Datasets:

WikiQuality

/

unique_words_hi

like 0

9215

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Aan%20Nijeriya

Ɗan Nijeriya

Ɗan Najeriya Namiji/'Yar Nijeriya mace, 'Yan Nijeriya, ko Mutanen Nijeriya mutane ne dake zama a Nijeriya ko kuma suke da tarihin kakanninsu daga Nijeriya. Nigeriya na tattare da al'ummomi, da kabilu da al'adu daban-daban kuma Kalmar ta Ɗan/Yar/Mutanen Nijeriya na alakanta yan ƙasar ne, kamar yadda dokan tabbatacin zama dan ƙasa ya nuna. Nigerians derive from over 250 ethnic groups and languages. Dukda akwai al'ummu daban-daban a Nijeriya, Harkokin neman kudi yataka muhimmin rawa wurin yawace yawacen al'ummu daban-daban mabanbanta addini wurin yawo daga wannan bangare zuwa wata bangaren, daga Nijeriya, wanda yasamar da haduwa da cakudewar mutanen, musamman wadanda suke zaune a birane sune abun yafi shafa. Sama da kashi 50 na Mutanen Nijeriya Muslimai ne wanda sauran kashin na kasa da 50 akwai Kirista da masu bin addinin gargijiya da sauransu. Yan Nijeriya mutane ne da suke daga alummu da addini daban-daban kasantuwar kasar an kirkire ta ne sanadiyar mulkin mallaka na turawa da Daular Biritaniya wanda bata da wani alaka da kabila ko addinin wurin mulkin ta. Akwai manyan kasashe dake da tarihi a Nijeriya wadanda sun taimaka wurin kasancewar Nijeriya ta hannun Sarakuna da irin dokoki da yanayin tsarin harajinsu, da kuma amfani da addini wurin yardar da kafin Sarakan da hadin kan jama'arsu. Arewacin Nijeriya takasance tasamu canji a al'adunta ta irin canjin da musulunci yakawo a Yankin, da samun manyan daulolin kasashen Musulunci a yankin. Daular Kanem-Bornu da Masarautar Sokoto sunkasance manyan kasashen Musulunci a tarihin Arewacin Nijeriya. Kudancin Nijeriya a tarihi suma sunada daulolin kasashe masu kafi kamarsu Daular Benin da Daular Oyo, kasashen Ife da wasu daga cikin kasashen Yarbawa. Al'adun Nijeriya was profoundly affected by the British colonial rule. Such as British colonial authorities' denouncements and attacks upon polygamy, trial by ordeal, and certain types of sacrifices. At the same time, British colonial authorities maintained and promoted traditional Nigerian culture that strengthened colonial administration. The British spread Christianity throughout southern Nigeria and Christian missionaries assisted British authorities in establishing a Western-style education system in Nigeria that resulted in the teaching of the English language in Nigeria and its subsequent adoption as Nigeria's main language. The British replaced unpaid household labour with wage labour. Prior to colonization in the twentieth century, Nigeria's tribes usually possessed the land as a community, such that land could not be bought or sold. Colonization brought the notion of individuals owning land and commercialization of land began. In Nigeria a majority of seventy percent of Nigerians live in villages of two types: the first type used by the Igbo and Tiv involves a collection of dispersed compounds, the second type used amongst the Hausa, Yoruba, and Kanuri involves nucleii of compounds. These villages compose members of the ethnicity-related through ancestry as well as strangers who have been assimilated into the ethnicity. Since the time prior to colonization to the present it has been common practice of Nigeria's tribes to adopt strangers into the tribes. A male elder commonly serves as a village chief. A manyan biranen Nijeriya, there is substantial intermingling of Nigerians with foreigners, especially Europeans, Lebanese, and Indians. The economic importance of Nigeria's cities has resulted in migrations of people from their traditional ethnic or cultural homeland to cities outside those territories. Igbo and Ibibio people have commonly migrated to Lagos and many southerners migrate to the north to trade or work while a number of northerner seasonal workers and small-scale entrepreneurs go to the south. Ethnic, religious, and regional disputes and tensions have commonly divided Nigerians on political issues. In particular, cultural and political divisions between the Muslim north and the Christian south has politicized religion and caused significant political disputes in Nigeria. Ethnic-motivated and religious-motivated violence by extremists has increased these tensions as well. Dukda dai, anrika samun wasu masu saurin ra'ayi, yan'Nijeriya sun cigaba da zama lafiya a tsakanin su, and a common Nigerian identity has been fostered amongst the more-educated and affluent Nigerians as well as with the many Nigerians who leave small homogeneous ethnic communities to seek economic opportunities in the cities where the population is ethnically mixed. Although there are cultural divisions amongst Nigerians, Nigerians commonly use the English language as their primary language. Also, most Nigerians share a strong commitment to individual liberties and democracy. Even during periods of military rule, such military governments were pressured to maintain democratic stances by the Nigerian people. Nigeria's political figures commonly know multiple indigenous languages outside their own indigenous language. Manazarta

35233

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%E2%80%94Danforth

Toronto—Danforth

Toronto-Danforth (tsohon Broadview—Greenwood gundumar zaɓe ta tarayya ce a cikin Ontario, Kanada, wacce ke da wakilci a cikin House of Commons na Kanada tun 1979. Ya ta'allaka ne ga gabashin Downtown Toronto Shahararren dan majalisar ta shi ne shugaban New Democratic Party (NDP) kuma jagoran 'yan adawa Jack Layton Toronto—Danforth ya ƙunshi ƙabilu iri-iri, waɗanda suka haɗa da manyan al'ummomin Girkanci, Sinawa, Musulmai da Kudancin Asiya. Tana da kaso mafi girma na kabila na Girka a cikin duk abubuwan hawan Toronto (7.3%). A tarihi, hawan ya karkata zuwa hagu, musamman tun 1990s. Galibin zabukan dai na faruwa ne tsakanin jam'iyyar NDP da kuma jam'iyyar Liberal Party Ko da ƙarshen rarrabuwar ƙuri'a a tsakiyar dama, masu ra'ayin mazan jiya kusan babu su a cikin hawan; babu wani dan takarar jam'iyyar Conservative da ya haye kashi 15 cikin dari. Jam'iyyar NDP ta gudanar da hawan keke na tsawon shekaru tara na farkon wanzuwarta kafin Liberal Dennis Mills ya lashe kujerar a 1988 kuma ya rike ta a tsawon tsawon lokacin mulkin Liberal na fage na tarayya. Layton ne ya kwance shi a cikin 2004, wanda a baya ya yi takara da Mills a 1997 Layton ya rike kujerar har zuwa mutuwarsa a ranar 22 ga Agusta, 2011. Kujerar ta kasance babu kowa har sai da zaben fidda gwani na ranar 29 ga Maris, 2012, wanda dan takarar jam'iyyar NDP kuma lauyan kare hakkin dan Adam Craig Scott ya lashe. Duk da haka, Scott ya sha da kyar a hannun Liberal Julie Dabrusin a zaben 2015 a wani babban tashin hankali. Alkaluma Bisa ga ƙidayar Kanada 2016 2013 wakilci Ƙungiyoyin kabilanci: 65.2% Fari, 12.3% Sinawa, 5.0% Baƙar fata, 2.3% Filipino, 2.0% Aboriginal, 1.4% Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, 1.3% Latin Amurka, 1.7% Mahara</br> Harsuna: 67.7% Turanci, 6.3% Cantonese, 4.5% Girkanci, 2.6% Faransanci, 2.3% Mandarin, 1.4% Mutanen Espanya, 1.2% Tagalog, 1.1% Italiyanci</br> Addinai (2011): 48.7% Kirista (19.0% Katolika, 9.9% Kirista Orthodox, 4.7% Anglican, 3.5% United Church, 1.4% Presbyterian, 1.5% Pentecostal, 10.2% Sauran), 4.6% Buddhist, 4.4% Muslim, 1.9 Bayahude, 1.0% Hindu, 38.4% Babu addini</br> Matsakaicin kudin shiga (2015): $35,056</br> Matsakaicin samun shiga (2015): $54,560 Tarihi An halicci hawan a cikin 1976 a matsayin "Broadview-Greenwood" daga sassan Broadview da York East da wani karamin ɓangare na Greenwood Ya ƙunshi farkon ɓangaren Municipality na Metropolitan Toronto wanda ke iyaka da kudu ta hanyar Queen Street East, a yamma da Kogin Don, kuma a gabas da arewa ta layin da aka zana arewa daga titin Queen Street tare da Jones Avenue, gabas tare da Gerrard. Titin Gabas, arewa tare da Greenwood Avenue, yamma tare da O'Connor Drive, arewa tare da Titin Don Mills zuwa Kogin Don. A cikin 1987, an sake fasalinta ta ƙunshi ɓangaren birnin Toronto da Gundumar Gabashin York wanda ya yi iyaka da yamma ta Kogin Don, kudu da titin Sarauniya, kuma a gabas da arewa ta layin da aka zana daga tafkin arewa tare da titin Leslie, gabas tare da titin Sarauniya Gabas, arewa tare da Greenwood Avenue, gabas tare da Danforth Avenue, arewa tare da Coxwell Avenue da Coxwell Boulevard, da yamma tare da Taylor Creek da reshen Gabas na Don River zuwa Kogin Don. A cikin 1996, an ayyana shi ya ƙunshi sassan Birnin Toronto da Gundumar Gabashin York arewa tare da Leslie Street, gabas tare da titin Sarauniya Gabas, arewa tare da Greenwood Avenue, gabas tare da titin Gerrard Gabas, arewa tare da Coxwell Avenue da Coxwell. Boulevard, yamma tare da Taylor Creek, Kogin Don River Gabas da Kogin Don, arewa maso yamma tare da titin Millwood, kudu maso yamma tare da layin dogo na Kanada Pacific da iyakar gabashin birnin Toronto, kudu tare da Kogin Don zuwa Toronto Harbour. An canza sunan gundumar zaɓe a shekara ta 2000 zuwa "Toronto-Danforth" bisa shawarar Dennis Mills, dan majalisar wakilai mai hawa. ‘Yan kasar da dama sun ji haushin sauya sunan da aka yi musu, musamman saboda rashin bayyana ra’ayin jama’a kan lamarin. Layton ya nemi shigarwar unguwa don wani canjin suna zuwa hawan, amma ba a canza sunan ba. A cikin 2003, an ba ta iyakokinta na yanzu, wanda ya ƙunshi ɓangaren birnin Toronto wanda ke iyaka da kudu ta tafkin Ontario da Toronto Harbour, a gabas ta hanyar Coxwell da Coxwell Boulevard, a arewa ta Taylor Creek da Don. Reshen Kogin Gabas, kuma a yamma ta Kogin Don. Wannan hawan bai canza ba bayan sake rarraba zaɓe na 2012 Tsoffin iyakoki 'Yan Majalisa Wannan hawan dokin ya zabo 'yan majalisa kamar haka: Sakamakon zabe Toronto-Danforth, 2000-yanzu Lura: Canji daga 2000 don manyan jam'iyyu uku ya dogara ne akan sakamakon sake rarrabawa. Canjin Jam'iyyar Conservative ya dogara ne akan jimillar ƙuri'un Kanadiya Alliance da Ƙuri'un Jam'iyyar Conservative Party. Lura: An kwatanta ƙuri'ar Alliance ta Kanada da ƙuri'ar gyara a zaɓen 1997. Broadview-Greenwood, 1976-2000 Lura: An kwatanta fitacciyar ƙuri'ar ɗan takarar Progressive Conservative Peter Worthington da jimillar kuri'un da aka kada a zaɓen 1982 wanda ɗan takarar PC Bill Fatsis ya samu da Mista Worthington yana takara ba tare da alaƙa ba. Duba kuma Jerin gundumomin zaben tarayya na Kanada Gundumomin zaben Kanada da suka gabata Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Broadview—Greenwood federal riding history from the Library of Parliament Toronto—Danforth federal riding history from the Library of Parliament Campaign expense data from Elections Canada Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

51758

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamil%20Sahid%20Mohamed%20Khalil

Jamil Sahid Mohamed Khalil

Jamil Sahid Mohamed Khalil (1936 2000) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan Saliyo da Lebanon, ɗan kasuwan lu'u-lu'u da kayayyaki. Ya yi kuma fice a masana'antar lu'u-lu'u a fadin Afirka da Antwerp kuma ya zama mai tasiri a siyasar Saliyo ta hanyar kusancinsa da Shugaba Siaka Stevens. Jamil kuma ya zo ya mamaye sauran sassan kasuwanci da suka hada da kamun kifi, gine-ginen yawon bude ido da sufurin jiragen sama. A shekara ta 1987, shi da wasu fitattun 'yan siyasa, ciki har da mataimakin shugaban kasa Francis Minah, an kama su, an same su da laifi kuma an yanke musu hukuncin kisa a cikin yunkurin kisa da bai yi nasara ba kan Shugaba Joseph Momoh. Jamil ya tsere kuma an kore shi daga Saliyo. Ya koma Freetown kafin ya sake barin ta a shekarar 1999 RUF mamayewa. Ƙuruciya An haifi Jamil a Freetown a shekara ta 1936 mahaifiyarsa 'yar Saliyo ce mahaifinsa kuma ɗan Lebanon. Sana'a Jamil Sahid Mohamed Khalil ya gina dimbin arzikinsa ta hanyar fitar da lu'u-lu'u zuwa Antwerp a shekarun saba'in da tamanin. Za a iya cewa shi ne dan kasuwan Lebanon mafi nasara a yammacin Afirka. A sakamakon ayyukansa, an dauke shi daya daga cikin mafi arziki kuma mafi iko a Afirka tare da shugaban kasar Siaka Stevens. Ƙungiya tare da Siaka Stevens Jamil ya sami ruhun dangi a cikin Shugaba Siaka Stevens wanda yake da sha'awar yin amfani da albarkatun zinare da lu'u-lu'u na Saliyo don amfanin kansa. A zamanin Saliyo bayan mulkin mallaka, haɗin gwiwar Siaka Stevens da Jamil Sahid Mohamed Khalil zai yi tasiri sosai kan manufofin gwamnati. Dukansu biyu za su, na ɗan lokaci, su ƙidaya kansu a cikin manyan attajiran Afirka. Hadin gwiwar Stevens da Jamil abu ne mai dacewa. Stevens ya sami dama amma a matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa an hana shi shiga kasuwanci. Jamil ya zama mai cin gajiyar kleptocracy da Shugaba Siaka Stevens ya kafa. Gudanar da harkokin kudi na shugaban kasa ya sa ya zama mutum na biyu mafi karfin iko a Saliyo. Tare suka jefa tattalin arzikin al'ummar kasa mai tasowa cikin rudanin tattalin arziki. Jamil ya ƙarfafa Stevens ya haɗa kansa da al'ummar 'yan kasuwa na Lebanon waɗanda ke sarrafa wani yanki na cinikin lu'u-lu'u na hukuma kuma suna gudanar da yawancin cinikin lu'u-lu'u da ba na hukuma ba. Stevens ya goyi bayan safarar lu'u-lu'u ba bisa ka'ida ba, ta yadda a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 1969, darajar dala miliyan 3.4 da gwamnatin Saliyo ke samar da lu'u-lu'u a kowane wata ya ɓace, bisa ga umarnin Stevens da Jamil. Shugaban ya bai wa Kamfanin Kasuwancin Jamil na kasa ikon shigo da kayayyaki sama da tamanin da bakwai. ya kau da kai yayin da Jamil ya zama na gaba-gaba wajen safarar kayan masarufi da ma’adanai na kasar nan, inda ya tara sama da dala miliyan 300. An yi wa Jamil baftisma da "Diamond King". A shekara ta 1971 shugaban ya kawo karshen mulkin mallaka na De Beers bisa bukatar Jamil, wanda ya riga ya sami nasarar samun kashi 12% na rangwamen. A shekara ta 1984 Jamil ya sayi ragowar hannun jari daga De Beers. Wannan shi ne karon farko da De Beers ya taba yin rashin nasara a Afirka. Tommy Taylor-Morgan, Ministan Kudi, ya yi gargadin cewa Saliyo na yin asarar sama da dalar Amurka miliyan 160 na kudaden shigar lu'u-lu'u a duk shekara saboda safarar lu'u-lu'u. Cin hanci da rashawa da fasa kwauri sun kai matsayin da samar da lu'u-lu'u a hukumance ya ragu sosai. A shekara ta 1985 kudin kasar, Leone ya ragu da kusan kashi 60 cikin 100 kuma kudin waje ya yi karanci. Tsakanin shekarun 1968 zuwa 1985 Stevens da Jamil sun yi nasarar kashe kudaden Saliyo har sai da suka mayar da daya daga cikin manyan masu samar da lu'u-lu'u da zinare a matsayin kasa mafi talauci a duniya. A cikin bayanin Jamil, C. Magbaily Fyle a cikin littafinsa "Historical Dictionary of Sierra Leone," ya rubuta cewa "A karshen shekarun 1970, Jamil ya kasance yana rinjayar gwamnati da nadin ministoci, kuma yana jin tsoro, tsoro ko sha'awar, ya danganta da haka. hasashe na mai kallo." A shekara ta 1978, Kamfanin gine-gine na kasa da kasa, wani kamfani na gine-gine mallakin Jamil ya ba da kwangilar gina gidan shugaban kasa ta Shugaba Stevens Wanda yake a saman tsaunin Juba a Freetown kuma ya yi sama da kadada 25, ginin Kabasa Lodge ya dauki watanni biyu kafin a fara ginin. cikakke. An gamada lokacin taron OAU na shekarar 1980. A cikin watan Disamba 1987 Stevens yana London yana murmurewa daga bugun jini. Daga baya ya samu labarin cewa Jamil bai ajiye bangarensa na cinikin ba a tsawon shekarun da suka yi. A gaskiya gidan da Stevens yake zaune, a yammacin London ya kamata Jamil Said ne ya siya masa. Sai ya zama ba haka lamarin yake ba. An ruwaito cewa ya gaya wa Stevens, bai sanya sunansa [Stevens] a gidan don kare shi ba. Stevens ya tunatar da shi cewa shekaru biyu kenan bayan ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa. An ruwaito Stevens ya ba da labarin jikansa da ke zaune tare da shi a gidan kamar haka: "Wannan mutumin ya yi amfani da ni". "Allah ya biya shi" Haɗin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Falasdinu Tasirin Jamil ya yi girma har ya yi nasarar shawo kan wanda aka zaba na hannun Stevens, Shugaba Joseph Saidu Momoh, ya gayyaci Yasir Arafat don ziyarar aiki, bisa ga umurnin abokinsa, Sarki Hussein na Jordan. Makasudin ziyarar Arafat dai ita ce kulla yarjejeniya da Momoh kan gudanar da wani sansanin horar da sojojin Falasdinawa a daya daga cikin tsibiran da ke gabar tekun Saliyo. Arafat ya bai wa Momoh dala miliyan 8 amma a karshe Momoh ya ja baya da matsin lambar kasashen yamma kuma a hukumance ya ce a’a. A maimakon haka, ya ba Jamil damar ci gaba da kiyaye abin da ake kira 500 mai karfi "dakaru na sirri" wanda ya hada da Falasdinawan gudun hijira. Gudun hijira ta biyu Jamil ya tsere daga Saliyo a lokacin da 'yan tawayen RUF suka mamaye Freetown a shekarar 1999. Daya daga cikin ‘ya’yan nasa ya mutu ne sakamakon ta’asar da ‘yan tawayen suka yi, inda aka harbe Jamil a gaban sa, lokacin da ‘yan tawayen suka kai hari a gidansa da ke Freetown. An ce dan ya kai wa mahaifinsa harsashin. Tsohon abokinsa, Kakakin Majalisar Labanon, Nabih Berri ya shirya shi ya tsere zuwa Lebanon a kan fasfo na diflomasiyya. Majalisar dokokin Lebanon. Jamil ya rasu ne sakamakon bugun jini a kasar Lebanon. Duba kuma Diamonds na jini Joseph Saidu Momoh Juyin Juya Hali Siaka Stevens Saliyo Antwerp Manazarta Kara karantawa Child Soldiers, Adult Interests: The Global Dimensions of the Sierra Leonean Tragedy by J. Peter Pham, Ph.D. Blood from Stones: The Secret Financial Network of Terror by Douglas Farah "Freetown Journal; 'Little Beiruts' Multiplying in Africa". New York Times 24 October 1987. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje War and Peace in Sierra Leone: Diamonds, Corruption and the Lebanese Connection Sierra Leone: the world's poorest nation by Elizabeth Vidler, Contemporary Review, January 1993 Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

51883

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airtel%20Africa

Airtel Africa

Airtel Africa plc, wanda aka fi sani da (d/b/a) Airtel, kamfani ne na Burtaniya wanda ke ba da sadarwa da sabis na kuɗi na hannu a kasashe 14 a Afirka, da farko a Gabas, Tsakiya da Yammacin Afirka. Airtel Africa ta fi mallakar kamfanin sadarwa na Indiya Bharti Airtel. Airtel Africa tana ba da sabis na murya da bayanai da kuma sabis na kuɗi na hannu a cikin ƙasa da ƙasa. Airtel Najeriya ita ce mafi yawan riba a Airtel Afirka, saboda shirye-shiryen bayanai masu arha a Najeriya. Ya zuwa Maris 2019, Airtel yana da masu biyan kuɗi sama da miliyan 99 a nahiyar. An jera shi a kan Kasuwancin Kasuwancin London kuma yana cikin FTSE 100 Index. Tarihi Tattaunawar hadewar MTN Group A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008, ya bayyana cewa Airtel yana bincika yiwuwar sayen MTN Group, kamfanin sadarwa na Afirka ta Kudu tare da ayyuka a kasashe 21 a Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Jaridar Financial Times ta ruwaito cewa Bharti tana la'akari da bayar da dala biliyan 45 don hannun jari 100% a MTN, wanda zai zama mafi girman sayen kasashen waje da kamfanin Indiya ya taba samu. Koyaya, bangarorin biyu sun jaddada yanayin gwaji na tattaunawar. Mujallar Economist ta lura, "Idan wani abu, Bharti zai yi aure", kamar yadda MTN ke da ƙarin masu biyan kuɗi, kudaden shiga mafi girma da kuma fadada yanayin ƙasa. Koyaya, tattaunawar ta rushe yayin da MTN Group ta yi ƙoƙarin juyar da tattaunawar ta hanyar sanya Bharti kusan reshe na sabon kamfanin. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009, Airtel ta tabbatar da cewa ta sake tattaunawa da MTN kuma kamfanonin biyu sun amince da tattauna yiwuwar ma'amala ta 31 ga Yuli 2009. Airtel ya ce "Bharti Airtel Ltd yana farin ciki da sanar da cewa ya sabunta kokarinsa na haɗin gwiwa tare da MTN Group". An tsawaita lokacin keɓancewa sau biyu har zuwa 30 ga Satumba 2009. Tattaunawar ta ƙare ba tare da yarjejeniya ba. An gabatar da mafita inda za a lissafa sabon kamfanin a kan musayar hannun jari 2, daya a Afirka ta Kudu kuma daya a Indiya. Koyaya, dokar Indiya ba ta ba da izinin lissafin kamfanoni biyu. Samun Zain Afirka A watan Yunin 2010, Bharti ya kulla yarjejeniya don sayen ayyukan Zain na wayar hannu a kasashe 15 na Afirka don dala biliyan 8.97, a cikin sayen Indiya na biyu mafi girma a kasashen waje bayan sayen Amurka na dala biliyan 13 na Corus a 2007. Bharti Airtel ta kammala sayen a ranar 8 ga Yuni 2010, wanda ya sa Airtel ya zama mai ɗaukar mara waya na biyar mafi girma a duniya ta hanyar masu biyan kuɗi. Airtel ta ba da rahoton cewa kudaden shiga na kwata na huɗu na 2010 sun karu da kashi 53% zuwa dala biliyan 3.2 idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata. Sabon rukunin Afirka da aka samu ya ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 911 ga jimlar. Koyaya, ribar riba ta ragu da kashi 41% daga dala miliyan 470 a cikin 2009 zuwa dala miliyan 291 a cikin 2010 saboda karuwar dala miliyan 188 a cikin cajin bakan rediyo a Indiya da kuma karuwar dala dala miliyan 106 a cikin bashin bashi. Sabuntawa A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 2010, Airtel ta sake sanya kanta a Indiya a matakin farko na dabarun sake fasalin duniya. Kamfanin ya bayyana sabon tambarin tare da 'airtel' da aka rubuta a cikin ƙananan shari'a. An tsara shi ta kamfanin dillancin labarai na London, The Brand Union, sabon tambarin shine harafin 'a' a cikin ƙananan kalmomi, tare da 'airtel' da aka rubuta a cikin ƙananan rubutu a ƙarƙashin tambarin. Samun Warid Uganda Airtel ta sami kasuwancin Uganda na Warid a cikin 2013. Samun Telecom Seychelles A ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2010, Bharti Airtel ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta sami kashi 100% a cikin Telecom Seychelles don dala miliyan 62 da ke ɗaukar kasancewarta a duniya zuwa ƙasashe 19. Telecom Seychelles ta fara aiki a cikin 1998 kuma tana aiki da 3G, Fixed Line, jirgin ruwa zuwa sabis na tauraron dan adam, tsakanin sabis ɗin da aka kara da ƙima kamar VSAT da Gateways for International Traffic a fadin Seychelles a ƙarƙashin alamar Airtel. Kamfanin yana da sama da kashi 57% na kasuwar wayar hannu ta Seychelles. Airtel ta sanar da shirye-shiryen saka hannun jari na dala miliyan 10 a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta wayar salula a Seychelles a cikin shekaru uku, yayin da kuma shiga cikin aikin kebul na Seychelles na Gabashin Afirka (SEAS). Shirin SEAS na dala miliyan 34 yana da niyyar inganta haɗin duniya na Seychelles ta hanyar gina hanyar haɗi mai sauri mai nisan kilomita 2,000 zuwa Dar es Salaam a Tanzania. Samun Tigo Rwanda Bharti Airtel ta sami lasisi don gudanar da ayyukan wayar hannu ta Hukumar Kula da Ayyuka ta Rwanda a watan Satumbar 2011. Airtel Rwanda Limited ta ƙaddamar da ayyuka a ranar 30 ga Maris 2012. Airtel ta sanar da cewa ta cimma yarjejeniya tare da mai fafatawa Millicom don samun cikakken iko da Tigo Rwanda a farashin da aka ruwaito na dala miliyan 60-70 a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2017. Samun ya sanya Airtel ta biyu mafi girma a cikin kamfanin wayar hannu a Rwanda tare da kashi 40% na kasuwa. Kamfanin ya yi aiki a matsayin Airtel-Tigo bayan hadewar, har sai an sake masa suna Airtel Rwanda a watan Janairun 2020. IPO Bharti Airtel ta sanar a ranar 4 ga Yuni 2019 cewa za ta nemi tara dala miliyan 750 ta hanyar gabatarwar jama'a ta farko ga Airtel Africa wanda za a jera kamfanin a kan Kasuwancin London. Kasashen aiki Airtel Africa tana aiki a cikin ƙasashe masu zuwa: Ayyuka na baya Burkina Faso da Saliyo Airtel ta fara aiki a Burkina Faso da Saliyo bayan ta sami ayyukan Zain na Afirka a watan Yunin 2010. Kamfanin Airtel da kamfanin sadarwa na Faransa Orange S.A. sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya a watan Yulin 2015 don siyar da ayyukan tsohon a Burkina Faso, Saliyo, Chadi da Congo-Brazzaville ga na ƙarshe. A watan Janairun 2016, Airtel ta ba da sanarwar cewa ta shiga yarjejeniya don sayar da ayyukanta a Burkina Faso da Saliyo ga Orange. Ba a bayyana darajar yarjejeniyar ba, amma masu sharhi sun kiyasta cewa ya zama dala miliyan 800-900. Yarjejeniyar kan sayar da aiki a Chadi da Congo-Brazzaville ta ɓace. Orange ta dauki iko da ayyukan a Burkina Faso a watan Yunin 2016 da Saliyo a watan Yulin 2016. Ghana Airtel ta fara aiki a Ghana bayan ta sami ayyukan Zain na Afirka a watan Yunin 2010. A ranar 4 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, Airtel da Millicom International Cellular sun amince da hada ayyukansu a Ghana (Airtel Ghana Ltd da Tigo Ghana Ltd) don ƙirƙirar kamfanin wayar hannu na biyu mafi girma a kasar, tare da kamfanonin biyu da ke riƙe da daidaito a cikin mahaɗin. A ranar 27 ga Oktoba 2020, Airtel ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana shirin fita daga kasuwancin ta a Ghana, kuma ta shiga cikin "matakan tattaunawa" don sayar da hannun jari a AirtelTigo ga Gwamnatin Ghana. An sayar da AirtelTigo Ghana a watan Oktoba 2020 ga gwamnatin Ghana don dala miliyan 25. Ɗaya daga cikin Cibiyar sadarwa One Network cibiyar sadarwar wayar hannu ce wacce ke bawa abokan ciniki na Airtel damar amfani da sabis ɗin a kasashe da yawa a farashi ɗaya kamar cibiyar sadarwarsa ta gida. Abokan ciniki na iya sanya kiran fita a daidai adadin da hanyar sadarwar su ta gida, kuma kiran da ke shigowa kyauta ne. As of 2021 2021[update], ana samun sabis ɗin a Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Chadi, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Congo Brazzaville, Gabon, Indiya, Kenya, Madagascar, Nijar, Najeriya, Rwanda, Seychelles, Saliyo, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Uganda, da Zambia. Kashi na sayarwa na Airtel Money A watan Maris na 2021, Airtel Africa ta sayar da wani ɓangaren 'yan tsiraru da ba a bayyana ba na kasuwancin ta na Airtel Money, ga kamfanin TPG Capital mai zaman kansa na San Francisco, a farashin kwangila na dala miliyan 200. TPG tana saka hannun jari a cikin kasuwancin Airtel Money na Airtel Africa, ta hanyar reshen ta, Asusun Arise Ba da daɗewa ba, a farkon Afrilu 2021, Airtel Africa ta sayar da ƙarin ɓangaren ƙarancin Airtel Money ga Mastercard don dala miliyan 100. Manazarta Kamfanoni Kamfanoni da ke Jihar Legas Kamfanoni a Najeriya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

51167

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankin%20ECOWAS%20don%20Zuba%20Jari%20da%20Ci%20Gaba

Bankin ECOWAS don Zuba Jari da Ci Gaba

Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID) babban bankin saka hannun jari ne na yanki da ci gaba, mallakar kasashe goma sha biyar na Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) wato, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Nijar, Najeriya, Senegal, Saliyo da Togo. EBID ta himmatu ga tallafawa ayyukan ci gaba da shirye-shiryen da ke rufe shirye-shirye daban-daban daga ababen more rayuwa da abubuwan more rayuwa na asali, ci gaban karkara da muhalli, masana'antu, da bangarorin sabis na zamantakewa, ta hanyar masu zaman kansu da na jama'a. EBID ta shiga tsakani ta hanyar rance na dogon lokaci, matsakaici, da gajeren lokaci, shiga cikin daidaito, layin bashi, sake biyan kuɗi, ayyukan injiniyan kuɗi, da kuma ayyukan da suka shafi. EBID ta fito ne a matsayin ƙungiyar banki (ƙungiyar EBID) bayan canjin tsohon Asusun hadin gwiwa, biyan kuɗi da ci gaban Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka (Asusun ECOWAS) a cikin 1999. An kafa Asusun ECOWAS a cikin 1975 a lokaci guda da tsohon Babban Sakatariyar Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka (Hukumar ECOWES ta yanzu) kuma ta fara aiki a cikin 1979. EBID ta fara aiki a cikin 1999 a matsayin kamfani mai riƙewa tare da rassa biyu na musamman: Asusun Ci gaban Yankin ECOWAS (ERDF) don tallafawa bangaren jama'a; da Bankin Zuba Jari na Yankin ECOWAS (ERIB) don tallafawa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. A shekara ta 2006, Hukumar ECOWAS ta Shugabannin Jihohi da Gwamnati sun amince da sake tsara kungiyar EBID a cikin ƙungiya ɗaya tare da windows guda biyu: ɗaya don inganta kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ɗayan kuma, don haɓaka ɓangaren jama'a don fadada ayyukan Bankin zuwa ga masu ruwa da tsaki da ke da hannu a cikin ayyukan ci gaban tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa a matakan ƙasa da yanki. Bankin yana aiki a karkashin sabon tsari tun watan Janairun 2007. Hedikwatar Bankin tana cikin Lomé, Jamhuriyar Togo. Manufa da Manufofin Manufar EBID ita ce ta ba da gudummawa wajen kirkirar yanayin da zai iya inganta fitowar Afirka ta Yamma mai karfi da tattalin arziki, masana'antu da wadata wanda aka haɗa shi sosai a ciki, da kuma cikin tsarin tattalin arzikin duniya don amfana da kuma amfani da damar da duniya ta bayar. Ta hanyar Dokokin Tarayyar Bankin yana da niyyar: Taimaka don cimma burin al'umma ta hanyar tallafawa ayyukan ababen more rayuwa da suka shafi hadin kan yanki ko duk wani ayyukan ci gaba a bangarorin jama'a da masu zaman kansu; da Taimaka wajen ci gaban al'umma ta hanyar tallafawa shirye-shirye na musamman. Yanayi don shiga tsakani Masu cin gajiyar shiga tsakani na EBID Kasashen membobin ECOWAS ko hukumomin su; Kamfanoni na jama'a, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da kamfanonin kamfanoni masu haɗin gwiwa na ECOWAS Member States; Cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi na cikin gida; Kungiyoyin kamfanoni daga kasashe membobin ECOWAS ko daga ƙasashen waje da ke son saka hannun jari a yankin ECOWES, a bangarorin da ke cikin wuraren shiga tsakani na EBID. Shirye-shiryen da Gudanarwa Kungiyoyin yanke shawara na EBID Kwamitin Gwamnoni Kwamitin Darakta Shugaban kasa Kwamitin Gwamnoni shine mafi girman yanke shawara kuma yana da ayyukan kulawa kan gudanarwa da gudanarwa na Bankin. Kwamitin Daraktoci yana da alhakin ayyukan Bankin gaba ɗaya. Shugaban kasa yana da alhakin gudanar da yau da kullun na EBID kuma an bayyana ikonsa a cikin Dokokin Bankin. Shugaban yana da taimakon Mataimakin Shugaban kasa guda biyu wato, Mataimakin shugaban kasa na kudi da ayyukan kamfanoni da Mataimakin Shugaba na Ayyuka. Yankunan shiga tsakani Ayyukan aiki na EBID an yi niyya ne don kafa tushe don ci gaba mai ɗorewa na Kasashen membobin al'umma ta hanyar tallafawa ayyukan yanki da na ƙasa (na jama'a da masu zaman kansu). Bankin yana aiki da farko a cikin yankuna masu zuwa: Makamashi Sufuri Lafiya Ruwa Kudi Aikin noma Ilimi Masana'antu Hanyoyin Shiga tsakani EBID ta shiga tsakani ta hanyar: Kudin Long, Medium da Short-Term Kasancewa da Adalci Bayar da Lines of Credit da Putting in Place Yarjejeniyar Tsarin don Refincing Batutuwan da Tabbacin Lallafi, Biyan Kuɗi, Biyan da Sauran Tsaro Ayyukan Injiniya da Ayyuka Wasu Muhimman Ayyuka Bankin ECOWAS don Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID) mai hannun jari ne a Ecobank Transnational Inc. da ASKY Airlines. Sauran nasarorin da EBID suka samu sune: Shekaru da yawa na gogewa a cikin kudaden aikin a ciki da tsakanin Kasashen membobin ECOWAS; Babban abokin tarayya don shirye-shiryen haɗin kai na yanki da aiwatar da haɗin gwiwar bangarorin jama'a da masu zaman kansu a cikin Kasashen membobin; Mai gabatar da Asusun Makamashi na Afirka da Sabuntawa (ABREF) yanzu ABREC; Abokin hulɗa da Manajan Asusun Tabbatar da Masana'antu na Al'adu (CIGF). Haɗin gwiwa A cikin ikon kamfanoninsa, EBID tana aiki tare da kungiyoyin ci gaban kasa da na yanki da ke aiki a cikin ECOWAS. Hakazalika, tana aiki tare da wasu kungiyoyin kasa da kasa tare da irin wannan manufa da sauran cibiyoyin da ke da hannu a ci gaban yankin. EBID ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit da Cibiyar Ci gaban Fertilizer ta Duniya a cikin 2019 da 2020 bi da bi don cimma burin gama gari. EBID jas kuma ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Kasuwar Tattalin Arziki da Kudi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU), Afreximbank, Banque Marocaine du Commerce Exterieur (BMCE), Tattalin arzikin OPEC don Ci gaban Duniya (OFID), Kamfanin Ci gaban Masana'antu (IDC), Bankin Larabawa don Ci gaban Tattalin arziki a Afirka (BADEA), Bankin Exim na Indiya, da Bankin Ci gaban Musulunci (IsDB). Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su Hukumomi Ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci a

33703

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirin%20koyarwa%20da%20taimako%20na%20africa

Shirin koyarwa da taimako na africa

Shirin Koyarwa da Taimako na Ayyukan Gaggawa na Afirka ACOTA wanda a da shi ne Shirin Ba da Amsa Rikicin Afirka (ACRI), shirin Amurka ne don horar da masu horar da sojoji da ba da kayan aikin soja na Afirka don gudanar da ayyukan tallafawa zaman lafiya da agajin jin kai. Shirin ACOTA, wanda ya yi nasara a ACRI a shekarata 2004, yana da nufin hadaka karfin sojojin Afirka a fannoni kamar 'yancin dan adam, hulda da gungiyoyin jama'a, dokokin kasa da kasa, kwarewar ma'aikatan soja, da kananan ayyuka. Sama da sojojin Afirka 40,000 ne za a horas da su a aikin wanzar da zaman lafiya cikin shekaru biyar. Shirin Horarwa da Taimako na Ayyukan Gaggawa na Afirka yana da kuma tarihin tallafawa sojojin Afirka wadanda daga baya suka shiga ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya ko tallafawa zaman lafiya a nahiyar. Asusun wanzar da zaman lafiya na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ne ke daukar nauyin shirin. Kafa ACRI A cikin Oktoban shekarata 1996, a lokacin gwamnatin Clinton, Gwamnatin Amurka ta kafa rundunar Amsar Rikicin Afirka (ACRI), don ba da damar mayar da martani kan lokaci kan rikicin bil adama da kuma ba da damar ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya a nahiyar Afirka. Manufar ACRI a nan take ita ce ta kara yawan kasashen Afirka tare da ingantacciyar hanyar mayar da martani ga wanzar da zaman lafiya da kalubalen agaji, ta yadda za a inganta zaman lafiya da zaman lafiya a cikin iyakokinsu da na yankunansu. Babban dalilin kafa kungiyar ACRI a wancan lokaci shi ne yiwuwar yin wani gagarumin kisan kare dangi a Burundi kamar yadda aka yi a shekarar 1994 a kasar Ruwanda Duk da kuma haka, da zarar an kafa ACRI, wadannan kashe-kashen sun ci gaba, duk da haka rundunar ba ta shiga cikin hukuma ba. Har sai da kungiyar ACRI ta maye gurbinta da ACOTA a shekara ta 2004 kuma duk da kisan gillar da ake ci gaba da yi a lardin Darfur na kasar Sudan, gwamnatin Amurka ba ta taba tura dakarun ACRI ba don dakatar da kisan kiyashi a Afirka. Duk da kuma kasidun da aka kafa ACRI da suka yi kira da a kai agajin jin kai a Afirka, babu wani mataki da aka dauka. Rigingimu Mummunan hasarar da sojojin Amurka suka yi a Somaliya ya yi tasiri wajen samar da kungiyar ta ACRI. A shekara ta 1992, bayan faduwar gwamnatin Siad Barre, Kasar Amurka ta zabi shiga tsakani na soji wanda ta sanya wa suna Restore Hope amma aikin ya karu a lokacin da aka mayar da hankali daga taimakon jin kai zuwa wani yunkuri na sake fasalin gwamnatin Somaliya. A shekara ta 1993 bayan yakin Mogadishu (1993), wanda aka nuna a cikin littafi da fim din Black Hawk Down, an dauki manufa a Somalia a matsayin kasa. An caccaki gwamnatin Clinton game da sakamakon wannan aiki, musamman saboda shawarar yin watsi da yankin kafin kammala ayyukan jin kai da tsaro, da kuma rashin sanin barazanar da mayakan Al-Qaida ke yi a Somaliya da ma muradun tsaron Amurka. a gida. Wannan baƙar magana ita ce Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta matsa wa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya lamba game da tsoma baki a kisan kiyashin Rwanda na shekarata 1994 Duk da cewa tashin hankalin da ya mamaye jaridun duniya, gwamnatin Amurka ta ki amincewa da cewa an yi kisan kare dangi. Shugabannin Afirka ciki har da shugaban Afirka ta Kudu Nelson Mandela sun dauki kafa kungiyar ACRI a matsayin wani yunkuri na wulakanci da Amurka ta yi na inganta martabarta bayan kisan kiyashin da aka yi a Rwanda {Asar Amirka da ta kasance a shirye ta tara Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don dakatar da kawar da kabilanci a Bosnia na Turai, kuma ta tabbatar da cewa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba ta aika da sojoji don kawo karshen kisan kare dangi na Rwanda a shekarar 1994 Kungiyar hadin kan Afrika OAU ta kira wani kwamitin kwararru domin gudanar da bincike kan kisan kiyashin da aka yi a kasar Ruwanda. Kuma Sun kammala da cewa a lokacin yakin basasa an yi kisan kare dangi, kuma sun yi nuni da yadda ake jure wa kisan kiyashi da shugabannin Afirka ke yi. Kuma Ta hanyar sanya wa rahotonsu suna "Rwanda: The Preventable Genocide", kwamitin ya nuna Amurka da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin alhakin wannan bala'i. Shugabannin yankin irin su Michel Micombero na Burundi da Idi Amin na Uganda da Sarkin Afirka ta Tsakiya Bokassa da Mobutu na Zaire sun ba da gudummawa kai tsaye da kuma a fakaice wajen fara yaki da kisan kare dangi ta kuma hanyar daukar matakin nuna halin ko-in-kula ga shawarar da gwamnati ta aiwatar da aikata laifuka wadda ta yi amfani da su. tatsuniyoyi na asalin Tutsi da Hutu. Kasashe masu shiga Abokan huldar ACOTA 25 sun hada da Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Saliyo, Afrika ta kudu, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, da Zambia. Duba wasu abubuwan Shirin wanzar da zaman lafiya a Afirka Kara karantawa Manazarta Wannan labarin ya gunshi rubutun yankin jama'a daga gidajen yanar gizon gwamnatin Amurka. GlobalSecurity.org Kayan aikin Sojojin Afirka da Amurka ta horar da su don zaman lafiya, Linda D. Kozaryn, Sabis na Bayanin Sojojin

