawa da ba a tsara su ba don neman raguwa. Suna ba da shawarar cewa jimlar adadin kwari sun bambanta amma gabaɗaya ba su nuna wani canji ba. Duk da haka, an soki tsarin labarin a cikin labaran biyu na "Al'amura Tashi" a cikin Halittu Ecology da Juyin Halitta, saboda ya kasa yin la'akari da canje-canje a cikin samfurin wuri da kuma ƙoƙarin samfurin a shafukan LTER da kuma tasirin yanayin gwaji, yana da rashin daidaituwa a cikin tsarin tsarin bayanai kuma ya dogara da ƙarancin ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga.
Tabbataccen shaida Waɗanda suka tuno da alama mafi girman yawan kwari sun bayar da shaida ta ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan a ƙarni na 20. Masanin ilimin halitta Simon Fata ya tuna cewa, a cikin 1970s, tagogin gidajen Yorkshire da ya ziyarta a zagayen takardan safiya da safe za su kasance "an lullube su da asu damisa" wanda hasken gidan ke jan hankali a cikin dare. Asu na damisa a yanzu sun bace sosai daga yankin. Wani labari da masanin muhalli Michael McCarthy ya sake tunawa game da bacewar "haɗarin dusar ƙanƙara asu", abin da aka saba gani a Burtaniya a cikin 1970s da baya. Guguwar dusar ƙanƙara asu ta faru ne lokacin da asu suka taru da yawa da za su iya fitowa kamar guguwa a cikin fitilun mota. Wani bincike na 2019 da Mongabay na masana ilimin halittu 24 da ke aiki a nahiyoyi shida ya gano cewa a kan sikelin 0 zuwa 10, tare da 10 mafi muni, duk masanan kimiyyar sun ƙididdige tsananin raguwar ƙwayar a matsayin tsakanin 8-10. Lamarin da ya faru na gilashin gilashin mota gilashin mota da aka rufe da matattun kwari bayan ko da ɗan gajeren tafiya ta cikin yankunan karkara a Turai da Arewacin Amirka da alama ma sun ɓace; a cikin karni na 21st, direbobi sun gano cewa za su iya tafiya duk lokacin rani ba tare da lura da shi ba. John Rawlins, shugaban invertebrate zoology a Carnegie Museum of Natural History, ya yi hasashe a cikin 2006 cewa ƙarin ƙirar motar motsa jiki na iya bayyana canjin. Masanin ilimin halittu Martin Sorg ya gaya wa Kimiyya a cikin 2017: "Ina tuka Land Rover, tare da yanayin iska na firiji, kuma kwanakin nan yana da tsabta." Rawlins ya kara da cewa, kasa kusa da manyan tituna masu saurin gaske ta zama mafi kyawu don haka ba ta da kyau ga kwari. A shekara ta 2004 kungiyar Royal Society for the Protection of Birds ta shirya babban kididdigar bug, ta ba da "splatometers" ga masu aikin sa kai kimanin 40,000 don taimakawa wajen kirga adadin ƙwarin da ke ƙaro da lambobin su Sun sami matsakaita na ƙwari guda ɗaya a cikin mil 5 (8 km), wanda bai kai yadda ake tsammani ba.
liyafa
Martani A cikin Maris 2019 Chris D. Thomas da sauran masana kimiyya sun rubuta a cikin martani ga tsinkayar "Insectageddon" na Sánchez-Bayo, "muna nuna girmamawa ga cewa lissafin mutuwar kwari na iya zama dan karin gishiri". Sun yi kira da a yi “tunanin haɗin gwiwa” don mayar da martani ga raguwar ƙwari, tare da samun ƙwaƙƙwaran bayanai fiye da yadda ake samu a halin yanzu. Sun yi gargadin cewa yawan mayar da hankali kan rage amfani da magungunan kashe qwari ba zai yi tasiri ba domin ƙwarin sun riga sun haifar da asarar kashi 35 cikin 100 na amfanin gona, wanda zai iya haura zuwa kashi 70 cikin 100 idan ba a yi amfani da magungunan kashe qwari ba. Idan an rama asarar amfanin amfanin gona ta hanyar faɗaɗa ƙasar noma tare da sare bishiyoyi da sauran lalata wuraren zama, zai iya tsananta raguwar kwari. A cikin Burtaniya, masana ilimin halittu 27 da masana ilimin halitta sun sanya hannu kan wata buɗaɗɗiyar wasiƙa zuwa ga The Guardian a cikin Maris 2019, suna kira ga kafa binciken Birtaniyya da su binciki raguwar. Waɗanda suka sanya hannu sun hada da Simon Fata, Stuart Reynolds (tsohon shugaban kungiyar Royal Entomological Society John Krebs da John Lawton (dukansu tsoffin shugabannin Hukumar Binciken Muhalli na Halitta Paul Brakefield, George McGavin, Michael Hassell, Dave Goulson, Richard Harrington (edita). na mujallar Royal Entomological Society, Antenna Kathy Willis da Jeremy Thomas A cikin Afrilun 2019, don mayar da martani ga binciken da aka yi game da raguwar kwari, Carol Ann Duffy ta fitar da ƙasidu da yawa, da kanta da sauransu, don nuna ƙarshen wa'adinta na matsayin mawaƙin Burtaniya da kuma yin daidai da zanga-zangar a wannan watan ta ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kare muhalli. Mawakan sun hada da Fiona Benson, Imtiaz Dharker, Matthew Hollis, Michael Longley, Daljit Nagra, Alice Oswald, da Denise Riley Gudunmawar Duffy ita ce "Kudan zuman Dan Adam".
Hanyoyin magancewa Yawancin yunƙurin duniya na riƙe nau'ikan halittu a matakin ƙasa ana ba da rahoto ga Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a zaman wani ɓangare na Yarjejeniyar Bambancin Halittu Rahotanni yawanci suna bayyana manufofi don hana asarar bambance-bambancen gabaɗaya, kamar adana wuraren zama, maimakon ƙayyadaddun matakan kare takamaiman haraji. Masu yin pollin sune babban keɓanta ga wannan, tare da ƙasashe da yawa suna ba da rahoton ƙoƙarin rage raguwar ƙwari da suke yi.
Bayan 2017 Krefeld da sauran karatu, ma'aikatar muhalli ta Jamus, BMU, ta fara shirin Aiki don Kariyar Kwari Aktionsprogramm Insektenschutz Manufar su sun haɗa da haɓaka wuraren zama na kwari a cikin yanayin noma, da rage amfani da magungunan kashe ƙwari, gurɓataccen haske, da gurɓataccen ƙasa a cikin ƙasa da ruwa. Wani bincike ya nuna cewa abubuwan da suka fi tasiri, wadanda za a iya magance su, su ne asara da gurbacewar muhalli, magungunan kashe kwari, da sauyin yanayi. Ya ba da shawarar kafa manufofi ta hanyar gwamnatoci a kowane mataki a duniya waɗanda ke magance waɗannan ta hanya mai ma'ana. Gane matsayin arthropods
A cikin takarda na 2019, masana kimiyya sun jera bincike 100 da wasu nassoshi da ke nuna cewa kwari na iya taimakawa wajen cimma burin ci gaba mai dorewa (SDG) wanda Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a cikin 2015. Sun bayar da hujjar cewa, ya kamata al'ummar duniya masu tsara manufofinta su ci gaba da sauye-sauye daga ganin kwari a matsayin abokan gaba, zuwa kallon da ake yi wa kwari a matsayin "masu samar da ayyukan muhalli", kuma ya kamata su ci gaba da kallon ƙwari a matsayin "maganin SDGs" (kamar su. amfani da su azaman abinci da sarrafa kwaro na halitta Jama'a a ƙasashe da yawa ba su san fa'idodi da ayyukan da ƙwari ke bayarwa ba, kuma mummunan ra'ayi game da ƙwari ya yaɗu. Gilashin daji
A wani tsiri ne na ƙasar da aka shuka tare da tsaba na nau'in tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire masu rarrafe-da kuma nau'in furanni masu pollinator, yawanci a gefen filin noma, wanda aka yi niyya don ci gaba da ɗimbin halittu na gida, adana ƙwari, maido da tsuntsayen gonaki da kuma magance mummunan sakamakon haɓaka aikin noma. Rage amfani da magungunan kashe ƙwari
Bayan dakatar da asarar wurin zama da rarrabuwa da iyakance canjin yanayi, ana buƙatar rage amfani da magungunan kashe qwari don kiyaye yawan kwari. An gano magungunan kashe qwari da nisa daga tushen aikace-aikacensu da kuma wajabcin kawar da amfani da magungunan kashe ƙwari da doka ta ba da izini, da kuma rage yawan amfani da magungunan kashe qwari, na iya amfanar ƙwari sosai. Matakan da suka danganci abinci noma na iya zama mafita. Lambu da ilimi
Ƙungiyar Entomological Society of America ta ba da shawarar cewa mutane suna kula da bambancin tsire-tsire a cikin lambunansu kuma su bar "mazauni na halitta, kamar ganyayen ganye da matattun itace". Ƙungiyar Xerces ƙungiya ce ta muhalli ta Amurka wacce ke yin haɗin gwiwa tare da hukumomin tarayya da na jihohi, masana kimiyya, masu ilimi, da ƴan ƙasa don haɓaka kiyaye invertebrates, bincike mai amfani, bayar da shawarwari, wayar da kan jama'a da ilimi. Ayyukan da ke ci gaba da gudana sun haɗa da gyara wuraren zama ga nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari, wayar da kan jama'a game da mahimmancin masu yin pollin na asali, da maido da kiyaye magudanan ruwa. Sun kasance suna yin ƙidayar godiya ta Sarkin Yamma wanda ya haɗa da lura daga masu sa kai tsawon shekaru 22.
An ba da shawarar cewa "Saboda kwari da yawa suna buƙatar ɗan sarari don tsira, har ma da juzu'in juzu'i na lawns zuwa ciyayi kaɗan da ke damun ciyayi ka ce 10% na iya ba da gudummawa sosai ga kiyayewar ƙwari, yayin da lokaci guda rage farashin kiyaye lawn".
An ba da shawarar ƙarin ɗaukar hoto.
Yankunan maƙewa
Yankunan da ke kewaye da wuraren ajiyar yanayi inda aka rage amfani da magungunan kashe qwari an ba da shawarar shigar da su cikin matakan kariya. Masana kimiyya da suka ba da shawarar wannan matakin sun gudanar da wani bincike na fage a Jamus kuma sun gano cewa samfuran kwari a waɗannan yankuna sun gurɓata da 16 magungunan kashe ƙwari a matsakaici, daidai da yankin da ake noman noma a cikin radius na kilomita 2.
Rushewar nazarin ƙwari Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da binciken da aka yi a cikin raguwa ya iyakance shi ne cewa ilimin ilimin halitta da ilimin lissafi suna cikin raguwa. A taron 2019 Entomology Congress, babban masanin ilimin halitta Jürgen Gross ya ce "mu kanmu nau'in halittu ne" yayin da Wolfgang Wägele ƙwararre kan ilimin dabbobi ya ce "a cikin jami'o'in mun yi asarar kusan dukkanin masana". Gabaɗaya darussan nazarin halittu a kwaleji suna ba da kulawa ga kwari, kuma adadin masanan ilimin halitta waɗanda ke ƙware a ilimin halittar ɗan adam yana raguwa yayin da ƙwarewa kamar ilimin halittar jini ke haɓaka. Bugu da kari, binciken da ke gudanar da bincike kan koma bayan da aka yi ana yin shi ne ta hanyar tattara ƙwari da kashe su cikin tarko, wanda ke haifar da matsalar da'a ga masu kiyayewa.
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu "Shaidar baka: Lafiyar Duniya, HC 1803" Kwamitin Zaɓar Muhalli, House of Commons (Birtaniya), 12 Fabrairu 2019.
"Zum Insektenbestand in Deutschland: Reaktionen von Fachpublikum und Verbänden auf eine neue Studie" Wissenschaftliche Dienste, Deutscher Bundestag (Majalisar dokokin Jamus), 13 Nuwamba 2017.
9781324006602 Halitta
Halittu
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
51070 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20a%20Eritrea | Hakkin Ɗan Adam a Eritrea | Ana kallon 'yancin ɗan adam a Eritrea, kamar na shekarar 2020s, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) irin su Human Rights Watch a matsayin mafi muni a duniya, musamman game da 'yancin 'yan jarida. Eritrea kasa ce mai jam'iyya daya wadda a cikinta aka dage zaben 'yan majalisu na kasa akai-akai, bangaren shari'a yana da rauni, kuma har yanzu ba a cika aiwatar da tanade-tanaden kundin tsarin mulki da ke kare 'yancin mutum daya ba. Wasu kasashen yammacin duniya, musamman Amurka, na zargin gwamnatin Eritrea da kamawa da tsare mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma tsare wasu mutane da ba a san adadinsu ba, ba tare da tuhumarsu da fafutukarsu na siyasa ba. Bugu da ƙari, ƴan ƙasar Eritriya, maza da mata, ana tilasta musu shiga aikin soja tare da tsawan aiki mara iyaka kuma ana amfani da su azaman aikin tilastawa Gwamnatin Eritrea ta ci gaba da yin watsi da zarge-zargen da cewa na da alaka da siyasa. A matsayin wani yunƙuri na yin gyare-gyare, jami'an gwamnatin Eritrea da wakilan ƙungiyoyin sa-kai sun halarci tarurrukan jama'a da tattaunawa da dama. Wani sabon yunkuri mai suna Citizens for Democratic Rights a Eritrea, wanda ke da nufin samar da tattaunawa tsakanin gwamnati da 'yan adawa, an kafa shi a farkon shekara ta 2009.
Dubawa Eritrea kasa ce mai jam’iyya daya wacce a cikinta aka dage zaben ‘yan majalisar dokokin kasa akai-akai, kuma ana daukar tarihin hakkin dan Adam a cikin mafi muni a duniya. Tun bayan rikicin Eritiriya da Habasha a shekarun 1998–2001, rikon kare hakkin dan Adam na Eritrea ya kara tabarbarewa. Ana yawan take haƙƙin ɗan adam daga gwamnati ko a madadin gwamnati. 'Yancin fadin albarkacin baki, jarida, taro, da taro sun iyakance. Ana kama waɗanda suke bin addinan “marasa rajista”, suna ƙoƙarin tserewa daga ƙasar, ko kuma su guje wa aikin soja kuma ana saka su a kurkuku. A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Amnesty, Eritriya na daya daga cikin kasashen da suka fi fuskantar danniya a duniya. A cikin ’yan shekarun nan, an sami ƙarin matakan hana masu ibada yin ibadarsu. Wasu daga cikin waɗanda aka fi tuhumar su ne Shaidun Jehobah, da kuma ’yan ikilisiyoyin bishara. Gwamnatin Eritrea ta rufe majami'unsu, kuma ta tsananta wa membobin ikilisiyoyi da dama. Bayan ’yancin kai, gwamnatin Shugaba Isaias Afwerki ta hana Shaidun Jehobah duk wani hakki na musamman. Babu memba da zai iya samun kowane taimakon gwamnati, ko amfani da kowane sabis na gwamnati. Ba a yarda Shaidun Jehovah su sami katin shaida na ƙasa ba, idan ba tare da wanda ba a yarda su saka hannu a fagen siyasa da zamantakewa na Eritrea. Katin shaida na ƙasa yana ba ƴan ƙasa damar shiga rayuwar yau da kullum, da kuma mu'amala da gwamnati ko wata cibiyar kuɗi. Gwamnati ta soma ƙyale ’yan’uwan Shaidun Jehobah su yi imaninsu a cikin gidansu ba bisa ƙa’ida ba. Har yanzu an hana su gudanar da aiki a duk wani fili na jama'a. Iyalai da dama sun tsere daga kasar don neman mafaka a kasashen waje saboda yawan zalunci da dauri. A cewar Amnesty International, a halin yanzu akwai iyalai 250 da suka bar Eritrea domin neman mafaka a kasashen waje. Ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin ɗan adam na cikin gida da na ƙasa da ƙasa ba a yarda su yi aiki a Eritrea. Addinai masu rijista, tushen ƙidayar jama'a sune Cocin Orthodox Tewahedo Church (ɗariƙar miaphysite Oriental Orthodox), Cocin Roman Katolika, Ikilisiyar Lutheran Eritrea, da Sunni Islama. Ana tsananta wa duk wasu addinai, ciki har da wasu ƙungiyoyin Islama, kamar Shi'a, da sauran ƙungiyoyin Kiristanci, kamar kowace ɗariƙar Furotesta da yawa (ban da Cocin Lutheran na Eritrea) da kuma Shaidun Jehovah. An bai wa dukkanin mabiya addinin Kirista ’yancin yin ibada har zuwa shekara ta 2002 lokacin da gwamnati ta haramta ibada da taro a wajen ‘yan darikar ‘rejista’. Ikklisiyoyi masu bishara a Eritrea sun kasance wasu ƙungiyoyin addini da aka fi tsananta wa. Don ƙungiyoyin addini su shiga kuma su aiwatar da imaninsu cikin yanci dole ne su nemi rajista tare da Sashen Harkokin Addini. Gwamnati ta kwace coci-coci da gine-ginen addini da dama. A shekara ta 2003, an sami rikodi da aka kama da aka yi wa ’yan cocin bishara. Jami’an tsaro na zuwa wuraren tarurrukan addini ko bukukuwan aure daban-daban don gudanar da kamun ludayin jama’a, “’Yan sanda sun ware bukukuwan aure na addini a cikin gidaje a matsayin wani lokaci don tattara masu imani. Ya zama al’ada ga gwamnati ta sa mabiyan su yi watsi da imaninsu: “An matsa wa fursunonin ne ta hanyar azabtarwa ko kuma musguna musu, tare da barazanar tsare su har abada, su sa hannu kan takardar amincewa da wasu sharuɗɗan sakin, kamar kada su halarci addini. tarurruka. An ba da rahoton cewa an tilasta wa wasu su yi watsi da imaninsu kuma sun yarda su koma Cocin Orthodox.” Yawancin wadannan fursunonin addini an sha fuskantar shari'a a asirce da kuma hukuncin dauri a asirce. Kawo yanzu dai ba a san dalilin da ya sa ‘yan ta’adda a coci-coci ba, kamar yadda kungiyar kare hakkin bil’adama ta Amnesty International ta ce, “ci gaba da murkushe kungiyoyin addini marasa rinjaye, gwamnati ba ta taba yin hakan ba amma da alama tana da alaka da matakin da gwamnati ta dauka kan matasa masu kokarin kaucewa soji. aikin yi". Ana yawan azabtar da fursunonin addini a Eritrea. 'Yancin gudanar da ibada na daya daga cikin manyan dalilan da dubban 'yan kasar Eritriya suka fice daga kasar. Akwai dubban 'yan Eritrea a Habasha, Sudan, Isra'ila, Turai da kuma Yamma suna neman mafaka. 'Yancin fadin albarkacin baki da 'yan jarida suna da matukar tauyewa yayin da ake tauye 'yancin yin taro, kungiyoyi, motsi da kuma addini. Baya ga adawar siyasa, kafafen yada labarai kuma su ne abin da gwamnatin ta ke kaiwa hari. A shekara ta 2001, an daure 'yan jarida goma sha uku saboda goyon bayansu ga ministocin da suka nuna adawa. Daga cikin su, Fesshaye Yohannes ya mutu a ranar 11 ga watan Janairu, 2007, a gidan yarin Eiraeiro da ke arewa maso gabashin kasar. Baya ga ‘yan jarida, an daure daruruwan ‘yan siyasa da sojoji. A shekara ta 2015, rahoton hukumar ta UNHRC mai shafuka 500 ya yi cikakken bayani kan zarge-zargen kisan gilla, azabtarwa, yi wa kasa hidima na tsawon lokaci ba da jimawa ba da kuma aikin tilastawa, ya kuma nuna cewa cin zarafin mata, fyade da kuma tsawaita aikin lalata da jami'an jihar ke yi. The Guardian ta buga rahoton r na 'yawan cin zarafin bil'adama "a kan iyaka da ma'auni da ba kasafai ake shaidawa a wani wuri ba". Majalisar ta kuma tabbatar da cewa wannan cin zarafi na iya zama laifukan cin zarafin bil adama. Barbara Lochbihler, ta kwamitin kula da kare hakkin bil adama na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai, ta ce rahoton ya yi cikakken bayani game da ''mummunan take hakkin dan Adam', kuma ya nuna cewa ba za a ci gaba da ba da tallafin da EU ke bayarwa don raya kasa a halin yanzu ba tare da sauyi a Eritrea ba. Ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Eritiriya ta mayar da martani inda ta bayyana rahoton na hukumar a matsayin "zargin daji" wanda sam sam ba su da tushe balle makama. A wata sanarwa da mai baiwa shugaban kasar Eritiriya shawara Yemane Gebreab ya fitar ta zargi kwamitin da kasancewa mai "bangare daya gaba daya", ta kuma nuna cewa "Eritirea ta yi watsi da zargin siyasa da rashin tushe da kuma shawarwarin da kungiyar COI ta bayar. Ya yi imanin cewa harin da ba shi da tushe ba wai kawai kan Eritrea ba, har ma da Afirka da kasashe masu tasowa." Rahoton Hukumar Binciken (CoI) ya dogara ne kan shaidar wasu mutane 833 da ba a san sunansu ba da ake zargin 'yan Eritrea ne. Dangane da haka, wani adadi mai yawa na al'ummar Eritiriya sun yi watsi da rahoton kwamitin bincike. 'Yan Eritriya 230,000 ne suka sanya hannu kan takardar korafe-korafe kan takardar sannan 'yan Eritrea 45,000 ne suka bayar da shaidar kare Eritrea, wanda bai bayyana a cikin rahoton ba. 'Yan Eritrea 850 sun nemi da su gabatar da kansu don bayyana kansu a Geneva kuma su ba da shaidarsu ga UNHRC a kan takardar. Bugu da kari, sama da 'yan Eritrea 10,000 ne suka yi zanga-zangar adawa da rahoton a Geneva. Kasashe da dama kuma sun yi watsi da kalaman batanci na rahoton, musamman Amurka da China. A wani taron da aka tsara, jami’in diflomasiyyar Amurka Eric Richardson ya ce takardar Eritiriya ba ta da “tsaro da daidaito” kamar yadda rahoton Koriya ta Arewa da Amurka ba za su iya tallafawa harshen rubutun ba tare da yin kwaskwarima ba. Bugu da kari, mai baiwa shugaban kasar Eritiriya shawara Yemane, ya zargi Habasha da "wasu munanan laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama da kisan kiyashin da ake yi wa al'ummarta", yana mai cewa babban abin mamaki ne yadda Habasha za ta iya amfani da majalisar wajen ganin an amince da kudurin kan Eritrea. Tun bayan rikicin Eritriya da Habasha a shekarun 1998-2001, al'amuran kare hakkin bil'adama na kasar na fuskantar suka a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Ana zargin gwamnati ko kuma a madadin gwamnati na aikata laifukan take hakkin ɗan adam. 'Yancin fadin albarkacin baki, jarida, taro, da ƙulla sun iyakance. Ana kama waɗanda suke bin addinan “marasa rajista”, suna ƙoƙarin tserewa daga ƙasar, ko kuma su guje wa aikin soja kuma ana saka su a kurkuku. A lokacin gwagwarmayar neman ‘yancin kai na Eritiriya, hukumomin Habasha sun tafka ta’asa da dama a kan fararen hular Eritriya marasa makami (maza, mata da yara). Kusan, sojojin Habasha sun kashe fararen hula 90,000 na Eritrea. A lokacin yakin Eritriya da Habasha na shekarar 1998, gwamnatin EPRDF ta kuma kori tare da kwace kadarorin 'yan Eritrea da Habasha 77,000 masu zaman kansu. Yawancin 'yan Eritrea da Habasha 77,000 'yan asalin Eritriya an yi la'akari da su da kyau ta yanayin rayuwar Habasha. An kore su ne bayan an kwace musu kayansu. Duk 'yan Eritriya masu shekaru 18-40 dole ne su kammala aikin aikin ƙasa na wajibi, wanda ya haɗa da aikin soja. Tsakanin daliban manyan makarantu 10,000 zuwa 25,000 ne ke shafe shekara ta 12 na karatu a daya daga cikin sansanonin masu yi wa kasa hidima, wanda ya fi shahara shi ne sansanin da ke kusa da Sawa. An aiwatar da wannan hidimar ta kasa ne bayan da Eritrea ta samu 'yancin kai daga Habasha, a matsayin hanyar kariya daga duk wata barazana ga Eritriya, da sanya girman kan kasa, da samar da al'umma masu tarbiyya. Hidimar kasa ta Eritiriya na bukatar dogon lokaci, na wa’adin shiga aikin soja, wanda wasu ‘yan Eritriya ke barin kasar domin gujewa. Rahoton Human Rights Watch na watan Agusta na shekarar 2019 ya yi ikirarin cewa makarantar sakandare ta Eritrea ta tilasta wa dalibai shiga aikin soja ko na gwamnati da ba su da iyaka kuma da yawa sun tsere daga kasar saboda wannan. Kungiyar ta bayyana tsarin ilimi na Eritriya a matsayin na'urar daukar ma'aikata da ke cin zarafi ga dalibai da suka hada da azabtarwa, matsananciyar yanayin aiki da rashin isasshen albashi don tallafawa iyalansu. A watan Yunin 2022, wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan kare hakkin bil'adama a kasar Eritrea, Mohamed Abdelsalam Babiker, ya fitar da wani rahoto yana mai suka game da tabarbarewar yanayin 'yancin dan Adam a kasar. Daga cikin laifukan da aka yi rikodin, shigar da sojoji tilas, kamawa ba bisa ka'ida ba, bacewar da azabtarwa sun kasance ruwan dare. Rahoton ya kuma shafi shigar kasar Eritrea a yakin da ake yi da makamai a kasar Habasha. An yi garkuwa da 'yan gudun hijirar Eritrea da ke sansanonin Habasha tare da tilasta musu fada.
Gyaran baya Jami'an gwamnatin Eritrea da wakilan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun halarci tarurrukan jama'a da tattaunawa da dama. A cikin waɗannan zaman sun amsa tambayoyi masu mahimmanci kamar, "Mene ne 'yancin ɗan adam?" "Wane ne ke ƙayyade menene haƙƙin ɗan adam?", da "Me ya kamata a gabaci, haƙƙin ɗan adam ko na gama gari?" A shekara ta 2007, gwamnatin Eritrea ta hana yi wa mata kaciya. Majalisun yanki da shugabannin addini suma suna ci gaba da nuna rashin amincewarsu da yin amfani da yankan mata. Sun ambaci abubuwan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya da ’yancin kai a matsayin abin da ya fi damunsu lokacin da suka faɗi haka. Bugu da ƙari, suna roƙon mutanen karkara da su yi watsi da wannan tsohuwar al'ada. A farkon shekara ta 2009, an kafa wani sabon yunkuri mai suna Citizens for Democratic Rights a Eritrea da nufin samar da tattaunawa tsakanin gwamnati da 'yan adawa a farkon shekara ta 2009. Kungiyar ta kunshi talakawan kasa da wasu makusantan gwamnati. An kaddamar da wannan yunkuri ne a wani taro na kwanaki biyu a birnin Landan, bayan yunkurin tattaunawa da aka yi a baya ya ci tura.
Freedom House An dauki Eritrea "ba 'yanci ba" bisa ga Freedom House Freedom a cikin rahoton 2022 na Duniya, wanda ya yi scoring 1/40 akan 'yancin siyasa da 2/60 akan 'yancin jama'a.
Yanayin Tarihi Mai zuwa shine ginshiƙi na ƙimar Eritrea tun a shekarar 1993 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". 1
Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya Matsayin Eritiriya game da yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa sune kamar haka:
Duba kuma 'Yancin aikin jarida a Eritrea
'Yancin addini a Eritrea
Fataucin mutane a Eritrea
Refoule na 'yan gudun hijirar Eritrea
Hakkin LGBT a Eritrea
Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam Kan Eritrea
Siyasar Eritrea
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
53477 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ee | Ee | Ee ko Eh na iya komawa zuwa:
Ingantacciyar barbashi a cikin harshen Ingilishi; gani eh kuma a'a
Ilimi YES Prep Public Schools, Houston, Texas, US
Matasa Eisner Scholars, a Los Angeles, New York City, Chicago, da Appalachia, Amurka
Matasan Masana Ilimin Cutar Kwalara, Amurka
Fasaha Ee (Unix), umarni don fitar da "y" ko kirtani akai-akai
Philips: EE, kwamfutar gida ce ta 1985
Ee! Roadster motar motsa jiki ta Jamus
Sufuri Yasuj tashan jirgin sama, Iran, IATA Airport code
YES Airways, daga baya OLT Express, Poland
Ƙungiya Yale Entrepreneurial Society, Amurka
EE. Allon kankara
A YES! Ƙungiya ƙungiyar masu fasahar Sweden
Matasa Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na ECOSY
Shirin Ƙarfafa Matasa, ƙungiyar agajin yara, Belfast, Ireland ta Arewa
Kungiyar Matasa Makamashi
YES (Lithuania)
Adabi <i id="mwOQ">Ee!</i> (Mujallar Hong Kong)
<i id="mwPA">Ee!</i> (mujallar Amurka) Mujallar ta mai da hankali kan adalci da dorewar zamantakewa
<i id="mwPw">Ee!</i> (mujallar Philippine) mujallar showbiz-daidaitacce
<i id="mwQg">Ee</i> (labari), labari na 1978 na Thomas Bernhard
Ee: Tafiya na Ba Mai yiwuwa zuwa Babban Taron WrestleMania, na Bryan Danielson, wanda kuma aka sani da Daniel Bryan
Fim, talabijin da rediyo <i id="mwSg">Ee</i> (fim), fim ɗin 2004 na Sally Potter
a (kamfanin), mai ba da talabijin na tauraron dan adam na Isra'ila
YES Network, Yankees Entertainment and Sports Network
Ee TV, tsarin talabijin na addini na Kanada
Gidan rediyo WTKN, tsohon Ee 94.5, gidan rediyo a Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, Amurka,
YES 933, gidan rediyon Singapore
Kiɗa
Ƙungiyoyi Ee (band), Harshen dutsen ci gaba na Ingilishi
Ee Featuring Jon Anderson, Trevor Rabin, Rick Wakeman, wani spinoff na wannan band
Mawaka da masu aiki Ee, a 1928 libretto na Maurice Yvain
Kundin <i id="mwaA">Ee</i> Kundi Eh), ta rock band Ee, 1969
Kundin Ee, ta band rock Ee, 1971
<i id="mwbg">Ee</i> (Alvin Slaughter album)
<i id="mwcQ">Ee!</i> (Album na Chad Brock)
<i id="mwdA">Ee!</i> (Jason Mraz album) 2014
<i id="mwdw">Ee!</i> (k-os album), 2009
<i id="mweg">Ee</i> (Mika Nakashima album)
<i id="mwfQ">Ee</i> (Albam na Morphine), 1995
<i id="mwgA">Ee</i> (Albam din Pet Shop Boys), 2009
<i id="mwgw">Ee!</i> (Albam Village) 2015
Ee!, kundin gargajiya na Julie Fuchs 2015
Ee LA, 1979 Punk rock compilation EP
<i id="mwjA">Ee.</i> (EP) 2021 EP ta Golden Child
Wakoki "Ee" (Fat Joe, Cardi B da Anuel AA song), 2019
Ee (Ben da Tan song), 2020
"Iya!" (Chad Brock song) 2000
"I" (Coldplay song), 2008
"Ee" (LMFAO song), 2009
"I" (McAlmont & Butler song), 1995
"I" (Sam Feldt song), 2017
"Iya!" da Amber, 2002
"Ee", na Beyoncé, daga Haɗari cikin Ƙauna, 2003
"I", by Billy Swan, 1983
"Ee", na Black Sheep (ƙungiyar), 1991
"I", na Connie Cato, 1975
"Ee", na Craig Davis daga 22, 2022
"Ee", na Demi Lovato, daga Confident, 2015
"Ee", ta The Family, 1985
"I", by Grapefruit, 1968
"Ee", na Jay & The Americans, 1962
"Ee", na Johnny Sandon And The Remo Four, 1963
"I", by Karl Wolf feat. Super Sako, Deena, Fito Blanko, 2019
"Ee!", na Kyle (mawaƙin), 2020
"YES", by Louisa Johnson feat. 2 Janairu, 2018
"I", na Manic Street Preachers, daga Littafi Mai Tsarki, 1994
"Ee", by Merry Clayton, 1987 (daga Dirty Dancing film soundtrack)
"Ee", na Pet Shop Boys, 2009
"I", na Tim Moore, 1985
"Ee", daga operetta Maurice Yvain na 1928, <i id="mwyA">Ee</i>
Sauran amfani Ee Ee Ee (doki), Dokin tseren tseren Ostiraliya
Duba kuma Duka shafindaya fara da Ee Ee |
51279 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufuri%20a%20Senegal | Sufuri a Senegal | Wannan muƙalar ta na bayyana tsarin sufuri a Senegal, na jama'a da masu zaman kansu. Wannan tsarin ya ƙunshi tituna, sufurin jirgin ƙasa, sufurin Jirgin ruwa, da sufurin jiragen sama.
Hanyoyi Tsarin tituna a Senegal yana da yawa bisa ka'idojin yammacin Afirka, tare da shimfidar titunan da suka isa kowane lungu na kasar da dukkan manyan garuruwa.
Manyan tituna na duniya Dakar ita ce ƙarshen hanyoyi guda uku a cikin hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta Trans-African Highway. Wadannan su ne kamar haka:
Babban titin Alkahira zuwa Dakar wanda ya ratsa gefen sahara
Babban titin Dakar-Ndjamena wanda ya haɗu da ƙasashen Sahel, wanda kuma ake kira babbar hanyar Trans-Sahelian.
Babban titin Dakar-Lagos da ke tafiya a gabar tekun yammacin Afirka kuma kungiyar raya tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta kira babbar hanyar gabar tekun Trans-West Africa (ko da yake ECOWAS na ganin wannan hanyar za ta fara ne a birnin Nouakchott na kasar Mauritania).
Hanyar sadarwa ta Senegal tana da alaka ta kut-da-kut da ta Gambiya, tun da mafi guntuwar hanyar tsakanin gundumomin kudu maso yamma a daya bangaren da yamma ta tsakiya da arewa maso yammacin kasar ta Gambia.
Hanyoyin mota Hanya guda daya tilo da ke aiki a Senegal a halin yanzu tana aiki na 34 km. tsakanin Dakar da Diamniadio, kuma babbar hanyar mota ce. Wani sabon yanki na babbar hanyar, na 16.5 km. A halin yanzu ana kan ginawa, wanda zai isa filin jirgin sama na Blaise Diagne Wani sashi na 50 km. Har ila yau, ana gina shi, yana haɗa filin jirgin sama zuwa Thiès; kuma 115 km. shimfiɗa daga Thiès zuwa Touba, makoma ta ƙarshe na hanyar da aka tsara, za a fara aikin ginin nan gaba kaɗan.
Hanyoyin kasa Manyan tituna a Senegal an riga an sanya su "N" kuma an ƙidaya su daga 1 zuwa 7:
N1 Dakar Mbour Fatick Kaolack Tambacounda Kidira Mali N2 Pout Thiès Louga St-Louis Richard Toll Ouro Sogui Kidira Mali N3 Wannan Diourbel Touba Linguère Ouro Sogui
N4 Kaolack Hanyar Trans-Gambia Bignona Ziguinchor Guinea-Bissau N5 Bignona Diouloulou Gambia Sokone Kaolack
N6 Tambacounda Vélingara Kolda Ziguinchor Guinea-Bissau N7 Ouro Sogui Tambacounda Niokolo-Koba Kédougou Guinea
Hanyoyin yanki R20, R21, R22
R30, R31, R32
R60, R61
R70
Manyan al'amura Hadarin motar bas ta Senegal (2023)
Layin dogo jimla: 906 km gauge: 906 km da 1,000 mm
Taswirori Taswirar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Sufurin kasa An kiyasta kimanin 4,271 kilomita 10,305 na titin da aka shimfida kilomita na hanyoyin da ba a buɗe ba tun daga 1996.
Tasi (baƙar rawaya ko shuɗi-rawaya mai launi) suna da arha, da yawa kuma ana samun su a ko'ina cikin Dakar. Yana da al'adar da yin shawarwari game da farashi tunda yawancin mita da aka sanya a cikin tasi sun lalace ko sun ɓace. Don tafiya a wajen Dakar, ana samun jigilar jama'a amma galibi ba abin dogaro bane da rashin jin daɗi.
Hanyoyin ruwa 897 km duka; 785 km a kan kogin Senegal, da 112 km akan kogin Saloum.
Tashoshi da tashar jiragen ruwa Dakar railhead
Kaolack, Matam, Podor, Richard Toll, Saint-Louis, Ziguinchor
Dakar na da daya daga cikin manyan tashoshin ruwa masu zurfi a gabar tekun Afirka ta Yamma. Tsarinsa mai zurfi da tashar shiga tashar tana ba da damar yin amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa kowane lokaci. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu sun haɗa da jigilar jiragen ruwa da tashoshi masu saukarwa, tashar kwantena mai ɗaukar nauyin 3000 daidai da ƙafa 20, tashar hatsi da tashar kamun kifi, tashar phosphate da aka keɓe da kuma wurin gyaran jirgi mai zaman kansa. Wurin tashar jiragen ruwa a iyakar yammacin Afirka, a mararrabar manyan hanyoyin tekun da ke haɗa Turai da Kudancin Amirka, ya sa ta zama tashar jiragen ruwa ta dabi'a ga kamfanonin jigilar kaya. Jimlar zirga-zirgar jigilar kayayyaki ta kai tan miliyan 10.
filayen jiragen sama Akwai kimanin filayen jirgin sama 20 a shekarar 1999. Blaise Diagne International Airport a Diass ya zama cibiyar yankin. An haɗa Dakar zuwa biranen Afirka da yawa ta hanyar jirgin sama, kuma jirage na yau da kullun na zuwa Turai. Delta Air Lines yana tashi kullun zuwa /daga Atlanta/Dakar/Johannesburg. Jirgin na Afirka ta Kudu yana tashi kullum zuwa New York da Washington, DC daga Johannesburg ta Dakar. Tsohuwar filin jirgin sama na Léopold Sédar Senghor da ke Dakar yanzu ya kasance a matsayin tashar kaya kawai.
Duba kuma Senegal
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
11214 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youcef%20Bela%C3%AFli | Youcef Belaïli | Mohamed Youcef Belaïli an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Maris shekara ta alif 1992) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Aljeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin winger na hagu don ƙungiyar Brest ta Ligue 1 da kuma tawagar ƙasar Algeria.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Belaili a ranar 14 ga Maris din shekarar 1992 a Oran. Ya fara wasa a matsayi na matasa tare da RCG Oran sannan kuma tare da MC Oran.
Aikin kulob/ƙungiya
Farkon tafiya, sannan zuwa Espérance de Tunis Youcef Belaïli ya fara wasan kwallon kafa da RCG Oran, sannan ya koma kungiyar ajiyar MC Oran, Belaïli kakarsa ta farko a gasar Division 1 ta kasance tare da CA Bordj Bou Arreridj, kuma wasansa na farko ya kasance a ranar 6 ga Maris din shekarar 2010 da MC El Eulma a matsayin maimakon, kuma bayan kakar wasa daya kacal, Belaïli ya koma MC Oran na yanayi biyu. A farkon kakar wasa, Belaïli ya fara bayyana kansa kuma burinsa na farko shine a kan USM Alger a ranar 27 ga Nuwamban Shekarar 2010, kuma a cikin kakar wasa ta biyu Belaïli ya zama muhimmin wani yanki kuma kungiyoyi da yawa a ciki da wajen kasar ke bukata. A ranar 24 ga Mayu 2012, Belaïli ya tafi Tunisiya don tattaunawa game da tafiya zuwa kulob din Tunisiya na Espérance de Tunis. Bayan kwanaki biyu, ya sanar da cewa ya amince da yarjejeniyar sirri da kungiyar kuma zai rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa. A ranar 5 ga Yuni, Belaïli ya koma Espérance bisa a hukumance, inda ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku na Yuro miliyan 2. A ranar 20 ga Yuli, Belaïli ya fara bugawa Espérance a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin ASO Chlef a matakin rukuni na 2012 CAF Champions League. A minti na 77 Belaïli ya ci bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida sannan kuma ya taimaka wa Yannick N'Djeng a lokacin da ya ji rauni a taimakawa Esperance ta lashe wasan. kuma duk da zuwansa a karshen wasan. 2011-12 kakar kuma ya buga wasanni uku kawai, amma ya lashe kambu na farko a tarihinsa kuma shine Tunisiya Ligue Professionnelle 1.
Komawa Algeria kuma CAF ta dakatar da ita A ranar 14 ga Yuni 2014, Belaïli ya shiga USM Alger a kwangilar shekaru biyu a albashi na kowane wata na dinari miliyan 5 a matsayin mafi girman albashi a cikin Aljeriya Ligue Professionnelle 1. Belaïli ya kasance daya daga cikin tauraro saboda kwarewarsa ta fasaha kuma ya jagoranci kungiyar zuwa ga nasara musamman a karawar da suka yi da JS Kabylie inda ya zura kwallo a ragar kungiyar a mintunan karshe a wasan da aka yi rashin nasara sakamakon rasuwar dan wasan Albert Ebossé. Bodjongo wanda wani makami da wani da ba a san ko wanene ba ya jefa a kai a lokacin da kungiyoyin ke barin filin. Belaïli saboda ya gwada tabbatacce ga Cocaine a lokacin anti-doping iko da za'ayi a lokacin wasan da MC El Eulma a kan 7 Agusta 2015 kirgawa ga CAF Champions League. Hukumar kwallon kafar Afirka ta dakatar da shi na tsawon shekaru hudu, kwantiraginsa da USM Alger ya kare a farke. A ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamban 2016 ne kotun sauraren kararrakin wasanni da ke Lausanne ta sanar da cewa ta yanke hukuncin rage hukuncin daurin Blaili zuwa shekaru biyu, inda ta kara da cewa dan wasan ya sha taba Hookah kwana biyu gabanin wasan ba tare da sanin abin da ke cikinsa ba, inda ta ce bai aikata laifin ba. duk wani kuskure ko gafala mai gani. Bayan shekara guda, Belaïli ya shiga Angers SCO a Ligue 1 amma kwarewar ba ta yi nasara ba yayin da ya buga wasa daya kawai a Coupe de la Ligue.
Tafiya zuwa Gulf sannan kuma zuwa Turai A kan 26 Janairu 2018, Belaïli ya yanke shawarar barin ya koma tsohon kulob dinsa na Esperance de Tunis. Komawarsa ta samu nasara bisa dukkan ka'idoji kuma ya kasance a bayan komawarsa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya, ko dai a matakin lakabi ya lashe biyar daga cikinsu ciki har da lakabi biyu a jere a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta CAF. Bayan lashe gasar cin kofin Afrika da tawagar kasar. Belaïli ya yanke shawarar daukar sabon gogewa a wannan karon tare da Al Ahli na Saudi Arabia na tsawon yanayi uku a yarjejeniyar da ta wuce dala miliyan uku. amma bai yi nasara ba saboda bai dace da wurin ba don yanke shawarar barin shiga maƙwabcin Qatar SC A can Belaïli ya samu abubuwansa inda ya zura kwallaye 13 ciki har da hat-trick da ya zura a ragar Al-Ahli wanda shi ne na farko a fagen kwallon kafa. A gasar cin kofin kasashen Larabawa ta FIFA da kuma bayan kammala wasan da Morocco, mahaifin Youcef Belaïli, wanda shi ne manajansa, ya sanar da dakatar da kwantiragin ta hanyar amincewar juna.
Ayyukan kasa
Matasa An kira Belaili a Aljeriya U23 don shiga gasar UNAF U-23 na 2010. A ranar 13 ga Disamba, 2010, ya zura kwallo a raga a minti na 54 a kan Kamaru U23. A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2011, an zabe shi a matsayin wani bangare na tawagar Algeria a gasar cin kofin CAF U-23 na 2011 a Morocco.
Babban Belaili ya kasance babban memba a cikin 'yan wasan Algeria da suka lashe gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2019.
A cikin shekarar 2021, Belaili ya kasance cikin jerin 'yan wasan da za su taka leda a gasar cin kofin Larabawa ta FIFA ta 2021 a Qatar. A wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe da Morocco Belaili ya zura kwallo a raga daga yadi 40 a cikin karin lokacin da ya ba kungiyarsa tazarar maki 2-1. A wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe da Qatar Belaili ya zura kwallo ta biyu a bugun fenareti bayan mintuna 15 na raunin da ya samu wanda hakan ya sa Aljeriya ta samu gurbin zuwa wasan karshe.
Haramta yin amfani da kwayoyi A watan Satumba na 2015, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Afirka ta dakatar da Youcef Belaïli na tsawon shekaru 2 saboda ya gwada inganci ga Cocaine a lokacin da ake sarrafa maganin kara kuzari da aka yi a wasan da MC El Eulma a ranar 7 ga Agusta 2015 a gasar cin kofin CAF. Ya yarda da gaskiyar, Bellaili an gwada shi a karo na biyu tabbatacce a doping bayan cinye samfurin da aka haramta na (Cocaine a lokacin wasan da tawagarsa ta yi da CS Constantine na zagaye na biyar na Ligue Professionnelle 1, wanda aka buga a 19 Satumba 2015 a Constantine. An dakatar da shi na tsawon shekaru hudu, kwangilarsa da USM Alger ta ƙare. Duk da haka, a cikin Maris 2016, FIFA ta tabbatar da cewa tana ba da tsawaita dakatarwar shekaru hudu don yin aiki a duniya har zuwa 19 ga Satumba 2019.
Kididdigar sana'a
Ƙasashen Duniya Maki da sakamako ne aka jera yawan kwallayen da Aljeriya ta zura a raga, ginshikin maki ya nuna maki bayan kowacce kwallo Belaili.
Girmamawa Espérance de Tunis
Tunisiya Professionnelle 1 2011-12, 2013-14, 2017-18, 2018-19
CAF Champions League 2018, 2019
Tunisia Super Cup 2019
Algeria U23
Gasar UNAF U-23 2010
Aljeriya
FIFA Arab Cup 2021 Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka 2019 Mutum
Gwarzon dan wasan Inter-Club na Afirka 2019 Kwallon Azurfa ta FIFA Arab Cup: 2021
Manazarta
External links Youcef Belaïli at DZFoot.com (in French)
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Aljeriya
Rayayyun |
29963 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C9%97e%20jama%27a | Buɗe jama'a | Bude jama'a kalma ce da masanin falsafa ɗan ƙasar Faransa Henri Bergson ya ƙirƙira a cikin shekarata 1932 kuma ya bayyana wani tsari mai ƙarfi wanda ya karkata zuwa ga ɗabi'a na duniya Bergson ya bambanta al'umma mai buɗe ido da abin da ya kira rufaffiyar al'umma, rufaffiyar tsarin doka, ɗabi'a ko addini. Yana tsaye, kamar rufaffen hankali Bergson ya ba da shawarar cewa idan duk alamun wayewa za su ɓace, illolin rufaffiyar al'umma don haɗawa ko ware wasu za su kasance. Tunanin bude al'umma ya kara bunkasa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da wani masanin falsafa dan kasar Birtaniya Karl Popper haifaffen Austriya. Popper ya gan shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na ci gaba na tarihi da ke zuwa daga kwayoyin halitta, kabilanci, sannan ko rufaffiyar al'umma, ta hanyar bude al'umma (alama ta hanyar halayen halayen al'ada) zuwa ga al'ummar da ba ta dace ba ko kuma ta rasa duk wani hulɗar hulɗar fuska da fuska <ref>K. R. Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies, Volume One''' (1945), 1 and 174–75.</ref>
Tarihi Popper ya ga Hellenawa na gargajiya suna fara jinkirin sauyi daga kabilanci zuwa ga jama'a masu fa'ida, kuma a karon farko suna fuskantar matsalolin da 'yan uwantaka da ke tattare da ita. Ganin cewa al'ummomin kabilanci da na gama gari ba sa banbance tsakanin dokokin dabi'a da al'adar zamantakewa, ta yadda da wuya daidaikun mutane su kalubalanci al'adun da suka yi imani da cewa suna da tushe mai tsarki ko na sihiri, to amma Kuma farkon budaddiyar al'umma ana nuna bambanci tsakanin dabi'a da na mutum. doka, da karuwa a cikin alhakin kai da kuma lissafin zaɓen ɗabi'a (bai dace da imani na addini ba). Popper ya bayar da hujjar cewa ba za a iya murƙushe ra'ayoyin ɗaiɗaiku, zargi, da jin kai ba da zarar mutane sun san su, sabili da haka ba shi yiwuwa a koma cikin rufaffiyar al'umma, amma a lokaci guda sun gane ci gaba da ja-in-ja. abin da ya kira "ruhun ruhin ruhin kabilanci", kamar yadda ya bayyana alal misali a cikin mulkin kama -karya na karni na 20. Duk da yake lokacin tun lokacin da binciken Popper ya kasance babu shakka an nuna shi ta hanyar yaduwar jama'a, ana iya danganta wannan ga ƙarancin shawarwarin Popper da ƙari ga rawar ci gaban tattalin arziki na ƙarshen zamani Ƙungiyoyin masana'antu na tushen ci gaba suna buƙatar karatu, rashin sanin suna da motsin zamantakewa daga membobinsu abubuwan da ba su dace da ɗabi'a na tushen al'ada ba amma suna buƙatar ci gaba da yaɗuwar dangantakar zamantakewar Georg Simmel da ya gani a matsayin ma'anar ma'anar tunani na manyan birni. Ma'anarsa Karl Popper ya ayyana budaddiyar al'umma a matsayin "wanda mutum ke fuskantar yanke shawara na kansa" sabanin al'ummar sihiri ko kabilanci ko na gama gari." Ya yi la’akari da cewa dimokuradiyya ce kadai ke samar da hanyar da hukumomi za su bi domin kawo sauyi da sauya shugabanci ba tare da bukatar zubar da jini, juyin juya hali ko juyin mulki ba. Masu ba da shawara na zamani na jama'a na fili suna ba da shawarar cewa al'umma ba za ta ɓoye wani sirri daga kanta a cikin jama'a ba, kamar yadda kowa ya amince da sanin kowa. To Amman 'Yancin siyasa da 'yancin ɗan adam ana da'awar su ne ginshiƙin buɗe al'umma. Ilimi mai mahimmanci Ma'anar Popper game da jama'a na buɗaɗɗen al'umma shine ilimin ilmantarwa maimakon siyasa. Lokacin da Popper ya rubuta The Open Society and Its Enies, ya yi imani cewa ilimin zamantakewa ya kasa fahimtar mahimmanci da yanayin farkisanci da kwaminisanci saboda waɗannan ilimomin sun dogara ne akan abin da ya gani kuskure ne. Kame-kame ya tilasta ilimi ya zama siyasa wanda ya sa tunani mai zurfi ba zai yiwu ba kuma ya kai ga lalata ilimi a kasashe masu ra'ayin kama-karya. Ka'idar Popper na cewa ilimi na ɗan lokaci ne kuma mai kuskure yana nuna cewa dole ne al'umma ta kasance a buɗe ga madadin ra'ayi. Budaddiyar al'umma tana da alaƙa da yawan al'adu da addini a koyaushe yana buɗe don ingantawa saboda ilimi ba ya ƙarewa amma koyaushe yana ci gaba: "idan muna son zama ɗan adam, to amman akwai hanya ɗaya kawai, hanyar shiga cikin al'umma mai buɗewa zuwa ga wanda ba a sani ba, rashin tabbas da rashin tsaro". A cikin rufaffiyar al'umma, da'awar wasu ilimi da gaskiya na ƙarshe suna haifar da ƙoƙarin shigar da sigar gaskiya ɗaya. Irin wannan al'umma a rufe take ga 'yancin tunani. Sabanin haka, a cikin al'umma mai buɗewa kowane ɗan ƙasa yana buƙatar shiga cikin tunani mai mahimmanci, wanda ke buƙatar 'yancin tunani da faɗar albarkatu da cibiyoyin al'adu da shari'a waɗanda za su iya sauƙaƙe wannan. Ƙarin halaye Humanitarianism, daidaito da kuma 'yancin siyasa su ne ainihin asali halaye na bude al'umma. Pericles, ɗan jam'iyyar dimokuradiyyar Athens, ya gane wannan a cikin jawabinsa na jana'izar: "ci gaba a rayuwar jama'a ya zama suna don iya aiki, ba a yarda da la'akari da matsayi don tsoma baki tare da cancanta ba; kuma talauci ba ya sake hana hanya, idan mutum yana iya yi wa kasa hidima, ba ya hana shi da duhun yanayin da yake ciki. Sannan ‘Yancin da muke samu a gwamnatinmu ya kai ga rayuwarmu ta yau da kullun.” Babu shakka duk da haka shi ne tashin hankali tsakanin al'ummar gargajiya da kuma sabon, ƙarin sarari na sararin samaniyar da ke fitowa wanda ya fi dacewa da Athens na gargajiya, kuma Popper ya kasance da masaniya game da ci gaba da roƙon abin da ya kira "holism kewa ga rasa haɗin kai na rayuwar kabilanci" zuwa duniyar zamani da ya zo.
Caveats Mai saka hannun jari kuma mai ba da agaji George Soros, mabiyin Karl Popper da ya bayyana kansa, ya yi iƙirarin cewa ƙwaƙƙwaran amfani da dabaru masu ƙarfi na yaudarar yaudara da aka aro daga tallan zamani da kimiyyar fahimi ta ’yan siyasa masu ra’ayin mazan jiya irin su Frank Luntz da Karl Rove suna jefa shakku kan Popper. ra'ayi na bude jama'a. Domin ana iya yin amfani da fahimtar al’umma cikin sauƙaƙan fahimtar gaskiya, ba lallai ba ne zance na siyasa na dimokraɗiyya ya kai ga fahimtar gaskiya. Soros yayi jayayya cewa baya ga buƙatar rabuwa da iko, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, da zaɓe na 'yanci, ƙaddamar da ƙaddamarwa na neman gaskiya yana da mahimmanci. 'Yan siyasa za su mutunta gaskiya, maimakon yin magudin zabe kawai idan jama'a sun damu da gaskiya kuma su hukunta 'yan siyasa idan ta kama su da yaudara da gangan." Duk da haka, Popper bai bayyana buɗaɗɗen al'umma ba ko dai tare da dimokuradiyya ko tare da jari-hujja ko kuma tattalin arziki na laissez-faire, amma tare da mahimmancin tunani a kan wani ɓangare na mutum, ta fuskar ƙungiyoyin jama'a suna tunanin kowane irin. Wani muhimmin al'amari a cikin tunanin Popper shine ra'ayin cewa gaskiya za a iya rasa. Hali mai mahimmanci ba yana nufin an sami gaskiya bane.
Duba wasu abubuwan Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu RB Levinson, A Tsaron Plato (1953)
Liberalism a matsayin barazana ga bude jama'a: Charles Arthur Willard Liberalism da Matsalolin Ilimi: Sabuwar Magana don Dimokuradiyya na Zamani'', Jami'ar Chicago Press, 1996.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
42448 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imane%20Merga | Imane Merga | Imane Merga Jida (Imane Merga Gidanda) (an haife shi 15 ga Oktobar 1988), ƙwararren ɗan tseren nesa ne na Habasha wanda ya ƙware a cikin mita 5000 da 10,000 Ya lashe kambun sa na farko a duniya a Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Duniya ta IAAF ta shekarar 2011 A gasar cin kofin duniya a shekarar 2011 ya lashe gasar 10,000 m lambar tagulla, amma an hana shi a cikin 5000 m, rasa tagulla na biyu.
Imane ya lashe 5000 na farko m lakabi a gasar IAAF Diamond League na shekara-shekara kuma shi ne wanda ya lashe lambar zinare a gasar 2009 ta IAAF Ya kuma ci gasar Giro Media Blenio da BOClassic Mafi kyawun lokacinsa shine 7:51.24 mintuna a cikin mita 3000, wanda ya samu a watan Mayun 2009 a filin wasa na Icahn 12:53.58 minutes a cikin 5000 mita, samu a watan Agustan 2010 a Stockholm da 26:48.35 mintuna a cikin mita 10,000, da aka samu a watan Yuni 2011 a Oregon. Ya fara aiki tare da kocin fasaha na Italiya Renato Canova a farkon shekarar 2010.
Aiki An haife shi a Tulu Bolo, Habasha Ya je makarantar firamare ta F/H/G/A/Mechal inda ya wakilci makarantar a wasu wasannin gudu na cikin gida kafin ya kai ga matakin kasa da na duniya. Daga bisani ya koma birnin Harrar na Gabashin Habasha ya kuma ci gaba da atisaye a can na wani dan kankanin lokaci kafin ya zo Addis Ababa inda ya shiga kungiyar wasannin motsa jiki ta gida. Wasansa na farko a fagen tseren duniya ya zo ne a tseren kasa ya zo na bakwai a gasar kananan yara ta maza a gasar IAAF ta duniya a shekarar 2007 a Mombasa kuma ya ci gaba da yin nasara a Oeiras International Cross Country daga baya a waccan shekarar. A cikin shekarar 2008, ya yi gudu a tseren titin São Silvestre da Amadora, inda ya lashe 10. gasar km da karfe 29:27. Merga ya lashe gasar Antrim International Cross Country a farkon shekara ta 2009 kuma ya zo na biyu a bayan Gebregziabher Gebremariam a Habasha 10,000. m gasar a watan Yuli. Ya kare na hudu a tseren mita 10,000 a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na shekarar 2009 kuma ya ci tseren mita 5000 a Gasar Ƙarshen Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙasa ta Duniya a shekarar 2009 Ya rufe shekara a kan zagaye na ƙetare, inda ya yi nasara a Cross de l'Acier a karo na uku a jere. Ya fara kakarsa ta shekarar 2010 tare da nasara a 10 km Giro Media Blenio tsere a Dongio, ta doke zakaran kare Moses Mosop a cikin tsari. Bayan lashe 5000 m a Bislett Games da Golden Gala, ya ci gaba da zama zakara na farko na shekarar 2010 IAAF Diamond League a taron. Ya wakilci Afirka a gasar a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta shekarar 2010, amma ya zo na biyar. Ya yi yunkurin samun nasara ta hudu a jere a Cross de l'Acier, amma zakaran giciye Joseph Ebuya ya doke shi a layin. Ya kare a shekarar 2010 da nasara a BOclassic, inda ya doke Mo Farah a tseren gudu. A Jan Meda Cross Country a watan Fabrairun 2011 ya zo na biyu, bayan dan tseren Hunegnaw Mesfin wanda ya dauki kambun kasa. Duk da haka, ya doke dan kasarsa da duk sauran wadanda suka fafata a gasar IAAF ta duniya ta shekarar 2011, inda ya rufe gasar da saurin gudu. Kambun sa na duniya ya biyo bayan tsawon watanni 15 da bai yi nasara a gasar tseren kasar ba. Ya ƙare kakar ƙetare tare da wani nasara a kan ciyawa, ya doke Caleb Ndiku da dan wasan duniya Paul Tanui a Trofeo Alasport a Alà dei Sardi Juyawa zuwa da'irar hanyar Turai, ya riƙe takensa na Giro Media Blenio tare da saurin gudu zuwa layin. A cikin 2011 Diamond League ya lashe 5000 m a Golden Gala sannan kuma, in babu jagoran taron Mo Farah, ya yi nasara a wasan karshe na Memorial van Damme don zaɓen wanda ya lashe tseren Diamond a karo na biyu. A Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a shekarar 2011 ya lashe lambar tagulla sama da 10,000. m yayin da abokin wasansa Ibrahim Jeilan ya lashe kambun. Imane ya lashe tagulla na biyu a gasar a tseren mita 5000 na maza, amma daga baya aka kore shi saboda ya gudu a cikin katangar tseren na tsawon mita 10 zuwa 15. Dan kasar Habasha Dejen Gebremeskel ya samu lambar yabo ta tagulla sakamakon haka. Ya ci gaba da samun nasara a jere a Cross de Atapuerca a watan Nuwamba, amma sai a shekarar 2010 Zakaran Duniya Ebuya ya ci nasara a Cross de l'Acier Ya yi ƙoƙari ya ci nasara ta biyu a BOClassic, amma ya kasance na uku a bayan Edwin Soi, kuma an sake doke shi da ɗan Kenya a tseren Campaccio Imane ya gaza a yunƙurinsa na yin ƙungiyar Habasha don wasannin Olympics na bazara na shekarar 2012 da na lokacin rani na shekarar 2016, kuma ya zama na farko sau ɗaya sau ɗaya a zagayen gasar Diamond League ta shekarar 2012 (na uku a cikin 5000). m a Wasannin Bislett Ya yi nisa da nisa daga tseren tare da lokacin mintuna 59:56 na farkon tseren marathon na farko a Great North Run, inda ya sanya na uku. Ya lashe gasar Cross de Atapuerca a watan Nuwamba kuma a watan Disamba ya lashe gasar kungiyoyin kwallon kafa ta Habasha da kuma gasar BOClassic na karshen shekara. Ya zo kusa da kare kambunsa na duniya a gasar IAAF ta duniya ta shekarar 2013 amma daga karshe Japhet Korir ya doke shi a matakin karshe, inda ya kare a matsayin wanda ya zo na biyu da tazarar dakika hudu. Ya sake zama na biyu a Giro Media Blenio, wanda karamin dan uwansa Muktar Edris ya doke shi. 10,000 m ya mayar da hankali kan waƙar a waccan shekarar kuma ya kasance na biyu a gasar Prefontaine Classic Ya yi tseren mafi kyawun yanayi na mintuna 26:57.33 a gasar Folksam Grand Prix, amma a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a 2013 ya kasance na goma sha biyu kacal a gasar tseren mita 10,000 ta duniya Bayan kakar wasan ya zo na biyar a gasar Half Marathon ta Portugal da na uku a Giro al Sas Imane yana fama da matsalar magana ta yanayi.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1988
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
24621 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisi%20Alimi | Bisi Alimi | Bisi Alimi (an haifi Ademola Iyandade Ojo Kazeem Alimi, an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1975) ɗan gwagwarmayar kare haƙƙin yan luwadi ne na Najeriya, mai magana da yawun jama'a, marubucin blog kuma mai ba da shawara kan cutar HIV/LGBT wanda ya sami hankalin duniya lokacin da ya zama ɗan Najeriya na farko da ya fito a talabijin.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Alimi a gundumar Mushin da ke Legas ga mahaifin sa Raski Ipadeola Balogun Alimi (ɗan sandan Najeriya) da Uwar Idiatu Alake Alimi (magatakardar jami'a). Alimi ya taso ne a Legas, inda ya yi karatun firamare da sakandare. Shi ne na uku a cikin iyalin su mai 'ya'ya biyar daga mahaifiyarsa, kuma na shida daga cikin' ya'ya goma daga mahaifinsa. Daga baya ya canza sunansa zuwa Adebisi Alimi.
Ilimi Bisi ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Eko Boys a Legas, kuma ya kammala a shekarar 1993. Ya jagoranci raye -raye na al'adun makarantarsa, a makarantar firamare da sakandare, zuwa kyaututtuka da karramawa da yawa. Ya kasance memba na ɗalibin adabi da muhawara na makarantar sakandare kuma Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Al'umma (mai kula da tsara ayyukan zamantakewa) a cikin babban shekarar sa. Hakanan, a cikin shekarar 1993, ya sami gurbin karatu a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Jihar Ogun, kuma daga baya zai yi karatun Creative Arts, wanda ya yi fice a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Legas A lokacin karatun jami'a ne jima'i ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai bayan Rayuwar Makaranta, mujallar jami'ar ta fitar da shi a matsayin ɗan luwadi. Kafin fitowar mujallar, Bisi ya fuskanci wariya da yawa a harabar harabar, gami da fuskantar kwamitin ladabtarwa kan tuhumar da ake masa na luwadi. Kodayake ya kammala karatu, kusan an hana shi satifiket saboda an yi imanin cewa ɗabi'ar sa ba za ta yarda da ɗalibin jami'ar ba.
An shigar da shi Kwalejin Birkbeck, Jami'ar London a shekarar 2011, inda ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Mulki da Manufofin Jama'a.
A cikin shekarar 2019, an ya samu gurbin karatu na John Stopford don yin karatun Masters a Babban Koyarwar a Makarantar Koyarwa ta Meyler Campbell.
Sana'a Kafin fitowar sa a bainar jama'a, Alimi ya fara aikin lauya a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 a Najeriya lokacin da wasu abokan sa suka mutu sakamakon cutar kanjamau. Bayan shekaru 2 na aikin tattara al'umma (gami da rarraba kwaroron roba da ilimin jima'i mai aminci) ga Maza da Maza masu yin Jima'i da sauran Maza (MSM) a Najeriya, ya shiga Alliance Rights Nigeria (ARN) a shekarar 2002 a matsayin Daraktan Shirin, bunƙasa da bayar da HIV/AIDs da sabis na kiwon lafiyar jima'i da tallafi. A matsayinsa na Daraktan Shirin ARN, ya kasance a zuciyar haɓaka tsarin rigakafin cutar kanjamau na Najeriya MSM a shekarar 2004. Ƙungiyar Ƙasa Kanjamau ta Ƙasashen Duniya ta horar da shi a shekarar 2004 a matsayin Mai ƙira na aikin HIV, Mobiliser Community, Care, Support and Treatment. A cikin shekarar 2005, ya haɗu da The Independent Project (daga baya, Ƙungiyar daidaiton jinsi) yana aiki a matsayin babban darakta. A ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2007 aka tilasta masa tserewa daga Najeriya sakamakon barazanar rayuwarsa. Burtaniya ta ba shi mafaka a shekarar 2008, inda yake zama tun lokacin. A ranar 8 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2014 aka ba shi izinin zama ɗan Burtaniya. Daga shekarar 2007 zuwa shekara ta 2011, Alimi yayi aiki a matsayin Mai Gudanar da Ayyukan MSM na Afirka a Naz Project London. A halin yanzu Alimi shine Babban Darakta na Gidauniyar Bisi Alimi kuma mai haɗin gwiwa da darektan Rainbow Intersection, da kuma wanda ya kafa The Kaleidoscope Trust wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Daraktan Afirka daga shekarar 2012 zuwa shekara ta 2013. Ya kasance malamin ziyara a Freie Universitat Berlin da Jami'ar Humboldt ta Berlin Sabuwar Alfijir tare da Funmi Alimi ya shahara a shekarar 2004 lokacin da ya zama ɗan luwaɗi ɗan Najeriya na farko da ya fito a gidan talabijin na ƙasa na Najeriya a matsayin baƙo a shirin Funmi Iyanda na New Dawn tare da Funmi, shirin tattaunawa a NTA A wannan shekarar, an gano Bisi yana ɗauke da cutar kanjamau, kuma a cikin shirin Alimi ya tabbatar da jima'i a matsayin ɗan luwadi kuma ya nemi karɓuwa daga jama'a daga jama'a. Shawarar da ya yanke na fitowa daga cikin kabad ya haifar da sha’awa da barazanar kisa. A sakamakon haka, danginsa da yawancin abokansa sun yi watsi da Alimi kuma sun kore shi daga gidansa. Hakanan, an soke tsarin rayuwa na New Dawn. Ma'aikatan zartarwa na NTA sun duba baƙi na gaba akan sigar da aka riga aka yi rikodin don gujewa abin da ake ɗauka "haifar da laifi ga jama'a".
Ƙoƙari A farkon shekarar 2004, Alimi ya halarci Babban Taro na 4 kan cutar kanjamau da aka gudanar a Abuja inda ya bayyana damuwar HIV a tsakanin mazan jinsi na Najeriya. Daga baya ya zama mai fafutukar kare Haƙƙin ƴan luwaɗi a Najeriya yana jagorantar zanga -zangar lumana da tattaunawar zamantakewa don neman yarda da' yan luwadi a Najeriya. A watan Yulin shekarar 2005, Alimi ya kafa The Independent Project for Equal Rights-Nigeria tare da gungun abokai. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Darakta na wannan kungiya inda ya fara gabatar da wasu shirye -shiryen Rukunin Matasan LGBT na Najeriya har zuwa watan Afrilu shekarar 2007. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin daraktan shirye -shiryen matasa na Najeriya a kungiyar Alliance Rights. Koyaya, hirar sa mai cike da cece-kuce a gidan talabijin na ƙasa a shekarar 2004 ya zama mai haifar da ƙudirin da aka gabatar kan "Dokar Anti-Same Jima'i" na shekarar 2006 wanda aka gabatar ga 'yan majalisa a Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya. An gabatar da kudirin wannan ƙudiri na "Anti-Same Sex" a gaban majalisar dokoki sau uku tsakanin shekarar 2006 zuwa shekara ta 2011.
Yanzu yana zaune a Landan, Alimi ya ci gaba da ba da shawarwari kan haƙƙin 'yan luwadi a tsakanin al'ummomin ƙaura na Afirka. Ya yi aiki ga ƙungiyoyi a Burtaniya ciki har da Naz Project London, Michael Bell Research da Consultancy da HIV i-Base Ya kuma yi aiki tare da AHPN, kuma an zaɓe shi memba na matasan IAS na Mexico a shekarar 2008 kuma memba ne a kwamitin nazarin AmfAR don tallafin ƙasa da ƙasa na shirin cutar kanjamau na MSM na Afirka shekarar 2009 da shekara ta 2011 bi da bi.
Baya ga fafutukar kare haƙƙin jima'i, Alimi ta kuma shirya zanga -zangar adawa da manufofin Burtaniya wadanda ke da ikon haifar da wariyar launin fata.
Kyaututtuka Alimi ya karɓar kuma an sha zaɓarsa don lambobin yabo da yawa. An kuma saka shi a cikin "Mai zaman kansa a ranar Lahadin" Jerin Pink na mafi yawan mutanen LGBT masu tasiri a Biritaniya a cikin shekarar 2011, 2012, 2013, wanda ya kai lamba 90 a 2012.
An jera shi a matsayi na uku a cikin manyan masu faɗa -a -ji na 100 wadanda ba su da farin jini da masu tunani a Burtaniya da Arewacin Ireland.
A Ranar Sabuwar Shekara, 2014, an ƙara shi cikin Lissafin Daraja na Gay UK LGBT a shekarar 2014 don girmama aikinsa mai kyau don 'Ilimi a cikin LGBT Community' kuma an zaɓe shi don Gwarzon Ɗabi'a na Mujallar "Out In The City". Kyautar Shekara. An san lambar yabo ta The Out In The City da ake kira "UK LGBT Oscar".
Duba kuma Bobrisky
Denrele Edun
Yinka Jegede-Ekpe
Manazarta Ƴan Najeriya
Yarbawa
Pages with unreviewed |
27338 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27aikatar%20albarkatun%20man%20fetur%20ta%20%28Najeriya%29 | Ma'aikatar albarkatun man fetur ta (Najeriya) | Ma’aikatar Albarkatun Man Fetur wani bangare ne na Ma’aikatun Tarayyar Najeriya waɗanda ke jagorantar albarkatun man fetur da ayyukanta a Najeriya Tana nan a Block D, Towers na NNPC, Herbert Macaulay way, CBD, Abuja Tarihi A farkon lamarin, sashen kula da harkokin (Hydrocarbon) na ma'aikatar harkokin Legas ne ya gudanar da al'amuran man fetur, wanda ya gabatar da rahoto kai tsaye ga Gwamna-janar.
Ƙungiyar haɗin kai ta ba da nauyi kamar: adana bayanai game da al'amuran bincike, da shigo da kayayyakin man fetur; aiwatar da aminci da sauran ƙa'idodi kan al'amuran waɗanda galibi suka shigo da kayayyaki da rarraba su, da sauransu Ƙungiyar ta haɓaka zuwa sashen Man Fetur a cikin Ma’aikatar Ma’adanai da Wuta, tare da faɗaɗa ayyukan masana'antar mai. A cikin shekarar 1971, an kuma kirkiro Kamfanin Mai na Ƙasa (NNOC) don gudanar da ayyukan kasuwanci kai tsaye a cikin masana'antar mai a madadin Gwamnatin Tarayya. Koyaya, Sashin Albarkatun Man Fetur (Department of Petroleum Resources) a Ma’aikatar Ma’adanai da Wuta ta Tarayya ta ci gaba da aiwatar da doka da oda a kan masana'antar. A shekarar 1975, aka daga darajar sashen zuwa ma’aikatar mai suna, ma’aikatar mai da makamashi wanda daga baya aka sauya sunan zuwa ma’aikatar albarkatun man fetur. Sannan a shekarar 1985, an sake kafa Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Man Fetur.
Tsarin Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Man Fetur ƙungiya ce ta gwamnati wacce tsarin aikinta ya kunshi Minista wanda aka naɗa shi ta hanyar shugaban siyasa, Babban Sakatare wanda jami'in aiki ne kuma Babban Jami'in Akanta na Ma'aikatar. Babban Sakatare yana ba da rahoton duk lamuran na Ma’aikatar ga Ministan, yayin da Daraktoci a ma’aikatar ke gabatar da rahoto ga Babban Sakatare. Ma'aikatar tana da Daraktoci goma sha biyu, kowannensu yana karkashin jagorancin Darakta, wato: Ma'aikatar Kula da Albarkatun Dan Adam, Ma'aikatar Tsare-tsare, Bincike da Kididdiga, Ma'aikatar 'Yan Jarida da hulda da jama'a, Ma'aikatar Kudi da Lissafi, Sashin Shari'a, Ma'aikatar Siyarwa, Gas, Ma'aikatar aiyukan mai, sake fasalin Co-ord, Janar aiyuka, binciken ciki, Sashin Ayyuka na Musamman, da sauransu Kowane ɓangare yana da ɓangarori daban-daban a cikin tsarin matsayi dala wanda Mataimakin Daraktoci ke jagoranta, da ƙaramin sashe mahaɗa. Daraktocin suna bayar da rahoto kai tsaye ga Babban Sakatare, yayin da Mataimakin Daraktoci ke ba da rahoto ga Daraktoci da Mataimakin Daraktoci suna ba da rahoto ga Mataimakin Daraktoci bi da bi. Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Man Fetur tana gudanar da ayyukanta a matakin tsari tun daga kan manyan shuwagabannin gudanarwa har zuwa na tsakiya karamin mai zartarwa.
Jagoranci da Daraktoci Shugaban ƙasa Muhammadu Buhari ya naɗa Dr. Emmanuel Ibe Kachikwu a matsayin ƙaramin ministan albarkatun man fetur a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2015. An maye gurbinsa da Timipre Sylva wanda ya karɓi mukamin Minista a watan Agusta 2019. Ma’aikatar tana da babban sakatare guda ɗaya, daraktoci tara, mataimakan darektoci biyu da kuma mataimakin darakta da ke shugabantar da sassan su. Daraktoci, matsayi da Sashensu:
Manufa Tabbatar da yanayi mai ba da damar inganta sarkar mai da Gas, ta hanyar fasahar zamani, masana'antu, kyawawan halaye, shigar masu ruwa da tsaki da sabbin abubuwa a madadin makamashi.
Gani/Hangen nesa Don isar da Masana'antar mai da Gas (Makamashi) don Najeriya.
Ayyuka Addamarwa da tsara tsarin manufofi da shirye-shirye na ci gaban ɓangaren Man Fetur (Mai da Gas) gaba ɗaya;
Duk manufofin suna da mahimmanci game da tallan ɗanyen mai, gas, albarkatun Man Fetur da dangoginsu;
Duk manufofin rangwame a bangarorin mai da iskar gas na bangaren makamashi na tattalin arziki;
Kirkirar manufofi don karfafa saka hannun jari na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da shiga cikin bangarorin mai da gas;
Gudanar da bukatun hadin gwiwa na gwamnati a bangaren Man Fetur domin kara cikakken amfanin tattalin arzikin da ake samu daga albarkatun mai da iskar gas na Najeriyar da kuma tabbatar da inganta sha'awar gwamnati a dukkan tsare-tsaren mai da gas;
Lasisin duk ayyukan mai da iskar gas;
Manufofin siyasa dangane da bincike da haɓakawa a ɓangarorin Man Fetur da Gas na masana'antar Man Fetur;
Developmentaddamar da masana'antun hydro-carbon ciki har da iskar gas, sarrafawa, matatun mai da masana'antun Petrochemical ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar masu zaman kansu;
Kirkirar manufofi don tabbatar da karuwar albarkatun mai da iskar gas da kuma karuwar fasahar kere kere a Najeriya daidai da tsarin da ya dace da kuma kasafta kason samarwa ga kamfanonin da ke samarwa bisa lamuran OPEC da kuma kara yawan kudaden shiga daga man fetur da iskar gas ga kasar;
Kulawa da kulawa da dukkan alakar da ke tsakanin bangarorin biyu da suka shafi bangaren makamashi (Mai da Gas); Gabaɗaya kulawa da daidaita ayyukan ayyukan majalissun masu zuwa da rassanta:
Kamfanin Man Fetur na Kasa (NNPC)
Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Man Fetur (DPR)
Asusun Bunƙasa Fasahar Man Fetur (PTDF)
Asusun Daidaita Man Fetur (PEF)
Cibiyar Horar da Man Fetur (PTI)
Hukumar Kula da Farashin Kayan Man Fetur (PPPRA)
Sassan Sassan, Shugabanci da Ayyukansu:
Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation
Department of Petroleum Resources
Petroleum Training Institute
Nigeria Nuclear Regulatory Authority
Petroleum Products Pricing Regulatory Agency Nigerian Content Development Monitoring Board
Petroleum Technology Development Fund
Daidaita kuɗaɗen fetur
P ID harka A shekarar 2010, an ce Ma’aikatar Albarkatun Man Fetur ta Najeriya ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kwangila a madadin gwamnatin Najeriya a lokacin, karkashin jagorancin shugaban ƙasa Goodluck Ebele Jonathan don ginawa da kuma gudanar da wani sabon wurin sarrafa iskar gas tare da wani kamfani mai zaman kansa na kasar waje da Ci gaban Masana'antu da aka sani da P&ID, kamfani ne wanda aka kafa a cikin Tsibirin British Virgin Islands. Kwangilar da aka kulla tare da gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ita ce samar da iskar gas (“jika gas”) ba tare da an biya kudin kamfanin ba. A nata ɓangaren, kamfanin zai gina tare da gudanar da aikin har tsawon lokacin da aka amince da shi tare da sarrafa gas din don cire ruwan gas din da kamfanin zai biya yayin da za a dawo da shi gas din ba tare da tsada ba wanda hakan zai dace da shi. gida. Ma'aikatar a karkashin jagorancin minista na wancan lokacin, Diezani Alison-Madueke ta kula da kammala kwangilar wacce daga baya ta zama datti cikin rikice-rikice da ƙararraki. Duk kwangilar da yanayin da suka shafi kammalawarsa ba sabon abu bane. Na ɗaya, kwangilar ta dogara ne akan shawarar da ba a nema ba da kamfanin P&ID ya gabatar wa gwamnatin Najeriya. Ba a gudanar da wata yarjejeniya ba. Bugu da ƙari, P&ID bai bayyana yana da gogewa ba a fannin gas wanda za a tsammata daga kamfani da ke da alhakin aikin biliyoyin daloli ya kasance wani yanki ne da ke cikin teku ba tare da “ba shi da dukiya, ƙalilan ma’aikata ne, kuma ba shi da rukunin yanar gizo ko wani wurin. Rahoton wani dan jaridar Najeriya, Reuben Abati ya bayar da cikakken bayani game da shari'ar kamar haka; "Maganar ta tafi gaban kotun sasantawa, a karkashin Dokar da sasantawa a shekarar 2004, tare da London, Ingila a matsayin wurin sasantawa. Bayan tabbatar da ikonta a cikin lamarin, Kotun ta fara sauraron kararta don tantance ko babu wata karya kwangila. A wannan lokacin, akwai ƙoƙarin da Ma'aikatar Man Fetur ta yi don cimma yarjejeniya tare da P&ID har na dala miliyan 850, wanda za a biya kashi ɗaya. An gabatar da wannan ne don neman amincewar Shugaban Ƙasa mako guda zuwa tafiyar Shugaba Jonathan daga mukaminsa. Da ma za a iya ɗaure hannayen gwamnati mai shigowa don ba da izinin biyan wannan kuɗin. A halin da ake ciki, Kotun Sauraren kararraki ta raba shari'ar kuma a watan Yulin 2015, ta tabbatar da cewa haƙiƙa Najeriya ta gaza aiwatar da ayyukanta a karkashin GSPA sannan kuma ta yanke hukunci baki daya cewa P&ID na da hakkin a biya shi diyya. Sabuwar gwamnatin Najeriya ta kwashe sama da watanni 4 kafin ta maida martani. Uzurin da aka bayar na jinkirin, daga Misis Folakemi Adelore, mai bayar da shaida ga Najeriya, shi ne cewa an samu canjin mulki a Najeriya kuma Ministocin, ciki har da Babban Lauyan nan ne kawai aka nada. Najeriya ta nemi a kara mata lokaci domin ta yi aiki da sakamakon kotun da ke sasantawa Lissafin masana'antar man fetur Najeriya a matsayinta na ƙasa mai dogaro da mai ta nemi hanyoyi daban-daban na bunƙasa ɓangaren mai da iskar gas daidai da matsayin duniya wanda ke nuna buƙatar ƙarrfafa ƙarfi da ingantaccen tsari na ɓangaren don bunƙasa cikakkiyar gasa ta hanyar shirin zuwa ƙudirin Masana'antar Man Fetur. Wata majiyar labarai ta cikin gida ta ba da rahoton cewa "an fara aika ƙudirin ne ga Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya a watan Disambar shekara ta 2008 daga Shugaba Umaru 'Yar'Adua na lokacin Wani kwamiti na shugaban ƙasa da aka kafa a 2007 don duba ɓangaren mai da iskar gas ne suka ƙirƙiro da ƙudirin wannan kudirin, wanda ke da nufin ƙara nuna gaskiya a Kamfanin Man Fetur na Najeriya (NNPC) da kuma ƙara wa Najeriya kaso daga kuɗaɗen shigar mai. Dokar ba ta taɓa zama doka ba saboda adawa daga kamfanonin mai na ƙasa da ƙasa (IOCs) da Kamfanin Man Fetur na Najeriya (NNPC) kan wasu abubuwan da ke cikin daftarin. A shekarar 2015, karamin Ministan Albarkatun Man Fetur na wancan lokacin, Dokta Ibe Kachikwu ya ce ya kamata a yi wa PIB kwaskwarima don saurin wucewa. Sakamakon haka, Dokar ta kasu kashi daban-daban, don magance ɓangarori daban-daban na masana'antar mai. A shekarar 2016, majalisar dattijai ta nuna alamun shirye shirye don fara tattaunawa kan ƙudirin, wanda shugaban kwamitin majalisar dattijan kan man fetur (Sama), Sanata Omotayo Alasoadura ya tura don karatu na biyu. Gabanin muhawarar kan ƙudirin, Sanatocin daga yankin Neja Delta, wadanda suka nemi a dakatar da dokar a 'yan watannin baya, saboda sun yi imanin cewa rashin shigar da buƙatun al'umma a matakin farko na iya kara tayar da hankali a cikin yankunan da ke samar da mai, sun kammala shirye-shiryen haduwa don yin tunani a kan sake farfado da kudirin da kuma tabbatar da cewa aikin a kan tafiyarsa ya ci gaba cikin sauri. Tsarin tabbatar da an zartar dashi kafin karshen zaman majalisa, na 2016, bai zama gaskiya ba. Har ila yau, a cikin shekarar 2018, an gabatar da kudirin dokar, Dokar Gudanar da Masana'antar Man Fetur (PIGB), ta Majalisar Dokoki ta 8, amma, Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya ki amincewa da shi.
Sabuwar PIB 2020 Duk da ƙoƙarin da majalisun da suka gabata suka yi na rashin nasara, zartar da ƙudirin dokar Masana’antar Man Fetur na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da Majalisar Tarayya ta tara ta lissafa a cikin ƙudirin dokar. Mambobin majalisar dattijai da na wakilai, da suka dawo bakin aiki bayan rantsar da su a ranar 11 ga Yuni, a shekara ta 2019, sun yi alkawarin karya “jinx” da ke kusa da Dokar Masana’antar Man Fetur (PIB) tare da kawo gyara a ɓangaren man. Shugaban majalisar dattijai, Dr Ahmed Lawan da takwaransa na majalisar wakilai, Hon. Femi Gbajabiamila ya tabbatar da cewa majalisar dokoki ta 9 za ta zartar da ƙudirin. Shugaban ƙasa Muhammadu Buhari a ranar 29 ga Satumba, shekara ta 2020 ya aika da sabon PIB ga ‘ƴan majalisar. Ƙudirin ya wuce karatu na farko da na biyu ba tare da bambancin ra'ayoyi daga 'ƴan majalisar ba, saboda haka majalisar ta kafa kwamitin wucin gadi don sauraren ra'ayoyin jama'a, yayin da kwamitocin majalisar dattijai kan man fetur na sama, na ƙasa da iskar gas ke kula da na majalisar dattawa. Sabon PIB mai taken: "Ƙudirin doka don samar da doka, shugabanci, tsarin mulki da kuma tsarin Fiíscal na masana'antar man fetur na Najeriya, Ci gaban Al'umma mai masaukin baƙi da kuma lamuran da suka shafi hakan," a tsakanin wasu kuma suna ƙoƙarin soke Asusun Daidaita Man Fetur (PEF) da Hukumar Kula da Farashin Kayayyakin Man Fetur (PPPRA) da maye gurbinsu da wata sabuwar hukuma da za a sani da Nigerian Midstream da Downstream Regulatory Authority (NMDRA) wacce za ta kasance da alhakin fasahohin ƙere-ƙere da kasuwanci na zirga-zirga da ayyukan mai a cikin masana'antar. Ƙudirin ya gabatar da ƙudirin kafa Hukumar Kula da Manyan Tace ta Najeriyar don ta kasance mai daukar nauyin fasahohi da kasuwanci na ayyukan hakar mai. Ta ƙara neman kasuwancin Kamfanin Mai na Ƙasa (NNPC) don zama Kamfanin Man Fetur na Najeriya don a sanya shi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kamfanoni da Al’amuran Matsalar da Ministan mai ya sanya.