30364

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binciken%20muhalli

Binciken muhalli

Binciken muhalli lakabi ne na sana'a a cikin fa'idar binciken, wanda aka fi sani da masu yin aikin a matsayin masu binciken muhalli. Masu binciken muhalli suna amfani da dabarun binciken don fahimtar tasirin abubuwan da ke tattare da muhalli kan gidaje da cigaban gine-gine, da kuma tasirin da cigaban gidaje da gine-gine da za su yi a kan muhalli. Ayyukan sana'a Haƙiƙanin ayyukan da suka haɗa aikin yau da kullun na mai binciken muhalli ya bambanta daga mai binciken zuwa mai binciken da kuma daga aiki zuwa aiki. Kuma Masu binciken muhalli guda biyu na iya samun sana'o'i waɗanda suka ƙunshi ayyuka na ƙwararru daban-daban dangane da yankinsu da ayyukansu na ƙwarewa. A cikin ma'ana mafi mahimmanci, fannin binciken muhalli ya bambanta da na shawarwarin muhalli Sannan Kuma Masu ba da shawara kan muhalli na iya samun ɗan ci gaba tare da aikin masu binciken muhalli, amma ƙila su zama memba na ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru daban-daban kuma suna iya aiwatar da ayyukan da ba su shafi muhallin da aka gina ba. Suna iya alal misali suna da hannu tare da arboriculture ƙayyadaddun abin da ke faɗuwa daga aikin masu binciken muhalli. Ko da yake ana amfani da sharuɗɗan a wasu lokuta musanya, kuma ayyuka sukan yi amfani da kalmar masu ba da shawara idan aikin yana neman babban tushe na abokin ciniki fiye da yadda za a jawo hankalin zuwa tsantsar aikin Sayen Muhalli. Babban wuraren aiki Manyan wuraren aiki na masu binciken muhalli a Burtaniya sun haɗa da: Kimar haɗarin ambaliya Wannan shine don tantance yadda yuwuwar gini ko ginin da aka tsara zai yi ambaliya. Kuma Idan ana tunanin ginin yana cikin haɗari zai sami sunan ko dai Band 1 (200: 1 damar ambaliya a cikin shekara) Band 2 (tsakanin 200: 1 da 75: 1 damar ambaliya kowace shekara) ko Band 3 (mafi girma) fiye da damar 75:1 na ambaliya a kowace shekara, a halin yanzu ana tunanin zai kai kusan kashi 4% na kadarorin haɗarin ambaliya a Burtaniya). Ƙimar gurɓataccen ƙasa Ana gudanar da binciken gurɓataccen ƙasa don tantance matakin barazanar da ke tattare da gine-ginen da ake da su. Ana iya gurɓatar ƙasa idan tana kan ko kusa da wurin da ake amfani da shi a halin yanzu ko a baya don dalilai na masana'antu ko zubar da shara. Irin waɗannan binciken sun kasance wani ɓangare na ƙwazo wanda dole ne a yi kafin a fara gini ko gyara wani kadara ta ƙasa. Sannan Kuma Duka lokacin da kuma bayan gini, binciken gurɓataccen ƙasa zai iya zama muhimmiyar mahimmanci wajen sanar da dabarun sarrafa haɗari. Binciken muhalli Bayar da taƙaitaccen bayani game da haɗarin muhalli da aka gabatar ga ci gaban ƙasa na yanzu ko da aka tsara. Kuma Binciken na iya taimakawa samun hoto na: ko dukiyar da ake magana a kai ta lalace ta hanyar lalata ko a'a, ko kayan na iya zama mai saurin kamuwa da iskar gas, kusancin wuraren zubar da sharar lasisin gwamnati da kuma tantance raunin albarkatun ruwa na kadarorin. zuwa gurbacewa. Kima hadarin gobara Duk wuraren aiki a Burtaniya dole ne su sami kimar haɗarin gobara. Kuma An tsara tantancewar ne domin sanin abin da zai iya tayar da gobara, da yadda za a iya tunkarar gobarar da kuma tabbatar da cewa ma’aikatan za su samu isassun gargadi game da gobara, da fita daga ginin da kuma wurin da za a taru daga baya. Binciken Asbestos- Saboda asbestos abu ne mai hatsarin gaske ga lafiyar ɗan adam, ana sarrafa amfani da shi sosai. Kasashe 52 a duniya yanzu sun haramta wannan abu. Abun da Tarayyar Turai ta haramta, ban da amfani da shi a cikin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun aikace-aikacen masana'antu. Saboda yawan amfani da shi a cikin masana'antar gine-gine kafin a hana, yawancin gine-ginen da ake da su sun ƙunshi asbestos da wuraren da gine-ginen ya kasance a baya sun kasance sun gurɓata da shi. Kuma A saboda wannan dalili gine-gine na iya buƙatar binciken asbestos don sanin matakin amfani da abun da kuma matakin gurɓata wurin da wannan ya haifar. Dabaru Masu Binciken Muhalli suna amfani da dabaru iri-iri don tantance yanayin muhallin yanki da tattara rahotanninsu. Ana zana bayanan tarihi daga taswirori da tsofaffin bayanan binciken don tabbatar da ainihin iyakokin dukiya, kuma ana amfani da su don ganin ko an sami wani gurɓatawar tarihi ko zubar da shara a wurin. Samfuran Ruwa yana ba masu Binciken Muhalli damar samun hoto na ingancin da matakan gurɓata ruwa a wuraren ruwa na gida. Hakazalika da Samfuran Ruwa, ana iya amfani da Samfuran Duniya don tantance matakin gurɓataccen ƙasa a cikin ƙasa. Ana iya amfani da bayanan geometric don kafa wuraren da mai yuwuwa za su iya ambaliya ko lura da yaduwar gurɓataccen abu. Tsarin bayanan ƙasa (GISs) na iya ketare bayanan taswira tare da bayanan ƙididdiga. Sannan kuma Idan mai Binciken Muhalli yana tattara rahoton ambaliyar ruwa don gini kuma yana so ya kafa rashin daidaiton ambaliyar kadarorin a kowace shekara to za su iya ketare wurin wurin da dukiya tare da bayanan kididdiga na tarihi da aka samu kan ambaliya a yankin. Ana iya amfani da Duban Kayayyakin gani idan misali mai binciken yana so ya tabbatar da matakin gurɓacewar asbestos ga wani kadara. Kuma Ana iya haɓaka wannan ta ko gabatar da ita dangane da tarin Ma'aikatan da aka tsara A cikin ƙasar Burtaniya da ma a cikin sauran ƙasashe da yawa a duniya, ana kallon karramawar da Cibiyar Kula da Masu Sa ido ta Sarauta (RICS) ta yi a matsayin bayar da babban ma'auni na ƙwararru, da kuma ba da garantin inganci a cikin ayyukan masu binciken membobinta. Masu Binciken Muhalli sun kafa ƙungiyar ƙwararru guda ɗaya a cikin RICS kuma an jera su a cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙasarsu. Kuma Don cimma matsayin mai binciken muhalli mai hayar, dole ne dan takarar ya wuce tantance cancantar kwararru (APC). Wannan ya ƙunshi kammala aikin aikin da aka tsara da kuma samar da rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce a matsayin shaida na ayyukan da aka yi a lokacin wannan aikin aikin. Sannan A karshe dole ne dan takarar ya ci jarrabawar baka na tsawon awa daya. Ana buƙatar duk masu binciken ba tare da la'akari da filin su ba don nuna ƙwarewar RICS ƙwararrun ƙwarewa, sannan su ci gaba don nuna ilimin ƙwarewa a cikin takamaiman filayen su. Ƙwarewar musamman ga binciken muhalli sun haɗa da: dorewa gurɓataccen ƙasa kimanta muhalli nazarin muhalli hanyoyin dakin gwaje-gwaje sarrafa yanayin yanayi da shimfidar wuri A wajen Burtaniya, wasu ƙungiyoyin ƙwararrun na iya bayar da daidaitattun ƙididdiga don nuna ƙwararrun masu binciken muhalli. Manazarta http://www.environmental-surveyors.com/ http://www.dunsinsurveyors.co.uk/ http://www.kernon.co.uk/ http://www.rics.org/ https://web.archive.org/web/20100415133429/http://www.geomatics-group.co.uk/GeoCMS/Homepage.aspx http://www.envirosurvey.co.uk/ Hanyoyin haɗi na waje http://www.rics.org/uk http://www.rics.org/environment Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

25733

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAA%20%28band%29

AAA (band)

AAA Toripuru Ē, wanda ke nufin Attack All Around. kungiya ne na mawaka pop mutum 5 'yan kasar Japan wanda sukayi sa hannu ga Avex Trax wanda suja fara waka a Satumba shekara ta 2005. Sunansu na nufin cewa zasu iya yin karo da kowanne irin cikas, sannan kungiyar tana wasa harkokin wakokinta da sunan kamfanin kasuwanci na "super performance unit". Tarihi An kafa ƙungiyar ta hanyar binciken Avex kuma da farko ya ƙunshi samari biyar da 'yan mata uku waɗanda suka yi aiki a cikin tallace -tallace kuma suna da ƙwarewar zama masu raye -raye na sauran taurarin Japan, irin su Ayumi Hamasaki da Ami Suzuki. 2005 2006: Kwanaki na farko da halarta na farko Da farko an shirya AAA ta zama ƙungiya mai membobi shida. Da farko, ya haɗa da membobi maza biyar Takahiro Nishijima, Naoya Urata, Shuta Sueyoshi, Shinjiro Atae, Mitsuhiro Hidaka, da Misako Uno a matsayin mace ɗaya tilo. Daga baya Avex ya yanke shawarar ƙara ƙarin membobi mata biyu, Yukari Goto sannan Chiaki Ito. Dukkanin su takwas sun shiga hukumar ta hanyar tantancewa kuma sun sami horo a cikin Avex Artist Academy, cibiyar horar da gwanin rikodin. Kamar yadda aka shirya waƙoƙin Jini a kan Wuta da Jam'iyyar Juma'a kafin halartan su na membobi shida, ana jin 'yan matan biyu ne kawai a cikin ƙaura. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2005, Avex bisa hukuma ya ba da sanarwar farkon ƙungiyar tare da membobi bakwai (ban da Ito), kuma memba mafi tsufa Urata a matsayin jagora. AAA sun fara ayyukan su a matsayin ƙungiya a watan Mayu. A ranar 15 ga Yuni, an kara Ito cikin kungiyar. AAA ya yi muhawara a ranar 14 ga Satumba na waccan shekarar tare da Jini a kan Wuta kuma an karɓe su da kyau saboda waƙar da ake amfani da ita azaman taken taken fim ɗin <i id="mwHQ">Farko-D</i> A cikin shekarar su ta farko, sun karɓi "Kyautar Kyauta mafi Sabuwa" a lambar yabo ta rikodin Japan ta 47 Daga watan Satumba zuwa Disamba sun fitar da guda ɗaya kowane wata tare da littafin hoto da kundi na farko, <i id="mwJQ">Attack</i>, a cikin Janairu na shekara tab 2006. Tare da duk sakewa da ayyukan talla, ƙungiyar ba ta da lokacin yin waƙoƙin su kai tsaye. Koyaya, yayin da kowane ɗayan mawaƙa ya magance nau'ikan daban -daban, sun yi kyau sosai akan jadawalin. A watan Yunin na shekara ta 2006, kulob din AAA na fan fansa "AAA Party" ya buɗe ƙofofinsa. Uno, jagorar mawaƙa, ta yi tauraro tare da Sarah Michelle Gellar a cikin sigar Hollywood na The Grudge 2 wanda aka buɗe a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Oktoba na shekara ta na shekara ta 2006. Bayan fitar da ƙaramin faifan "All/2" a ranar 13 ga Satumba, na shekarra ta 2006, AAA ta fito da faifan studio na biyu All a ranar 1 ga Janairu, na shekara ta 2007. Ban da sabbin waƙoƙi guda uku, waƙoƙin da ke kan "Duk" an riga an sake su azaman marasa aure tare da bidiyon kiɗa a cikin shekara ta 2006. Tallace -tallacen kundin ya kasance nasara duk da ƙasa da wanda ya gabace shi Attack 2007–2009: Haɗin Media da aiki A cikin shekara ta 2007, AAA tana da wani jigon waƙar jigo tare da Kamen Rider Den-O, Tsallake Tsallake wanda suka fito a matsayin guda ɗaya a ƙarƙashin sunan wucin gadi "AAA Den-O Form". Guda ɗaya ya siyar da kyau kuma ƙungiyar masana'antar Rikodi ta Japan (RIAJ) ta ba da tabbacin Zinare don jigilar mawaƙa guda 100,000 da zazzage waƙoƙin sautin ringi guda 100,000 kowannensu, yana mai da su mafi nasara har zuwa yau. Membobin kungiyar a hankali sun fara zurfafa shiga ayyukan yin aiki, suna ba su karin haske. An ɗaure waƙarsu ta 14 "Kuchibiru Kara Romantica/Wannan Dama ce" tare da wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin mai suna Delicious Gakuin, wanda taurarin membobin Nishijima da Atae suka yi. A ranar 11 ga Yuni,acikin shekara ta 2007, an ba da sanarwar cewa Goto zai bar ƙungiyar har abada, yana ambaton matsalolin lafiyarta da yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan murmurewa. Da tafiyarta, AAA ta zama septet. Ba da daɗewa ba, ƙungiyar ta fara kamfani na farko a ƙasashen waje tare da bayyana a Otakon ackin shekara ta 2007 a Baltimore, Maryland Urata da Ito sun fito a fim a karon farko, Tsibirin Heat wanda ya buɗe a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo 20 Oktoba acikin shekara ta 2007. AAA ta ci lambar farko ta mako -mako Oricon guda ɗaya a cikin sheekara ta 2008 tare da "Mirage", kuma ƙungiyar ta fitar da kundin kundi na farko na Attack All Around Ba su fitar da wani faifan studio na asali a matsayin rukuni na shekara ba, amma membobin maza biyar ɗin sun yi rikodin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin album, Zaɓi shine Naku, kuma sun sake shi a ƙarƙashin sunan AAA a ranar 18 ga Yuni. A watan Oktoba, wasan kwaikwayon serial Mirai Seiki Shakespeare wanda ya kasance sake fasalin wasan kwaikwayo na Shakespeare, ya fara watsa shirye -shiryensa. Duk membobin AAA sun taka manyan haruffa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Nishijima ya kuma nuna sha'awar yin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin shekarar yayin da ya yi wasan kwaikwayo da yawa. Nishijima ya sami matsayinsa na farko a cikin fina -finai, yana wasa da jagora a cikin Bayyanar soyayya, wanda aka saki a cikin Janairu acikin shekara ta 2009. Ayyukansa a cikin fim ɗin sun shahara sosai, wanda ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Sponichi Grand Prix Sabuwar Fuskar Shekara ta 2009 kuma an ba shi suna Mafi kyawun Mawakin Maza a Kyautar Kinema Junpo ta 83. Kungiyar ta fitar da kundi na hudu mai suna DepArture a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu acikin shekara ta 2009, kuma kundin ya hau lamba ta hudu akan jadawalin Oricon, karo na farko da kungiyar ta sami matsayi a cikin manyan biyar don kundin studio. Bayan tsayin matsakaici a cikinshekara ta 2007zuwa ta 2008, AAA ya fara zamanin nasara a cikin shekara ta 2009 tare da kundi na Zuciya da duk waƙoƙin da suka gabata na yin muhawara a cikin manyan ukun. A karo na farko har abada, sun kasance iya bako a kan m music shirin Music Station, yin "Ɓoye Away". "Boye Away" shima ya wakilci wani sabon yanayi na ƙungiyar, yayin da Ito ya fara rera waƙoƙi da yawa, tare da shiga Nishijima, Uno da Urata a matsayin mawaƙa. A ƙarshen shekara, suna fitar da take guda ɗaya mai suna "Tare da Kai" kuma an yi amfani da ita azaman jigon farko na Inuyasha: Dokar Ƙarshe 2010–2015: Yawon shakatawa na Asiya na farko da ranar cika shekaru goma A cikin shekara ta 2010, AAA na biyu A-side 24th guda ɗaya Aitai Riyū/Mafarkin Bayan Mafarki Yume Kara Sameta Yume ya hau kan sigogin mako-mako na Oricon a watan Mayu 2010, ya zama lambarsu ta biyu ɗaya ɗaya akan sigogi. An ƙulla maƙarƙashiyar azaman aikin dawowar mawaki Tetsuya Komuro, wanda ya taimaka wajen haɓaka ɗayan. Saboda shaharar "Aitai Riyū", an gayyace su don yin bayyanar su ta farko akan Kōhaku Uta Gassen a waccan shekarar, tare da haɓaka ƙimar ƙungiyar sosai. A watan Disamba, memba Urata ya fitar da nasa Dream On wanda ke nuna abokinsa mai kyau da kuma alamar Ayumi Hamasaki Guda ɗaya ya kai lamba ɗaya akan sigogin Oricon, yana haɓaka bayanin kansa da na ƙungiyar. Ban da Kira/I4U Komuro ya ci gaba da aiki tare da AAA har zuwa 31 na "Sailing" guda ɗaya. Duk waƙoƙin da ke kan kundi na shida na "Buzz Communication" Komuro ne ya haɗa su. A cikin 2011, sun saki kundi na biyu na tara #AAABEST kuma ya ci gaba da zama mafi kyawun kundin sayar da su a lokacin, haka kuma ya zama kundi na farko na lamba ɗaya a kan sigogin mako -mako na Oricon. Farawa daga "Kira/I4U", ƙungiyar kuma sannu a hankali ta tashi daga matsayin "mawaƙin jagora" kuma an ba da dama daidai waƙa ga duk membobi. Aikinsu na 32 mai suna Still Love You ya nuna ficewa daga Komuro yayin da suka sake yin aiki tare da sauran mawaƙa. A ranar 22 ga Agusta, 2012, AAA ta fitar da faifan "777 -Triple Bakwai don haka mai taken wakiltar membobi bakwai, kundi na bakwai, da bikin shekara bakwai na ƙungiyar tun farkon halarta. A watan Oktoba, sabon salo iri -iri na AAA mai taken AAA no Kizuna Gasshuku ya fara fitowa a talabijin Asahi da YouTube A ƙarshen shekara, an gayyaci AAA don yin wasan kwaikwayo a Kōhaku Uta Gassen na shekara ta uku. A cikin 2013, ƙungiyar ta fara sabon yawon shakatawa na ƙasa mai taken "AAA Tour 2013 Eightth Wonder" a ranar 20 ga Afrilu. Ita ce yawon shakatawa mafi girma mafi girma da ƙungiyar ta yi ƙoƙarin zuwa yau, yana faruwa a wurare 41 tare da kimanin magoya baya 150,000 da ke halarta. A watan Mayu, an ba da rahoton cewa AAA babu Kizuna Gasshuku wanda ya ƙare, ya yi rikodin wasanni sama da miliyan 10 a YouTube, kuma kakar ta biyu ta fara farawa. Bugu da ƙari, a watan Yuli, an ba da sanarwar cewa za a yi kakar wasan kwaikwayo ta uku kuma AAA za ta harbi wasan kwaikwayon a ƙasashen waje a karon farko, a Singapore A ranar 18 ga Satumba, kungiyar ta fitar da kundi na takwas mai taken <i id="mwig">Abun al'ajabi</i> Kundin ya ci gaba da zama kundin AAA na asali na asali na farko zuwa saman sigogin Oricon. Bidiyon kiɗa na ƙungiyar don "Koi Oto zuwa Amazora" ya yi ikirarin zama mafi girman matsayi don yawancin ra'ayoyi a watan Satumba akan YouTube, don rukunin kiɗan Japan. AAA ta rufe shekara ta hanyar yin waƙar a Kōhaku Uta Gassen A ranar 14 ga Janairu 2014, an ba da sanarwar cewa an nada AAA a matsayin jakadun PR don bikin cika shekaru goma sha biyar na anime One Piece, kuma ya ba da sabuwar waƙa mai taken "Tashi!" don jigonsa na buɗewa. A ranar 17 ga Mayu, ƙungiyar ta fara balaguron su na farko a duk faɗin ƙasar, "AAA ARENA TOUR 2014 -Gold Symphony-", babban balaguron su har yanzu tare da kimanta halartar mutane 200,000. AAA ta fito da kundin studio ɗin su na tara, <i id="mwmA">Gold Symphony</i> a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, wanda ya zama kundin studio na asali na farko zuwa saman sigogin Oricon. A ranar ƙarshe ta yawon shakatawa a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, an ba da sanarwar cewa AAA za ta shirya don balaguron Asiya na farko a 2015. A cikin 2015, AAA ta fitar da album ɗin su na 10th Anniversary Best studio, wanda ya ƙunshi mawaƙa, "Zan kasance a can", "Lil 'Infinity" da "Aishiteru no ni, Aisenai". 2016 yanzu: kide kide na farko, tashi Ito da Urata, hiatus A ranar 21 ga Janairu, 2016, sun ba da sanarwar yawon shakatawa na kwanaki 22 mai taken "AAA ARENA TOUR 2016 -LEAP OVER-" don murnar wuce shekaru goma da suka yi a masana'antar. Ya fara ne a ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2016 a MARINE MESSE FUKUOKA An sanar da wasan kwaikwayo na farko na AAA a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 2016 yayin wasan su a OSAKA-JO HALL. Kwanakin rayuwa na musamman sun kasance daga 12th zuwa 13th na Nuwamba 2016 a KYOCERA DOME OSAKA Sun kuma saki na su na 51, “SABO” a ranar 8 ga Yuni, 2016. A rana ta ƙarshe ta -LEAP OVER- Tour, a ranar 24 ga Yuli a SEKISUI HEIM SUPER ARENA, sun ba da sanarwar wasan su na farko na Tokyo Dome wanda ya kasance a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2016. An shirya wakokin kide -kide, ciki har da na Osaka, mai taken "AAA Special Live 2016 a Dome -FANTASTIC OVER-". Sun kuma yi balaguro na Asiya na biyu a ranar 12 ga Agusta, 2016 a Taiwan da ranar 4 ga Satumba, 2016 a Singapore. A ranar 12 ga Janairun 2017 aka sanar da cewa Chiaki Ito zai bar kungiyar a karshen watan Maris saboda ciki da aure. Ito ya auri ɗan shekara 40 wanda ba a san shi ba a watan Disamba 2016. "SIHIRI", na su na ƙarshe a matsayin membobi bakwai, an sake shi a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2017. Bayan guda ɗaya, an fito da cikakken faifan mai taken "HANYAR GIRMA" a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 2017. AAA ta ci gaba da mambobi shida bayan tafiyar Ito. An sake sakin AAA na farko a matsayin membobi shida a ranar 28 ga Yuni, 2017, mai taken "Babu Way Back". A ranar 17 ga Yuni, 2017 a Hiroshima Green Arena, sun fara sabon yawon shakatawa na fagen waka tare da kwanaki goma suna inganta kundin na goma. AAA kuma sun fara balaguron su na farko a kan manyan gidaje huɗu tare da masu halarta 320,000. Ya fara ne a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2017 a Nagoya Dome. AAA sun yi tarurrukan fan na hukuma a karon farko, mai suna "AAA FAN MEETING ARENA TOUR 2018-FAN FUN FAN-". Ya fara ne a ranar 26 ga Mayu, 2018 a OSAKA-JO HALL. A ranar 22 ga Agusta, 2018, AAA ta fitar da kundi na studio na 11 kuma na ƙarshe mai taken "COLOR A LIFE". Sun kuma yi balaguron manyan dome huɗu tare da masu halarta 340,000 don haɓaka kundin. Yawon shakatawa na biyu na dome ya fara ne a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2018 a Tokyo Dome A ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 2019, an kama Urata saboda cin zarafin wata mata mai shekaru 20. Duk da batun, AAA, ba tare da Urata ba, sun fara shirye-shiryen tarurrukan fan da aka shirya da ake kira "AAA FAN MEETING ARENA TOUR 2019-FAN FUN FAN-" da "AAA DOME TOUR 2019 +PLUS" bi da bi. Sun kuma saki na 57 kuma na ƙarshe mai taken "BAD LOVE" a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2019. Bayan kamun, a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2019, Urata ya sanar da cewa zai bar kungiyar. A ranar 15 ga Janairu, 2020, AAA ta ba da sanarwar cewa za su dakatar da ayyukan a ranar 31 ga Disamba don mai da hankali kan ayyukan mutum da rayuwar mutum, tare da babban faifan waƙoƙin tunawa da ranar 15th mai taken "AAA 15th Anniversary All Time Best -thanx AAA lot-" wanda aka saki a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu Za su kuma fara balaguron manyan dome guda shida, na farko a cikin tarihin Jafananci ta ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayon maza da mata, daga ranar 7 ga Nuwamba a MetLife Dome A ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 2020, an ba da sanarwar cewa za a dage balaguron dome zuwa 2021 saboda illar cutar COVID-19 Kodayake, dakatar da ayyukan kungiyar zai ci gaba kamar yadda aka tsara. Membobi Bayanin da aka jera yana kan bayanan martabarsu. Takahiro Nishijima Misako Uno Mitsuhiro Hidaka Shinjiro Ata Shuta Sueyoshi Tsoffin membobi Yukari Goto (2005-2007) Chiaki Ito (2005-2017) Naoya Urata (2005-2019) Binciken hoto Hare -hare (2006) Duk (2007) CCC: Tarin Rufin Kalubale (2007) A kusa (2007) Tashi (2009) Zuciya (2010) Sadarwar Buzz (2011) 777: Sau Uku Bakwai (2012) Abun al'ajabi na takwas (2013) Symphony na Zinariya (2014) AAA Shekarar Shekaru 10 Mafi Kyau (2015) Hanyar ɗaukaka (2017) Launi Rayuwa (2018) Littattafan hotuna Littattafan rukuni Nasarori Kyaututtuka 2005 Mafi kyawun Kayousai Kyautar Sabuwa don "Jini akan Wuta Kyaututtukan Cable na Japan na 38 (Nihon Yusen Taisho) Kyautar Kiɗan Yusen don Jini akan Wuta Kyaututtukan rikodin Japan na 47 Kyautar Sabuwar Kyautar Mawaƙa don Jini akan Wuta 2006 Mafi Kyawun Kayousai Kyautar Mawaƙin Zinariya don "Hurricane Riri, Boston Mari" 2009 Mafi Kyawun Kayousai Kyautar Mawaƙin Zinariya don "Rage ƙasa" 2010 Kyaututtukan Rikodin Japan na 52 Kyautar Aiki Mafi Kyawu don Aitai Riyu 2011 Kyaututtukan Rikodin Japan na 53 Kyautar Kyauta mafi Kyawu don Kira 2012 Kyaututtukan Rikodin Japan na 54 Kyaututtukan Aiki na Musamman don 777 〜Za mu iya rera waƙa! 2013 Kyaututtukan Rikodin Japan na 55 Kyakkyawar Kyautar Aiki don "Koi Oto zuwa Amazora" 2014 Kyaututtukan Rikodin Japan na 56 Kyautar Aiki Mafi Kyawu don "Sayonara No Mae Ni" 2015 Kyaututtukan Rubuce -rubuce na 57 na Japan Kyautar Aiki Mafi Kyawu don "Aishiteru no ni, Aisenai" 2016 Kyaututtukan Rikodin Japan na 58 Kyautar Kyautar Aiki don "Namida no nai Sekai" RIAJ Gold-bokan ayyuka Tsallake Tsallake (kamar AAA DEN-O Form) #AABEST Symphony na Zinare Filmography Iri -iri Tashar A TVK, 2005–2006) Tashar A (TVK, 2008–2009) Nishaɗi na Dōjō NTV, 2010) AAA no Kizuna Gasshuku TV Asahi da YouTube, 2012–2013) AAA no Kizuna Gasshuku 2 (TV Asahi da YouTube, 2013) AAA no Kizuna Gasshuku 3 (TV Asahi and YouTube, 2013–2014) AAA no Onore Migaki (Abubuwan NTT Docomo Sugotoku, 2014) Wasan kwaikwayo Shakespeare Mirai Seiki KTV, 2008–2009) Wani Fuska Sashin Harkokin Laifuka, omotomo Tetsu (TV Asahi, 2012) Fina -finai Akihabara@Deep (2006) Mataki na wasa Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na AAA Bokura no Te (2006) Super Battle Live Delicious Gakuin Bangaihen Delicious 5 Shijō Saidai no Teki (2007) Rediyo AAA no A Ohanashi NBS, 2005–2007) Ikinari! Mokuyoubi: AAA babu wuta ta Radio'n TBC, 2006–2008) Zaman Rediyo: Harin Magana na AAA (JFN, 2007–2009) Hanyoyin waje Shafin Facebook na AAA AAA Official Channel YouTube AAA a Music Japan Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

32641

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Efutu

Mutanen Efutu

Efutu (wanda kuma ake kira Awutu ko Simpafo) mutanen Guang ne na Akanized waɗanda su ne ainihin mazauna Ghana a yau. Sun kafa yankin bakin teku a shekara ta 1390 A.Z. Ana samun Efutu a Awutu, Adina, Senya-Beraku da Winneba (wanda ake kira Simpa) kuma babban aikinsu shine kamun kifi. Kamar yawancin Guans, sun ɗan shiga cikin al'adun Akan mafi girma kuma sun karbi sunayen Akan ta hanyar haɗawa da yakin soja kamar yadda Akan ya kasance mayaka na halitta. Kamar dai mutanen Akuapem na yankin Gabashin Ghana waɗanda wani Akan Abusua (wanda ake kira dangin Asona) ke mulka amma asalin sarakunan Guan nasu ne ke mulki. Sun kuma rungumi (tare da gyare-gyare) fasalin Fante na wasu cibiyoyin Akan da kuma amfani da wasu kalmomin Fante a cikin al'adarsu. Kafin Akanization, an kafa Masarautar Simpa kusan 1400 AD. Shahararren sarkin Efutus shine Omanhene Nana Kwasi Gyan Ghartey I (1666-1712, 1st to bear the Akan Omanhene title). Ya shahara wajen sana’ar kamun kifi, yana da mata har 12, kuma yana da ‘ya’ya sama da shida da kowace mace. Ya taimaka wajen ci gaban garin da al’ummarsa ta hanyar gina gine-gine daban-daban da suka hada da ofishin ‘yan sanda, makarantar sakandare, da dukkan manyan gine-ginen garin. Efutu suna magana da Efutu. Al'umma Mutanen Efutu ’yan uwa ne. Layin maza na ’yan’uwa da ’ya’ya maza ana kiran su Prama (Gidan iyali na maza waɗanda ake yin taro). A Winneba kowane 'yan'uwa maza ko 'ya'ya maza suna da fetish wanda daga ciki ya samo sunansa. Dole ne ɗan asalin Efutu ya fito daga ɗaya daga cikin gidajen uba na asali (Prama). Tana da kauyuka kusan goma sha shida wadanda galibinsu suka kafa a sakamakon noma. Sun hada da: Ekoroful, Ansaful, Ateitu, Gyatakrom, Dawuro Prama, Saakoodo, Nsuekyire, Gyahadze, Gyangyanadze, Sankoro, Tuansa, Kojo Beedu, Atekyedo, Osubonpanyin, New Winneba, New Ateitu. Bikin Akumesi da Bikin Aboakyer Efutu na bikin Akumesi (ban da Winneba da ke bikin Aboakyir). Bikin Akumesi, wanda yayi kama da na Homowo na Ga-Adangmes, ana yin bukin ne don jin yunwa. Bikin Aboakyer Biki ne na farautar bushbuck da mutanen Winneba da ke yankin tsakiyar kasar Ghana suka yi. Sunan Aboakyer yana fassara a matsayin 'farautar nama ko dabba' a yaren Fante kamar yadda mutanen yankin Tsakiya ke magana. Cibiyar bikin shine don tunawa da ƙaura na Simpafo (sunan asalin mutanen Winneba). Mutanen sun yi imanin cewa wani abin bautawa da suka kira Penkye Otu, ya kare su daga duk wani hadari a lokacin hijirarsu da kuma nuna godiyarsu, mutanen sun tuntubi majibincin Allah, wani limamin gargajiya wanda ya kasance mai shiga tsakani tsakanin jama’a da jama’a. allah, don rokon allah ya fi so hadaya. Ga mamakinsu, allahn ya roƙi hadaya ta mutum, wani daga gidan sarauta. An ci gaba da yin wannan hadayar na wasu shekaru amma daga baya aka daina domin mutanen ba sa son hadayu na ’yan Adam. An roƙi Allah ya canja nau’in hadaya, domin sun gaskata cewa sadaukar da sarauta zai iya halaka dangin sarauta daga ƙarshe. Ubangijin kuma ya nemi a kama irin kyanwar daji da ransa a gabatar da shi a wurin ibadarsa. Bayan an gabatar da shi, sai a fille kansa a matsayin hadaya. A kowace shekara ana yin wannan a wani biki. Wasan Farauta An fara farautar wasan ne da Kamfanonin Asafo guda biyu, Tuafo 1 da Dentsfo 2. Mako guda zuwa bikin aboakyer duka na Tuafo 1 da Dentsefo 2 a waje da gumakansu. da kansu.A ranar juma'a zuwa wasan manyan kungiyoyin ansafo guda biyu wato tuafo1 da dentsifo 2 za su yi faretin allolinsu.A ranar Asabar din da za a yi wasan ne kamfanin na asafo biyu za su yi ado dajin don farautar Barewa. Daga nan sai babban hakimin da sauran sarakunansa za su matsa zuwa filin deber don jira rukunin farko don kawo barewa. Manazarta Kabilu a

28312

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsohon%20Gari%20%28Lviv%29

Tsohon Gari (Lviv)

Tsohon Garin Lviv (Ukrainian: romanized: Stare Misto L'vova; Yaren mutanen Poland: Stare Miasto we Lwowie) cibiyar tarihi ce ta birnin Lviv, a cikin yankin Lviv (lardi) a Ukraine, an san shi azaman Tarihi na Jiha. Wuri Mai Tsarki na Architectural a 1975. UNESCO Tun a shekarar 1998, Hukumar Kula da Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNESCO) ta sanya cibiyar tarihi ta Lviv a matsayin wani bangare na "Gidajen Duniya". A ranar 5 ga Disamba, 1998, yayin zama na 22 na kwamitin tarihi na duniya a Kyoto (Japan), an ƙara Lviv cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na UNESCO. UNESCO ta ba da sanarwar mai zuwa inda ta bayyana zaɓin ta: Ƙasar Cibiyar Tarihi ta Lviv ta ƙunshi kadada 120 (kadada 300) na Old Russ da na Medieval na birnin, da kuma yankin St. George's Cathedral a kan St. George's Hill. Wurin ajiyar wuri na Cibiyar Tarihi, wanda aka ayyana ta iyakokin yankin tarihi, ya kai kusan hekta 3,000 (kadada 7,400). Jerin fitattun alamomin ƙasa Bayan abubuwan da aka jera na manyan yankuna uku akwai wasu alamomin tarihi guda 2,007 a cikin yankin Tsohuwar Birni, 214 daga cikinsu ana ɗaukar su a matsayin alamun ƙasa. Pidzamche (Sub-castle) High Castle da Sub-castle unguwa, asalin cibiyar birnin kuma dauke da unguwar Dandalin Tsohon Kasuwar, gidan da aka kiyaye a kango, duk da haka babban yankin na birnin ya fi sani da sunansa. Cocin St.Nicholas, iyali coci na Halychyna (Ruthenian) sarakuna Cocin St.Paraskeva-Praxedia (Barka da Juma'a), ya ƙunshi 1740 inconostasis na coci na Fedor Senkovych Cocin St.Onuphrius da Basilian Monastery, ya ƙunshi zane-zane na Lazar Paslavsky da Modest Sosenko. Cocin St.John the Baptist (yau Gidan kayan gargajiya na Lviv Tsohon relics), an sadaukar da coci ga Hungarian matar Sarki Leo, Constance, 'yar Sarki Béla IV. Cocin Snowy Mary (yau Cocin Our Lady of Perpetual Help), coci na Jamus mazauna birnin Seredmistia (Middletown) Ƙungiyar Dandalin Rynok (Kasuwa), ta ƙunshi Lviv Rathaus (tsakiya) da murabba'in kewayen gidaje da ke kewaye da shi. Ƙungiyar Cocin Assumption, kusa da cocin ya hada da Chapel of Three Prelates da Korniakt's Tower. Ƙungiyar Cocin Armeniya, kusa da cocin ya kuma haɗa da belfry, wani ginshiƙi mai siffar St.Christopher, ginin tsohon bankin Armeniya, fadar babban limamin Armeniya, Benedictine Armenian convent. Ƙungiyar majami'ar Metropolitan na Latin, kusa da babban cocin St. Mary ya hada da Boim Chapel da Chapel na Kampians. Ƙungiyar Monastery na Bernardine (yanzu Cocin St. Andrew), ya haɗa da babban coci, gidan sufi, belfry, rotunda, colon na ado, da bangon tsaro. Ƙungiyar Jesuit Cathedral da Collegium Ƙungiyar Cocin Dominican (yanzu Cocin Mai Tsarki Eucharist), kusa da cocin ya hada da sufi da belfry. Gine-ginen City sun hada da Arsenal City, Hasumiyar Gunpowder, Hasumiyar Turners da Ropemakers, Royal Arsenal, wani shingen katangar tsaro na ƙasa. Gidan Kamfanin Inshorar "Dnister". Cocin St. Yura (St. George), Dragonfighter St. George's Cathedral, kusa da babban coci ya hada da fadar Metropolitan, gidaje masu mahimmanci, belfry, da shinge mai ƙofofi biyu (Kasuwanni da Birane) Tsofaffin wuraren tarihi na Gari waɗanda basa cikin Gidan Tarihi na Duniya Cocin Karmelites, Mara Takalmi (yau Cocin St. Michael) Coci da Nunnery na Karmelites, Mara Takalmi (yau Cocin tsarkakewa) Cocin Poor Clares (yau Gidan kayan gargajiya na Sacral Baroque Sculpture) Cocin St.Martin (yau Baptist Church) Ikilisiyar canji Cocin St.Casimir Lviv gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Opera da Ballet Fadar Potocki, Lviv, a halin yanzu mazaunin shugaban Ukraine Kasuwancin Kayayyakin Kayayyaki Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Description at the website of the Institute of History of the NANU Mayor of Lviv Sadovy wants the sanctuary to be discontinued (ZIK May 17, 2010) The city council is unaware of the sanctuary (ZIK February 1, 2011) Information on a book about the sanctuary published in 1979 Illustrated map of the

16030

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel%20Onwe

Emmanuel Onwe

Emmanuel Onwe lauya ne, mai rajin kare hakkin dan adam, marubucin jaridar, kuma tsohon dan majalisar dattawan Najeriya A yanzu haka kwamishinan yada labarai ne a jihar Ebonyi ta Najeriya.Hakanan shi ne ya kafa kuma mamba a kungiyar Njiko Igbo Movement Onwe ya goyi bayan bukatar nuna gaskiya da sake fasalin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa ba tare da siyasa ba a Najeriya. Ya bayyana cewa rikice-rikicen cikin gida na ci gaba da gurgunta gwamnati, wanda, "idan ba a yi hankali ba, na iya haifar da gurguntar kasa da kuma mummunan mutuwar fatan." Fage da ilimi An haifi Onwe a jihar Ebonyi Ya yi karatun sa na farko a wurin Our Lady of Fatima (wacce daga baya aka sauya mata suna zuwa Primary School) da ke Ikwo da kuma makarantar Sakandaren Presbyterian, Abakaliki a jihar Anambra Onwe ya karanci karatun lauya a makarantar koyar da ilimin tattalin arziki ta London wato London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), inda ya samu digiri na farko. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya shiga jami'ar Kwalejin Landan, inda ya fara karatun digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a. Onwe ya samu horo a matsayin lauya a Inns of Court School of Law a London. An shigar da shi a cikin kungiyar Inns of Court School of Law a cikin 1999 kuma an kira shi zuwa English Bar. Yayinda yake a Inns of Court School of Law, Onwe ya sami lambar yabo Daga baya yaci gaba da shiga camba a gurare biyu a karamin guri ake london Asalin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu Onwe ya yi aiki da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, Y-Care International, Friends of the Earth da Amnesty International A Y-Care International, ya yi aiki babba kan tattarawa da isar da kayan agaji ga wadanda abin ya shafa na kisan kiyashin Ruwanda a 1995. Amnesty International, ya yi aiki a sashin kamfen kuma ya nuna sha'awa ta musamman ga kamfen din kungiyar a kan batutuwan da suka hada da hukuncin kisa da kuma yakin 1991 da 1992 a kan kungiyar masu tayar da kayar baya ta Maoist Sendero Luminoso Shining Path a Peru A wannan lokacin, Onwe ya halarci taron tarihi na Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam a Vienna, Austria a watan Yunin 1993. Taron ya ba da sanarwar Vienna da Shirye-shiryen Aiki kan 'Yancin Dan Adam. A matsayin share fage ga taron, Onwe ya rubuta wata makala da aka buga a cikin New Internationalist a watan Yunin 1993, wanda ya ɗaukaka ƙa'idar duniya da rashin rarrabuwa a kan batun alaƙar al'adu da fifikon haƙƙin ɗan adam. Onwe ya kasance memba na kungiyar kafa Yanci ta kasar Ingila tare da Dakta Amazu Anthony Asouzu. Bayan ya shiga kungiyar Labour ta Burtaniya a 1992, ya yi aikin yakin neman zabe na 'yan majalisa Bernie Grant da Paul Boateng tsakanin 1992 da 2005. Dukansu Grant da Baoteng duk sun kasance mambobi ne na dogon lokaci a Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya. Harkar siyasa Onwe ya dawo Najeriya ne bayan nasarar da ya samu a aikin lauya a kasar Ingila don neman kujera a majalisar dattijai don wakiltar Ebonyi ta Tsakiya a babban zaben 2007 a karkashin jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP). Duk da cewa Onwe ne ya ci zaben, amma daga baya zai kwashe kusan shekaru 3.5 a gaban kotu kafin ya samu nasarar kwato masa wa’adi. A ranar 16 ga Yulin 2010, Kotun Daukaka Kara a Enugu ta goyi bayan daukaka kararsa tare da bayyana cewa shi ne dan takarar da ya cancanta ya wakilci Ebonyi ta Tsakiya, tare da umartar Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta ba shi Takardar Shaida Komawa, amma sai aka kwashe mako biyu ana gwabzawa kafin hukumar ta bi hukuncin.Bayan yunkurin da bai yi nasara ba har sau uku, daga karshe Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa David Mark ya ba Onwe damar rantsar da shi a matsayin sanata a ranar 10 ga Agusta 2010.Koyaya, a cikin Janairun 2011, Kotun Koli ta Najeriya ta soke nasarar Onwe a kotun daukaka kara. Onwe ya bayyana a wancan lokacin cewa hukuncin ya saba wa Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya, wanda ya hana hurumin Kotun Koli game da batun koke-koken zabe, yana mai cewa: “Akwai mummunar barna a zuciyar hukuncin Kotun Koli. Karbar ikon kotun a kan wannan lamari ba ya da goyon baya daga wata doka guda daya a kundin tarihin dokokinmu. A 'yan makonnin farko da zama sanata, Onwe ya dauki nauyin wasu shawarwari, ciki har da kudirin da ke karfafa wa Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan gwiwa da ya maida hankali kan tattara bayanan sirri a matsayin babban makamin yaki da ta'addanci bayan fashewar bam a Abuja a yayin bikin murnar bikin. bikin cika shekaru hamsin da samun ‘yancin kan Najeriya a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2010. Onwe ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin PDP ya kuma yi takara a zaben fidda gwani na kujerar Sanata a Ebonyi ta Tsakiya a watan Janairun 2011. Zaben keta da aka ruwaito yadu a kafofin watsa labarai, lamarin da ya Onwe su kauracewa sakamakon, inda ya bayyana cewa tsarin da aka "cikakken kunya ga mulkin demokra] iyya," kuma nuna cewa ya ji kunya in ciki "irin wannan kasar da cewa kira kansa mai dimokuradiyya." Onwe ya sake tsayawa takarar sanata a 2011 a karkashin jam'iyyar All Progressives Grand Alliance Tsakanin rabin zaben Majalisar Dokoki a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 2011, Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta dakatar da zaben, saboda rashin dacewar kayan zaben. Sakamakon zaben fitar da gwani ya nuna cewa Onwe ya jagoranci a lokacin da aka dakatar da kada kuri’ar. Onwe ya ki amincewa da shiga zaben da aka sake yi mako daya bayan haka, kuma ya yi kira da a soke sakamakon. Bayan zaben, ya jagoranci zanga-zangar adawa da ‘yan sanda, inda ya zarge su da saukaka magudin zabe da ake zargin ya lalata zaben. ‘Yan sanda sun mayar da martani ta hanyar harba harsasai da hayaki mai sa hawaye a kan taron, wanda ya raunata masu zanga-zangar da dama. Yaƙin neman zaɓen Onwe ya fuskanci cin mutunci da tashin hankali, wanda ya haifar da lalata ofisoshin kamfen ɗin sa, lalata motocin kamfen ɗin sa, sace sace mataimakan sa na kamfen, da kuma kai hari ta zahiri akan wasu waɗanda suka sami raunuka da wuka da harbi. A ranar 29 ga Oktoba 2010, Onwe ya yi iƙirarin cewa rayuwarsa tana cikin haɗari kawai sakamakon burinsa na siyasa.. Rubutawa Onwe kuma marubucin littafin Macizai da Doves ne, wanda aka buga shi a shekarar 2009, kuma marubuci ne a jaridar New Telegraph Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Onwe, Emmanuel, "Wanda ke Amfani da Nijeriya na jefa rayuwar gaba don ƙarin takaddama na baya," Jaridar Manufofin Kasashen waje, http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2013/06/06/who-benefits-nigeria-jeopardizes-the-future -to-kara-muhawara-ta-wuce Samun damar Yuni 2013. Onwe, Emmanuel, "Wancan Mara Taimako, Mai Daɗaɗa zuciya," New Internationalist, Fitowa ta 244, Yuni 1993, www.newint.org/features/1993/06/05/helpless/, An shiga Yuni 2013. Ƴan siyasan Najeriya Pages with unreviewed