Masu ruwa da tsaki suna adawa da wasu tanade-tanade a cikin ƙudirin a wurin Jin ra'ayoyin Jama'a Dukkanin majalisun dokokin kasar sun gudanar da taron jin ra’ayoyin jama’a na kwanaki biyu kan ƙudirin don baiwa masu ruwa da tsaki damar yin abubuwan da suke gabatarwa kafin zartarwar ta ƙarshe. Yayin da Majalisar Dattawa ta gudanar da nasu a ranar 25 zuwa 26 ga watan Janairu, majalisar a nata ɓangaren ta gudanar da su a ranar 27 zuwa 28 ga watan Janairu. A taron sauraren ƙarar da kwamitin haɗin gwiwa na majalisar dattijai kan harkar Man Fetur, Ruwa da Gas, wasu manyan kamfanoni masu haƙar mai da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a harkar sun nuna damuwa kan wasu tanade-tanaden sabon Ƙudirin. Shugaban Sashin Cinikin Mai (OPTS), Mike Sangster wanda ya gabatar da bayanan a madadin kamfanonin Total, Chevron, Exxon Mobil da Shell ya nuna rashin gamsuwa da wasu tanade tanaden. Manyan damuwar da suka gabatar sun haɗa da ci gaban zurfin ruwa, wanda ya ce sun taimaka matuƙa wajen kula da matakan samar da mai a Najeriya ta hanyar rage koma baya a harkar haɗin gwiwa. Ƙungiyar ta koka kan cewa PIB ɗin ya nuna cewa tanade-tanaden na (Deepwater) basa samar da yanayi mai kyau na saka hannun jari a gaba da kuma ƙaddamar da sabbin ayyuka. Sun kuma ba da shawarar cewa PIB ya cire Harajin Hydrocarbon la'akari da cewa har yanzu kamfanoni za su kasance ƙarƙashin CIT. Ƙungiyar ta ce don tabbatar da karfafa gwiwar masu saka jari su samar da kudaden gudanar da ayyukan Deepwater, ya kamata PIB ta baiwa ayyukan mai na Deepwater cikakken tallafi a lokacin biyan shekaru biyar na farkon samarwa ko kuma shirin masarauta da ya kammala kamar yadda aka yi bayani dalla-dalla a cikin miƙa su. Sun ci gaba da cewa ƙudirin ba zai magance manyan matsalolin da ke fuskantar ci gaban iskar gas a Najeriya ba, kamar rashin wadatattun hanyoyin samar da ruwa, tsadar farashin iskar gas, ɗimbin basussuka masu tsawo, da dai sauransu, wanda hakan na iya kawo cikas ga cimma burin gwamnati na ɓangaren gas na cikin gida. Sun ba da shawarar cewa PIB ta samar da hanya madaidaiciya don sauyawa zuwa farashi mai tushen kasuwa, ba kara wasu ka'idoji na biyan bukatun isar da iskar gas na cikin gida a matsayin wani sharaɗin samar da iskar gas zuwa ƙasashen waje da kuma ba da kwangila da yarjejeniyoyin da suka gabata suka gudana ba. Har ila yau, Shugaban HOSTCOM na Kasa, Mista Benjamin Style Tams, a cikin gabatarwar sa, ya ce zai zama wauta da rashin tunani a hana “HostCom” damar rabon hannun jari a duka kafa kamfanin NNPC Limited, hukumar, hukuma da allon Sanarwar ta ce: “Wannan neman mallake dukkan iko da dukiyarmu ta wasu tsirarun masu kishin kasa dole ne ya tsaya. Dangane da kuɗin azabtarwa na iskar gas, al'ummomin da ke karɓar bakuncin, waɗanda su ne kai tsaye ke karɓar mummunan tasirin, su ne waɗanda za su karɓi hukuncin wutar. "Game da kula da muhalli da kuma ci gaba mai dorewa na al'ummomin da ke karbar bakuncin, ya zama wajibi duk dokokin da manufofin da za su fara aiwatar da duk wani aiki dole ne su yi daidai da ka'idojin kasa da kasa da ake da su a yayin gabatar da mu." A wata gabatarwar, Kungiyar Injin Injin Mata (WIEN) ta kuma nuna damuwa game da shawarar a cikin PIB, wanda ya ce "kowane mazaunin, inda ya dace ta hanyar mai ba da sabis, ya ba da gudummawar da ta yi daidai da kashi 2.5 cikin 100 na ainihin aikin aiki dangane da duk aikin mai. Shugabar WIEN kuma Manajan Darakta na Zigma Limited, Mrs. Funmi Ogbue, ya ce kashi 2.5 din ya yi tsada sosai. Sun kawo Sashe na 3, 14, 15, 18, 22, 26, 37, 41 da 71, da sauransu yayin da suke neman 'yan majalisar su canza kalmomi kamar' shi nasa 'da' shi 'ga' su su da' su A zaman da aka yi a majalisar wakilai, masu ruwa da tsaki da suka hada da masu samar da mai, jihohin da ke samar da mai, kungiyoyin kwadago da kungiyoyi masu ruwa da tsaki sun yi adawa da wasu tanade-tanade a cikin dokar wadanda suke ganin ba su dace da gasa ba, saka hannun jari da sauran ayyukan a cikin harkar man fetur. A nasa bayanin, Shugaban ƙungiyar kwadagon Najeriya, (NLC) Kwamared Ayuba Wabba ya musanta wasu tanade-tanade na PIB da kuma shawarar yin kwaskwarima don shigar da kwadago da bunkasa samar da mai a bangaren mai. A cewarsa: “Sashe na 53 wanda ke kirkirar Kamfanin Kamfanin Man Fetur na Kasa na Najeriya ya dauka cewa ya kamata ya kasance tare da NNPC a matsayin kamfani. Wannan yana haifar da yanayin rikicewa tsakanin mahaɗan biyu. Don haka, ya zama dole a bayyana abubuwan biyu. A takaice, bangaren aiki ko kamfanin riƙe kamfani na iya fa'ida daga guje wa rikicewar nomenclature. “Sashe na 53 (1) ya bayar da cewa Ministan zai kasance cikin watanni shida daga fara wannan Dokar, ya sanya a sanya shi a karkashin Kamfanoni da Dokar Allied Matters, wani karamin kamfanin abin alhaki, wanda za a kira shi da Kamfanin National Petroleum Company Limited (NNPC Limited) “Kwadago ba su yarda da wannan tanadin ba. Akwai wadatattun dalilai don damuwa a cikin wannan tanadin. Tabbas, haɗawa a ƙarƙashin CAMA na NNPC Ltd yana da tasiri mai tasiri ga tasirin kasuwancin kasuwanci, gami da haɗakar kamfanin haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar koke. Sabili da haka, masu ba da bashi, abokan gaba suna karɓar ƙididdigar har ma da masu hannun jari kaɗan na iya tsara sabbin dokokin don cutar da mutanen Najeriya. “Muna ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a sanya kamfanin NNPC Ltd. ta hanyar da ta fi karfin da zai ba ta damar yin aiki tare da mafi karancin cikas, ba tare da samun takunkumin da ke iya haifar da rikici ba sannan a gudanar da shi cikin riba. Wannan karfin da aka samu wajen kafa kamfanin na NNPC Ltd. ya kamata a kalla, ya tabbatar da cewa babu wani mutum, wasu zababbu ko kungiyoyin adawa da za su iya kawo cikas ga ayyukanta ta hanyar koke-koke da kuma karbar madafun iko. A cikin bayanin da ta gabatar, Kungiyar Man Fetur da Gas ta Kasa, (NUPENG) da Manyan Manyan Ma'aikatan Man Fetur da Gas na Najeriya, (PENGASSAN) sun yunkuro don neman Hukumar Kula da Man Fetur da Gas. Yayin da yake gabatar da matsayinsu na hadin gwiwa, Shugaban PENGASSAN, Festus Osifo ya ce ba zai haifar da da mai ido ba wajen yin kwafin kwamitocin. Ya kuma yi kira ga mai kula da NNPC mai zaman kansa ya roki 'yan majalisar su tabbatar da cewa PIB lokacin da aka zartar dole ne ya jawo hankalin masu saka jari. Jin ra'ayoyin jama'a duk da haka ya ɗauki wani yanayi daban a Rana ta Biyu. Kafin farawa, membobin al'ummomin da ke karɓar bakuncin sun shiga rikici. Yaƙin ya ɓarke ne lokacin da aka kira theungiyoyin Hostungiyoyin Hostan Nijeriya masu samar da Mai da Gas (HOSTCOM) a kan dakalin gabatar da jawabai ta hanyar Shugaban Kwamitin Ad-hoc kan PIB, Hon. Mohammed Monguno, amma an samu rashin jituwa a tsakaninsu wanda ya kai ga musayar duka har sai da jami'an tsaro suka shiga tsakani. Don wannan, 'yan majalisa da sauran mahalarta taron sun yi sumame don aminci, kuma sun sake zama bayan kura ta lafa. Daya daga cikin mutanen da ke cikin fadan, wanda ya bayyana kansa, a matsayin Babban Cif Benjamin Tamaranebi, kuma Shugaban HOSTCOM, da yake zantawa da manema labarai daga baya ya ce yakin ya shafi batun neman kaso 10 cikin 100 na daidaito daga al'ummomin da ke karbar bakuncin. Za a tuna cewa gwamnati ta sanya a cikin PIB da aka gabatar 2.5. kashi ɗari a matsayin masarauta ga al'ummomin da suka karɓi baƙuncin. Amma Tamaranebi ya ce bai isa ga mutane ba saboda haka ya nemi karin kashi 10 cikin 100. Shima da yake magana akan ci gaban, Barr. Gouha Ukhorumah wanda ya wakilci Gbaramatu da ke gabar teku da kuma Hostungiyoyin masu karɓar bakin teku a ƙaramar hukumar Warri ta Kudu na Jihar Delta ya ce rikicin ya samo asali ne tsakanin ɓangarori biyu na ƙungiyar waɗanda ke kiran kansu Hostungiyoyin Masu karɓar ba tare da takamaiman masarauta ko Localaramar Hukumar a matsayin yankin da ke ɗaukar hoto.
Matsayin Gwamnatocin Jihohi Hakazalika, a jawabansu daban-daban, wasu jihohin da ake haƙo mai kamar Delta, Ribas, Bayelsa, Akwa Ibom sun matsa kaimi wajen shigar da su cikin shuwagabannin hukumomin gudanarwa daban-daban. Jihar Ribas ta ba da shawarar cewa bisa la’akari da dabarun da jihar Ribas ke da shi a fannin samar da man fetur da iskar gas, ya kamata a ba da misali da hedkwatar hukumar da duk kamfanonin da ke hako mai a jihar Rivers bisa ga umarnin shugaban kasa. Dangane da jihar Delta, sashe na 238 na kudirin dokar da ya karanta “Rashin hada da Man Fetur Communities Development Trust”, ya kamata a sake gyara shi don karanta “Rashin nasara daga duk wani mai lasisi ko hayar da wannan doka ta tanada don yin aiki da wajibcinsa a karkashin wannan babin na iya zama doka. zama dalilin soke lasisin da ya dace ko haya." Jihar wanda babban mashawarcin gwamna Ifeanyi Okowa, Dr. Kingsley Emu ya wakilta ya kuma bukaci a sake gyara sashe na 238 na kudirin don karantawa: “Sashe na 238’ duk wanda ke da lasisi ko hayar da doka ta zartar na shigar da dokar. Amintattun ci gaban al'ummomin mai masaukin baki a cikin tsarin lokaci a cikin sashe na 236 zai sanya mai riƙe ko lasisi ya zama abin alhakin hukuncin $250,000 da za a biya ga amintaccen a duk lokacin da aka haɗa asusun amana. Bugu da kari, ƙarin $50,000 na kowane wata mai zuwa amintaccen ya kasance ba a haɗa shi ba. Wannan hukuncin zai kasance ƙari ga adadin kuɗin da aka amince da shi a ƙarƙashin sashe na 240." Gwamnatin ta kuma bukaci ‘yan majalisar da su kirkiro wani sabon sashe na 240 (5) don samar da kashi 50 na hukuncin da ya taso kan iskar gas a wani yanki na musamman na lasisi ko hayar da aka kafa kamfanin mai na Host Community Development Trust kamar yadda ita ma ta nemi a samar da ita. na wani sabon Sashe na 240(6) don karanta "Taimakon cirewa kwatankwacin kashi 20 na kuɗin lasisin da aka biya akan sabon lasisi ko farashin tallace-tallace inda aka sake siyar da haya ko lasisi."
Maido da PIB Sake Bayan da aka yi ta cece-ku-ce a ranar karshe ta zaman da aka yi a zauren majalisar, gamayyar kungiyoyin farar hula (CSOs) da al’ummomin da ke hako mai a yankin Neja Delta sun yi watsi da kudirin dokar masana’antar man fetur ta shekarar 2020. Da yake magana, mai magana da yawun kungiyoyin CSOs da masu masaukin baki a yankin Neja Delta, Botti Isaac ya zargi kwamitin wucin gadi na majalisar wakilai kan PIB da yin watsi da muradun al’ummomin da suka karbi bakuncinsu. Ya kuma zargi majalisar dokokin kasar da kin bayar da dama ga masu ruwa da tsaki a yankin su ba da dama ga masu ruwa da tsaki a yankin su yi ta bakinsu a kan matakan da za a bi na zartar da PIB, saboda duka majalisun biyu sun hana mambobinsu shiga zauren taron. Ya bayyana cewa, yadda majalisar ta tafiyar da al’ummomin da suka karbi bakuncin taron da kuma gudunmawar kungiyoyin farar hula a zaman da aka yi, an yi shi ne da gangan don ganin ba a jin muryoyin da ba su dace ba. Ya ce PIB na yanzu ba zai kare al'ummomin da ke karbar bakuncin ba saboda ya bar su cikin tausayin kamfanonin mai. Isaac ya kuma ce kudirin dokar idan aka amince da shi aka kuma sanya hannu kan dokar zai haifar da rudani a yankin Neja-Delta da kuma kara jefa al’ummar yankin ga gurbacewar muhalli da wahalhalun da ba a taba gani ba, kuma al’ummomin yankin Neja Delta ba za su amince da irin wannan doka ba. Ya kara da cewa sanya kariyar kariyar man fetur a kan wasu al’ummomin da ba su dauke da makami ba gaskiya ba ne kamar yadda “binciken da Social Action ta gudanar a baya ya nuna cewa satar mai wanda shi ne babban dalilin huda bututun mai ana gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar kungiyoyin masu dauke da makamai wadanda a mafi yawan lokuta ba ma ma. jama'a."
Matsayin gwamnatin tarayya A yayin da yake gabatar da nasa jawabin a zaman, Shugaban Hukumar Tattara Haraji, Allocation da Fiscal Commission (RMAFC) Elias Mbam ya shaida wa ‘yan majalisar cewa kudirin na iya rage yawan kudaden shiga ga Gwamnatin Tarayya. Ya ce, “Hukumar tana goyon bayan manufofi da makasudin wannan kudiri. Koyaya, akwai wasu wuraren da muke jayayya sosai. Kudirin bai yi tanadi mai ma'ana ba kan shigar da kudaden shiga ga tarayya. Idan muna da NNPC Limited da ke magana game da ribar da za ta iya zuwa sau ɗaya a shekara, ta yaya za mu tabbatar da ci gaba da samun bayanan kuɗin shiga kowane wata zuwa Asusun Tarayya? “Na biyu, muna sane da cewa duk kudaden shiga daga Hydrocarbons abu ne na kudaden shiga na Asusun Tarayya amma inda ake cire haraji daga kudaden shiga na Hydrocarbon, abu daya ne da kutse a asusun tarayya. Don haka muna sa ran cewa kudirin bai kamata ya zama nakasu ga kudaden shiga na wata-wata ga Asusun Tarayya ba. “A kan kudaden al’umma da ke karbar bakuncin, Hukumar tana goyon bayan kafa kudaden al’umma gaba daya. Damuwar mu ita ce tushen asusun. Akwai dokar da ta ba da kashi 13% don magance matsalolin da suka shafi tallafin al'umma. Muna jin cewa tushen asusun ya kamata ya kasance daga wannan kashi 13%. Masu ruwa da tsaki waɗanda ke goyon bayan ƙudirin Duk da kin amincewa da al'ummomin da suka karɓi bakuncinsu da sauran 'yan wasa a masana'antar, wasu masu ruwa da tsaki a fannin man fetur da iskar gas na tattalin arzikin Najeriya a wurin taron sun yi bi-bi-bi-da-kulli inda suka bayyana gagarumin kyakyawan da ke tattare da kudirin dokar masana'antar mai. Masu ruwa da tsaki da suka hada da Karamin Ministan Albarkatun Man Fetur, Cif Timipre Silva, Manajan Daraktan Rukunin GMD, na Kamfanin Mai na Najeriya NNPC, Mele Kyari da Shugaban Hukumar Harajin Harajin Cikin Gida ta Tarayya, FIRS, Mohammed Nami ya bayyana cewa. daftarin doka idan aka gabatar da shi ya zama doka zai inganta ci gaban tattalin arziki tare da samar da kuzari da kuma nuna gaskiya da ake bukata wanda zai haifar da samar da albarkatu a masana'antar man fetur.
Majalisar Dokokin Kasar Har yanzu Tana Da Hakuri A Kan Ƙudirin Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa, Ahmad Lawan da Kakakin Majalisar, Hon. Femi Gbajabiamila a jawabansu daban-daban a taron jin ra’ayin jama’a da aka gudanar a zaurukan biyu, sun ba da tabbacin cewa za a amince da amincewa da PIB kafin karshen watan Mayu, 2021. A yayin da yake bayyana bude taron jin ra’ayin jama’a a zauren majalisar dattawa, Lawan ya yi gargadin a daina jinkiri wajen zartar da kudurin dokar masana’antar man fetur (PIB) domin zai haifar da babbar asara ga tattalin arzikin Najeriya. A cewarsa, “Majalisar dokokin kasar za ta zartar da kudirin nan da watan Afrilu kuma ina da tabbacin za ta samu amincewar shugaban kasa a watan Mayun wannan shekara. Majalisar dattijai ta tara a cikin hikimar ta, ta sanya amincewa da kudurin dokar a matsayin fifiko a ajandarta na majalisar kuma tun daga lokacin da masu ruwa da tsaki masu ruwa da tsaki suka dukufa wajen ganin an zartar da kudurin a bana. “Wataƙila, masana’antar mai da iskar gas ta Najeriya ta fuskanci matsaloli da ƙalubale da yawa a cikin dogon lokaci sakamakon tsofaffin dokoki. Wadannan kalubalen sun hada da wadanda al’amuran duniya suka tsara, kiraye-kirayen da ake ta yi na ganin an dakile ayyukan da ake yi a kasa, da tada hankalin al’ummomin da ke hako mai da kuma kwance damarar NNPC, duk wadannan suna nuna bukatar yin garambawul ga majalisar dokoki. “A saninka ne cewa rashin shigowar PIB ya kasance babban abin da ya jawowa masana’antar a tsawon shekaru da suka wuce, wanda hakan ya kawo cikas wajen janyo hankalin masu zuba jari na cikin gida da na waje a daidai lokacin da wasu kasashe da dama ke fafutukar cin gajiyar mai. da albarkatun gas. Sanin cewa har yanzu ana tafiyar da harkokin kasuwancin man fetur na kasa bisa dokokin da aka kafa sama da shekaru 50 da suka gabata, abin dariya ne da ban takaici matuka. “A matsayinmu na ’yan majalisa, za mu yi kokarin samar da kudirin doka da zai bunkasa ci gaban masana’antar man fetur da iskar gas, da zamanantar da tsarin kasafin kudinmu da kuma kara yin takara, tare da samar da daidaito ga masu ruwa da tsaki. Wannan alkawari ne da muka yi kuma za mu cimma. Dole ne Najeriya ta sami masana'antar mai da iskar gas da ke amfanar al'ummarta. Hakazalika, masana'antar mai da iskar gas ɗinmu dole ne su kasance masu gasa. Dole ne mu samar da yanayin zuba jari mai dorewa, inda kasuwanci a fannin zai bunkasa." A nasa bangaren, Mista Gbajabiamila, ya ce duk da matsayar da wasu masu ruwa da tsaki suka dauka, majalisar wakilai za ta tabbatar da cewa ta kare muradun Najeriya da ‘yan Najeriya a cikin kudirin. Ya ce duk da cewa yarjejeniya ce ta kasa cewa ya kamata a yi cikakken garambawul ga masana'antar mai da iskar gas, ya koka da halin da ake ciki inda "wannan mahimmin masana'antar ta kasa ba ta cika karfinta da kuma fatanmu na kasa." Shugaban majalisar ya ce, “ba mu manta da gaskiyar al’amura da dama da ake ta fama da su a wannan fanni ba. Wadannan sabani ba sa bukatar haifar da rikici, musamman idan mun san manufar ci gaban kasa ta amfanar da mu baki daya. Sabili da haka, tsarin yin hulɗa tare da masu ruwa da tsaki zai ci gaba fiye da wannan sauraron jama'a don daidaita bambancin bukatun da kuma tabbatar da duk ra'ayi mai mahimmanci ya zama wani ɓangare na shawarwarin da ke sanar da doka ta ƙarshe. “Wannan kudiri ya dade yana zuwa kamar yadda shugaban ya ce. Yana zuwa a cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata. Saboda rigima da son zuciya, ba mu iya cimma sakamakon da ake so ba tsawon shekaru. “Ayyuka da yawa sun shiga cikin shirye-shiryen wannan kudiri, amma ba a daure ba. Manufar taron jin ra’ayin jama’a shi ne a sami bukatu da watakila ba a amince da su ba kafin gabatar da kudirin don a ba da murya da kuma fahimtar watakila mafi girman muhallin da suka fito.”
Menene na gaba akan PIB? Da yake sake haɗuwa bayan musayar da al’ummar da suka karbi bakuncin taron a zauren taron, Shugaban Kwamitin Ad-hoc kan PIB, Hon. Mohammed Monguno, ya ba da tabbacin cewa kwamitin zai ziyarci al'ummomi daban-daban a yankin tekun don gudanar da su yadda ya kamata. Yayin da yake yin Allah wadai da rikicin da ya barke tsakanin al’ummar yankin, Kakakin Majalisar, Hon. Benjamin Kalu ya ce majalisar ta ci gaba da kasancewa a kan hanyar da za ta amince da PIB nan da Afrilu 2021, tare da lura cewa dokar za ta sake karfafa masana'antar man fetur da kuma bunkasa tattalin arziki a cikin al'ummomin da ke karbar bakuncin da kuma kasa baki daya."
Manazarta Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba |
53560 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaro%20Mai%20Banza | Yaro Mai Banza | Shahid Khan an haife shi 1 Janairun Shekarar 1981), wanda aka fi sani da sunansa Naughty Boy, ɗan Burtaniya DJ ne, mai yin rikodin rikodi, marubuci kuma mawaƙi. A cikin 2012, Khan ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar bugu na shekaru uku tare da Sony ATV, da kuma kwangilar rikodi don sakin kundi guda ɗaya a ƙarƙashin Virgin EMI Records Khan ya kaddamar da kansa a matsayin mai shirya rikodi a karkashin moniker "Naughty Boy" kuma yana gudanar da nasa kamfani mai suna Naughty Boy Recordings.
Ya samar da rikodi guda biyu don rappers Chipmunk da Wiley, duka suna nuna Emeli Sandé Naughty Boy da Sandé daga baya sun kafa haɗin gwiwar rubuce-rubuce da samarwa, wanda ya kai ga Sandé ta sauko da yarjejeniyar rikodin ta da Budurwa da EMI. Sandé ya ci gaba da zama mai suna The Critics Choice for 2012 BRIT Awards, kuma ta sake sakin kundi na farko na Mu Version of Events (2012), rikodin haɗin gwiwa da aka yi tare da Naughty Boy. Khan ya shafe 2011 da 2012 yana aiki akan rikodin Leona Lewis, JLS, Cheryl, Jennifer Hudson, Alesha Dixon da Tinie Tempah, da sauransu.
A cikin 2013, Naughty Boy ya fito da kundi na farko Hotel Cabana Saitin ya ƙunshi fitaccen mai haɗin gwiwar Sandé, da kuma Ed Sheeran, Gabrielle da sauransu. An gabace shi da sakin manyan-goma guda ɗaya Al'ajabi (wanda ke nuna Sandé), lamba ɗaya ta buga La La La yana nuna Sam Smith da Lifted wani haɗin gwiwa tare da Sandé. Kundin sa na farko ya kai kololuwa a lamba biyu a Burtaniya.
A ranar 19 ga Oktoba 2013, an ba wa Naughty Boy's "La La La" kyautar 'Mafi kyawun Waƙa' da 'Mafi kyawun Bidiyo' a Kyautar MOBO 18th Anniversary.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Shahid Khan a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1981 a Watford, Hertfordshire. Iyayensa na asali daga Pakistan, da kuma bayyana mahimmancin asalinsa na Pakistan, kasancewar kuma yana makarantar kusa da Rawalpindi tsawon shekaru biyu, ya ce ya girma yana sauraron kiɗan Pakistan da kallon fina-finai na Pakistan fiye da yadda al'adun Yammacin Turai suka rinjayi, yana sha'awar irin su Sultan Rahi da Mustafa Qureshi, a ƙarshe yana furta cewa "Ni kuma ina alfahari da Pakistan". Ilimi a Westfield Academy, Watford, da farko, Khan yana karatun Kasuwanci da Kasuwanci a Jami'ar Guildhall ta London (yanzu Jami'ar Metropolitan London), amma a lokacin karatunsa na farko, ya yanke shawarar barin makaranta kuma ya yi ayyuka daban-daban na lokaci-lokaci a Domino's Pizza da Watford General Hospital Ya ci fam 44,000 akan Deal ko No Deal kuma ya kashe kudin ne a wani dakin motsa jiki a lambun iyayensa, tare da baiwa iyayensa fam 15,000 da kuma sayen motar motsa jiki ta Audi. Ya yanke shawarar bin burinsa na rubutawa da samar da nasa kiɗan, a ƙarƙashin sunan Naughty Boy Recordings. A bayan fage, Khan yana rera waƙoƙi a cikin lambun iyayensa da ke Charlock Way a Watford, Hertfordshire. Kudaden sun ba Khan damar haɓaka samarwa daga rumbun lambun zuwa ɗakin studio a Ealing, Yammacin London A ƙarshe, ya sami kwangilar shekaru uku tare da Sony ATV, da kuma yarjejeniyar rikodin rikodi guda ɗaya tare da Virgin Records EMI Records Khan ya nemi kungiyar The Princes Trust a shekara ta 2005, inda aka ba shi kyautar fan 5,000 don taimakawa fara kasuwancinsa. Da yake magana da Watford Observer a 2009 game da damar, Khan ya ce "Prince's Trust yana da wani tsari inda suke son taimakawa mutanen da suke ganin za su iya kafa nasu kasuwanci. Ina so in yi kiɗa amma ba ni da kayan aiki. Suka ce suna son su taimake ni.” A wannan shekarar, Khan ya fito a tashar wasan kwaikwayo na Channel 4 da aka buga a rana-lokaci gamehow Deal or No Deal, inda ya ci fam 44,000, ya kara ba shi damar siyan kayan aiki kuma ya fara rikodin. Furodusan yanzu ya kafa faifan rikodinsa a ɗakin studio ɗinsa da ke Ealing, Yammacin London Aikin kiɗa
2009-2012: Farko da samarwa Furodusan ya fashe zuwa wurin kiɗan a cikin 2009, ta hanyar rubutawa tare da samar da waƙar Chipmunk Diamond Rings yana nuna Emeli Sandé Khan zai sake yin aiki tare da Sandé, wannan lokacin akan Wiley 's Kada Ka Kasance Matar Ka (2010), murfin White Town 's Your Woman (1997). Daga baya Sandé ta sami yarjejeniyar rikodin rikodi tare da Virgin Records, tare da Khan tare da rubutawa da kuma samar da kundi na farko, Shafinmu na Abubuwan da suka faru An gabatar da Naughty Boy bisa ƙa'ida kuma an ba shi matsayin mai zane a kan waƙar Sandé ta biyu Daddy kodayake a zahiri baya yin waƙar.
Khan ya kuma yi aiki tare da Alesha Dixon, JLS, Lily Allen, Alexandra Burke da Jennifer Hudson Ya kuma samar da bayanan Farfesa Green, Cheryl Cole da Tinie Tempah Khan yayi aiki tare da Sandé don samar da haɗin gwiwa tare da rubuta Leona Lewis '2012 dawowar "Matsalar" wanda ke nuna Childish Gambino Khan kuma ya rubuta kuma ya samar da "Lokacin da Ya Yi Watsi" da "Dutse" don album na Lewis Glassheart Duk da haka, Sandé ta sake yin rikodin "Mountains" kuma ta sanya kundi nata na Mu Version of Events Ya kuma yi aiki a kan rikodin don Rihanna ciki har da Rabin Ni (wanda aka haɗa tare da Stargate "Sakamakon Tasirin ku" don Fantasia Barrino da kuma samar da "Craziest Things" tare da will.i.am don Cheryl Cole 2012–2014: Hotel Cabana Har ila yau Khan ya shafe lokaci, a duk ci gaban aikinsa, yana aiki a kan nasa album na farko mai suna Hotel Cabana, wanda aka tsara za a sake shi a ƙarƙashin moniker "Naughty Boy" ta Virgin EMI Records a 2013. Kundin farko na Al'ajabi yana fasalta mai yawan haɗin gwiwa Sandé akan waƙoƙin jagora. An sake shi a ranar 30 ga Satumba 2012 kuma shi ne jagora guda ɗaya daga sake fitar da kundi na farko na Sandé, Sigar Mu na Abubuwan da suka faru, bayan an riga an bayyana a sigar Amurka ta kundin. Ya kai kololuwa a lamba goma akan Chart Singles na Burtaniya Mawaƙin Burtaniya Gabrielle ya kuma yi aiki tare da Naughty Boy don Hotel Cabana akan wata waƙa mai suna "Hollywood", wacce aka fara zayyana ita ce ta biyu ta albam, tare da kundin da ke biye a cikin Fabrairu 2013. Gabrielle ya kuma bayyana cewa ɗan'uwan ɗan wasan Burtaniya-mawaƙiya Ed Sheeran da mawakiyar Burtaniya Tinie Tempah suma za su fito a Hotel Cabana Dukansu Tempah da Sheeran sun yi aiki tare da Naughty Boy akan bayanan da suka gabata. Ita ce waƙar taken kundin, "Hotel Cabana" wanda ke nuna Tempah. An kaddamar da tirela na Hotel Cabana akan asusun Vevo na Naughty Boy a ranar 20 ga Satumba 2012. Ya ce Hotel Cabana "Naughty Boy ne ya jagoranci shi, tare da Emeli Sandé, Tinie Tempah, Farfesa Green, Gabrielle da George the Poet A cikin kundin, ra'ayin Khan game da shi shine "Yana da ra'ayi a kansa, don haka ya fi kama da fim ta wasu bangarori", yana mai cewa "Ni ba furodusa ba ne kawai ni ma darakta ne". Duk da haka, bai faru ba har sai Mayu 2013, cewa an sake saki na biyu La La La wanda ke nuna Sam Smith Ya kai lamba daya a Burtaniya, uku a Ireland da uku a Scotland. An saki kundin a ranar 26 ga Agusta 2013. Ya kai kololuwa a lamba biyu a Burtaniya.
Bayan ya kammala aiki a kan nasa kundin, a cikin 2013, Khan ya ci gaba da samarwa ga sauran masu fasaha. Ya yi aiki a kan rikodin pop don mawaƙin Ba'amurke Britney Spears, da kuma shiga cikin zaman Spears tare da furodusa William Orbit Mawakiyar Burtaniya Lily Allen ita ma ta nemi Khan da ta samar da bayanai na kundi nata mai zuwa. Bugu da ƙari, ya haɗu tare da Sandé da Katy Perry a New York don yin aiki akan waƙa don kundi na Perry sannan mai zuwa, Prism (2013).
2015-yanzu: Factor X da kundi na biyu A cikin Maris 2015, an tabbatar da cewa Naughty Boy ya yi aiki tare da memba na One Direction Zayn Malik don ɗayan waƙoƙin kundin sa na biyu. Malik ya fice daga kungiyar jim kadan bayan wannan sanarwar, wanda ya kai ga yawancin magoya bayan One Direction suna zargin Naughty Boy akan tafiyar Malik. A ranar 16 ga Satumba 2015, Naughty Boy ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai fitar da waƙa mai taken Runnin' (Lose It All) mai nuna Beyoncé da Arrow Benjamin. A daidai wannan kwanan wata, ya raba zane-zane don guda ɗaya, waƙoƙin sa, snippet mai sauti na biyu na 15 tare da bidiyo ta asusun Instagram kuma ya fara ƙidayar har sai an sake shi ta kan layi. Washegari, a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 2015, "Runnin' (Lose It All)" ya fara kan layi. An samo shi don saukewa na dijital akan Shagon iTunes akan 18 Satumba 2015. Ya Kamata Na Kasance Ni wanda ke nuna muryoyin Kyla da Popcaan an sake shi a matsayin na biyu a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 2016. Waƙar ta kai kololuwa a lamba 61 akan Chart Singles na Burtaniya "Daya Dama zuwa Rawa", wanda ke nuna muryoyin daga Joe Jonas an sake shi a matsayin na uku a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 2017.
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1981
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
32022 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halin%20Dan%20Adam%20Na%20Mahalli | Halin Dan Adam Na Mahalli | Halin ɗan adam na muhalli yanki ne na bincike na tsaka-tsaki, ya hada da yawancin ƙa'idodin muhalli waɗanda suka fito a cikin ɗan adam a cikin shekaru da yawa da suka gabata, musamman wallafe-wallafen muhalli, falsafar muhalli, tarihin muhalli, nazarin kimiyya da fasaha, Ilimin ɗan Adam na muhalli, da sadarwar muhalli. Muhalli na ɗan adam yana amfani da tambayoyin ɗan adam game da ma'ana, al'ada, dabi'u, ɗa'a, da alhakin magance matsalolin muhalli masu matsananciyar wahala. Ƙungiyoyin mahalli suna nufin taimaka wa ƙetare rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin kimiyar kimiyya da ɗan adam, da kuma tsakanin hanyoyin Yamma, Gabas, da na asali na alaƙa da duniyar halitta da wurin ɗan adam a cikinta. Har ila yau filin ya yi tsayayya da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin "dabi'a" da "al'ada," yana nuna yawancin batutuwan "muhalli" a koyaushe suna shiga cikin tambayoyin ɗan adam na adalci, aiki, da siyasa. Muhalli kuma wata hanya ce ta haɗa hanyoyi daga fagage daban-daban don ƙirƙirar sabbin hanyoyin tunani ta hanyar matsalolin muhalli.
Halayen ɗan adam a muhalli Kodayake ra'ayoyi da fikirorin da ke tattare da halayen muhalli sun samo asali ne a ƙarni na baya, filin ya ƙarfafa ƙarƙashin sunan "yan Adam na muhalli" a cikin 2000s bayan ci gaba da ci gaba na 1970s, 1980s, da 1990s a cikin ilimin bil'adama da ilimin zamantakewa kamar littattafai, tarihi, falsafar, nazarin jinsi, da ilimin halin dan Adam. Ƙungiyar masu bincike na Ostiraliya sun yi amfani da sunan "yanayin muhalli" don bayyana ayyukansu tun a cikin 1990s; filin da aka ƙarfafa a ƙarƙashin sunan "yanayin muhalli" a kusa da shekaa 2010. An kafa Mujallar Muhalli na Muhalli a cikin 2012 da Resilience: A Journal of the Environmental Humanities a shekara ta 2014, yana nuna ci gaban filin da ƙarfafawa a kusa da wannan kalmomi.
Akwai cibiyoyi, shirye-shirye da yawa na muhalli na ɗan adam a duniya. Wasu daga cikin fitattun su ne Cibiyar Rachel Carson don Muhalli da Jama'a (RCC) a LMU Munich, Cibiyar Al'adu, Tarihi, da Muhalli (CHE) a Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison, Cibiyar Nazarin Makamashi da Muhalli a cikin Kimiyyar Dan Adam a Jami'ar Rice, Shirin Penn a cikin Muhalli na Muhalli a Jami'ar Pennsylvania, Laboratory Humanities Laboratory a KTH Royal Institute of Technology, The Greenhouse a Jami'ar Stavanger, da kuma International Humanities for Environment observatories.
Yawancin jami'o'i suna ba da PhDs, Digirin Kwarewa na fannin Arts, takaddun karatun digiri, da Digiri na Fasaha a cikin ɗan adam na muhalli. Ana koyar da darussa a cikin yanayin ɗan adam a kowace nahiya. Halayen muhalli ba wai kawai sun fito ne daga masu tunani na ilimi na Yamma ba: ƴan asalin ƙasa, masu tunanin bayan mulkin mallaka da na mata sun ba da babbar gudummawa. Waɗannan gudunmawar sun haɗa da ƙalubalantar ra'ayoyin da suka shafi ɗan adam waɗanda suka raba "dabi'a" da "al'ada" da kuma ra'ayoyin fararen fata, maza, Turai da Arewacin Amirka na abin da ya ƙunshi "dabi'a"; sake fasalin nau'in adabi na rubutun yanayi da ƙirƙirar sabbin ra'ayoyi da fagagen da ke haɗa ilimi da siyasa, kamar "adalci na muhalli," wariyar launin fata "muhalli na matalauta," "naturecultures," da "na bayan mutum."
Haɗin kai ontology Halin ɗan adam na muhalli yana da alaƙa da haɗin kai da kuma sadaukar da kai ga mahimman abubuwa guda biyu waɗanda suka shafi buƙatun mika wuya ga dokokin muhalli da ganin ɗan adam a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban tsarin rayuwa.
Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke tattare da ilimin halittu na muhalli shine cewa duniyar kwayoyin halitta da sassan jikinsu ana ganin su a matsayin tsari guda ɗaya wanda kowane bangare yana haɗuwa da juna. Wannan ra'ayi na duniya yana da alaƙa ta kud da kud da falsafar ilimin halittar jiki ta Lotka da kuma ma'anar "Injin Duniya". Lokacin da muka ga duk abin da ke da alaƙa, to, tambayoyin al'ada na bil'adama game da adalci na tattalin arziki da siyasa sun kara girma, a cikin la'akari da yadda adalci ke da alaka da canjin yanayin mu da yanayin mu. Sakamakon irin wannan haɗin kai shine, kamar yadda masu fafutukar kare muhalli ke jayayya, cewa mun fara neman ƙarin ma'anar adalci wanda ya haɗa da waɗanda ba ɗan adam ba a cikin yankin waɗanda haƙƙoƙin ke da hakki. Wannan faɗaɗa fahimtar adalci ya haɗa da "ɗaɗaɗɗen" ko "tunanin muhalli", wanda ke ƙaddamar da haɓaka ilimin raba ilimi a cikin fagagen 'ilimi' jam'i da daban-daban. Irin wannan ilimin raba ilimi ana kiransa transdisciplinarity. Yana da alaƙa da falsafar siyasa ta Hannah Arendt da ayyukan Italo Calvino Kamar yadda Calvino ya sanya shi, "girma [s] sararin abin da za mu iya tunanin". Hakanan yana da alaƙa da aikin Haskakawa na Leibniz inda ake taƙaita ilimin kimiyya lokaci guda yayin da ake haɓakawa.
Halin yana da wuyar gaske, duk da haka, ta hanyar sanin gaskiyar cewa haɗin kai ba su da layi da layi Don haka, yanayin ɗan adam na muhalli, yana buƙatar nau'ikan harshe na layi da kuma waɗanda ba na layi ba waɗanda za a iya yin tunani game da adalci. Don haka akwai ƙwarin gwiwa don nemo hanyoyin harshe waɗanda za su iya bayyana daidaitattun hanyoyin haɗin kai da waɗanda ba na layi ba.
Axioms A cewar wasu masu tunani, akwai axioms na mahalli guda uku kamar yadda suke zuwa:
Axiom na biyayya ga dokokin muhalli Matsakaicin dangi na muhalli, wanda ke nuna ɗan adam a matsayin mai shiga cikin tsarin rayuwa mai girma; kuma
Maƙasudin ginin zamantakewa na muhallin halittu da haɗin kai na muhalli, wanda ke faɗin cewa mahalli da yanayi na iya zama mahaɗan ra'ayi kawai masu dacewa (Marshall, 2002).
Sanya axioms na farko da na biyu wata hanya, alaƙa tsakanin da tsakanin abubuwa masu rai sune tushen yadda ake fahimtar yanayin yanayin aiki, don haka ya zama dokokin rayuwa da jagororin hali (Rose 2004).
Na farko daga cikin wadannan axioms yana da al'ada a cikin ilimin zamantakewa duba Marx, 1968: 3). Daga na biyu ra'ayi na halitta yanayi embeddedness da "mazauni" sun fito daga Siyasa Theory tare da asali alaka da hakkoki, dimokuradiyya, da ilmin halitta (Eckersley 1996: 222, 225; Eckersley 1998).
Axiom na uku ya fito ne daga ƙaƙƙarfan al'adar 'mai nuna kai' na duk ƙwararrun 'yan Adam' kuma tana ƙarfafa ƴan Adam don bincika tushen ka'idar ta (kuma ba tare da wannan ba, ɗan adam muhalli shine kawai 'ecology').
Ra'ayoyin zamani
Ilimin tattalin arziki na siyasa Wasu masana ilimin tunani sun nuna cewa shigar da wadanda ba mutane ba cikin la'akari da adalci yana danganta falsafar mahalli da tattalin arzikin siyasa. Wannan saboda ka'idar adalci wani muhimmin aiki ne na falsafar tattalin arzikin siyasa. Idan daidai da axioms na muhalli bil'adama, theories na adalci sun kara girma zuwa hada da muhalli dabi'u fiye da zama dole sakamakon shi ne kira na damuwa da muhalli da tattalin arziki na siyasa: watau. Ilimin Tattalin Arzikin Siyasa.
Harshen tsarin makamashi Tambayar wane harshe ne zai iya kwatanta hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo na madaidaiciya da kuma waɗanda ba na layi ba na tsarin muhalli ya bayyana cewa makarantar ilimin halitta da aka sani da tsarin ilimin halittu ta ɗauka Don nuna ma'anar layi da haɗin kai na ciki na yanayin muhalli inda ka'idodin thermodynamics ke riƙe da sakamako mai mahimmanci (Hannon et al. 1991: 80), Systems Ecologist HT Odum (1994) ya ƙaddara Harshen Tsarin Makamashi akan ka'idodin makamashin muhalli A cikin kuzarin muhalli, kamar yadda yake a cikin ɗan adam na muhalli, haɗin kai tsakanin haɗin gwiwa ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin nau'i na gani (duba Patten et al. 1976: 460). Haka kuma, a sakamakon kwaikwayon tsarin muhalli tare da harshen tsarin makamashi, HT Odum ya ba da shawara mai cike da cece-kuce cewa za a iya fahimtar makamashin da ke tattare da shi azaman darajar, wanda a cikin kansa wani mataki ne a fagen ilimin kimiyyar tattalin arziki na siyasa da aka ambata a sama.
Duba kuma Nazarin dabbobi
Anthropocene
Bioprospecting
Bioregionalism
Biosemiotics
Yanayin al'adu
Zurfafa ilimin halittu
Ecocriticism
Ecocentrism
Ecofeminism
Ecomusicology
Ecosemiotics
Tarihin muhalli
Falsafar muhalli
Ilimin yanayin siyasa
Bayan ɗan adam
Ilimin jima'i
Tsarin muhalli
Ka'idar darajar
Bayanan kula
Manazarta Italo Calvino, On Fourier, III: A Utopia of Fine Dust, The Literature Machine, Picador, London.
R. Eckersley (1996) ‘Greening Liberal Democracy’, in Doherty, B. and de Geus, M. ed. Democracy Green Political Thought: Sustainability, Rights and Citizenship, Routledge, London, pp. 212–236.
R. Eckersley (1998) ‘The Death of Nature and the Birth of Ecological Humanities’, Organization and Environment, Vol 11, No. 2, pp. 183–185.
R. Eckersley (2001) 'Symposium Green Thinking from Australia', Environmental Politics, Vol.10, No.4, pp. 85–102.
J.B. Foster and P.Burkett (2004) ‘Ecological Economics And Classical Marxism’, Organization Environment, Vol. 17, No.1, pp. 32–60.
B. Hannon, R.Costanza and R.Ulanowicz (1991) ‘A General Accounting Framework for Ecological Systems: A Functional Taxonomy for Connectivist Ecology’, Theoretical Population Biology, Vol. 40, 78-104.
A. Marshall (2002) The Unity of Nature: Wholeness and Disintegration in Ecology and Science. London: Imperial College Press.
J. Martinez-Alier (1987) Ecological Economics, Basil Blackwell. K. Marx (1968), in Karl Marx: 1818/1968, a collection of essays, Inter Nationes, Bad Godesberg.
H.T. Odum (1994) Ecological and General Systems: An Introduction to Systems Ecology, Colorado University Press, Boulder, Colorado.
B.C. Patten, R.W.Bosserman, J.T.Finn and W.B.Cale (1976) ‘Propagation of Cause in Ecosystems’, in Patten, B.C. ed. Systems Analysis and Systems Simulation in Ecology, Academic Press inc. New York.
S. Podolinsky (2004) ‘Socialism And The Unity Of Physical Forces’, Organization Environment, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 61–75.
D. Rose and L. Robin (2004) 'The Ecological Humanities in Action: An Invitation', Australian Humanities Review, 31-2
D.R. Weiner (2000) Models of Nature: Ecology, Conservation and Cultural Revolution in Soviet Russia, University of Pittsburgh Press, U.S.A.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Muhalli na Muhalli (jarida)
Resilience: Jaridar Muhalli na Muhalli (jarida)
"Menene Humanities na Muhalli?" Muhalli na Muhalli a UCLA Muhalli Al'umma Portal
DE Nye, L. Rugg, J. Fleming, and R. Emmett (2013), Takardar Bayani: Bayyanar Halittar Muhalli" Mistra, Gidauniyar Yaren mutanen Sweden don Binciken Dabarun Muhalli.
R. Hutchings (2014) 'Fahimtar da hangen nesa ga Muhalli na Muhalli', Muhalli Humanities, vol. 4, shafi na 213-220 T. Griffiths 'The Humanities and An Environmentally Sustainable Ostiraliya', Shafi 1 a cikin Cibiyar Nazarin Bil Adama ta Australiya, "The Humanities and Australia's National Recipe Priorities', Rahoton da aka shirya don Sashen Ilimi na Commonwealth, Kimiyya da Koyarwa, Afrilu 2003
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
24850 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Davies%20%28footballer%29 | Andrew Davies (footballer) | Andrew John Davies (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba shekara ta alif dari tara da tamanin da hudu1984) miladiyya. ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingilishi wanda ke taka leda a tsakiya, kuma a halin yanzu wakili ne na kyauta.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Davies ya fara rattaba hannu tare da Middlesbrough tun yana dan shekara 13, Davies ya taka leda a kungiyoyi 11 a matakai daban-daban. An ba da shi aro ga Queens Park Rangers, Derby County da Southampton, inda ya sanya hannu tare da na karshen bayan barin Middlesbrough. Daga baya Davies ya buga wa Stoke City, Preston North End, Sheffield United, Walsall, Middlesbrough a karo na biyu, Crystal Palace da Bradford City A cikin shekarar 2015, ya koma Scotland, ya rattaba hannu tare da Ross County. Davies ya taimaki County ta lashe Kofin League na Scottish na shekarar 2015 zuwa 2016, amma ya bar kulob din bayan an sake su a shekarar 2018.
Davies ya wakilci Ingila a cikin kungiyoyin matasa na kasa da kasa, kuma kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 21 ta taka mata leda sau daya.