42360

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Afar

Mutanen Afar

Afar (Afa: Qafárr), wanda kuma aka fi sani da Danakil, Adali da Odali, ƙabilar Cushitic ce da ke zaune a yankin ƙahon Afirka Suna zaune ne a yankin Afar na Habasha da kuma arewacin Djibouti da kuma gaba ɗayan gaɓar tekun kudancin Eritrea. Afar na magana da yaren Afar, wanda ke cikin reshen Cushitic na dangin Afroasiatic Afar su ne kawai mazauna yankin Kahon Afirka waɗanda yankunan gargajiya suka yi iyaka da Bahar Maliya da Tekun Aden Tarihi Tarihin farko Rubuce rubuce na farko da aka ambato na Afar ya fito ne daga marubuci ɗan Andalus na ƙarni na 13 Ibn Sa'id, wanda ya ruwaito cewa suna zaune a kewayen tashar jiragen ruwa na Suakin, har zuwa kudu zuwa Mandeb, kusa da Zeila An ambaci su lokaci-lokaci a cikin littattafan Habasha, da farko da suka taimaka wa sarki Amda Seyon a yaƙin neman zaɓe bayan kogin Awash, sannan sama da ɗari ɗaya bayan haka lokacin da suka taimaki Baeda Maryama a yaƙin da suke yi da maƙwabtansu, Dobe'a A cewar wani ɗan ƙasar Fotigal na ƙarni na goma sha shida, Francisco Álvares, Masarautar Dankali ta keɓance da Abyssinia zuwa yamma da Adal Sultanate a gabas. Jihohin Aussa A al'adance an tsara al'ummar Afar zuwa masarautu masu cin gashin kansu, kowane Sultan nasa ne ke mulki. Daga cikin su akwai Sarkin Aussa, Sultan na Girrifo, Sultan na Dawe, Sultan na Tadjourah, Sultan na Rahaito, Sultan na Gobaad A cikin 1577, shugaban Adal Imam Muhammed Jasa ya koma babban birninsa daga Harar zuwa Aussa a yankin Afar na zamani. A shekara ta 1647 ne sarakunan Masarautar Harar suka balle suka kafa nasu mulkin. Limamai na Harari sun ci gaba da kasancewa a yankin kudancin Afar har zuwa ƙarni na sha takwas daular Mudaito ta Afar wacce daga baya ta kafa daular Aussa ta kifar da su Alamar farko ta Sultan ita ce sandar azurfa, wanda aka yi la'akari da shi yana da kayan sihiri. Yaƙin Masarawa Daga cikin asusun da wadanda suka tsira da rayukansu suka bayar a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba Werner Munzinger tare da matarsa da yaronsa sun isa Tadjoura tare da gudanar da ayyukansu na buɗe hanyoyin da ke tsakanin Ankober, da Tadjoura don yin mu'amala da Sarki Menelik na Shewa. An kuma umurce shi da ya hade daular Larabawa ta Aussa, da Maris zuwa wasu yankuna kamar Wollo. Sojojinsa sun ƙunshi sojoji 350, bindigogi 2, da rakuma 45. A ranar 14 ga watan Nuwamba da isar Aussa sojojin Masar sun kai farmaki da daddare daga wani adadi mai yawa na kabilar Oromo. Dakarun Afar da na Oromo sun yi nasarar fatattakar sojojin Masar tare da lalata sojojinsu da suka rage suka gudu zuwa Massawa. Daga cikin waɗanda aka kashe a Masar akwai shahidan shugabansu Munzinger, da matarsa, da ɗansa. Kafin karni na 19 A cewar Elisée Reclus, Afar ya kasu kashi biyu, Asaimara, da kuma Adoimara, an kuma raba waɗannan ƙungiyoyin zuwa sama da ƙabila ɗari da hamsin bisa ga muradunsu amma duk sun hadu a kan abokan gaba. Modaitowan da suka mamaye yankin na ƙaramar hukumar Awash su ne suka fi kowa karfi kuma babu wani Bature da ya ratsa yankinsu ba tare da neman haƙƙin baƙi ko ƴan uwantaka na jini ba. Wasu ƴan ƙabilar Afar sun taimaka wa Turawa ta hanyar samar da tsaro ga ayarin Yammacin Turai da ke yawo a tsakanin gabar tekun Kudu da Bahar Maliya da tsakiyar Habasha. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, sarakunan Raheita da Tadjoura da ke gabar tekun Bahar Maliya sun yi mulkin mallaka a tsakanin ƙasashen Turai: Italiya ta kafa Iritiriya ta Italiya tare da Assab da Massawa, da Faransa Faransa Somaliland a Djibouti, amma Aussa na ciki a cikin kudu ya sami damar ci gaba da ƴancin kai na tsawon lokaci. Ko da kwatankwacinsa mai albarka kuma yana kan kogin Awash, an ware shi daga waje ta yankunan hamada da ke kewaye. Yaƙi da Habasha Habasha ta so ta kawar da mutanen Afar da kuma hana su taimakon Italiya a lokacin yakin Italo da Habasha na farko a 1895-1896. Nunawar sojojin Abyssiniya ya hana Sarkin Afara Mahammad Hanfare na masarautar Aussa daga girmama yarjejeniyoyin da ya yi da Italiya, a maimakon haka Hanfare ya sami damar cin gashin kansa a cikin daular Habasha ta hanyar amincewa da Sarki Menelik a kaikaice bayan yaƙin. Afar Liberation Front Lokacin da aka ɓullo da tsarin gudanarwa na zamani a ƙasar Habasha bayan yaƙin duniya na biyu, an raba yankunan Afar da Habasha ke da iko da su zuwa lardunan Eritrea, Tigray, Wollo, Shewa da Hararge. Shugabannin kabilu, dattijai, da addini da sauran jiga-jigan ƴan ƙabilar Afar sun yi ƙoƙarin kawo ƙarshen wannan rarrabuwar kawuna tun daga shekara ta 1961, ba tare da samun nasara ba. Bayan tawayen da ba a yi nasara ba karkashin jagorancin Sultan Afar, Alimirah Hanfare, an kafa kungiyar ƴantar da ƴanci ta Afar a cikin 1975 don inganta muradun mutanen Afar. Sultan Hanfadhe ba da jimawa ba aka yi hijira zuwa Saudi Arabiya Daga baya gwamnatin gurguzu mai mulkin Habasha a lokacin ta kafa yankin Assab mai cin gashin kansa (yanzu ana kiransa Aseb kuma tana cikin Eritriya duk da cewa an ci gaba da tayar da kayar baya har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990. A Djibouti, irin wannan yunkuri ya yi ta murmurewa a tsawon shekarun 1980, daga karshe ya kai ga kawo karshen tashe tashen hankula na Afar a 1991. Bayan faɗywar mulkin dergi a wannan shekarar, Sultan Hanfadhe ya dawo daga gudun hijira. A watan Maris na shekarar 1993, aka kafa jam'iyyar Afar Revolutionary Democratic Front (ARDUF). Ta kafa gamayyar ƙungiyoyin Afar guda uku: ARDUU, wacce aka kafa a 1991 kuma Mohamooda Gaas (ko Gaaz) ke jagoranta; Afar Ummatah Demokrasiyyah Focca (AUDF); da kuma sojojin juyin juya hali na Afar (ARF). Jam'iyyar siyasa, tana da burin kare muradun Afar. Tun daga shekarar 2012, ARDUF na cikin jam'iyyar adawa ta United Ethiopian Democratic Forces (UEDF). Alƙaluma Rarraba yanki Yawan mutanen Afar suna zaune ne a cikin hamadar Danakil a yankin Afar na kasar Habasha, da kuma a ƙasashen Eritrea da Djibouti Suna da adadin mutane 2,276,867 a Habasha (ko kashi 2.73% na yawan jama'a), wanda 105,551 mazauna birni ne, bisa ga ƙidayar baya-bayan nan (2007). Afar sun ƙunshi sama da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na al'ummar Djibouti, kuma suna ɗaya daga cikin rarrabuwar kabilanci tara kililoch na Habasha. Harshe Afar suna magana da yaren Afara a matsayin harshen uwa. Yana daga cikin reshen Cushitic na dangin harshen Afroasiatic Yaren Afar yana magana ne da ƴan ƙabilar Afar a yankin Afar na Habasha, da kuma kudancin Eritrea da arewacin Djibouti. Duk da haka, tun da a al'adar Afar makiyaya makiyaya ne, ana iya samun masu magana da harshen a nesa. Tare, tare da yaren Saho, Afar ya ƙunshi gungu yaren Saho–Afar Al'umma Addini Mutanen Afar galibi Musulmi ne. Sun daɗe suna da alaƙa da Musulunci ta hanyar siyasar musulmi daban-daban na cikin gida da kuma gudanar da ƙungiyar Sunna ta Musulunci. Yawancin mutanen Afar sun karɓi Musulunci a ƙarni na 13 saboda faɗaɗa tasirin tsarkaka da ƴan kasuwa daga yankin Larabawa Afarwa dai galibi suna bin mazhabar Shafi'iyya ce ta Ahlus-Sunnah. Daruruwan Sufaye irin su Qadiriyya su ma sun yaɗu a tsakanin Afarwa. Rayuwar addinan Afar tana da ɗan daidaitawa tare da gaurayawan ra'ayoyin Musulunci da na jahiliyya kamar hadayun ruwan sama a wurare masu tsarki, duba, da waraka na jama'a. Al'adu A cikin zamantakewa, an tsara su zuwa dangin dangi karkashin jagorancin dattawa da manyan aji biyu: asaimara ('ja') waɗanda suke da rinjaye a siyasa, da kuma adoimara ('fararen') wadanda suke aiki kuma ana samun su a cikin tsaunin Mabla Ƙabila na iya zama ruwa kuma har ma sun haɗa da na waje kamar dangin Issa Bugu da kari, ana yi wa Afarawa suna da bajintar yaki. Maza a al'adance suna ɗaukar jile, sanannen wuƙa mai lanƙwasa. Har ila yau, suna da faifan waƙoƙin yaƙi. Afarwa galibi masu kiwo ne, musamman kiwon rakuma amma kuma suna kiwon awaki, tumaki, da shanu. Ko da yake, raguwar wuraren kiwo na dabbobinsu da gurɓacewar muhalli ya sa wasu ƴan ƙabilar Afar a maimakon haka su koma noma, aikin ƙaura, da kasuwanci. A al'adance 'yan ƙabilar Afar na Habasha sun tsunduma cikin cinikin gishiri amma a baya-bayan nan 'yan kabilar Tigray sun dauki wannan sana'a. Bayanan kula Nassoshi Mordechai Abir, Zamanin sarakuna: ƙalubalen Musulunci da sake haɗewar daular Kirista, 1769-1855 (London: Longmans, 1968). J. Spencer Trimingham, Islam a Habasha (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege na Jami'ar Press, 1952). Kara karantawa Omniglot Harshen Afar Ethnologue Afar Harshen Habasha Harsuna Mutanen Afirka Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

45470

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Elliott

John Elliott

John Elliott, RIBA, (26 Oktoba 1936 13 Satumba 2010) wani masanin gine-ginen Biritaniya ne, mai tsara manyan otal-otal da wuraren shakatawa. An haife shi a Portsmouth, Ingila, an san shi musamman saboda gudummawar da ya bayar a Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma tsara, 7 star hotel, na Emirates Palace a Abu Dhabi, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. Tarihin Rayuwa Ilimi John Elliott (Richard John Anthony Elliott), an haife shi a Portsmouth, Ingila. Bayan ya bar gida yana ɗan shekara 15, ya zagaya Turai kafin ya samu gurbin karatu a Makarantar Architectural Association School of Architecture a Landan. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya yi wani ƙaramin kwas a fannin ƙirar samfura a Makarantar Fasaha ta Tsakiya, kafin sa mu tallafin gurabin karatu na gwamnatin, ya kammala karatun digirinsa na biyu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Helsinki, Finland. Farkon aiki Bayan Finland ya koma Sweden inda ya shafe shekaru uku a ofishin Ralph Erskine. Shekarunsa a Sweden da Finland suna da tasiri mai zurfi a kan tsarinsa na tsara tsarin gine-gine, kuma wannan kwarewar ya Sa'a ka shi, fara mayar da hankali ga ƙira. A cikin shekara ta 1967, John ya zama babban mai tsara gari na farko na Abu Dhabi, inda ya fara ƙwarewa a yankin Larabawa. Da farko yana da alaƙa da abubuwan farko na Abu Dhabi, John yana da alaƙa ta kud da kud tare da Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan (1918 2004), mai mulkin Abu Dhabi kuma Shugaban Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (1971 2004). Daga baya aikinsa ya kai shi ƙasar Saudiyya yana tsara ayyuka kamar a Jami’ar Sarki Abdulaziz da ke Jeddah da tuntubar al’ummar Jeddah da birnin Riyadh na gidan sarauta. Sultan na Brunei Baya ga gine-gine, John kuma ya yi aiki a na cikin gida da ake kira (interior design), a matsayin abokin gudanarwa na Dale Keller Associates' Ofishin London. Anan, ya zana gidan sarauta mai girman murabba'in mita miliyan 3 wanda Sultan na Brunei ya ba da izini. Hong Kong Ya koma ofishin Dale Keller Associate na Hong Kong, kuma ya shiga cikin sabbin otal da yawa a Kasar Sin da sauran sassan yankin Gabas. John ya zauna a Hong Kong na tsawon shekaru 13 kuma ya fara aiki tare da Wimberly Allison Tong Goo 's wanda ya kafa George J. "Pete" Wimberly. WATG A cikin 1991, John ya koma Burtaniya a matsayin memba wanda ya kafa kuma manajan darektan, Wimberly Allison Tong Goo's (WATG) ofishin London. Ya zama memba na kwamitin gudanarwa kuma babban mataimakin shugaban ƙasa, wanda ya ƙware a ayyukan Gabas ta Tsakiya. Rayuwa ta sirri John Elliott yana da ƴaƴa huɗu, biyu daga aurensa na farko zuwa Lisbet Frolich, Timo da Maja, da yara biyu daga aurensa zuwa Erika Grohmann, Kelsey da Yolande. John da Erika sun girma Kelsey da Yolande a Hong Kong kafin su koma Birtaniya, inda suka zauna a Sandbanks, Dorset. Shekaru biyu bayan haka suka koma gidansu na Art Deco a shekarar 1930 a Landan, wanda John ya kwashe shekaru da yawa, yana sauya fasalin gidan. Kammalallun ayyuka Gine-gine Emirates Palace, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Royal Mirage Daya&Kawai, Dubai, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa Hilton 2000, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates The World Resort, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Wurin shakatawa na Virgin safari, Masai Mara, Kenya Mövenpick Hotels &amp; Resorts Dead Sea Resort Spa, Jordan Jumeirah Beach Residence, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Masu zaman kansu Palaces, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts Resort, Oman, Muscat Sheraton Hotels and Resorts Abu Soma, Soma Bay, Egypt Mövenpick Hotels &amp; Resorts El Gouna, Misira InterContinental Hotel Amman, Amman, Jordan Grand Hyatt Amman, Amman, Jordan Aqaba Beach Resort, Aqaba, Jordan Marina Village Ayla Oasis Resort, Aqaba, Jordan Legoland, Windsor, Birtaniya Denia Marriott La Sella Golf Resort Spa, Denia, Spain Hyatt Regency La Manga Golf Resort, Spain Hilton International Resort, Mauritius Gallen, Switzerland Asibitin Soja, Abu Dhabi, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa Asibitocin kasa guda uku, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz, Jeddah, Masarautar Saudiyya Jami'ar Calabar, Nigeria Vilamoura, Algave, Portugal Villa Gardelius, Stockholm, Sweden Gidajen Svapavaara Kiruna HSB Gidaje, Tibro, Sweden HSB Housing, Gyttorp, Sweden Hasumiyar Fasaha ta Jami'ar Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom Coutts Co Bank, London, United Kingdom Villa Complex, St.Tropez, Faransa Philps Petroleum Villa, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Philips Petroleum Offices, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Interior design Claridge's, London, United Kingdom (gyara otal) New Istana Palace, Brunei Harbour Grand Hotel, North Point, Hong Kong Cibiyar Siyayya ta City Plaza, Hong Kong Gogaggen tsari Tsarin gari, Trebo, Sweden Tsarin gari, Gytorp, Sweden Tsarin Gari, Svapavaara Kiruna, Sweden Gyaran tashar Norwich, Norwich, United Kingdom Town Plan, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Town Plan, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates Tsarin Gari, Um Al Qwain, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa Shangri La Resort Master Plan, Muscat, Oman Aftelqaat Resort Master Plan, Muscat, Oman Bahwan Resort Master Plan, Muscat, Oman Ayla Oasis Marina Village Urban Plan, Aqaba, Jordan Excelsior Hotel, Nanjing, China Mandarin Hotel, Guilin, China Swiss Hotel, Beijing, China Sharm Al Ibli Master Plan, Red Sea, Misira Babban Tsarin Gidan Giwa na Kasa, Muputo, Mozambique Manazarta Haifaffun 1936 Mutuwan 2010 Mutane daga

30437

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20a%20Peru

Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam a Peru

A cikin Peru, ana kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Peru ya jaddada muhimmancin jihar don kiyaye mutuncin dukkan bil'adama. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ƙunshi batutuwa waɗanda ke haɓaka 'yancin yancin kai, daidaito da rashin nuna bambanci, da rayuwa. Tun daga ƙarshen rikicin cikin gida a Peru wanda ya faru daga shekara ta 1980-2000, ƙasar ta yi aiki don haɗa ƙa'idodin jin kai da matsayi cikin dokar ƙasa. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai wasu lokuta na musamman na haƙƙoƙin da aka ƙalubalanci. Rahoton Kare Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam na shekara ta 2014 na Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya bayyana yadda ko da Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya kare waɗannan ‘yancin ɗan Adam, ana ci gaba da cin zarafi da yawa duk da waɗannan dokoki. Duk da ci gaban da ƙasar ta samu tun bayan 'yan tawayen Maoist, har yanzu ana ganin matsaloli da dama da ke nuna yadda ake ci gaba da zama saniyar ware da matsugunin waɗanda suka sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula na rikicin ƙasar ta Peru. A shekara ta 2001, an kafa kwamitin gaskiya da sulhu don magance cin zarafi da aka yi a lokacin wannan rikici. Fage A cikin shekara ta 1980s, shekaru goma na cin zarafi na tsare-tsare na haƙƙin ɗan adam ya faru a cikin Peru a cikin yaƙi da ta'addanci, wanda ƙungiyoyin ƴan daba irin su Shining Path da Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Army ke adawa da gwamnatin Peruvian. Sama da mutane 600,000 ne suka rasa matsugunansu sakamakon rikicin na kai tsaye, yayin da wasu da dama suka bace. Dangane da sake fasalin ƙasa da haƙƙoƙin zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙi, rikici a maimakon haka ya haifar da ƙarin take haƙƙin ɗan adam. Yayin da adawa ke karuwa ga gwamnatin Fujimori, haka tashe-tashen hankula. Duk da haka, duka jami'an tsaro na Peruvian da kuma 'yan tawaye ne ke da alhakin karuwar take hakkin bil'adama a tsawon lokacin tashin hankali. An kiyasta cewa fiye da mutanen Peru 27,000 ne suka mutu sakamakon wannan cin zarafi na cin zarafin bil adama a bangarorin biyu na rikici. Dubban tashe-tashen hankula da kashe-kashe da azabtarwa an yi su ne a kan jami'an gwamnati, da kuma fararen hula, a tsawon lokacin da ake tada kayar baya. Hanyar Shining ta kasance sananne ne da kai hari ga shugabannin gwamnati, shugabannin al'umma, 'yan ƙungiyar kwadago, tsirarun kabilu, ma'aikatan addini, masu rajin kare hakkin bil'adama, da masu yawon buɗe ido na ƙasashen waje. Mafi yawan waɗanda suka jikkata fararen hula ne, lamarin da ya sa rikicin cikin gida na Peru ya kasance mafi muni a tarihinsa. A farkon ƙarni, Alberto Fujimori ya yi murabus daga Fadar Shugaban ƙasa, kuma tashin hankalin ya tsaya. Yayin da ƙasar ta fara farfaɗo wa daga rikice-rikice na shekarun da suka gabata, shirye-shirye kamar Hukumar Gaskiya da sasantawa sun fito, suna ba da shawarar matakan biyan diyya ga ɗaiɗaikun mutane da al'ummomi a fannoni kamar "lafiyar tunani da ta jiki, ilimi, tallafin tattalin arziki da kuma samar da takaddun shaida., ba tare da la'akari da abubuwan da suka faru na kudi ba. Hukumar ta yi aiki don duba gurfanar da tsoffin jami'an tsaron kasar ta Peru saboda aikata wadannan laifukan take hakkin dan adam shekaru da dama. Duk da haka, duk da waɗannan motsi don inganta yanayin 'yancin ɗan adam a Peru da kuma yarda da sakamakon rikice-rikice na cikin gida a kan takamaiman al'ummomi, waɗannan al'ummomi suna ci gaba da yin hijira, suna tabbatar da cewa matakan aiwatarwa ba su faruwa a daidai lokacin da za a iya samun nasara mai dorewa. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Peruvian yana magana akan batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam daga labarinsa na farko. Ya bayyana a cikin talifi biyu na farko cewa kowane ɗan adam yana da hakkin a mutunta shi da mutuncinsa, da rayuwarsa, daidaitonsa, da ’yancinsa dabam-dabam da suka shafi ra’ayi da tsaro. Waɗannan “babban haƙƙoƙin mutum” an keɓe su a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki, kuma suna aiki azaman hanyar doka don haƙƙin ɗan adam. Duk da haka, duk da wannan takarda ta doka da kuma ci gaban rikice-rikice na cikin gida, ƙasar na ci gaba da fuskantar ƙalubale wajen kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. Har ila yau, Peru tana da alaƙa da Yarjejeniya ta Amirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, wanda ya sa ta kasance ƙarƙashin Hukumar Inter-Amurka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kotun 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Inter-Amurka Girmama mutunci Labari na biyu na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Peruvian ya bayyana cewa kowane mutum yana da 'yancin "rayuwa, asalinsa na tunaninsa na yau da kullun, da amincinsa na zahiri, da ci gabansa da jin daɗinsa kyauta." Martha Nussbaum ta tattauna mahimmancin mutuncin jiki a cikin littafinta na Ƙirƙirar Ƙira A hanyoyi da yawa, wannan ya haɗa da 'yancin sarrafa jikinka, da 'yancin kasancewa amintacce cikin koshin lafiya. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Peruvian yana kiyaye waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Dangane da haƙƙin ma'aikata da na kiwon lafiya, Tsarin Mulki ya tattauna batun daidaitaccen dama ba tare da nuna bambanci ga duk 'yan ƙasar Peruvian ba. A cikin Yarjejeniyar Ci Gaban Ciniki tsakanin Amurka da Peru, Dokar aiki an ayyana shi azaman waɗancan haƙƙoƙin ma'aikata waɗanda aka amince da su a duniya. Waɗannan haƙƙoƙin sun haɗa da "'yancin yin tarayya, amincewa da ingantaccen haƙƙin ciniki na gama gari, kawar da duk wani nau'i na tilastawa aiki, kawar da aikin yara masu tasiri, haramcin mafi munin nau'i na aikin yara, da sauran kariyar aiki. ga yara da yara ƙanana, kawar da nuna bambanci game da aiki da sana'a; da sharuɗɗan aiki masu dacewa dangane da mafi ƙarancin albashi, sa'o'i na aiki, da lafiyar sana'a da lafiya." A Peru, an shirya ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata cikin 'yanci. Koyaya, dole ne su bi wasu ƙa'idodi da buƙatun da aka tsara a cikin dokar. Ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta samo asali ne tare da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ma'aikata na Peruvian a shekara ta 1964. Ayyukan ƙungiyar sun ƙaru a cikin shekarun soja, suna gabatar da Dokar Gyaran Masana'antu, wanda hakan ya haifar da raguwar ayyukan yi na yau da kullum. Sakamakon rikicin makami da aka yi a kasar Peru a farkon shekarun 1980, koma bayan tattalin arziki ya karu, tare da kawar da iko daga kungiyoyin kwadago. Kusan ƙarshen ƙarni, yajin aiki da yawa sun faru a ko'ina cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago da 'yan adawa na adawa da sake zaɓen Fujimori. Wasu sun yi imanin cewa waɗannan zanga-zangar na daga cikin ƙungiyoyin fafutukar tabbatar da dimokraɗiyya da suka yi nasara a Peru. Tsakanin shekara ta 1995 zuwa shekara ta 2003, gwamnatin Peruvian ta ba da taken mallakar gidaje na birni kusan miliyan 1.2. Waɗannan taken ƙasar sun yi tasiri ga sakamakon tattalin arziki ga mutanen Peru. Shirin ba da taken gwamnati, ba kamar sauran shirye-shiryen jin daɗin jama'a ba, ya taimaka wajen haɓaka guraben aikin yi a Peru, wanda ya kawo ƙarin mutane cikin ma'aikata. Game da aikin yara, yaran Peruvian suna ci gaba da tsunduma cikin masana'antu. Gwamnatin Peruvian ta kafa dokoki don aikin yara. Matsakaicin shekarun aiki a Peru yana da shekaru 14, da kuma shekaru 18 lokacin shiga cikin ayyukan haɗari. A cikin shekara t 2014, kusan kashi 68% na ma'aikatan yara a ƙarƙashin shekarun aiki na doka suna aiki a yankunan karkara akan gonaki, yayin da 31% na ma'aikatan yara suka yi aiki a sashin sabis na birni a cikin ayyuka masu haɗari da yawa. Yawancin lokaci, waɗannan yaran da ke cikin wuraren aiki suna rayuwa ne a cikin matalauta, al'ummomin ƴan asalin waɗanda ke dogaro da aikin yara don tsira. Yaran da ke rayuwa cikin matsanancin talauci sun fi yin karatu da aiki lokaci guda sau huɗu fiye da yaran da ba su da talauci. Dukansu hukumomin tilasta bin doka da oda a Peru sun yi aiki don yaƙar aikin yara ta hanyar ba da shawarar nau'ikan ayyukan gwamnati don kawar da shi gaba ɗaya, kamar faɗaɗa damar samun ilimi da shirye-shiryen zamantakewa. Haƙƙoƙin lafiya Yankuna daban-daban na Peru suna da mazauna waɗanda ke fuskantar bambance-bambancen matakan wariya da talauci. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen suna haɓaka bambance-bambance a cikin cututtukan cututtuka da adadin mace-mace, da cututtukan da za a iya rigakafin su, a tsakanin matalauta, ƴan asalin ƙasar. Ya zuwa shekarar 2011, Peru tana da adadin mace-macen jarirai a kashi 17 cikin 1,000 da aka haihu, kuma adadin mace-macen mata masu juna biyu na 98 cikin 100,000 masu rai. Kodayake yawancin ci gaba a fannin kiwon lafiya sun faru a cikin Peru tun lokacin da aka kawo ƙarshen yaƙi da ta'addanci, tsarin kiwon lafiya bai karbi cikakkun haƙƙoƙi daidai ba ga dukan 'yan kasar Peru. Dangane da ƙabilanci, kabilanci, da jinsi, har yanzu akwai bambance-bambance a bayyane a cikin ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Duk da cewa shirin kiwon lafiya na kasar Peru ya bayyana kudurinsa na samar da damammaki ga duniya, har yanzu kasar na shan wahala wajen samar da ingantacciyar hanyar kula da lafiya ga dukkan 'yan ƙasar. A cikin shekara ta 2002, an ƙirƙiri hanyar sadarwar jama'a mai suna ForoSalud don aiki azaman sarari don yin tattaunawa game da lafiya. Ta hanyar haɗa ƙungiyoyin membobi 80 a duk faɗin Peru, shirin yana da nufin haɓaka sabbin manufofin kiwon lafiya waɗanda suka shafi inganci da haɓaka ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Manufar hanyar sadarwar ita ce ta samar da cikakkiyar lafiya a matsayin haƙƙin duniya ga mazauna Peru. Domin a cim ma hakan, ƙungiyar ta yi aiki don haɓaka ingantaccen sabis na kiwon lafiya don isa ga waɗanda ke rayuwa cikin talauci da keɓewa daga al'ummar Peruvian mafi girma. An kiyasta cewa 40% na yawan jama'ar Peruvian ba su da damar yin amfani da kiwon lafiya da kuma manyan ayyukan kiwon lafiya. ForoSalud ya ba da fifikon shiga harkar lafiya tsakanin ƴan ƙasa don yin tasiri ga manyan yanke shawara na kiwon lafiya a matakin ƙasa da na yanki. Shawarwarinsu yana haɓaka ƙarin "hanyar ƙasa don shiga," suna ƙoƙari don haɓaka lissafin jami'an gwamnati don duka nasarori da gazawar manufofin kiwon lafiya." Wani rukuni na ƙungiyoyi, CARE -Peru da Likitoci don 'Yancin Ɗan Adam, duk sun goyi bayan kulawa da kulawa da kiyaye haƙƙin lafiya da samun dama a cikin Peru. A yau, CARE tana aiki don tsara shirye-shiryen su a kusa da jama'a masu wariya da marasa galihu kamar mata, ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin da mazauna karkara, don taimaka musu su aiwatar da haƙƙoƙin su a matsayinsu na ƴan ƙasar Peru. A Peru, CARE ta mai da hankali kan lafiyar mata, yin aiki don rage yawan mace-macen jarirai da mata masu juna biyu, da abinci mai gina jiki, inganta samar da abinci da ci gaban tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa don inganta lafiya da jin daɗin jama'ar Peru masu rauni. Duk haɗin gwiwar da ke cikin Peru suna aiki don taimakawa waɗannan al'ummomi masu rauni su kasance mafi kyawun matsayi don ba da shawara ga canje-canje a cikin al'ummominsu a cikin ƙarin yanayin sabis na kiwon lafiya na ƙasa. A ranar 19 ga Yuni na shekara ta, 2020, asusun fansho na jama'a na Sweden AP7 ya sanya sunayen kamfanoni uku da suka haɗa da kamfanin Koriya ta Kudu SK Holdings, Kamfanin Cannabinoid na Kanada Cronos Group da kuma kamfanin lantarki na Masar Elsewedy Electric bisa zargin cin zarafin ɗan adam a Peru. 'Yancin jama'a Kundin tsarin mulki ya kuma kare yancin walwala daban-daban, wanda ke ba da ƴancin kai. Ilimi da yancin addini su ne muhimman yancin da ke cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Peru. Ilimi shine ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma a cikin Peru, kowane mutum yana da damar samun ilimi ba tare da wariya ba. Hakazalika, 'yancin yin addini haƙƙin ɗan adam ne wanda Peru ta amince da shi a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulkinsu, yana hana nuna wariya ga bambance-bambancen addini. Haƙƙoƙin ilimi Kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Peru ya bayyana cewa makarantun firamare da sakandare na duniya ne ga wadanda ke tsakanin shekaru 6-16, kuma kyauta ta hanyar matakin sakandare. Duk da haka, a aikace, ilimi kyauta ba ya samuwa a Peru sakamakon kudade na ƙungiyoyi na iyaye, gudanarwa, da kuma yawancin kayan ilimi, yana da wuya ga jama'a masu rauni su sami damar samun ingantaccen ilimi. Talakawa, ƴan asalin ƙasar da ke zaune a ƙasar Peru sun yi ƙoƙarin samun ingantaccen ilimi, sakamakon samun dama da harshe. Ta hanyar samfura kamar Ilimin Al'adu Bi-lingual, Peru ta yi aiki don haɓaka ilimi a tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar a duk faɗin ƙasar. Koyaya, jinsi, ƙabila, wurin zama, da na yare duk suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan halarta, suna ƙarfafa buƙatar ƙarin shirye-shiryen kula da yara da ilimi. Akwai iyakoki da yawa a cikin sashin ilimi a cikin Peru waɗanda ba sa daidaita tsarin a duk duniya. A yankunan karkara, gaba daya daliban sun kasance manyan shekaru a shirye-shiryen yara na yara, wanda hakan ke nuna cewa daliban karkara ba sa samun kwakkwaran tsarin ilimi da takwarorinsu ke yi a birane. Ko da yake ci gaban shigar mata cikin makarantu ya sami ci gaba sosai sakamakon ma'aikatar ilimi, ci gaban shigar 'yan asalin ƙasar ta Peru a fannin ilimi ya ragu. Ɗaliban ƴan asalin ƙasar sun yi imanin cewa tsarin ilimi da ake da su a ƙasar Peru ya tilasta musu su "haɗu da al'adu masu rinjaye," saboda an ƙarfafa su su watsar da tufafin gargajiya da yare na gida. A cikin shekara ta 1972, Manufofin Ilimi na Ƙasa na Ilimin Bilingual sun yi aiki don haɓaka aiwatar da ilimin harsuna biyu a cikin yankunan Peru inda ba a jin Mutanen Espanya. Ko da yake ilimin harsuna biyu ya fara haɗawa da ɗalibai daga yankuna daban-daban kuma daga harsuna daban-daban, iya karatu da iya magana a cikin Mutanen Espanya har yanzu yana da mahimmanci don shiga cikin al'ummar Peruvian. Haƙƙoƙin addini Kundin tsarin mulki, tare da dokoki da manufofi masu yawa, suna kare yancin yin addini. Koyaya, ƙungiyoyin da ba na Katolika ba sun ci gaba da kokawa don samun yanci iri ɗaya da aka ba wa waɗanda suke Katolika Ƙungiyoyin addinan da ba na Katolika ba sun kasa samun wasu fa'idodin da aka bayar ga waɗanda ke cikin Cocin Katolika, kuma akai-akai suna fuskantar cin zarafi na al'umma sakamakon alaƙar addininsu da imaninsu. A cikin Mataki na ashirin da 50 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, ya ce jihar "tana ba da gudummawar ta" ga Cocin Katolika da kuma "mai" ga sauran addinai. Kusan kashi 81% na al'ummar Peruvian Roman Katolika ne, 13% na Furotesta, da 3% na sauran addinai. Ƙungiyoyin addinai marasa rinjaye sun soki dokokin 'yancin addini, suna masu ikirarin cewa ba su magance matsalar rashin daidaito ba, kuma suna iya zama masu wariya da kuma saba wa kundin tsarin mulki. Yawancin mutanen Peruvian suna ci gaba da fuskantar matsaloli tare da ƙungiyoyin addinan Kirista waɗanda ke dora al'adunsu ga waɗanda suke da bangaskiya da salon rayuwa daban-daban. Koyaya, Peru ta ɗauki matakai da yawa don kafa ƙarin haƙƙoƙin doka ga ƙungiyoyin addinai da yawa. Ta hanyar ci gaban Ofishin Harkokin Addini, Peru ta yi aiki don magance matsalolin da ke da alaka da addini. Ƙungiyoyi marasa rinjaye da yawa sun ce sun ji daɗin gyare-gyaren da gwamnati ta yi a shekara ta 2011 da shekara ta 2016 don rage son kai ga Cocin Katolika da kuma sassauta buƙatun rajistar ƙungiyoyi. Duk da cewa har yanzu akwai rashin daidaito da za a magance idan ana batun 'yancin addini, Cin zarafi Domin kare wariya daga faruwa a cikin Peru, akwai batutuwa da yawa na Kundin Tsarin Mulki waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan mata da ƴan asalin ƙasar. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ƙarfafa daidaito ba tare da la'akari da jinsi, harshe, asali, ko launin fata ba. Hakanan ya fayyace cewa bai kamata mutane su kasance waɗanda abin ya shafa na ɗabi'a, na hankali, ko ta jiki ba. Ana kiyaye iyaye mata a ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki don yancin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Har ila yau, a ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki, ɗan da ba a haifa ba abu ne mai haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka (Sashe na 2.1). Mata da haƙƙin haifuwa Peru babbar ƙasa ce ta Katolika, tana ba da batutuwan jima'i da lafiyar haihuwa musamman mahimmanci. A Peru, uwa ita ce "ginshiƙan rukunin iyali" kuma "Ƙungiyar iyali ita ce ginshiƙin al'umma." Duk da haka, ko da yake Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya goyi bayan daidaiton jinsi, mata a Peru ba su da damar samun daidaitattun albarkatu ko iko. A duk lokacin mulkin Fujimori, an tilasta wa mata yin biyayya ga manufofin yawan jama'a, yana iyakance 'yancin haihuwa na mace. Kididdigar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na Peru suna cikin mafi muni yayin la'akari da daidaito ta fuskar jinsi da mazauni. Ko da yake yawancin cin zarafi sun faru a ƙarƙashin Fujimori, lokacin da Alejandro Toledo ya karbi mulki, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta hana yin amfani da maganin hana haihuwa, da kuma ƙara yawan sakamakon zubar da ciki. An gano manufofi da yawa don nuna wariya ga mata kan batutuwan haihuwa, ɗaukar mata (musamman matalauta, matan karkara) a matsayin "abubuwan manufa maimakon a matsayin mutanen da ke da hakki kuma suna da damar shiga cikin yanke shawara, shirye-shirye, da manufofin da suka shafi lafiyarsu duk darajar." Sakamakon wariyar da al'umma ke nunawa da fassarar al'ada game da rawar mata a gida, mata suna yaki da talauci da rashin aikin yi a Peru. A tsawon mulkin Fujimori, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta tabbatar da kauracewa da kuma matsayin mata na gargajiya a matsayin mata masu biyayya da uwaye. A fannin ilimi, mata a yankunan karkara ba su da ilimi (33.7%) idan aka kwatanta da maza (10.9%). Yawancin matan da ke cikin waɗannan al'ummomin karkara ba su da hanyar zirga-zirga, wanda hakan ya sa tafiya ta zama hanya daya tilo don isa wuraren kiwon lafiya. Waɗannan wuraren yawanci ba su isa ba kuma ba sa samar da ayyuka masu dacewa na al'ada ga waɗanda ba Mutanen Espanya ba, suna sa sababbi ko mata masu ciki ba sa son neman kulawar gaggawa ta haihuwa Tushen don Haɓaka Gudanar da Gaggawa na Gaggawa na Mata (FEMME) wani aiki ne da CARE ta kafa don mai da hankali kan kulawar gaggawa ta gaggawa ta gaggawa da ta rasa a Peru. Ta hanyar ba da kulawa mai mahimmanci ga yawan jama'a, wannan tsarin ya taimaka canza tsarin kiwon lafiya zuwa cibiyoyin aiki don ba da kulawar gaggawa. Batutuwan jima'i da haifuwa sun kasance batutuwan siyasa shekaru da yawa a Peru. Manufofin da aka ƙirƙira akan jikin mata, jima'i, da iya haifuwa sun yi daidai da muradun ƙasa da sauran hukumomi masu ƙarfi, kamar Cocin Katolika da ƙungiyoyin mazan jiya. Ta hanyar sauye-sauyen iko tsakanin jiga-jigan siyasa, Cocin Katolika, da masu ra'ayin mata, an yi muhawara kan batutuwan hana haihuwa da haifuwa. A cikin 2004, tare da fitowar ForoSalud, Ƙungiyar Sa ido kan Haƙƙin Jima'i da Haihuwa ta buɗe hanya don zaɓi na kyauta a Peru. Ko da yake an sami ci gaba da yawa bayan mulkin Fujimori, muhawara kan 'yancin jima'i da haihuwa ba su da mahimmanci ga jam'iyyun siyasa, Haƙƙoƙin jima'i Ko da yake an kare haƙƙin jima'i a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Mulki, zamantakewa, an cire mutane da yawa lokacin da suka bayyana a matsayin jinsi daban. An halatta luwadi da madigo a cikin shekara ta 1924 Penal Code a Peru, amma har yanzu ana kyamar zamantakewa. Fassarar liwadi sun bambanta a tsakanin sassa daban-daban a Peru. A cikin sassan zamani, ayyukan jima'i ne tsakanin mutane biyu masu jinsi ɗaya; a cikin sassan gargajiya, yana wakiltar ɗaukar ka'idodin jima'i na sabanin jinsi; a cikin kafofin watsa labaru, liwadi ya haɗa da masu wucewa da "mata" maza; kuma a kafafen yada labarai, ana ɗaukar luwaɗi da madigo ba daidai ba ne kuma ana danganta shi da munanan halaye kamar shan muggan ƙwayoyi Sai da aka gabatar da Movimiento Homosexual de Lima (MHOL) a farkon shekara ta 1980s aka fara gwagwarmayar LGBT a Peru. Tare da bullar cutar HIV/AIDS, yunƙurin LGBT ya ƙara fitowa fili, wanda ya ƙaru da kuɗaɗe na duniya don cutar HIV/AIDS a cikin al'ummomin gay An hukunta luwadi da madigo a cikin Peru, kuma a shekara ta 2011, an yi amfani da dokokin nuna wariyar jinsi. Lokacin da cutar kanjamau ta bulla a cikin shekara ta 1980s, kafofin watsa labarai sun yada firgita game da cutar da asalinta a cikin "fasikancin jima'i" a cikin al'ummomin gay. An danganta kamuwa da cutar kanjamau a Peru da ɗan luwaɗi ko ɗabi'a A Peru a yau, kamuwa da cutar kanjamau ya ta'allaka ne a tsakanin yawancin mazan Peru marasa galihu waɗanda suka yi jima'i da jima'i. An gano cewa a cikin wannan yawan jama'a, akwai ƙarancin ilimi kuma ko da mutanen Peruvian sun san haɗarin su na kamuwa da cutar HIV, ba za su iya gwadawa da samun maganin hana haihuwa ba. Koyaya, haɓaka amintaccen jima'i da rigakafin hana haihuwa a cikin cutar HIV/AIDS da haɓaka jigogi masu kyau na LGBT ya ƙara wayar da kan jama'a da daidaita ra'ayin bambancin jima'i a cikin Peru. Haqqoqin ‘yan qasar Ko da yake Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ƙayyadad da daidaito ga ƙabilanci, ƴan asalin ƙasar Peru na ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da aka ware a cikin ƙasar. A cikin shekara ta 2014, ƴan asalin ƙasar sun ƙunshi kusan kashi 45% na yawan jama'ar Peruvian. Waɗanda ’yan asali ke magana da Quechua, Aymara, ko kuma wasu yarukan ’yan asali. A cikin Peru, "dala na zamantakewa" yana sanya 'ya'yan Turai masu jin Mutanen Espanya a saman, sannan mesitizos (mafi yawancin Mutanen Espanya), cholos ('yan asalin Mutanen Espanya), kuma a ƙarshe, masu magana da harshe guda ɗaya. Sakamakon yaƙi da ta'addanci, an tumɓuke ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin ƙasar da yawa, an ware su, an kuma kashe su, aka kawar da su daga al'ummar Peruvian. Ana gane duk harsuna a cikin Peru, amma ana fahimtar harsunan ƴan asalin a matsayin ƙananan matsayi. Domin Peru galibi ƙasa ce ta Mutanen Espanya, don zama mai ba da shawara a cikin al'umma da shiga, dole ne mutum ya fahimta da jin Mutanen Espanya. Dangane da ilimi, ɗaliban ƴan asalin harshe ɗaya kokawa a cikin shirye-shiryen koyarwa na Mutanen Espanya. Hakazalika, yawancin ƴan asalin ƙasar suna zaune ne a yankunan karkara, wanda hakan ya sa samun albarkatu ya zama babbar matsala ga ɗaiɗaikun al'ummomin. Sabili da haka, a cikin Peru, 'yan asalin ƙasar suna cikin matsala idan aka zo ga ma'aikata, ilimi, da samun lafiya, suna sanya su ƙasa da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki idan aka kwatanta da yawan jama'a a cikin Peru. Duba kuma Tsarin Mulki na Peru Hakkin LGBT a Peru Hukuncin babban laifi a Peru Fataucin mutane a Peru Mata a Peru 'Yan asalin ƙasar Peru Manazarta Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Haƙƙoƙi Haƙƙoƙin Mata Dokoki Dokar Najeriya Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki Ƴancin Mata a Najeriya Ƴancin muhalli Ƴancin Ɗan Adam Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