Aikin kulob
Middlesbrough An haifi Davies a Stockton-on-Tees kuma ya halarci Makarantar Northfield a Billingham, kusa da Middlesbrough Ya shiga Middlesbrough tun yana ɗan shekara goma sha uku, yana haɓaka matsayin kulob a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar ajiyar. Davies ya zama ƙwararre a cikin watan Oktoba shekarar 2002 bayan ya burge a cikin 'yan ƙasa da 19s kuma a matsayin kyaftin na ƙungiyar ajiyar. Ya fara buga wasa na farko a ranar 6 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2002, a wasan cin Kofin League da Ipswich Town Wasansa na farko na Premier ya zo watanni uku bayan haka, a cikin rashin nasara 5-2 a gidan Aston Villa Ya sake fitowa sau tara a kakar 2003 zuwa 2004 kafin ya samu rauni a kafarsa a wasan da aka ajiye a watan Maris na shekarar 2004. Duk da wannan, an kira Davies 2003 zuwa 2004 Middlesbrough 'Yan wasan Matasa na Shekara. Ya sa kungiyarsa ta farko ta dawo daga raunin da ta yi da Coventry City a gasar League Cup a ranar 27 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2004. Ya buga wasanni biyu a farkon rabin kakar 2004 zuwa 2005 kafin ya koma Queens Park Rangers a farkon aro na wata daya a watan Janairu don samun wasu kwarewar kungiyar ta farko, a karshe ya kasance a can na tsawon watanni uku. Davies da farko ya ki komawa kulob din na dindindin. Bayan rikicin rauni, Middlesbrough ya tuno da shi a watan Afrilu shekarar 2005. A watan Yuli shekara 2005, an sake ba da rancen Davies, zuwa Derby County har zuwa ƙarshen kakar 2005 zuwa 2006 tare da yarjejeniyar gami da sashin da ya ba da damar sake tunawa da shi daga ƙungiyar iyayen sa a watan Janairu. Wannan ya kasance na farko na tsawon watanni shida, kodayake daga baya an kara shi zuwa cikakken lamunin aro. Davies ya fara buga wasansa na farko na Derby County a wasan farko na kakar, yana buga cikakken mintuna 90, a wasan 1-1 da Brighton & Hove Albion Burinsa na farko ya zo ne a ranar 18 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2005, a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Southampton. Bayan watanni uku a ranar 3 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2005, Davies ya zira kwallaye biyu, a wasan da suka ci Norwich City 2-0. A watan Janairun shekarar 2006, rikicin rauni a Middlesbrough ya sa su tuna Davies, wanda ya burge a duk lokacin da yake Derby, duk da an kore shi sau uku. Da dawowarsa filin wasan Riverside, Davies ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tafiyar Middlesbrough zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar cin kofin FA da na karshe na gasar cin kofin UEFA Tare da Gareth Southgate ya sadaukar da kansa ga matasa a cikin 2006 zuwa 2007, Davies ya sami hanyar shiga ƙungiyar farko kuma ya buga wasanni 23 gaba ɗaya.
Southampton Davies ya rattaba hannu ga Southampton a ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2007, a kan rancen watanni uku na farko tare da niyyar canja wuri na dindindin a watan Janairu. Ya ɗauki har zuwa 3 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2007 don Davies ya fara wasansa na farko na Southampton, yana zuwa a madadin Grégory Vignal a cikin minti na 72, a cikin rashin nasara 1-0 da Charlton Athletic A ranar 10 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2008, sanya hannu ya kasance na dindindin, don kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba, yi imanin 1 miliyan. Ya rasa wasannin da suka gabata na kakar 2007 zuwa 2008 sakamakon raunin da ya samu na kunci a cikin watan Maris shekarar 2008. Duk da wasa na rabin kakar wasa kawai, an zabe shi Saints Player of the Season. Gaban kakar 2008 zuwa 2009, Davies ya ce yana gab da dawowa cikakken horo na ƙungiyar farko kuma yana sa ran dawowa cikin makonni uku zuwa huɗu.
Stoke City A watan Agusta shekara ta 2008, Davies ya koma Stoke City kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu. An ba da rahoton canja wurin kuɗin da aka biya Southampton a matsayin fam miliyan 1.3. Farawar Davies a Stoke bai tafi yadda aka tsara ba bayan da ya samu rauni a gwiwa a horo, wanda hakan ya sa ya bukaci tiyata. A ƙarshen Nuwamba, yana gab da dawo da ƙungiyar farko kuma yayi wasa a gefen ajiyar. Bai buga wa tawagar farko ba har zuwa farkon watan Disamba shekarar 2008, lokacin da ya yi wasanni da yawa a kan benci tare da wasansa na farko a waje da Newcastle United. Davies ya fara wasansa na farko da Stoke da Manchester United, inda ya maye gurbin Rory Delap a minti na 72 a ranar damben shekarar 2008, yana wasa a dama ta baya bayan da aka bai wa Andy Wilkinson katin gargadi na biyu. Ya sake yin wani canji a ranar 28 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2008, a kan West Ham. Davies ya fara wasan farko da Hartlepool United a zagaye na uku na gasar cin kofin FA wanda ya kare da ci 2-0 mai ban mamaki ga kungiyar League One A lokacin wasan, ya samu rauni a cikin minti na 71 lokacin da ya fada cikin ramin Hartlepool. Daga nan Davies bai sake taka rawar gani ba a yakin Stoke na 2008 zuwa 2009.
Lamuni yana motsawa A ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2009, Davies ya rattaba hannu kan Preston North End akan rancen gaggawa na wata ɗaya. Ya fara halarta na farko washegari, yana wasa mintuna 90, a wasan da suka ci Norwich City 1-0. Bayan bayyanar Preston sau biyar, Davies ya koma kulob din mahaifan sa.
Da ya kasa yin benci ga Stoke a farkon kakar 2009 zuwa 2010, Davies ya koma Sheffield United a matsayin aro na wata uku a watan Satumba na shekarar 2009. A wannan ranar, ya fara wasansa na farko, a wasan tsere na Steel City, yana wasa mintuna 90, a wasan da suka ci Sheffield Laraba 3-2. Da rancensa na karewa a watan Disamba, Davies ya koma Stoke bayan ya buga wasanni takwas don "The Blades". Bayan an cire shi daga cikin 'yan wasa 25 na Stoke don kakar 2010 zuwa 2011, Davies ya shiga Walsall don rancen wata na farko a ranar 6 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2010. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko na Walsall kwanaki uku bayan rattaba hannu a kulob din, a wasan da suka doke Exeter City da ci 2-1. Koyaya, Davies ya sami rauni a cinya yayin wasan da suka yi da Tranmere Rovers kuma ya yi zaman aro tare da Walsall, wanda da farko zai ƙare ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2010. A ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairu, ya sake komawa Middlesbrough a matsayin aro don sauran kakar 2010 zuwa 2011 kuma ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan da suka ci 3-2 a Millwall a ranar. Bayan buga wasanni shida a kungiyar, an bashi damar komawa Stoke bayan yayi fama da rauni. A ranar 3 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2011, Davies ya koma Crystal Palace kan yarjejeniyar aro na wata daya. Ya fara buga wa Crystal Palace wasa na farko a wasan farko na kakar, a cikin rashin nasara 2-1 da Peterborough United kuma ya sake fitowa a zagayen farko na gasar cin kofin League, inda ya kafa daya daga cikin burin Wilfried Zaha. a ci 2-0 a kan Crawley Town Waɗannan su ne kawai bayyanar sa ga Eagles kuma ya koma Stoke City a ƙarshen watan Agusta. Davies ya rattaba hannu ga Bradford City akan rancen watanni uku a ranar 23 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2011. A watan Oktoba shekara ta 2011, an kore shi a wasanni a jere, a kan Torquay United da Swindon Town Bayan da aka dakatar da wasanni uku na jan kati na farko, ya sami dakatarwar wasanni hudu saboda jan katin da aka yi da Swindon, saboda kasancewarsa ta biyu a kakar. A watan Disamba na shekara 2011, Davies ya amince da tsawaita lamuninsa har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta bana. Ya zira kwallon sa ta farko a kungiyar tare da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida ranar 21 ga watan Janairun shekara 2012, a wasan da aka tashi 1-1 a gidan Burton Albion Ya bayyana ya zura kwallonsa ta biyu a kulob din da Bristol Rovers duk da haka, a ƙarshe an ba da burin ga abokin wasan David Syers. Burinsa na biyu na shekarar 2012 ya zo ne a cikin minti na 5 na lokacin rauni da Port Vale a wasan 1-1 ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairu. An kori Davies a karo na uku a kakar 2011 zuwa 2012 bayan rigimar bayan wasan da Crawley Town kuma ya sami haramcin wasa biyar.
Birnin Bradford A ranar 24 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2012, Bradford City ta ba da sanarwar cewa Davies ya amince da kwangilar dindindin kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda. Ya buga wasansa na farko tun lokacin da ya koma kulob din dindindin a ranar 18 ga Agusta, a kan Gillingham Ya zira kwallon sa ta farko a kakar wasa ta 25 ga Agusta, a wasan da suka ci Wimbledon 5-1, inda ya ci kai tsaye daga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. A ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, ya ci kwallonsa ta biyu a kakar wasa yayin cin 3-0 a gida da Barnet Mako guda bayan haka ya ci ƙwallonsa ta uku a kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya buɗe ƙwallo a wasan da suka doke Oxford United da ci 2-0. Koyaya, Davies daga baya ya sami rauni a gwiwa, a wasan Burton Albion kuma ya yi jinyar watanni huɗu. Bayan ya murmure daga raunin, ya sa kungiyarsa ta farko ta dawo, inda ya fara farawa tun watan Oktoba, a cikin nasarar 3-0 akan Wycombe Wanderers a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2013. Kwana goma sha biyu daga baya a wasan karshe na Gasar Cin Kofin Kwallon kafa, an sanya Davies a kan benci na maye gurbin kuma ya zo bayan mintuna 46 don Curtis Good, yayin da Bradford City ta ci gaba da rashin nasara a wasan da ci 5-0 da Swansea City Daga nan Davies ya zira kwallon sa ta hudu a kakar a ranar 9 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2013, a wasan da suka ci Bristol Rovers 4 1 Bayan an ba shi jan kati a wasan karshe na kakar wasa da Cheltenham Town, Davies ya ci gaba da fitowa a cikin wasanni biyu cikin uku na buga wasa, ciki har da wasan karshe, inda ya buga cikakken mintuna 90, kamar yadda Bradford City ta ci nasara. 3 0 a kan Northampton Town, don cin nasara zuwa League One. A ranar 8 ga watan Yuni 2013, Davies ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da Bradford tare da zabin shekara ta uku. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rukunin farko na wasanni goma na farko kafin a ba da sanarwar a ranar 11 ga Oktoba 2013, cewa zai yi jinyar har zuwa watanni hudu, bayan an yi masa tiyata a gwiwa. Daga nan Davies ya dawo kungiyarsa ta farko a ranar 28 ga Janairu 2014, inda ya fara wasan farko, a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Preston North End. Koyaya, Davies ya sami matsalar maraƙi yayin wasan da suka yi da Stevenage a ranar 1 ga Maris 2014 kuma an maye gurbinsa bayan mintuna 36, kodayake manaja Phil Parkinson ya yi imanin raunin bai yi muni ba. Duk da cewa Davies da farko ana sa ran zai dawo da Brentford a watan Maris na 2015, ba a saka shi cikin tawagar ba, tare da Parkinson ya baiyana dacewarsa a matsayin dalili. Davies a ƙarshe ya dawo ƙungiyarsa ta farko a ranar 11 ga Maris 2014, a wasan da suka ci Colchester United 2-0. Makonni biyu bayan haka, a ranar 22 ga Maris 2014, ya ci ƙwallayen sa na farko na kakar, a cikin rashin nasara da 2-1 a kan Shrewsbury Town Daga baya Davies ya taimaka wa kulob din ya tsira daga League One a kakar wasan su ta farko, inda ya kare matsayi na goma sha daya.
A cikin kakar shekara 2014 15, Davies ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin ƙungiyar farko, inda ya bayyana a wasanni huɗu na farko, duk da haka, ya ji rauni a hannu yayin wasan da suka yi da Peterborough United kuma dole ne a maye gurbinsa a cikin minti na 55. Daga baya an tabbatar da cewa zai yi jinyar watanni biyu bayan tiyata. Davies ya dawo kungiyarsa ta farko a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2014, a wasan da suka doke Crewe da ci 2-0. Davies shima yana cikin 'yan wasan lokacin da Bradford ya tashi daga wasan da ci 2-0 da ci 4-2 a waje da Chelsea a zagaye na hudu na gasar cin kofin FA. A duk lokacin 2014 15, Davies ya ci gaba da fama da rauni. Duk da wannan, ya ci gaba da yin wasanni ashirin da takwas a kakar 2014-15.
Gundumar Ross A ranar 30 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2015, an ba da sanarwar cewa Davies ya rattaba hannu kan kungiyar Ross Premiership ta Scott County kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu. Davies ya ƙi damar zama a Bradford kafin ya shiga yankin Ross. Bayan shiga kulob din, an ba Davies kyaftin din kulob din bayan tafiyar Richard Brittain. A wasansa na farko a matsayin kyaftin, Davies ya fara wasansa na Ross County, a wasan farko na kakar, inda ya buga mintuna 90 a raunin 2-0 da Celtic A ranar 13 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2016, Davies ya jagoranci kyaftin din Ross County zuwa manyan kayan azurfa na farko tare da nasarar 2-1 akan Hibernian a gasar League ta Scotland Kafin lokacin shekarar 2016 zuwa 2017, Paul Quinn ya maye gurbin Davies a matsayin kaftin na County County, bayan ya gaya wa kulob din cewa yana son komawa Ingila, tare da matarsa ta kasa zama a Scotland. Bayan tattaunawa da danginsa da kulob din, daga nan ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da zama a sauran kwantiraginsa. A ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2017, ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiraginsa, inda ya ci gaba da kasancewa a kulob din na tsawon shekaru biyu, har zuwa lokacin bazara na shekarar 2019. Davies ya jawo takaddama a lokacin da ya karbi jan kati don buga wa kyaftin din Celtic Scott Brown a lokacin rashin nasara 3-0 a Celtic Park a watan Maris shekarar 2018. An fitar da County daga Premiership a shekarar 2018, kuma kulob din ya sake Davies a watan Yuni shekara ta 2018. Davies ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin watanni 18 tare da kulob din Dundee na Scottish Premiership a cikin watan Janairu shekara ta 2019. Kwana hudu bayan rattaba hannu don Dundee, ya karya metatarsal yayin wasan horo tare da St Johnstone A watan Maris na shekarar 2019, saboda har yanzu bai buga wa kulob din ba, ya sake karya kafar kuma an cire shi daga sauran kakar. Davies ya bar kulob din da yardar juna a ranar 2 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2019, bai taba buga wa kulob din wasa sau daya ba.
Aikin duniya Davies ya cancanci buga wa Wales ko Ingila wasa, saboda yana da rajista biyu. A ƙarshe, Davies ya zaɓi ya buga wa Ingila wasa. Kasancewar Ingila U19 da Ingila U20 sun kira shi a baya, Davies ya karɓi kofi ɗaya a matakin U21 na Ingila da Turkiya U21 ranar 10 ga Oktoba 2003.
Rayuwar mutum Babban ɗan'uwansa, Mark, ɗan wasan cricketer ne tare da Kent Davies ya bayyana cewa idan ba ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ba ne, da ya zama ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, ya yi wasa yayin da ya girma, ya tsaya a shekara goma sha shida sakamakon wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Middlesbrough. Davies ya ce gwarzon kuruciyarsa Franco Baresi Ƙididdigar sana'a
Daraja
Kulob Gundumar Ross
Kofin League na Scotland 2015–16
Na ɗaya PFA Scotland Team na Shekara 2015–16
Manazarta
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1984 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila
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30556 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanayin%20gur%C9%93atar%20muhalli%20a%20Toronto | Yanayin gurɓatar muhalli a Toronto | Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli a Toronto sun ƙunshi duk waɗan su abubuwan damuwa da damar da muhallin Toronto ya gabatar. Da yawa suna da illa, kamar gurbacewar iska da ruwa, yayin da wasu kuma abubuwan, da abubuwan more rayuwa na birane kamar manyan tituna da sufurin jama'a ke da tasiri. Sakamakon yawan jama'ar birnin, ana samar da sharar gida mai yawa a kowace shekara.
Ana iya samun gurɓataccen iska a ko'ina cikin birni tare da fitattun wurare masu zafi da suka haɗa da Cibiyar Garin Scarborough, Babbar Hanya 427 mai haɗa babbar hanyar 401, da kuma yankin cikin gari. Wannan yana barin mazaunan waɗannan yankuna cikin haɗarin haɓaka al'amuran numfashi da sauran yanayin kiwon lafiya. Gurbacewar ruwa daga birni yana shafar muhallin da ke kusa. Najasa da hayaki mai cutarwa suna haifar da kasancewar gurɓatattun abubuwa kamar su mercury, guba, da kuma wuta a cikin ruwan tafkin Ontario Akwai shaidar cewa hayaki mai cutarwa daga birni ya ragu cikin shekaru da yawa sakamakon ayyukan gida da na Ontario. A cikin shekarata 2014, birnin Toronto ya yi bikin shekara guda ba tare da faɗakar da hayaki ba a karon farko cikin shekaru 20. Ana alakanta ingantuwar iskar da aka samu da rufe tashoshin wutar lantarki da kuma rage bukatar wutar lantarki a birnin. Ƙaddamarwa kamar Ƙungiyar Muhalli ta Toronto da Greening Greater Toronto suna ci gaba da magance matsalolin muhalli a cikin birni.
Gurbacewar iska Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Toronto ya kiyasta cewa gurɓataccen iska a Toronto daga dukkan tushe a halin yanzu yana haifar da mutuwar mutane 1,300 da ba a kai ba da kuma asibitoci 3,550 a cikin birni kowace shekara. Sama da rabin gurbacewar iska na Toronto ana fitarwa ne a cikin iyakokin birni tare da mafi girman tushen gida shine zirga-zirga gami da kowane nau'ikan motocin kan hanya. Sannan Na biyu mafi girma tushen hayaki da ke shafar ingancin iska na gida shine makamashin da ake amfani da shi don zafi da sanyaya gidaje da kasuwanci. Binciken da aka gudanar a Jami'ar Toronto ya nuna gurɓataccen iska mai zafi kusa da manyan tituna da manyan mahadar da za su iya samun matsakaicin adadin ultrafine sau uku zuwa hudu na birni daga iskar abin hawa. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ake fitarwa daga motoci shine NOx (nitrogen oxide) wanda ke canzawa a cikin iska zuwa NO2 (nitrogen dioxide), Kuma wanda shine daya daga cikin mafi yawan gurɓataccen abu wanda ke da alaka da tasirin lafiya. Babban taro na NOx yana faruwa tare da manyan manyan tituna na Toronto ciki har da Babbar Hanya 427, Babbar Hanya 401, Babbar Hanya 400, Don Valley Parkway, da Gardiner Expressway, da kuma cikin gari. Wadannan iskar gas suna taimakawa wajen samuwar smog, ozone, da ruwan sama na acid.
Smog Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Toronto ne ke ba da faɗakarwar smog lokacin da yanayin iska a cikin birni bai da kyau da zai iya cutar da lafiyar mazaunin. Sannna Kuma Ana ba da faɗakarwar don ƙarfafa mazauna yankin da su yi taka tsantsan don kare lafiyarsu, yawanci ta hanyar iyakance adadin lokacin da ake kashewa a waje a wuraren da hayaƙi mai nauyi. Wani binciken da Jami'ar Toronto ta jagoranta ya sami ci gaba na ban mamaki a cikin gurɓataccen iska a cikin birni tun 2000. Don kwatanta, akwai kwanakin smog 53 a cikin shekarata 2005, kuma a cikin 2014 da 2015 babu kwanakin smog da aka rubuta. Abubuwan da aka tattara na mahaɗar ƙwayoyin halitta masu canzawa (VOCs) da nitrogen oxides, abubuwan da aka riga aka gyara na smog, suna ta raguwa a hankali a cikin birni. Wani bincike na shekarar 2006-2016 ya nuna cewa yawan gurɓataccen iska na gama gari ya ragu, kuma an lura da raguwar 31% a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da raguwar 42% na nitrogen dioxide. Koyaya, ozone, wani ɓangaren smog, yana ci gaba da dawwama a matakan da suka saba ma ƙa'idodin Kanada. An lura da inganta hayaki da gurɓacewar iska sakamakon raguwar hayaki a cikin birnin. Kwararru daga ma’aikatar muhalli da sauyin yanayi sun danganta wannan raguwar hayaki da rufe tashoshin samar da kwal, da rage bukatar wutar lantarki a duk fadin birnin, da kuma tsare-tsare irin su Drive Clean. Yanayin yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da hayaki kuma. Lokacin zafi yana taimakawa wajen ƙara yawan amfani da wutar lantarki a cikin birni, da kuma yanayin dumi da bushewa. Kuma Duk da raguwar hayaki a cikin birni, hayaki ya kasance mai yuwuwa saboda yanayin zafi yana ba da damar gurɓata yanayi da sauri. Wannan yana haifar da yuwuwar girman matakan ozone duk da raguwar gurɓataccen abu wanda yawanci ke haifar da samar da ozone. A cikin zafi, bushewar lokacin rani na shekarata 2012, an rubuta wasu daga cikin mafi girma na lokacin rani a cikin birni. Tare da waɗannan abubuwan da aka tattara na ozone sun zo shawarwari guda takwas na smog duk da ƙananan matakan ozone da aka gani a cikin shekarun da suka kai har zuwa Shekarar 2012.
Iska mai guba Guba mai guba, wanda kuma aka sani da gurɓataccen iska, sune gurɓatacce wanda bayyanar dogon lokaci na iya haifar da mummunar illar lafiya kamar ciwon daji, tasirin haihuwa, lahani na haihuwa, ko wasu yanayi masu cutarwa da tasirin muhalli. A Toronto, gaba ɗaya nauyin rashin lafiya daga gubar iska ba a san shi ba; duk da haka, bayanan gida sun nuna cewa alamun benzene, tetrachlorethylene, da gubar suna nan a cikin iskar Toronto, suna haifar da haɗarin lafiya a wuraren da ke da babban taro. A halin yanzu ana aiwatar da ka'idoji don rage fitar da hayaki mai cutarwa daga iska. Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Rahoton Muhalli na Birnin Toronto da Ƙwararren Ƙwararru na shekarata 2011, amfani da tetrachlorethylene, wanda kuma aka sani da perchlorethylene ko PERC, yanzu ana bin sa sosai, yana buƙatar masu busassun wuraren tsaftacewa don yin rikodin cikakkun bayanai na yadda ake amfani da shi da sake yin fa'ida. Wannan yana da mahimmanci kamar yadda aka saba amfani da PERC a wuraren tsaftace bushewa, kuma masu yawa da yawa sun keta ka'idoji a baya lokacin amfani da wannan sinadari mai guba. A cewar Jami'in Lafiya na Toronto, PERC tana cikin manyan sinadarai takwas da suka fi damuwa a cikin birni.
Gurbacewa daga tushen masana'antu Tushen masana'antu babban mai ba da gudummawa ne ga sakin gurɓatattun abubuwa a cikin Toronto. Masu ƙona najasa da sauran masana'antar jiyya a duk faɗin birni galibi babban tushen gurɓataccen abu ne kamar nitrogen oxide, chromium mercury, da carbon dioxide (CO2). Cibiyar Kula da Jiyya ta Highland Creek tana kula da duk najasar Scarborough kuma tana hidima kusan mutane 500,000. Ita wannan shuka tana daya daga cikin manyan gurbacewar muhalli a Toronto, tana fitar da hayakin iskar gas da ya kai ton 38 (GHG) a kowace rana sakamakon tsohuwar injin ta. A halin yanzu birnin yana muhawara akan yadda za'a inganta kayan aikin mafi kyawu. Kuma Yiwuwar sun haɗa da ci gaba da kona biomass a wurin ta hanyar haɓaka injin incinerator mai kusan shekaru 40, ko jigilar biomass daga wurin don adanawa wani wuri. Har ila yau, kasuwancin gida yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga adadin gurɓatattun abubuwan da ake samarwa daga masana'antu. Inventory Release Inventory (NPRI) na bincike da bayar da rahoto game da fitar da gurɓataccen abu a duk faɗin Kanada. Kuma A halin yanzu NPRI ba ta bin ƙanana da matsakaitan wurare kamar busassun bushes, shagunan gyaran motoci, da kamfanonin bugu, waɗanda ke wakiltar galibin wurare a Toronto. Wannan ya sa Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Toronto yanke shawarar cewa cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da tsarin masana'antu a cikin birni ba a la'akari da su. Don magance wannan, Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Toronto ya jagoranci haɓaka Rahoton Muhalli da Bayyanawa Bylaw wanda ke buƙatar kasuwancin gida su bibiyi da bayar da rahoto kan ƙira, tsari, amfani da sakin abubuwan fifiko 25. A matsayin wani ɓangare na dokar, an ƙirƙiri shirin ChemTRAC, wanda ke taimaka wa 'yan kasuwa gano manyan hanyoyin sinadarai a cikin wuraren su tare da yin nazarin abubuwan da suka fito. ChemTRAC yanzu ya fara aiki sosai kuma an yi niyya don rage gurɓacewar masana'antu da masana'antu ta hanyar haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a.
Gurbacewar ruwa Masu bincike sun samo abubuwa kamar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), masu hana wuta, da gurɓataccen konewa a tafkin Ontario Ana wanke magudanan magunguna, samfuran tsaftacewa da sauran gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa, yana barin tasiri mai tasiri akan adadin gurɓatattun abubuwan da aka samu a cikin tafkin Ontario. Yawancin kasuwancin Toronto da cibiyoyi suna zubar da tsattsauran sinadarai masu tsafta, masu gurɓata ruwa, da karafa masu nauyi ta hanyar magudanar ruwa. Ruwan Toronto na iya cire wasu daga cikin waɗannan gurɓatattun abubuwa lokacin da aka kula da ruwan datti a ɗaya daga cikin masana'antar sarrafa su; duk da haka, Kuma yawancin sinadarai masu guba sun rage kuma galibi ana fitar dasu cikin tafkin Ontario. A cikin shekarata 2011, an saki sama da tan 7 na cadmium, mercury, gubar, da nickel zuwa tafkin Ontario daga wuraren Toronto. Wani binciken da aka gudanar a cikin 2009 kuma an buga shi a cikin shekarata 2014 ta Jami'ar Toronto da Muhalli na Kanada sun gwada magudanar ruwa na Toronto da kuma kula da ruwan sha don PCBs, masu ɗaukar wuta (ciki har da polybrominated diphenyl ethers ko PBDEs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) da polycyclic musks (PCMs). Binciken ya gano cewa Toronto tana aika kimanin fam 5,000 na PAHs, fam 1,500 na PCMs, fam 55 na PCBs, da fam 40 na PBDEs kowace shekara zuwa gabar tekun Ontario, kusan mil 25 daga cikin tafkin. Bayyanawa ga PCBs na iya haifar da ɗimbin illolin kiwon lafiya da suka haɗa da ciwon daji da rushewar hormone.
Gudanar da sharar gida Gidan shimfidar ƙasa na Green Lane yana ɗaukar sharar da Toronto ke samarwa. Birnin ya sayi rumbun a cikin Afrilu shekarar 2007, kuma ya zama wurin zubar da shara na farko a birnin a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2011. Birnin Toronto ya samar da kusan tan 1,000,000 na sharar gida a cikin shekarata 2013, tare da kowane ɗan Toronto yana samar da kusan fam 15 na sharar gida a mako guda. Tare da karuwar yawan jama'a da ƙarancin sarari a wurin zubar da shara, ana ganin tsarin kula da sharar birnin a halin yanzu ba zai dore ba. The Green Lane Landfill ana sa ran zai dawwama har shekarar 2029; duk da haka, an riga an tattauna dabarun sharar gida na dogon lokaci ta birnin Toronto. Majalisar Birni ta amince da Dabarun Sharar Tsawon Lokaci a ranar 15 ga Yuli, shekarata 2016 kuma tana neman jagorantar sarrafa sharar gida a Toronto na shekaru 30-50 masu zuwa. Dabarar za ta mayar da hankali ne wajen rage sharar gida da kuma rage yawan adadin da ake aika wa a wuraren da ake zubar da shara ta hanyar jaddada cudanya da al’umma da karfafa rigakafin sharar gida. Toronto a halin yanzu ba ta da wani shiri na dogon lokaci don ƙaura daga wuraren sharar ƙasa, amma a maimakon haka tana mai da hankali kan ƙoƙarin rage sharar gabaɗaya ta hanyar karkatar da shara.
Ƙaddamarwa da ƙungiyoyin muhalli Kungiyoyin muhalli da yawa a Toronto sun yi aiki don magance ɗimbin al'amuran muhalli a Toronto. Ƙungiyar Muhalli ta Toronto (TEA) tana yin kamfen a cikin gida tun 1988 don magance matsalolin muhalli na birane. TEA yana hulɗa tare da 'yan majalisa na birni kuma ya yi tasiri wajen sauya manufofin zuwa shirye-shirye masu dorewa na muhalli. A cikin Fabrairun shekarata 2017, TEA ta shawo kan Majalisar Birni don bincika dalilin da yasa farashin karkatar da sharar ya yi ƙasa a wuraren da ake tara shara. Greening Greater Toronto yana aiki don rage hayakin iskar gas, rage sharar gida, inganta sarrafa sharar gida, da cimma tsaftataccen iska da ruwa a cikin birnin Toronto da Babban yankin Toronto. Greening Greater Toronto yana aiki don cimma shirin sayayyar kore na kamfani, da kuma wani tsari na yanki baki ɗaya na haɓaka ƙarfin ginin kasuwanci a Babban yankin Toronto. hangen nesa The Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) shine don mafi tsafta, kore, da lafiya Toronto. Yana ba da kariya da haɓaka albarkatun ƙasa, bayanan muhalli da shawarwari don haɓaka kyawawan ayyukan sarrafa ƙasa, da ayyukan al'umma kan ayyukan muhalli, a tsakanin sauran ayyukan.
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
23868 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20Ma%20Jian | Muhammad Ma Jian | Muhammad Ma Jian Chinese 1906–1988) ya kasance Hui -Chinese malamin addinin Musulunci kuma mai fassara, wanda aka sani da fassarar Alkur’ani zuwa Sinanci da jaddada jituwa tsakanin Markisanci da Musulunci.
Shekarun farko An haifi Ma a shekarar 1906 a ƙauyen Shadian a Gejiu, Yunnan. Wannan ƙauyen Hui ne mafi rinjaye wanda daga baya zai zama wurin da abin ya faru da Shadian mara yau yayin Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu na China. Lokacin da Ma ke da shekaru shida, an tura shi babban birnin lardin Kunming, inda zai sami ilimin firamare da sakandare har zuwa shekaru 19. Bayan kammala karatun sa, Ma ya koma garin sa na Shadian don koyarwa a makarantar firamare ta Sino -Arabic tsawon shekaru biyu abin da bai ji daɗi ba. Wannan ya biyo bayan ci gaba da karatu a ƙarƙashin Hu Songshan a Guyuan, birni a yankin Hui na Ningxia Daga nan ya tafi Shanghai don neman ilimi a shekarata 1929, inda kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar Koyar da Addinin Musulunci ta Shanghai na tsawon shekaru biyu.
Karatu a Alkahira Bayan mamayar da Japan ta yi wa Manchuria a 1931, gwamnatin China ta tura Ma zuwa Jami'ar Al-Azhar da ke Alkahira, Masar, don haɓaka alaƙa da ƙasashen Larabawa. Ya kasance memba na rukunin farko na ɗaliban Sinawa da gwamnati ta tallafa da su don yin karatu a can wanda ya haɗa da maza waɗanda daga baya za su zama manyan malaman Sinawa na Larabci da Musulunci, kamar Na Zhong. Yayin da yake Alkahira, ya tuntuɓi Gidan Buga Salaan Salafiyya na Ƴan'uwa Musulmi, wanda ya amince a 1934 don buga ɗaya daga cikin ayyukansa -littafi na cikakken farko na Larabci kan tarihin Musulunci a China Bayan shekara guda, Ma ya fassara Analects zuwa Larabci. Yayin da yake Alkahira, zai kuma fassara wasu ayyukan Muhammad Abduh da yawa zuwa Sinanci, tare da taimakon Rashid Rida, da Husayn al-Jisr maibtaken Gaskiyar Musulunci Don haɓaka buƙatun Sinawa dangane da Yaƙin Sino -Japan na Biyu, an aika Ma zuwa Makka a farkon shekarar 1939 a matsayin wani ɓangare na wakilan aikin hajji tare da wasu ɗalibai 27 tafiya wanda suka yi magana da Ibn Saud game da ƙudurin 'duk Mutanen China 'don tsayayya da Jafananci.
Komawa China Ma ta dawo China a shekara ta 1939. A can ya gyara Kamus na Larabci da na China, yayin da yake fassara Alkur'ani da ayyukan falsafar Musulunci da tarihi Har ila yau, ya zama farfesa a fannin ilimin Larabci da Addinin Musulunci a jami'ar Peking a shekarar 1946, rawar da ya kula da bullo da darussan harshen Larabci na farko a cikin tsarin ilimin manyan makarantun kasar Sin A Jami'ar Peking, zai horar da yawancin shahararrun Larabawa na China na gaba, irin su Zhu Weilie. An kammala fassarar sa ta farko na juzu'i 8 na Kur'ani a cikin 1945, kuma bayan da gidajen buga littattafai na Beijing suka ƙi shi a 1948, Jami'ar Peking University Press ce ta buga shi bayan shekara guda. Bayan nasarar Kwaminisanci a yakin basasar kasar Sin da shelar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, an kuma zabe shi a matsayin memba na taron ba da shawara kan harkokin siyasa na jama'a a shekarar 1949. A shekarar 1952, wani edition na Kur'ani translation da aka buga ta Shanghai 's Commercial Danna, kuma Ma ya zama daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa na ƙungiyar Islama ta ƙasar Sin A wani bangare na wannan rawar, Ma yana da niyyar ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da Musulunci wanda ya yi ta hanyar buga labarai da yawa a jaridu kamar Daily People da Guangming Daily Ya kuma wallafa fassarar Tjitze de Boer na Tarihin Falsafa a Musulunci a 1958. Saboda ƙwarewar harshe, ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mai fassara ga jami'an China irin su Zhou Enlai, wanda ya ba shi damar yin magana da Gamal Abdel Nasser a taron Bandung Wannan ne ya ba shi damar ci gaba da aikin farfesa da muƙami a cikin PPCC har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1978, duk da tsanantawar da aka yi wa Musulmai a lokacin tashin Juyin Al'adu Bayan mutuwarsa, an buga fassarar Ma na Philip K. Hitti 's Tarihin Larabawa a 1979 ta Yan Jarida Har ila yau, "The Chinese Social Sciences Press" an buga shi bayan mutuwa, a cikin shekarar 1981, cikakken fassarar Alkur'ani, wanda Ma ya yi aiki har zuwa 1957, sannan tsakanin shekarun 1976 da 1978.
Tasiri Fassararsa ta Kur'ani har yanzu ita ce mafi mashahuri a kasar Sin a yau, wanda ya zarce na Wang Jingzhai da Li Tiezheng. An yaba shi saboda amincinsa ga asalin, kuma ya kai 'kusan matsayin canonical'. An kuma gane ingancin wannan fassarar a duniya -tare da Madaba'ar Madina tushen Fahd Mai Alƙur'ani Mai Girma ta Alƙur'ani ta zaɓi yin amfani da ita don bugun Alƙur'ani mai harsuna biyu na Larabci da Sinanci, wanda aka buga a 1987.
Manazarta Mutuwan 1978
Mutanen Sin
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29746 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20Kannabis | Ƴancin Kannabis | Haƙƙin Kannabis ko haƙƙin marijuana (wani lokaci musamman musamman haƙƙin masu amfani da Kannabis ko haƙƙin dutse ƙungiyoyin jama'a ne na mutum da haƙƙin ɗan adam waɗanda suka bambanta ta ikon hukuma. Haƙƙoƙin mutanen da ke shan wiwi sun haɗa da 'yancin samun 'yanci daga wariyar aiki da nuna wariyar gidaje Tarihi a Amurka Har zuwa karni na ashirin, babu wani hani a Amurka game da girma da cinye tabar wiwi. A tsakiyar karni na ashirin, mallakar marijuana laifi ne a kowace jiha ta Amurka (da yawancin sauran ƙasashe). A cikin 1996, ƙaddamar da Shawarar 215 ta masu jefa ƙuri'a na California sun dawo da iyakacin haƙƙin marasa lafiya na kannabis a cikin jihar. Sauran jihohi da ƙasashe tun daga lokacin sun shiga California don kiyaye haƙƙin masu amfani da tabar wiwi. A cikin Amurka, da yawa ba a sani ba game da haƙƙin cannabis saboda duk da dokokin jihohi, kannabis ya kasance ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Saboda haka, masu amfani da kannabis ba sa cikin aji mai kariya Kotuna za su magance batutuwan da suka shafi dokar gidaje da aikin yi, da kuma wariyar nakasa Amfani da likitanci A cikin Amurka, amfani da tabar wiwi don dalilai na likita doka ne a cikin jihohi 33, huɗu (cikin biyar) yankuna na Amurka na dindindin da kuma Gundumar kolumbiya [11] Ƙarin ƙarin jihohi 14 suna da ƙarin ƙayyadaddun dokoki waɗanda ke ba da izinin amfani da ƙananan samfuran THC. [11] kannabis ya kasance ba bisa ka'ida ba a matakin tarayya ta hanyar Dokar Kayayyakin Abubuwan Kulawa, wanda a ƙarƙashinsa an rarraba cannabis azaman Jadawalin I magani tare da babban yuwuwar cin zarafi kuma babu yarda da amfani da likita. A cikin Disamba 2014, duk da haka, an sanya hannu kan gyaran Rohrabacher-Farr a cikin doka, wanda ya haramta Ma'aikatar Shari'a daga gurfanar da mutanen da ke aiki daidai da dokokin kannabis na likita.
Hujja ta ƙasa da ƙasa don amfani da likita ta haɗa da haƙƙin lafiya, kamar yadda yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a, da Al'adu suka tabbatar. Koyaya, abin da ke ƙayyade "lafiya" ko "lafiya" ana jayayya tsakanin mutane da hukumomin gwamnati.
Shari'a An haramta amfani da tabar wiwi don dalilai na nishaɗi a yawancin ƙasashe; duk da haka, mutane da yawa sun yi amfani da manufar yanke hukunci don yin sauƙaƙan mallaka wani laifi mara laifi (sau da yawa kama da ƙaramin cin zarafi). Wasu kuma suna da hukuncin da ya fi tsanani kamar wasu ƙasashen Asiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya inda mallakar ko da ƙananan kuɗi ake azabtar da su ta hanyar ɗaurin shekaru da yawa.
Jiha da tarayya Ya zuwa 2019 a Amurka, jihohi goma sha ɗaya da Gundumar Columbia sun halatta maganin kannabis na likita da na nishaɗi, tare da ƙarin jihohi 25 da suka haramta maganin. Duk da haka, jihohi goma sha huɗu da dokar tarayya har yanzu suna rarraba tabar wiwi a matsayin doka, suna sanya tabar wiwi a matsayin magani na "shirin farko". Kasancewa ba bisa ka'ida ba na tarayya, ba za a iya sarrafa riba ta bankunan da ke da inshora na tarayya (ciki har da cak ko adibas), don haka ana tilasta masu siyar da kannabis yin amfani da tsabar kudi ko kuma su kasance cikin duhu game da ayyukan kasuwanci.
Amfanin addini Addinai daban-daban suna da ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da amfani da tabar wiwi, a tarihi da kuma a halin yanzu. A cikin tarihin da, wasu addinai sun yi amfani da tabar wiwi azaman entheogen, musamman a cikin yankin Indiya inda al'adar ta ci gaba a kan iyaka.
A zamanin yau Rastafari na amfani da tabar wiwi azaman tsiro mai tsarki. A halin yanzu, addinan da ke da hani game da abubuwan sa maye, irin su Islama, Buddha, Bahai, Waliyyai na Ƙarshe (Mormons), da sauransu sun yi adawa da amfani da tabar wiwi da membobi, ko kuma a wasu lokuta suna adawa da 'yantar da dokokin kannabis. Wasu ƙungiyoyi, kamar wasu ƙungiyoyin Furotesta da Yahudawa, sun goyi bayan amfani da tabar wiwi na magani Motsi na zamantakewa Motsi game da dokokin cannabis da haƙƙin yana haɓaka tun farkon shekarun 1960. An ƙirƙiri ƙungiyoyi da yawa don amfani da kannabis kuma an haɗa su cikin shekaru 60 da suka gabata yayin da ƙasar ta canza kuma fahimtar haƙƙin marijuana ya canza. Ƙungiya ɗaya mai goyon bayan marijuana ita ce NORML (Ƙungiyar Ƙungiya ta Kasa don Gyara Dokokin Marijuana). Tattaunawa game da haƙƙin cannabis ya canza daga alamun tsinkaya da ke bayyana "Pot yana da daɗi," zuwa kasancewa game da lafiya da adalci na zamantakewa. An lura cewa al'ummomin Ba-Amurke na iya shan wahala mafi yawa daga ci gaba da haramcin tabar wiwi, kodayake yawan amfani da su ya yi daidai da ƴan ƙasa farare. Kama mutanen Afirka-Amurka ya ninka sau 3.73 idan aka kwatanta. Masu fafutuka suna fatan ganin waɗancan lambobin sun ragu tare da samun haƙƙoƙi.
Indoneshiya Akwai kusan masu amfani da tabar wiwi miliyan biyu a Indonesiya a cikin 2014, in ji Hukumar Yaƙi da muggan kwaya ta ƙasa Badan Narkotika Nasional BNN Wannan ya sa tabar wiwi ta zama sanannen magani a Indonesiya sai kuma nau'in amphetamine-stymulants (ATS) kamar methamphetamine (shabu) da ecstasy Yawancin tabar wiwi ana rarraba su ne daga yammacin lardin Indoneshiya mai suna Aceh An daure mutane 37,923 saboda cannabis tsakanin 2009 da 2012. An daure mutane 26, a matsakaita, kowace rana. Domin tabar wiwi ita ce maganin da aka fi amfani da shi, shan tabar wiwi ya kai kashi 66 bisa dari fiye da sauran kwayoyi a kasar. Ana ba da hukuncin kisa ga mutanen da ke noman tabar wiwi, ko kuma tarar dalar Amurka 550,000 mafi ƙanƙanta, bisa ga dokar hana shan tabar wiwi (BNN).
Manazarta Anders, Melissa (Maris 1, 2012). Kungiyoyin marijuana na likitanci sun bukaci 'yan majalisar Michigan da su kare haƙƙin haƙuri MLive Caiuby Labate, Beatriz, and Cavnar, Clancy (2014), Hana, 'Yancin Addini, da 'Yancin Dan Adam: Gudanar da Amfani da Magungunan Gargajiya Bugawar Springer
Clark Davis, Joshua (Janairu 6, 2015). The Long Marijuana-Rights Movement Hoton Huffington Edwards Staggs, Brooke (15 ga Fabrairu, 2017). Haɗin gwiwar yana nufin kare masu amfani da kannabis daga gwajin magunguna bazuwar a wurin aiki Cannifornia Gatenio Gabel, Shirley (2016). Tsarin Tushen Hakki ga Binciken Manufofin Jama'a: Mugun Magani ko Mu'ujiza? Wanene Ya yanke shawara kuma Ta yaya? pp. 60-61. Bugawar Springer
Liquori, Francesca (Fabrairu 18, 2016). Illar Halaccin Tabar wiwi akan Dokar Aiki Jaridar NAGTRI, Juzu'i na 1, Lamba 2 M Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
21433 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wamdeo | Wamdeo | Wamdeo birni ne, da ke a wani yanki, a cikin karamar hukumar Askira Uba dake Jihar Borno, a Nijeriya Tana da iyaka da Uba zuwa Gabas, Uvu zuwa Kudu, Mussa zuwa Arewa, Mishara zuwa Arewa maso Gabas da Rumirgo zuwa Yamma. A garin sunan da aka asali da sunan "Wandi" amma daga baya metamorphosed zuwa "Wamdeo" saboda hanyar da nomadic Fulani furta shi. An haɗu da shi gaba ɗaya ta dangi biyu: Muva (ƙarin raba zuwa Njila-Njila, Bilata, Dagufla da Patha) da Zugubi (ƙarin raba zuwa Kidimbla, Mbla Kauchacha, Gutha da Fidigutum)
Tarihi Wamdeo ya samo asali ne daga kalmar “Wandi” kuma ya wanzu fiye da shekaru 500. Ra'ayoyi da yawa suna nan game da da'awa game da mazaunan farko na yankin amma Dagu-Flas da Zugubis suna da'awar su ne farkon mazauna yankin. Sauran manyan dangin sun hada da Midala wanda aka fi sani da mai wa kra tha (wanda aka samo shi daga kan saniyar da aka ba su a tsohon tarihi), Lere sun yi imanin cewa sun yi kaura daga Arewacin Kamaru da Gabashin Chadi, Holma wanda aka fi sani da Bla-ta ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Marghi 'mai ma ki bla ta nga' ma'ana a nemi mafaka a karkashin waccan ganji) an yi imanin cewa 'yan gudun hijira ne don neman mafaka daga yankin Kilba, Fidigutum ana ganin sun yi ƙaura daga ƙasar Fali Vimtim) kuma a ƙarshe Pazza ta samo asali ne daga yankin Biu zuwa dutsen Pazza yanzu Bazza. Sakamakon aikin mishan a yankin karkashin jagorancin Stover Kulp, an gabatar da addinin kirista zuwa Wamdeo a cikin shekarar 1937 a lokacin mulkin Shal-Tagu daga dangin Dag-Fla. A cikin shekarar 1938, mishan ne suka gina gidan magani na farko a Wamdeo kuma a cikin shekarar 1945, an kafa CRI ta farko a Wamdeo a lokacin mulkin Lawan Mumini daga dangin Zugubi.