33309

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenis%20Willmott

Glenis Willmott

Dame Glenis Willmott, DBE née Scott an haife ta 4 ga watan Maris 1951) yar siyasan Jam'iyyar Labour na Burtaniya mai ritaya ne wanda ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Jam'iyyar Labour ta Majalisar Turai (EPLP) kuma memba na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na Gabashin Midlands. Rayuwar farko da aiki An haifi Willmott a ƙauyen ma'adinai na Horden, County Durham, amma ya ƙaura zuwa Mansfield tare da danginta yana ɗan shekara 10. Ta yi karatu a Mansfield da Trent Polytechnic inda ta sami HNC a kimiyyar likitanci. Ta yi aiki a matsayin masaniyar kimiyyar likitanci a Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa a King's Mill da Asibitocin Mansfield daga 1969 zuwa 1990. Ta kasance shugabar Jam'iyyar Labour na mazabar Mansfield kuma memba na Majalisar gundumar Nottinghamshire na yankin Leeming da Forest Town daga 1989 zuwa 1993. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar Alan Meale Memba na Majalisar Mansfield daga 1987 zuwa 1990. A cikin 1990, ta zama jami'ar siyasa ta ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta GMB ta yankin Midland da yankin Gabashi. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar jam'iyyar Labour na yankin Gabas Midlands kuma ta kasance ta biyu a cikin jerin 'yan takara na jam'iyyar Labour a yankin Gabashin Midlands a zaben 2004 na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai. Willmott memba ce na Abokan Labour na Isra'ila kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kungiyar. Yar Majalisar Tarayyar Turai A ranar 1 ga watan Janairu, 2006, ta maye gurbin Phillip Whitehead a matsayin memba na Majalisar Turai na Gabashin Midlands bayan mutuwarsa. Tare da sauran MEPs na Labour, ta kasance wani ɓangare na Ƙungiyar Ci gaba na Socialists da Democrats a Majalisar Turai. A watan Yulin 2006, an zabe ta a matsayin babban mai shari'a na MEPs na Labour, mukamin da ta rike har zuwa watan Janairun 2009, lokacin da aka zabe ta a matsayin shugabar jam'iyyar Labour ta Majalisar Turai (EPLP), ta maye gurbin Gary Titley wanda ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa. Ita ce shugaba mafi dadewa a cikin EPLP, wadda ta zarce Barbara Castle da Gary Titley. A cikin Satumba 2014, an nada ta mai ba da rahoto don canje-canje ga dokokin na'urorin likitanci da farko ta haifar da badakalar da ta shafi PIP dasan nono da 'karfe-akan-karfe' maye gurbin hip A watan Oktoba na 2014, wanda ba ya bayyana kyautar da aka bayar na jagoranci daga kungiyar kwararrun likitocin Cibiyar Cibiyar Cibiyar Asibitin Clinical don ayyukanta a kan shari'ar asibiti. Ta kuma shirya taron S&D a "Espace Léopold" na maida hankali kan ingantacciyar alamar abubuwan sha. Membobin kwamitoci da wakilai Bayan zaben 2014, Willmott ta zauna (ko kuma ta kasance a madadin) a kan kwamitoci da wakilai masu zuwa: Memba na Kwamitin Muhalli, Lafiyar Jama'a da Tsaron Abinci. Memba na Wakilai don dangantaka da Kanada. Madadin Kwamitin Ayyuka da Harkokin Jama'a. Madadin Wakilin don dangantaka da Switzerland, Norway da Iceland. Yakin neman zaben 2014 A watan Mayun 2014, Willmott ta kaddamar da yakin neman zabenta na Gabashin Midlands na zaben Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na 2014 a Derby "ta yi alkawarin taimakawa mutanen da ke fama da tsadar rayuwa". Ta ce masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suna son taimakawa kamfanonin makamashi da masu banki. "Kusan ayyuka 340,000 na Gabashin Midland sun dogara da ci gaba da kasancewa memba amma Tories ba su fadi wani bangare na membobin EU da suke son sake tattaunawa ba ko kuma lokacin da za su yi. Kuri'ar raba gardama ta EU za ta zama ruguza kawai lokacin da Birtaniyya ke kokarin inganta tattalin arzikinta." Ta kuma yi ikirarin manufar UKIP na "yanke jan tef" da gaske ne game da "yanke hakkin mutane a wurin aiki". A yankin Gabashin Midland inda aka fafata da kujeru biyar, Labour ta ci gaba da rike kujerar Willmott tare da kara kaso 8% na kuri'un da aka kada, inda ta yi rashin samun kujera na biyu a yankin. Raba gardaman EU 2016 Ko da yake ta yi adawa da shawarar David Cameron na kiran kuri'ar raba gardama kan zama mamban Birtaniya a kungiyar EU, Willmott ya taka rawa sosai a kungiyar Labour In for Britain, yakin neman zaben Birtaniya na ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin EU. Ta yi suka ga sauye-sauyen da Cameron ya gabatar ga EU, gami da sauye-sauyen dokoki kan haƙƙin ma'aikata, ƙa'idodin samfura da kare muhalli. Ta bayar da hujjar cewa muhimman batutuwa guda biyar na ci gaba da zama memba a kungiyar EU sun hada da kare ayyukan yi da samar da ayyukan yi, haƙƙin samar da aikin yi, ba da kariya ga masu amfani da su, tsaron kan iyaka da ƙarin tasiri a fagen duniya. Bayan kuri'ar Birtaniya ta ficewa daga EU, Willmott ta yi jayayya cewa idan yarjejeniyar da aka cimma a lokacin tattaunawar Brexit ta haifar da raguwa mai yawa da raunana hakkokin zamantakewa da ma'aikata, to Labour ya kamata ya yi adawa da shi. Bayan sakamakon zaben raba gardama, ta rubuta wasiƙa a madadin EPLP ga Jeremy Corbyn tana kira da ya yi murabus a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar Labour bayan da takardar bayanin jam'iyyar ta bayyana don inganta ayyukan Kate Hoey da Gisela Stuart, manyan 'yan majalisa biyu a abokin hamayya. Yakin neman izinin aiki Ritaya Willmott ta sanar a cikin Yuli 2017 cewa za ta tsaya a watan Oktoba kuma an maye gurbin ta a matsayin MEP na Gabas ta Tsakiya ta hannun dan majalisar birnin Leicester Rory Palmer a ranar 3 ga Oktoba. Abokin aikinta Richard Corbett ya maye gurbinta a matsayin Jagoran EPLP. An karrama ta da liyafar cin abincin godiya a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba 2017 wadda ta yi bikin gudanar da ayyukanta da gudummawar da ta samu a jam'iyyar Labour da kuma siyasar Turai liyafar cin abincin ta samu halartar Jeremy Corbyn shugaban jam'iyyar Labour da kuma tsohon shugaba Ed Miliband Rayuwa ta sirri Willmott na zaune a Leicestershire tare da mijinta Ted. An nada ta Dame Kwamandan Order of the British Empire (DBE) a cikin 2015 Dissolution Honors a kan 27 Agusta 2015. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Bayanin Majalisar Tarayyar Turai Rayayyun mutane Mata yan siyasa Haihuwan 1951 Mutane daga Mansfield Mutane daga Leicestershire Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

53448

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atif%20Aslam

Atif Aslam

Biography with signature Articles with hCards Atif Aslam an haife shi 12 Maris din shekarar 1983) mawaƙin sake kunnawa ɗan Pakistan ne, marubucin waƙa, mawaki, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Ya yi rekodi da yawa a cikin Pakistan da Indiya, kuma an san shi da fasahar bel ɗin murya Aslam ya fi yin waka a cikin Urdu, amma kuma ya rera a cikin Hindi, Punjabi, Bengali, da Pashto A cikin 2008, ya sami lambar yabo ta Tamgha-e-Imtiaz, lambar yabo ta huɗu mafi girma ta farar hula daga gwamnatin Pakistan Hakanan ya kasance mai karɓar lambobin yabo na Lux Style da yawa. Aslam ya fara fitowa a 2011, tare da Urdu social drama film Bol A cikin 2019, an ba shi tauraro a cikin Walk of Fame na Dubai bayan an zaɓi shi don mafi kyawun mawaƙa a Pakistan An kuma nuna shi a cikin Forbes Asia's Digital Stars 100, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba 2020. Yana kiran magoya bayansa da suna "Aadeez" Habituals Rayuwar farko An haifi Atif Aslam a ranar 12 ga Maris 1983, ga dangin Punjabi a Wazirabad, Pakistan Ya tafi Makarantar Kimberley Hall a Lahore har zuwa 1991, lokacin da ya koma Rawalpindi, kuma ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Makarantar St. Paul's Cambridge a Garin tauraron dan adam A 1995, Aslam ya koma Lahore, inda ya ci gaba da karatunsa a reshen Makarantar Jama'a da Kwalejin (DPSC) Ya ci gaba da zuwa Fazaia Inter College don HSSC daga 1999 zuwa 2001, sannan ya tafi PICS don yin karatun digiri a kan ilimin kwamfuta A wata hira da akayi dashi Aslam ya bayyana cewa burinsa a wannan lokacin shine ya zama mawaki. Sana'a 2004-2008 Aslam tsohon dan group ne Jal Bayan rabuwa da Jal, Aslam ya fitar da albam dinsa na farko mai suna Jal Pari a shekarar 2004 wanda ya zama bugawa nan take. Album din solo na Aslam na biyu <i id="mwYg">Meri Kahani</i> ya samu kyautar a karo na 7 na Lux Style Awards a rukunin "Best Album". Kundin waƙar "wanda aka zaba a cikin 2009 a cikin "MTV Music Awards" a cikin "Best Rock Song". A cikin 2008, ya rubuta nau'ikan Pehli Nazar Mein da Bakhuda Tumhi Ho daga <i id="mwaA">Race</i> da Kismat Konnection bi da bi. Pehli Nazar Mein ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Bollywood kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta IIFA. 2009 2015: Fim na Indiya/Pakistan ya fara fitowa A cikin fim din Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani na 2009, ya rera Tu Jaane Na" da Tera Hone Laga Hoon" gami da remix versions na wakokin biyu wadanda suka zabo shi da dama. A shekarar 2011, ya rera waka daga cikin fim din FALTU, mai suna "Le Ja Tu Mujhe". A wannan shekarar, ya rera wakoki guda biyu Hona Tha Pyar da "Kaho Aaj Bol Do" tare da Hadiqa Kiani a cikin fim din Pakistan na Bol wanda aka jefa shi a matsayin jagora. A wannan shekarar, ya nada wakoki biyu na fim din Tere Naal Love Ho Gaya, "Tu Muhabbat Hai" da "Piya O Re Piya". Ya yi wakoki biyu "Bol Ke Lub Azaad Hain" da "Mori Araj Suno" na fim din Hollywood The Reluctant Fundamentalist Ya kuma yi a cikin Coke Studio's Season Five mai taken "Charka Nolakha", "Rabba Sacheya" da "Dholna". An zabi Main Rang Sharbaton Ka a lambar yabo ta Duniya a cikin 2014 don "Mafi kyawun Waƙa". "Main Rang Sharbaton Ka" ya samo kyaututtuka da yawa da kuma zabuka masu yawa a gare shi. An saki Zameen Jaagti Hai da Tu Khaas Hai a Pakistan. A cikin 2014, ya yi rikodin waƙoƙin 2 don fim ɗin Nishaɗi, "Tera Naam Doon" da "Nahi Woh Saamne". Duk wakokin Sachin-Jigar ne suka tsara su tare da rubutattun wakokin Priya Panchal. Ya kuma rera wakar talla ta QMobile Noir i10 "Dil Se Dil" da wakar tallan Etisalat "Faasle". Ya yi aiki tare da Sachin-Jigar a waƙar Jeena Jeena na fim ɗin Badlapur, Waƙar Jeena Jeena ta kasance kan gaba a matakai daban-daban kuma ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan jarumai a 2015, wanda kuma ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Filmfare a matsayin mafi kyawun mawakin sake kunnawa. A wannan shekarar kuma ya yi rikodin Dil Kare ga Ho Mann Jahaan Fassarar Aslam na Tajdar-e-Haram ya haye ra'ayoyi miliyan 285 akan YouTube a watan Yuli 2020, wanda aka fito dashi a shekarar 2015, ya zama asalin bidiyo na farko a Pakistan don cimma babban rikodin. Waƙar Qawwali, wadda Sabri Brothers suka rera ta, an sake shi a ranar 15 ga Agusta 2015 a cikin CokeStudio Season 8 kuma an kallo a cikin ƙasashe 186 a fadin duniya. Hakanan, shine farkon bidiyo na mutum ɗaya na Aslam akan YouTube don yin rikodin. 2016 2020 Aslam ya yi aiki tare da mawaki Arko Pravo a waƙar Charbuster Tere Sang Yaara daga Rustom wacce ta yi sama da jadawalin "Bollywood Life", ta samu lambar yabo ta "Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer". Atif yayi aiki da Mithoon akan wakar "Mar Jaayen" ta Loveshhuda nau'i hudu a shekarar 2016, wanda Sayeed Qaudri ya rubuta. "Dil Dancer" na fim din Actor in Law wanda aka saki, wanda ya ba shi lambar yabo ta LUX a matsayin mafi kyawun mawaƙin sake kunnawa. Ya rera wakar “Yaariyaan” tare da Ali Zafar, wanda Sahir Ali Bagga ya yi wanda aka saki a ranar tsaro ta 2016. Ya yi aiki tare da Maher Zain don waƙar "Ina Raye" kuma ya rera "Jal Pari" don tallan Huawei Honor 5X A farkon shekara, waƙar "Hoor" ta Hindi Medium ta fito. Bayan haka, an fitar da waƙar Romantic Baarish daga Half Girlfriend wanda Tanishk Bagchi ya tsara da waƙar ballad "Musafir" daga Sweetie Weds NRI. Waƙar soyayya mai suna "Darasal" wadda JAM8 ta shirya a wannan shekarar. Waƙoƙin Ballad guda biyu "Main Agar" daga Tubelight da "Jaane De" na Qarib Qarib Singlle, bi da bi, sun fito, waɗanda Pritam da Vishal Mishra suka shirya. A cikin Disamba 2017, Dil Diyan Gallan daga Tiger Zinda Hai ya fito, wanda Vishal–Shekhar ya tsara da kuma waƙoƙin Irshad Kamil Waƙar ta sami ra'ayoyi sama da 670M akan YouTube har zuwa Janairu 2021. Wakarsa ta farko ta Bengali "Mithe Alo" daga fim din Cockpit shima an sake shi. A wannan shekarar, an fito da Pehli Dafa tare da Aslam da Ileana D'Cruz, wanda ya kasance wani abu na Shiraz Uppal Wani “Younhi” da Atif da kansa ya rubuta a ranar haihuwar Atif, wanda ya fito da Aslam da Nicolli Dela Nina. "Noor-e-Azal" Hamd ya fito, wanda Aslam da Abida Parveen suka rera, wani abun da Shani Arshad ya yi. Ya kuma rera wakar ISPR mai suna Kabhi Percham Main, wacce aka saki a ranar Tsaro ta 2017. Ya yi a karo na 16 na Lux Style Awards ta hanyar rera wakar Pakistan National Anthem da "Us Rah Par". Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1983 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

19303

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%20Stations%20of%20the%20Naples%20Metro

Art Stations of the Naples Metro

Tashoshin Art na Naples Metro gamayyar tashoshi ne da ke cikin ƙwaryar garin Naples, wanda ake ba su kulawa ta musamman don sanya yanayin su zamowa kyakkyawa da kuma kwanciyar hankali wajen gudanar da aiki. Tare da ginawa da faɗaɗa layin metro da yawa, gundumar Naples ta haɓaka aikin Stations of Art (wanda kuma aka sani da Tsarin Hundredaukaka )ari), wanda da shi aka yi niyyar amintar da ƙirar tashar metro ga sanannun masu zane da zane-zane na zamani. Bayan haka, tare da ƙuduri (ƙuduri na 19 Mayun shekarar 2006 Lambar 637), yankin Campania ya ba da jagororin da za a yi amfani da su ga ƙira da gina tashar. Gidajen Art, wanda aka rarraba tare da layin 1 da 6 na hanyar sadarwar Metro, sun haɗa da fasaha sama da 180 waɗanda marubutan duniya 90 suka ƙirƙira da kuma ta hanyar wasu matasa magina na gida, yana ba su damar haɗuwa da salon gine-gine daban-daban. A ranar Nuwamba 30, 2012, an zabi tashar Toledo a matsayin mafi kyawun Turai ta Jaridar Daily Telegraph yayin tashar Materdei ta sami wuri 13 Gidajen Art, da kuma (kamar yadda aka ambata a sama) don zama kyawawa don kallo, da jin daɗin rataya, suna da burin sake haɓaka yankunan da ke kewaye (kamar Piscinola, Scampia ko Chiaiano da kuma tura gina sabbin gine-gine kamar Asibitin Tekun ko kagarar Littafin Fasali Ana samar da aikin ta hanyar sauƙin isa ga kowane ɓangaren masu amfani, wanda aka samar da shi ta hanyar haɓaka cikin wuraren sabis don saurin gano tashar. Na biyun, a zahiri, ana sanya shi cikin sauƙin ganewa ta hanyar tsarin sadarwa da fuskantarwa, yin amfani da siginar gani, sauti ko keɓaɓɓe (kamar bayanin ma'ana), wanda ke wakiltar halayen haɗin tsarin. Alamar a bayyane take kuma ba mara ƙa'ida, don bawa masu amfani damar iya motsawa kai tsaye a cikin tashar (hakan kuma yana bawa mai hanzarin amfani da tsarin tsara tsarin lokaci) amfani da shi ta hanyar da ta dace da kowane sabis ɗin da tsarin yake bayarwa. Ana gabatar da bayanin bisa tsari madaidaici wanda ke haɗa ayyukan fasaha, alamomi da sararin samaniya. Inganci da ta'aziyya Ana tabbatar da jin daɗin tashoshin ta manyan matakan ingancin gine-gine, tare da sake haɓaka yankin kewaye. A cikin tashoshin an gama su da ayyukan da ke kare tsafta da jin daɗin mahalli, na ƙarshen musamman ya kamata ya zama mizanin ƙimar da za a iya gane shi kawai ta hanyar zaɓar shuke-shuke waɗanda ke haifar da daɗaɗaɗɗen yanayi, da kyau, da tsabta, da kuma zamani. Wannan yana da amfani kuma don yaudarar mai amfani da ya ɗauki halin kirki. Kayan aiki Jin yanayin sararin samaniya wanda tsarin ke samarwa yana da mahimmancin mahimmanci a tashoshin, kuma ana ƙaddara shi da ingancin kayan da akayi amfani dasu. Amfani da kayan, sarrafawa, launi, hatsi da laushi suna ƙayyade ayyuka daban-daban na hadaddun; kayan da aka zaba suna da alaƙa musamman da al'adar gida (a wannan yanayin, tuff kuma suna sanya aikin ginin nan da nan mai amfani ya fahimta kuma mai iya gane shi, musamman mazauna yankin. Ishesarshe, kayan ado, abubuwan da aka rubuta sannan suna ƙayyade yanayin yanayin tashar (tashar jiragen ruwa, mezzanine, hanyoyin haɗi), kuma kamar wancan ne suka bayyana keɓance aikin hoton. Tsarin Gabaɗaya, Stations Art an tsara su gwargwadon takamaiman ƙa'idodin fasaha, waɗanda ke buƙatar kasancewar abubuwa uku masu aiki kamar tashar jirgin ruwa, mezzanine da ɗakunan fasaha. Rubutun da ke gaba ya shirya ta yankin Campania kuma ya taƙaita tsari da haɗin kan tashoshin fasaha: Hasken wuta Hasken yana iya ba da ma'anar filastik ga ayyukan mutum kuma yana wakiltar wadatarwa dangane da mafi ƙarancin buƙata don biyan buƙatun rana. Amfani da haske mai kyau na iya taka rawa a cikin tsara hanyoyin mara ƙanƙanci da wurare a cikin tashoshin jiragen ruwa, yana tabbatar da (kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata) jagora kai tsaye ga jama'a. Dole ne kuma a auna hasken halitta tare da taimakon matattara, kuma dole ne a haɗa masu daidaitawa tare da hasken wucin gadi ta yadda za a tabbatar da jin daɗin mai amfani da kuma fahimtar yanayin yanayi. Tsaro An ba da hankali sosai game da amincin abubuwan more rayuwa, a zahiri amincin fasinjoji da ma'aikata cewa an tabbatar da shuka da yankunan da ke kusa da su daga wuta da sauran bala'i. Don haka an kafa wannan Tsarin Tsaro wanda ke cewa: Layin 1 Tashar Università (Jami'ar), wanda masu tsara gine-ginen Karim Rashid suka tsara, an buɗe ta ne a ranar 26 ga Maris, 2011, ƙafa talatin a ƙasan matakin titi, a mahadar tsakanin Piazza Giovanni Bovio da Corso Umberto I. An tsara tashar metro, eclectic kuma cike da launi, don yin alama ta dijital da bayani. A zahiri, Rashid ya ce yana tunanin sarari "wanda ya ƙunshi ilimi da yare na sabon zamanin zamani, wanda ke watsa ra'ayoyin sadarwa lokaci ɗaya, ƙirƙirawa da motsi na Juyin Fasaha na Uku." A zahiri, kusa da matakan da zasu kai tashar, an sanya tayal yumbu wanda akansa zaka sami kalmomi da yawa waɗanda aka ƙirƙira tun daga shekarun 1960 a matsayin hanyar sadarwa aiki laptop database interface ko software Halin tashar yana da bangarori da launuka masu ban mamaki, kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da su don samar da su sune Corian da ƙarfe mai haske. A cikin ciki akwai bambanci mai ƙarfi tsakanin manyan launuka biyu, fuchsia pink da lemun tsami, waɗanda suma suna da amfani don jagorantar mai amfani zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa. A cikin harabar akwai ayyukan fasaha da yawa. Bayan bayanan masu juyawa akwai zane-zane na Tattaunawar Tattaunawa, manyan ginshiƙai guda biyu waɗanda a cikin su akwai yuwuwar ganin fuskoki biyu a cikin martaba, wanda ke alamta tattaunawa da sadarwa tsakanin mutane. Fasaha na biyu, Ikon, babban akwatin haske ne, wanda da yawa masu siffofi uku suke shawagi a ciki. Madadin haka, a tsakanin ginshiƙan baƙaƙe da akwatin haske suna Synapsi (ko Synopsis wani sassaka a cikin baƙin ƙarfe wanda yake nufin hankalin ɗan adam da cibiyar sadarwar kwakwalwa. Municipio Toledo Dante Musao Materdei Salvator Rosa Quattro Giornate Vanvitelli Rione Alto Layi na 6 Mergellina Lala Augusto Morera Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

30340

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braty%20Hadiukiny

Braty Hadiukiny

Braty Hadiukony, ko kuma kawai Hady (harshe Ukraine ƙungiya ce ta mawakan rock na kasar Ukraine daga birnin Lviv, na ɗaya daga cikin manyan makada na Ukraine na zamanin Soviet. Salon kiɗan ƙungiyar ya haɗa nau'o'i daban-daban kamar rock'n'roll, blues, punk, reggae, funk da jama'a. Waƙoƙin waƙa na ban dariya sun ƙunshi yawancin yare na gida, ɓatanci da surzhyk Sunan yana fassara a matsayin "Hadyukin Brothers", inda sunan ƙarshe na almara Hadyukin ya samo asali daga kalmar hadyuka, ko viper Gajarta a zahiri tana nufin maciji (A cikin harshen Ukrainian kalmomin biyu sune cognates.) Ƙungiyar ta kasance tayi ayyukan musamman tsakanin 1988 da 1996. A cikin Janairu 2006 sun gudanar da wani babban kide kide na solo a Kyiv wanda shi ne wani babban taron a Ukrainian sararin samaniyar kafofin watsa labarai da kuma ziyarci da yawa mashahuran mutane (ciki har da Yulia Tymoshenko firayim minista a lokacin). Bayan da shugaban kungiyar Serhiy Kuzminskyi ya rasu a shekara ta 2009 an gudanar da babban taron karramawa a shekara ta 2011, wanda fitattun mawakan kade-kade na Ukrainian suka hada da Komu Vnyz, Vopli Vidoplyasova, Okean Elzy da sauransu. A cikin 2014 sauran membobin ƙungiyar sun fitar da sabon kundi (na farko tun 1996). Membobi A halin yanzu Igor Melnychuk bass, vocals. Pavlo Krakhmal'ov keyboards, vocals. Henadiy Verbianyi guitar. Mykhailo Lundin ganguna, baya vocals Liliya Pavlyk-Kuvaldina baya vocals. Olena Romanovska baya vocals. Andriy Skachko guitar (sabo) Anton Buryko ƙaho (sabon) Volodymyr Pushkar trombone (sabo) Nazar Vachevskyi saxophone (sabo) Baya Serhiy Kuzminskyi vocals, keyboards, lyrics, music (1987-1996) Oleksandr Yemets saxophone, lyrics, music (1987-1989) Oleksandr Hamburg bass, vocals (1987-1991) Andriy Partyka guitar (1987-1994) Ernest Khreptyk (1991-1992) (1991-1992) Stepan Koval kayan aikin iska (1991-1992) Bohdan Vatashchuk kayan aikin iska (1991-1992) Oleh Kachechka kayan aikin iska (1991-1992) Yuliya Donchenko Bohdan Yura saxophone (1994-1995) Wakoki Albums na Studio 1989 Ku tafi! 1991 My khloptsi z Bandershtadtu 1994 Bulo ne liubyty 1996 Shchaslyvoyi dorohy (Bye, bye, myla) (Yaya, yaya, miya! 2014 An yi a Ukraine Albums masu rai 2000 Na!Zhyvo (rakodi kai tsaye na 1994-1995) 2006 Live à Bruxelles (rayuwa daga Brussels, 29 Oktoba 1992) 2006 Vrodylo 2CD, DVD (kai tsaye daga Kyiv, 20 Janairu 2006) DVD 2011 Ya vernuvsia domiv Sauran Labarin Soyayya na 2007 (sabbin wakokin soyayya da aka rubuta) 2011 Ya vernuvsia domiv (tunawa) Bidiyoyi Narkomany na horodi Misyachne syaivo tvoho tila Zviozdochka moya Amurka Ku tafi! Istoriya odniyei kurvy Kyauta A Fabrairu 26, 2018 band samu "YUNA-2018" music lambar yabo a cikin wani musamman nadi "Don musamman nasarori". Lamuran Gaskiya Ana jin waƙoƙin band a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Ukrainian mai rairayi Mykyta the Fox Ana jin waƙoƙin band a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gidan talabijin na Ukrainian Dovhonosyky Show Hady ya taɓa samun mataimaki ɗaya, wanda a hukumance aka ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗan ɗako, amma a zahiri yana da alhakin shirya abubuwan opiates kafin kide kide Da zarar mai buga bandeji Mikhail Lundin, kasancewa a cikin yanayin janyewar narcotic, a kan jirgin Kyiv Moscow ya toshe hanya ga masu tsaron kan iyaka ta hanyar zubar da kaya tsakanin manyan motoci. Ana jin waƙoƙin band a cikin jerin ICTV "Cop from the past" (2020) Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi Shafin hukuma Waƙoƙi Mawakan rock na kasar ukraine Kungiyoyin mawaka a Ukraine Mawkan rock na

23399

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conor%20Hourihane

Conor Hourihane

Conor Hourihane (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta alif 1991) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Irish wanda ke wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na tsakiya, a halin yanzu yana cikin Swansea City, a aro daga kulob din Aston Villa na Premier League, da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Jamhuriyar Ireland Kungiyoyin da suka gabata sun hada da Barnsley, Plymouth Argyle, Sunderland da Ipswich Town Ya wakilci babban jami'in Jamhuriyar Ireland a matakin kasa da kasa da na 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 da 21 Aikin kulob Farkon aiki Hourihane ya zo ta ƙungiyar matasa ta Sunderland kuma ya zauna tare da Black Cats har zuwa shekarar 2010 lokacin da kwantiraginsa ya ƙare. Sunderland ta yi masa tayin sabuwar yarjejeniya amma ya zabi ya rattaba hannu ga gunkin Roy Keane na gasar zakarun kwallon kafa ta Ipswich Town, wanda dole ne ya bayar da diyya ga yarjejeniyar. Hourihane ya kasa fitowa don Ipswich a kakar shekarar 2010-11 Plymouth Argyle Ya sanya hannu a kungiyar Plymouth Argyle ta Kwallon Kafa ta Kwallon Kafa a ranar 30 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2011 a kan canja wuri kyauta bayan Ipswich ya sake shi kuma ya burge a kan fitina. Ya fara buga wasan sa na ƙwararru a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2011, a wasan buɗe ranar tare da Shrewsbury Town a New Meadow A ranar 15 ga watan Oktoba, Hourihane ya ci wa Plymouth kwallonta ta farko a wasan da ta doke Dagenham &amp; Redbridge 3-2. Ya zama kyaftin din kulob din a lokacin kakar 2012-13 bayan tashin Darren Purse zuwa Port Vale kuma ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragin shekaru biyu a watan Mayu sgekarar 2013. Hourihane ya burge Plymouth a kakar shekara ta 2013 da 14, inda ya fara wasanni 53 kuma ya rasa wasa daya a duk kakar saboda dakatarwa, inda ya zira kwallaye tara a raga. Barnsley Hourihane ya shiga Barnsley a ranar 23 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2014 akan kudi 250,000, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku tare da Tykes Ya sami lambar yabo ta League One Player of the Month na watan Agusta na shekarar 2014, bayan da ya fara rawar Barnsley. Hourihane ya zama kyaftin din kungiyar a watan Disambar shekarar 2015. Hourihane da abokan wasansa sun lashe kofuna biyu a filin wasa na Wembley da ke Landan, a lokacin kakar shekarar 2015–2016 Ziyarar farko zuwa Wembley ita ce ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu na shekarar 2016 don Gasar Kwallon Kafa, inda Barnsley ya ci 3 2 a wasan karshe na League Trophy, bayan ta doke Oxford United na League Two Ziyara ta biyu a Wembley ita ce a ranar 29 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2016, don wasan karshe na wasan Kwallon Kafa na Kwallon Kafa. Barnsley ya ci nasara zuwa Gasar, bayan da ya doke Millwall 3-1 a wasan karshe na Play-off Hourihane da Barnsley sun sami nasara sosai a rayuwarsu a Gasar, inda suka ci biyar daga cikin wasanni bakwai na farko, gami da nasarar akan Rotherham [1] da Wolverhampton Wanderers, kuma tare da Hourihane ta zira kwallaye uku a cikin waɗannan bakwai na farko wasanni da taimakawa ƙarin biyar. Ya ci gaba da lashe Gwarzon Dan Kwallon Kafa na Watan Agusta shekarar 2016. Duk da rade-radin da ke danganta Hourihane da Aston Villa a ranar 21 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, Hourihane ya jagoranci Barnsley da ci 3-2 a kan Leeds United tare da Hourihane ta zura kwallon da ta ci kwallon da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. A ranar 26 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, an tabbatar da cewa Hourihane ya bar Barnsley don rattaba hannu ga abokan hamayyar Championship Aston Villa don kudin da ba a bayyana ba. Dukansu Hourihane da Barnsley sun fitar da sanarwa, dan wasan yana godewa magoya baya kuma yayi sharhi cewa Barnsley "koyaushe zai sami matsayi na musamman a zuciyata". Aston Villa A ranar 26 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2017, Hourihane ya koma Aston Villa kan yarjejeniyar shekara uku da rabi. Hourihane ya buga wasanni 17 yayin da Villa ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na 13, inda ya ci kwallon Villa ta farko da Bristol City a watan Fabrairu. Ya zira kwallaye uku na farko a kulob din a cikin nasarar 4-2 a gida da Norwich City a watan Agusta shekarar 2017. Hourihane ya rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekaru uku a lokacin bazarar shekarar 2019 a matsayin lada don taimakawa kungiyar lashe gasar Premier League A ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2019, ya ci kwallon farko ta Premier a wasan da suka doke Norwich da ci 5-1. City wanda ke nufin ya zira kwallaye a dukkan matakai hudu na tsarin gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila Swansea City (aro) A ranar 20 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2021, Hourihane ya koma kungiyar Swansea City ta Championship a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar 2020 21 A ranar 23 ga Janairun 2021, Hourihane ya fara buga wa Swansea wasa na farko, a nasarar cin Kofin FA 5-1 da Nottingham Forest tare da wasan da kocin Swansea Steve Cooper ya bayyana a matsayin "kyakkyawa". A fitowarsa ta biyu, da kuma wasansa na farko a gasar, ya ci wa kungiyarsa kwallon farko a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Brentford a ranar 27 ga Janairu 2021. Aikin duniya A ranar 28 ga watan Maris 2017, Hourihane ya yi babban wasansa na farko a duniya, inda ya fara a wasan sada zumunta da ci 1-0 da Iceland a filin wasa na Aviva Hourihane ya lashe kofinsa na biyu a wasan sada zumunci da Mexico ranar 2 ga Yuni 2017. A ranar 26 ga Maris 2019, Hourihane ya ci kwallon sa ta farko a cikin manyan nasarorin da kasarsa ta samu a wasan da suka doke Georgia da ci 1-0 a filin wasa na Aviva Wasan farko na Jamhuriyar Ireland a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar Euro 2020 ya sami ƙarin ɗaukar hoto saboda zanga -zangar adawa da tsohon Shugaban Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Ireland (FAI), John Delaney Wani ɓangare na magoya bayan Jamhuriyar Ireland sun jefa ƙwallon tennis a cikin fili a cikin mintuna na 33 don nuna rashin jin daɗin su ga Delaney da ya rage a cikin matakan FAI. Rayuwar mutum Hourihane shine dan uwan na biyu na mai tsaron gidan Jamhuriyar Ireland Marie Hourihan Ƙididdigar sana'a Kasashen duniya Manufofin duniya Maki da sakamako sun lissafa jumullar jumhuriyar Ireland da farko, jadawalin maki yana nuna ci bayan kowane burin Hourihane. Daraja Barnsley Gasar Kwallon Kafa 2015–16 Wasannin Kwallon Kafa Na Farko 2016 Aston Villa Wasannin Gasar EFL 2019 Gasar cin Kofin EFL 2019–20 Na ɗaya Gasar Kwallon Kafa Daya Na Watanni Agusta 2014 Barnsley Player of the Year: 2014–15 Gwarzon Dan Wasan Gasar EFL na Watan Satumba 2016 Manazarta Hanyoyin waje Conor Hourihane at Soccerbase Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun 1991 Pages with unreviewed

49201

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilla%20%28kudi%29

Manilla (kudi)