Shugabanci Kafin rabewar Gongola zuwa jihar Adamawa da Taraba, gwamnati da daular Wamdeo sun kasance suna da lada ga Lamido a Yola, amma bayan kirkirar jihar Adamawa, Wamdeo ya zama gunduma a cikin Askira Uba Local Government of Borno State Wamdeo al'ada ce ta Hakkimi a cikin mulkin Alh. Saidu Mohammed tare da Lauyoyi hudu: Lawan Buba Glaji, Lawan Zubairu, da wasu biyu 2 daga Kwa-bula da Wallafa.
Labarin kasa Wamdeo ya kasance tsakanin 10 o 31 '33''N, 13 o 07'30''E. Wamdeo yana kwance a tsawan kimanin mita 555 sama da matakin teku, a ƙasan wani babban Inselberg da aka sani da tsaunin Wamdeo wanda ya tashi zuwa mita 758 sama da matakin ruwan teku. Wamdeo yana da mafi girman filin a duk cikin karamar hukumar Askira Uba wanda ya kunshi kauyuka da dama da suka hada da Kwa-bula, Mungum, Wallafa, Gajelli, da kuma Miya.
Lambatu Garin Wamdeo yana kan ruwa tsakanin kogin Yedzaram zuwa Arewa da Gabas (Basin Chadi) da na Hawul zuwa Kudu maso Gabas, Kudu maso Yamma da Arewa maso Yamma (Gongola Basin)
Kayan lambu Ciyawar a Wamdeo ta ƙunshi manyan bishiyun Acacia da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire wanda ke daɗa kauri tare da hanyar magudanan ruwa da ƙasan tsaunuka. Layin magudanan ruwa na Mbulashibu da Kofiwa na da ciyayi masu kauri, haka kuma ƙasan Fum Hill. Amdeasar Wamdeo tana da wadataccen yanki a cikin garin, inda ayyukan ɗan adam ya canza alamun ciyayi da ƙasa.
Ilimin kasa da kasa Wamdeo kamar yawancin yankuna a Kudancin Barno yana kan ementasa ne kuma an bayyana shi ta hanyar ƙananan kwandunan da ke ɗauke da kuloli waɗanda suka bambanta da shekaru daga yanayin aiki zuwa na quaternary. Kogin Chadi ya ta'allaka ne da Arewa da kuma yankin Benuwai a kudu. Daga yamma akwai wani kwari mara zurfin ruwa da aka sani da dutsen Zambuk wanda ya hada manyan Basins biyu. Wamdeo yana cikin Yankin Arewa ta Tsakiya na Yankin Basement na Borno. Kimanin Kilomita arba'in da biyar 45 zuwa Arewa, ginshikin ya ɓace a ƙarƙashin abubuwan da ke cikin tafkin Chadi. Babban ginshiki ya fadi game da yanayin Wamdeo na arewa da arewa maso gabas
Tsarin aiki Ginin garin Wamdeo an kafa shi ta hanyar dutse mai ƙwaraƙƙwara. Stungiyar Stratigraphy ta cika ta hanyar adana ɗakunan sama da ƙananan ajiya na alluvium. Ginshiƙin Ginshiƙin Mafi yawan ginshiƙan ginshiƙan yankin sun mamaye grantitic granite wanda ke da launin toka mai haske, maraƙƙarfan hatsi kuma lokaci-lokaci pegmatitic da aplitic. Porphoric feldspar yana lokaci-lokaci kuma wani lokacin yana nuna daidaito gaba ɗaya. Babban waje a yankin shine tsaunin Wamdeo. Sauran sun hada da Yawa, Mizra, Para, Auta, Fum, da sauransu. Yawancin ɓangaren gabashin garin ba su da ginshiƙan dutsen ƙasa.
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23839 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musulman%20Tibet | Musulman Tibet | Musulman Tibet, wanda kuma aka sani da Kachee sun haɗa al'umma marasa rinjaye a yankin Tibet. Duk da kasantuwar su Musulmai amma ana kallon su a matsayin hatartattun ƴan Tibet a Gwamnatance, in banda Musulman Hui, da sau tari ake ware su. Kalmar harshen Tibeti ta Kan je na nufin Kashmiri da Kashmir an san shi a Kanchee Yul (Yul na nufin Ƙasa).
Tarihi Abokan hulɗa na farko da Tibet da duniyar Islama sun fara ne a tsakiyar karni na takwas lokacin da ya haɓaka daga haɗin kasuwanci ta hanyar siliki da kasancewar sojojin musulmai a kwarin Fergana Duk da karancin ilimin da duniyar Islama ke da shi game da Tibet, akwai wasu ayyukan Musulunci na farko da suka ambaci Tibet. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan tushe ya fito ne daga aikin da Abu Sa'id Gardezi ya rubuta mai suna Zayn al-Akhbar A ciki, aikin ya ambaci muhalli, asalin ban mamaki na Tibetan (ta hanyar Himyarites), allahntakar sarki, manyan albarkatu (kamar musk) da bayanin hanyoyin kasuwanci zuwa da daga Tibet. Wata majiyar kuma, Hudud al-Alaam (Yankunan Duniya) wanda marubuci da ba a sani ba ya rubuta a 982 ko 983 a Afghanistan, ya ƙunshi musamman labarin ƙasa, siyasa da taƙaitaccen bayanin yankunan Tibet, birane, garuruwa da sauran ƙauyuka. Wannan tushe ya fara ambaton kasancewar Musulmai a Tibet kai tsaye ta hanyar bayyana cewa Lhasa yana da masallaci guda ɗaya da ƙaramin Musulmi. A lokacin mulkin Sadnalegs (799-815), an daɗe ana yaƙi da ƙasashen Larabawa zuwa Yammacin Turai. Ya bayyana cewa 'yan Tibet sun kame sojojin Larabawa da yawa kuma sun matsa su yin hidima a kan iyakar gabas a cikin shekara 801. 'Yan Tibet suna aiki har zuwa yamma kamar Samarkand da Kabul Sojojin larabawa sun fara samun galaba, kuma gwamnan Kabul na Tibet ya miƙa wuya ga Larabawa kuma ya zama Musulmi kusan 812 ko 815 Ciniki mai yawa tare da Kashmir, Ladakh, da Baltistan suma sun kawo Musulmai zuwa Tibet musamman bayan karbuwa ko haɓaka kasancewar Islama a waɗannan yankuna tun daga ƙarni na sha huɗu. Ci gaban Musulmai ya ci gaba a matsayin sakamakon yarjejeniyar Tibet-Ladakhi na 1684 inda gwamnatin Tibet ta ba da izinin ayyukan kasuwanci daga Ladakh su shiga Lhasa kowace shekara uku. Yawancin Musulmin Kashmiri da Ladakhi sun shiga waɗannan ayyukan tare da wasu mazauna a Tibet. A lokacin mulkin Dalai Lama Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso (1617 1682), al'ummar Musulmai na dindindin sun zauna a Tibet. An ba su izinin zaɓar majalisar wakilan su, su sasanta rigimar shari'ar ƙungiyarsu da shari'ar Musulunci, kuma an ba su wasu filaye don gina masallaci kusa da Lhasa Yawan Musulman Kashmiri a Nepal (asali suna da alaƙar kasuwanci tare da danginsu a Tibet) sun tsere zuwa Tibet farawa daga 1769 sakamakon mamayar kwarin Kathmandu ta Prithvi Narayan Shah Tun farkon karni na goma sha bakwai, Ningxia da sauran Hui na arewa maso yammacin (Musulman China) sun fara zama a yankunan Tibet na gabas (kamar a Amdo Sun yi auratayya da 'yan Tibet na gida kuma sun ci gaba da yin hulɗa ta kasuwanci tare da sauran Musulmai a cikin China. Wani sabon tashin hankali na sabbin mazauna Musulmai ya fara bayan cin Dogra na Tibet a 1841. Da yawa daga cikin sojojin Kashmiri da na Ladakhi (wadanda aka kama a matsayin fursunoni lokacin da suke fada da sojojin Dogra) sun tsaya a baya don zama a Tibet. Wasu 'yan Hindu Dogras kuma sun zauna a Tibet kuma daga baya sun musulunta. Bayan nasarar da kasar Sin ta yi kan Tibet a shekarar 1950, Musulman Tibet sun fuskanci munanan zalunci kamar 'yan uwansu' yan Buddha. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Musulman China (tare da Han da sauransu) sun zauna a Tibet. Gwamnatin China ta sanya Musulmin Tibet a matsayin Hui. Koyaya, ana kiran musulman Tibet da suna Zang Hui (Hui na Tibet) yayin da suke magana da Tibet kuma suna da al'adar abin duniya kusan iri ɗaya da takwarorinsu na Buddha. Hui na Tibet na Lhasa (ba kamar sauran Musulman Tibet da ke zaune a wani wuri ba) suna ɗaukar kansu sun bambanta da Musulman China kuma wani lokacin suna yin aure tare da wasu 'yan Tibet (ciki har da Buddha) maimakon' yan uwansu Musulmai daga China.
Tambayar zama ɗan ƙasa A cikin 1959, Firayim Minista Jawaharlal Nehru ya yanke shawarar cewa Barkor Khache 'yan asalin Indiya ne. Harafin farko da al'ummar Barkor Khache da ke Lhasa suka rubuta shi ne ga Musulman Tibet da ke Kalimpong a 1959: Bayan tawayen Tibet na 1959, gwamnatin jihar Jammu da Kashmir ta ba 'yan gudun hijirar Musulmin Tibet mazaunin zama/jihar. Gwamnati kuma ta ba da haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a ga majalisar dokokin Jammu da Kashmir Tuba a Qinghai Mutanen Salar sun yaɗa addinin Islama ga tsohon Kargan Tibet na Buddha a Lamo-shan-ken. Wasu mutanen Tibet a Qinghai da suka musulunta yanzu ana ɗaukar su 'yan kabilar Hui Kusa da ƙauyen Tibet na Skya Rgya a Qinghai, Musulmai suna zaune kusa da kogin Yellow a cikin garin Dong sna kilomita 20 kuma gwamnatin China ta yi musu rajista a matsayin Hui. Tsofaffi "Hui" a wannan ƙauyen suna magana da Sinawa marasa kamala amma suna magana da cikakkiyar 'yan Tibet kuma suna ciniki tare da Tibet akai -akai, suna cewa asalin su' yan Tibet ne. Ofaya daga cikinsu, mutumin da aka haifa a 1931 ya ce "Muna da jini ɗaya; magabatanmu ɗaya ne. Mun kasance muna auratayya da juna, muna al'adu iri ɗaya kuma muna bin ƙa'idodin gargajiya iri ɗaya. Ma Bufang ne ya musuluntar da mu. Matan Tibet suna auren maza Musulmai Bayan Salars sun koma Xunhua, sun musuluntar da 'yan ƙabilar Tibet kuma matan Salar sun ɗauki matan Tibet a matsayin mata. 'Yan kabilar Tibet sun yi shagulgulan bikin Sallar da amarya ta watsa hatsi da madara a kan doki. Matan Tibet sune ainihin matan Salars na farko da suka isa yankin kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin tarihin baka na Salar. 'Yan kabilar ta Tibet sun amince su bar matansu' yan Tibet su auri maza Salar bayan sun gabatar da wasu bukatu da dama don biyan bambancin al'adu da addini. Hui da Salar sun aura saboda kamanceceniyar al'adu da bin addinin Musulunci iri daya. Tsofaffin Salars sun auri matan Tibet amma ƙananan Salars sun gwammace su auri wasu Salars. Han da Salar galibi ba sa aure da juna sabanin auren matan Tibet da maza Salar. Salars duk da haka suna amfani da sunayen Han. Dangin Salar patrilineal sun fi iyaka fiye da dangin kabilar Han a yadda suke hulɗa da al'adu, al'umma ko sakewa. Maza Salar galibi suna aurar da mata da yawa ba Salaar ba kuma sun auri matan Tibet a matsayin mata bayan sun yi hijira zuwa Xunhua bisa lamuran tarihi da tarihin mutane. Salasa kusan ta musamman ta ɗauki matan da ba Salafawa ba a matsayin mata kamar matan Tibet yayin da ba su taɓa aurar da matan Salar ga mazan da ba Salaar ba sai maza Hui waɗanda aka ba su izinin auren matan Salar. A sakamakon haka Salars sun haɗu sosai da sauran kabilu. Salars a Qinghai suna zaune a bankunan biyu na kogin Yellow, kudu da arewa, ana kiran na arewa Hualong ko Bayan Salars yayin da na kudu ana kiransu Xunhua Salars. Yankin arewa na kogin Yellow shine cakuda Salar da ƙauyukan Tibet da ba a daina ba yayin da yankin kudu da kogin rawaya ya kasance Salar mai ƙarfi ba tare da rata tsakaninsa ba, tunda Hui da Salars sun tura 'yan Tibet a yankin kudu a baya. Matan ƙabilar Tibet da suka musulunta, maza Salar ne suka ɗauke su a matsayin mata a bankunan biyu na kogin. Kalmar baffan uwa (ajiu) ana amfani da ita ga 'yan Tibet ta Salars tunda Salars suna da asalin asalin Tibet. 'Yan kabilar Tibet suna shaida hanyoyin rayuwar Salar a cikin Kewa, ƙauyen Salar kuma ana amfani da shayi na man shanu na Tibet. Sauran tasirin al'adun Tibet kamar gidajen Salar da ke da kusurwa huɗu tare da farin dutse a kansu sun zama wani ɓangare na al'adar Salar muddin Musulunci bai hana su ba. 'Yan kabilar Hui sun fara jituwa tare da yin auratayya da Salars a Xunhua bayan da suka yi hijira daga can daga Hezhou a Gansu saboda daular Ming ta kasar Sin tana mulkin Xunhua Salars bayan 1370 kuma jami'an Hezhou ke mulkin Xunhua. Yawancin Salars tare da sunan Ma suna da alama sun fito ne daga zuriyar Hui tunda yawancin Salars yanzu suna da sunan Ma yayin da a farkon yawancin Salars suna da sunan Han. Wasu misalan Hezhou Hui wanda ya zama Salars su ne ƙauyukan Chenjia (dangin Chen) da Majia (Ma dangi) a Altiuli inda dangin Chen da Ma Salars ne waɗanda suka yarda da zuriyar Hui. Salar da Hui duk sun raba bukukuwan aure, jana'iza, bukukuwan haihuwa da addu'o'i yayin da suke yin auratayya kuma suna yin addini iri daya tunda yawancin 'yan kabilar Hui sun koma yankin Salar a gabar kogin Yellow. Yawancin matan Hui sun auri maza Salar kuma a ƙarshe ya zama sananne ga Hui da Salar don yin aure saboda kasancewar su Musulmai fiye da Han, Mongols da Tibet. Harshen Salar da al'adunsa duk da haka ya yi tasiri sosai a ƙarni na 14 zuwa 16 a cikin asalin asalin su ta hanyar aure tare da Mongol da Tibet waɗanda ba Musulmai ba tare da lamuni da yawa da tasirin na Mongol da Tibet a cikin yaren su. Salars sun kasance masu yaruka da yawa a cikin Salar da Mongol sannan kuma a cikin Sinanci da Tibet yayin da suke kasuwanci sosai a lokutan Ming, Qing da Jamhuriyar China akan kogin rawaya a Ningxia da Lanzhou a Gansu. Salars da Tibetans duka suna amfani da kalmar kawun uwa (ajiu a cikin Salar da Sinawa, azhang a Tibet) don nufin juna, suna nufin gaskiyar Salars zuriyar matan Tibet ne da ke auren maza Salar. Bayan amfani da waɗannan sharuɗɗan sau da yawa suna maimaita labarin tarihin yadda mazajen Salar 2,000 suka auri matan Tibet waɗanda su ne Salai na Farko da suka yi hijira zuwa Qinghai. Waɗannan sharuɗɗan sun nuna cewa 'yan Tibet sun kalli Salars daban da Hui. A cewar almara, auren tsakanin matan Tibet da maza Salar ya zo ne bayan sulhu tsakanin buƙatun da wani ɗan Tibet ya yi da masu hijira Salar. 'Yan Salar sun ce kwarin Wimdo wani dan kabilar Tibet ne ya mallake shi kuma ya bukaci Salars su bi dokoki 4 domin su auri matan Tibet. Ya bukace su da su sanya tutocin addu'o'in addinin Buddha na Tibet a kusurwoyi huɗu, su yi addu'a tare da ƙafafun addu'o'in Buddha na Tibet tare da mantra om mani padma hum kuma su rusuna a gaban mutum -mutumin Buddha. Salars sun ƙi waɗannan buƙatun suna cewa ba sa karanta mantras ko sunkuyar da mutum -mutumi tunda sun yi imani da allah mahalicci ɗaya kawai kuma musulmai ne. Sun yi sulhu a kan tutoci a cikin gidaje ta hanyar sanya duwatsu a kusurwoyin gidajensu maimakon tutocin addinin Buddha na Tibet. Wasu 'yan Tibet ba sa banbance Salar da Hui saboda addinin Musulunci. A cikin 1996, garin Wimdo yana da Salar ɗaya kawai saboda 'yan Tibet sun yi kuka game da kiran salla da masallacin da aka gina a yankin a farkon shekarun 1990 don haka suka kori mafi yawan Salai daga yankin. Salars sun kasance masu magana da harsuna biyu a Salar da Tibet saboda auratayya da matan Tibet da ciniki. Yana da ɗan ƙanƙanta ga ɗan Tibet ya yi Salar. Matan Tibet na Xiahe sun kuma auri maza Musulmai waɗanda suka zo can a matsayin yan kasuwa kafin shekarun 1930. A gabashin Qinghai da Gansu akwai lokuta na matan Tibet da suka zauna a cikin addinin Buddha na Lama na Buddha yayin da suke auren maza Musulmin China kuma za su haifi ɗa daban -daban waɗanda za su kasance Buddha da Musulmai, ɗiyan Buddha sun zama Lamas yayin da sauran ɗiyan Musulmai ne. Hui da Tibet sun auri Salars. Daular Qing daga baya kuma Jamhuriyar China Salar Janar Han Youwen ta haife shi ga wata mace 'yar Tibet mai suna Ziliha kuma mahaifin Salar mai suna Aema Mutanen Balti Mutanen Balti na Baltistan a Pakistan da Kargil a Indiya zuriyar mabiya addinin Buddha ne na Tibet waɗanda suka koma addinin Noorbakshia na Musulunci. Tare da wucewar lokaci adadi mai yawa ya koma addinin Shi'a, sannan wasu kalilan suka koma addinin Musulunci na Sunni. Yarensu na Balti yana da tsattsauran ra'ayi da ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma ya fi kusa da Tibet na gargajiya fiye da sauran yarukan mutanen Tibet Nassoshi
Hanyoyin waje Musulman Tibet
Musulunci a Tibet: Gabatarwa ta Mai Tsarki The Dalai Lama; Ciki har da 'Musulunci a cikin Al'adun Tibet'; 'Matsayin Buddha da Ra'ayin Musulunci na Ƙarshen Haƙiƙa'; da Labarin da aka kwatanta 'Litattafan Tibet'- Fons Vitae
Musulunci a cikin Tibet 'Bidiyon Llasa' Fons Vitae books
Gallery of Tibet (Ya haɗa da hoton Minaret)
Masallaci a Lhasa
Musulunci da Tibet: mu'amalar al'adu, ƙarni na 8 zuwa 17
Binciko Kabilanci: Bayanan Al'adu na Al'ummar Musulmin Tibet a Kwarin Kashmir Nazari
'Yan tsiraru a cikin' yan tsiraru: Musulman Tibet na Nepal sun yi bikin Ramadan Tarihin Sin
Sin
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42193 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zundert | Zundert | Zundert Dutch pronunciation: zʏndərt] gunduma ne kuma birni a kudancin Netherlands wana ya hada iyaka da Belgium, a lardin North Brabant.
A garin Zundert aka haifi mai zane-zane Vincent van Gogh Tarihi An fara ambaton sunan Zundert a cikin wata takardar shaidar da aka rubuta tun shekarar alif 1157, wanda Bishop na Liege ya tabbatar da wata gudummawa daga "Sunderda". Wannan Sunderda a haƙiƙa yana da alaƙa da garin Klein-Zundert na yanzu (Karamar Zundert acikin harshen Holland), ɗaya daga cikin ƙauyuka na farko a yankin. Sufaye na yankin, baya ga harkokinsu na addini, suna kuwa share filayen, wanda har yanzu wani yanki ne mai dauke da fadama, da gonaki. Sufaye har wayau suna taimakawa wajen inganta hanyoyin noma.
Zundert har yanzu yana kewaye ne da yankunan karkara tare da dazuka, ɗayansu shine "Buissche Heide", wurin da ake amfani da shi don nishaɗi da tafiya. Kalmthoutse Heide, ƙetare kan iyaka da Belgium, kuma yana nan kusa.
A lokacin Yakin Duniya na Biyu Zundert, Achtmaal, Wernhout da Klein-Zundert an 'yantar da su a lokacin da aka kai farmakin Operation Pheasant a ranar 27 ga watan Oktoba, Rijsbergen ranar 28 ga Oktoba. An 'yantar da Achtmaal ta Rundunar Sojoji ta 415 na Rundunar Sojojin Amurka ta 104th (Timberwolf) Runduna ta 104th (Timberwolf), Zundert da Klein-Zundert ta 413th Infantry Regiment na mayakan 104th (Timberwolf) Runduna ta 104th (Timberwolf), da Wernhout da Rijsbergen na 410th. Timberwolf) Division of Infantry.
Nesa kadan daga birinin, ana iya samun tsohuwar gidan abinci mai suna "In Den Anker", wanda ke da lasisi mafi tsufa a kasar Netherlands. Kuma ta samo asali ne daga 1635, amma an sake gina shi a cikin 1913.
Yanayin kasa Gundumar Zundert ta ƙunshi wurare kamar haka:
Zundert na kusa da mita sama da matakin Tekun Holland NAP kuma tana da nisan kilomita daga kudu maso yammacin Birnin Breda, da kuma kilomita daga arewa maso gabacin Antwerp, Belgium. Zundert yana kewaye da gundumomin Etten-Leur da Breda a arewa, Hoogstraten (Belgium) a gabas, Wuustwezel (Belgium) a kudu, Kalmthout (Belgium) a kudu maso yamma, da Essen (Belgium) da Rucphen a yamma.
Zundert na ɗaya daga cikin manyan gundumomin noma na Netherlands. Kaso 10% na duk kayan aikin gandun daji na Netherlands yana nan a Zundert. Ana samar da strawberries da kananan bishiyoyi da aka noma a gonaki da shingen shinge na da matukar muhimmanci a yankin.
Gine-gine Cocin Katolika na Zundert, wanda aka kaddamar don Saint Trudo, an gina shi a cikin shekarar 1927, kuma ya ƙunshi zanuka na alfarma daga ƙarni na 17, waɗanda suka fito daga St. Michielsabdij a Antwerp, gami da wani sassaka na asali da ɗan wasan Flemish Peter Paul Rubens ya yi. Waɗannan taskokin sun hada dai teburan bagaden marmara, sassaƙaƙen Alabaster guda uku, zane-zane da yawa da ikirari da aka sassaƙa na itacen oak guda biyu. Jan Stuyt, wani almajiri na gine-ginen Pierre Cuypers ne ya tsara cocin kanta. Stuyt ya kuma tsara cocin Klein-Zundert da ke kusa a cikin gundumar.
An gina zauren garin Zundert a shekarar 1830 a cikin salo na zamani kuma an rushe shi kuma an sake gina shi cikin salo iri ɗaya a cikin 1965.
Masaniyar gine-gine mace ta farko na Netherlands, Margaret Staal-Kropholler, ta gina ɗakin studiyo a cikin 1919 don mai zane na gani Richard Roland Holst da matarsa, mawaƙi kuma ɗan siyasa Henriëtte Roland Holst-van der Schalk akan Buissche Heide. An gina ɗakin studio a cikin salon Makarantar Amsterdam Masana'antun iska Zundert ya kasance gida ga injinan niƙa tun daga ƙarni na 17, wanda ake kira De Akkermolen (The Croftmill). An ce an gina shi ne a shekara ta 1652. Injin niƙa ce madaidaiciya, kuma an gina shi don sarrafa hatsi.
Kamfanin niƙa zauna karkarshin 'yan kasuwa da yawa a baya, wanda suka hada da stadtholder Willem V, a matsayin Baron na Breda, wanda ya zama mai shi a 1794. A farkon shekarun 1900 Wilhelmus van der Stappen ya mallaki masana'antar niƙar.
Kamfanin niƙan ya lalace sosai a shekarar 1950, kuma an yi barazanar sake tada sau da yawa. Kamfanin na Akkermolen a halin yanzu mallakin karamar hukumar Zundert ne, wacce ta saya a shekarar 1959, 'yan kasuwa masu zaman kansu na karshe da suka mallakin kamfanin sune dangin Herijgers. Bayan da Zundert ta masana'antar, tana buƙatar gyara sosai, wanda ya faru a cikin 1961. An sake yin wani gyara a shekara ta 1991, amma sai, ana bukatar a ware duka injinan kuma a maido da su.
Ana iya ziyartar Akkermolen, bayan neman izini a Akkermolenweg 15.
Garin yana da wasu masana'antun a da, ɗaya daga cikinsu shi ne kamfanin sarrafa duwatsu mai suna "De Eendracht", wanda ke nan aMoleneind, wanda a halin yanzu ake kira Poteind. Yayi gobara a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun 1909. Maigidan a lokacin, Jaak Theeuwis, ya riga ya rasa wani kamfanin katako a Zundert, wanda aka rusa a cikin shekarar da ta gabata ta 1908. Wani wajen ajiya mai suna "de Boerenbond" a yanzu ya nan a filin tsohon kamfanin.
Vincent van Gogh Zundert ne garin da aka haifi shahararren mai zane Vincent van Gogh An haife shi a ranar 30 ga Maris 1853 a wani ɗan ƙaramin gida a babban titin Zundert, "Markt 29". Tsohon gidansu ya bace saboda ya lalace sosai a dalilin rashin kumma, amma har yanzu akwai wani allo a wannan wurin don tunawa da haihuwarsa. A watan Mayu 2007 an fara gyaran gidan a Markt 29, da gidan da ke makwabtaka. Bayan gyaran, an buɗe gidan Vincent van Gogh a watan Agusta 2008.
Manazarta
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22600 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil%20Foden | Phil Foden | Philip Walter Foden (An haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Mayu shekarar dubu biyu(2000)), ne a England sana'arsa kwallon kafa yana taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na Premier League a kulob din Manchester City da Ingila tawagar kasarsa.
Foden ya sami nasarar shiga ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha bakwai (2017),lokacin da ya ci kyautar( FIFA U-17), World Cup Golden Ball bayan nasarar da Ingila ta samu a gasar yan kasa da shekara( 17) na Kofin Duniya. Ya fara zama dan wasa na farko a City a wannan shekarar kuma a watan Disamba ne aka zabi gwarzon dan wasa na BBC na Shekarar.
Tun daga lokacin da Foden ya buga wasanni sama da( 100), a kungiyar, inda ya samu nasarar girmamawa har sau takwas ciki har da zama mafi karancin shekaru da ya samu lambar yabo ta Premier. A cikin shekara ta 2019, ya ci Firimiya karo na biyu kuma ya zama dan wasa mafi karancin shekaru da ya ci wa kungiyar kwallaye a gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA, kuma shi ne dan wasa mafi karancin shekaru a Ingila da ya fara wasa da zira kwallaye a wasannin zagayen gaba na gasar. A cikin shekara ta 2021, an lasafta shi a matsayin Premier Player of the Young of the Season da kuma PFA Young Player of the Year Foden ya wakilci Ingila a matakan matasa da yawa, inda ya ci kwallaye (19), a wasanni( 51 na matasa. An fara kiran sa zuwa babbar kungiyar a ranar (25), watan Agustan shekara ta (2020), kuma ya buga wasan farko da Iceland (5 Satumbar a shekara ta 2020), a nasarar da aka tashi( 1-0 ),a UEFA Nations League.
Klub din
Manchester City
Farkon aiki An Haife shi a Stockport, Greater Manchester, Foden ya kasance mai goyon bayan ƙuruciya ga Manchester City. Ya shiga kulob din yana da shekara hudu kuma ya sanya hannu a kan karatunsa na Kwalejin a watan Yulin shekara ta (2016), Yayi karatun kansa a Kwalejin St Bede, tare da biyan kuɗin karatunsa daga Manchester City. A ranar 6, ga watan Disambar shekara ta (2016), babban kocin City Pep Guardiola ya sanya Foden a cikin jerin 'yan wasan da za su fafata a gasar zakarun Turai tare da Celtic ya kasance ba a maye gurbinsa ba a cikin wasan gidan( 1-1).
Lokacin 2017-18 A watan Yulin shekara ta (2017), Foden ya kasance cikin tawagar Manchester City don ziyarar kulob din a shirye shiryen tunkarar kakar wasa ta Amurka, inda ya yi rawar gani a rashin nasarar( 0-2) da suka samu a hannun Manchester United sannan kuma ya fara wasan da ci (4-1 a kan Real. Madrid Bayan da ya buga wasanni da yawa a kan benci a farkon kakar wasannin( 2017zuwa2018), Foden ya fara buga wa Manchester City wasa a ranar (21 )ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 2017) a wasan cin Kofin Zakarun Turai da Feyenoord, yana zuwa a minti na (75) don Yaya Touré Ya zama ɗan saurayi ɗan Ingila na huɗu don ya bayyana a Gasar Zakarun Turai (shekaru 17 177). A ranar (6 )ga watan Disamba a shekara ta( 2017), Foden ya karya rikodin da Josh McEachran ya yi a baya don zama ƙaramin ɗan wasan Ingila, yana da shekaru 17 da kwanaki 192, don farawa a wasan UEFA Champions League, yana yin hakan a cikin rashin nasara( 2-1 ga Shakhtar Donetsk Ya kuma zama ɗan wasa na farko da aka haifa a shekara ta (2000 ),don fara wasa a gasar. Ya fara buga wasan farko na Premier a matsayin canji a wasan da suka ci (4-1 ),a kan Tottenham Hotspur a ranar 16 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta (2017), ya bayyana a minti na 83rd don İlkay Gündoğan. Foden ya fito a matsayin mai maye gurbin Sergio Agüero a gasar cin kofin EFL na Karshe a ranar (25 )ga watan Fabrairu shekara a shekara ta( 2018), yana taimaka wa City tabbatar da nasarar( 3-0 )a kan Arsenal a Wembley Stadium Wadannan watan, sai ya gutsuttsura Kieran Richardson 's rikodin zama ƙarami English player don fara a wani knockout-wasa a gasar zakarun Turai, yin haka yana da shekaru (17) shekaru da( 283 )kwana a wani( 4-0 )nasara a kan Basel A ranar( 13) ga watan Mayu, ya zama ƙarami mafi ƙarancin ɗan wasa don karɓar lambar yabo ta Premier. Guinness World Records ta amince da shi saboda wannan bajinta a cikin fitowar littafin su na( 2020).
2018–19 kakar Foden yana cikin sahun farko na City don Gasar FA Community Shield a ranar( 5 )ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2018), yana buga duka minti( 75) tare da taimakawa kwallon farko ta Agüero a wasan da suka doke Chelsea da ci (2-0), a filin wasa na Wembley, wanda ya nuna na uku na Foden lambobin yabo na shekarar kalanda. A ranar (25) ga watan Satumba shekara ta (2018), ya ba da taimako ga Riyad Mahrez sannan daga baya ya ci babban burinsa na farko a cikin raunin rauni don tabbatar da nasarar City da ci (3-0) ba tare da Oxford United ba a zagaye na uku na EFL Cup Foden ne ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gida a filin wasa na Etihad, wanda ya ci wa City kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka doke Rotherham United da ci! 7-0) a zagaye na uku na gasar cin kofin FA a ranar( 6 )ga watan Janairun shekara ta( 2019), Kwana uku bayan haka, Foden ya sake kasancewa a kan takarda yayin da yake taimaka wa City doke Burton Albion da ci( 9-0 ),a wasan farko na wasan kusa da na karshe na EFL Cup. A ranar (12) ga watan Maris shekara ta 2019), Foden ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai yayin wasa na biyu na zagayen kungiyoyi( 16) da Schalke, yayin da City ta ci( 7-0 )(10-2 a jumulce). A yin haka, ya taimaka wa kulob din daidaita da rikodin don mafi girman rata a cikin matakin buga gasar. Burin nasa ya kuma gan shi ya zama mafi karancin shekaru da ya ci wa Man City kwallaye a gasar Zakarun Turai da kuma karamin dan wasan da ya ci wa Ingila kwallaye a wasannin fitar da gwani na gasar, yana da shekara (18) da kwana( 288), A farkon watan gobe, ya fara wasan farko a kungiyar a karawar da suka doke Cardiff City da ci (2-0), ya zama dan wasan Ingila mafi karancin shekaru da ya yi hakan tun daga Daniel Sturridge a shekara ta 2008). Bayan kammala wasan, manajan City Pep Guardiola ya shaida wa manema labarai cewa yana sa ran Foden ya zama muhimmin dan wasan Manchester City "har shekaru goma masu zuwa". Foden ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Premier ranar( 20 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2019), a wasan da suka doke Tottenham( 1-0), Bayan yin hakan, ya zama dan wasa na uku mafi karancin shekaru da ya ci wa kungiyar kwallo a Premier League, bayan Micah Richards da Sturridge. Man City ta kammala kaka a lokacin kammala dukkanin kofunan gida tare da Foden wanda ke da babban matsayi a cikin kungiyar.
Lokacin 2019-20 Foden ya fara kakar wasannin (2019zuwa2020), ne tare da karrama shi na( 7), inda ya ci Gasar FA Community Shield a kan Liverpool a Wembley Stadium a ranar (4) ga watan Agusta shekara ta( 2019), ya zira kwallaye a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida wanda ya yanke hukuncin wadanda suka yi nasara. Kwana shida bayan haka ya buga wasan farko a gasar Firimiya a bana yayin da Manchester City ta doke West Ham United da ci (5-0), a filin wasa na London. A ranar (1 ),ga watan Oktoba shekara ta( 2019), Foden ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA, inda ya ci kwallaye a wasan da suka doke Dinamo Zagreb da ci( 2-0 a ranar wasan( 2 na rukuni. Foden ya samar da babbar dama ta biyu (6) a matakin rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai, sai a bayan Lionel Messi (7). Foden ya fara wasan Firimiya na farko a kakar bana, a ranar( 15 )ga watan Disambar shekara ta 2019), inda ya dauki wani taimako a kan Arsenal a filin wasa na Emirates a wasan da ci( 3-0) ga ‘yan kasar. A ranar (1 ga watan Maris shekara ta (2020), Foden ya fara a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin EFL kuma ya nemi babbar girmamawa ta 6th da kuma kofi na 8th na aiki yayin da Man City ta ci (2-1 a kan Aston Villa An kuma kira shi mutumin wasan, don haka ya zama mafi ƙarancin karɓar kyautar Alan Hardaker kwaf A ranar (17 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2020), kwallon kafa na Firimiya ya dawo bayan annobar( COVID-19 ),ta sanya lokacin ci gaba. Foden yana kan raga yayin da City ta doke Arsenal da ci uku da nema a filin wasa na Etihad. Wasan da ya biyo baya Foden ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a Premier kuma ya ci kwallaye a jere a jere a karo na farko a matsayin Manchester City ta ci( 5-0 a kan Burnley A ranar( 2 ga watan Yulin shekara ta (2020), Manchester City ta yi maraba da sabon zakara Liverpool a Etihad. Foden ya ci kwallo kuma ya taimaka a wasan yayin da City ta ci( 4-0) Gasar Premier ta shekara ta (2019zuwa20 20), ta kare a ranar (26 ga watan Yuli, tare da Foden da aka fara a wasan da ci (5-0 a kan Norwich, yana ganin Manchester City ta kammala kakar a matsayi na( 2), Lokacin, duk da haka, an yi alama tare da tashi daga gunkin Foden David Silva, bayan shekaru (10 tare da kulob din. A cikin shekara ta 2017), Foden ya bayyana "Horarwa ta fi sauri kuma tana da kyau tare da Silva, shi ne abin bautata da gaske. Ina kokarin kallon abin da yake yi kuma na koya daga gare shi kuma na yi kokarin aikata abubuwa iri daya An bai wa Foden damar maye gurbin Silva tare da Pep Guardiola yana cewa Manchester City "ta aminta" Phil Foden ya maye gurbinsa. Foden ya fara buga wasan zagaye na biyu a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai a ranar( 7) ga watan Agusta shekara ta (2020), a kan Real Madrid, inda ya taimaka wa kungiyarsa ta yi nasara kan (1-1 )(jimillar jimillar 4-2) da kuma ci gaba zuwa zagayen kwata fainal, inda Man City za ta rusuna daga gasar. Ya ƙare kakar tare da wasa (38) da aka buga, rijistar kwallaye (8), da ƙwallaye( 9) a duk gasa.
Lokacin 2020-21 Foden ya bude asusun ajiyarsa na kakar wasa a kan Wolves a ranar wasan( 1), na gasar Premier, inda ya ci nasara a kan nasarar (3-1), a ranar( 21) ga watan Satumba ta (2020), Ya ci kwallonsa ta biyu a kakar (2020 zuwa20 21), a kan West Ham United a wasan da suka tashi (1-1 a filin wasa na London, a ranar (24), ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta 2020), Ya rama daidai minti shida bayan da ya maye gurbin Sergio Aguero a rabin lokaci, ya juya da wayo don sauya giciye daga abokin wasansa João Cancelo Foden ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai a kakar( 2020 zuwa 2021), a Girka akan Olympiacos, a ranar (25 ga watan Nuwamba Nuwamba a shekara ta 2020), kammala wayayyen daga cikin akwatin bayan raheem Sterling mai raɗaɗi. Wannan nasarar a gasar zakarun Turai ta tabbatar da ci gaban City har zuwa zagaye na kungiyoyi ?(16 a karo na( 8 )a jere. A ranar! 7 ga watan Fabrairun a shekara ta (2021), ya ci kwallo kuma ya ba da taimako a wasan da suka doke Liverpool da ci( 4-1 ),a waje, don zama nasarar farko da tawagarsa ta samu a Anfield tun shkara ta( 2003). Foden ya sake zira kwallaye a Merseyside, yayin da Manchester City ta ci( 3-1), a waje a Goodison Park a ranar (17 ga watan Fabrairu, inda ta kara jagora a saman teburin kuma hakan ya sa ta yi nasara sau( 17), a jere a dukkan wasannin. Foden ya kasance a kan dukkanin kwallaye biyu a karawar da City ta doke Borussia Dortmund a gasar cin Kofin Zakarun Turai, don tabbatar da ci gaban zuwa zagaye na hudu na gasar. A ranar (21), ga watan Afrilu shekara ta( 2021), Foden ya karbi kyautar gwarzon dan wasa kuma ya zira kwallaye a ragar Aston Villa a Villa Park, wanda ya ba Man City nasara( 2-1), kuma daga baya ta tsawaita jagorancin ta, a saman teburin, da maki( 11). Wannan shi ne burin Foden na( 14), a dukkan gasa, a kakar shekara ta( 2020 zuwa20 21), kuma na(7), a Premier. Bayan kwana hudu kawai, Foden ya ci kofi na( 9), tare da Manchester City yayin da suka doke Tottenham da ci( 1 da 0 )a wasan karshe na cin Kofin EFL, inda Foden ya buga cikakkun mintuna( 90), Foden ya sake kafa tarihi tare da City, yayin da suka isa wasan karshe na UEFA Champions League a karon farko bayan doke Paris Saint-Germain da ci 4-1 jimillar kwallaye biyu, Foden ya ba da taimako ga Riyad Mahrez a wasa na biyu. A ranar( 12), ga watan Mayu Foden ya tabbatar da lashe gasar firimiya karo na uku a cikin shekaru hudu yayin da Leicester ta doke Manchester United da ci (2-1), Foden ya fara wasan karshe na UEFA Champions League a tarihin kulob din. Man City ta yi rashin nasara a wasan da aka buga da ci (1 0) rashin Foden na farko a wasan karshe a lokacin yana kan karagar aiki. An lasafta shi a cikin UEFA Champions League Squad na kakar kuma ya lashe Premier League Young Player of the Season yayin da aka zaba shi duka PFA Player of the Year da PFA Young Player of the Year, ya lashe kyautar ta ƙarshe.
Ayyukan duniya
Matasa A watan Mayu shekara ta (2017), Foden ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na 'yan kasa da shekara !17 na Uefa yayin da' yan wasan Ingila 'yan kasa da shekaru (17) suka sha kashi a fanareti a hannun Spain A watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, Foden ya sami karbuwa sosai daga 'yan jarida bayan ya ci kwallaye biyu a wasan karshe na Kofin Duniya na( FIFA FIFA U-17 ),na shekara ta 2017), shi ma a kan Spain, yayin da Ingila ta ci gasar. An kira shi a matsayin mafi kyawun dan wasan. Ya lashe kyautar( FIFA U-17 World Cup na Kwallon Kwallon Kafa a cikin shekara ta (2017), inda ya kuma sami wadatar 'yan jarida da yawa da kuma mahimman labarai. A ranar (27), ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 2019), Foden ya kasance cikin tawagar 'yan wasa( 23), na Ingila don gasar shekar ta (2019), UEFA European (Under-21), Championship kuma ya zira kwallaye mai ban sha'awa na farko ga U21s a wasan farko da ci( 2-1) a hannun Faransa a Cesena Babban Team
Farko da Euro 2020 A( 25), ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2020), Gareth Southgate mai suna Foden a Ingila m tawagar a karon farko. Ya buga wasan farko na kasa da kasa da Iceland a ranar( 5), ga watan Satumbar a shekara (2020), a wasan da aka tashi( 1-0 ),a waje a gasar UEFA Nations League A ranar (7), ga watan Satumbar a shekara ta( 2020), Foden, tare da takwaransa na Ingila Mason Greenwood, an cire shi daga tawagar Ingila saboda karya ka'idojin keɓewar ƙungiyar ta hanyar kawo aƙalla baƙo ɗaya zuwa otal ɗin otal ɗin su a Iceland. Manchester City ta yi Allah wadai da ayyukan Foden. Foden ya ci wa Ingila kwallayensa na farko da na biyu a lokacin wasan UEFA Nations League da Iceland a Wembley Stadium a ranar( 18 ga watan Nuwamba Nuwamba a shekara ta (2020). A ranar( 1), ga watan Yuni a shekara ta (2021), Foden ya kasance cikin sunayen mutane (26), don sabon sake tsarawa UEFA Euro (2020 Ya shiga cikin tawagar a wani lokaci daga baya saboda kasancewarsa a waccan shekarar UEFA Champions League Final A ranar( 8 ga watan Yuni, Foden ya bayyana cewa ya shafa gashin kansa gashi yana kwatanta kwatankwacin tsohon dan wasan Ingila Paul Gascoigne wanda shima yayi irin wannan askin na Euro (96 Foden ya fada a wani taron manema labarai a wannan rana cewa "Cikakken al'ummar kasar sun san abin da yake nufi ga kasar da kuma abin da ya aikata, don haka ba zai zama mara kyau ba idan na yi kokarin kawo kadan daga cikin Gazza zuwa filin wasa."
Salon wasa, ci gaba da kwatancen Foden yana da kafar-hagu, kuma yana iya taka leda a bayan-baya, ko kuma dan gefe a gefen dama, duk da cewa Pep Guardiola ya bayyana shi da cewa "ya fi dacewa da dan wasan tsakiya". A shekara ta (2017), Guardiola ya bayyana shi a matsayin "dan wasa na musamman", yana mai cewa: "Yana da hadari idan aka ce kyawawan abubuwa game da matasa 'yan wasa saboda har yanzu suna kanana, kuma dole ne su ci gaba kuma dole ne su koyi abubuwa da yawa. Amma muna da karfin gwiwa da za mu taimaka masa, saboda mun yi imanin cewa shi saurayi ne wanda yake da kwazo, ko da kuwa ba shi da karfi, ba shi da tsayi. A cikin shekara ta (2017), Louise Taylor na jaridar The Guardian ta bayyana Foden a matsayin "mai alfahari da takamaimai, mai mannewa kuma ya sami albarka tare da ƙwarewar ɓatattun abokan hamayya na baya". A cikin shekara ta 2018), gogaggen marubucin wasan kwallon kafa Brian Glanville ya bayyana shi a matsayin "matashi mai hazaka da kwarewa", ya kara da cewa: "Matasan 'yan wasa masu kwarewa da kwarewar kirkira suna da bakin ciki a kasa."