Manilla wani nau'i ne na kuɗaɗen kayayyaki, galibi ana yin su da tagulla ko tagulla, waɗanda ake amfani da su a Yammacin Afirka An samar da su a cikin adadi mai yawa a cikin zane-zane, girma, da ma'auni. Asalin kafin lokacin mulkin mallaka, watakila a sakamakon kasuwanci tare da Daular Portuguese, Manillas ya ci gaba da zama kudi da kayan ado har zuwa ƙarshen 1940s kuma har yanzu ana amfani da su a matsayin kayan ado. A cikin shahararrun al'adu, suna da alaƙa da cinikin bayi na Atlantic Asalin da etymology An ce sunan manilla ya samo daga Mutanen Espanya don 'munduwa' Portuguese don 'zoben hannu' ko bayan na Latin (hannu) ko daga jam'i na (abin wuya). Yawanci suna da sifar takalmin dawaki, tare da ƙarewar da ke fuskantar juna kuma suna da siffar lozenge An fara amfani da manillas a Yammacin Afirka. A matsayin hanyar musayar sun samo asali ne daga Calabar Calabar shi ne babban birnin tsohuwar masarautar kudu maso gabashin Najeriya mai wannan sunan. A nan ne a cikin 1505 za a iya siyan bawa akan manilla 8-10, da haƙorin giwa don manila na jan karfe ɗaya. Manillas suna da kamanceceniya da juzu'i ko juzu'i cikin kasancewa masu tsauri da madauwari da buɗe ido a gaba. Nau'ukan 'Yan Afirka na kowane yanki suna da sunaye ga kowane nau'in manilla, mai yiwuwa sun bambanta a cikin gida. Suna daraja su daban, kuma sun kasance na musamman game da nau'ikan da za su karɓa. Manillas an bambanta su da ƙima ta hanyar sautin da suka yi lokacin da aka buga su. Wani rahoto da karamin jakadan Burtaniya na Fernando Po ya fitar a shekara ta 1856 ya lissafa nau'o'in manilla guda biyar da ake amfani da su a Najeriya Antony Manilla yana da kyau a duk kasuwanni na ciki; Kongo Simgolo ko 'kwalba-wuyan' yana da kyau kawai a kasuwar Opungo; Onadoo ya kasance mafi kyau ga Tsohon Calabar, kasar Igbo tsakanin Bonny New Kalabari da masarautar Okrika; Finniman Fawfinna yana wucewa a Garin Juju da Kasuwar Qua, amma rabin darajar Antony ne kawai; kuma Cutta Antony yana da daraja a wurin mutanen Umballa Yaɗuwar sunaye na Afirka wataƙila ya samo asali ne daga al'adun yanki fiye da ainihin ƙwarewar masana'antu. 'Mkporo' mai yiwuwa manilla ne na Dutch ko na Biritaniya kuma 'Popo' na Faransanci ne, amma sauran misalan samfura guda ɗaya ne na Birmingham. Wani muhimmin hoard yana da rukuni na guda 72 tare da irin wannan patination da ɓawon ƙasa, yana ba da shawarar binne kowa da kowa. Akwai 7 Mkporo; 19 Nkobnkob-zagaye ƙafa; 9 Nkobnkob-oval ƙafa; da 37 Popo-square ƙafa. Mafi ƙarancin 'Nkobnkobs' a cikin tarin sun kasance 108 gm da 114 gm, yayin da ake samun su akai-akai (wanda ake kira Onoudu) ƙasa da 80 gm, wannan yana nuna cewa an binne ƙungiyar a wani wuri na girman girman manilla. An yi Mkporo da tagulla. Matsakaicin nauyin Nkobnkob-ƙafa mai tsayi tare da babban ƙarshen kewayon ƙafar ƙafa yana nuna cewa ko dai nau'in farko ne, ko kuma na zamani tare da farkon zagaye-ƙafa. Kasancewar keɓantaccen nau'in 'square-foot' na Popo na Faransa, wanda yawanci yayi yawa a tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Popos, yana nuna cewa wannan shine farkon nau'in. Farkon manilla na Faransa da alama za su kasance na zamani na farkon sassan Biritaniya. Wani lokaci ana bambanta su da manillas galibi ta hanyar iyawarsu akwai adadi mai yawa na nau'ikan yanki da ake kira 'Bracelet' monies da 'Legband' monies. Wasu sun yi daidai da girman girman da nauyi kuma suna aiki azaman kuɗaɗen asusu kamar manillas, amma wasu an sawa su azaman nunin dukiya. Mafi ƙarancin rijiyar zai kwaikwayi motsi na 'mafi kyau' waɗanda nauyin manilla ya cika su da yawa har suka motsa ta hanyar da ta dace. Manyan manillas suna da siffa mafi buɗewa. Tarihi Asalin Wasu majiyoyin suna danganta gabatarwar su ga tsoffin Phoenicians waɗanda suka yi ciniki a bakin tekun yammacin Afirka ko ma masu binciken Carthagin na farko da 'yan kasuwa. An kuma ba da shawarar Masarawa yayin da suke amfani da kuɗin penanular Wata shawara ita ce, masuntan Nijeriya sun taso da su a cikin tarunsu daga tarkacen jiragen ruwa na Turai ko kuma su sanya su daga ‘pin’ na tagulla da ake amfani da su a cikin jiragen ruwa na katako da suka tarwatsa a Tekun Benin. Wata ka'ida ita ce, idan 'yan asalinsu ne, sun kwafi wani abin wuyar rigar Raffia da mata ke sawa, wani kuma cewa Mondua na Yarbawa tare da ƙoƙon ƙoƙon sa ya ƙarfafa siffar manilla. Mundaye na jan karfe da sarƙoƙin ƙafa sune manyan 'kuɗin' kuma yawanci mata ne suke sanya su don nuna dukiyar mijinta. Farkon ƴan kasuwan Portuguese don haka sun sami ƙwaƙƙwaran yarda kuma sun dace sosai don karɓar lambobi marasa iyaka na waɗannan 'mundaye', kuma Duarte Pacheco Pereira ya yi tafiye-tafiye a cikin 1490s don siyan hauren giwa, bayi, da barkono. Da yake bayyana musayar, tare da Masarautar Benin, a cikin nasa, 1508, Esmeraldo de situ orbis A shekara ta 1522 a Benin wata kuyanga mai shekara 16 ta ci manilla 50; Sarkin Portugal ya sanya iyakacin manilla 40 ga kowane bawa don dakatar da wannan hauhawar farashin kayayyaki. Wani rahoto na farko kan amfani da Manilla a Afirka ya nuna cewa ya samo asali ne a Calabar babban birnin jihar Cross River da ke gabar tekun Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya. An rubuta cewa a cikin 1505 a Calabar, (Nigeria) Manillas ana amfani da su azaman hanyar musayar, manilla guda ɗaya yana darajar babban haƙorin giwa, da kuma kudin bawa tsakanin manilla takwas zuwa goma. An kuma yi amfani da su a kogin Benin a 1589 da kuma a Calabar a 1688, inda 'yan kasuwa na Holland suka sayi bayi ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba a cikin kayan hannu mai launin toka mai launin toka wanda dole ne a yi shi sosai ko kuma za a yi watsi da su da sauri. Baya ga rahoton na farko, asalin Manillas daga Calabar don amfani da shi a Afirka da kuma musamman Najeriya an tabbatar da shi ta hanyar Afirka da sauran sunan duniya na Manillas a matsayin Òkpòhò, wanda shine Efik kalmar kuɗi wanda ake amfani dashi a cikin wannan rahoton. kuma a cikin taken hotuna a cikin wannan rahoto. Rawar da ke cikin cinikin bayi A farkon karni na 16 ya zama ruwan dare a cinikin bayi don masu ɗaukar kaya su ɗauki manilla zuwa gabar tekun Afirka, kuma a hankali manillas ya zama babban kuɗin wannan ciniki. Ba da daɗewa ba Turawan Ingila, Faransanci, da Dutch suka maye gurbin Fotigal, waɗanda dukansu suna da gonaki masu ƙarfi a Yammacin Indies, daga baya kuma ta Amurkawa. Tafiya ta yau da kullun ta ɗauki manillas da abubuwa masu amfani da tagulla kamar kwanduna da kwanduna zuwa Yammacin Afirka, inda aka yi musayar su da bayi. Farashin bawa, wanda aka bayyana a cikin manillas ya bambanta sosai bisa ga lokaci, wuri, da takamaiman nau'in manilla da aka bayar. Production da kuma kayayyaki Copper ita ce "Jaran Zinariya" na Afirka kuma an hako su a can kuma an yi ciniki da su a cikin Sahara ta hanyar Italiyanci da Larabawa. Ba a san tabbatacciyar yadda ƴan wasan Portugal ko na Holland manillas suka yi kama ba. Daga bayanan zamani, mun san cewa an fara yin Fotigal na farko a Antwerp don sarki da yiwuwar wasu wurare, kuma kusan tsayi, kusan ma'auni, nauyin a cikin 1529, kodayake ta 1548 an rage girman da nauyi zuwa kusan ku. A wurare da yawa an fi son tagulla, wanda ya fi arha kuma sauƙin jefawa, ya fi jan ƙarfe, don haka Portuguese sun gabatar da ƙananan manilas masu launin rawaya da aka yi da tagulla da gubar tare da alamun zinc da sauran ƙarfe. A cikin Benin, Royal Art of Africa, na Armand Duchateau, wani katon manilla ne mai fadin da ma'auni, da ɗanyen simintin gyare-gyare tare da ɓangarorin fuska, kuma sawa sosai. Zai iya zama mafi nauyi (ba a ba da nauyin nauyi ba) da manilla na farko da aka sani. Duk da haka, a cikin wannan littafi akwai wani plaque tare da Bature mai riqe da sassa biyu na siffa daban-daban, masu siffar jinjirin watan ba tare da ƙona wuta ba, ko da yake a fili yana da nauyi idan adadin ya yi daidai. A yau, sassan wannan girman da nau'i mai banƙyama suna hade da Kongo Tsakanin 1504 zuwa 1507, 'yan kasuwa na Portugal sun shigo da manilla 287,813 daga Portugal zuwa Guinea ta tashar kasuwanci na São Jorge da Mina Kasuwancin Portuguese ya karu a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, tare da 150,000 manillas a kowace shekara ana fitar da su zuwa irin kasuwancin su a Elmina, a kan Gold Coast, tsakanin 1519 da 1522, da kuma oda na 1.4 manillas da aka sanya, a 1548, tare da dan kasuwa na Jamus na dangin Fugger, don tallafawa cinikin. Umurnin da ke nuna samar da nau'in manilla mai nauyin 250g na Guinea da 312g Mina. Kamar yadda Yaren mutanen Holland suka mamaye kasuwancin Afirka, wataƙila sun canza masana'anta daga Antwerp zuwa Amsterdam, suna ci gaba da "tagulla" manillas, kodayake, kamar yadda aka bayyana, har yanzu ba mu da wata hanyar da za ta iya tabbatar da ainihin manillas na Dutch. Asusun 'yan kasuwa da matafiyi duka suna da yawa kuma takamaiman game da sunaye da ƙimar dangi, amma babu zane ko cikakkun bayanai da alama sun tsira wanda zai iya danganta waɗannan asusun zuwa takamaiman nau'ikan manilla da aka samu a yau. Ƙarfan da aka fi so sune asalin jan ƙarfe, sannan tagulla a kusan ƙarshen karni na 15 kuma a ƙarshe tagulla a cikin 1630. A farkon karni na 18, Bristol, tare da kamfanoni irin su R. &amp; W. King (ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin da aka haɗa daga baya a cikin Kamfanin United African Company), sannan Birmingham, ya zama birni mafi mahimmancin masana'antar tagulla ta Turai. Wataƙila an yi yawancin nau'ikan manilla na tagulla a wurin, gami da "tsakiyar zamani" Nkobnkob-Onoudu wanda nauyinsa ya ragu a kan lokaci, da kuma nau'in "lokacin marigayi" masu sauƙi kamar Okpoho (daga kalmar Efik don tagulla) da waɗanda aka ceto daga ɓarnar Duoro na 1843. Daga cikin na ƙarshen zamani, nau'ikan ma'aunin nauyi ya zo kan nau'in bambance-bambancen da ke nuna ƙira na zamani maimakon ci gaban nau'ikan. Popos, wanda nauyinsa ya sanya su a wurin canja wuri tsakanin Nkobnkob da Onoudu, an yi su ne a Nantes, Faransa, mai yiwuwa Birmingham kuma sun kasance ƙananan da ba za a iya sawa ba. Sun fi na Birmingham fadi kuma suna da sannu-sannu, maimakon kwatsam, har zuwa iyakar. Wani nau'in nau'i mai nauyi, mafi tsayi, mai yiwuwa ana samarwa a Afirka, masu tattarawa galibi suna lakafta su azaman "Sarauniya" ko "Sarauniya" manillas. Yawancin lokaci tare da ƙarewar flared kuma sau da yawa jan karfe fiye da tagulla, suna nuna nau'i-nau'i na faceting da ƙirar ƙira. Nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in kudi amma mafi kyawun su mallakin sarauta ne kuma ana amfani da su azaman farashin amarya da kuma a cikin "bikin mutuwa" kafin jana'izar. Ba kamar ƙananan kuɗi-manillas ba, kewayon su bai keɓance a yammacin Afirka ba. Nau'in tagulla na musamman mai fastoci huɗu masu lebur da ƙarshen murabba'i kaɗan, kama daga kusan Jonga na Zaire ne ya samar da shi kuma ana kiransa 'Onganda', ko 'onglese', Faransanci mai sauti don "Turanci." Sauran nau'o'in da galibi ake kira manillas sun haɗa da guntuwar wayoyi masu nauyi na farko (tare da kuma ba tare da "ƙulli") na asalin Calabar ba, da kuma guntun tagulla mai nau'i-nau'i masu nauyi tare da ƙarewa daga Najeriya. Rasa Dokar Kasafin Kudi ta 1902 a Najeriya ta hana shigo da manilla sai da izinin Babban Kwamishina. An yi hakan ne don ƙarfafa yin amfani da kuɗin da aka tsara. Har yanzu ana amfani da su na yau da kullun duk da haka kuma sun zama matsalar gudanarwa a ƙarshen 1940s. Har yanzu kabilar Ibo sun yi amfani da su kafin wannan kuma a Wukai an dauki kwanon masara mai zurfi daidai da babban manila guda daya kuma wani ma'auni mai siffar kofi da aka cika da gishiri yana da darajar karamar manilla guda daya. Ko da yake manillas sun kasance na doka, sun yi yawo a kan kuɗin Burtaniya da Faransanci na Yammacin Afirka kuma kamfanonin cinikin dabino sun yi amfani da ƙimar su don cin gajiyar lokacin kasuwa. Birtaniyya ta yi wani babban kira mai suna "operation manilla" a shekarar 1948 don maye gurbinsu da kudin Burtaniya na yammacin Afirka. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya yi nasara sosai kuma an sayo sama da guda miliyan 32 tare da sake siyar da su a matsayin guntu. Manilla, abin tunatarwa game da cinikin bayi, ya daina zama mai ba da izini na doka a Burtaniya ta Yammacin Afirka a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1949 bayan cirewar watanni shida. An ba wa mutane izinin ajiye iyakar 200 don bukukuwa kamar aure da binnewa. Okpoho, Okombo da abi kadai aka san su a hukumance kuma an siye su a 3d., 1d. da rabin dinari bi da bi. 32.5 miliyan Okpoho, 250,000 okombo, da 50,000 abi an mika su da musayar. Wani dillalin karafa a Turai ya sayi ton 2,460 na manillas, amma aikin har yanzu yana kashe mai biyan haraji a wani wuri a cikin £284,000. Farfadowa Kamar yadda masu sha'awar kasuwancin yawon buɗe ido da kuma amfani da 'marasa kuɗi' na ciki har yanzu ana yin su, galibi ana samun ƙarin karafa na zamani kamar aluminum, amma ƙirar har yanzu na gargajiya ne. Ana iya amfani da manilla a wasu lokuta a wasu ƙauyuka masu nisa a Burkina Faso (2000). Amfani A cikin gida, manillas su ne ainihin kudin da aka sani na gaba ɗaya da aka sani a Yammacin Afirka, ana amfani da su don siyan kasuwa na yau da kullun, farashin amarya, biyan tara, diyya na masu duba, da kuma bukatun duniya na gaba, a matsayin kuɗin binnewa. An yi amfani da harsashi na Cowrie, wanda aka shigo da shi daga Melanesia kuma ana kimanta su a ƙaramin yanki na manilla, don ƙananan sayayya. A yankunan da ke wajen gabar tekun yammacin Afirka da kogin Neja, wasu kudade iri-iri, irin su mundaye masu sarkakiyar zane na asali, sassan ƙarfe galibi ana samun su ne daga kayan aiki, sandunan tagulla, da kansu galibi suna lanƙwasa mundaye, da kuma sanannen Handa Katanga cross) duk sun kasance a matsayin kuɗaɗe na musamman. Kamar yadda cinikin bayi ya yi rauni a ƙarni na 19 haka ma samar da manilla, wanda tuni ya zama mara riba. A cikin 1890s amfani da su a cikin tattalin arzikin fitarwa ya ta'allaka ne akan cinikin dabino Masu sana'a na Afirka sun narke da yawa manillas don samar da zane-zane. Sau da yawa akan rataye manilla a kan wani kabari don nuna dukiyar mamacin kuma a yankin Degema na Benin wasu mata har yanzu suna sanya manyan manila a wuyansu a wajen jana'izar, wanda daga baya aka ajiye su a gidan ibada. An ce an yi manilla na zinare don masu mutuƙar mahimmanci da ƙarfi, kamar Sarkin Jaja na Opobo a 1891. Nassoshi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

57599

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep%20Forward%20Control

Jeep Forward Control

Jeep Forward Control wata babbar mota ce wacce Willys Motors ya kera, daga baya mai suna Kaiser Jeep, daga 1956 zuwa 1965. An kuma hada shi a wasu kasuwannin duniya. Ƙirar ta ƙunshi ƙirar taksi sama da (ikon gaba). Samfurin Gudanar da Gaba an fara sayar da su azaman motocin aiki don kamfanoni, gundumomi, sojoji, da kuma farar hula. Akwatin akwatin gadaje na yau da kullun sun kasance daidai kuma an ba abokan ciniki ɗimbin adadi na musamman na "Jeep yarda" daga masu ba da kayayyaki na waje. Waɗannan sun fito ne daga gadaje masu sauƙi zuwa kammala manyan motoci masu ja da juji da motocin kashe gobara An kuma kera motocin bisa lasisi a Indiya da Spain. Tsarawa Willys ya samar da motocin amfani waɗanda kusan ba su canzawa tun 1947. Yayin da kasuwa ta ƙara yin gasa a cikin 1950s, gudanarwa ta haɓaka sabon kewayon taksi na zamani da manyan motoci na jiki. Mai zane mai zaman kanta wanda Willys ya ba da kwangila tun daga shekarun 1940, Brooks Stevens, ya yi amfani da alamun salo daga manyan manyan motoci masu girman taksi-over-engine don wannan sabon abin hawa mai fa'ida mai fa'ida mai fa'ida tare da ginin ginin cibiyar da aka yi don yin koyi da classic bakwai- ramin Jeep zane. Tsarin sarrafa gaba wanda ba a saba da shi ba da kuma "kallon helikofta" na taksi ya kasance sabon abu ga masu siye na yau da kullun a lokacin, amma sun yi nasara a kasuwanni na musamman waɗanda suka haɗa da motocin sabis na filin jirgin sama, manyan motocin ja, da manyan motocin ma'aikatan jirgin da za su iya hawan dogo. An kera nau'ikan Jeeps da yawa na Forward Control Jeeps don aikace-aikace na gabaɗaya da na musamman tare da 1957 kasancewa mafi girman samarwa tare da kusan motoci 10,000 da aka gina a waccan shekarar. Injiniya ya dogara ne akan data kasance CJ-5 Ƙarfin ya fito ne daga injunan Hurricane F-head da L-head 4-cylinder. Sabuntawa a cikin 1958 akan nau'ikan FC-150 da 170 sun cim ma burin da injiniyoyin Willys suka kafa don kera abin hawa kasuwanci iri-iri wanda rabon nauyin abin hawa zuwa nauyin abin da aka biya shi ya kasance 1 zuwa 1. A cewar Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), ana ɗaukar wannan a matsayin mafi ƙarancin rabo da masana'antun cikin gida ke bayarwa a wancan lokacin a cikin daidaitaccen ɓangaren abin hawa na kasuwanci mai haske. Tsarin FC ya ba da fa'idodi ciki har da ɗan gajeren radius mai juyi da girman girman gadon kaya da aka ba da ƙarancin tsayin gabaɗaya. Shawarwari sun haɗa da ƙirar "Forward Control Commuter" wanda ƙila ya kasance a cikin farkon manyan motoci irin na minivan Reutter ne ya kera motoci masu aiki guda uku a Stuttgart, Jamus ta Yamma. Brooks Stevens kuma ya shiga cikin canjin wannan dandali na babbar mota zuwa motar fasinja. FC-150 An gabatar da shi a cikin 1956, samfuran FC-150 sun dogara ne akan CJ-5 tare da wheelbase, amma yana nuna doguwar akwatin kaya. Wannan shi ne rikodin rikodin tsawon ƙafa shida (tare da ƙofar wutsiya sama) lodin gado akan abin hawa wanda jimlarsa Tsawon ya kasance inci biyu ya fi guntu fiye da Nash Metropolitan mai kujeru biyu. Ƙirar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙira da ikon tafiya ko'ina ya haɗa da da'awar cewa FC za ta iya haura maki har zuwa 60% kuma sake dubawa ta Mechanix Illustrated ya ba da haske game da taurin abin hawa da tabbataccen ƙafar ƙafa. A cikin 1958, FC-150 ya sami sabon shasi mai fadi. An fadada hanyarsa daga da A 1958 FC-150 ra'ayi ya ƙunshi wheelbase, faɗaɗa waƙa (wanda ya yi samarwa), da sabon T-98 4-gudun watsawa na manual. Wannan samfurin yana da babban nauyin FC-170 An gabatar da shi a cikin 1957, samfuran FC-170 suna da wheelbase tare da gado. An cimma wannan ta hanyar tsarin sarrafa gaba. Taksi din bai karkata ba don samun damar injin. Daidaitaccen injin silinda 6 an haɗa shi zuwa watsawar sauri 3. Wani nau'in ra'ayi na 1958 na FC-170 ya ƙunshi Ana buƙatar wannan don ɗaukar sabon injin V8 (dangane da Ford Y-block tare da sabon shari'ar canja wuri. Wani sabon watsawa ta atomatik mai saurin sauri 3 (dangane da Ford Cruise-O-Matic yana samuwa ne kawai tare da layin-6 saboda yuwuwar batutuwan kusurwar driveshaft. T-98 4-gudun littafin yana samuwa tare da duka injuna. Wannan samfurin yana da babban nauyin Saukewa: FC-170DRW Model na baya mai kafa biyu (dually) mai kaya gado. Waɗannan samfuran suna da babban nauyin ko FC-180 An nuna FC-180 a cikin nau'i na ra'ayi akan takarda a cikin kasida na kamfanin Willys na 1957 mai taken "Ayyukan 1958 Injiniya Samfura". Da gaske tsayin FC-170 DRW ne (wanda ya ƙaru daga 103 zuwa 123.5 in). Siffofin sun haɗa da 150 a cikin ɗakin kwana, "Super Hurricane" layi-6 ko V8 kamar yadda akwai injuna, da kuma T-98 4-gudun manual ko 3-gudun atomatik kamar yadda ake samu. Wannan samfurin yana da babban nauyin FC-190 An kuma nuna FC-190 a cikin tsari a cikin 1957. Ya ƙunshi nau'ikan wheelbase, a shimfidar gado da tandem dually axles. T-98 watsawar manual ya kasance daidaitaccen tare da atomatik azaman zaɓi. Ba a bayar da zaɓin silinda shida ba; Standard ya kasance V8. FC-190 za ta yi amfani da sassan FC-170 da FC-180 don rage farashi. Wannan samfurin yana da babban nauyin Production An baje kolin FC Jeeps ga dillalan Jeep a cikin rufaffiyar talabijin a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 1956, kuma an nuna su ga jama'a a Nunin Mota na Kasa na Disamba 1956 a birnin New York An ci gaba da siyar da FC-150 a dakunan nunin dillalai a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 1956. Amsar farko ga motar FC Jeeps mai ƙafa huɗu ta yi kyau. Shekarar sayar da su mafi kyau ta zo a cikin 1957, lokacin da aka sayar da manyan motoci 9,738. Bayan gabatar da FC-170 a 1957, FC-150 tallace-tallace ya ragu zuwa raka'a 1,546 a 1959, kafin ya koma 4,925 a 1960. Brooks Stevens ya yi nuni a kusa da 1960 don yuwuwar gyaran fuska ga jerin FC. Samfuran FC ba su zama manyan masu siyar da Willys ya yi fata ba. Jimlar samarwa a cikin shekaru tara ya wuce raka'a 30,000. An dakatar da layin FC a cikin 1964. Bambance-bambancen soja Bambance-bambancen soja guda huɗu da aka keɓe na FC-170 an kera su don Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa da Marine Corps na Amurka, ƙarƙashin kwangilar 1964. An kiyasta samarwa ya kasance tsakanin raka'a 400 zuwa 700, galibi ana ɗaukar kofa huɗu na M677. Wani bincike na 1963 da Jeep ya yi, ya kammala cewa FC-170s na soja idan aka kwatanta da tsufa Dodge M37, aƙalla don bayan sabis na gaba. Samfurin XM-676 yana da cube mafi girma na 50%, yana iya ɗaukar sojoji 12 a baya maimakon takwas a cikin M-37, yana da ƙimar nauyin kilo 700, kuma ya ba da fiye da ninki biyu, amma Jeep yana yiwuwa. ya fi mai da hankali kan saukar da kwangilar manyan motocin M715 da suka maye gurbin M-37. Kaiser-Jeep ne ya rubuta kuma ya buga littafin ma'aikacin hukuma da littafin sabis ba ta sojoji ba. Babban bayanin gwamnati game da motocin shine Jeep' Truck, injin Diesel, 7000-pound GVW, 4x4, tare da bambance-bambancen mai suna: Motar M676, Karɓar Kaya gyare-gyaren sigar kasuwancin FC-170 Motar M677, Karɓar Kaya w/4 Dr. Cab ɗauko taksi mai kofa huɗu tare da alfarwa akan gado Motar M678, Dauke Duk FC-170 mai ɗauke da tagogi, da kofofin gida uku, da Motar M679, Ambulance FC-170 van-body tare da kofofin gida biyu kuma babu sauran tagogi na gefe, wanda aka dace azaman motar asibiti Akwai sanannen bambance-bambancen inji tare da motocin kasuwar farar hula. Da farko dai, bambance-bambancen Marine Corps na FC-170s an yi amfani da su ta wani injin daban Cerlist Silinda uku Diesel mai bugun jini. An haɗa injin ɗin tare da watsa T-90A mai sauri uku da kuma samfurin canja wuri 18. Sauran canje-canje sun haɗa da firam ɗin da aka ƙarfafa, tsarin lantarki na 24-volt, da ƙayyadaddun Spicer 44 gaba da Spicer 53 na baya. Samfuran kasuwannin waje An kera nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan FC da yawa (mafi yawan waɗanda ba a samun su a kasuwannin cikin gida) a cikin wasu ƙasashe da yawa ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa tare da masu mallakar Jeep masu zuwa: Willys-Overland, Kaiser Jeep, da Kamfanin Motoci na Amurka (AMC). Indiya Mahindra &amp; Mahindra Limited a Bombay Mumbai Indiya ta fara kasuwancin abin hawa ne a cikin 1947 ta hanyar hada 75 cikakkiyar knock down (CKD) Jeeps a Mazagon, Bombay. Kamfanin ya fara samar da FC-150 a Indiya a cikin 1965 kuma daga baya ya faɗaɗa kewayon samfurin don kasuwannin cikin gida don haɗawa da FC-170, da kuma nasa matsakaicin girman FC-160. FC-160 (kuma daga baya FJ-160) yana amfani da Akwatin karban na Mahindra ne kuma akwai wasu gawarwakin. Samfurin cowl da chassis kawai" FC-160 ya shahara a cikin shekarun 1970 don canzawa zuwa ƙananan bas, motocin daukar marasa lafiya, da sauran motocin. Yawancin suna da ainihin fuskar gaban FC. Kera motar daukar kaya ta Mahindra FC-160 ta ƙare a lokacin rani na 1999. An ƙaddamar da motar hasken Diesel FC-260 a cikin 1975. A halin yanzu, Motar FJ-460 na Mahindra mai ƙafafu huɗu (wanda aka gabatar a cikin 1983) da motar FJ-470 mai ƙafa biyu ko ƙananan motocin bas suna riƙe da tsarin grille na ainihin Ikon Gaba. Waɗannan motocin na iya ɗaukar fasinjoji 11 zuwa 15 tare da direba. Spain A cikin 1960s, Kaiser-Willys ya ba da lasisin Vehículos Industriales y Agrícolas (VIASA) na Zaragoza a Aragon don gina Jeeps a Spain. Tun daga 1970, an gina layin "SV" na manyan motocin kasuwanci ta hanyar amfani da Commando 4 4 Jeep chassis, kamar samfurin FC a Amurka. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

19633

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul%20Kader%20%28almami%29

Abdul Kader (almami)

Abdul Kader Kan (larabci: ca. An haife shi a shekara ta 1725 ya mutu a ranar 26 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1806), ya kasan ce Kuma malamin addinin musulunci ne a ƙarni na 18 kuma Almaami na farko na Futa Toro, ya fito daga inda ake kira yanzu Senegal. Aiki Abdul Kader Kan yana da kimanin shekaru hamsin lokacin da aka rantsar da shi a matsayin Almaami na Futa Toro. Kafin hawa wannan matsayin, Kan ya kasance qadi mai zaman kansa da ke aiki a kusa da Bundu wanda ya yi karatu a Kajoor. Ya fito ne daga jerin malaman Musulunci; kakansa Lamin ya yi aikin hajji a Makka, kuma mahaifinsa Hamady ya yi karatun Alkur’ani a Futa Jallon Yayi karatu a gaban Moktar Ndumbe Diop, wanda ya kafa makaranta a Coki. Abdul Kader Kan na daya daga cikin ‘yan takarar wanda zai zama magajin Sulayman Bal, wanda ya jagoranci tawayen da nufin rusa ajin masu mulkin Deeñanke. A cewar Ware, nadin nasa ya zo ne bayan kin amincewar da mukamin da wani malami yayi, kuma yardarsa da kansa ya yi jinkiri har aka kashe Sulayman a filin daga. Ware ya danganta wannan jinkirin da "tazara mai nisa" daga ikon siyasa wanda malaman addinin Senegambian ke kiyayewa. Robinson ya ambaci abin da ya bayyana a matsayin wata al'ada ce wacce ba a santa ba, a inda aka zabi Abdul Kadeer Kan bayan an dade ana rikici na siyasa, kuma shugabancin torodbe ba shi da tabbas idan suna so su zabi shugaba a matsayin Almaami, wanda da zai zama kamar bayyananniyar sanarwa don sha'awar kafa kasar Musulunci daban. Zabe Abdul Kader Kan an ƙaddamar dashi a matsayin Almaami a cikin shekarar 1776. Robinson ya bayyana "ci gaba mai ban mamaki tare da shigarwar Denyanke da kamanceceniya da hanyoyin da aka amince dasu a jihar musulmai ta Futa Jallon": An tsare Kan a kebe har tsawon mako guda yayin da aka yi hadaya da dabbobi a madadinsa. Sannan an ba shi rawani da ke nuna ofis dinsa ta hanyar wani malami wanda ya taba yin akan aiki a matsayin mai bada shawara ga tsohuwar gwamnatin. Akalla shugabanni hamsin sun yi rantsuwa da biyayya a gare shi a wannan bikin. Wata majiyar ta ce bikin ya kunshi cikakken karatun Alkur'ani, da 'Ishriniyyat, da Dala'il alKhayrat, tare da Kan sanya malaman da suka karantar da su alkawarin yi masa gyara idan suka ga ya gaza rayuwa har zuwa ƙa'idodin da kowane aiki yayi. Wannan bayanin ya fito ne daga wani asusun da ke ajiye da ya gabata wanda ba ya nan. Kiyayya ga Cinikin bayi Dangane da wasiƙun da Thomas Clarkson ya rubuta, aƙalla wani masani ya yi jayayya cewa mai martaba ya yi imanin cewa Abdul Kader Kan ya soke cinikin bayi gaba daya a Futa Toro. Daya daga cikin irin wadannan wasika ta bayyana Kan a matsayin "Almaamy mai hikima kuma mai nagarta" wanda ya ba da "misali mai kyau wajen kawo karshen fataucin bil'adama." An sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya wacce ke nufin ta hana Faransawa sayar da mutanen Futa Toro zuwa bauta, Sannan Almaami yayi nasara akan Masarautar Trarza zai iya zama sakamakon yardar Abdul Kader Kan ya yi na sakin bayin su bayi kan cin nasara. An lura cewa, yayin da ba za a iya bayar da tabbatacciyar hujja ta wannan dabarar a matsayin dalilin nasarar yakin ba, alkawarin sakin bayin da suka yi fada da iyayen gidansu wata dabara ce ta bai daya a Afirka da ma Amurka a wannan lokacin. Halin Almaami a matsayin mai kawar da abu ba jayayya bane. Wasu kuma sun bayyana manufofinsa na bautar kamar yadda ya dace da bautar Musulunci ta gargajiya; wato a ce yayin da ba za a iya bautar da musulmai a shari'ance ba, amma har yanzu kafirai suna da lasisin bautar. Kodayake ba a ba wa barorin Futa Toro bautar bawan Faransawa ba ko kuma bautar da bayi ta yankin Imamanci, mazauna kansu har yanzu suna da bayi. Dangane da wannan fahimtar, mazaunan Futa Toro ba su da kariya saboda tsananin ƙiyayya ga bautar, amma saboda batutuwa na Almaami aƙalla ta hanyar ma'anar Musulmi. Manazarta Musulmi Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1725 Mutuwan

51330

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha%20Cohn

Martha Cohn

Marthe Cohn, Marthe Hoffnung an haife ta a sha uku ga Afrilu shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin a Metz, ɗan gwagwarmaya ne na Faransa Dangane da bangaskiyar Yahudawa, ta yi aiki a matsayin wakili na leken asiri ga Faransa a Jamus jim kaɗan kafin mika wuya na Mulki na Uku Ta ba da labarin abin da ta samu a tarihin rayuwarta. Tarihin Rayuwar ta Marthe Hoffnung an sha uku ga Afrilu shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin a Metz, bayan dawowar a watan Nuwamba shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da goma sha takwas na Alsace da Moselle zuwa Faransa, bayan tilasta Jamusawa da aka aiwatar tun yerjejeniyar Frankfort a ranar Mayu shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da saba'in da daya da kuma inda Jamusawa suka samu, bayan shan kashi na Faransa a karshen. Yaƙin Franco-Prussian na shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da saba'in zuwa shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da saba'in da daya, cewa Alsace da Moselle sun rabu da Faransa, don haka a gaban ƙasashen daular Jamus, a hukumance aka ƙirƙira kuma aka yi shelar a Versailles a ranar sha takwas ga Janairu, shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da saba'in da daya. Iyalinsa Yahudawan Orthodox ne. Yara bakwai ne. Ta gano anti-Semitism tana da shekaru shida, a gaban majami'a a Metz A cikinSatumba shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in bisa ga umarnin kwashe fararen hula, ta fake, kamar Mosellens da yawa, a Poitiers a Vienne Bayan mamayar Faransa a Yuni shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da kuma haɗawa da sake haɗawa da Alsace da Moselle zuwa Rikici na Uku a cikin yuli shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in, ta yanke shawarar zama a Vienne. Bayan 'yan Gestapo sun kama 'yar uwarsa Stéphanie,sha bakwai ga Yuni, shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da biyu, Marthe ta shirya tserewar danginta, daga Poitiers zuwa Free Zone A can, za ta iya rayuwa godiya ga takardun karya, wanda aka yi kafin ta tashi. Abokin aurenta, Jacques Delaunay, dalibi ya hadu a Poitiers, mai rayayye a cikin Resistance na Faransa, an harbe ta a Oktoba shida ga shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da uku,Kagara na Mont-Valérien, a cikin Suresnes A cikin Nuwamba shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da uku Marthe Cohn tana kammala karatun da ta fara a cikin Oktoba shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da daya a Poitiers, a makarantar jinya ta Red Cross ta Faransa, a Marseilles Sai ta yi ƙoƙari, a banza, don shiga Resistance. Bayan Liberation na Paris, a Satumba shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da hudu, Marthe ta shiga aikin sojan Faransa, inda take son kawo kwarewarta a matsayin ma’aikaciyar jinya. An sanya ta zuwa sabis na likita na 151&nbsp;rundunan sojoji Gano cewa tana jin cikakken Jamusanci, harshen da ta yi amfani da shi don sadarwa tare da iyayenta, babban ta, Kanar Fabien, ya ba ta damar shiga ayyukan leken asiri na 1 Faransa Marthe Hoffnung, mai shekaru 24, ta kasance tana aiki da ofishin "hankali" na kwamandojin Afirka Bayan yunkurin kutsawa cikin Alsace goma sha hudu bai yi nasara ba, yankin da aka hade kamar Moselle, ya shiga Jamus ta Switzerland .Afrilu sha daya, shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da biyar. Mai aiki a cikin yankin abokan gaba, sannan yana tattara bayanai masu mahimmanci, wanda ke ba da gudummawa sosai ga ci gaban sojojin Faransa. Musamman ma, ta gargadi shugabanninta game da watsi da layin Siegfried, a yankin Freiburg im Breisgau, kuma ta ba da rahoton wani babban kwanton bauna na Wehrmacht, a cikin Black Forest Don waɗannan ayyukan, an ba Marthe Hoffnung Croix de guerre a cikin 1945 Don haka, za ta sami lambar yabo ta soja a 1999 kuma za ta zama Knight of the Legion of Honor a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da hudu kafin ta sami Medal na amincewa da ƙasa, a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da shida. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da takwas, Marthe Hoffnung ya auri kwamandan likita Lloyd Cohn, likitan Sojan Amurka. A halin yanzu tana zaune a Los Angeles, California, Amurka Tare da taimakon 'yar jaridar Birtaniya Wendy Holden, Marthe Cohn ta bibiyi labarinta a cikin wani littafi da aka buga a shekara ta dubu biyu da biyu, Bayan Layin Enemy Nicola Alice-Hens ta yi wani fim na gaskiya daga rayuwar Marthe Hoffnung, Chichinette, rayuwata a matsayin ɗan leƙen asiri, wanda aka saki a gidajen sinima a Faransa a Oktoba 30, 2019 Labarai (en) Marthe Cohn et Wendy Holden, Behind Enemy Lines The true story of a French Jewish Spy in Nazi Germany, New York, Harmony Books, 2002, 282 p. (ISBN 0-609-61054-6). Marthe Cohn et Wendy Holden (trad. de l'anglais par Hélène Prouteau), Derrière les lignes ennemies Une espionne juive dans l'Allemagne nazie, Paris, Plon, 2004, 309 p. (ISBN 2-259-19658-6). Marthe Cohn et Wendy Holden (trad. de l'anglais par Hélène Prouteau), Derrière les lignes ennemies Une espionne juive dans l'Allemagne nazie, Paris, Éditions Tallandier, 2009 (ISBN 978-2-7098-1769-1 et 2-7098-1769-1). Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

11203

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth%20Omeruo

Kenneth Omeruo

Kenneth Josiah Omeruo (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Oktoba shekarar ta alif 1993) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga Leganés a cikin Segunda División da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya. Omeruo ya sanya hannu a Chelsea daga Standard Liège a cikin watan Janairu, shekarar 2012 kuma a kan sanya hannu ya tafi a kan aro zuwa Dutch saman-jirgin ADO Den Haag. Sai kawai 19, ya burge sosai a Eredivisie don samun kira zuwa tawagar Najeriya. A yanzu dai Omeruo ya wakilci Najeriya a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka a shekarar 2013 da kuma gasar cin kofin nahiyoyi da aka yi a Brazil a shekarar 2013. Omeruo ya tabbatar da samun gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka inda ta zama gasa mai ban mamaki ga Super Eagles kuma ta samu nasara a gasar. A shekarar 2019 ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afrika da kasar Guinea,Ya kasance muhimmin bangare na tawagar Super Eagles da ta lashe lambar tagulla a shekarar 2019. Aikin kulob/ƙungiya Farkon aiki Omeruo ya yi wasa a Sunshine Stars da Anderlecht a matsayin mai gwadawa kafin ya sanya hannu daga makarantar Anderlecht ta Standard Liège. Chelsea A cikin watan Janairu a shekara ta 2012, Chelsea ta sanya hannu kan Omeruo daga Liège kuma nan da nan ta ba da shi rancensa zuwa kulob din Eredivisie ADO Den Haag. A watan Mayun a shekara ta 2014 Najeriya Omeruo mai daure a gasar cin kofin duniya ya amince da sabon kwantiragin shekaru uku da Chelsea. Lamuni zuwa ADO Den Haag Omeruo ya koma ADO Den Haag a matsayin aro na watanni 18 wanda ya ci gaba da zama a kungiyar har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta shekara ta 2012 zuwa 2013. A ranar 3 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 2012, Omeruo ya fara buga wa ADO Den Haag wasa da SC Heerenveen wanda ya kare da ci 0-0. A ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta 2012, a wasan da suka buga da FC Groningen Omeruo ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ragar ADO Den Haag. A ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu, a shekara ta 2012, Omeruo ya zura kwallo a ragar VVV-Venlo a minti na 19. Shi ne dan wasa daya tilo da ya taba zura kwallo a raga a gasar ta Holland sannan kuma ya samu jan kati a wasa daya. Lamuni zuwa Middlesbrough A ranar 7 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta 2014, Omeruo ya koma Middlesbrough a matsayin aro har zuwa ƙarshen kakar shekarar 2013 zuwa 2014. A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta 2014, Omeruo ya fara bugawa Middlesbrough a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Doncaster Rovers. A ranar 8 ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta 2014, an kori Omeruo a minti na 82 bayan ya dauko rawaya ta biyu. Ko da yake Boro ya gama wasan da 9-maza (An kuma kori Ben Gibson a karshen wasan), har yanzu sun sami nasarar cin nasara da ci 3-1 a kan Birmingham City. Ya koma Middlesbrough don kakar a shekara ta 2014 zuwa 2015, ya fara bayyanarsa da Birmingham a ci 2-0. Lamuni zuwa Kasımpaşa A ranar 21 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta 2015, Omeruo ya shiga Kasımpaşa akan lamuni na tsawon lokaci tare da zaɓi don siyan ɗan wasan a ƙarshen sihiri. A ranar 16 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2015, Omeruo ya fara buga wa Kasımpaşa wasa a karawar da suka yi da Gaziantepspor, wasan ya kare da ci 3-0 a hannun Kasımpaşa. Bayan kwanaki biyar, Omeruo ya fara buga wasansa na farko a gida da İstanbul Başakşehir FK inda aka tashi da ci 1-0 a hannun Kasımpaşa. Omeruo ya yi sama da kasa, yana fama da raunuka biyu, amma ya fara duk lokacin da ya samu lafiya. Duk da cewa yarjejeniyar rancen tana da zabin siya, Kasımpaşa ya yanke shawarar bayar da zabin ne saboda rashin kudi, wanda hakan ya sa Omeruo ya koma Chelsea domin tunkarar kakar wasa ta bana. Lamu zuwa ga Alanyaspor A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2016, Omeruo ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin na shekara guda har zuwa shekara ta 2019, kafin ya sake barin aro. Ya koma Alanyaspor ne a matsayin aro na tsawon kaka. An ba shi lamba 44. A ranar 10 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta 2016, Omeruo ya fara buga wasansa na farko a 0-0 da Gençlerbirliği. A ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2017, Omeruo ya ci wa Alanyaspor kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka doke Adanaspor da ci 4-1 a gida, inda ya zura kwallo ta biyu a minti na 37. A watan Mayun shekara ta 2017, Omeruo ya ce mai yiwuwa ya bar Chelsea don buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na yau da kullun. Komawa Kasımpaşa A ranar 25 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2017, bayan sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekaru uku a Chelsea, Omeruo ya koma Kasımpaşa a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa. Leganes A ranar 15 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2018, Omeruo ya shiga CD Leganés akan lamuni na tsawon lokaci. A cikin watan Oktoba a shekara ta 2018 ya bayyana cewa yana jin daɗin yin wasa a Spain, kuma a cikin watan Maris a shekara ta 2019 ya ce yana son shiga Leganés na dindindin. A ranar 13 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2019, Omeruo ya koma Leganés, a wannan karon kan yarjejeniyar dindindin, wanda ya kawo karshen zamansa na shekara bakwai a Chelsea. Ayyukan kasa Omeruo ya buga wa tawagar 'yan kasa da shekara 20 ta Najeriya wasa da ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-20 na shekara ta 2011 a Colombia. A ranar 9 ga watan Janairu, a shekara ta 2013, yana da shekaru 19 ya taka leda a babban kungiyar a karon farko a wasan da Cape Verde ba ta yi nasara ba. Daga nan ya ci gaba da buga dukkan wasannin da Najeriya ta buga a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta shekarar 2013 inda Najeriya ta ci gaba da lashe gasar a karo na uku. A waccan shekarar aka zabe shi a tawagar Najeriya a gasar cin kofin zakarun nahiyoyi na shekarar 2013 kuma ya buga dukkan wasannin rukuni uku da Najeriya ta zo ta uku a rukuninta. Omeuro ya kasance cikin ‘yan wasan karshe na Najeriya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekara ta 2014 kuma ya fara ne a dukkan wasanni hudu da Najeriya ta yi a matsayi na biyu a rukuninsu kuma Faransa ta fitar da ita a zagaye na 16. Najeriya ce ta zabe shi a cikin 'yan wasa 35 na wucin gadi don gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekara ta 2016, amma bai shiga cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 18 na karshe ba. A watan Mayun a shekara ta 2018 an saka shi cikin jerin 'yan wasa 30 na farko da Najeriya za ta buga a Rasha. Salon wasa An siffanta Omeruo a matsayin "dogo, mai tsayi amma mai karfi na tsakiya" da "matashi mai kanshi kuma mai kishin kasa". Rayuwa ta sirri Kanensa Lucky Omeruo shima dan wasan kwallon kafa ne, wanda a halin yanzu yake bugawa CD Leganés B. a matsayin dan wasan gaba da kuma kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 Omeruo da matarsa Chioma sun tarbi yaronsu na farko a Landan, wata yarinya mai suna Chairein. Kididdigar sana'a Kulob Ƙasashen Duniya Manufar kasa da kasa Girmamawa Najeriya Gasar cin kofin Afrika 2013 Gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afrika a matsayi na uku: 2019 Manazarta 1. a b "2018 FIFA World Cup Russia List of Players" (PDF). FIFA.com Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 4 June 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2018. 2. "News C.D. Leganés Web Oficial" 3. Eredivisie. "Kenneth Omeruo, ADO Den Haag" Eredivisielive.nl. Archived from the original on 14 May 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2012. 4. "Kenneth Omeruo" Worldfootball.net. 17 October 1993. Retrieved 31 May 2012. 5. a b "Is Nigeria's Kenneth Omeruo Chelsea's best kept secret?" BBC Sport. 4 December 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2014. 6. "Nigeria vs Guinea: Kenneth Omeruo Voted Man Of The Match" For latest Sports news in Nigeria World 26 June 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019. 7. "AFCON 2019: Nigeria beat Tunisia, win bronze" Punch Newspapers 17 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019. 8. a b "Meet Kenneth Omeruo, the best Chelsea player you've never heard of" FourFourTwo. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2014. 9. "Chelsea linked with move for Standard defender Kenneth Omeruo" ESPN Soccernet. 7 January 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2012. 10. "Chelsea Sign Nigerian Youngster Kenneth Omeruo" Goal.com. 8 January 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2012. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Kenneth Omeruo at BDFutbol 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

26696

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19%20timeline%20by%20country%20in%20Africa

COVID-19 timeline by country in Africa

Annobar cutar covid-19 An tabbatar da ya bazu zuwa Afirka a ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairu 2020, tare da sanar da bullar cutar ta farko a Masar. An sanar da bullar cutar ta farko a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara a Najeriya a karshen watan Fabrairu. A cikin watanni uku, kwayar cutar ta bazu ko'ina cikin Nahiyar, yayin da Lesotho, kasa ta karshe mai cin gashin kanta ta Afirka da ta kasance ba tare da kwayar cutar ba, ta ba da rahoton bullar cutar a ranar 13 ga watan Mayu. Ya zuwa ranar 26 ga watan Mayu, ya bayyana cewa galibin kasashen Afirka suna fuskantar yaduwar al'umma, kodayake karfin gwaji ya takaita. Yawancin wadanda aka gano da aka shigo da su sun fito ne daga Turai da Amurka maimakon China inda cutar ta samo asali. An yi imanin cewa ana samun raguwar rahotanni a yawancin ƙasashen Afirka waɗanda ke da ƙarancin ci gaban tsarin kiwon lafiya. An gano sabbin nau'ikan kwayar cutar a cikin watan Disamba, 2020 a Afirka ta Kudu da Najeriya, baya ga bambancin Lineage B.1.1.7 da aka ruwaito a Burtaniya a watan Satumba. Tarayyar Afirka ta sami kusan alluran rigakafin COVID-19 kusan miliyan 300 a cikin irin wannan yarjejeniya mafi girma har yanzu ga Afirka; An sanar da shi a ranar 13 ga watan Janairu, 2021. Wannan ya kasance mai zaman kansa daga ƙoƙarin samun damar samun damar yin amfani da kayan aikin COVID-19 na duniya COVAX da nufin rarraba allurar COVID-19 zuwa ƙasashe masu tasowa. Musamman ma, ana tuhumar kasashen Afirka fiye da ninki biyu abin da kasashen Turai za su biya na wasu alluran rigakafin. Ƙungiyar Bakwai (G-7) ta yi alƙawarin rarraba daidaitattun alluran rigakafin a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu 2021, kodayake an bayar da cikakkun bayanai. Tarayyar Afirka ta sami kusan alluran rigakafin COVID-19 kusan miliyan 300 a cikin irin wannan yarjejeniya mafi girma har yanzu ga Afirka; An sanar da shi a ranar 13 ga watan Janairu, 2021. Wannan ya kasance mai zaman kansa daga ƙoƙarin samun damar samun damar yin amfani da kayan aikin COVID-19 na duniya COVAX da nufin rarraba allurar COVID-19 zuwa ƙasashe masu tasowa. Musamman ma, ana tuhumar kasashen Afirka fiye da ninki biyu abin da kasashen Turai za su biya na wasu alluran rigakafin. Ƙungiyar Bakwai (G-7) ta yi alƙawarin rarraba daidaitattun alluran rigakafin a ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairu, 2021, kodayake an bayar da cikakkun bayanai. Tsawon lokaci ta ƙasa Aljeriya An tabbatar da shari'ar farko a kasar a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu. A safiyar ranar 2 ga watan Maris, Aljeriya ta tabbatar da sabbin cututtukan coronavirus guda biyu, mace da 'yarta. A ranar 3 ga watan Maris, Algeria ta ba da rahoton wasu sabbin maganganu biyu na coronavirus. Sabbin kararrakin guda biyu sun fito ne daga dangi daya, uba da diya, kuma suna zaune a Faransa. A ranar 4 ga watan Maris, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta sami sabbin mutane hudu da aka tabbatar sun kamu da cutar ta coronavirus, dukkansu daga dangi daya ne, wanda ya kawo adadin zuwa 12 da aka tabbatar. Dangane da hasashen hasashen WHO Aljeriya na fuskantar babban haɗari na yaduwar COVID-19 idan ba a ba da fifikon matakan ɗaukar hoto kamar gano lamba ba. Angola A ranar 21 ga watan Maris, an tabbatar da kararraki biyu na farko a kasar. Daga ranar 20 ga watan Maris, an rufe dukkan iyakokin Angola na tsawon kwanaki 15. there were a total of 19 confirmed cases, two deaths and six recovered cases. Ya zuwa watan Disamba, 2020 adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kai 17,433, tare da murmurewa 10,859 da mutuwar 405. Akwai lokuta 6,169 masu aiki a ƙarshen wata. Benin A ranar 16 ga Maris, 2020, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a kasar. Ya zuwa ranar 18 ga Afrilu, an sami jimillar mutane 35 da aka tabbatar sun kamu da cutar, mutum daya ya mutu sannan 18 sun warke. Adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kamu da cutar sun kai 3,251 a watan Disamba. Akwai marasa lafiya 3,061 da aka murmure, 44 sun mutu, da kuma lokuta 146 masu aiki a ƙarshen shekara. Botswana A ranar 30 ga Maris, an tabbatar da kararraki uku na farko a Botswana. Don hana ci gaba da yaduwar cutar, gwamnati ta hana taron mutane sama da 50 da shigowar mutanen kasashen da ake ganin suna da hadari. za a rufe iyakokin kuma an ba da izinin Jama'ar Botswana su dawo amma dole ne a keɓe su na tsawon kwanaki 14. An kuma rufe dukkan makarantu daga ranar 20 ga Maris. Burkina Faso A ranar 9 ga Maris, 2020, an samu rahoton bullar cutar guda biyu a kasar a Burkina Faso. A ranar 13 ga Maris, an kuma tabbatar da shari'ar ta uku, mutumin da ya yi hulɗa kai tsaye da shari'o'i biyu na farko. Ya zuwa ranar 14 ga Maris, an tabbatar da adadin mutane bakwai a cikin kasar. Biyar daga cikin sabbin kararrakin da aka tabbatar sun yi hulda kai tsaye da kararrakin biyun na farko. Ɗaya daga cikin ɗan ƙasar Ingila ne da ke aiki a wurin hakar zinare a ƙasar wanda ya yi hutu a Liverpool kuma ya dawo a ranar 10 ga Maris, yana wucewa ta Vancouver da Paris. there were a total of 557 confirmed cases, 35 deaths and 294 recovered cases. Ya zuwa karshen Disamba 2020, an sami adadin mutane 6,631, 4,978 sun warke, 1,569 lokuta masu aiki, da mutuwar 84. Burundi A ranar 31 ga Maris, an tabbatar da kararraki biyu na farko a kasar. Shugaban kasar Burundi, Pierre Nkurunziza, ya mutu a lokacin barkewar cutar; a hukumance ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya, amma ana hasashen cewa watakila ya mutu daga COVID-19 tare da wasu danginsa kuma an ba da rahoton sun kamu da cutar. Kamaru A ranar 6 ga Maris an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Kamaru. A cewar kididdigar kididdigar da WHO ta yi kiyasin Kamaru na fuskantar babban hadarin yaduwar COVID-19 idan ba a ba da fifiko kan matakan dakile cutar ba. Kamaru ta ba da rahoton adadin mutane 27,336, 1,993 lokuta masu aiki, da jimillar mutuwar 451 a ranar 13 ga Janairu 2021. Wannan shi ne mace-mace 17 a cikin mutane miliyan daya. Cape Verde A ranar 20 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a cikin kasar, mai shekaru 62 daga Burtaniya. Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya An ba da sanarwar shari'ar farko ta kasar a ranar 14 ga Maris, tare da bayyana mara lafiyar a matsayin dan Italiya mai shekaru 74 da ya dawo Jamhuriyar Tsakiyar Afirka daga Milan, Italiya. Chadi A ranar 19 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a kasar. Sama da mutane 4,000 ya zuwa yanzu sun gwada inganci A matsayin matakin kariya, gwamnati ta soke dukkan zirga-zirgar jiragen da ke shigowa cikin kasar, sai dai jiragen dakon kaya. Comoros A matsayin matakan kariya, matafiya masu zuwa za a keɓe su na tsawon kwanaki 14 idan sun isa. Don hana yaduwar cutar, gwamnati ta soke dukkan jiragen da ke shigowa tare da hana manyan taro. A ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 2020, mutumin da ya isa Mayotte daga Comoros ya gwada inganci don COVID-19. A ranar 30 ga Afrilu, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a cikin Comoros. A ranar 4 ga Mayu, an sanar da mutuwar farko. An gwada mutane 54, kuma an gano abokan hulɗa 53. Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo A ranar 10 ga Maris, an ba da rahoton bullar COVID-19 ta farko a cikin kasar. Ya zuwa Maris 2021, sama da mutane 25,000 sun gwada inganci Matakan rigakafin A ranar 19 ga Maris, Shugaba Félix Tshisekedi ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da dukkan jiragen. Shugaban ya kafa dokar ta baci tare da rufe iyakokin kasar. An kuma rufe makarantu, mashaya, gidajen abinci, da wuraren ibada. Jamhuriyar Kongo An ba da sanarwar shari'ar farko ta kasar a ranar 14 ga Maris, wani mutum mai shekaru 50 da ya dawo Jamhuriyar Congo daga Paris, Faransa. Djibouti A ranar 18 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Djibouti. Masar Ma'aikatar lafiya ta Masar ta sanar da bullar cutar ta farko a kasar a filin jirgin sama na Alkahira da ta shafi wani dan kasar China a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu. A ranar 6 ga Maris, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Masar da WHO sun tabbatar da sabbin maganganu 12 na kamuwa da cutar coronavirus. Mutanen da suka kamu da cutar na daga cikin ma'aikatan Masarawa da ke cikin jirgin ruwan Nilu mai suna MS River Anuket, wanda ya taso daga Aswan zuwa Luxor A ranar 7 ga Maris, 2020, hukumomin lafiya sun ba da sanarwar cewa mutane 45 da ke cikin jirgin sun gwada inganci, kuma an sanya jirgin a keɓe a tashar jirgin ruwa a Luxor Masar ta ba da rahoton adadin mutane 152,719, 24,045 lokuta masu aiki, da kuma 8,362 sun mutu a ranar 13 ga Janairu 2021. Wannan shi ne mutuwar mutane 81 a cikin mutane miliyan daya. A cikin Janairu 2021, dangin wani majinyacin COVID-19 mai shekaru 62 wanda ya mutu a Babban Asibitin El Husseineya na Masar saboda karancin iskar oxygen ya sanya bidiyon asibitin a Facebook. Bidiyon da ya nuna ma’aikatan jinya cikin kunci, suna farfado da wani mutum tare da taimakon na’urar hura iska da hannu ya shiga yanar gizo, inda ya jawo hankalin duniya game da gazawar gwamnati wajen magance cutar. Marasa lafiya hudu ne suka mutu a wannan rana kuma sanarwar da asibitin ta fitar ta bayyana cewa majinyatan sun sami “rikici”, suna musun “duk wata alaka” da mutuwarsu da karancin iskar oxygen. Wani bincike da jaridar New York Times ta jagoranta ya gano in ba haka ba a cikin bayanan da aka bayar yayin hirar da suka yi da dangin marasa lafiya, da ma’aikatan lafiya, sun tabbatar da dalilin mutuwar a matsayin rashin iskar oxygen. Masar ta fara yiwa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya allurar rigakafin a ranar 24 ga Janairu. Sama da likitoci 300 ne suka mutu. Equatorial Guinea A ranar 14 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a kasar. Eritrea A ranar 20 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Eritrea. Eswatini A ranar 14 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a kasar. Habasha An sanar da shari'ar farko ta kasar a ranar 13 ga Maris, wanda wani dan kasar Japan ne wanda ya isa kasar a ranar 4 ga Maris daga Burkina Faso. An ba da rahoton ƙarin kararraki uku na kwayar cutar a ranar 15 ga Maris. Mutanen uku sun yi mu'amala ta kut-da-kut da mutumin da aka ruwaito yana dauke da kwayar cutar a ranar 13 ga Maris. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ma'aikatar lafiya ta sanar da kararraki takwas da aka tabbatar ga jama'a, wanda ya kawo adadin zuwa goma sha biyu. Daga cikin wadanda suka kamu da cutar wata tsohuwa 'yar kasar Habasha 'yar shekara tamanin an ce tana da wasu alamomin da ke kara ta'azzara yayin da wasu takwas kuma ke kan hanyar murmurewa kuma suna nuna karancin alamun cutar. A ranar 27 ga Maris, wata sanarwa da ministan lafiya ya fitar yana mai cewa an gano karin wasu kararraki guda hudu yayin da daya ke a birnin Adama na jihar Oromia yayin da sauran ukun ke birnin Addis Ababa Haka kuma, Ministan Lafiya ya tabbatar da karin kararraki uku a ranar 31 ga Maris 2020. Hakazalika, washegari kuma an kara wasu kararraki uku. A sanarwar da aka fitar a baya hukumomin gwamnati sun lura cewa an sake gwada shari'ar guda daya kuma an tabbatar da cewa ba ta dace ba kuma biyu daga cikin wadanda aka tabbatar an aika zuwa kasarsu (Japan). A dunkule, an tabbatar da kararraki ashirin da tara A ranar 3 ga Afrilu 2020 saboda ƙarin gwaje-gwajen da aka yi, an sake gano ƙarin shari'o'i shida waɗanda ke haɓaka adadin zuwa talatin da biyar. Gwamnati da sauran al'umma suna daukar matakan dakile yaduwar wannan cuta mai saurin kisa. A cikin mutane shida da aka gano akwai mutanen da ba su da tarihin balaguro kwanan nan, abin da ya sa jama'a suka firgita. A ranar 4 ga Afrilu, an sami ƙarin buƙatun cutar guda uku. Dukkan lamuran sun fito ne daga Addis Ababa. Biyu daga cikin majinyatan, dan shekara 29 da wani dan kasar Habasha dan shekara 34, suna da tarihin balaguro zuwa Dubai a lokuta daban-daban. Shari’a ta uku ita ce mace ‘yar Habasha ‘yar shekara 35 da ta zo daga Sweden a ranar 3 ga Afrilu.[31] A wannan rana, an ba da rahoton ƙarin farfadowa guda ɗaya, wanda ya ƙara yawan adadin da aka samu zuwa 4. A ranar 5 ga Afrilu, an ba da rahoton ƙarin ƙarin tabbataccen lokuta biyar na kwayar cutar. Uku daga cikinsu 'yan kasar Habasha ne. Sauran biyun kuma ‘yan kasar Libya ne da Eritriya.[33]. Akwai jimlar shari'o'i 43 A ranar 7 ga Afrilu, an gano ƙarin mutane kuma adadin ya kasance 54. Daga cikin gwaje-gwaje 200+ da aka gudanar a ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2020, an ƙara ƙarin shari'ar guda ɗaya wanda ya zama 55. Tare da halin da ake ciki a yanzu yana nuna yaduwar cutar Habasha ta ayyana dokar ta baci Tilahun Woldemichael, wani malamin Orthodox dan kasar Habasha wanda aka ce yana da shekaru 114, an sallame shi daga asibiti a ranar 25 ga watan Yuni bayan da aka yi masa magani da iskar oxygen da dexamethasone na coronavirus. Habasha na da mutane 5,200 da aka tabbatar. Habasha ta ba da rahoton jimillar mutane 129,455, 12,882 masu aiki, da jimillar mutuwar 2,006 a ranar 13 ga Janairu 2021. Wannan ya yi daidai da mutuwar mutane 17 a kowace al'umma miliyan ɗaya. Yankunan Faransa Mayotte An ba da rahoton shari'ar farko ta cutar ta COVID-19 a cikin sashen Faransa na ketare da yankin Mayotte a ranar 13 ga Maris 2020. A ranar 31 ga Maris mutum na farko ya mutu daga COVID-19. Asibiti daya a cikin Mayotte ya cika da marasa lafiya na COVID-19 a cikin Fabrairu 2021. Sojojin Faransa sun aika da ma'aikatan lafiya da wasu gadaje na ICU, amma bai isa ba. Réunion An tabbatar da cewa cutar ta COVID-19 ta isa sashen Faransanci na ketare da yankin Réunion a ranar 11 ga Maris 2020. Gabon An sanar da shari'ar farko ta kasar a ranar 12 ga Maris, wani dan kasar Gabon mai shekaru 27 wanda ya dawo Gabon daga Faransa kwanaki 4 kafin tabbatar da cutar ta coronavirus. Gambiya Gambiya ta ba da rahoton bullar cutar coronavirus ta farko daga wata mata mai shekaru 20 da ta dawo daga Burtaniya a ranar 17 ga Maris. Ghana Ghana ta ba da rahoton bullar ta biyu na farko a ranar 12 ga Maris. Laifukan biyun mutane ne da suka dawo kasar daga Norway da Turkiyya, tare da fara aikin gano bakin zaren. A ranar 11 ga Maris, Ministan Kudi, Ken Ofori-Atta, ya yi cedi daidai da dala 100. akwai miliyan don haɓaka shirye-shiryen coronavirus na Ghana da shirin mayar da martani. Hukumar lafiya ta Ghana ta bayar da rahoto a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta cewa sama da ma’aikatan lafiya 2,000 ne suka kamu da cutar sannan shida sun mutu. Ghana ta ba da rahoton adadin mutane 56,981, 1,404 masu aiki, da kuma 341 sun mutu a ranar 13 ga Janairu 2021. Wannan shi ne mutuwar mutane 11 a cikin mutane miliyan daya. Gini A ranar 13 ga Maris, Guinea ta tabbatar da shari'arta ta farko, ma'aikacin tawagar Tarayyar Turai a Guinea. Muminai sun bude masallaci da karfi a Dubréka a watan Mayu. Guinea-Bissau A ranar 25 ga Maris, Guinea-Bissau ta tabbatar da shari'o'in farko na COVID-19 guda biyu, ma'aikacin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya dan Congo da wani dan Indiya. Ivory Coast A ranar 11 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a kasar. Ivory Coast ta ba da rahoton adadin mutane 24,369, 1,373 lokuta masu aiki, da jimillar mutuwar 140 a ranar 13 ga Janairu 2021. Wannan shi ne mace-mace biyar a cikin mutane miliyan daya. Kenya A ranar 12 ga Maris, 2020, Shugaba Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta ya tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Kenya. A ranar 13 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Kenya, wata mata da ta zo daga Amurka ta Landan. Kenya ta ba da rahoton adadin mutane 98,555, 15,168 lokuta masu aiki, da jimillar mutuwar 1,720 a ranar 13 ga Janairu 2021. Wannan shine mutuwar mutane 32 a kowace al'umma miliyan daya. Lesotho A ranar 13 ga Mayu, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Lesotho. Kasar ta sami mutuwar farko a ranar 9 ga Yuli. Laberiya A ranar 16 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Laberiya. An ba da izinin sake buɗe majami'u da masallatai har zuwa ranar 17 ga Mayu. Libya A ranar 17 ga Maris, don hana yaduwar cutar, gwamnatin yarjejeniyar kasa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da ita, ta rufe iyakokin kasar, ta dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na tsawon makwanni uku tare da haramtawa 'yan kasashen waje shiga kasar; An kuma rufe makarantu, wuraren shaye-shaye, masallatai da tarukan jama'a. A ranar 24 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Libya. Libya ta ba da rahoton adadin mutane 106,670, 21,730 masu aiki, da kuma 1,629 sun mutu a ranar 13 ga Janairu 2021. Wannan shi ne mace-mace 235 a cikin mutane miliyan daya. Madagascar A ranar 20 ga Maris, an tabbatar da bullar cutar guda uku a Madagascar. Duk mata ne. Kasar Madagascar ta sami adadin mutane 225 da aka tabbatar sun kamu da coronavirus, 98 sun warke, kuma babu wanda ya mutu ya Ana tura "maganin" tsire-tsire na Madagascar mai suna COVID-19 Organics duk da gargadin da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta yi cewa ba a tabbatar da ingancinsa ba. Tanzania, Equatorial Guinea, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Congo, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Laberiya, da Guinea Bissau duk sun riga sun karbi dubban allurai na COVID-19 Organics kyauta. Malawi A ranar 2 ga Afrilu, an tabbatar da kararraki uku na farko a Malawi. A watan Afrilun 2020 babbar kotun Malawi ta ba da umarnin dakatar da matakan kulle-kullen da gwamnatin Malawi ta sanya na wani dan lokaci. A watan Agusta 2020 gwamnatin Malawi ta ƙaddamar da ƙarin matakan da suka haɗa da sanya abin rufe fuska na dole a wuraren jama'a don dakile yaduwar cutar Mali A ranar 25 ga Maris, an tabbatar da kararraki biyu na farko a Mali. Mauritania A ranar 13 ga watan Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a kasar. Ya zuwa ranar 18 ga watan Afrilu, 2020, an tabbatar da bullar cutar guda 7 a cikin kasar, 6 daga cikinsu sun murmure, kuma daya ya mutu wanda ya sa Mauritania ta zama kasa daya tilo da cutar ta bulla a Afirka da kuma a duniya da ta samu kubuta daga COVID-19. An sake tabbatar da wani kara a ranar 29 ga watan Afrilu. Mauritius Tun lokacin da aka tabbatar da shari'o'in farko na uku na COVID-19 a ranar 18 ga Maris, 2020, hukumomin Mauritius suna gudanar da tuntuɓar tuntuɓar mutanen da suka yi hulɗa da masu cutar an sanya su cikin keɓe, gami da likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya da jami'an 'yan sanda. Ba a sami rahoton bullar cutar ba a Rodrigues, Agaléga da St. Brandon A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2020, Firayim Minista ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a tsawaita dokar hana fita ta COVID-19 zuwa 1 ga Yuni 2020 kuma makarantu za su kasance a rufe har zuwa 1 ga Agusta 2020. an ba da izinin gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci da yawa, wato gidajen burodi, shagunan kayan masarufi da kasuwannin kifi da kuma lokacin buɗe manyan kantunan zuwa 20 00 hours. Bankunan sun ci gaba da aiki a karkashin tsauraran ka'idojin tsabta. A ranar 13 ga Mayu, 2020, gwamnati ta ba da cikakken ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi waɗanda duka masu ababen hawa da masu jigilar jama'a za su bi. Waɗannan ka'idoji da ƙa'idoji sun yi daidai da dabarun Gwamnati don tabbatar da cewa babu haɗarin yaɗuwar COVID-19 yayin da ƙasar sannu a hankali ke shirya kanta don ba da damar wasu ayyukan tattalin arziki su ci gaba tun daga ranar 15 ga Mayu 2020. A ranar 15 ga Mayu, 2020, Mauritius ta shiga mataki na farko na sauƙaƙe ƙa'idar kullewa. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Timeline na martanin WHO game da COVID-19 Manazarta Covid-19 Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba

18787

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishaaq

Ishaaq

Ishaq dayan magabata uku ne na Isra’ilawa kuma yana da mahimmanci a cikin addinan Ibrahim, gami da addinin Yahudanci, Kiristanci, da Islama. Shi dan Ibrahim ne da Saratu, mahaifin Yakubu, kuma kakan kabilu goma sha biyu na Isra'ila. Sunan Ishaku yana nufin "zai yi dariya", wanda ke nuna dariya, ga rashin yarda, na Ibrahim da Saratu, lokacin da Allah ya gaya musu cewa za su sami ɗa. Shine kawai sarki wanda ba'a canja sunansa ba, kuma shine kadai wanda bai ƙaura daga Kan'ana ba. Dangane da labarin, ya mutu yana da shekara 180, wanda ya fi kowa tsawon rayuwa a cikin shugabannin kakannin uku. Bayanin Lantarki Sunan da aka ambata a cikin Ishaku shine fassarar kalmar Ibrananci Yiṣḥāq wanda a zahiri yana nufin "Yayi dariya zaiyi dariya." Rubutun Ugarit wanda aka fara daga ƙarni na 13 KZ yana magana ne game da murmushin alherin allolin Kan'aniyawa El. Farawa, ya danganta dariya ga iyayen Ishaƙu, Ibrahim da Saratu, maimakon El. Dangane da labarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki, Ibrahim ya faɗi fuskarsa yana dariya lokacin da Allah (Ibraniyanci, Elohim) ya ba da labarin haihuwar ɗansu a ƙarshe. Ya yi dariya saboda Saratu ta wuce shekarun haihuwa; duka ita da Ibrahim sun tsufa. Daga baya, lokacin da Saratu ta ji manzannin Ubangiji uku sun sabunta alƙawarin, sai ta yi dariya a ciki saboda wannan dalili. Saratu ta musanta dariya lokacin da Allah ya tambayi Ibrahim game da hakan. A cikin Amos, ba a rubuta Ishaƙu da amma da Amos 7: 9 Farawa labarin Haihuwa It was prophesied to the patriarch Abraham that he would have a son and that his name should be Isaac. When Abraham became one hundred years old, this son was born to him by his first wife Sarah. Though this was Abraham's second son it was Sarah's first and only child. Abraham's first son was born with Hagar. A rana ta takwas daga haihuwarsa, aka yi wa Ishaku kaciya, kamar yadda ya wajaba a kan dukkan mazan gidan Ibrahim, domin ya kiyaye alƙawarin Ubangiji. After Isaac had been weaned, Sarah saw Ishmael mocking, and urged her husband to cast out Hagar the bondservant and her son, so that Isaac would be Abraham's sole heir. Abraham was hesitant, but at God's order he listened to his wife's request. Daurewa A wani lokaci a lokacin saurayin Ishaku, mahaifinsa Ibrahim ya dauke shi zuwa Dutsen Moriah Bisa umarnin Allah, Ibrahim ya gina bagadin hadaya ya miƙa ɗansa Ishaku a kai. Bayan ya ɗaure ɗansa a kan bagaden kuma ya zaro wuƙa don ya kashe shi, a lokaci na ƙarshe wani mala'ikan Allah ya hana Ibrahim ci gaba. Madadin haka, an umurce shi da ya miƙa ragon da ke kusa wanda ya makale a cikin duri. Kafin Ishaƙu ya kai 40 (Far 25:20) Ibrahim ya aiki Eliezer, wakilinsa, zuwa cikin Mesofotamiya don nema wa Ishaƙu mata, daga dangin ɗan'uwansa Bethuel Eliyezer ya zaɓi Rifkatu 'yar Suriya ga Ishaku. Bayan shekaru da yawa da aure ga Ishaku, Rifkatu har yanzu ba ta haifi ɗa ba kuma an yi imanin ba ta haihuwa. Ishaq yayi mata addu'a sai tayi. Rifkatu ta haifi tagwaye maza, Isuwa da Yakubu Ishaku yana da shekara 60 lokacin da aka haifa masa 'ya'ya maza biyu. Ishaku ya fi son Isuwa, Rifkatu kuma ta fi son Yakubu. Labarin da ake bayarwa game da Ishaku bai ambaci yana da ƙwaraƙwarai ba. Hijira Ishaku ya koma Biyer-lahai-roi bayan mahaifinsa ya rasu. Lokacin da ƙasar ta fuskanci yunwa, sai ya ƙaura zuwa ƙasar Gerar ta Filistiyawa inda mahaifinsa ya taɓa zama. Landasar har yanzu tana ƙarƙashin ikon sarki Abimelek kamar yadda yake a zamanin Ibrahim. Kamar mahaifinsa, Ishaku ma ya yaudari Abimelek game da matarsa, har ma ya shiga rijiyar. Ya koma duk rijiyoyin da mahaifinsa ya haƙa kuma ya ga duk an rufe su da ƙasa. Filistiyawa sun yi haka bayan mutuwar Ibrahim. Saboda haka, Ishaku ya tono su, ya fara haƙa rijiyoyi har zuwa Biyer-sheba, inda ya yi yarjejeniya da Abimelek kamar yadda ya yi a zamanin mahaifinsa. Hakkin haihuwa Ishaku ya tsufa kuma ya zama makaho. Ya kira ɗansa Isuwa, ya ce masa ya samo masa lada domin ya sami albarkar Ishaku. Yayin da Isuwa yake farauta, Yakubu, bayan ya saurari shawarar mahaifiyarsa, ya yaudari mahaifinsa makaho ta hanyar ɓata sunan kansa kamar Isuwa kuma ta haka ne ya sami albarkar mahaifinsa, irin wannan cewa Yakubu ya zama magajin Ishaƙu na farko kuma an bar Isuwa a matsayi na ƙasa. A cewar Farawa 25: 29–34, Isuwa a baya ya sayar wa Yakubu matsayinsa na ɗan fari domin "gurasa da romon lentil". Bayan haka, Ishaku ya aiki Yakubu zuwa Mesofotamiya don ya auri matar gidan ɗan'uwan mahaifiyarsa. Bayan shekara 20 yana aiki wa kawunsa Laban, Yakubu ya koma gida. Ya sasanta da tagwayen ɗan'uwansa Isuwa, sannan shi da Isuwa suka binne mahaifinsu, Ishaku, a Hebron bayan ya mutu yana da shekara 180. Iyalin gida Wurin binnewa Bisa ga al'adar gida, kaburburan Ishaku da Rifkatu, tare da kabarin Ibrahim da Saratu da Yakubu da Lai'atu, suna cikin Kogon Iyayen Sarakuna Ra'ayoyin yahudawa A cikin al'adun rabbi, ana ɗaukar shekarun Ishaƙu a lokacin ɗaure zuwa 37, wanda ya bambanta da kwatancin Ishaƙu yayin yaro. Har ila yau, malaman sun yi tunanin cewa dalilin mutuwar Sara shine labarin ne na hadayar Ishaƙu. Hadayar Ishaku an ambata a cikin roƙo don rahamar Allah a cikin al'adun yahudawa na gaba. Bayanan yahudawa na bayan littafi mai tsarki sau da yawa suna bayyana matsayin Ishaƙu fiye da bayanin littafi mai tsarki kuma da farko suna mai da hankali ne ga hadayar Ibrahim da Ishaƙu, wanda ake kira aqedah ("ɗaure"). Dangane da fasalin waɗannan fassarar, Ishaku ya mutu a cikin hadayar kuma an farfaɗo dashi. A cewar yawancin labaran Aggadah, ba kamar Littafi Mai-Tsarki ba, Shaidan ne yake gwada Ishaƙu a matsayin wakilin Allah Yardar Ishaƙu don bin umarnin Allah a yayin mutuwarsa ya zama abin koyi ga yahudawa da yawa waɗanda suka fifita shahada fiye da ƙeta dokar Yahudawa Bisa ga al'adar yahudawa, Ishaku ya kafa sallar la'asar. Wannan al'adar ta dogara ne akan Farawa sura 24, aya ta 63 ("Ishaku ya fita don yin zuzzurfan tunani a filin a maraice"). Ishaku shine kadai sarki wanda ya zauna a Kan'ana a duk tsawon rayuwarsa kuma duk da cewa da zarar yayi kokarin barin, Allah ya gaya masa kada yayi haka. Hadisai na Rabbinic sun ba da bayani cewa an kusan sadaukar da Ishaƙu kuma duk abin da aka sadaukar domin hadaya na iya barin ƙasar Isra'ila Ishaku shine mafi tsufa a cikin magabata na littafi mai tsarki a lokacin mutuwarsa, kuma shi kaɗai ne basarake wanda ba a canza sunansa ba. Littattafan Rabbinci kuma sun danganta makantar Ishaƙu a lokacin tsufa, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Baibul, da hadayar hadaya: Idanun Ishaku sun makance saboda hawayen mala'iku da ke wurin a lokacin hadayarsa sun sauka a idanun Ishaku. Cocin kirista na farko yaci gaba kuma ya inganta taken Sabon Alkawari game da Ishaƙu a matsayin kwatancin Kristi kuma Cocin kasancewar su "ɗan alƙawari" da "mahaifin masu aminci". Tertullian ya zana kamanceceniya tsakanin ɗaukar Ishaƙu itace na hadaya tare da Kristi ɗauke da gicciyensa. kuma akwai yarjejeniya ta gama gari cewa, yayin da duk hadayu na Tsohon Doka ya kasance tsinkayen hakan ne a kan Kalvari, hadayar Ishaƙu ta kasance "ta hanyar fifiko". Cocin Orthodox na Gabas da Roman Katolika suna ɗaukar Ishaku a matsayin waliyi tare da sauran magabata na Littafi Mai Tsarki Tare da na sauran kakanni da Tsohon Alkawari na Adalci, ana bikin ranar idin nasa a Cocin Orthodox na Gabas da kuma bikin Byzantine na cocin Katolika a ranar Lahadi ta biyu kafin Kirsimeti (Disamba 11-17), ƙarƙashin taken Lahadi na Magabata Sabon Alkawari ya ce Ishaku ya “miƙa” mahaifinsa Ibrahim, kuma Ishaƙu ya albarkaci ɗiyansa maza. Bulus ya nuna bambanci tsakanin Ishaƙu, wanda ke alamta 'yanci na Kirista, da babban ɗa da aka ƙi Isma'ilu, yana nuna bautar; Hajara tana da alaƙa da alkawarin Sinai, yayin da Saratu ke da alaƙa da alkawarin alheri, wanda ɗanta Ishaku ya shiga ciki. Wasikar Yakubu sura 2, aya 21 24, ce sadaukarwar Ishaku ya nuna cewa barata (a wajan Johannine) na bukatar bangaskiya da aiki. A cikin wasiƙar zuwa ga Ibraniyawa, an yi amfani da yardar Ibrahim don bin umarnin Allah na yin hadaya da Ishaƙu a matsayin misali na bangaskiya kamar yadda aikin Ishaku ya albarkaci Yakubu da Isuwa game da makomar da Allah ya yi wa Ibrahim. A cikin aya ta 19, marubucin ya kalli sakin Ishaƙu daga hadaya a matsayin kwatankwacin tashin Yesu, tunanin hadayar Ishaƙu alama ce ta hadayar Yesu a kan gicciye Ra'ayoyin Musulunci Addinin Islama ya ɗauki Ishaƙu (Larabci: Ishaq annabin Islama, kuma ya bayyana shi a matsayin mahaifin Isra’ilawa kuma salihin bawan Allah Ishaq, tare da Isma'il, suna da matukar muhimmanci ga Musulmai don ci gaba da wa'azin tauhidi bayan mahaifinsa Ibrahim Daga cikin Ishaku yara ne follow-up Ba'isra'ile sarki Yakubu, wanda aka ma waliyai matsayin Musulunci annabi. An ambaci Ishaku sau goma sha biyar da suna a cikin Alqurani, sau da yawa tare da mahaifinsa da ɗansa, Yakubu. Alqurani ya bayyana cewa Ibrahim ya sami bushara ne da Ishaq, annabi, daga salihai kuma Allah ya albarkace su duka (37: 112). A cikin cikakken bayanin, lokacin da mala'iku suka zo wa Ibrahim suna gaya masa hukuncin da za a yi a kan Saduma da Gwamrata, matarsa, Saratu, "ta yi dariya, kuma Muka yi mata bushara da Ishaku, da kuma bayan Ishaƙu na (jikan) Yakubu "(11: 71-74); kuma an kara bayanin cewa wannan taron zai faru duk da cewa Ibrahim da Saratu sun tsufa. Ayoyi da yawa sunyi magana game da Ishaƙu a matsayin "kyauta" ga Ibrahim (6: 84; 14: 49-50), kuma 24: 26-27 sun ƙara da cewa Allah ya sanya "Annabci da Littafin su kasance daga cikin zuriyarsa", wanda aka fassara. don komawa ga annabawan annabawa biyu na Ibrahim, jikan annabinsa Yakubu, da kuma jikan annabinsa Yusuf A cikin Alqurani, daga baya ya ruwaito cewa Ibrahim shima ya yabi Allah da ya bashi Isma'ila da Ishaq a lokacin tsufansa (14: 39–41). Da sauran wurare a cikin Alqur'ani, da Ishaku, da aka ambata a cikin lists: Joseph bi aƙidar kakannin Ibrahim, da Ishaku, da Yakubu (12: 38), kuma magana akan Allah 's ni'ima a gare su (12: 6). 'Ya'yan Ya'uba duk sun ba da gaskiya ga imaninsu kuma sun yi alkawarin bautar Allah wanda kakaninsu, "Ibrahim, Isma'ilu da Ishaku", suka yi wa sujada (2: 127); kuma Alqurani ya umurci musulmai su yi imani da ayoyin da aka bai wa "Ibrahim, Isma'ilu, Ishaku, Yakubu da Jikokin Sarki" (2: 136; 3: 84). A cikin labarin Alqurani game da kusancin hadayar Ibrahim ga dansa (37: 102), ba a ambaci sunan dan ba kuma an ci gaba da muhawara kan asalin dan, kodayake mutane da yawa suna jin cewa asalin shi ne mafi mahimmancin abu a cikin labarin an bayar ne don nuna ƙarfin zuciyar da mutum ke haɓaka ta wurin bangaskiya. Qur'ani aQAlqurani ya ambaci Ishaku a matsayin annabi kuma adalin mutumin Allah An ambaci Ishaku da Yaƙub kamar waɗanda aka bai wa Ibrahim a matsayin baiwar Allah, wanda sai ya bauta wa Allah shi kaɗai kuma ya kasance shugabanni masu adalci a cikin hanyar Allah: Kuma muka azurta Shi da Isha sanna muka sanya a zura'ar Ishak Yaqooba, kuma muka sanya su acikin al'ummah tsarkakakku wat ita zuriar ta Aiyub. Quran, Surah 21 Wasu malamai sun bayyana Ishaku matsayin "mai almara adadi" ko "kamar yadda wani adadi mai wakiltar tribal tarihi, ko" kamar yadda wani seminomadic shugaban. Labarun Ishaku, kamar sauran patriarchal labaru na Farawa, an kullum yi ĩmãni a yi "ga asalin jama'a tunanin da hadisan da na farkon Hebrew pastoralist kwarewa." Abokin Cambridge Companion ga Baibul yayi bayani mai zuwa game da labaran littafi mai tsarki na magabata: A cewar Martin Noth, masanin Ilimin Ibrananci Ibrananci, labaran Ishaku sun kasance ne zuwa tsohuwar al'adar al'adu fiye da ta Yammacin Jordan. A wancan lokacin, ƙabilun Isra’ilawa ba su kasance masu nitsuwa ba tukun. A yayin neman wuraren kiwo, sun sadu da kudancin Filistiya tare da mazaunan ƙauyukan da aka kafa. Masanin tarihin Baibul A. Jopsen ya yi imani da alaƙar da ke tsakanin al'adun Ishaku da arewa, kuma a cikin goyon bayan wannan ra'ayin ya kawo Amos 7: 9 ("manyan wuraren Ishaku"). Albrecht Alt da Martin Noth sun ce, "Adadin Ishaku ya inganta lokacin da jigon alƙawarin, wanda a baya yake da alaƙa da al'adun 'Allah Ubanni' aka shigar da su cikin ƙa'idodin Isra'ilawa yayin matakan kudancin-Falasɗinu na ci gaban Hadisin Pentateuch A cewar Martin Noth, a matakin Kudancin Falasdinu na bunkasar al'adar Pentateuch, Ishaku ya zama ɗaya daga cikin magabata na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, amma al'adunsa sun koma baya saboda ni'imar Ibrahim. A cikin fasaha Kiristan farko da aka zana Ishaƙ ana samun shi a frescoes na Roman catacomb Ban da gutsuttsura, Alison Moore Smith ya rarraba waɗannan ayyukan fasaha a cikin rukuni uku: Duba kuma Tarihin littafi mai tsarki da kuma alqurani Alkawarin Ishaku Labarin mata ‘yar’uwa a littafin Farawa irin wadannan labaran guda uku, wadanda suka hada da Ibrahim (biyu) da Ishaku (daya) Bayanan kula Ambato Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