Rayuwar mutum Foden yana cikin dangantaka da Rebecca Cooke kuma yana da ɗa, Ronnie, an haife shi a watan Janairun shekara ta( 2019), Ma'auratan suna tsammanin ɗansu na biyu, 'ya mace wacce za ta zo ƙarshen lokacin bazara ko farkon kaka a shekara ta (2021).
Kididdigar aiki
Kulab
Na duniya Kamar yadda aka buga wasa( 7) watan Yuli a shekarar 2021). Ingancin Ingila da aka jera a farko, shafi mai maki yana nuna ƙwallaye bayan kowace ƙwallon Foden.
Daraja Manchester City
Firimiya Lig a shekara ta (2017zuwa2018, 2018zuwa2019, 2020zuwa2021) Kofin FA a shekara ta (2018zuwa2019) Kofin EFL a shekara ta (2017zuwa2018, 2018zuwa2019, 2019zuwa2020, 2020zuwa2021) Garkuwan Community FA :a shekara ta 2018zuwa 2019) Gasar UEFA Champions League ta biyu: a shekara ta (2020zuwa2021) Ingila U17
FIFA U-17 World Cup a shekara ta (2017) Uefa European European Under-(17) Championship wacce ta zo ta biyu:a shekara ta( 2017) Ingila
UEFA ta zo ta biyu a gasar zakarun Turai :a shekara ta( 2020) Kowane mutum
Europeanungiyar UEFA ta Under (17) na Turai na Gasar:a shekara ta 2017) FIFA U-17 Kofin Duniya na Zinare :a shekara ta 2017) Gwarzon Wasannin Matasan BBC na Shekara a shekara ta (2017) Alan Hardaker kwaf :a shekara ta 2020) UEFA Champions League Squad na kakar: (2020zuwa2021) Matashin Firimiya na Premier na kakar (2020zuwa2021) PFA Matashin Dan Wasa na Shekara:( 2020zuwa2021)
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Bayani a gidan yanar gizon Manchester City FC
Bayani a shafin yanar gizon Hukumar Kwallon kafa
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila
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31871 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harouna%20Doula%20Gabde | Harouna Doula Gabde | Doula Gabde Harouna, wanda aka fi sani da Harouna Doula manajan kwallon kafa ne na Nijar kuma tsohon dan wasa. Ya taba rike mukamin Manaja a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Nijar daga shekarar 2009 zuwa 2012, inda ya jagoranci Nijar ta samu tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Nahiyar Afrika a shekarar 2012, da samun tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika a shekarar 2011, da kuma lashe gasar UEMOA a shekarar 2010. An rage masa daraja ne sakamakon rashin nasara da aka yi a wasan farko a gasar cin kofin kasashen duniya ta shekarar 2012.
Fage Harouna Doula yana da shekaru 46 a duniya a watan Janairun shekara ta 2012, ɗan ƙasar Nijar ne ɗan wasa ne na ƙasa da ƙasa, yana buga wasan baya. Bayan ya yi ritaya ya sami digiri na "Professorat" a fannin ilimin motsa jiki da wasanni a matsayin Cibiyar Matasa, Wasanni da Al'adu ta Nijar (INJS/C). Yana da "Lasisi" don horar da ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa daga Jami'ar Leipzig, da "Lasisi na C" daga Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Afirka, da takardar shaidar koyarwa na CAF, UEFA, da FIFA.
Manajan Nijar Harouna Doula wanda aka nada a matsayin kocin tawagar ƴan wasan ƙasar Nijar a shekarar 2009, ya maye gurbin tsohon kocin ƙungiyar ƴan ƙasa da shekaru 17, Frederic Costa, wanda aka nada a watan Disamba 2008. Ƙarƙashin Harouna Doula Niger ta kammala rashin nasara, inda ta ƙare ta kasa samun tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika a Angola a shekarar 2010.
Duk da rashin nasarar da ta samu a gasar ACON2010, Nijar ta karɓi bakuncin gasar UEMOA a watan Nuwambar shekara ta 2010, sannan ta biyo bayan samun tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afrika a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2011. Nijar ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da ƙarshe a karon farko, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun masu masauƙin baƙi, A ranar 10 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 2010 ne Nijar ta samu galaba a kan Masar da ci 1-0 a gida a gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta shekarar 2012.h Bayan da ta yi nasara a gida -amma a waje a kan Afirka ta Kudu da Saliyo, ranar 8 ga Oktoba 2011 Nijar ta samu tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika a karon farko a tarihinta. A nasa bangaren a gasar Nijar da ba a taba yin irinsa ba, Harouna Doula ya samu kyautar "Best African Manager 2011" daga CAF a watan Disamba 2012. A cikin shirin ACON 2012. Ƴan jarida da shugabannin siyasa sun yi sharhi game da shirin, tsarin gudanar da aiki tare. A cikin wata hira da ya ce "babu manufa ita ce mu kasance masu tawali'u a koyaushe amma kuma mu wuce kanmu, abin mamaki, kamar yadda muka iya yi a lokacin matakin cancanta." A ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, kwanaki biyu gabanin wasan sada zumunta na ƙarshe da Nijar za ta yi (da Botswana a Yamai FENIFOOT ta sanar da ɗaukar wasu "masu fasaha" guda biyu don taimakawa Harouna Doula a gasar cin kofin Afrika. Bako Adamou shi ne zai zama mataimakin mai horar da ƴan wasan, sannan aka nada manajan Faransa Rolland Courbis “Mai ba da shawara kan fasaha” ga kungiyar. Kanar Djibrilla Hima, shugaban FENIFOOT, ya jaddada a wani taron manema labarai cewa "Ba batun kocin tawagar ƙasar ya bar tawagar ƙasar ba. Ya ba mu damar shiga CAN ACON zai kai mu wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin Afrika.” A ranar 6 ga Janairu, Harouna Doula, tare da kyaftin ɗin tawagar Lawali Idrissa, sun ba da sanarwar zabar ƴan wasa 26 da za su halarci sansanin tunkarar gasar a Douala, Kamaru. Kwanaki biyu bayan da Gabon ta doke Najeriya da ci 2-0 a wasan farko na gasar Nijar a ranar 23 ga watan Janairu, an cire Harouna Doula daga mukaminsa na Manaja Kanar Djibrilla Hima a ranar 25 ga Janairu ya sanar da cewa Harouna Doula zai zama mai horar da ƴann wasa na biyu har zuwa ƙarshen 2012 na Afirka. Gasar Cin Ƙofin Ƙasa, kuma Rolland Courbis ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin babban kocin. FENIFOOT ta zargi Harouna Doula da aka ba da rahoton canje-canje a minti na ƙarshe a farkon jerin waɗanda suka yi rashin nasara a Gabon. Harouna Doula dai ba a bayyana ko zai dawo bayan gasar ba. Duk da sauye-sauyen da aka samu, Harouna Doula ya tabbatar wa manema labarai a Libreville kafin wasansu na Tunisia cewa babu wata hamayya tsakaninsa da Courbis. Da yake ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai horarwa kuma ya bayyana a benci tare da tawagar, Harouna Doula ya ce a ranar 27 ga Janairu cewa "Mun ba da hadin kai, muna aiki tare don amfanin ƙungiyar."
Duba sauran wasu abubuwan 2012 Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka Rukunin C
2012 cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1966
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
43464 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alla%20Zahaikevych | Alla Zahaikevych | Alla Zahaikevych Ukraine an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1966) ɗan ƙasar Ukraine kuma mawaki na kiɗan gargajiya na zamani, ‘yar wasan kwaikwayo, mai shirya ayyukan kiɗan electroacoustic, masaniyar kiɗan. Ana rubuta sunanta da Alla Zagaykevych a duk wakokinta da kuma turamci.
Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Alla Zahaikevych a Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine A shekara ta 1990 ta kammala karatunta daga Kyiv Conservatory (yanzu National Music Academy of Ukraine), ina mawakin kasar Ukraine ta koyar da ita. A tsakanin shekarar 1993 1994 ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a fannin waka tare da Ischenko sannan da kuma ka'idojin kiɗa tare da I. P'jaskovsky. A tsakanjn 1995 zuwa 1996 ta karanci abun da ke ciki da bayanan kida a IRCAM in Paris. Daga shekara ta 1986 zuwa 1999 ta kasance memba a rukunin tarihin "Drevo" na National Music Academy of Ukraine, a karkashin darektan Ye.Yefremov, ta binciki ingantacciyar waƙar Ukrainian kuma ta shiga balaguro, tarurruka, da bukukuwa.
Zaɓaɓɓun wakokinta Contre S (dedié à Guy Debord) na Kontra-Trio (cb-flute, cb-saxofon, tuba) ƙara kayan lantarki (2011)
Mita IV KS sadaukarwa ga Karol Symanowski) don violin da lantarki (2011)
Blick der Verliebten (don ensemble recherche don masu wasan kwaikwayo 8 (2010)
Cantos: Tsibiri don 3 cello soli da kirtani 15 (2010)
Cascades don piano (2009)
GO don sheng, erhu, percussion da rikodin lantarki (2009)
Zauren quartet don violin 2, viola da cello (2009)
By the Undergroung River don sarewa, clarinet, oboe, piano, violin, cello (2008)
Venezia don cello da lantarki (2008)
Tercet don clarinet, violin da cello (2007)
Luceo don piano (2007)
Concerto na Cello da Orchestra (2007)
Bayyanawa ga violin da rikodin lantarki (2006)
Laborinthus Exitus don clarinet da rikodin lantarki (2005)
Makanikan iska don sarewa, clarinet, perc., piano, violin da cello (2005)
Vent, pierres, fleurs… don accordion (2004)
Ecce Juventa Anni zuwa rubutu ta Grygoriy Skovoroda don soprano, mawaƙa da ƙungiyar mawaƙa (2004)
Pagode don masu rikodin da rikodin lantarki (2003)
"Hanya zuwa Babban Kogi" akan rubutun O.Lysheha (a Turanci) don soprano da 8 kayan aiki (fl, ob, cl, prc, p, vn, vl, vc) (2002)
"Heroneya" don violin, cello, bassoon, piano, rikodin lantarki (2002)
"Gravitation" na 2 cellos (2001)
"Choven" akan ayoyin Mykola Vorobjov (a cikin Ukrainian) don soprano, mezzo-soprano da baritone (1999), (sigar kayan aiki: "Choven", 2000)
"Chemins des Ombres" na trombone, percussion da contrabass (1998)
"Interlude" don sarewa, clarinet, bassoon, ƙaho, trombone, percussion, piano, violin, alto, cello, bass biyu (1998)
"Mar-X-Nevidomist" don soprano da piano (1997)
"Lambobi da Iska" ("Zane ta Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwa") ɗakin wasan opera akan ayoyi na Mykola Vorobjov (a cikin Ukrainian) muryoyin 3, fl, cl, fg, cr, tn, prc 2, p, vn, vl, vc, cb (1992-1997)
"Ausgesetzt auf den Bergen des Herzens..." akan ayoyin Rainer Maria Rilke (a cikin Jamusanci) na soprano da orchestra (1996)
"Et dans un dogon yawon shakatawa j'entrerai dedans l'etang celeste" akan waka ta Oleh Lysheha don bassoon, bass biyu, clarinet/bass clarinet, lantarki (1996)
"Musique Aveugle" don piano da ƙungiyar makaɗa (1995)
"Sans l'Eloignement de la Terre" don violin, accordion da guitar (1994)
"Intermezzo" don kade-kade na kade-kade (1993)
"Trio" don violin, cello da piano (1991)
"Symphony" a kan shayari na Vladimir Mayakovsky (a cikin Rasha) don baritone da kade-kade (1990)
Ayyukan Electroacoustic da ayyukan multimedia "Musique naïve" sadaukar da kai ga CAT trio) yi don accordion, gitare, theremin da lantarki (2011)
"Rayuwa azaman Kiɗa" haɓakawa a cikin ainihin lokacin abun da ke ciki don Oboe, Clarinet a cikin B, Alto Saxophon, Percussion da Contrebasse (2011)
"Raven", kida don wasan kwaikwayo na gwaji wanda Yara Arts Group (New York) ya kirkira ta hanyar waƙar Oleh Lysheha (2011)
"Contre S (dedié à Guy Debord)" aikin lantarki na Electroacoustic's Ensemble (2010)
Ayyukan lantarki na "Nord/Ouest" don muryoyin jama'a, violin, sarewa, kaɗa da kayan lantarki (na Ƙungiyar Electroacoustic) (2010)
"Yayinda Faɗuwar Barci: Don Tashi.. Yayin Yawo Up: Don Submerge Shigarwa na lantarki a cikin raƙuman ruwa guda huɗu don aikin "MAVKA" (2009)
"Sud/Est" aikin lantarki na Electroacoustic's Ensemble, (bidiyo Vadim Jovich) (2009)
"Venezia Vision" electroacoustic yi don cello da lantarki, (bidiyo Vadim Jovich), (2008)
Kiɗa don fim "Illusion of Existence" (2004)
"Lokaci a cikin Dandalin" kiɗan lantarki don shigarwa na gani da sauti (2004)
Music for film "MAMAY" (2003)
"Don tserewa, don Numfasawa, Don Ci gaba da Shuru" kiɗan lantarki don shigarwa na gani da sauti (2002)
"Cosi Fan Tutte", kiɗan lantarki don shigarwa na gani da sauti (bidiyo: O.Plysjuk) (2000)
Wakoki "Motus" (2005)
"Don Gudu, Don Numfasawa, Don Yin Shiru" (2006)
"Mavka ko Ukraine har yanzu ba su mutu ba" (2009)
"Nord Ouest" (Alla Zagaykevych Electroacoustic's Ensemble) 2012
"Sirrin Sha Uku Mix 067" Sarunas Nakas Alla Zagaykevych) 2013
"Filayen Hargitsi" Julian Kytasty da Alla Zagaykevych) 2017
Manazarta
Tushen labari
Kara karantawa Skrypnyk, G., ed. (2008). [Zagaykevich, Alla Leonidivna] (PDF). Encyclopedia of the Music of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Vol. 2. Kyiv: Publishing House of the Institute of Art History, Folklore and Ethnology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. p. 107.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Alla Zagaykevych in Livejournal
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1966
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
13300 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauwa%27u | Hauwa'u | Hauwa'u /i v Hebrew A cewar sura ta biyu na Genesis, Hauwa'u da Allah (Ubangiji) ya halitta da shashen haƙarƙarin Adam, dan ta zama abokiyar Adam. Ta faɗi cikin jarabawar maciji inda ya umurce ta da ta ci daga 'ya'yan itacen da aka hana daga itacen sanin nagarta da mugunta. Tana cin 'ya'yan itace tare da Adamu, kuma a sakamakon haka an kori mutane na farko daga gonar Aidan. Ikilisiyoyin Kirista sun banbanta kan yadda suke ɗaukar rashin biyayya na Adamu da Hauwa'u ga Allah (galibi ana kiran faɗuwar mutum da kuma sakamakon abin da waɗannan ayyukan suka haifar a kan sauran 'yan adam. Koyarwar Kirista da na Yahudawa wani lokaci suna riƙe Adamu (mutumin farko) da Hauwa'u wani matakin daban na alhakin faɗuwar, duk da cewa koyarwar Islama tana ɗaukar nauyin biyu daidai. Tare da Adam, Cocin Katolika ta al'adar zamanin ta amince da Hauwa'u a matsayin tsarkakkiya. A gargajiya liturgical idi na Saints Adamu da Hauwa'u ya kasan ce bikin a ranar 24 ga watan Disamba tun da tsakiyar zamanai a Turai da dama al'ummai, ciki har da Estonia, Jamus, Hungary, Lithuania, da kuma Scandinavian al'ummai.
Asalin kalma "Hauwa'u" a cikin Ibrananci ita ce "Hawwāh" kuma an yi imanin cewa ana nufin "rayayye ɗaya" ko "tushen rayuwa" kamar yadda ake yin maganganu daidai da "ḥāyâ", "a raye", daga tushen Semitic ḥyw. Hawwāh ta kasance idan aka kwatanta da Hurrian aljanna Kheba, wanda aka nuna a cikin Amarna haruffa a bauta masa a Urushalima a lokacin baya na Bronze Age. An ba da shawarar cewa sunan Kheba na iya samo asali daga Kubau, macen da ta fara mulkin farko na daular Kish. Allahiya Ashtoret, matar El, uwa na Allah daga farko Millennium KZ aka bai wa suna Chawat, daga abin da sunan Hawwah a Aramaic aka samu, Hauwa'u a Turanci. An nuna cewa Ibrananci sunan Hauwa'u (as) shima yana kama da zuwa kalmar Aramaic don "maciji" Tsohon Aramaic harshe Aramaic Asalin wannan tunanin tsinkayen shi ne hukuncin rabbinic wanda yake a cikin Farawa Rabbah 20:11, yana amfani da kamance tsakanin Ibran. Chavvah da Aram. chivviya. Duk da amfani da akidar rabbiyya, malamai kamar Julius Wellhausen da Theodor Nöldeke sun yi jayayya akan ingancin ilimin.
A cikin Genesis A cikin Farawa 2: 18 2222, matar an ƙirƙira ta zama ezer ki-negdo, kalmar da ke da wahalar fassara, ga namiji. Ki-negdo yana nufin "kusa, akasin haka, abokin tarayya a gare shi", kuma ezer yana nufin shiga tsakani a madadin mutumin. [11] Ana kiran mace ishah, mace, tare da bayani cewa wannan saboda an samo ta daga ish, ma'ana "mutum"; kalmomin guda biyun ba a hade suke ba. Daga baya, bayan labarin Aljanin ya cika, za'a sa mata suna, Ḥawwāh (Hauwa'u). Wannan yana nufin "rayuwa" a cikin Ibrananci, daga tushen wanda shima yana iya nufin "maciji". [12] Hadisai da aka bayyana cikin tsinkaye da yawa sun ɗauka cewa yin amfani da haƙarƙari daga gefen mutum yana ƙarfafa cewa namiji da mace suna da mutunci daidai, don an halitta mace daga abu ɗaya kamar na mutum, yana fasalinta kuma yana ba da rayuwa ta tsari guda. [13] A gaskiya ma, cikin kalma al'ada fassara "haƙarƙari" a harshen Turanci kuma yana nufin gefe, jam'iyya, ko katako. [14] Rib pun ne a cikin Sumerian, kamar yadda kalmar ti "yana nufin" hakarkarin "da" rai Allah ya halicci Hauwa'u daga (tsela), a al'adance ana fassara shi da" daya daga cikin hakarkarinsa". Kalmar na iya ma'ana kwana, leɓe, masifa da gefe. Masana ilimin tauhidi na mata sun yi tambaya game da karatun gargajiya na kwanannan wadanda suka bayar da shawarar cewa yakamata a sanya shi azaman “gefen”, yana goyan bayan ra'ayin cewa mace daidai take da namiji ba kuma ƙarƙashinta ba. Irin wannan karatu hannun jari abubuwa a na kowa da Aristophanes 'labarin asalin soyayya da kuma raba mata da maza a Plato s Taro. A kwanan nan shawara, bisa lura da cewa maza da mata da wannan adadin hakarkarinsa, speculates cewa kashi ne baculum, karamin tsarin samu a cikin azzakari na dabbobi masu shayarwa, amma ba a cikin mutane. An samu Hauwa'u a cikin kora ta Genesis 3 daga labarin Eden wanda aka nuna shi a matsayin misali ko "labarin hikima" a cikin al'adar hikima An ba da wannan rukunin labarin zuwa Yahwist (J) ne ta hanyar rubuce-rubucen maganganu saboda amfanin Yahweh. A cikin kora daga labarin Eden an ba da ma'amala tsakanin maciji mai kafaɗa (mai yiwuwa kama da wanda ya bayyana a ƙofar Ishtar ta Babila) da matar (3: 1-5). An bayyana macijin a cikin 2:19 a matsayin dabba da Ubangiji ya yi a cikin dabbobin daji. Matar ta yarda ta yi magana da macijin ta kuma amsa lafazin abin halitta ta hanyar maimaita haramcin Yahweh daga 2:17. Maciji kai tsaye ya saba wa umarnin Ubangiji. Adamu da matar sunyi zunubi (3: 6-8). Ubangiji ya tambayi Adam, wanda ya zargi matar (3: 9-13). Daga nan sai Ubangiji ya kalubalanci matar da ta bayyana kanta, wacce ke zargin macijin, wanda aka la’anta ta ja da ciki, har sai an cire gindinta. Bayanan ubangiji na hukunce-hukunce guda uku an sanya su a kan duk masu laifi (3: 14-19). A hukuncin can ciki da kuma yanayin da laifi ne na farko aza shi a kan maciji, sa'an nan da mace, kuma a karshe Adam. Bayan Ubangiji ya la'anta maciji, matar tana da hukuncin da ya shafi rawar biyu na farko: haihuwar yara da alakantakarta da mijinta. Hakanan hukuncin Adamu ya biyo baya. An bayyana abin da Adam ya yi, sunan Hauwa'u, da Yahweh sanya sutturar fata a cikin ta takaitaccen labari (3: 20-21). Labarin lambun ya ƙare da bayanan sirri na intradivine, na tantance korar ma'auratan, da kuma yin wannan hukuncin (3: 22-24).
Uwar yan'adam Hauwa'u (da ire-iren matan bayan bayanta) an yanke mata hukuncin rai da baƙin ciki da naƙuda a cikin haihuwa, kuma ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon mijinta. Adamu da Hauwa'u suna da 'ya'ya maza guda biyu, Kayinu da Habila (Qayin da Heel), na farkon mai hidimar ƙasa, na biyu kuma mai kiwon tumaki. Bayan mutuwar Habila, Hauwa'u ta haifi ɗa na uku, Seth (Šet), daga wurin Nuhu (kuma ta haka ne dukkan bil'adama na zamani). Dangane da Farawa, an haifi Shitu ne lokacin da Adamu yake da shekara 130 “ɗa cikin kamanninsa da kamanninsa”. Farawa 5: 4 ta ce Hauwa'u ta sami 'ya'ya mata da maza fiye da Kayinu, Habila, da Shitu.
A cikin sauran ayyuka Wasu ra'ayoyi kamar macijin da aka bayyana shi da Shaidan, zunubin Hauwa'u shine jarabar jima'i, ko matar farkon Adamu kasancewarta Lilith, sun fito ne daga rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubucen da aka samo cikin takaddar yahudawa iri-iri, amma ba a samo su a cikin Littafin Farawa ko Attaura kanta ba. Rubuce-rubucen da suka yi ma'amala da waɗannan batutuwan sune litattafai masu yawa a cikin Hellenanci, Latin, Slavonic, Syriac, Armenian da Larabci, sun koma tunanin tsohon yahudawa. Daga nan aka karɓi tsattsauran ra'ayinsu zuwa tauhidin Kirista, amma ba cikin yahudanci na zamani ba. Wannan alama ce ta rarrabuwa tsakanin addinan biyu. Wasu daga cikin tsofaffin sassan Yahudawa da ake kira apocrypha ana kiransu Primary Adam Literature inda wasu ayyukan suka zama Christianized. Misalan ayyukan Kiristanci sune Littafin Adamu da Hauwa'u, wanda aka sani da Rikicin Adamu da Hauwa'u tare da Shaidan, an fassara shi daga Habasha Ge'ez wanda Solomon Kaisar Malan (1882) da kuma ainihin aikin Syriac mai suna Cave of Treasure wanda ke da kusancin kusanci ga Rikicin kamar yadda Og Dillmann ya lura. A cikin littafin Yahudanci The Alphabet of Ben-Sira, Hauwa'u ita ce 'matar ta biyu' ta Adam, inda Lilith shine farkonsa. A wannan juzu'in, wanda ya shigo Turai daga Gabas a cikin karni na 6, yana nuna cewa Lilith an kirkireshi a lokaci guda, daga wannan ƙasa (Sumerian Ki daidai yake da Adam, daidai yake da Babila Lilitu, matar Sumliya ta Ninlil na Enlil Lilith ya ki yin bacci ko ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Adamu. Lokacin da Adamu yayi ƙoƙari ya tilasta ta zuwa "mara ƙima", ta tashi daga Adnin zuwa cikin iska inda ta yi cuɗanya da aljanu, tana ɗaukar daruruwan kowace rana wadatar djinn Larabci). Allah ya aiko da mala’iku uku a bayanta, wadanda suka yi barazanar kashe diyanta idan ta ƙi komawa ga Adamu. Ta ƙi, ta bar Allah ya aura wa Adam ta biyu, ban da wannan lokacin daga haƙarƙarinsa. A Rayuwar Adamu da Hauwa'u, kuma ta Helenanci version Apocalypse Musa, shi ne wani rukuni na Yahudawa pseudepigraphical rubuce-rubucen cewa jẽranta rayuwar da Adamu da Hauwa'u bayan su kore shi daga cikin gonar Aidan zuwa ga mutuwar. Littafin Deuterocanonical na Tobit ya tabbatar da cewa an bai wa Hauwa'u mataimaki (viii, 8; Sept., viii, 6).
Ra'ayoyin Addini
Yahudanci A cikin labarin farkon halittar Elohim an ce “namiji da mace [Elohim] ya halicce su” Farawa 1:27), wanda aka fassara da nuna tasirin halittar mutum da mace lokaci guda. Yayin da lissafi na biyu na halitta ya faɗi cewa Yahweh ya halicci Hauwa'u daga haƙarƙan Adam, saboda shi kaɗai ne (Farawa 2:18 ff. Don haka don warware wannan rarrabewar, wasu malamai magabata sun ba da shawarar Hawwa'u daga lissafi na biyu, da kuma matar Allah, asusun biyu, mutane biyu ne: Hauwa'u da Lilith Midrash Rabbah Farawa VIII: 1 yana fassara "namiji da mace ya halitce su" domin yana nufin cewa Allah ya fara halittar Adamu ne a matsayin hermaphrodite Ta wannan hanyar, mutum ya kasance mai jiki da ta ruhu maza da mata. Daga baya Allah ya yanke hukunci "ba kyau ga dan Adam ya kasance shi kadai ba", kuma ya halicci halittu dabam, Adamu da Hauwa'u. Wannan yana inganta akidar mutane biyu tare don samun haɗin kai tsakanin ruhohin nan biyu. Halittar Hauwa'u, a cewar Rabbi Joshua, ita ce: "Allah Ya yi shawara daga abin da memba zai halitta mace, kuma ya yi tunani da kansa Ta haka ne: Ba zan halittar da ita daga kan Adamu ba, don za ta kasance mutum mai girman kai, kuma riƙe kai ta kauda kai. Idan na halitta ta daga ido, to za ta so ta shiga cikin kowane abu; idan daga kunne ne, za ta so jin duk abin da; idan daga bakin, za ta yi magana da yawa; idan daga zuciya, za ta yi wa mutane hassada; idan daga hannu ne, za ta yi marmarin daukar komai; idan daga ƙafafu, za ta zama gadabout. Don haka zan kirkiri wata daga cikin mambar da ke ɓoye, watau haƙarƙarin mutum ne, wanda ba a ganinsa yayin da mutum tsirara yake. Dangane da Midrash na Genesis Rabba da sauran bayanan da suka biyo baya, ko Kayinu yana da twar'uwar tagwaye, amma Habila yana da twar sistersan mata tagwaye, ko Kayinu yana da twar’yan tagwaye mai suna Lebuda, da Habila aar’uwa tagwaye mai suna Qelimath. Bangaskiyar Yahudawa ta gargajiya ita ce cewa an binne Hauwa'u a cikin kogon Makpelah Litattafan rabbiz na farko sun ƙunshi al'adun da ke nuna Hauwa'u ta hanya da ba ta dace ba. A cewar Farawa Rabbah 18: 4 Adam da sauri ya fahimci cewa Hauwa'u an ƙaddara za ta yi jayayya dashi a koyaushe. Mace ta farko ita ma ta zama abin zargi da aka yiwa Rabbi Joshua na Siknin, wanda a cewarta Hauwa'u, duk da kokarin da Allah ya yi, ta zama “shugabantar kai, baƙar fata, baƙi, tsegumi, mai haɗama da kishi, ɗan yatsu mai sauƙi da gadabout ”(Ibid. 18: 2). An gabatar da irin wannan tuhumar a cikin Farawa Rabbah 17: 8, gwargwadon abin da halittar Hauwa'u daga haƙarƙarin Adam maimakon ta duniya ya kebanta da Adam kuma ba ta gamsar da komai ba. A ƙarshe, munanan ayyukan da aka sanya wa Hauwa'u sun bayyana a Farawa Rabbah 17: 8: Me yasa mutum zai fita waje da kansa alhali kuwa mace tana fita rufe kanta? Tana kama da wanda ya aikata mugunta, ya kunyata mutane. Don haka sai ta fita ta rufe kanta. Me yasa su [matan] suke tafiya gaban gawa [a jana'izar]? Saboda sun kawo mutuwa ga duniya, saboda haka suna tafiya gaban gawar, (kamar yadda aka rubuta,) “Gama an ɗauke shi zuwa kabari kuma dukkan mutane suna binsa, kamar yadda akwai mutane da yawa a gabansa” Aiki 21: 32f). Kuma me ya sa aka ba ta dokar haihuwar nidah Domin ta zubar da jinin Adam [ta hanyar haddasa mutuwa], don haka ne aka ba da umarnin jinin haihuwar. Me ya sa aka ba ta mastarin 'kullu' ḥlah Domin ta lalata Adam, wanda shine kullu na duniya, sabili da haka ya kasance dokar da aka ba mata. Kuma me ya sa aka ba ta dokar hasken Asabar sabunta shabat Domin ta ɓata ran ,an Adam, don haka ne dokar ƙaƙƙarfan hasken Asabar ta aka ba ta. kari akan wannan, litattafan rabbi na farko sun ƙunshi wurare da yawa inda ake tuhumar Hauwa'u da laifuffuka iri-iri. An fada a cikin Farawa 3:16 cewa “sha'awarka za ta kasance ga mijinki,” Rabaran ne ya tuhume ta da yin lalata da jima'i (Farawa Rabbah 20: 7) da kuma jan hankalin Adam (ibid. 23: 5). Koyaya, dangane da shaharar rubutu da kuma rarrabuwar kawuna, manufar Hauwa'u ta kasance tare da maciji mai fifikon gaske yana ɗaukar fifiko akan sauran tawayen ta. Duk da nuna rashin gamsuwa game da wannan labarin, an isar da shi a wurare da yawa: Farawa Rabbah 18: 6, Sotah 9b, Shabat 145b 146a da 196a, Yevamot 103b da 'Avodah zarah 22b.
Kiristanci Wasu Ubannin Ikilisiya na Farko sun fassara 2Cor.11: 3 da 1Tim.2: 13-14 cewa Manzo Bulus ya inganta shirun da ƙaddamar da mata saboda yaudarar Hauwa'u, macen da ta jaraba Adamu ya ci 'ya'yan itacen, kuma ya ƙeta ta cin daga 'ya'yan itacen da kanta. Tertullian ya gaya wa matansa masu sauraro, a farkon karni na 2, cewa "su ƙofar shaidan ne", kuma ya ci gaba da bayanin cewa duk mata suna da alhakin mutuwar Kristi: "Saboda hamada wato mutuwa har ma da dan Allah ya mutu. Saint Augustine, a cikin balaguroncinsa akan labarin faduwa a cikin Farawa, wanda ya kai ga koyarwar darikar Katolika game da zunubin asali, ya zargi Adam da zunubi maimakon Hauwa'u. Tunanin sa shine, saboda zunubi ya ta'allaka ne a cikin rai ba gawar ba kuma saboda ya fahimci ma'amala ta haihuwa don hada kayan taimako (na jiki) daga mace da gudummawa (ruhi) daga namiji, sannan zunubi na asali ba zai iya ginuwa ba. a kan laifofin Hauwa'u. Maimakon haka, zunubinta duk an gafarta mata, saboda maciji ya yaudare ta, kuma ba ta da sakamako na tarihin ɗan adam, domin ba ta iya isar da zunubi ga zuriyarta ba. Adam, a gefe guda, yana da cikakken sani game da zunubinsa kuma daga cikin sha'awa ya zaɓi rayuwar zunubi tare da mace akan rayuwar tare da Allah. Wannan Augustinian koyarwa kuma an kafe a Paul: "zunubi ya shigo duniya ta dalilin mutum ɗaya." (Romawa 5:12). Gregory na Tours ya ba da rahoton cewa, a cikin Majalisa ta Uku na Mâcon (585 AZ), tare da bishiyoyi 43 suka halarta, bishop ɗaya ya tabbatar da cewa ba za a iya haɗa mace a ƙarƙashin kalmar "mutum" kamar yadda take alhakin zunubin Adamu ba, kuma tana da raunanan rai. Koyaya, shari'arsa ba ta yanke ba kuma ba ta matsa batun gaba ba. Hauwa'u, a cikin zane-zane na Kirista, ana yawan nuna shi azaman mai jarrabawar Adam, kuma sau da yawa yayin Renaissance maciji a cikin Lambun ana nuna shi da samun fuskar mace daidai da na Hauwa'u. An kuma kwatanta ta da almara na Greco-Roman na Pandora wanda ke da alhakin kawo mugunta cikin duniya. Wasu Krista sun ce auren mace ɗaya ya nuna a cikin labarin Adamu da Hauwa'u yayin da mace ɗaya aka haɗu don namiji ɗaya. Da daukar Hawwa'u daga ɓangarenta ya nuna ba kawai aikinta na biyu ba ne a cikin yanayin rikice-rikice (1Korantiyawa 11: 9), amma yana ƙarfafa dangantakar kusanci tsakanin mata da miji, da dogaro da ita a gare shi. A cikin Kiristanci na al'ada, Hauwa'u alama ce ta Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu wanda a wasu lokuta ake kira "Hauwa'u ta biyu".
Gnosticism A cikin Gnosticism, Hauwa'u ana ganin shi azaman matsayin mafi kyawun tsarin mata, wanda ake kira Barbelo An daidaita ta da maariyar Sophia, mahaliccin kalma Logos na Allah, thegater ta taɓa hotuna ko kuma kawai Budurwa Mai Uku, Parthenos A cikin wasu rubutun an daidaita ta da Zoe (Life). A cikin wasu rubutun Gnostic, kamar su Hypostasis na Archons, Pistis Sophia yana daidai da 'yar Hauwa'u, Norea, matar Seth.
Musulunci An ambaci matar Adamu (Adam) a cikin Alqur’ani a cikin ayoyi 30-39 na Sura 2, ayoyi 11-25 na Sura 7, ayoyi 26-42 na Sura 15, ayoyi 61-65 na Sura 17, ayoyi 50-55 na Sura 18, ayoyi 110 -124 na Sura 20 kuma a cikin ayoyi 71-85 na Sura ta 38, amma sunan "Hauwa'u" Arabic Ḥawwā ba a saukar da shi ba ko amfani dashi a cikin Alqur’ani. Hauwa'u an ambace ta da suna kawai a cikin hadisi Lissafin Adamu da Hauwa'u a cikin matsanancin Islama, wanda ya haɗa Alƙur'ani da littattafan sunna sun yi kama da na Attaura da na Baibul Kur'ani ya ba da labarin abin da Allah ya halitta "rai guda ya halitta daga gare ta ma'aurata kuma Ya watsa daga maza da yawa mata da maza" (k: Al-Nisa 4: 1), amma akwai ingantattun hadisai da ke goyan bayan halittar mace daga hakarkari Sahih Bukhari 4: 55: 548; Sahih Bukhari 7: 62: 114, Sahih Muslim 8: 3467, Sahih Muslim 8: 3468). Ba a zargi Hauwa'u da tursasa Adamu da ta ci 'ya'yan itacen da aka hana (kuma ba ma'anar asalin zunubi). A akasin wannan, Kur'ani ya nuna cewa "sun ci shi" kuma duka biyun suna da alhakin wannan sabawa ubangiji (Alkurani 20: 121-122). Akwai wasu hadisai daga Abu Hurairah ne ya ruwaito shi), amincin wanda aka yi jayayya da shi, wanda ke ɗaukar cewa Muhammadu ya bayyana Hauwa'u a matsayin babban abin cin amanar mace. "An ruwaito daga Abu Hurrairah: Annabi ya ce, 'Idan ba don Bani Isra'ila ba, nama ba zai lalata ba; kuma ba domin Hauwa'u ba, da kowace mace da za ta ci amanar mijinta.'" (Sahih Bukhari, Hadisi na 611, juzu'i na 55) An samo sigar kama amma mafi bayyananne a cikin littafi na biyu na girmamawa na ruwayoyi, Sahih Muslim. "Abu Hurrairah (Allah Ya yarda da shi) ya ruwaito Manzon Allah (tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gare shi) yana cewa: Idan ba domin Hauwa'u ba, mace ba za ta taba yin biyayya ga mijinta ba." (Hadisi na 3471, juzu'i na 8).
Addinin Bahá'ínci An ba da labarin Bahrain's Hauwa'u a Wasu Tambayoyi da aka Amsa 'Abdu'l-Bahá ya bayyana Hauwa'u a matsayin wata alama ta rai da kuma dauke da asirin allahntaka. Addinin Bahá'í ta ce tarihin Hauwa'u a al'adun Ibrahimawa da da suka gabata magana ce ta zahiri.
Rassan dangi
Duba kuma Hutu Hauwa'u Mitochondrial Pseudepigrapha Tsohon Alkawari Alaramma Adamu Littattafan Adam Rikicin Adamu da Hauwa'u da Shaidan Rayuwar Adamu da Hauwa'u Alkawarin Adamu Ophidiophilia An Raba Aljanna Pre-Adamite Shatarupa Kabarin Hauwa'u
Manazarta
Bibliography Alter, Robert (2004). Littattafan Musa guda biyar New York: WW Norton. ISBN Alter, Robert Alter, Robert Fassara tare da sharhi. Ambaliyar, Yahaya (2010). Wakilin Hauwa'u a Tarihi da Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Ingilishi Ka'ida. Hastings, James (2003). Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Kashi na 10 Kessinger Bugawa. ISBN Hastings, James (2003). Hastings, James (2003). Hugenberger, G.P. (1988). "Rib". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (ed.). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, juz'i na 4 Eerdmans. ISBN Hugenberger, G.P. (1988). "Rib". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (ed.). Hugenberger, G.P. (1988). "Rib". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (ed.). Jacobs, Mignon R. (2007). Jinsi, Iko, da Huɗaba: Farawa Narratives da Ra'ayoyin Rubutun Zamani Baker Ilimi. Mathews, K. A. (1996). Farawa 1: 26 Kungiyar B&H Bugawa ISBN Mathews, K. A. (1996). Mathews, K. A. (1996). Norris, Pamela (1998). Labarin Hauwa'u Littattafan MacMillan. Pagels, Elaine (1989). Adamu, Hauwa'u da Macijin Littattafai na kayan abinci. Paulinus Minorita. Matsakaici Tumanov, Vladimir (2011). "Maryamu da Hauwa'u: Rashin tabbas na Mahaifa da kuma Ra'ayin Kirista na Mata" Neophilologus: Jaridar kasa da kasa ta zamani da Harshen Mediaeval da Littattafan 95.4: 507-5521. Turner, Laurence A. (2009). Farawa (na biyu ed.). Sheffield: Phoenix Press. ISBN Turner, Laurence A. (2009). Turner, Laurence A. (2009). Womack, Mari (2005). Alamu Da Ma'ana: Gabatarwa Kan Gaggawa AltaMira Press. ISBN Womack, Mari (2005). Womack, Mari (2005). Pages with unreviewed |
24083 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon%20Moi | Gideon Moi | Gideon Kipsiele Moi (an haife shi ne ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba 1963), ya kasan ce ɗan siyasan Kenya ne wanda ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dattawan Kenya, mai wakiltar Baringo County, tun daga 2013. An zabe shi da gagarumin rinjaye na sama da kashi 80%, inda ya doke abokin hamayyarsa Jackson Kosgei Shi ne kuma Shugaban Kungiyar Hadin Kan Afirka ta Kenya (KANU), wanda ya shafe shekaru da dama yana mulki a Kenya. Shi ne ƙaramin ɗan shugaban Kenya na biyu, Daniel arap Moi, da Lena Moi. 'Yan uwansa sun hada da; Phillip Moi, Jonathan Moi (Afrilu 2019), John Mark Moi, Raymond Moi (MP for Rongai), Jennifer Jemutai Kositany, Doris Moi, June Moi.
Rayuwar mutum WTC Gideon Moi yana da waɗannan 'yan'uwa maza da mata: Doris Moi, Jennifer Jemutai Kositany, June Moi, Raymond Moi, Jonathan Toroitich, Philip Moi, John Mark Moi. Moi ya auri Zahra Moi, wanda yake da 'ya'ya uku: Kimoi, Kigen da Lulu.
Moi ya buga wasan polo ga kulob din Manyatta da ke Gilgil. Na musamman ga 'yan siyasar Kenya, Moi ya yi nasarar tsare sirrin rayuwarsa.
A cikin 2020 Fabrairu, Gideon Moi, Ya rasa mahaifinsa, tsohon Shugaban Kenya, Daniel Arap Moi, A cikin 2004, Yuli, ya rasa Mahaifiyarsa Lena Moi wacce ta kasance matar tsohon shugaban Kenya Daniel Arap Moi,
Burin shugaban kasa Moi shine jagoran jam'iyar siyasa ta KANU a Kenya. Dan tsohon shugaban kasar Kenya, wanda mahaifinsa ya shirya shi a matsayin dan takarar shugaban kasa. A babban zaben shekarar 2017, ya tara KANU don marawa Uhuru Kenyatta baya a wa’adi na biyu, duk da rashin jin dadin Moi na takarar wanda ya hada har da abokin siyasarsa, William Samoei Arap Ruto.
Moi ya baiyana aniyarsa kuma ana sa ran zai tsaya takara a zaben shugaban kasar Kenya na 2022, wanda zai gwada karfin siyasarsa da karfin tattara kudi, ko daga dukiyarsa ko daga magoya bayansa. Duk da cewa ba a ganin sa yanzu a matsayin mashahuri kamar Ruto, yana da kyau a lura cewa babu wani taron masu sauraro na kasa tare da shi kai da gaba da Ruto. Ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin sanata kuma Shugaban Kwamitin ICT na Majalisar Dattawa maimakon Sakataren Majalisar a gwamnatin Uhuru Kenyatta, wanda aka yi hasashe a watan Janairun 2018. Kwanan nan jam’iyyarsa ta kulla yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa da jam’iyya mai mulki don yin aiki tare a ciki da wajen majalisar.
Rigima A watan Agusta na 2007, The Guardian ta ba da rahoton cewa rahoton Kroll wanda Shugaba Mwai Kibaki ya ba da izini a 2004 don gano kadarorin mutanen da ake zargin sun wawure jihar, ya lissafa Gideon Moi. An ba da rahoton cewa Moi ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 550. An bayyana girman cin hanci da rashawa da dangi da abokan tsohon shugabanta, Daniel Arap Moi ke yi a Kenya a cikin wani rahoton sirri wanda ya yi zargin an sace sama da fam biliyan daya na kudin gwamnati a lokacin mulkinsa na shekaru 24.
Gwamnatin Mista Moi, wacce ta kawo karshe a shekarar 2002, an dade ana daukar ta a matsayin daya daga cikin masu cin hanci da rashawa a Afirka, amma ba a taba fallasa irin wannan almundahana ba. Rahoton mai shafuka 110 na masu ba da shawara kan haɗarin ƙasashen duniya Kroll ya yi bayani dalla-dalla game da kadarorin da har yanzu ake zargin mallakar dangin Moi da mukarrabansu a cikin ƙasashe 28, gami da otal-otal da wuraren zama a Afirka ta Kudu da Amurka, gona mai hekta 10,000 a Australia, otal uku a London, gidan 4 miliyan a Surrey, da falon fam miliyan biyu a Knightsbridge. Ta yi ikirarin cewa dangin Moi sun wawure dala miliyan 400 ta hanyar hadaddun gidajen yanar gizo a Kenya, Geneva da Frankfurt. Har ila yau, sun yi zargin cewa su da wasu gungun abokan huldarsu suna da banki a Belgium wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen satar kudi daga Kenya kuma ya bankado asusu na asusu na asirin banki, kamfanonin harsashi da amintattun da aka yi rajista a wuraren harajin, ciki har da Tsibirin Cayman. An bayar da rahoton cewa 'ya'yan Moi, Philip da Gideon, sun kai darajar 384m da 550m bi da bi.