36236

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen%20Izon

Harshen Izon

Izon (Ịzọn), wanda kuma aka fi sani da (Tsakiyar-Yammacin) Ijo, Ijaw, Izo da Uzo, shine yaren Ijaw mafi rinjaye, wanda akasarin mutanen Ijaw na Najeriya ke magana da shi. Akwai yaruka kusan talatin, dukkansu suna iya fahimtar juna, daga cikinsu akwai Gbanran, Ekpetiama da Kolokuma da dai sauransu. Kolokuma harshensu na ilimi. A watan Yunin 2013, an kaddamar da littafin koyarwa na Izon Fie na sauti a faifen CDi a wani biki da jami'an gwamnatin na jihar Bayelsa suka halarta. Gwamnatin jihar Bayelsa ta dauki malamai 30 aiki domin koyar da harshen Izon a makarantun firamare da ke jihar domin ceto harshen daga bacewa. Bayanai da tarihi Yayin da akwai kusan masu magana 1,700,000 na dukkan yarukan Ijo a Najeriya, an yi imanin cewa akwai masu magana da 1,000,000. Harshen a halin yanzu ana rarraba shi azaman "yana cikin haɗari", tare da tabbacin kashi 20% dangane da shaidar da ke akwai. An san Izon a matsayin ya kasance a yankin shekaru dubu da yawa kafin karni na 15 lokacin da Portuguese suka isa gabar tekun Najeriya. A halin yanzu, masana ilimin harshe sun kiyasta cewa harshen ya kafu a yankin Neja Delta wanda ya kai shekaru dubu bakwai zuwa takwas da suka wuce. Al’ummar Ijo ba su kiran yankin Neja-Delta garinsu har tsawon tarihi; a haƙiƙa, an san cewa sun yi ta fiye-tafiye da daɗewa daga wurare masu nisa/daga gefuna na Neja-Delta. Saboda haka, Izon yana da alaƙa ta kut-da-kut da wasu harsuna dabam-dabam daga yankunan da ke kewaye, bayan iyakokin Nijeriya zuwa maɓuɓɓugar kogin Neja kusa da yammacin Afirka. Masana ilimin harshe sun bi diddigin tarihin Izon tun daga baya kuma a dunkule suna nufin tushensa a matsayin proto-ijo, harshen da duk yarukan Ijo da suke da su suka wanzu. Yaruka Blench (2019) ya ba da rarrabuwar yaren Izon kamar haka: izon ta Yamma: Arogbo, Fụrụpagha, W. Olodiama, Egbema, Gbaramatu, Ogulagha, Iduwini Tsakiya ta Arewa Arewa maso Gabas: Gbanraịn, Kolokuma, Ekpetiama Arewa maso Yamma: Ikibiri, Ogboin, W. Tarakiri, Kabo, Kumbo, Mein, Tuomọ, Sembiri, Operemọ, Ɔbotebe, Ogbe Yinj Kudu Kudu maso Uamma: Apọì, Koluama, Basan, E. Olodiama Kudu maso Gabas: Oiyakiri, Oporom, Ḅụmọ Ƙoƙarin wanzuwa A kokarin da ake yi na kare yaren Izon daga bacewa, gwamnatin jihar Bayelsa ta dauki matakan kiyayewa sosai. Sun dauki malamai sama da 30 aikin koyar da harshen Izon a makarantun kananan hukumomin jihar. Kwamishinan al’adu da al’amuran Ijaw na kasa, Dr. Felix Tuodolo na fargabar cewa saboda yanzu iyalai suna koyar da ‘ya’yansu Turancin Pidgin, sabanin Izon, cewa harshen a yanzu yana cikin hadarin karewa. A wani mataki na ci gaba da sadaukar da kai da gwamnati ta yi na kiyaye harshen al’adu, an rubuta littafai da dama a cikin yarukan Izon da za su taimaka wajen wannan aiki. Fassarar sauti Baƙaƙe Baki mai sauti velar [ɣ] tana faruwa azaman karin sautin waya tsakanin masu magana da yaruka daban-daban. Duk da haka, babu shi a yawancin yaruka. Glottal [h] yana wanzuwa ne kawai a tsakanin sarƙaƙiyar kalma, ba azaman sautin waya ba. /s, z/ suna cikin bambancin kyauta tare da sautunan postalveolar [ʃ, ʒ] a cikin kalmomin lamuni da aka aro daga Ingilishi. Wasula Tsari Harshen Izon baya yin banbance-banbance dai dai da jam'i a cikin aiki, sabanin abin da ake yi cikin Ingilishi. Don haka, ba tare da la’akari da ko batun ɗaya ne ko jam’i ba, ana amfani da irin wannan nau’in fi’ili. Irin wannan tsarin yana bayyana a cikin misalai masu zuwa: A cikin kowane jumlolin Izon guda huɗu da ke sama, ana amfani da nau'i iri ɗaya na kalmar fi'ili "sei" (rawa), ko da ace yawan abin da ake magana ya canza. Wani al'amari mai ban sha'awa na tsarin harshen Izon shine Yarjejeniyar Nuni. Ana amfani da nuni iri-iri a cikin Izon don nuna jinsin sunayen da suka yi daidai da su. Ana amfani da abubuwan nunin “bei” (wannan) da “u bei” (waɗanda) tare da sunaye ɗaya-namiji, misali: bei ki.mi. bei (wannan mutumin) bei owu bei (wannan masquerade) ku bei ki.mi. bei that man) u bei owu bei (that masquerade) Ma’anar “ma” (wannan) da “u ma” (wanda) sun zo daidai da sunayen mace guda ɗaya kamar haka: ma da. ro. arau. ma (wannan matar) u ma iyo. ro. arau. ma (wannan matar) ma ere ma (wannan matar) u ma ere ma (that wife) Bugu da ƙari, "mi" (wannan) da "u mi" (waɗanda) ana amfani da su tare da manyan sunaye guda ɗaya, misali: mi Ololo mi (wannan kwalban) u mi ololo mi waccan kwalban) mi bira mi (this hand) u mi bira mi (wancan hannun) Idan akwai jam'i na suna, ana amfani da "ma" (waɗannan) da "u ma" (waɗanda) masu nuni, ba tare da la'akari da jinsin suna ba. Ana iya ganin wannan a cikin wadannan: ma ere abu ma (wadannan matan) u ma ere abu ma (wadannan matan) (dakunan nan) (dakunan) ma akimi ma (these men) u ma akimi ma (those men) Ƙarin bayanin harshe Ana iya la'akari da cewa Izon ya bambanta da sauran harsuna masu alaƙa na yankin, ta ma'anar cewa yana bin tsarin SOV (abu-da-kashi-fi'ili), duka cikin sassauƙan jumloli masu rikitarwa. Bugu da ƙari, jumlolin shugabanci da wuri suma suna gaba da babban fi'ili. Alamar tashin hankali tana ɗaukar nau'i na kari akan fi'ili na ƙarshe. Alamar wuri da sauran jigo- jita-kamar labarai an saka su zuwa sunayen da suke da alaƙa da su. Mai mallaka yakan riga da abin da aka mallaka kuma adjectives suna gaba da sunayen da suke gyarawa. Misalin jerin ƙamus Duba kuma kabilar Apoi ta Gabas da kuma kabilar Western Apoi kabilar Arogbo kabilar Bassan kabilar Boma kabilar Egbema kabilar Ekpetiama kabilar Furupagha kabilar Gbaran kabilar Iduwini kabilar Kabo kabilar Kolokuma kabilar Kumbo kabilar Mein kabilar Ogbe Littafi Mai Tsarki Agheyisi, RN (1984). Ƙananan harsuna a cikin mahallin Najeriya: Abubuwan da ake bukata da Matsaloli. 35(3) Okunrinmeta, U. (2011). Izon Syntax da Turanci na Izon-Turanci Bilinguals. Ingilishi na Duniya, 30 (2), 211-228 Okunrinmeta, U. (2013). Bambance-bambancen Jum'i-Plural a Izon da Tasirinsa akan Koyarwa/Koyan Samar da Jama'a cikin Turanci. Jaridar Ilimi da Koyo, 2 (2), 126-138. Smith, NS, Robertson, IE, Williamson, K. (1987). Abubuwan Ci gaba a cikin Berbice Dutch. Harshe a cikin Al'umma, 16 (01), 49-89 Williamson, Kay, da AO Timitimi (edd.). 1983. Short Ịzọn-Kamus na Turanci. (Delta Series No. 3) Port Harcourt: Jami'ar Fatakwal Press. Williamson, Kayi. 1965 (fitowa na biyu 1969). Nahawu na yaren Kolokuma na Ciju. (Monographs Harshen Yammacin Afirka, 2. London: CUP Williamson, Kayi. 1975. Mita a cikin Cizon jana'izar. 2:2.21–33. Williamson, Kayi. 1991. "Tsarin tashin hankali na Cizọn." A cikin: Tsare-tsare masu tsauri na harsunan Najeriya da Ingilishi Editan Okon E. Essien. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere (AAP) 27.145–167. Williamson, Kayi. 2004. "Halin da ake ciki a yankin Niger Delta." Babi na 2 a cikin: Haɓaka harshen Ịzọn, wanda Martha L. Akpana ta shirya, 9–13. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/7934 http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/Language/IJC/ijc_word-list_1984_04.html https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7HL15LP5QbTN0lFNjl4bFFaWGM/view Kara karantawa Blench, R. (nd Izon Verbal Extensions [Aikin Ilimi] Fardon, R., Furniss, G. (1994). Harsunan Afirka, Ci gaba da Jiha. Heine, B., Nurse, D. (2000). Harsunan Afirka: Gabatarwa. Cambridge: Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge Jazayery, MA, Polomé, EC, Winter, W. (1978). Nazarin Harshe da Adabi. Don girmama Archibald A. Hill: Linguistics na Tarihi da Kwatancen (Juzu'i na 3). Belgium: Mouton. Harsunan Nijeriya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

27280

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos%20Rail%20Mass%20Transit

Lagos Rail Mass Transit

Lagos Rail Mass Transit tsarin layin dogo ne na birni da ake haɓakawa kuma ana kan gina shi a jihar Legas Hukumar Kula da Sufuri ta Babban Birnin Legas (LAMATA) ce ke tafiyar da tsarin. Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne za su samar da kayan aikin layin dogo da suka hada da wutar lantarki, sigina, na'ura mai juyi, da na'urorin tattara kudin fasinja a karkashin kwangilar. LAMATA tana da alhakin jagorar manufofi, tsari, da abubuwan more rayuwa don hanyar sadarwa. Tun da farko an shirya kammala sashe na farko na hanyar sadarwa Phase I na Blue Line a shekarar 2011, duk da cewa ginin ya samu tsaiko da yawa sakamakon karancin kudade da kuma sauye-sauyen gwamnati. A cikin Fabrairu 2021, Gwamnatin Jihar Legas ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a buɗe layin Blue and Red Line nan da Disambar shekara ta 2022. Tsarin lokaci 2008: An samar da metro don Legas, wanda ake zargin yana da ranar kammala 2011. 2009: An fara gini akan layin Blue. 2010: Lagos Rail Mass Transit zai ci gaba.[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">da ake bukata</span> 2016: Mataki na I (Layin Blue daga Marina zuwa Mile 2) ya shirya buɗewa a cikin Disamba 2016. 2018: Bayan nazarin Alstom na aikin, Mataki na I (Layin Blue daga Marina zuwa Mile 2) yanzu an saita don buɗewa a cikin 2021. 2021: Gwamnatin jihar Legas ta sanar da cewa za a bude layin Blue and Red a watan Disamba 2022. Tarihi Tunanin bunkasa zirga-zirga cikin sauri a Legas ya samo asali ne daga shekara ta 1983 tare da layin dogo na Legas wanda Alhaji Lateef Jakande ya kirkira a lokacin Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta Biyu A shekarar 1985 Muhammadu Buhari ya yi watsi da fara aikin layin dogo, inda aka yi asarar sama da dala miliyan 78 ga masu biyan haraji a Legas. Gwamna Bola Tinubu ya sake farfado da manufar samar da layin dogo mai sauki a Legas a farkon shekarun 2000 tare da sanarwar gina shi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2003. Wannan kudiri na farko na dala miliyan 135 wani bangare ne na babban aikin sufurin biranen Legas da sabuwar hukumar kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen kasa ta Legas (LAMATA) za ta aiwatar. Da farko LAMATA ta mayar da hankali ne wajen samar da tsarin zirga-zirgar gaggawa na Bus, wanda ke tashi daga Mile 12 zuwa tsibirin Legas. A cikin 2008, LAMATA ya fara samun ci gaba tare da aikin layin dogo, inda aka fara mai da hankali kan layin Blue da Red Line. Rolling stock A cikin Satumban shekara ta 2011, LAMATA ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta sayi wasu jiragen ƙasa na H5- jerin jiragen ƙasa waɗanda Hukumar Kula da Canjin Canjin Toronto (TTC) ke amfani da su a da. Za a gyara motocin ne a Amurka sannan a mayar da su zuwa ma'auni kafin a shigo da su a sanya su a kan layin Blue and Red. Wannan kwangilar kuma ta haɗa da zaɓi don wasu motocin jirgin karkashin kasa na H6 daga TTC, duk da haka an soke wannan. An gina jiragen kasan a matsayin nau'i-nau'i na aure tare da taksi na direba a kusurwar dama ta kowace mota. A watan Janairun 2015, LAMATA ta zabi jiragen kasa da kasar Sin ta kera a maimakon haka, inda ta ba da odar raka'a masu yawa na dizal 15 daga CNR Dalian tare da zabin karin 14. Kimanin motoci 76 H5 da aka tafi da su don gyarawa zuwa Buffalo, New York, an soke su a watan Agustan shekara ta 2015. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2018, LAMATA ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da Alstom A wani bangare na yarjejeniyar, Alstom ya gudanar da bitar layukan dogo. Bayan nazarin aikin jirgin kasa, wanda yakamata ya fara aikin fasinja, gwamnatin jihar ta ce yanzu layin Blue Line, zai kasance a shirye don gudanar da fasinja nan da shekara ta 2022. Wannan yarjejeniyar kuma tana shirin ƙaddamar da wani yanki na waƙar. Hanyoyi Okokomaiko-Marina Blue Line A watan Afrilun shekara ta 2008, gwamnatin jihar Legas ta amince da Naira biliyan 70 don gina layin Okokomaiko Iddo- Marina, wanda aka kiyasta kammala aikin a shekarar 2011. Sai dai aikin ya samu tsaiko da yawa saboda karancin kudade. An sake sabunta kwanan watan zuwa Yuni 2013, sannan Disamba 2016, sannan 2017. Tun daga Nuwamba 2016, kawai 16 km da 27 km Blue Line an kammala. An ba da kwangilar ne ga Kamfanin Gine-gine na Injiniya na China (CCECC), tare da sabis na ba da shawara wanda CPCS Transcom Limited ke bayarwa. Jihar Legas tana ba da tallafin gina layin Blue Line daga albarkatunta. Layin Blue zai gudana 27.5 km daga Marina zuwa Okokomaiko, tare da tashoshi 13 da lokacin tafiya daga ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshen mintuna 35. A duka Blue Line zai yi aiki a kan wani amintacce kuma m dama-na-hanya, ba tare da wani matakin crossings kuma babu uncontrolled damar ta Tafiya da Kafa ko motocin. Hanyar dai za ta gudana ne a saman babban titin titin Legas-Badagry da ke tsakanin titin Igbo-Elerin (Okokomaiko) da Iganmu. Daga nan za a daga layin layin daga Iganmu a gefen kudu na babban titin da ya wuce mahadar da Eric Moore Road, wanda zai tsallaka kudu da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa zuwa Iddo, daga nan zuwa kudu zuwa tsibirin Legas mai tashar tashar Marina. Za a gina Wurin Kulawa da Ajiya (MSF) a Okokomaiko, tare da hanyar haɗin waƙa daga Blue Line zuwa ma'ajiyar kaya. Agbado-Marina Red Line Layi na biyu, Red Line, zai gudana daga Marina zuwa Agbado Layin zai raba dama ta hanyar layin dogo na Legas zuwa Kano Duba kuma Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Subways.net Legas Rail Mass Transit RGI Urbanrail.net Sufuri Jihar Legas Tafiye-tafiye Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

35427

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editing

Editing

Gyara shine tsari na zabar da shirya rubuce -rubuce, daukar hoto, gani, sauraro, ko kayan silima da mutum ko wani mahaluƙi ke amfani da su don isar da sako ko bayani. Tsarin gyare-gyare na iya haɗawa da gyara, tattarawa, jerawa, da sauran gyare-gyare da yawa da akayi da niyyar samar da madaidaiciya, tsayayye, daidaitattace kuma cikakken aiki. Tsarin gyare-gyare sau da yawa yana farawa da ra'ayin marubucin don aikin da kansa, yana cigaba a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin marubucin da edita yayin da aka ƙirƙiri aikin. Gyara na iya haɗawa da kwarewar ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire, dangantakar ɗan adam da madaidaitan saitattun hanyoyin. Akwai matsayi daban-daban na gyara a cikin bugawa. Yawanci, mutum yana samun mataimakan masu gyara suna bada rahoto ga manyan ma'aikata masu gyare-gyare da daraktoci waɗanda ke bada rahoto ga manyan editocin masu zartarwa. Manyan editocin masu zartarwa suna da alhakin haɓɓaka samfurin don sakinsa na ƙarshe. Yayanyin ƙankancin littafin yanayin yawan harhadewan matsayin da za'a samu. Babban edita a yawancin wallafe-wallafe na iya zama sananne a matsayin babban edita, editan zartarwa, ko kuma kawai edita. Mai bada gudummuwa da yawa ake girmamawa ga mujallar na iya samun taken babban edita ko mai bada gudummawa. Matsakaitan editocin jaridu na suna yawan ƙoƙarin taimakawa a bangarori da dama kamar su kasuwanci, wasanni da kuma fasali. A cikin jaridun Amurka, matakin dake ƙasa da babban edita yawanci shine editan gudanarwa A cikin masana'antar buga littafai, masu gyara na iya tsara abubuwan tarihi da sauran abubuwan tattarawa, samar da ingantattun bugu na ayyukan marubucin gargajiya (editan masani), da tsarawa da sarrafa gudummuwa ga littafin marubuta da yawa (editan taro ko editan ƙara). Samun rubutattun rubuce-rubuce ko ɗaukar marubuta shine aikin edita mai samarwa ko edita mai nadawa a gidan bugawa. Nemo ra'ayoyin kasuwa da gabatar dasu ga marubutan da suka dace sune alhakin editan tallafawa. Editoci masu kwafa suna gyaran kurakure, nahawu da kuma mayar da rubuce-rubuce zuwa tsarin gida Canje-canje a masana'antar bugawa tun shekarun 1980 sun haifar da kusan duk kwafin kwafin littattafan littattafai ana fitar dasu ga editocin kwafin masu zaman kansu. A jaridu da sabis na waya, latsa ko kwafa masu gyara suna rubuta kanun labarai da yin aiki akan batutuwa masu mahimmanci, kamar tabbatar da daidaito, adalci da kuma ɗanɗano. A wasu matsayi, suna tsara shafuka kuma suna zaɓar labaran labarai don haɗawa. A jaridun Burtaniya da Ostiraliya, kalmar ita ce ƙaramin edita Suna iya zaɓar shimfidar ɗab'in kuma suna sadarwa tare da firinta. Waɗannan editocin na iya samun taken shimfida ko editan ƙira ko (fiye da haka a baya) editan kayan shafa Littattafan ilimi da mujallu A cikin muhallin bugawa, editocin litattafan masana manyan nau'ikan iri uku ne, kowannensu yana da nauyi na musamman: Editan Siyarwa (ko editan kwamishina a Biritaniya), wanda ke yin kwangila tare da marubucin don samar da kwafin Editan aikin ko editan samarwa, wanda ke ganin kwafin ta matakansa daga rubuce -rubuce zuwa littafin daure kuma galibi yana ɗaukar yawancin kasafin kuɗi da alhakin jadawalin Editan edita ko editan rubutun, wanda ke shirya kwafin don juyawa zuwa nau'in bugawa. Dangane da juzu'in juzu'i da yawa, kafin a miƙa rubutun ga mai bugawa an sami ingantaccen editan ƙarar, wanda ke aiki ba tare da mawallafin ba. Dangane da mujallu na ilimi, inda ba da labari ya fi yawa fiye da ayyukan da aka ba da izini, matsayin editan mujallar ko babban editan ya maye gurbin editan saye-saye na muhallin buga littafin, yayin da matsayin editan samarwa da editan kwafi ya kasance. Koyaya, wani editan wani lokaci yana shiga cikin ƙirƙirar labaran bincike na masana. Wanda ake kira editan marubutan, wannan editan yana aiki tare da marubuta don samun rubutun da ya dace da manufa kafin a miƙa shi ga mujallar masana don bugawa. Bambanci na farko tsakanin kwafin editan littattafan masana da mujallu da sauran nau'ikan kwafin kwafin ya ta'allaka ne a cikin amfani da ƙa'idodin mai bugawa zuwa kwafin. Yawancin masu wallafe -wallafen ilimi suna da salon da aka fi so wanda galibi yana fayyace takamaiman ƙamus da littafin jagora alal misali, Littafin Jagoran Salo na Chicago, MLA Style Manual ko <i id="mwaA">Manual Publication APA</i> a Amurka, ko Dokokin Sabuwar Hart a Burtaniya Gyaran fasaha Gyaran fasaha ya haɗa da yin bitar rubutu da aka rubuta akan batun fasaha, gano kurakuran amfani da tabbatar da riko da jagorar salo. Gyaran fasaha na iya haɗawa da gyara kuskuren nahawu, kuskuren rubutu, kuskuren rubutu, alamar rubutu ba daidai ba, rashin daidaituwa a cikin amfani, jumlolin da ba a tsara su da kyau ba, sharuddan kimiyya ba daidai ba, raka'a mara kyau da girma, rashin daidaituwa a cikin adadi mai mahimmanci, ambivalence na fasaha, rarrabuwa na fasaha, maganganun da ke saɓawa da janar kimiyya ilmi, gyaran taƙaitaccen bayani, abun ciki, fihirisa, kanun labarai da kanun labarai, gyara bayanai da gabatar da ginshiƙi a cikin takardar bincike ko rahoto, da gyara kurakurai a cikin ambato. Manyan kamfanoni suna sadaukar da gogaggun marubuta ga aikin gyaran fasaha. Ƙungiyoyin da ba za su iya biyan editocin da aka sadaukar ba galibi suna da gogaggen marubuta rubutu na tsara tsara-tsara wanda ƙwararrun abokan aiki suka samar. Yana taimakawa idan editan fasaha ya saba da batun da ake gyarawa. Ilimin "fasaha" wanda edita ke samu akan lokaci yayin aiki akan wani samfur ko fasaha yana ba edita wani gefe akan wanda ya fara gyara abun da ke da alaƙa da wannan samfurin ko fasaha. Amma muhimman ƙwarewa na yau da kullun suna mai da hankali ga daki -daki, ikon ci gaba da mai da hankali yayin aiki ta tsawon rubutu a kan batutuwa masu rikitarwa, dabarun mu'amala da marubuta, da kyakkyawar fasahar sadarwa. Ayyukan gyara Edita shine filin aiki mai haɓaka a cikin masana'antar sabis Ana iya ba da sabis na gyara da aka biya ta kamfanonin gyara na musamman ko ta masu aikin kai (masu zaman kansu Kamfanonin da ke yin gyara na iya ɗaukar ƙungiyar editocin cikin gida, dogaro da hanyar sadarwar kowane ɗan kwangila ko duka biyun. Irin waɗannan kamfanoni suna iya sarrafa gyare -gyare a fannoni da fannoni daban -daban, gwargwadon ƙwarewar editocin mutum. Sabis ɗin da waɗannan editocin ke bayarwa na iya bambanta kuma suna iya haɗawa da karantawa, yin kwafi, gyara kan layi, gyara ci gaba, gyara don inganta injin bincike (SEO), da sauransu. Editocin da ke aiki da kansu suna aiki kai tsaye ga abokan ciniki (misali, marubuta, masu bugawa) ko bayar da ayyukansu ta hanyar kamfanonin gyara, ko duka biyun. Suna iya ƙwarewa a wani nau'in gyara (misali, kwafin gyara) da kuma wani yanki na musamman. Wadanda ke aiki kai tsaye ga marubuta da haɓaka alaƙar ƙwararru tare da su ana kiran su editocin marubuta Duba kuma Editan sauti Editan marubuci Shirya fim Maimaitawa Shirya sata Karatun rubutu Shirya bidiyo Marubuci Kara karantawa Morrison, Blake (6 ga Agusta 2005) "Baƙar rana don fensir shuɗi" Greenberg, Susan L. (2015) Editocin suna magana game da gyara: fahimta ga masu karatu, marubuta da masu bugawa, New York: Peter Lang Munro, Craig (2021) Litattafan zaki Tamers: editocin littafin da suka yi tarihin wallafe -wallafe, Brunswick, Victoria: Scribe Publications ISBN 9781925713220 Nassoshi Hanyoyin

57691

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemcen

Tlemcen

Daga baya a karni na sha hudu, garin sau biyu ya fada karkashin mulkin Sarkin Marinid,Abu al-Hasan Ali(1337–1348)da dansa Abu 'Inan.Duk sau biyun Marinids sun gano cewa ba za su iya rike yankin ba a kan turbar gida.Duk da haka, waɗannan al'amuran sun zama alama sun nuna farkon ƙarshen.A cikin ƙarnuka biyu masu zuwa,Zayyanid Tlemcen ya kasance baƙar fata na Ifriqiya(sa'an nan daular Hafsid ke mulkin),Maghrib al-Aqsa(daular Marinid ke mulkin),ko Aragon.Lokacin da Mutanen Espanya suka karbi birnin Oran daga Zayyanids a 1509,ci gaba da matsin lamba daga Berbers ya sa Mutanen Espanya su yi ƙoƙari su yi yaƙi da Tlemcen a 1543,wanda Paparoma ya ɗauka a matsayin yakin basasa.Mutanen Espanya sun kasa kai wa birnin hari a farkon harin,kodayake raunin dabara na Tlemcen ya sa nauyin masarautar ya karkata zuwa ga mafi aminci kuma mafi ƙaƙƙarfan ginin corsair a Algiers. An ba da rahoton cewa wani mataimaki na Bayahude mai suna Ibrahim ya ba da shawarar mai mulkin Tlemcen,wanda,a lokacin binciken Torquemada,ya buɗe ƙofar Tlemcen ga Yahudawa da Musulmai 'yan gudun hijirar da suka tsere daga Spain.An ce Ibrahim ya tallafa musu da kudinsa da kuma hakurin sarkin Tlemcen. Bayan shekaru A cikin 1551,Tlemcen ya zo ƙarƙashin mulkin Ottoman bayan Yaƙin Tlemcen. Tlemcen da lardunan Aljeriya sun sake samun 'yancin kai mai inganci a cikin lamuransu a shekara ta 1671,kodayake Tlemcen ba ya zama kujerar gwamnati kamar da.An kori Mutanen Espanya daga Oran a cikin 1792,amma bayan shekaru talatin,Faransawa suka maye gurbinsu, suka kwace Algiers.Wasu jiragen ruwa na Faransa sun yi ruwan bama-bamai a Algiers a shekara ta 1830,a lokacin ne sojojin Faransa suka mamaye mulkin mallaka;babban haɗin gwiwar ƴan ƙasar ya ci gaba da yin tsayayya,an daidaita shi a hankali a Tlemcen. Tlemcen wuri ne na hutu da ja da baya ga mazauna Faransawa a Aljeriya,waɗanda suka same shi da zafi fiye da Oran ko Algiers.Garin ya daidaita kuma ya zama mafi ƙasƙanci,tare da hangen nesa na musamman game da fasaha da al'adu,da gine-ginensa da rayuwar birni sun samo asali don ɗaukar wannan sabon ma'ana.A cikin yunƙurin ƴancin kai na tsakiyar karni na ashirin,an yi shiru ba kadan ba,wanda ke nuni da yadda birnin ke da nisa daga hargitsin Algiers.A cikin 1943 Tlemcen ya ɗan fi tsayawar layin dogo.A ranar 13 ga watan Janairu wani sintiri na jiragen kasa na Biritaniya da Amurka sun yi wani artabu da sojojin Afrika Korps da ke ja da baya.Yayin da Sojojin Amurka suka yi tattaki zuwa gabas daga filin sauka da saukan Maroko,Sojojin Biritaniya na 8 sun kori yamma,inda suka tilastawa Jamusawa cikin aljihun kwashewa a Tunis.Tsakanin 1942-1943,kafin tashi zuwa Italiya,Ƙungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Amurka ta kafa ƙayyadaddun asibitoci guda biyu a Tlemcen:9th Evacuation(a matsayin tashar),12-26 Disamba 1942. Gadaje dari bakwai da hamsin da tashar 32d,28 ga Fabrairu–28 ga Nuwamba 1943,gadaje 500. Mafi mahimmancin wurin hajji na dukkan addinai zuwa Tlemcen shine makabartar Yahudawa da ke bayan gari.Kimanin mutane 10,000 a duk duniya sun yi tafiya zuwa wurin. ]da haka,duk da ’yancin addini,al’ummarsu ba su taɓa ƙidaya fiye da 5,000-6,000 ba a ƙarni na 20,kuma dokokin nuna wariya sun kasance suna aiki tun 1881.Bayan na Aljeriya a 1962,yawancin ƙananan Yahudawa sun ƙaura zuwa babban birnin Faransa.Kabilun Berber a tarihi sun yi ikirarin Yahudanci.A lokacin mulkin mallaka sun yi aiki a cikin sojojin Faransa. Yahudawan Faransa na ƙungiyar Isra'ila Universelle sun biya kuɗin makarantar Yahudawa na gida,wanda aka rufe a 1934, watakila saboda haɓakar Fascism.A shekara ta 2009 majiyoyin Jordan sun ruwaito cewa gwamnatin Aljeriya ta yi niyyar mayar da kaburburan Yahudawa da aka lalata a makabartar mai tarihi. Yanayi Tlemcen yana da yanayin zafi-lokacin rani na Bahar Rum(Köppen weather classification Csa). Alkaluma An raba yawan jama'ar Tlemcen tsakanin Hadars(tsakiyar aji,zuriyar Moors)da Kouloughlis(zuriyar Turkawa da matan Berber). Al'adu Tsawon ƙarni na ɗimbin tarihi da al'adunsa sun sanya birnin ya zama cibiyar haɗakar kiɗa da fasaha ta musamman.Sana'o'inta da kayan sana'o'in hannu da kyawawan al'adun Berber da Andalusi,da sanyin yanayi a cikin tsaunuka sun sanya ta zama muhimmiyar cibiyar yawon shakatawa a Aljeriya.Gida ne ga wani kyakkyawan kabari—na Sidi Boumédiène,wanda kabarinsa yana kusa da wani masallaci.An kammala Babban Masallacin Tlemcen a shekara ta 1136 kuma an ce shine mafi girman misalin da ya rage na gine-ginen Almoravid. Mai jarida Jaridu Le Petit Tlemcenien,harshen Faransanci na mako-mako(1882) Sufuri Filin jirgin sama na Zenata na duniya Messali El Hadj ke ba da shi. Fitattun mutane Ibn Abi Hajalah (1325-1375), mawaki kuma marubuci Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari (1591-1632), masanin tarihi Eugénie Buffet (1866-1934), mawaƙin Faransa Larbi Bensari (1867-1964), mawaki Henri Dickson (1872-1938), mawaƙin Faransa Cheikha Tetma (1891-1962), mawaki Messali Hadj (1898-1974), ɗan siyasan ƙasa Hocine Benachenhou (1898-1979), juyin juya halin siyasa Abdelhalim Hemche (1906-1979), mai zane Abdelhamid Benachenhou (1907-1976), masanin tarihi Paul Bénichou (1908-2001), marubucin Faransanci kuma masanin tarihi Abdelkrim Dali (1914-1978), mawaki Mohammed Dib (1920-2003), marubuci Benaouda Benzerdjeb (1921-1956), likita kuma shahidi Bachir Yellès (1921-2022), mai zane Djilali Sari (an haife shi a shekara ta 1928), masanin ilimin zamantakewa kuma masanin tarihi Abdelmadjid Meziane (1929-2001), masani kuma masanin tauhidi Kamel Malti (an haife shi a shekara ta 1929), masanin kida Choukri Mesli (an haife shi a shekara ta 1931), mai zane Marie-Claude Gay (an haife ta a shekara ta 1942), marubuciya ce ta Faransa Mourad Medelci (1943-2019), ɗan siyasa Ahmed Benhelli (an haife shi a shekara ta 1940), jami'in diflomasiyya Rachid Baba Ahmed (1946–1995), mawaki kuma mawaki Sami Naïr (an haife shi a shekara ta 1946), masanin falsafar siyasa Emile Malet (an haife shi a shekara ta 1947), ɗan jaridar Faransa kuma marubuci Latifa Ben Mansour (an haife shi a shekara ta 1950), marubuci Patrick Bruel (an haife shi a shekara ta 1959), ɗan wasan Faransa kuma mawaƙa Mohamed Zaoui (an haife shi a shekara ta 1960), ɗan dambe Kherris Kheireddine (an haife shi a shekara ta 1973), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya Anwar Boudjakdji (an haife shi a shekara ta 1976), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya Kamel Habri (an haife shi a shekara ta 1976), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya Dahlab Ali (an haife shi a shekara ta 1976), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya Alakar kasa da kasa Garuruwan Twin garuruwan 'yan'uwa Tlemcen an haɗa shi da: Duba kuma WA Tlemcen Tlemcen National Park El-Ourit Waterfalls Nassoshi Tlemcen, gidan yanar gizon ba na hukuma ba Abu Bakr Belkaid University of Tlemcen Al'ummar Tlemcen Kyauta/Buɗewa Hoton da ba na hukuma ba na wannan birni Tlemcen a cikin yankin Oran, gidan yanar gizon ba na hukuma

30205

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharar%20gida%20dake%20sarrafa%20iskar%20gas

Sharar gida dake sarrafa iskar gas

Sharar gida bawul ne da ke sarrafa kwararar iskar gas zuwa injin turbocharged. Karkatar da iskar gas mai fitar da iskar gas yana daidaita saurin turbine wanda hakan ke daidaita saurin jujjuyawar kwampreso. Babban aiki na sharar gida shine daidaita matsakaicin matsa lamba a cikin tsarin turbocharger, don kare injin da turbocharger. Kuma Ɗaya daga cikin fa'ida na shigar da sharar gida mai nisa zuwa turbo mai kyauta (ko wanda ba WG ba) ya haɗa da izini don ƙaramin gidaje na turbine A/R, yana haifar da ƙarancin ƙarancin lokaci kafin turbo ya fara spool da haɓaka. Nau'in sharar gida Na waje Wurin sharar gida wani keɓantaccen tsari ne mai ƙunshe da kai wanda yawanci ana amfani da shi tare da turbochargers waɗanda ba su da sharar gida. Ƙofar sharar gida tana buƙatar ƙera na musamman turbo manifold tare da keɓe mai gudu zuwa ga sharar gida. Sannan Kuma Ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida na waje na iya kasancewa wani ɓangare na sharar gida da kanta. Ana amfani da ɓangarorin waje na waje don daidaita matakan haɓaka daidai gwargwado fiye da sharar gida a cikin manyan aikace-aikacen wutar lantarki, inda za a iya samun manyan matakan haɓakawa. Wuraren sharar gida na iya zama mafi girma tun da babu wani ƙuntatawa na haɗa bawul ko bazara a cikin turbocharger da gidaje na turbine. Yana yiwuwa a yi amfani da gate mai sharar gida tare da turbocharger na ciki. Ana iya samun wannan ta hanyar ɓangarorin da aka kera na musamman mai sauƙi wanda ke toshewa tare da taƙaita motsin hannun mai kunnawa, tare da kiyaye shi daga buɗewa. Kuma Wata hanya kuma ta haɗa da walda mashigar sharar gida wanda ke hana shi buɗewa har abada, amma gazawar walda na iya ba shi damar sake buɗewa. Sharar gida gabaɗaya suna amfani da bawul mai kama da bawul ɗin poppet dsilinda. mu a kan silinda Sannan Koyaya ana sarrafa su ta hanyar pneumatics maimakon camshaft kuma suna buɗewa ta wata hanya. Har ila yau, sharar gida na waje na iya amfani da bawul ɗin malam buɗe ido, kodayake hakan ba shi da yawa. Na ciki Wurin sharar gida shi ne ginannen bawul ɗin kewayawa da wucewa a cikin mahalli na turbocharger wanda ke ba da izinin wuce gona da iri don ketare injin ɗin zuwa cikin shayewar ƙasa. Sannan Sarrafa bawul ɗin sharar gida ta hanyar siginar matsa lamba daga mahaɗar abun ciki iri ɗaya ne da na ƙofar sharar gida. Fa'idodin sun haɗa da mafi sauƙi kuma mafi ƙarancin shigarwa, ba tare da bututun sharar gida na waje ba. Bugu da ƙari, duk iskar gas ɗin sharar gida ana sake tura su ta atomatik zuwa cikin na'ura mai jujjuyawa da tsarin shaye-shaye. Yawancin OEM turbochargers suna da irin wannan. Kuma Lalacewar idan aka kwatanta da sharar gida ta waje sun haɗa da iyakataccen ikon zubar da jini daga matsin shayewa saboda ɗan ƙaramin diamita na bawul ɗin kewayawa na ciki, da ƙarancin aiki mai inganci a ƙarƙashin yanayin haɓakawa. Ƙarar yanayi/waɗanda aka kashe aure Ƙofar sharar gida “wanda aka rabu” tana zubar da iskar gas kai tsaye zuwa sararin samaniya, maimakon mayar da su da sauran sharar injin. Sannan Ana yin wannan don hana tashin hankali zuwa magudanar ruwa da kuma rage jimlar matsa lamba na baya a cikin tsarin shaye-shaye. Kuma Bututun juji da aka kashe ana kiransa bututun mai kururuwa saboda iskar gas mai sharar da ba a rufe ba da kuma ƙarar da suke yi. Sarrafa Manual Mafi sauƙin sarrafawa don sharar gida shine haɗin haɗin injiniya wanda ke bawa mai aiki damar sarrafa matsayin bawul ɗin sharar gida kai tsaye. Kuma Ana amfani da wannan kulawar da hannu a cikin wasu jiragen sama masu cajin turbo. Cutar huhu Mafi sauƙaƙan sarrafa madauki na rufaffiyar sharar gida shine don samar da matsa lamba kai tsaye daga gefen cajin iska zuwa mai kunna sharar gida. Karamin tiyo na iya haɗawa daga mashin ɗin turbocharger compressor, cajin bututu, ko yawan abin sha zuwa kan nono a kan mai kunna sharar gida. Sannan Sharar gida za ta kara buɗewa yayin da ƙarfin haɓaka ke matsawa da ƙarfin bazara a cikin injin sharar gida har sai an sami daidaito. Ana iya ƙara ƙarin kulawar hankali ta hanyar haɗa mai sarrafa haɓakar lantarki. Madaidaitan sharar gida suna da tashar jiragen ruwa guda ɗaya don haɗa layin sarrafa haɓakawa daga layin samar da iska ko haɓaka solenoid mai ƙarfi. Cigaba na baya-bayan nan a cikin injinan sharar gida na ciki yana kawo sarrafa tashar jiragen ruwa biyu. Sharar gida ta tashar jiragen ruwa biyu tana ƙara tashar jiragen ruwa ta biyu a kishiyar ɓangaren mai kunnawa. Matsin iska da aka ba da izinin shiga wannan tashar jiragen ruwa na biyu yana taimaka wa bazara don ƙara matsawa zuwa hanyar rufe sharar gida. Kuma Wannan shi ne daidai kishiyar tashar tashar farko. Ƙarfin taimakawa wurin sharar gida ya kasance a rufe yayin da ƙarfin haɓaka yana iya ƙaruwa. Wannan kuma yana ƙara ƙarin rikitarwa don haɓaka sarrafawa, yana buƙatar ƙarin tashoshin sarrafawa akan solenoid ko yuwuwar cikakken tsarin sarrafa haɓakawa na biyu tare da nasa solenoid na daban. To amfi Amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa ta biyu ba lallai ba ne. Tashar jiragen ruwa na sakandare, ba kamar tashoshin jiragen ruwa na farko ba, ba za a iya haɗa su da layin sarrafawa kawai kuma suna buƙatar sarrafa lantarki ko na hannu don zama masu amfani. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da CO 2 don amfani da matsa lamba zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na biyu, don sarrafa haɓakawa akan matakin mafi kyau. Lantarki Wasu injunan jiragen sama na shekarata 1940 sun ƙunshi tarkace masu sarrafa wutar lantarki, irin su Wright R-1820 akan B-17 Flying Fortress. General Electric shine babban mai kera waɗannan tsarin. Kasancewa kafin shekarun kwamfutoci, gabaɗayan su analog ne. Matukin jirgi suna da iko don zaɓar matakan haɓaka daban-daban. Ba da daɗewa ba ɓangarorin lantarki sun ɓace saboda falsafar ƙira waɗanda suka ba da umarnin rabuwa da sarrafa injin da tsarin lantarki.</br></br> An fara a cikin shekarar ƙirar ta 2011 injin mai nauyin lita 2.0 Theta II turbocharged mai kai tsaye allurar (GDI) da aka gabatar a cikin Hyundai Sonata ya haɗa da PCM mai sarrafa wutar lantarki ta servo wastegate actuator. Wannan yana ba da damar dabarun sarrafa haɓakar haɓakawa wanda ke rage matsi na baya da aka haifar da turbocharger ta hanyar buɗe sharar gida lokacin da ba a buƙatar haɓakar turbo, Kuma yana haifar da ingantaccen tattalin arzikin mai. Hakanan ana buɗe ƙofar sharar gida yayin farawa sanyi don rage hayaki ta hanyar hanzarta kashe hasken farko. </br></br> An fara a watan Nuwamba 2015, Mafarkin Duniya na Honda kai tsaye alluran injunan turbocharged tare da matsugunin lita 1.5 suna amfani da sharar gida ta ECU. An fara gabatar da wannan a cikin ƙirar Honda Civic 2016 kuma CR-V ta biyo baya a cikin shekarar 2017. A cikin 2018 1.5L da 2.0L turbocharged kai tsaye allurar injuna sun maye gurbin 2.4L da 3.6L 6 Silinda da aka saba nema a cikin yarjejeniyar Honda. Na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa Yawancin jirage na zamani masu turbocharged suna amfani da sarrafa sharar gida na ruwa tare da man inji a matsayin ruwa. Sannan Tsarika daga Lycoming da Continental suna aiki akan ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya kuma suna amfani da sassa iri ɗaya waɗanda suka bambanta da suna kawai. A cikin mai kunna sharar gida, wani marmaro yana aiki don buɗe sharar gida, kuma matsin mai yana aiki don rufe sharar gida. Kuma A gefen fitar da mai na mai kunna sharar gida yana zaune da mai sarrafa yawa, bawul ɗin mai mai sarrafa iska wanda ke jin matsin bene na sama kuma yana sarrafa yadda mai zai iya zubar da sauri daga mai kunna sharar gida zuwa injin. Yayin da jirgin ke hawa kuma yawan iska ya ragu, mai sarrafa mai yawa a hankali yana rufe bawul ɗin ya kama mai da yawa a cikin injin sharar gida, yana rufe sharar gida don ƙara saurin turbocharger da kiyaye ƙarfin ƙima. Wasu tsare-tsare kuma suna amfani da na'ura mai sarrafa matsi na daban wanda ke fahimtar matsi na iska a kowane gefen farantin magudanar kuma yana daidaita ɓangarorin sharar gida don kula da saiti. Wannan yana kula da ma'auni mafi kyau tsakanin ƙaramin aikin turbocharger da saurin spool-up lokaci, kuma yana hana hawan jini sakamakon tasirin bootstrapping. Girman sharar gida Girman sharar gida ya yi daidai da matakin haɓaka da ake so kuma ya ɗan ɗan bambanta da girman ko ƙarfin injin. Jagoran dillali ɗaya don girman gate ɗin sharar gida shine kamar haka: babban turbo ƙaramar haɓakawa babban sharar gida babban turbo babban haɓaka ƙarami mai sharar gida ƙaramin turbo ƙaramar haɓakawa babban sharar gida ƙaramin turbo haɓaka mai girma ƙarami mai sharar gida Duk da haka, shaye-shaye kwarara shine tasirin iko. Don haka, wani jadawalin yanke shawara yakamata yayi kama da wannan. babban turbo/kananan injina/karamin iko ƙaramin gate mai shara babban turbo/karamin inji/babban iko babban sharar gida karamin turbo/kananan injina/karamin iko karamin kofar shara babban turbo babban injin ƙaramin ƙarfi matsakaicin sharar gida karamin turbo/babban inji/kowane matakin wuta babban sharar gida -->Dalilin haka shi ne cewa karamin injin injin din zai yi kokarin tsallakewa daga wuce haddi na iskar gas. Duba wasu abubuwan Gudanar da Aiki ta atomatik (APC) Juji bawul Recirculation Gas (EGR) Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