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58501 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe%20Leclerc%20de%20Hauteclocque | Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque | Philippe François Marie Leclerc de Hauteclocque (22 Nuwamba 1902 28 ga Nuwamba 1947)Janar ne na Faransanci a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.Ya zama Marshal na Faransa bayan mutuwarsa a cikin 1952,kuma an san shi a Faransa kawai a matsayin le maréchal Leclerc ko kawai Leclerc Ɗan gidan aristocratic,Hauteclocque ya sauke karatu daga École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr,makarantar soja ta Faransa,a 1924.Bayan ya yi aiki tare da Faransanci na Ruhr da kuma a Maroko,ya koma Saint-Cyr a matsayin malami.An ba shi kyautar croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures don jagorantar goumiers a harin da aka kai kan kogo da kwaruruka a Bou Amdoun a ranar 11 ga Agusta 1933.A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ya yi yakin Faransa.Ya kasance daya daga cikin na farko da suka bijirewa gwamnatinsa ta Armistice don yin hanyarsa ta zuwa Burtaniya don yin yaki da Faransanci mai 'yanci a karkashin Janar Charles de Gaulle,tare da yin amfani da nom de guerre na Leclerc don kada matarsa da 'ya'yansa su kasance cikin haɗari idan ya kasance.suna ya bayyana a cikin takardun. An tura shi zuwa Afirka Equatorial na Faransa,inda ya tara shugabannin yankin don yakar 'yan tawayen Faransa mai 'yanci,ya kuma jagoranci wata rundunar yaki da Gabon,wadda shugabanninta ke goyon bayan gwamnatin Faransa.Daga Chadi ya jagoranci kai hare-hare zuwa Libya Italiya.Bayan da dakarunsa suka kwace Kufra,ya sa mutanensa suka rantse da rantsuwar da aka fi sani da suna Serment de Koufra a yau,inda suka yi alkawarin ci gaba da yaki har sai tutarsu ta tashi a kan babban cocin Strasbourg.
Dakarun da ke karkashinsa,wadanda aka fi sani da L Force,sun yi yakin neman zabe a kasar Libya a shekarar 1943,sun rufe gefen tekun na Sojoji na takwas a lokacin da suka shiga kasar Tunusiya,kuma sun shiga cikin harin da aka kai kan layin Mareth Daga nan aka canza L Force zuwa 2e Division Blindée,kodayake galibi ana kiranta da La Division Leclerc.Ya yi yaƙi a ƙarƙashin umarnin Leclerc a yakin Normandy,kuma ya shiga cikin 'yantar da Paris da Strasbourg.
Bayan karshen yakin duniya na biyu a Turai a watan Mayun 1945,an ba shi umarni na Rundunar Yakin Gabas ta Tsakiya( Corps expéditionnaire français en Extrême-Orient, CEFEO).Ya wakilci Faransa a mika wuya daular Japan a Tokyo Bay a ranar 2 ga Satumba 1945.Nan da nan ya fahimci wajabcin warware rikicin siyasa a Indochina,amma ya sake kasancewa a gaban 'yan kasarsa,kuma an kira shi zuwa Faransa a 1946.An kashe shi a wani hatsarin jirgin sama a Aljeriya a shekara ta 1947.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Philippe François Marie de Hauteclocque a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 1902 a Belloy-Saint-Léonard a sashen Somme,Faransa.Shi ne na biyar cikin yara shida na Adrien de Hauteclocque, comte de Hauteclocque (1864 1945),da Marie-Thérèse van der Cruisse de Waziers (1870 1956).An ambaci sunan Philippe don girmama wani kakan da sojojin Croatia suka kashe a hidimar masarautar Habsburg a lokacin Yaƙin Shekaru Talatin a 1635.
Hauteclocque ya fito ne daga tsohuwar layin masu martaba na ƙasa .Kakanninsa kai tsaye sun yi aiki a Crusade na biyar a kan Masar,da kuma a Crusade na takwas na Saint Louis da Tunisia a 1270.Sun kuma yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Saint-Omer a 1340 da Yaƙin Fontenoy a 1745.Iyalin sun yi nasarar tsira daga juyin juya halin Faransa .Membobi uku na iyali sun yi hidima a Grande Armée na Napoleon kuma na huɗu,wanda ya yi fama da rashin lafiya, ya yi hidima a cikin jirgin. Ɗan na uku,Constantin,wanda ya yi aiki a Yaƙin Rasha na Napoleon,Sarki Louis XVIII ne ya ƙirƙira shi a matsayin chevalier,da Papal ɗin Paparoma Pius IX a 1857. Constantin yana da 'ya'ya maza biyu.Babban, Alfred François Marie (1822-1902), ya mutu bai haihu ba.Ƙananan, Gustave François Marie Joseph (1829-1914), ya zama sanannen Masanin ilimin Masar. Shi kuma Gustave yana da ‘ya’ya maza uku.Na farko, Henry (1862-1914),na uku,Wallerand (1866-1914),ya zama hafsoshi a cikin sojojin Faransa,suna aiki a lokacin yakin mulkin mallaka,ciki har da yaki da Samory a Sudan. An kashe su duka a farkon yakin duniya na farko.Dan na biyu shine Adrien,wanda ya shiga cikin watan Agusta 1914 a matsayin soja a cikin ,tsarin mulkin da dansa Guy yake a cikinsa Daga baya aka ba Adrien izini,kuma sau biyu ana ba shi kyautar Croix de Guerre don gallantry.Ya tsira daga yakin,kuma ya gaji sarautar iyali da dukiya a Belloy-Saint-Léonard.
Farkon aikin soja Philippe de Hauteclocque yana karatun gida har sai ya kasance 13,lokacin da aka tura shi zuwa L'école de la Providence,makarantar Jesuit a Amiens .A cikin 1920,yana ɗan shekara 17,ya tafi Lycée privé Sainte-Geneviève,wanda aka sani da Ginette, makarantar share fage a Versailles Daga nan ya shiga École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr,makarantar sojan Faransa. Kowane aji yana da suna; Nasa shine Metz et Strasbourg bayan garuruwan Alsace da Lorraine sun koma Faransa ta yarjejeniyar Versailles .Ya sauke karatu a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1924, kuma an ba shi mukamin babban laftanar sojan Faransa .Bayan ya zaɓi reshen sojan doki,sai ya halarci makarantar sojan doki a Saumur,wanda daga nan ne ya sauke karatu a ajinsa a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1925.
Babban ɗan'uwan Hauteclocque Guy ya auri Madeleine de Gargan,'yar Baron de Gargan.Philippe ya zama mai yawan ziyartar gidan Gargan,kuma ƙanwar Madeleine Thérèse ta burge shi.Su biyun sun yi zawarcin lokacin yana Saint-Cyr.A cikin al'adar tsofaffin iyalai masu daraja,Count Adrien ya tambayi Baron de Gargan izinin Philippe ya auri Thérèse.An yi bikin aure a Cocin St Joan na Arc a Rouen a ranar 10 ga Agusta 1925. Don kyautar bikin aure,Adrien ya ba su gidan caca a cikin Tailly Suna da 'ya'ya shida: Henri (1926-1952),wanda aka kashe a yakin Indochina na farko Hubert (1927-),wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin magajin garin Tailly daga 2001 zuwa 2008;Charles (1929-);Jeanne (1931-);Michel (1933–2014); da Bénédicte (1936-).Philippe da Thérèse sun yi hayar wata ’yar gwamnatin Ostiriya,kuma suna magana da Jamusanci a gaban ’ya’yansu don inganta harshensu.
Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Saumur, Hauteclocque ya shiga tsarinsa, wanda a lokacin yana aiki a Trier a matsayin wani ɓangare na mamayar Franco-Belgian na Ruhr .Aikin Garrison bai yarda da shi ba, don haka ya ba da kansa don hidima tare da tushen a Taza a Maroko.An kara masa girma zuwa laftanar a watan Oktoba 1926. A cikin 1927,an sanya shi a matsayin malami a Makarantar Soja ta Dar El-Beida a Meknes,makarantar soja ta Faransa Maroko. A nan, ya sadu da ,tsohon sojan yakin duniya na farko yana da shekara takwas da haihuwa,wanda daga baya zai ba da kai don yin hidima a karkashin umarninsa.A cikin 1929, an haɗa shi da 38e Goum Mixte Marocains,rukunin Goumier na Moroccan a M'Zizel a cikin tsaunukan Atlas Ya ga an dauki mataki a yakin da ake yi da mayakan Ait Hammou. A wani mataki, an harbi dawakai biyu daga karkashinsa. Bayan haka, an buga shi zuwa babban rundunan sojan doki na Armée d'Afrique,da ke Rabat A cikin Fabrairu 1931, Hauteclocque ya koma Saint-Cyr a matsayin malami,amma yana so ya koma hidima mai aiki.Alokacin hutun bazara a cikin 1933,ya tashi zuwa kudu zuwa Afirka,inda ya ba da rahoto ga Général de brigade Henri Giraud a ranar 11 ga Yuli.Giraud ya aika shi cikin filin a matsayin jami'in haɗin gwiwa tare da goum An ba shi lambar yabo ta croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures don jagorantar goumiers a harin da aka kai kan kogo da kwaruruka a Bou Amdoun a ranar 11 ga Agusta. Babban Kwamandan a Maroko, Général de division Antoine Huré, ya ji cewa Hauteclocque bai kamata ya kasance a can ba, kuma ya rike kyautar har tsawon shekaru uku.Wasu sun ji daban,kuma an ba Hauteclocque shiga da wuri a cikin kwas don haɓakawa ga capitaine .Ya sanya na hudu a cikin aji, kuma an kara masa girma a ranar 25 ga Disamba 1934. Ƙaddamarwa ya kasance a hankali a cikin yakin tsakanin sojojin Faransa,musamman ma a cikin sojan doki,kuma shi ne kawai na biyu a cikin ajin Saint-Cyr zuwa.kai wannan matsayi.Yawancin sun jira har zuwa 1936.An kuma yi shi Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur Ko da yake sun kasance Katolika masu aminci,Hauteclocque da Thérèse sun yi rajista ga Action Française,mujallar wata ƙungiyar siyasa ta dama mai suna iri ɗaya,duk da hukuncin da Paparoma ya yi a kansa,kuma ya ci gaba da yin haka ko da bayan Thérèse ya ƙi amincewa .Sabanin haka,dan uwansa ɗan jarida ne da ya sami lambar yabo wanda ya ba da rahoto game da haɓakar Jam'iyyar Nazi a Jamus,ya ziyarci sansanin taro a Dachau, kuma ya rubuta game da Daren Dogon Wuka.Xavier ya mutu a cikin Afrilu 1935,yana da tabbacin cewa 'yan Nazi sun kashe shi guba. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu,Hauteclocque ya lalata kwafinsa na Action Française Hauteclocque ya karya ƙafarsa a wurare biyu a faɗuwar dokinsa a 1936.Ya shaida wa kamfaninsa cewa laifinsa ne na hawa kafadar hanya.Bayan haka ya yawaita tafiya da sanda.Bayan wani mummunan hatsarin da ya shafi rasa hanyarsa a lokacin motsa jiki da kuma makale a filin da aka killace da igiya,ya gaya musu cewa idan kun yi wani abu na wauta,yana da kyau ku yarda. A cikin Nuwamba 1938,Hauteclocque ya shiga École supérieure de guerre,Kwalejin ma'aikatan Sojojin Faransa, a matsayin wani ɓangare na aji na 60th.Bayan kammala karatunsa a watan Yuli 1939,an umarce shi da ya kai rahoto ga (4e DI)a matsayin shugaban |
16501 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda | Bermuda | Bermuda də "Ber-myu-Dah". Hukumance, da Bermudas ko Somers Islands, furuci a Hausance "Bamu da") Rukunin Tsuburai ne mallakin ƙasar Birtaniya a cikin tekun Atlantic ta Arewa Hasasar tana da babban tsibiri ɗaya da ƙananan tsibirai 180. Bermuda sanannen wuri ne na yawon bude ido, tare da yanayi mara kyau a lokacin watanni na hunturu.
Yana Ƙarshen gaɓar gabas na Amurka, Bermuda tana kusa da landmass ne Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, game da 1.030 kilomita (640 mi) zuwa yamma maso yamma. Yana da kimanin kilomita 1,373 (853 mi) kudu daga Halifax, Nova Scotia, Kanada, da kilomita 1,770 (1,100 mi) arewa maso gabashin Miami, Florida Babban birninta shine Hamilton.
Tarihi Mai bincike ɗan ƙasar Spain Juan de Bermúdez me ya fara gano tsibirin Bermuda a shekarar 1505 ((a cewar sa aladu kaɗai ke rayuwa a tsibirin), kuma tsibirin yaci sunan shi ne. Bermúdez ya aiyana tsibirin da cewa daular Spain ce. Daga baya kuma Ingila ta karɓe tsibirin a 1609, kuma shine mafi yawan mutane na ƙasashen mallakar Burtaniya waɗanda suke a tsallake na ƙasar. Babban birnin ta St George's, an kafa shi ne a shekarar 1612 kuma shine mafi tsufa a biranen turawa na Nahiya Amurika.
Labarin kasa Kasar tana cikin Tekun Atlantika, kusa da gefen yamma na Tekun Sargasso. Tana da kusan mil 580 nautical (1070 km, 670 mi) gabas maso gabas kudu maso gabashin Cape Hatteras akan Bakim gaɓa na Arewacin Carolina da kimanin mil 590 nautical (1100 km, 690 mi) kudu maso gabas na gonar inabi ta Marta Tsibirin ya kusa gabas da tsibirin Fripp, South Carolina Yana da 103 kilomita (64 mi) na bakin teku
Yankin yana da tsibirai 181. Jimlar yankin tana da kilomita murabba'i 53.3 (20.6 sq mi). Babban tsibiri shine Babban Tsibiri, wani lokacin ana kiransa Bermuda Yanayi Bermuda na da yanayin kala biyu. Yanayin yana da danshi kuma, sakamakon haka, jadawalin lokacin bazara na iya zama mai girma, kodayake yanayin tsakiyar watan Agusta ba zai wuce 30 °C (86 °F). Winters ba su da yawa, tare da matsakaicin yanayin rana a cikin Janairu da Fabrairu a kusan 20 °C (68 °F). Da zafin jiki da wuya ya sauka kasa da 10 C (50 °F).
Bermuda da alama mahaukaciyar guguwa zata iya afka mata. Ƙananan tsibirin yana nufin cewa faɗuwar ƙasa kai tsaye ba safai ba. Guguwar ƙarshe da ta haifar da babbar illa ga Bermuda ita ce rukuni na 3 Hurricane Fabian a ranar 5 ga Satumba 2003.
Tushen ruwa mai tsafta a Bermuda shine ruwan sama. An tattara shi a kan rufin rufi da wuraren kamawa kuma an adana shi a cikin tankuna. Kowane gida yawanci yana da aƙalla ɗayan waɗannan tankokin da ke zama ɓangare na tushe.
Flora da fauna Lokacin da aka gano, Bermuda ba ta da mutane. Ya kasance mafi yawan gandun daji na Bermuda cedar, tare da dausayi na mangwaro a gefen gabar. Kawai 165 na nau'in tsirrai na jijiyoyin jijiyoyi 1000 na yanzu ana ɗaukar 'yan asalin. Daga cikin waɗannan 15, gami da itacen al'ul, suna da cutar.
An gabatar da nau'o'in itacen dabino da yawa ga Bermuda. Dabino na kwakwa suna girma a can, yana mai da shi mafi nisa daga arewa don haɓakar halittar wannan nau'in. Duk da yake kwakwa suna girma akan Bermuda, rashin zafin rana yawanci baya basu damar sanya fruita properlyan da kyau.
Jinsin dabbobi masu shayarwa a Bermuda guda birane kaɗai sune Jinsi na jemagu. Duk waɗannan jemagu kuma suna gabashin Amurka Lasionycteris noctivagans, Lasiurus borealis, Lasiurus cinereus, Lasiurus seminolus da Perimyotis subflavus Sauran dabbobin da aka fi sani da Bermuda sun haɗa da tsuntsayen ƙasar, Bermuda Petrel, da Bermuda Rock Skink A skink aka dogon zaton sun kasance kadai 'yan asalin ƙasar vertebrate na Bermuda. Ba da daɗewa ba, an gano cewa, wani nau'in terrapin ya yi ƙaddarar isowar mutane a kan tsibirin.
Parishe da ƙananan hukumomi An raba Bermuda ne zuwa kashi tara parishes da biyu ƙananan hukumomi.
Ikklesiyoyin Bermuda tara:
Devonshire
Hamilton
Shafin
Pembroke
St George's
Sandys
Na Smith
Southampton
Warwick
Gundumomin Bermuda biyu:
Hamilton (birni)
St George's (gari)
Garuruwan Bermuda na yau da kullun:
Flatts Village
Kauyen Somerset
Duk da sunayensu, Jones Village (a Warwick), Cashew City (St. George's), Claytown (Hamilton), Middle Town (Pembroke) da Tucker's Town (St. George's) yankuna ne kawai. Garin Dandy da Kauyen Arewa sune kungiyoyin wasanni kuma Harbor View Village karamin ci gaban gidajen jama'a ne Tattalin arziki Bermuda tana da wadataccen tattalin arziki, tare da kuɗi a matsayin mafi girman sashinta, sannan yawon buɗe ido A cikin 2005, Bermuda har ana ikirarin yana da GDP mafi girma a duniya ta kowane ɗan ƙasa, amma duk da haka waɗannan ƙididdigar suna da wahalar tabbatarwa kasancewar ba a rarraba Bermuda a matsayin ƙasa ba amma a matsayin yankin Burtaniya
Babban abubuwan gani Bermuda ta ruwan hoda yashi rairayin bakin teku da kuma bayyana, cerulean blue teku ruwa ne rare tare da yawon bude ido. Yawancin otal ɗin Bermuda suna gefen kudu tsibirin. Baya ga rairayin bakin teku masu, akwai wuraren jan hankali da yawa. Tarihi St George's Tarihin Tarihi ne na Duniya Masu ba da ruwa a cikin ruwa suna iya gano ɓarna da yawa da kuma murjani a cikin ruwa mai a cikin zurfin) tare da kusan iyawa mara iyaka. Yawancin raƙuman ruwa da ke kusa suna da sauƙin samun dama daga bakin tekun ta hanyar masu satar shayarwa, musamman a Church Bay Shahararren jan hankalin baƙon Bermuda shine Dockyard na Royal Naval. Ya haɗa da Gidan Tarihin Ruwa na Bermuda. Sauran abubuwan jan hankali sun hada da Bermuda Aquarium, Museum da Zoo, Bermuda Underwater Exploration Institute, da Botanical Gardens, da hasken wuta, da kuma Crystal Caves tare da kyawawan matattarar ruwa da wuraren waha na karkashin ruwa.
Ba shi yiwuwa a yi hayan mota a tsibirin. Koyaya, baƙi zasu iya yin hayar babura don amfani azaman jigilar kai, ko amfani da jigilar jama'a.
Arts da al'adu Bermuda ta samar, ko kuma ta kasance gida ga, actorsan wasa kamar Oona O'Neill, Earl Cameron, Diana Dill, Lena Headey, Will Kempe, kuma mafi shahara, Michael Douglas da Catherine Zeta-Jones Sauran mutanen fim da talabijin da aka haife su, ko suka rayu, a cikin Bermuda sun haɗa da furodusa Arthur Rankin, Jr., da mai zane-zane da Muppet mutum Michael Frith Kiɗa da rawa suna da mahimmanci a cikin Bermuda. Muswararrun mawaƙa sun haɗa da gumaka na gida Thean Talbot Brothers, waɗanda suka yi shekaru da yawa a cikin Bermuda da Amurka, kuma sun kasance a cikin shirye-shiryen Ed Sullivan da aka nuna ta talabijin. Sauran mawaƙan sun hada da mai kaɗa jazz Lance Hayward, mawaƙin mawaƙa Heather Nova da ɗan'uwanta, Mishka, mai ba da labari mai suna Gary Burgess, mawaƙa na gargajiya da mai gudanarwa Kenneth Amis, da kuma kwanan nan, mai zane-zane mai raye-raye, Collie Buddz A shekarar 1979, Gina Swainson ta sami sarauta Miss World Wasanni Kungiyar wasan kurket ta kasa ta Bermuda ta kasance a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cricket a 2007 a cikin West Indies. Babban shahararren dan wasan su shine Dwayne Leverock Har ila yau sananne sosai shine David Hemp Gasar wasan kurket ta kowace shekara tsakanin 'yan majalisun da ke gaba da juna St George's a gabas da Somerset da ke yamma shine lokacin hutu na kasa baki daya.
A cikin 2007 Bermuda ta dauki nauyin 25 na PGA Grand Slam na Golf Taron ya sake komawa Bermuda a cikin 2008 da 2009. Bermudian Quinn Talbot ya taba zama zakaran wasan golf mai makama daya.
Gwamnati ta ce a cikin 2006 cewa za ta ba da tallafi na kudi ga kungiyoyin wasan kurket na Bermuda da na kwallon kafa Shahararrun 'yan wasan Bermuda sun hada da Clyde Best, Shaun Goater, Reggie Lambe, Sam Nusum da Ralph Bean A cikin 2006, an kafa Bermuda Hogges a matsayin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta farko ta ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar. Playsungiyar tana wasa a United Soccer Leagues Second Division.
Jirgin ruwa, kamun kifi, da wasannin dawakai suna da farin jini ga mazauna da baƙi duka. Newport Bermuda Yacht Race al'ada ce da ta wuce shekaru 100. Wasanni na musamman ga Bermuda yana tsere da Dinghy Fitted Bermuda Hakanan gasar International Design Design ta fara a Bermuda. A wasannin Olympics na lokacin bazara na 2004, Bermuda ta fafata a cikin jirgin ruwa, motsa jiki, iyo, ruwa, wasan triathlon da dawakai. A waɗancan wasannin na Olympics, 'yar Bermuda Katura Horton-Perinchief ta kafa tarihi ta zama baƙar fata mace ta farko da ta fara ba da guduwa a wasannin Olympics. Bermuda ta taba samun lambar zinare a gasar Olympic, Clarence Hill Hill ya ci tagulla a damben. Bermuda shima yana cikin kwarangwal Maza a Gasar Olympics ta Hunturu a 2006 a Turin, Italia. Jillian Teceira tana cikin wasannin Olympics na Beijing a 2008. Bermuda shima yana shiga cikin Wasannin Tsibiri na shekara biyu Zai dauki bakuncin a 2013.
Bermuda tana da ƙungiyar Rugby Union mai alfahari. Unionungiyar Union Rugby Union ta Bermuda ta lashe gasar zakarun Caribbean na 2011 inda ta doke Guyana a wasan ƙarshe.
Mashigar Bamuda Bermuda shine gefen gabas na abin da ake kira Bermuda Triangle yanki ne na teku inda ake zargin wasu jiragen sama da jiragen ruwa sun ɓace a cikin yanayi mai ban al'ajabi. Wasu mutane suna tunanin cewa akwai abin alaƙa da ɓacewa, yayin da wasu mutane ke ganin kawai haɗuwa ce Manazarta
Sauran yanar gizo Yanar gizo
Shafin Bermuda Travel da Local
Ofishin Jakadancin Kasashen Waje da na Commonwealth da ke Ziyartar Shafin Bermuda Bayanin Bayani daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka
Babban Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka (gidan yanar gizon Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka)
Bermuda Dept na yawon shakatawa Pages with unreviewed |
50890 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigrid%20Hjert%C3%A9n | Sigrid Hjertén | Sigrid Hjertén (27 Oktoba 1885 24 Maris 1948)'yar wasan zamani ne na Sweden.Ana ɗaukar Hjertén a matsayin babban jigo a tsarin zamani na Sweden. Lokaci-lokaci ta kasance mai hazaka sosai kuma ta halarci nune-nune 106.Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane na tsawon shekaru 30 kafin ta mutu sakamakon rikice-rikice daga lobotomy don schizophrenia Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Sigrid Hjertén a Sundsvall a shekara ta 1885.Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar College of Arts,Crafts da Design a Stockholm kuma ta kammala karatun digiri a matsayin malamar zane.A wani ɗakin studio a 1909, Hjertén ta sadu da mijinta na gaba,Isaac Grünewald mai shekaru ashirin,wanda ta riga ta yi karatu tare da Henri Matisse a shekara guda a Paris. Grünewald ya gamsar da ita cewa za ta ƙara yin adalci a matsayin mai zane. Daga bisani kuma ta tafi makarantar fasaha ta Matisse.An ce "ta kasance almajiran da Matisse ya fi so saboda kyawun launi."
1910s Yayin da Hjertén ke karatu a ƙarƙashin Henri Matisse a Paris,yadda shi da Paul Cézanne suka yi mu'amala da launi ya burge ta.Ta ɓullo da salo na filaye masu launi masu bambanta da sauƙaƙan kwane-kwane. Babban manufarta na ado yana da alaƙa da launi, kuma a cikin ayyukanta na baya daga 1930s ta yi magana game da launuka cikin sharuddan kamar ruwan rawaya mai sanyi.Hjertén ta yi ƙoƙari don nemo siffofi da launuka waɗanda za su iya bayyana motsin zuciyarta.A cikin wannan girmamawa aikinta tana da alaƙa da masu magana da Jamusanci, irin su Ernst Ludwig Kirchner,fiye da masu zane-zane na Faransa,tare da wasan kwaikwayo mai kyau na layi.
Bayan shekara daya da rabi ta koma Sweden.A 1912 Hjertén ta shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na rukuni a Stockholm. Shi ne baje kolin ta na farko a matsayin mai zane.A cikin shekaru goma da suka biyo baya ta halarci nune-nunen da yawa a Sweden da kuma kasashen waje,da dai sauransu a Berlin a shekarar 1915,inda ta samu karbuwa sosai.Hjertén kuma an wakilta shi a baje kolin Exhibitionist a konsthall Liljevalch a Stockholm a 1918,tare da wasu masu fasaha guda biyu.Duk da haka,masu sukar zamani ba su da sha'awar fasaharta.
A cikin fasahar Hjertén,inda ta nuna kanta sosai,mutum tana lura da matakai daban-daban na ci gaba. Tasirin Matisse wataƙila ana iya gane shi a cikin 1910s. A cikin wannan shekaru goma,Hjertén ta ƙirƙira zane-zane da yawa tare da hotuna na cikin gida da ra'ayoyi daga gidanta,na farko a dandalin Kornhamnstorg sannan daga baya a titin Katarinavägen, a Stockholm. Mijinta Isaac Grünewald da ɗanta Ivàn,da kuma Sigrid kanta,ana nuna su sau da yawa a cikin fage da ke ɗauke da rikice-rikice iri-iri.A wannan lokacin Hjertén ta san kuma ta yi wahayi daga fasahar da Ernst Josephson ta yi a lokacin rashin lafiya.
Ateljé na ciki Ateljéinteriör (Studio ciki) daga 1916 ya nuna yadda Hjertén ta kasance mai tsaurin ra'ayi don lokacinta. Zanen ya bayyana irin rawar da ta taka a matsayin mai fasaha,mace, da uwa: daban-daban a cikin duniya daban-daban. Hjertén tana zaune akan kujera tsakanin masu fasaha biyu mijinta, Isaac Grünewald, kuma, watakila, Einar Jolin masu magana da juna a kan ta. Manyan idanuwanta shudin na kallon nesa.A gaba wata mata sanye da bakaken kaya wani sophisticated alter ego jingina da wani mutum siffa wanda zai iya zama mai zane Nils Dardel .Ɗanta Ivàn yana rarrafe daga kusurwar hannun dama. A bango mun hango daya daga cikin zanen da Hjertén ta yi na lokacin, Zigenarkvinna (matar Gypsy).
Ateljéinterior da Den röda rullgardinen (The Red Blind),daga 1916, zane-zane ne masu ban tsoro da suka haifar a cikin 'yan shekarun nan zuwa sababbin fassarori dangane da nazarin jinsi na zamani da kuma bayyana bayanai game da rayuwar sirri na mai zane.
1920s Tsakanin 1920 zuwa 1932, Hjertén da danginta sun zauna a Paris,kuma sun yi balaguro da yawa zuwa ƙauyen Faransa da Riviera na Italiya don yin zane.Wannan lokaci ne mai jituwa a cikin fasahar Hjertén, amma abubuwan nuninta sun iyakance sosai a wannan lokacin. Mijinta sau da yawa ziyarci Stockholm inda ya yi m aiki. A ƙarshen 1920s Hjertén tana ƙara samun cututtuka na psychosomatic iri-iri,kuma ta koka game da kaɗaici.
Yayin da lokaci ya wuce,ana iya ganin tashin hankali a cikin fasaharta.A ƙarshen 1920s,yayin da ta keɓe sosai a Faransa, launuka masu sanyi da duhu sun fara bayyana a cikin zane-zanenta. Yawan bugun jini mai maimaitawa ya taimaka wajen ba da zane-zane mai ban sha'awa.
1930s A 1932, Hjertén ta yanke shawarar komawa Stockholm. Amma a lokacin shiryawa ta faɗi.Ta isa Sweden kuma an kai ta na ɗan lokaci zuwa asibitin masu tabin hankali na Beckomberga tare da alamun schizophrenia Ta murmure lokaci-lokaci, kuma a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa (1932-1934) fasahar Hjertén ta ƙare a cikin crescendo, inda,kamar wanda yake da ita, ta yi hotuna waɗanda ke nuna tsananin jin daɗi.Ta sadaukar da kanta ga zane-zane mai zurfi, ƙirƙirar hoto ɗaya a rana, littafin hoto na rayuwarta, bisa ga wata hira a cikin mujallar fasaha ta Sweden Paletten Hotunan Hjertén na wannan lokacin galibi suna da alaƙa da sautuna masu ban tsoro,haɓakar gajimare,da jin watsi da su.Wasu zane-zane suna haskaka tsoro yayin da wasu ke ba da ra'ayi mai daɗi da jituwa.
A lokacin 1934,ta yi tafiya tare da danginta a kudancin Turai,inda ta yi fenti.A ƙarshe Hjertén ta sanya sunanta a matsayin mai fasaha a cikin masu sukar a 1935,lokacin da ta nuna tare da Ishaku a Gothenburg Duk da haka, yawancin masu sukar zamani suna da mummunan hali har ma da raini game da ayyukan fasaha na Hjertén,kuma da yawa daga cikinsu sun rubuta sharhi mai ban tsoro. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, zane-zanenta da ake kira wawa, humbug, tsoro da samfuran nakasa.
Ta sami karbuwa ga jama'a ne kawai a cikin 1936,lokacin da ta sami babban baje kolin solo a Royal Academy of Arts a Stockholm. "Bayan kallon kusan ayyukan 500 a cikin 1936 na baya,masu sukar sun kasance gaba ɗaya:an yaba da nunin a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi ban mamaki a kakar kuma an girmama Hjerten a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu fasaha na zamani na Sweden.Don haka,ta sami karɓuwa-amma ta yi latti." Isaac,wanda yake da mata da yawa a cikin shekaru, ya sake Hjertén kuma ta sake yin aure.Dukansu Isaac da sabuwar matarsa daga baya sun mutu a wani hatsarin jirgin sama a 1946.
A ƙarshen 1930s, Hjertén ta kamu da schizophrenia, kuma an kwantar da ita a asibiti na dindindin a Asibitin Hauka na Beckomberga da ke Stockholm, inda ta kasance har tsawon rayuwarta. Bayan 1938 aikinta na fasaha ya ragu.Bayan botted lobotomy,ta mutu a Stockholm a cikin 1948.
Legacy Jimlar samar da Hjertén ya kai fiye da zane-zane 500,tare da zane-zane, launukan ruwa da zane-zane. Hjertén ta yi yaƙi da son zuciya a lokacinta a duk lokacin da take aiki. Hotunan nata sun yi kama da na musamman ga zamanin da aka yi su, lokacin da batutuwan launi da sifofi suka fi girma a zukatan masu fasaha. Sha'awarta ga bil'adama sau da yawa ana bayyana ta cikin ban mamaki,har ma da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, yayin da tsarinta na launi yana da motsin rai da tunani.
Bayanan kula
Nassoshi Sigrid Hjertén, by Annika Gunnarsson, in Moderna museet boken, ed. Cecilia Widenheim et al., Stockholm: Moderna museet, 2004 Katarina Borgh Bertorp, Sigrid Hjertén: l'hértière de Matisse du Grand Nord: heir of Matisse from the Far North, Paris: Centre Culturel Suédois, 1997
Anita Goldman, I själen alltid ren: Om Sigrid Hjertén, Stockholm: Natur Kultur, 1995,
Kara karantawa Sigrid Hjertén at Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Sigrid Hjertén at DigitaltMuseum Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
20799 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibo%20Bakary | Djibo Bakary | Djibo Bakary wanda aka haifeshi a shekarar 1922, ya rasu a ranar 16 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1998 a Niamey ɗan siyasan Nijar (ƙasa) ne mai ra'ayin gurguzu, muhimmin mutum ne a cikin gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci a Nijar. Ya kasance daya daga cikin jagororin babbar jam'iyar Afirka ta RDA. Ya kasance kwararren dan siyasa, dan jarida da kuma dan gwagwarmaya a cikin tarihin Nijar da kuma ta Afirka ta yamma (bangaren kasashen mulkin mallakar Faransa). Ya kasance mai tsatsauran ra'ayi akan Mulkin mallakar Farsansa a Afirka inda ya nuna rashi gowon bayansa da zaman Nijar a matsayin wata karamar hukumar Faransa. Ya shugabanci Jam'iyar Sawaba wadda aka yiwa ma makalkashiya tare da durkusar da ita. Ya kasance magajin garin birnin yamai na farko a tarihin kasar Nijar.
Tarihin Rayuwa An Haifi Djibo Bakary a Soudouré, wani kauye da ke kilometa 12 daga Niamey a shekarar 1922. Mahaifinshi shine maigarin Soudouré a wannan lokacin. Yan da shakara 7 aka bada shi riko ga kawunshi wanda yake aiki Fassara a garin Tahoua. Sunan kawun nashi Bakary kuma da wannan sunan ne ya sa Djibo a makarantar firamare. Uwayensa sun cenja masa takardun haihuwa inda aka nuna an haifeshi ne a shekarar 1921 domin ya samu ya shiga jarawar shiga kwalejin koyarwa na William Ponty. Bakary dan uwa (wato Cousin) yake ga abokin hamayyarsa wato Hamani Diori.
Ilimi Bakary yayi karatu a makarantar firamare dake Tahoua inda kafin ya karasa da ya dawo hutu a garinsu da ke kusan Niamey a ka maida shi a makarantar Gundumar Niamey don ya karasa matakin karshe na firamare. Daga nan kuma yayi sakandare amma kafin ya kammala aka canja masa takardu inda ya shika matakin gaba sa sakandare; daga bisani ya shiga jarabawar shiga kwalejin koyarwa ta William Ponty da ke a Sébikhotane ta kasar Senegal. Bayan yayi karatun shakara uku (3) an tura shi a matsayin malamin makaranta a Niamey. Ya kaddamar da wani gungu na masu wayar da kanun jama'a da ya ba suna "Monteil" ama suna karkashin ikon Vichy wani shugaba daga en Mulkin mallaka. Ganin cewar wannan gungun nasu baya bin abin da en mulkin mallaka ke koyarwa, sai aka fara tsangwamarsu. Ganin haka aka aika shi a makarantar firamare da ke Birni N'Konni; kuma bayan wani dan karamin lokaci aka tura shi Agadez.
Siyasa
Kafin Samun Yancin kai (Kafin-1960) Bakary ya shiga siyasa ne daidai lokacin da Yakin Duniya na Biyu ya ida. A shekarar 1946, Djibo Bakary ya zama sakatare na farko na jam’iyyar Progressive Party (PPN), jam’iyyar da ke da alaka da African Democratic Rally wadda aka fi sani da RDA. Ya kasance jigo a wajen kalubalantar Gwamnatin Mulkin mallaka da ke Cote d'Ivoire (1949-1950); amma ya karkatar da siyasarsa a Kasar Nijar bayan 1950 inda ya samu tagomashi saboda goyon bayan da yake ba manoman gyada na yammacin Nijar (inda Hausawa suka fi yawa). Bakary, wanda mai akidar burguzu ne, ya taimaka wajen tura jam'iyyar PPN da aka riga aka sani a matsayin mai kin Faransawa zuwa wata kafa ta nuna ra'ayi. PPN a asali jam'iya ce mai goyon bayan babbar Jam'iyar RDA mai ra'ayin masu mulkin mallaka. Amma bisa jagorancin Bakary sai ta goya ma Jam'iyar kominisanci ta Frecn Communist Party a Majalissar Dokoki. Wannan abun bai yi ma mahukuntan RDA (kamar su Félix Houphouët-Boigny) dadi ba, sai aka samu rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin PPN inda wasu suka goya ma Bakary baya, wasu kuma suka bi ra'ayin RDA. A 1951, RDA wadda ke adawa da gurguzu ganin ma mallakiyarta wato Faransa ma bata yi, ta umarci PPN da ta raba gari da Communist Party (PCF). An kori Djibo Bakary daga RDA saboda ya ki bin umarnin rabuwa da PCF, kuma ya fita daga PPN ya kafa UDN (Jam'iyar Hadakar Demokradiyyar Nijar) a 1954. Ya tsaya takarar majalisar dokoki a 1951, kamar yadda dan uwansa Hamani Diori ya yi. Bayan ya sha kayi sai ya bar jam'iyyar PPN, ya shiga cikin hadaddiyar kungiya sannan kuma ya kirkiro kungiyar siyasarsa, wacce daga baya ta zama Sawaba. A watan Oktoba 1956, shi ne zaɓaɓɓen magajin garin Yamai na farko Sannan ya kasance mataimakin shugaban majalisa a 1957 sannan, a watan Yulin 1958, shugaban majalisar, wato matsyin shugaban gwamnati a wannan lokacin. A amtsyin shi na wanda ke ra'ayin cikakken yancin kan Nijar kai tsaye, yana goyon bayan "a'a" a zaben raba gardama na 28 ga Satumba, 1958 da Faransa ta shirya da nufin samar da Hadaddiyar Daular Faransa Ya yi murabus a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 1958 bayan an bayyana nasarar wadanda suka ce "na'am" sakamakon magudi da en mulkin mallakar Faransa su ka yi. Hamani Diori ne ya maye gurbinsa, mai goyon bayan Ee Bayan dakatarwa da kuma rusa jam’iyyarsa ta Sawaba a ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 1959, Djibo Bakary ya yi hijira inda ya sami mafaka a Ghana (wanda Kwame Nkrumah ke jagoranta a lokacin), sannan ya je Mali da Guinea. A cikin watan Yuni na 1960 an tsare en jam'iyar Sawaba goma sha takwas (18) da zargin yi ma kasa zagon kasa, wadanda suka hada Abdoulaye Mamani, Amadou Sekou da Issaka Koke.
Bayan Yancin Kai zuwa Rasuwarsa Daga Mali, Bakary ya sha ƙoƙari rusa mulkin Diori. A cikin 1963-64 wani yunƙurin juyin mulki wanda ya biyo bayan wani harin tawaye a kan iyakokin Nijar ya haifar da tashin hankali a Yamai, duk da cewa harin na gaba da gaba ne. An barshi ya koma Nijar a 1974 bayan juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi kalkashin jagorancin Seyni Kountche. Saboda rashin lafiya ya dauki alkawarin cewar zai bar siyasa. Amma bai cikan wanna alkawarin ba, domin jim kaɗan bayan haka an samu Bakary da wasu mambobin tsohuwar jam’iyyarsa ta SAWABA da hannu a yunƙurin juyin mulkin Manjo Sani Souna Sido. An kama Bakary kuma an saka shi a kurkuku har zuwa watan Afrilu na shekarar 1984. An tsare shi ne a cikin keɓaɓɓun bataliyar sojojin N'Guigmi kusa da Tafkin Chadi. Bayan fitowar sa daka kurkuku, Bakary bai kara komawa siyasa ba har zuwa farkon Babban taron kasa na Conférence Nationale wanda aka fara a 1991. Kodayake da shekarun kimanun saba'in da uku a wannan lokacin, ya kafa sabuwar jam'iyyar siyasa, Union Démocratique des Force Progressistes (UDFP-SAWABA), amma tare da wani karamin bangare na makarrabansa, sauran magoya bayansa sun kirkiro "wanta" kungiyar SAWABA, Union Décracratique de Forces Révolutionnaires (UDFR SAWABA). Bakary ya fafata a zaben shugaban kasa da na majalisar dokoki a shekarar 1993, amma ya samu kashi daya da digo 68 kacal (wato 1.68%) daga cikin dari na kuri'un da aka saka. Ya sha kaye ne daga hadakar jam'iyu ta AFC Alliance wadda wacen jam'iyar ta UDFR-SAWABA ta goya ma baya. Wato wannan jam'iyyar, kishiyar ta Bakary ta koma tare da babbar makiyar ta wato PPN, abinda masu nazarin suke gani kamar al'mara ganin cewar sun jima basa ga maciji da juna. Shi kuma Djibo Bakary ya goyama Jam'iyyar MNSD baya inda suka ci gaba da zama cikin hadaka guda har zuwa rasuwar Bakary a 1998.
Bibiliyo Djibo Bakary, Silence On décolonise Itinéraire politique et syndical d'un militant africain, Harmattan, janvier 1993 (ISBN 978-2-296-26319-2, lire en ligne)
Manazarta Ƴan siyasar Nijar
Tarihin |
21270 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilal%20El-Helwe | Hilal El-Helwe | Hilal Bassam El-Helwe Larabcin Lebanon: l m ħɪlwe] an haife shi ne a ranar 24 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 1994) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Labanon wanda ke taka leda a gaba ga ƙungiyar Al-Faisaly ta Jordan da ƙungiyar ƙasar Lebanon. Gaban gaba, zai iya taka leda a tsakiya kuma a matsayin dan wasan gefe a kowane bangare.
Bayan yayi wasa na tsawon shekaru biyar a Germany na, TSV Havelse, VfL Wolfsburg II, and Hallescher FC, El-Helwe ya koma Greece a cikin shekarar 2018 zuwa Apollon Smyrnis. A cikin shekarar 2019, ya koma kasar Germany, ya sa hannu ma SV Meppen, kafin ya shiga Al-Faisaly a cikin Jordan a shekarar 2021. A Lebanon, El-Helwe scored a brace against North Korea in the 2019 AFC Asian Cup, helping Lebanon win their first ever game in the competition and becoming their top scorer in the competition to date.
Klub din Da yake zuwa ta tsarin matasa, El-Helwe ya fara yin fito na fito da babban jami'in TSV Havelse a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2013 yana zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Eintracht Braunschweig II da ci 3-2. Burinsa na farko a cikin Yankin Nordalliga Nord ya zo ne a ranar 27 ga watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, inda ya zura kwallo daya a ragar SV Wilhelmshaven a minti na 14. Ya kuma kawo karshen kakarsa ta farko a kungiyar da kwallaye shida a wasanni 26 da ya buga. In his second season, El-Helwe scored his first domestic brace on 10 October 2014 against Schwarz-Weiß Rehden. He improved on his previous tally scoring 10 goals in 33 appearances for the club, earning him a move to VfL Wolfsburg II the following season.
VfL Wolfsburg II A ranar 5 ga Watan Satumbar shekarar 2015, El-Helwe ya fara buga wasa don VfL Wolfsburg II akan tsohuwar kungiyarsa TSV Havelse a wasan da suka samu nasara da ci 6-1, yana zuwa a madadin a minti na 65. A ranar 1 Nuwamban shekarar 2015, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kan Borussia Hildesheim a wasan da aka tashi 1-5. El-Helwe ya buga duka wasannin lig 22 a gefe, ya zira kwallaye bakwai ya taimaka bakwai a ci gaba. Ya taimakawa Wolfsburg lashe Regionalliga Nord, kuma ya buga wasannin share fagen shiga biyu da Jahn Regensburg, inda aka tashi 2-1 a jimillar.
Hallescher FC A ranar 22 ga Yuni shekarar 2016, 3. Kungiyar Hallescher FC ta Laliga ta sanar da sayen El-Helwe daga VfL Wolfsburg II kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. A ranar 6 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2016, ya buga wasansa na farko a gida tare da Chemnitzer FC a wasan da aka tashi 1-1, yana zuwa maimakon Sascha Pfeffer a minti na 78. Kwallayen farko da El-Helwe ya ci wa kulob din ya zo ne ta hanyar kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka yi a DFB Pokal da 1. FC Kaiserslautern a ranar 20 ga Agusta 2016, inda ya ci kwallaye biyu a cikin mintina hudu a wasan da ci 4-3. A kakar wasa mai zuwa, El-Helwe ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a ranar 22 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2017 a wasan farko na kakar, inda ya ci kwallo a minti na 73 da SC Paderborn bayan ya fito daga benci a wasan da aka tashi 4-4. El-Helwe ya ci kwallaye jimillar kwallaye hudu a ragar Halle, duk a lokacin kaka ta 2017-18.
Apollon Smyrnis Tare da kwantiraginsa ya kare, El-Helwe ya koma kungiyar Apollon Smyrnis ta Super League ta Girka a kan musayar kyauta na kakar 2018-19. Burin El-Helwe na farko ga kungiyar, wanda ya zo a ranar 15 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 2018, shi ne kuma na farko da Apollon Smyrnis ya ci a kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya zira kwallon ta’aziya a kan PAS Giannina a wasan da aka ci su 2-1. A ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairun 2019, El-Helwe ya zira kwallaye a ragar AEK mai rike da kambun, kuma wasan ya ƙare 2-1 ga ƙungiyar da ke hamayya. Duk da kammalawa ta karshe a gasar, El-Helwe shi ne dan wasan Apollon Smyrnis da ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a kakar 2018–19 da kwallaye uku da daya a raga a wasanni 21.
SV Meppen A ranar 3 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2019, 3. Kungiyar SV Meppen da ke Laliga ta sanar da kulla yarjejeniya da El-Helwe a kan kyauta, tare da kwantiraginsa na aiki har zuwa 2021. Burin sa na farko ya zo ne a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba shekarar 2019, inda ya zira kwallaye a ragar Bayern Munich II a wasan da suka doke gida da ci 5-3 A ranar 12 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2020, El-Helwe ya zira kwallaye a ragar tsohuwar kungiyarsa Hallescher FC yana zuwa a madadin. Duk da cewa ya daidaita sakamakon 1-1, wasan ya ƙare a rashin 2-3. A wasannin karshe biyu na kakar 2019-20, a ranakun 1 da 4 na Yulin 2020, El-Helwe ya ci kwallaye biyu kuma ya taimaka aka zura kwallo daya. Ya zira kwallo a ragar Preußen Münster a wasan da suka tashi 3-0 a waje, kuma ya ci kuma ya taimaka aka ci daya a kan Eintracht Braunschewig, inda ya taimakawa kungiyarsa ta samu nasara da ci 4 da 3. El-Helwe ya kammala kakar wasa ta bana da kwallaye biyar kuma ya taimaka sau uku a wasanni 27, matsakaita gudummawa a kowane minti 144; SV Meppen ya gama a wuri na 7 daga cikin 20. El-Helwe ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kakar 2020 zuwa 21 a ranar 3 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2020, a wasan da suka sha kashi 2-1 a gidan Verl. Ya amince da dakatar da kwantiraginsa da SV Meppen a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 2021.
Al-Faisaly A ranar 1 ga watan Maris shekarar 2021, El-Helwe ya koma kungiyar Al-Faisaly ta kasar Jordan. Ya fara wasansa na farko ne a ranar 4 ga Maris, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin minti 75 a wasan Kofin Gasar Kofin Jordan da Al-Ramtha wanda ya tashi kunnen doki da ci 2-2. Wasan El-Helwe na farko a gasar ya zo ne a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Sahab Ayyukan duniya Tun da iyayensa duka 'yan Lebanon ne, El-Helwe ya cancanci wakiltar Lebanon a duniya. A ranar 8 ga Oktoba 15, 2015, El-Helwe ya fara buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Lebanon, farawa a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2018 da ci 2-0 da Myanmar. Ya kasance cikin sahun farawa kuma ya buga wasa har sai maye gurbinsa bayan minti 56 daga farawa. Koyaya, bai sami ikon shigar da takardar ba. El-Helwe ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a duniya a ranar 29 ga watan Maris din shekarar 2016 a wasan da Lebanon ta yi da Myanmar a lokacin wasannin neman cancantar zuwa gasar Kofin Duniya na 2018, ya samu nasarar yin kunnen doki 1-1 ga tawagarsa a minti na 88 na wasan. A watan Disamba shekarar 2018, an kira shi don 2019 AFC Asian Cup team, kuma ya buga dukkan wasannin matakin rukuni uku. A ranar 17 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2019, a lokacin wasan karshe da Koriya ta Arewa, ya ci kwallon a minti na 65 saboda goron da Mohamad Haidar ya yi don sanya Lebanon a gaba. A minti na bakwai na karin lokaci, ya zira kwallaye na biyu da ya kawo karshen karawar a wasan da ci 4-1 kuma hakan ya ba Lebanon nasara ta farko a tarihin Kofin Asiya. Tare da kwallon da ya bugawa Koriya ta Arewa, El-Helwe ya zama dan wasan Labanan na farko da ya ci kwallaye sama da daya a gasar cin Kofin Asiya ta AFC.
Salon wasa El-Helwe dan wasan gaba ne wanda kuma zai iya buga wasa a gefe biyu. Duk da tsayinsa na wanda ya sa ya zama mai kyau a riƙe wasa, shi ɗan wasa ne mai sauri wanda ke gudu a bayan tsaro. El-Helwe shima kyakkyawan kammalawa ne a cikin akwatin.
Kididdigar aiki
Kulab
Na duniya Sakamako da sakamako sun lissafa yawan kwallayen Labanon da farko, rukunin maki yana nuna kwallaye bayan kowane burin El-Helwe.
Daraja VfL Wolfsburg II
Regionalliga Nord: 2015-16
Duba kuma Jerin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na kasar Lebanon da aka haifa a wajen Lebanon
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Hilal El-Helwe at FA Lebanon
Hilal El-Helwe at DFB (also available in German)
Hilal El-Helwe at kicker (in German)
Hilal El-Helwe at Goalzz.com (available in Arabic at Kooora.com)
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Jamus
Pages with unreviewed |
57661 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelfa | Jelfa | Djelfa )babban birni ne na lardin Djelfa, Aljeriya kuma wurin da tsohon birni ne kuma tsohon bishop na Fallaba,wanda ya kasance babban titular Katolika na Latin.
Tana da yawan jama'a 490,248(ƙidayar 2018).Garin yana kan mahadar titin N1 da N46.
Geography Djelfa yana kan tsayin ƙafa 3,734(1,138 m)a cikin Ouled Naïl Range na arewa ta tsakiyar Aljeriya,tsakanin garuruwan Bousaada da Laghouat .Yana cikin wani yanki na tsaka-tsaki tsakanin busasshiyar ƙasa mai kama da Hautes Plaines(high plateaus)na arewa,wanda ke da ƙaho (tafkunan gishiri masu tsaka-tsaki),da Sahara zuwa kudu.An kafa garin a cikin 1852 a matsayin gidan soja na Faransa akan tsarin geometric.Tana aiki a matsayin muhimmiyar cibiyar kasuwar dabbobi ga ƙungiyar makiyaya ta Ouled Nail.Djelfa yana kan Titin Afirka mai tsayin mil 12,000.
Yankin da ke kewaye da shi shekaru aru-aru ya kasance wurin haduwar mutanen Ouled Naïl,wadanda ke zaune a cikin tanti masu ratsin baki da ja kuma suna da'awar zuriyar annabin Musulunci,Muhammad.
Tarihi Yankin sanannen sananne ne saboda yawan sassaƙaƙen dutsen Neolithic wanda ya kasance daga 7000 zuwa 5000 BC.Arewacin garin Djelfa akwai wani babban siffa ta zahiri da aka sani da Rocher de Sel(Turanci:Dutsen Gishiri) wanda ya haifar da zazzagewar gishirin dutse da ruwan sama.A yamma da garin Megalithic tsarin jana'izar ana samunsu.
A lokacin daular Roma,an gina wani gari na Romawa mai suna Fallaba a wurin Djelfa.Wannan garin ya daɗe har zuwa ƙarshen zamani.
A karni na 11,Fatimidawa sun aika da Banu Hilal zuwa yankunan Tripolitania, Tunisiya da Constantine a kan Zirids. Garin ya zama muhimmin wurin ciniki a zamanin Hafsid.
A lokacin Philippe Pétain,an sanya sansanin taro a Djelfa.
Tarihin Ikklisiya A lokacin Masarautar Vandal da Daular Rome garin shine wurin zama na tsohon bishop. Bishop din ya kasance mai mahimmanci sosai a cikin Late Roman lardin Numidia don zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan bishop ɗin suffragan na Archbishopric na Babban Bishop a cikin Carthage. Yana yiwuwa Kiristanci ya zo garin ne kawai bayan mulkin Constantine Mai Girma,domin babu wani tarihin bishop a ƙarƙashin Romawa.Sanannen bishop na wannan diocese na Afirka shine bishop na Katolika Salo da aka ambata a cikin 484. Wannan ya makara sosai idan aka kwatanta da yawancin sauran diocese a Numidia.Bishop Salo ya shiga cikin taron majalisa da aka taru a Carthage a cikin 484 da mai mulkin Arian,Huneric na Vandal Kingdom;bayan an kori Salo na Majalisar Dattawa(wataƙila)zuwa Sicily mai sarrafa Vandal.
Kamar yawancin bishop-bishop a Afirka ta Rum,ta dushe bayan da musulmi suka mamaye yankin Magrib.
Titular gani A cikin 1933 an mayar da diocese a matsayin bishopric na Katolika na Latin. Tana da ma'aikatu masu zuwa,galibin matsayi na bishop(mafi ƙasƙanci)tare da banbance na archiepiscopal (matsakaici):
Akbishop Titular: Cardinal Francesco Morano (1962.04.05 1962.04.20)
Vincent Billington, Mill Hill Mishaneri (MHM) (1965.05.03 1970.12.07)
Alexius Obabu Makozi (1971.02.20 1972.07.30)
Rudolph A. Akanl (1972.11.16 1973.04.13)
James Terry Steib, Masu Mishan na Maganar Allah(SVD)(1983.12.06 1993.03.24)
Lorenzo Ceresoli (1993.12.20 Comboni Missionaries of the Heart of Jesus (MCCJ), Apostolic Vicar emeritus of Awasa (Ethiopia)
Al'adu Mazaunan kuma su ne Ouled Naïl da ke zaune a Biskra,M'Sila da kuma cikin Saharan Atlas.
Yanayi Djelfa yana da yanayi mara kyau(Köppen weather classification BSk),tare da ƙarin hazo a cikin hunturu fiye da lokacin rani. Dusar ƙanƙara ba sabon abu ba ne a cikin hunturu.
Nassoshi
Tushen da hanyoyin haɗin waje Djelfa Forums
GCatholic
Djelfa The capital of the Algerian Highlands
Biranen |
44851 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa%20Action%20%28%C6%99ungiya%29 | Africa Action (ƙungiya) | Africa Action ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke da hedikwata a birnin Washington, DC, tana aiki don canza dangantakar Amurka da Afirka don haɓaka adalci na siyasa, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a ƙasashen Afirka. Suna ba da bayanai masu dacewa da bincike, kuma suna tattara goyon bayan jama'a don kamfen don a cimma wannan manufa.
Ƙungiyoyin magabata Africa Action shine sunan ƙungiyar a cikin shekara ta 2001, bayan da ƙungiyoyi uku, da suka haɗa da; Kwamitin Amurka kan Afirka, Asusun Afirka, da Cibiyar Bayanin Siyasa ta Afirka, su ka haɗe wuri guda ko su kayi maja.
An kafa kwamitin Amurka kan Afirka (ACOA) a birnin New York a shekara ta 1953 ta George Houser da sauran masu fafutuka. Ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin farar hula, bakar fata da farar fata ne ƙarƙashin jagorancin Bayard Rustin ƙarƙashin sunan Kwamitin Tallafawa Resistance na Afirka ta Kudu, waɗanda suka shirya goyon baya ga yakin neman zabe mai cike da tarihi a Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar da ta gabata. A cikin littafin, Babu Nasara Mai Sauƙi, An kwatanta ACOA a matsayin "Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Afirka ta farko". Ya zama haka ta hanyar “ginin haɗin gwiwa… aiki tare da matasa, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma haɓaka kyakkyawar alaƙa da shugabannin Afirka masu tasowa.” New York ta kasance cibiyar ayyuka ga ƙungiyar ACOA a cikin shekarun 1980 a lokacin shirya ayyukan yaƙi da wariyar launin fata Asusun Afirka, wanda aka kafa a cikin shekara ta 1966, ya yi aiki tare da ACOA don ba da babban tallafi ga ƙungiyoyin ƴancin kai a duk faɗin Afirka. A lokacin gwagwarmayar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata, Asusun Afirka ya zama "babban wurin tuntuɓar ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci da ƴan siyasa masu ci gaba." Sun karfafa gwiwar kamfanonin Amurka da masu hannun jari da su karkata zuwa Afirka ta Kudu tare da buga sabbin jerin sunayen kamfanonin Amurka da ke da hannu a ciki.
An kafa Cibiyar Bayanin Siyasa ta Afirka (APIC) ko African Action a birnin Washington, DC a cikin 1978. Ta samar da bincike, da kayan ilimi da aka tsara don faɗaɗa muhawara a Amurka game da batutuwan Afirka da rawar da Amurka ke takawa a Afirka.
Shirye-shirye na yanzu A cewar shafin yanar gizon su, Africa Action ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa don siyasa, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a Afirka. Africa Action ta ce Amurka na da alhakin tarihi na musamman game da Afirka. Har ila yau, ta yi imanin cewa wariyar launin fata ya kasance kuma babban mahimmanci ne ga manufofin Amurka game da Afirka, 'yan Afirka da ƴan asalin Amurka na Afirka. Membobin ƙungiyar suna daraja Afirka da al'ummarta, kuma suna neman yin aiki tare da ƴan Afirka. A yau, tare da masu fafutuka da ƙungiyoyin jama'a a duk faɗin Amurka da Afirka, Afirka Action na aiki don canza manufofin harkokin waje na Amurka da manufofin cibiyoyin duniya don tallafawa gwagwarmayar Afirka don samun zaman lafiya da ci gaban yankin.
Zaman lafiya da adalci a Darfur da Sudan A shekara ta 2008 Africa Action ta ƙaddamar da wani sabon kamfen na wayar da kan jama'a game da ci gaba da rikicin Darfur tare da matsawa jama'a lamba kan shugaban Amurka mai jiran gado da ya jagoranci gamayyar ƙasa da ƙasa wajen samar da zaman lafiya da adalci a yankin na Darfur da ma Sudan baki ɗaya. A cikin watan Yunin 2008, Barack Obama da John McCain sun rattaba hannu kan wani alƙawarin "yunƙurin da ba za a cimma ba"" don kawo ƙarshen kisan kiyashi a Darfur. A yau ƙungiyar Africa Action tana jan hankalin jama'a don cika wannan alkawari ta hanyar cimma:
Kare fararen hula daga tashin hankali, yunwa da cututtuka;
Zaman lafiya mai ɗorewa ga dukkan ƴan ƙasar Sudan, gami da tabbatar da cikakkiyar yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da kuma
Adalci ga wadanda abin ya shafa da kuma hukunta waɗanda suka aikata laifin.
Yaƙin neman zaɓe a ƙarƙashin tutar JUST LEAD ba wai kawai ayi kira ga jagoranci daga gwamnatin Amurka ba, har ma da ƙalubalantar duk mutanen da suka kasa sauke nauyin da ya rataya a wuyannsu a matsayinmu na talakawa don KOYI. akan tambaya mafi mahimmancin ɗabi'a da haɗin kai na zamaninmu.
A wani ɓangare na wannan kamfen na Africa Action na aiki tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi don tattara katunan fosta miliyan ɗaya da ke kira ga shugaba Obama da ya wanzar da zaman lafiya da adalci a yankin Darfur da ma Sudan.
Gangamin Kawo Karshen HIV/AIDS a Afirka Kamfen kungiyar Africa Action na kawo karshen cutar kanjamau a nahiyar Afirka ya ja hankalin masu fafutuka na Amurka su sauya manufofin gwamnatinmu domin kawo karshen matsalar HIV/AIDS a Afirka. A cewar Africa Action cutar HIV/AIDS ita ce babbar barazana a duniya a yau. Afirka ba ta da matsala a rikicin gida ga kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na masu ɗauke da cutar kanjamau a duk duniya. Rikicin HIV/AIDS na Afirka ya samo asali ne sakamakon rashin adalci na tsawon shekaru aru-aru a duniya. Yanzu, yunƙurin Afirka na kawar da cutar kanjamau na fuskantar cikas saboda rashin isassun kayan aiki, da tsarin manufofin Amurka da na ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke hana samun mahimman jiyya da cikakkiyar kulawar lafiya a lafiyar nahiyar.
Gangamin Soke Bashin Afirka Ƙungiyar Africa Action ta yi yaƙin neman a soke basussukan da ake bin kasashen Afrika, ta yi kira ga gwamnatin Amurka da ta matsa lamba kan kawar da basussuka dari bisa dari ga ɗaukacin kasashen nahiyar, masu fama da talauci ba tare da wani yanayi mai cutarwa ba. A cewar Africa Action, bashin da ake bin Afirka sama da dala biliyan 200 shi ne babban cikas ga ci gaban nahiyar. Yawancin wannan basussuka ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne, kasancewar gwamnatocin jahilci da rashin wakilci sun ci su. Kasashen Afirka na kashe kusan dala biliyan 14 a duk shekara kan ayyukan basussuka, da karkatar da albarkatu daga shirye-shiryen HIV/AIDS, ilimi da sauran muhimman bukatu. Amurka da sauran ƙasashe masu arziki sun bijirewa kiraye-kirayen soke wannan bashi, a maimakon haka sun ba da shawarar hanyoyin warware matsalar da ba ta dace ba da kuma sanya tsauraran manufofin tattalin arziki kan ƙasashen da ake bin bashi.
Manyan kasashe Afirka Action ta yi imanin cewa, yana da amfani ga Amurka cewa, a kowane yanki na Afirka, ƙasashe da al'ummomi su sami damar cimma muradun bai daya na samun tsaro, dimokuradiyya da ci gaba. Yayin da hanyoyin waɗannan manufofin zasu iya bambanta, ba za su iya rabuwa ba. Ba za a iya ware ci gaban tattalin arziki daga buƙatun tsaro da faɗaɗa haƙƙin dimokuradiyya ba.
Ba za a iya tsara dabaru masu ma'ana don cimma waɗannan manufofin ba kawai ta fuskar alaƙar ƙasashen biyu da zababbun ƙasashe. A dai lokacin kuma, ba zai yiwu a ba da ma'aunin nauyi daidai da alakar Amurka da kowace ƙasa ta Afirka ba.
Afirka Action ta ware wasu ƙasashen Afirka ƙwara biyar a matsayin "ƙasashen da za'a fi mai da hankali akan su" inda dole ne Amurka ta kasance cikin sa hannu akai-akai kasashen su ne; Afirka ta Kudu, Najeriya, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Kenya, Aljeriya.
Kowace “ƙasar da za'a fi mayar da hankali akai” dole ta cika mafi yawa ko duk waɗannan sharuɗɗan: (1) manyan ƙasashe ne masu yawan jama’a (yawanci mafi girma a yankin); (2) suna alfahari da mafi ƙarfi da tattalin arzikin masana'antu a yankunansu; (3) A halin yanzu suna cikin manyan abokan ciniki na Amurka a Afirka (kuma mafi girma a yankinsu); (4) ƙasar Amirka na da bukatu dabam-dabam da daɗewa a cikinsu (tattalin arziki, siyasa, zamantakewa da tsaro); da (5) su ne masu karfin tattalin arziki da siyasa na yankunansu.
Waɗannan ƙasashe, dukkansu manyan jigo ne a yankunansu, waɗanda haɗin gwiwarsu zai yi matukar amfani wajen warware matsaloli da dama. Mai yiyuwa ne ko dai su zama dakarun tsaro na yankin ko kuma tushen rashin zaman lafiya a yankin nahiyar, saboda muhimmancin su a kasancewar su a nahiyar. A ƙarshe, akwai mazaɓun cikin gida a cikin Amurka waɗanda ke da alaƙa da manufofin kowace ɗayan waɗannan ƙasashe waɗanda za su iya taimakawa haɓakawa da ci gaba da tallafawa jama'a don sabbin tsare-tsaren Amurka.
Ba da fifiko ga waɗannan ƙasashe bai kamata a rude da yin kawance ba tare da wani sharadi ba da masu riƙe da madafun iko, tare da neman gina su a matsayin manyan ƙasashen yankin, ko kuma ba su kai tsaye ga taimakon tattalin arziki. A maimakon haka, dole ne manufofin Amurka game da kowace irin waɗannan manyan ƙasashe su ƙunshi ainihin yanayin kowane yanki da suke cikin su, kuma su ƙarfafa tattaunawa mai ma'ana da warware matsalolin gama gari tsakanin maƙwabta.
Dole ne Amurkawa su gane cewa Amurka tana da nauyi na musamman na tarihi game da wasu zaɓaɓɓun ƙasashe-Liberiya, Angola, Somaliya, da Sudan- waɗanda ke ba da kulawa ta musamman. Hannun manufofin waɗannan ƙasashe kuma za su fi tasiri idan aka haɗa su cikin manufofin yankunansu.
Kulawa mai ɗorewa ga "kasashen da za'a fi mayar da hankali akai" ya kamata a sanya su a cikin mahallin yanki. Don haka, ya kamata a samar da wata manufa ta Kudancin Afirka tare da amincewa da cewa Afirka ta Kudu ita ce fifiko a cikin yankin, da kuma manufar Afirka ta Yamma wacce ta amince da matsayin Najeriya kan damuwar Amurka a wannan yanki. Abin da ke faruwa a DRC, zai yi tasiri sosai a kan makomar makobtanta. Duk da cewa nauyin yankinsu bai yi yawa ba, Kenya da Aljeriya kuma za su yi tasiri sosai a yankunansu.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje The African Activist Archive Project website includes a description and material (documents, posters, photographs, buttons, T-shirts, audio, video) of the American Committee on Africa (ACOA) and The Africa Fund.
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33353 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Kwallon%20Kafa%20ta%20Mata%20ta%20Cape%20Verde | Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Cape Verde | Kungiyar kwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Cape Verde, wannan kungiya tana wakiltar Cape Verde a wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa da ƙasa kuma hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Cape Verde ce ke tafiyar da ita Tarihi
Gabatarwa A cikin shekarar 1985, kusan babu wata ƙasa a duniya da ke da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata, ciki har da Cape Verde waɗanda har yanzu ba su buga wasan da FIFA ta amince da su ba. Tawagar kasa daga Cape Verde ba ta wakilci kasar a manyan gasanni na yanki da na kasa da kasa ba. Wannan ya hada da Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata, Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Afirka na shekarar 2010 a lokacin zagayen farko., da shekarar 2011 All Africa Games. A watan Maris na shekarar 2012, FIFA ba ta da matsayi a duniya.
Fage da ci gaba Kwallon kafa na mata a Afirka gabaɗaya na fuskantar ƙalubale da dama, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙarancin damar samun ilimi, talauci a tsakanin mata a cikin al'umma, da kuma rashin daidaito da ake samu a cikin al'umma wanda lokaci-lokaci ke ba da damar cin zarafin mata na musamman. Haka kuma, idan aka bunkasa ’yan wasa mata masu nagarta a Afirka, da yawa suna barin kasashensu don neman karin damar buga kwallo a wurare kamar Arewacin Turai ko Amurka. Ba da tallafi ga ƙwallon ƙafar mata a Afirka shi ma batu ne: Mafi yawan kuɗin da ake bayarwa na ƙwallon ƙafa na mata da na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata na zuwa ne daga FIFA, ba ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ba. Ci gaban wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a matakin ƙasa a Cape Verde yana da cikas da abubuwa da yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da ma'anar mace a cikin gida waɗanda ke hana shiga cikin wasanni, rashin isasshen horo, ƙarancin ruhi a wasanni da lokacin horo. Hakanan akwai rashin samun ƴan wasa, tare da kuma ƙimar shiga ya haura kusan 350 a cikin ƴan shekarun baya zuwa kusan 200 na yanzu. Rashin damar ci gaba da wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin ƙasar kuma yana hana ci gaba da shiga cikin wasanni. Cape Verde's FIFA trigramme shi ne CPV. Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Cape Verdean an kafa ta ne a cikin 1982 kuma ta kasance mai alaƙa da FIFA a 1986. Tsakanin 1990 zuwa 2010, babu wani jami'in kula da kwallon kafa daga kasar da ya halarci kwasa-kwasan gudu na FIFA da suka shafi kwallon kafa kawai na mata ko da yake wasu sun halarci kwasa-kwasan wasan kwallon kafa na maza da mata. An gina gine-gine don tallafawa ƙwallon ƙafa ga kowa da kowa a cikin 2001 lokacin da aka sami karuwar sha'awar wasanni daga 'yan wasan mata da matasa. A shekara ta 2004, an gudanar da horar da alkalan wasan kwallon kafa na kasa, inda shida daga cikin ashirin da shida da suka yi rajista mata ne, inda ake sa ran matan za su yi alkalanci tsakanin maza da mata. Hakanan a waccan shekarar, an yi ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar gasa ta futsal ta mata a Sao Vicente. lha do Fogo tana da gasar futsal ta mata a 2005 wanda ya hada da kungiyoyi shida. A watan Yulin 2011 a tsibirin St. Nicholas, an gudanar da gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa ta mata ta farko a kasar inda aka bai wa EPIF da Praia kambin gasar yayin da Ajax de São Nicolau ta zo ta biyu. Gasar ta ƙasa tana da ƙungiyoyi shida a farkon lokacinta da suka haɗa da EPIF de São Vicente, Ajax de São Nicolau, EPIF da Praia, Académica do Sal, Académica da Boa Vista e Lém. Kungiyar ta kasa ce ta dauki nauyin kudin gasar. An yi ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar gasar ta 2008. A cikin 2011, FIFA da Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Cape Verde sun dauki nauyin kula da asibitin horar da mata a kasar. James Doyen Faransa daga Portugal da Francisco Baptista Asselan Khan na Mozambique ne suka gudanar da horon. An gudanar da horaswar ne don taimakawa wajen nuna kwazon hukumar kwallon kafar mata. A shekara ta 2011, an gudanar da gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata a San Vicente. Ƙungiyar Watsa Labarai ta Afirka ce ta saye haƙƙoƙin watsa gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata na 2011 a ƙasar. Wasu 'yan wasan kwallon kafa mata na Cape Verdan sun ci gaba da buga wasa a kungiyoyin kasa da kasa a wurare irin su Canary Islands tare da wasu daga cikin 'yan wasan farko da suka shiga kungiyoyi a shekara ta 2001. Sauran 'yan wasan kwallon kafa sun taka leda a kasashen waje tun daga shekara ta 2004 a Netherlands, Spain da Luxembourg.
Hoton kungiya
Laƙabi An san kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Cape Verde ko kuma aka yi mata lakabi da Filin wasa na gida Tawagar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Cape Verde na buga wasanninta na gida. Sakamako da gyare-gyare Mai zuwa shine jerin sakamakon wasa a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata, da kuma duk wasu wasannin gaba da aka tsara.
Ana nuna sashe na sakamako a cikin baka.
labari
Rikodin kowane lokaci Key
Ma'aikatan koyarwa
Ma'aikatan horarwa na yanzu
Tarihin gudanarwa Luana Siqueira (20??-yanzu)
'Yan wasa
Kiran baya-bayan nan An gayyaci 'yan wasa masu zuwa zuwa tawagar Cape Verde a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata.
Rubuce-rubuce 'Yan wasa masu aiki a cikin ƙarfin hali, ƙididdiga daidai kamar na 8 Satumba 2021.
Most appearances
Top goalscorers
Rikodin gasa
Gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA
Wasannin Olympics
Gasar Cin Kofin Mata na Afirka *Jana'izar sun hada da wasan knockout da aka yanke akan bugun fanareti Wasannin Afirka
Rikodin gasar cin kofin mata na WAFU
Girmamawa
Nahiyar
Yanki
Duba kuma Tawagar ƙwallon ƙafa ta maza ta Cape Verde
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
16159 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela%20Okorie | Angela Okorie | Angela Okorie ‘yar fim din Najeriya ce. A cikin 2015, ta sami lambar yabo ta City People Nishaɗi don Mafi Kyawun Actan Wasan Supportan wasa. An kuma lura cewa ta yi finafinai sama da 100 tsakanin 2009 da 2014.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi Okorie, na uku a cikin yara biyar, an haife shi kuma ya girma a Cotonou, Jamhuriyar Benin Tana karatun zane-zane a Jami’ar Legas Ta kuma halarci Jami’ar Jihar Legas, inda ta karanci harkokin mulki Ita ‘yar asalin Ishiagu ce a karamar hukumar Ivo a jihar Ebonyi Ayyuka Okorie ya tsunduma cikin Nollywood a shekarar 2009, bayan ya shafe shekaru goma yana tallan kamfanin sabulu. Fim dinta na farko shi ne Ikhlasi a shekarar 2009. Stanley Egbonini da Ifeanyi Ogbonna ne suka shirya kuma suka ba da umarni, sannan taurarin suka hada da Chigozie Atuanya, Nonso Diobi, Yemi Blaq da Oge Okoye A cewar Pulse Nigeria, karyewarta cikin shahararren ya zo ne bayan ta yi fice a cikin Maciji Mai Tsarki Ta kuma bayyana burinta na yin rikodin kiɗan bishara a nan gaba. A shekarar 2014, Jaridar <i id="mwJw">Vanguard</i> ta bayyana ta a matsayin daya daga cikin "jarumai mata da ake nema" a cikin Nollywood, haka kuma "fitacciyar 'yar fim" wacce ke fassara matsayin da sauki a jaridar <i id="mwKQ">The Nation</i> Ta kuma bayyana cewa tana da niyyar shiga harkar fim Da take magana kan burinta na kide-kide, ta bayyana cewa ta rubuta wakoki da yawa kuma za ta fitar da kundin wakoki nan ba da jimawa ba, tana mai bayyana waka a matsayin wani abu da ya kasance wani bangare ne na ta. A watan Janairun 2014, an yi mata rikodin cewa ta yi finafinai fiye da 80. A shekarar 2015, ta lashe lambar yabo ta City People Entertainment don Mafi Kyawun Cityan wasa mai tallafawa a cikin fim ɗin Turanci. A watan Agustan 2014, ta yi fina-finai sama da 100 tun daga shekarar 2009. A cikin hirar da aka yi da ita a shekarar 2014, ta bayyana cewa mahaifiyarta ba ta gamsu da aikin ta ba bisa dalilai na addini. Ta kuma bayyana cewa ba za ta yi tsiraici ba tare da la’akari da kudin ba, tana mai bayanin cewa hatta wadanda za ta yi koyi da su a masana’antar Najeriya, kamar Genevieve Nnaji ba ta bukatar zuwa rashin lafiya don zama tauraruwa. Ta kuma ambaci abubuwan da ta yi imani da su na al'adu a matsayin dalilai na sanya tufafin mazan jiya a fina-finai.
Rayuwar kai da ra'ayoyi kan madigo Ta yi aure tare da ɗa. A wata bugawa da jaridar Dailypost ta yi, ta bayyana cewa yawanci tana yin iya kokarinta don raba iyalinta da kafafan yada labarai. Ta kuma karyata jita-jitar rabuwar aurenta. Da take magana a kan madigo a Najeriya, ta bayyana cewa tana adawa da shi, musamman saboda "Al'adarmu ta hana. Laifi ne kuma ba'a san shi ba. Me yasa mace za ta yi soyayya da wata mace? A cikin rubutun 2015, ta raina rawar da kafofin watsa labarun maza ke takawa a cikin dangantaka. Biyo bayan gayyatar da Jami’an DSS suka yi wa Manzo Suleman Johnson, Okorie ya bukaci dukkan Kiristocin da su goyi bayan malamin domin ra’ayinsa ya nuna na akasarinsu. A ranar 25 ga Yulin 2020 Angela Okorie ta sake yin aure, ta yi ƙawancen da ƙaunarta ta sirri, Nwele Michael Chukwudi wanda aka fi sani da Chuchu. Wata 'yar fim din, Chita Agwu Johnson, ta raba hotuna daga neman auren ta yanar gizo. Sun yi bikin aure na rairayin bakin teku a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2020. Bayan 'yan kwanaki kadan, Angela ta mayar da martani ga labarai, ta ce bidiyon waka ce ga sabuwar wakarta mai taken "Baby Chuchu". Ta yi ba'a ga kafofin watsa labarai don faɗar dabarun waƙarta.
Filmography Gaskiya game da (2009)
Sirrin Sirri
Zuciyar bazawara
Tsarkakakken Maciji (tare da Kenneth Okonkwo) (2011)
Royal Vampire Fadar Vampire
Duba kuma Jerin mutanen da suka fito daga jihar Ebonyi
Manazarta Mata
Ƴan Najeriya
Rayayyun |
29901 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gargadin%20girgizar%20%C6%99asa | Gargadin girgizar ƙasa | Tsarin gargadin girgizar kasa ko tsarin gargadin girgizar kasa shi ne tsarin na'urorin gaggawa, seismometers, sadarwa, kwamfutoci, da ƙararrawa waɗanda aka ƙirƙira don sanar da yankunan da ke kusa da wani gagarumin girgizar ƙasa yayin da ake ci gaba. Wannan ba daidai yake da hasashen girgizar ƙasa ba, wanda a halin yanzu ba shi da ikon samar da takamaiman gargaɗin aukuwa.
Lalacewar lokaci da tsinkayar igiyar ruwa Ana haifar da girgizar ƙasa ta hanyar sakin makamashin da aka adana a lokacin da ake zamewa cikin sauri tare da kuskure Zamewar tana farawa ne a wani wuri kuma tana ci gaba da nisa daga ma'aunin zafi da sanyio a kowace hanya tare da saman kuskure. Gudun ci gaban wannan hawayen kuskure yana da hankali fiye da, kuma ya bambanta da gudun sakamakon matsa lamba da igiyoyin shear, tare da matsa lamba yana tafiya da sauri fiye da igiyoyin shear. Raƙuman ruwa suna haifar da girgiza ba zato ba tsammani. Sannan Kuma Ragewar igiyoyin ruwa suna haifar da motsi lokaci-lokaci (kimanin 1 Hz) wanda shine mafi ɓarna ga gine-gine, musamman gine-ginen da ke da irin wannan lokacin resonant. Yawanci waɗannan gine-ginen suna da tsayin benaye takwas. Waɗannan raƙuman ruwa za su yi ƙarfi a ƙarshen zamewar, kuma suna iya aiwatar da raƙuman ruwa masu lalata da kyau fiye da gazawar kuskure. Ƙarfin irin waɗannan tasirin nesa ya dogara sosai kan yanayin ƙasa na cikin yankin kuma ana la'akari da waɗannan tasirin wajen gina ƙirar yankin wanda ke ƙayyade martanin da suka dace ga takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru.
Tsaron wucewa Ana aiwatar da irin waɗannan tsarin a halin yanzu don tantance dai-dai lokacin da ya dace ga wani taron da ma'aikacin jirgin ƙasa ya yi a cikin tsarin dogo na birane kamar BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit). Amsar da ta dace ta dogara da lokacin faɗakarwa, yanayin dama na gida da kuma saurin jirgin na yanzu.
turawa Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, Japan da Taiwan suna da nagartattun tsarin gargadin girgizar kasa a duk fadin kasar. Sauran ƙasashe da yankuna suna da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tsarin faɗakarwar girgizar ƙasa, gami da Mexico Tsarin faɗakarwar girgizar ƙasa ta Mexiko ya ƙunshi yankuna na tsakiya da kudancin Mexico ciki har da Mexico City da Oaxaca iyakokin yankuna na Romania gadar Basarab a Bucharest), da wasu sassan Amurka. An shigar da tsarin gano girgizar ƙasa na farko a cikin 1990s; alal misali, a California, tsarin tashar kashe gobara ta Calistoga wanda ke haifar da sirin kai tsaye a duk faɗin birni don faɗakar da mazauna yankin gaba ɗaya game da girgizar ƙasa. Wasu sassan kashe gobara na California suna amfani da na'urorin gargaɗinsu don buɗe kofofin da ke kan tashoshin kashe gobara kai tsaye kafin girgizar ƙasa ta kashe su. Yayin da yawancin waɗannan yunƙurin na gwamnati ne, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da yawa kuma suna kera na'urorin gargaɗin girgizar ƙasa don kare ababen more rayuwa kamar lif, layukan iskar gas da tashoshin da ake kashe gobara.
Kanada A cikin shekarata 2009, an shigar da tsarin faɗakarwa da wuri mai suna ShakeAlarm kuma an ba da izini a Vancouver, British Columbia, Kanada An sanya shi don kare wani muhimmin kayan aikin sufuri mai suna George Massey Tunnel, wanda ya haɗu da arewa da kudancin kogin Fraser. A cikin wannan aikace-aikacen tsarin ta atomatik yana rufe ƙofofin a mashigin ramin idan akwai haɗarin girgizar ƙasa mai haɗari. Nasarar da amincin tsarin ya kasance kamar na shekarata 2015 an sami ƙarin kayan aiki da yawa a gabar tekun yamma na Kanada da Amurka, kuma akwai ƙarin shirye-shiryen.
Japan An yi amfani da tsarin gargaɗin farko na girgizar ƙasa a Japan a cikin shekarata 2006. An shigar da tsarin da ke gargadin jama'a a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, shekarar 2007. An ƙirƙira shi wani ɓangare akan Tsarin Gaggawar Girgizar Kasa da Tsarin Ƙararrawa (UrEDAS) na Layukan dogo na Japan, wanda aka ƙera don ba da damar birki ta atomatik na jiragen ƙasa harsashi An yi amfani da bayanan gravimetric daga girgizar ƙasa na shekarar 2011 Tōhoku don ƙirƙirar samfuri don ƙarin lokacin faɗakarwa idan aka kwatanta da ƙirar girgizar ƙasa, yayin da filayen nauyi ke tafiya cikin saurin haske, da sauri fiye da raƙuman ruwa.
Mexico The Mexican Seismic Alert System, in ba haka ba da aka sani da SASMEX, ya fara aiki a cikin shekarata 1991 kuma ya fara ba da sanarwar jama'a a shekarata 1993. Gwamnatin Mexico City ce ke ba da kuɗin, tare da gudummawar kuɗi daga jihohi da yawa waɗanda suka karɓi faɗakarwa. Da farko yana hidimar birnin Mexico tare da na'urori masu auna firikwensin guda goma sha biyu, tsarin yanzu yana da na'urori masu auna firikwensin 97 kuma an tsara shi don kare rayuka da dukiyoyi a yawancin jihohin tsakiya da kudancin Mexico.
Amurka Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayin Kasa ta Amurka (USGS) ta fara bincike da haɓaka tsarin faɗakarwa na farko ga Tekun Yamma na Amurka a cikin Agusta shekarata 2006, kuma tsarin ya zama abin nunawa a cikin Agusta shekarar 2009. Bayan matakai daban-daban na haɓakawa, sigar 2.0 ta ci gaba da rayuwa yayin faɗuwar a shekarata 2018, yana ba da damar tsarin "isasshen aiki da gwadawa" don fara Mataki na 1 na faɗakar da California, Oregon da Washington Ko da yake ShakeAlert zai iya faɗakar da jama'a tun daga Satumba 28, shekarata 2018, saƙonnin da kansu ba za a iya rarrabawa ba har sai daban-daban masu zaman kansu da na jama'a na rarrabawa sun kammala aikace-aikacen wayar hannu kuma sun yi canje-canje ga tsarin faɗakarwar gaggawa daban-daban. Tsarin faɗakarwa na farko a bainar jama'a shine ShakeAlertLA app, wanda aka saki a Sabuwar Shekara ta Hauwa'u a shekarata 2018 (ko da yake an faɗakar da shi kawai don girgiza a yankin Los Angeles A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, Na shekarar 2019, Cal OES ta ba da sanarwar fitar da tsarin rarraba faɗakarwa a duk faɗin jihar a California, ta amfani da aikace-aikacen hannu da tsarin Faɗakarwar Gaggawa (WEA). California tana nufin tsarin su azaman Tsarin Gargaɗi na Farko na Girgizar Ƙasar California. An kaddamar da tsarin rarraba faɗakarwa a duk faɗin jihar a Oregon a ranar 11 ga Maris, a shekarata 2021 da kuma a cikin Washington a ranar 4 ga Mayu, shekarata 2021, yana kammala tsarin faɗakarwa na Tekun Yamma.
Tsarin duniya
Cibiyar Sadarwar Girgizar Kasa A cikin Janairu shekarar 2013, Francesco Finazzi na Jami'ar Bergamo ya fara aikin bincike na Cibiyar Girgizar Kasa wanda ke da nufin haɓakawa da kiyaye tsarin faɗakarwar girgizar ƙasa mai cike da jama'a dangane da cibiyoyin sadarwar wayar hannu. Ana amfani da wayoyi masu wayo don gano girgizar kasa da girgizar kasa ta janyo kuma ana yin gargadi da zarar an gano girgizar kasa. Ana iya faɗakar da mutanen da ke zaune a wani wuri mai nisa daga girgizar ƙasa da kuma wurin ganowa kafin a kai su ga mummunar girgizar ƙasar. Mutane za su iya shiga cikin wannan aiki ta hanyar shigar da aikace-aikacen Android "Cibiyar Girgizar Kasa" a kan wayoyinsu na zamani. Ka'idar tana buƙatar wayar don karɓar faɗakarwa.
MyShake A cikin Fabrairu shekarata 2016, da Berkeley Seismological Laboratory a Jami'ar California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) ya saki MyShake mobile app. Ka'idar tana amfani da ma'aunin accelerometer a cikin wayoyi don yin rikodin girgiza da mayar da wannan bayanin zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje. An shirya cewa za a yi amfani da bayanan don ba da gargaɗin farko a nan gaba. UC Berkeley ta fitar da sigar ka'idar ta harshen Jafananci a cikin Mayu shekarata 2016. Ya zuwa Disamba shekarata 2016, app ɗin ya kama kusan girgizar ƙasa 400 a duk duniya.
Tsarin Faɗakarwar Girgizar Ƙasar Android A ranar 11 ga Agusta, shekarata 2020, kamfanij Google ya ba da sanarwar cewa tsarin aikin sa na Android zai fara amfani da na'urori masu sauri a cikin na'urori don gano girgizar kasa (da aika bayanan zuwa uwar garken gano girgizar kasa na kamfanin). Kamar yadda miliyoyin wayoyi ke aiki akan Android, wannan na iya haifar da babbar hanyar gano girgizar ƙasa a duniya. Da farko dai tsarin ya tattara bayanan girgizar kasa ne kawai kuma bai bayar da sanarwa ba (sai dai a gabar tekun Yamma na Amurka, inda ya ba da sanarwar da tsarin ShakeAlert na USGS ya bayar ba daga na'urar ganowa ta Google ba). Bayanan da na'urorin Android suka tattara an yi amfani da su ne kawai don samar da bayanai masu sauri game da girgizar kasa ta hanyar Google Search, ko da yake an shirya shi don ba da faɗakarwa ga sauran wurare da yawa bisa iyawar Google na ganowa a nan gaba. A ranar 28 ga Afrilu, shekarata 2021, Google ya sanar da fitar da tsarin faɗakarwa zuwa Girka da New Zealand, ƙasashe na farko da suka karɓi faɗakarwa dangane da iyawar Google na gano kansa. An ƙara faɗakarwar Google zuwa Turkiyya, Philippines, Kazakhstan, Jamhuriyar Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan da Uzbekistan a watan Yuni 2021.
BudeEEW A ranar 11 ga Agusta, shekarata 2020, Linux Foundation, IBM da Grillo sun ba da sanarwar tsarin farko na buɗe tushen girgizar ƙasa da wuri, tare da nuna umarnin don seismometer mai rahusa, tsarin gano gajimare, dashboard da aikace-aikacen hannu. Wannan aikin yana samun goyon bayan USAID, Clinton Foundation da Arrow Electronics Tsarin gargaɗin farko na girgizar ƙasa na wayowin komai da ruwan ya dogara ne da ɗimbin hanyar sadarwa na masu amfani da ke kusa da yankin girgizar ƙasa, yayin da OpenEEW ta mai da hankali maimakon samar da na'urori masu araha waɗanda za a iya tura su a yankuna masu nisa kusa da inda girgizar ƙasa za ta iya farawa. Duk abubuwan da ke cikin wannan tsarin buɗaɗɗe ne kuma ana samun su akan ma'ajin GitHub na aikin.
Kafofin watsa labarun Shafukan sada zumunta irin su Twitter da Facebook na taka rawar gani a lokacin bala'o'i. Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayin Kasa ta Amurka USGS ta binciki haɗin gwiwa tare da shafin yanar gizon Twitter don ba da damar yin saurin gina ShakeMaps.
Duba wasu abubuwan Injiniyan girgizar kasa
Shirye-shiryen girgizar ƙasa
P-launi
Seismic sake fasalin
Gargadin Farkon Girgizar Kasa (Japan)
Tsarin Faɗakarwar Seismic na Mexica
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gargaɗi na Farko na Girgizar ƙasa Cibiyar Fasaha ta California
Hanyoyin Sadarwar Bayesian don Rarraba Girman Girgizar Kasa a cikin Tsarin Gargaɗi na Farko
Cibiyar Girgizar Kasa Gidan Yanar Gizon Ayyukan Girgizar Kasa
Gargaɗi na Farko na Girgizar ƙasa don ƙasashe masu tasowa Gidan yanar gizon Grillo
Tsarin Gargaɗi na Farko na Girgizar Ƙasar Buɗewa Gidan yanar gizon BuɗeEEW
Ruwa
Ambaliya
Gargadi
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