37337

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20Santos

Anthony Santos

Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles with hCards Pages using infobox musical artist with associated acts Anthony Romeo Santos (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta 1981) mawaƙin Ba'amurke ne, mawaƙiyi, mai shirya rikodin kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, wanda aka fi sani da jagorar memba kuma mawaƙin ƙungiyar bachata Aventura A cikin shekarar 2002, waƙar Obsesión ta kai lamba ɗaya a Italiya tsawon makonni 16 a jere. Ya saki albam da yawa tare da Aventura kafin ƙungiyar ta watse. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Santos ya fara aikin solo wanda ya haifar da waƙoƙi guda bakwai a kan ginshiƙi na waƙoƙin Latin masu zafi da kuma lamba goma sha shida akan ginshiƙi na Waƙoƙin Tropical A cikin aikinsa, ya sayar da kundi sama da miliyan 40 da kuma sama da miliyan 100 na ƙwallo. Rayuwar farko An haifi Santos a cikin shekarar 1981 a cikin Bronx, New York City zuwa mahaifin Dominican da mahaifiyar Puerto Rican Ya kasance mai tawali’u, mahaifinsa yana aikin gine-gine amma kuma ba a biya shi ba amma ya sami abin da zai ishe iyalinsa yayin da mahaifiyarsa ke zaune a gida don kula da iyali. Santos ya fara aikinsa ta hanyar rera waka a cikin mawakan coci tun yana matashi. Romeo ya fuskanci nau'ikan kiɗan Latin a lokacin ƙuruciya saboda iyayensa. Tasirin Kiɗa Romeo santos ya sami wahayi daga yawancin masu kida don tsara waƙoƙinsa, daga cikinsu akwai: Shakira, Camilo Sesto, Rocio Durcal Juan Gabriel, Manuel Alejandro, a cikin nau'insa sune: Juan Luis Guerra da Anthony Santos Aikin kiɗa Aventura Romeo shi ne jagoran mawaƙa, marubuci kuma mai haɗin gwiwar Aventura An kafa Aventura a cikin shekarar 1996 ta Anthony "Romeo" Santos, dan uwansa Henry Santos "Hustle Hard", da abokai Lenny Santos "Len Melody", da Max Santos "Mikey aka Max Agende". Aventura ya fitar da kundi na farko a cikin 1999 tare da fatan karya waƙar bachata a cikin al'ada daga tushen al'ada kuma ya haɗa shi da hip hop da R&amp;B A shekara ta 2002, waƙar, Obsesión ta sami babbar nasara a ƙasashe da yawa, inda ta kai matsayi na kasa da kasa da yawa a kasar Faransa, Jamus da Italiya. Aventura ya fitar da kundi na studio guda biyar a cikin shekaru goma, wanda ya haifar da manyan hits 10 da yawa kamar shahararriyar "Obsesión", "Cuando Volverás", "Un Beso", :Amor de Madre", "Los Infieles", "El Perdedor", "Por Un" Segundo, "Dile Al Amor", da dai sauransu. A cikin shekarar 2009, an gayyaci Aventura don yin wa shugaban Amurka Barack Obama na 44 a fadar White House A cikin shekarar 2011 Aventura ya rabu. A cewar Romeo, kungiyar tana "dakata don yin ayyuka na daidaikun mutane". Romeo, tare da Lenny, Mikey da Henry (Aventura) sun sake haduwa don rufe dare na biyu na Romeo Santos da aka siyar da shi na Yankee Stadium a Yuli 12, 2014. An sanar da shi a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 2015, cewa Aventura zai sami jerin kide-kide na ƙarshe a matsayin rukuni na dukan watan Fabrairu a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na United Palace a birnin New York. Waƙoƙinsu na farko tun bayan rabuwar su ya fara da taron jama'a da aka sayar a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2016, tare da wasan kwaikwayo na ƙarshe ya ƙare a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 2016. A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2019, Romeo Santos ya buga wani faifan bidiyo yana cewa Aventura yana tafiya yawon shakatawa a Amurka a cikin 2020 mai suna Gira Inmortal. Solo A cikin watan Afrilu 2011, bayan nasarar da ya samu a matsayin marubucin mawaƙa kuma jagoran mawaƙa na Aventura, Romeo ya sanar da cewa zai bar ƙungiyar don yin aikin solo. Romeo Santos ya sanya hannu tare da bayanan Sony akan watan Afrilu 7, 2011. A ranar 9 ga watan Mayu, 2011, ya saki kundi na farko na farko daga cikin kundi na farko Formula, Vol. 1, ake kira Kai Waƙar ta tafi lamba ɗaya a kan Zafafan Wakokin Latin da Waƙoƙin wurare masu zafi Na biyu Alkawari yana nuna haɗin gwiwa tare da mawaƙin R&B Usher Kamar yadda yake da waƙar da ta gabata, Alƙawari ya mamaye waƙoƙin Latin masu zafi da sigogin wurare masu zafi. Ya saki albam din sa na farko Formula Vol. 1 ga watan Nuwamba, 2011. Kundin ya ƙunshi haɗin gwiwa tare da Usher, La Mala Rodríguez, Mario Domm daga uku Camila, Tomatito, Lil Wayne da George Lopez Har ila yau, ya nuna bachata Legends Antony "El Mayimbe" Santos, Luis Vargas, Raulin Rodriguez yayin da suka haɗu don waƙar "Debate De 4" ("Muhawara ta 4"). A cikin shekarar 2012, ya sayar da shahararren Lambun Madison Square na birnin New York dare uku a jere. An juya wasan kwaikwayon ya zama fakitin CD da DVD kuma daga baya aka sake shi azaman kundi mai rai, The King Stays King: An sayar da shi a Lambun Madison Square Kundin sa na biyu, Formula, Vol. 2, a sake shi a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2014. Ya ƙunshi haɗin gwiwa tare da Drake, Nicki Minaj, Marc Anthony, Carlos Santana, Tego Calderón, da Kevin Hart Formula, Vol. 2 ya zama kundi na Latin mafi kyawun siyarwa na 2014. Bidiyon kiɗa don Propuesta Indecente wanda shine farkon kundi na farko, shine farkon wanda ya kai sama da ra'ayoyi biliyan 1 akan YouTube Waƙarsa ta biyu, Odio, ta ƙunshi mawakiyar Kanada Drake Dukansu ma'aurata sun yi kololuwa a #1 akan Waƙoƙin Latin masu zafi, Latin Airplay da jadawalin waƙoƙin wurare masu zafi A cikin shekarar 2014, ya sayar da duk wani wasan kwaikwayo na kai biyu a Yankee Stadium Santos shi ne dan wasan Latin na farko da ya fara kanun labarai a filin wasa. Fania All-Stars na ƙarshe sun yi haka, yanki ɗaya daga kudu a tsohon filin wasa na Yankee ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 1973. Ya fito da waƙar Héroe Favorito a cikin watan Fabrairu 2017, jagorar guda don kundin studio na uku "Golden". Ya saki sabon kundin sa na Golden a kan watan Yuli 21, 2017, tare da haɗin gwiwar Swizz Beatz, Juan Luis Guerra, Ozuna, Nicky Jam, Daddy Yankee, Julio Iglesias da Jessie Reyez Wanda ya ci Mafi kyawun Bidiyo na Bachata a cikin Bidiyon Bidiyo na 2018 tare da bidiyon kiɗan na "Imitadora" guda ɗaya wanda Carlos Pérez ya jagoranta, wanda kuma aka zaɓa a matsayin Mafi kyawun Album na Latin a cikin Kyautar Waƙar Billboard shekarar 2018. A cikin watan Afrilu shekarar 2019, ya fito da kundi na studio na huɗu Utopía inda ya haɗu tare da majagaba da almara na bachata na zamani. El Chaval De La Bachata, Frank Reyes, Raulin Rodriguez, Elvis Martinez, Kiko Rodriguez, Teodoro Reyes, Joe Veras, Zacarias Ferreira, Luis Vargas, Monchy &amp; Alexandra, da Anthony "El Mayimbe" Santos duk sun shiga cikin kundin don nuna cewa haɗin kai. cikin bachata yana yiwuwa. Ƙungiyar Aventura, a matsayin ƙungiya, ta fitar da waƙa ta hukuma a cikin wannan kundin kuma mai suna Inmortal An sake shi a matsayin jagorar guda don kundin. A cikin watan Satumba shekarar 2019, Romeo Santos ya sayar da filin wasa na MetLife An gina kide-kiden akan kundin Utopia An fitar da wani kundi mai rai a ranar 10 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2021 mai taken Utopia Live daga filin wasa na MetLife An ba shi suna ne bayan fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo da aka saki a farkon wannan shekarar. A ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2022, Romeo Santos ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai fitar da sabon kundi. An fara yada jita-jita, amma sai Santos da kansa ya tabbatar ta hanyar YouTube da kafofin watsa labarun. Zai kasance wani ɓangare na jerin Formula kamar yadda wannan kundi mai suna Formula, Vol. 3 Magoya bayan sun yi tsammanin girma na uku ya zama kundi na studio na uku. Koyaya, kundi na studio na uku ya ƙare ana masa taken Golden sannan Utopía na huɗu. Bayan waɗancan kundi guda biyu, magoya baya ba su taɓa tunanin Formula za ta sami trilogy ba, sai yanzu. An sake shi na farko, Sus Huellas a ranar soyayya, Fabrairu 14, 2022. A ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2022, Santos ya yi a kan NBC's A Yau a matsayin wani ɓangare na Citi Summer Concert Series. Ya ce yana shirin fitar da albam din ne a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2022, wato ranar haihuwar dansa na farko. Sai dai bai tabbatar da cewa zai kasance ranar da za a fitar da ita a hukumance ba, amma ya ce yana kan aikin. A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2022, ya buga teaser kuma ya tabbatar da cewa ranar saki a hukumance ta kasance a ranar da ya ambata a jerin kide-kide. A ranar 1 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2022, Formula, Vol. 3 aka saki. An fitar da shi tare da faifan bidiyo na waƙar Sin Fin wanda ya ƙunshi mawakin Amurka Justin Timberlake Magoya bayan sun rude lokacin da a wannan ranar da tsakar dare ba a samu kundin a lokacin ba. Daga baya da safe, Santos ya sanar a shafukan sada zumunta cewa za a fitar da kundin da karfe 11 na dare, wanda ya kasance sa'o'i 23 bayan lokacin da ake sa ran fitowa. Kundin ya ƙunshi haɗin gwiwa tare da Justin Timberlake, Rosalía, tsohon soja bachata Luis Miguel Del Amargue, Christian Nodal, Chris Lebron, Lapiz Conciente, da Katt Williams Har ila yau, ya ƙunshi tatsuniyoyi na merengue Fernando Villalona, Rubby Pérez, Toño Rosario, Ramon Orlando yayin da suka haɗu don waƙar "15,000 Noches" ("15,000 Nights"). Santos ya hada da manajansa Johnny Marines, mai kida ChiChi da furodusa MateTraxx don skit wanda ke da hali na musamman. Ya kuma saka 'ya'yansa 3 a cikin gabatarwa tare da Williams. Santos ya ambata cewa daya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa wannan albam din ya zama nasa na musamman shi ne saboda ‘ya’yansa 3 da suka shiga ciki. Fim ɗin kide kide da Documentary A cikin watan in Yuni 2021, Romeo Santos: Utopía Live daga Filin wasa na MetLife an sake shi azaman taron PPV, bisa ga bikin watan Satumba 2019 a New York wanda ya nuna baƙi Cardi B, Daddy Yankee, Emilio Estefan, Marc Anthony, Thalía da ƙari. A lokaci guda, HBO Max ya fitar da wani takardun shaida akan Santos da ake kira Romeo Santos: Sarkin Bachata wanda ya gano tarihin Bachata, kuma ya nuna Santos yana tafiya zuwa Jamhuriyar Dominican tare da Kid Mero Don inganta takardun shaida, HBO ya gina ingantaccen haɓakawa a cikin Washington Heights, NYC a cikin nau'i na bodega, wanda ake kira House of Bachata, tare da gashin gashi kyauta, Presidente giya, da kuma karaoke jam'iyyun girmama Santos. A tsakiyarta akwai na'urar "hologram" na PORTL wanda Santos ya bayyana cikin rayuwa mai kama da rayuwa, girman 4K don yin hulɗa da magoya baya. Aiki sana'a I’m Fitowar fim ɗin sa na farko ya kasance akan fim ɗin Dominican na shekarar 2007 "Sanky Panky" a matsayin kansa tare da abokan aikinsa na ƙungiyar Aventura suna yin kai tsaye a Altos de Chavón a Jamhuriyar Dominican. Romeo Santos ya fara fitowa a Hollywood a cikin fim din Furious 7, wanda aka saki watan Afrilu 2015, tare da Vin Diesel, Dwayne Johnson, da Paul Walker Ya kasance cikin fargaba game da yin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Furious 7 amma ƴan wasan kwaikwayo sun sa shi jin maraba. Santos kuma shine muryar wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo Early Bird a cikin fim din shekara 2016 The Angry Birds Movie Ya rera "Quiero Ser Tu Amigo", waƙa game da abokantaka, a wani yanki na Sesame Street a shekarar 2013. Hotuna Formula, Vol. 1 (2011) Formula, Vol. 2 (2014) Golden (2017) Utopiya (2019) Formula, Vol. 3 (2022) Yawon shakatawa Sarkin Zazzau (2012-2013) Formula, Vol. 2 Yawon shakatawa (2014-2016) Zinariya Yawon shakatawa (2018-2019) Yawon shakatawa na Utopía (2019) Filmography Wasannin kide-kide kai tsaye Sarki Tsayawa Sarki: An sayar da shi a Lambun Madison Square (2012) Utopía Live daga filin wasa na MetLife (2021) Takardun shaida Romeo Santos: Sarkin Bachata (2021) Fina-finai Kyaututtuka da zaɓe Nassoshi Kara karantawa Rosen, Jody. Mafarkin Crossover na Bronx Bachatero" New York Times Arts: Music. Yuni 3, 2009 Summar, Ed. Saurari Labarin Aventura The Edge The Boston Herald.com Disamba 1, 2009 Salsa con Son Top 10 Romeo Santos Songs Afrilu 10, 2016 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1981 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

29802

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ararrakin%20da%20suka%20dace%20da%20muhalli

Ƙararrakin da suka dace da muhalli

A wannan shafi, shari'ar muhalli tana nufin "karara inda ake jayayya da jin daɗin kadarar muhalli ko jin daɗin tarin kadarorin muhalli". Har ila yau kuma, a kan wannan shafi, ƙararrakin da ya dace da muhalli yana nufin "kararrakin da ba mahalli ba ko kuma jerin abubuwan da ba na muhalli ba ne a cikin rikici, amma wanda sakamakonsa yana da mahimmanci ga kadarorin muhalli ko don tarin kadarorin muhalli" dama makamantan su. Domin ba a fayyace bambancin da ke tsakanin nau’ikan shari’a guda biyu (2) ba, yana da fa’ida a ajiye lissafin guda biyu a wuri guda, amma a rabu bisa ga wannan bambancin. Laifukan muhalli Kararraki tare da dacewa da muhalli Duba kuma Kotunan muhalli Kotun Muhalli ta New Zealand Kunming Kotun muhalli (a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin Kotun Kasa da Muhalli ta New South Wales Kotun Rayuwa Sauran batutuwa masu alaƙa 2006 Cote d'Ivoire sharar gida mai guba Shari'ar wadanda abin ya shafa Agent Orange ƙarar matakin sojan sojan Amurka akan masana'anta (sharar muhalli matakin aji) Armley asbestos bala'i Chase Manhattan Bank v T&amp;N Armley asbestos bala'i Margereson v JW Roberts Ltd. da Hancock v JW Roberts Ltd. Bala'i na Bhopal Matakin doka akan Union Carbide Makon Bike Baƙar fata Iyakar hayaniya na fuskantar ƙara (karatun yanayin muhalli) Bougainville Copper shari'ar Amurka (karatun yanayin muhalli) Lamarin gurbacewar ruwa na Camelford Ayyukan shari'a a kan Hukumar Ruwa ta Kudu maso Yamma (a Cornwall a Ingila) Rikici tsakanin MV Testbank da MV Sea Daniel Gidauniyar Tsaro ta Tsaro (CLF) (a cikin New England a Amurka) Corby mai guba case Shari'ar Deepwater Horizon Kamfanin Dow Chemical Makaman Nukiliya (sharar muhalli na aji) DuPont da C-8 Laifin muhalli Laifukan muhalli Ƙimar tasirin muhalli Adalci na muhalli Dokar muhalli Wariyar launin fata ta muhalli Rigimar dumamar yanayi Hukunce-hukuncen shari'a (sha'anin muhalli na aji) Haƙƙin kiwo a Nevada Laifukan shari'a na kiwo na tarayya Greenpeace <i id="mwBeE">Arctic Sunrise</i> ship case Ra'ayin Kotun Duniya na Ba da Shawara kan Halalcin Barazana ko Amfani da Makamin Nukiliya Cibiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya don Yarda da Muhalli da tilastawa (INEC) Aikin Kearl Oil Sands zargi (a Alberta a Kanada) Keele Valley Landfill Shari'ar aikin aji na mazaunin (aiki shari'ar muhalli) Keystone Pipeline Kararraki Lac-Mégantic derailment Shari'a Gubar gurɓataccen guba a cikin Washington, DC ruwan sha Shari'ar Aiki (Aikin Aiki na muhalli) Lindane Morton Grove kara Jerin yarjejeniyar muhalli Jerin bitar dokokin muhalli da mujallu Jerin dokokin muhalli ta ƙasa Binciken Bututun Makenzie Valley Dabbobin ruwa da sonar Laifukan kotuna McCullom Lake, Illinois Shari'ar matakin aji (sha'ar muhalli matakin aji) Monsanto shari'a Cutar Niigata Minamata karar marasa lafiya (a Japan) Dokar Organic ta 1897 Izaak Walton League kara (a Amurka) Rikici tsakanin Argentina da Uruguay San Diego Gas &amp; Electric (SDG&E) Gundumar Makaranta 36 Surrey Muhalli (a British Columbia a Kanada) Shannon, Quebec Tarin Cancer (a Kanada) Farawa, rufewa, da rashin aiki Syncrude Shari'ar Greenpeace TerraCycle Batutuwa na shari'a Mai guba mai guba Rundunar Sojojin Amurka na Injiniyan Rigimar ayyukan farar hula (New Orleans) Batutuwan shari'a a New Orleans Gurbacewar ruwa a cikin Crestwood, Illinois Shari'ar matakin mataki na biyu (sha'ar muhalli matakin aji) Gurbacewar ruwa a cikin Crestwood, Illinois Shari'ar mataki na uku (aiki shari'ar muhalli) Manazarta Babban Kotu Ta Iyakance Alhaki a cikin Harkallar Superfund NYTimes.com Halin da ake auna Canal a cikin lalacewa daga Hurricane Katrina NYTimes.com An shigar da karar Dokar Hatsari Mafi Girma An shigar da karar matakin matakin farko na Mississippi kan malalar mai Zubar da Mai SunHerald.com (30 Afrilu 2010) An shigar da kararrakin Al'amuran Muhalli Justia Dockets Filings Laifukan da aka shigar a Alabama sun dace da "Transocean Offshore Deepwater Drilling, Inc." Justia Dockets Filings Abubuwan da aka shigar a Florida sun dace da "Transocean Offshore Deepwater Drilling, Inc." Justia Dockets Filings Abubuwan da aka shigar a Georgia sun dace da "Transocean Offshore Deepwater Drilling, Inc." Justia Dockets Filings Abubuwan da aka gabatar a cikin Louisiana sun dace da "Transocean Offshore Deepwater Drilling, Inc." Justia Dockets Filings Abubuwan da aka gabatar a Mississippi sun dace da "Transocean Offshore Deepwater Drilling, Inc." Justia Dockets Filings Abubuwan da aka shigar a Texas sun dace da "Transocean Offshore Deepwater Drilling, Inc." Justia Dockets Filings Bayanan Bayanai na Canjin Yanayi Muhalli Yanci

32638

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Ndlovu

Peter Ndlovu

Peter Ndlovu (an haife shi a ranar 25 Fabrairu 1973) kocin ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Zimbabwe kuma ƙwararren ɗan wasa ne wanda shi ne manajan ƙungiyar a ƙungiyar Premier ta Afirka ta Kudu Mamelodi Sundowns. A matsayinsa na dan wasa ya kasance dan wasan gaba daga 1988 har zuwa 2011, musamman a Ingila da kuma musamman a gasar Premier tare da Coventry City da kuma a cikin Kwallon kafa na Birmingham City, Huddersfield Town da Sheffield United. Sauran ayyukansa ya yi amfani da shi a kasarsa ta Afirka tare da Highlanders, Mamelodi Sundowns, Thanda Royal Zulu, Highfield United da Black Mambas. Ya buga wa kasarsa wasa sau 81, inda ya zura kwallaye 37. Tun da ya yi ritaya, Ndlovu ya koma horarwa kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin manajan Zimbabwe, kafin ya koma Mamelodi a matsayin manajan kungiyar. Rayuwar farko Ndlovu ya fito ne daga gundumar Binga a Arewa maso Yamma, Siabuwa Zimbabwe. Duk da haka an haife shi a Bulawayo. Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya Coventry City John Sillett ne ya fara ganin Ndlovu, kafin ya sanya hannu a hukumance daga Highlanders ta Terry Butcher a watan Yulin 1991. Ya yi tasiri kai tsaye ta hanyar zura kwallo a raga a Arsenal sannan ya zama gwani a Highfield tare da nasarar da Aston Villa a watan Nuwamba 1991, yana ba shi sha'awar magoya bayan Sky Blues. Ko da yake zai ci gaba da taka rawar gani a kungiyoyi da dama a gasar Championship, lokaci ne da ya yi a Coventry wanda ya shahara musamman saboda matsayin kulob din a wancan lokacin. Zai taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin manyan kungiyoyi biyu, Bobby Gould's 1992/93 da kuma faffadan tawagar tsakiyar da karshen 1990s, a lokacin Ron Atkinson sannan Gordon Strachan ya jagoranci kulob din. Tawagar Bobby Gould a cikin 1992–93 ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin waɗanda ba su yi nasara ba, sun ƙare a mataki na 15 a farkon kakar Premier, bayan da suka shafe yawancin kakar wasa a matsayi mafi girma. A ranar 19 ga Agustan 1992, Ndlovu ya kafa tarihi inda ya zama dan wasan kwallon kafa na Afirka na farko da ya taka leda a sabuwar gasar Premier ta Ingila. Bayan sun sayi dan wasan gaba Micky Quinn a watan Nuwamba 1992 sun ci gaba da abin da ya kasance farkon farawa, tare da nasara a waje a Tottenham Hotspur (2-0) Sheffield Wednesday (2-1) da Wimbledon (2-1) da karawa ga nasarar gida mai ban sha'awa. da Middlesbrough (2-1). A farkon kaka Sky Blues ta kasance kan gaba a gasar Premier ta farko kuma ta yi rashin nasara a wasanni biyar kawai kafin Kirsimeti. Haɗin Micky Quinn a cikin tawagar ya haifar da ƙarin nasara a gida da Aston Villa (3-0) da Liverpool (5-1). A cikin watan Fabrairun 1993, sun ci nasara da ci 4-2 a kan Blackburn Rovers. Sai dai kuma, ‘yan makonnin da suka gabata bakarare a kakar wasa ta bana da kuma hudu a wasan da za su yi da Man United da Liverpool da Chelsea da kuma Leeds United sun sa sun faɗo daga matsayi na biyar a gasar a watan Fabrairu zuwa na 15 a kan teburi na karshe. An kammala kakar wasan da ban sha'awa Ndlovu a wasan da suka tashi 3-3 da Leeds United. Ndlovu ya kasance wani mahimmin sashi a duk tsawon kakar wasa a cikin Gould's fast pacey front line wanda ya hada da John Williams, Kevin Gallacher (har sai ya tashi zuwa Blackburn) da kuma Robert Rosario, wanda ya kafa haɗin gwiwar da ya dace da Micky Quinn. Kwallon da Ndlovu ya zura a ragar Norwich City, a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 a karshen watan Satumba, wani sa hannu ne na Ndlovu flair wanda ya ba shi damar lashe gasar 'Goal of the month' na ranar. Kakar 1993-94 za ta ga canji mai koyarwa a cikin kaka yayin da Gould ya yi murabus kuma mataimakinsa Phil Neal ya gaje shi amma ba a gaban fitaccen labule ba zuwa kakar Premier ta biyu. Ranar farko ta wasan caca na Bobby Gould zai kasance yin wasa ba tare da cikakken bayan gargajiya ba. Wannan ƙirƙira sabon labari ya ba Ndlovu cikakken lasisi don taka rawar gani a babban nasara ranar buɗewa mai mantawa a babban birni. Nasarar da aka yi a Highbury da ci 3-0 a Arsenal ya sa Micky Quinn ya ci hat-trick a gaban sabon bankin Arewa da aka gyara. Hakanan ya tabbatar da cewa Sky Blues sun sanya ɗaya daga cikin walƙiya ta al'ada ta fara kakar wasa, don haka daidai da wannan zamanin. Bayan barazanar Ian Wright na farko a kan burin Coventry, Ndlovu ne ya yi gudun hijira a cikin akwatin bugun fanareti na Arsenal wanda ya haifar da kalubale daga Lee Dixon. Hukuncin da Micky Quinn ya canza a cikin natsuwa ya ci kwallon. Wasa na biyu zai ga Ndlovu da Roy Wegerle sun jagoranci tsaron Gunners cikin rawar murna, musamman Wegerle yana jin dadin wasansa mafi kyau a kungiyar. An kadu da Arsenal da ci 3-0 wanda koci George Graham ya soke shirin karramawar bayan wasan da aka yi a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League da kofin FA. Bayanin da Arsenal ta bayar shine 'Dalilan da suka wuce ikon kulob din!. An ba da rahoton cewa Coventry ya ki amincewa da tayin fan miliyan 4 da Arsenal ta yi wa Ndlovu a kakar 1993-94 yarjejeniyar da ta sanya Ndlovu ya zama dan wasa mafi tsada da wata kungiyar Ingila ta sa hannu. Murabus mai ban mamaki na Bobby Gould, bayan 5-1 mauling a Loftus Road a watan Oktoba 1993, an yi la'akari da yuwuwar siyar da Ndlovu na kusa zuwa babban kulob shida. Duk da haka, Ndlovu ya zauna amma matakin na 11th ya tabbatar da wannan kakar ba a maimaita ba a yakin 1994-95. Ron Atkinson ne ya maye gurbin Phil Neal a watan Fabrairu. An yaba Big Ron da ceto kulob din daga faduwa a cikin bazarar 1995, kuma ya kawo Gordon Strachan a matsayin mataimakinsa. Wannan muhimmin lokaci na biyu na Ndlovu zai sake yin alƙawarin da yawa 'sabon zamani' na manyan kuɗi da aka sanar da nadin Atkinson ya ga isowar Huckerby, Whelan, Salako da McAllister tare da ɗan wasan Neal na £2 miliyan Dion Dublin. Big Ron ya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci tun da wuri, amma a kakar wasa ta gaba mai salo da salo na ƙungiyar sa ba kasafai ake dannawa ba a al'adance. Duk da haka, har yanzu Ndlovu ya ci wa Sky Blues wasu kwallayen da ba za a manta da su ba a wannan lokacin, ciki har da dan wasa na farko a waje da ya ci hat-trick a Anfield tsawon shekaru 30. Sauran kwallayen da ba za a manta da su ba a Sky Blue sun hada da wata muhimmiyar nasara da ta ci a waje a Wimbledon a matakin faduwa da maki shida da kuma wanda ya ci nasara a minti na karshe a gasar cin kofin FA na zagaye na 3 a West Bromwich Albion. A hankali Ndlovu ya sha wahala saboda rashin daidaituwa. Babban kuma faffadan gefen Gordon Strachan ya gada, sanye yake da zaɓuɓɓukan kai hari, ya ga gasa mai zafi na wurare daga Whelan, Huckerby, Salako da Telfer. Gasar firimiya ta gama gari kuma daga ƙarshe zata ga Coventry ta koma Steve Froggatt da ƴan wasan Morocco Mustapha Hadji da Youssef Chippo a cikin shekaru bayan tafiyar Ndlovu. Masoyan Coventry City sun san shi da 'Nuddy' da sauran laƙabinsa shine 'The Bulawayo Bullet' da Nsukuzonke kalmar isiNdebele da ke nuni ga ikonsa na kunna salon kowane lokaci/rana ya wasa. Birmingham City Daga karshe Ndlovu ya koma Birmingham City a watan Yuli 1997, wanda Trevor Francis ya rattaba hannu kan kudi fan miliyan 1.6. Masoyan Blues suna daukar Ndlovu a matsayin nasara, duk da kasa kaiwa ga gasar Premier yayin da "Nuddy" ke cikin sahunsu. Wasan reshen tsofaffin makarantar Ndlovu ya taimaka wajen ciyar da Blues wasanni biyu a jere a gasar kasa da kasa, duk da cewa duka wasannin biyu za su kare a wasan kusa da na karshe. Ya shafe lokaci a kan aro a Huddersfield Town a watan Disamba 2000, inda ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasansa na farko da Wolverhampton Wanderers. Bayan ya koma Birmingham ya taimaka musu su doke Ipswich Town a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar cin kofin League na 2000-01. Koyaya, kafin wasan karshe an sake shi don shiga Sheffield United a cikin Fabrairu 2001. Sheffield United Ndlovu ya kuma ji dadin nasara a Sheffield United kuma magoya bayansu sun san su da 'Nuddy. Tare da shi yana taka leda a gefen dama na tsakiya, United ta yi nasarar zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe na manyan gasa na cin kofin, ban da wasan karshe na gasar Championship (tsohon Division 1) a cikin kakar 2002-03. Ya zura kwallo a ragar Leeds United a gasar cin kofin Worthington na 2002 kuma ya ci hat-trick a kan Cardiff City a 2003–04. Ya bar Blades a lokacin rani na 2004 bayan ya zira kwallaye 25 a wasanni 135 na gasar. Gaba daya Ndlovu ya zura kwallaye sama da 90 a kakar wasanni 12 da ya buga a wasanni 338 a cikin manyan jirage biyu na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila. Afirka ta Kudu Ndlovu ya rattaba hannu a kungiyar Mamelodi Sundowns ta gasar firimiya ta Afirka ta Kudu a lokacin kakar wasa ta 2004. Thanda Royal Zulu sun yi daya daga cikin manyan ‘yan wasan da suka kulla kafin a rufe kasuwar musayar ‘yan wasa a ranar inda suka dauko tsohon dan wasan Mamelodi Sundowns Ndlovu. Thanda Royal Zulu ne ya saki Ndlovu daga kwantiraginsa a karshen shekarar 2008–09 bayan sun fice daga gasar cin kofin Afrika ta Kudu. Ya zauna tsawon shekaru biyu ba tare da buga kwallon kafa ba. Aikin koyarwa A cikin watan 2011, Ndlovu ya zama mataimakin manajan tawagar kasar Zimbabwe. A shekarar 2013, Ndlouv ya koma Mamelodi Sundowns a matsayin kocin kungiyar. Rayuwa ta sirri 'Yan'uwan Peter, Adam da Madinda, suma 'yan wasan ƙwallon ne. ’Yan ’uwan sun yi wasa a Makokoba, a ƙasar Zimbabwe, inda suka girma. Peter ya kuma taka leda a makarantun firamare (Lotshe Primary) da na sakandare Mzilikazi da kungiyar garinsa ta Highlanders kafin ya shiga Coventry a 1991. Masu sharhi na Biritaniya galibi suna kuskuren kiran sunan sa, kuma, sakamakon haka, magoya baya ma. A tsawon aikinsa, ana kiransa da 'Und-luv' yayin da a zahiri, lafazin sunan sunansa ya fi kusa da 'Nd-lo-vu. An bar Ndlovu a cikin "mafi mahimmanci" a asibiti bayan wani hatsarin mota kusa da filin jirgin sama na Victoria Falls a Zimbabwe a ranar 16 ga Disamba 2012. Motar Ndlovu BMW X5 ta samu buge-buge da tayar da ta yi wanda ya sa motar ta fito daga kan hanya ta daki wata bishiya. Ya samu rauni a ciki, rauni a kai, karyewar hakarkari da karyewar kafa sannan kuma an kashe dan uwansa Adam da wata fasinja mace. Daga baya Ndlovu ya fuskanci shari’a a watan Maris mai zuwa kan laifin kisan kai, inda masu gabatar da kara suka ce shi ne ke da alhakin gaza sarrafa motarsa yadda ya kamata. An dai wanke shi ne a watan Afrilun 2013, inda kotu ta yi zargin rashin samun shaidar da ke tabbatar da alhakin Ndlovu. Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki Maki da sakamako ne aka jera adadin kwallayen da Zimbabwe ta ci a farko, ginshikin maki ya nuna maki bayan kowace kwallon Ndlovu. Littafin Tarihi Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Bayanan martaba a Soccerbase Peter Ndlovu Goals na Duniya (ba a kammala ba tukuna) Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1973 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

34863

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwamnatin%20Tarayyar%20Najeriya

Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya

Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya tana da rassa guda uku: 'yan majalisu, zartaswa, da shari'a, wadanda kundin tsarin mulki ta ba su iko daga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya a Majalisa da shugaban kasa da kotunan tarayya ciki har da kotun koli. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya tanadi rarrabuwa mukamai da daidaito a tsakanin bangarorin guda uku da nufin hana maimaita kura-kuran da gwamnati ta yi a baya. Najeriya jamhuriya ce ta tarayya, wacce shugaban kasa ke da ikon zartarwa. Shugaban kasa shi ne shugaba a kasa, jagoran gwamnati, kuma shugaban tsarin jam’iyyu da yawa. Siyasar Najeriya tana gudana ne a cikin tsarin tarayya, shugabancin kasa, jamhuriya dimokuradiyya mai wakilci, inda gwamnati ke amfani da ikon zartarwa. 'Yan majalisa na karkshin gwamnatin tarayya da kuma majalisun dokoki guda biyu: majalisar wakilai da ta dattawa. A dunkule, majalisun biyu su ne hukumar da ke kafa doka a Najeriya, wadda ake kira majalisar dokokin kasar, wadda ke zaman tantance bangaren zartarwa na gwamnati. "Economist Intelligence Unit" ya kimanta Najeriya a matsayin "hybrid regime" a shekara ta 2019. Gwamnatin Tarayya, Jihohi, da Kananan Hukumomin Najeriya na da burin yin aiki tare domin gudanar da mulkin kasa da al’ummarta. Najeriya ta zama mamba ja kungiyar Commonwealth ta Burtaniya bayan samun 'yancin kai daga turawan mulkin mallaka a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 1960. Tsarin shari'a Shari'ar Najeriya ta ginu ne a kan bin doka, 'yancin kai na bangaren shari'a, da dokokin gama-gari na Birtaniyya (saboda dogon tarihin tasirin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya Doka ta gama gari a tsarin shari'a tana kama da tsarin dokokin gama gari da ake amfani da su a Ingila da Wales da sauran ƙasashen Commonwealth Tsarin mulki na yanayin doka yana cikin kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya. Dokar Turai, wadda ta samo asali daga mulkin mallaka da Birtaniya; Doka ta gama gari, cigaban shari'a tun lokacin mulkin mallaka; Doka ta al'ada, wacce ta samo asali daga al'adun gargajiya da harki; Sharia, dokar da ake amfani da ita a wasu jihohi a yankin arewacin Najeriya. Akwai reshen shari'a, kuma an ɗaukar Kotun Koli a matsayin kolluwar shari'a a Ƙasar. Doka a matsayin tushen dokokin Najeriya Hanyoyi biyu na asali na dokokin Najeriya ta hanyar zartarwa sune (1) Ayyukan majalisar dokokin Biritaniya, waɗanda aka fi sani da ƙa'idodin aikace-aikace na gama-gari kafin samun 'yancin kai. (2) Dokokin cikin gida (wanda ya kunshi dokokin Najeriya daga lokacin mulkin mallaka har zuwa yau). Akwai kuma wasu kafofin da duk da cewa an shigar da su a cikin ka'idojin Najeriya musamman shigo da su cikin tsarin dokokin Najeriya. Ana kiran su da criminal and penal codes na Najeriya. Dokokin Najeriya a matsayin tushen ka'idoji a Najeriya Ana iya rarraba dokokin Najeriya kamar haka. Zamanin mulkin mallaka har zuwa 1960, dokoki bayan 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1960-Zuwa shekara ta 1966, zamanin soja a shelara ta 1966 Zuwa shekara ta 1999. Dokokin bayan samun yancin kai 1960-1966 Ba wa Najeriya ‘yancin kai ya kasance wani muhimmin abu a tarihin siyasar kasar. Wannan lokaci ya shaida cigaban siyasa da aka samu a lokacin mulkin mallaka. ’Yan siyasa da gaske sun mayar da hankali kan gazawarsu a harkokin siyasa. Ta samu wa kanta matsayin jamhuriya ta hanyar kakkaɓe manyan hurumin da jami'an mulkin mallaka ke rike dasu. Duk da haka, duk da tashe-tashen hankula da aka yi wa tanada, kundin tsarin mulkin ya ci gaba da wanzuwa a gwamnatocin da suka biyo baya (na soja ko waninsa). Mulkin Soja, 1966-1999 Ba za a danganta tabarbarewar doka da oda da aka samu a lokacin da ake yin nazari a kan duk wani lahani da ke cikin tsarin shari’ar Najeriya ba. Cin hanci da rashawa a siyasance da duk wani al'amari na rayuwar Najeriya ya lalata inganci da ci gaba. An yi yunkurin juyin mulki sau 8 gaba daya, biyar sun yi nasara, 3 kuma ba su yi nasara ba. Reshen Gudanarwa Ana zaben shugaban kasa ta hanyar zabe na dukkannin mutanen gari Shugaban kasa shi ne jagoara a kasa kuma shugaban gwamnati, wanda ke jagorantar majalisar zartarwa ta tarayya, ko majalisar ministoci. An zabi shugaban kasa ne don ganin an samar da Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya da kuma yadda dokar ta shafi jama’a. Shi ma zababben shugaban kasar shi ne ke kula da sojojin kasar, kuma ba zai iya yin wa'adi fiye da biyu na shekaru hudu kowanne wa'adi ba. Shugaban Najeriya a yanzu shi ne Muhammadu Buhari, wanda aka zabe shi a shekara ta 2015 kuma mataimakin shugaban kasa a yanzu Yemi Oshinbajo. Bangaren zartaswa dai ya kasu zuwa ma’aikatun tarayya, kowanne daga cikin na karkashin jagorancin ministoci da shugaban kasa ya nada. Dole ne shugaban kasa ya sanya akalla mamba daya daga kowacce jihohi 36 a cikin majalisarsa. Majalisar dattawan Najeriya ke tabbatar da nadin shugaban kasar. A wasu lokuta, ministan tarayya kan samu alhakin kula da fiye da ma'aikata ɗaya (misali, muhalli da gidaje ana iya haɗa su), ko kuma minista ɗaya ko fiye da ministocin jihohi. Kowace ma'aikatar kuma tana da Sakatare na dindindin, wanda babban ma'aikacin gwamnati ne. Ma'aikatun suna da alhakin ayyuka daban-daban (wurare na mallakin gwamnati kamar jami'o'i, Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Kasa, da Kamfanin Mai na Najeriya. Duk da haka, alhakin wasu ma'aikatu na karkashin ofishin shugaban kasa, kamar Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa, Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa da Hukumar Kula da Ma'aikata ta Tarayya. Reshen majalisa Majalisar dokokin Najeriya tana da zauruka guda biyu: majalisar wakilai da ta dattawa. Kakakin majalisar wakilai ne ke jagorantar ita majalisar. Tana da mambobi 360, wadanda aka zaba na tsawon shekaru hudu a mazabun kujeru guda. Majalisar dattijai na da wakilai 109 tana karkashin jagorancin shugaban majalisar. Ana zaben mambobi 108 na tsawon shekaru hudu a mazabu 36 masu kujeru uku wadanda suka yi daidai da jahohin kasar 36 Ana zaban mamba daya na kujeru daya tak a mazabar babban birnin tarayya. Ana zabar ’yan majalisa ne ko dai a Majalisar Wakilai ko a Majalisar Dattawa domin su zama wakilan mazabarsu da samar da wata doka da za ta amfanar da jama’a. Tsarin doka ya ƙunshi kuɗaɗen da ake tsarawa da gabatar da su a cikin ɗaruruwan majalisun biyu. Wadannan kudirorin za su iya zama doka ta kasa kawai idan shugaban Najeriya ya amince da su wanda zai iya yin watsi da kudirin. A halin yanzu dai shugaban majalisar dattawan shi ne Ahmed Ibrahim Lawan, wanda aka zaba zuwa majalisar dattawa a shekarar ta 2007, kuma shugaban majalisar Femi Gbajabiamila, wanda ya kasance shugaban majalisar wakilai na Najeriya na 9 tun daga shekara ta 2019. Za a iya owane dan majalisar dokokin Najeriya zabe shi zuwa fiye da shekaru hudu kawai. A baya-bayan nan dai, majalisar dokokin kasar ta yi amfani da matsayinta wajen yin katsalandan, a matsayin tantance ikon shugaban kasa da majalisar ministocinsa. An san ’yan majalisa da yin amfani da ikonsu ba kawai yin doka ba, amma a matsayin hanyar tsoratarwa ta siyasa da kuma kayan aiki don inganta nasarar kuɗin kuɗi na mutum ɗaya. Ana biyan Sanatoci albashin da ya kai dalar Amurka sama da 2,200 a wata, wanda aka yi masu kari da kudaden da suke kasheaw dalar Amurka 37,500 a kowanne wata (alkalumman a Shekara ta 2018). Reshen shari'a Bangaren shari’a ya kunshi kotun koli ta Najeriya, kotun daukaka kara, manyan kotuna, da sauran kotunan shari’a irin su Majistare da na al’ada da shari’a da sauran kotuna na musamman. Majalisar shari’a ta kasa tana aiki ne a matsayin hukumar zartarwa mai zaman kanta, tana mai kare bangaren shari’a da bangaren zartarwa na gwamnati. Babban Alkalin Alkalan Najeriya da wasu alkalai goma sha uku ne ke jagorantar kotun kolin na Najeriya, wadanda shugaban kasar ke nadawa bisa shawarar majalisar shari'a ta kasa. Majalisar dattawa za ta tabbatar da wadannan alkalan. Bangaren shari’a na gwamnatin Najeriya daya ne tilo daga cikin bangarori uku na gwamnatin da ba a zaben mambobinta amma ake nada su. Bangaren shari’a, musamman kotun koli, an yi niyya ne don kiyaye ka’idoji da dokokin kundin tsarin mulkin kasa da aka rubuta a shekara ta 1999. Manufarta ita ce ta kare hakkin 'yan kasa. Alkalin Alkalan Najeriya na Kotun Koli a yanzu shine Olukayode Ariwoola. Dimokradiyya a Najeriya Najeriya ta fara mulkin dimokuradiyya a shekara ta 1999 da farawar ta a matsayin jamhuriya ta hudu, amma ta sha fama da koma baya ta yadda ta zama cikakkiyar dimokradiyya. An gano manyan mutane a Najeriya suna da karfin iko da tasiri fiye da talakawan ’yan kasa, kuma a sakamakon haka, an samu cin hanci da rashawa da yawa a siyasar Najeriya da rayuwar jama’a. Kyakkyawan alamar dimokuradiyya a Najeriya ita ce yadda zabuka ke kara samun raguwar magudi sannan kuma ana kara samun fafatawar jam’iyya. Wani abin da ke nuna dimokraɗiyya mai ƙarfi shi ne kasancewar ƙungiyoyin farar hula waɗanda 'yan ƙasa ke da 'yancin yin aiki da magana cikin yardar kaina tare da yin amfani da kafofin watsa labarai mai ƙarfi don rayuwar yau da kullun. Bugu da kari, Najeriya ta ga yadda ake amfani da kafafen yada labarai a fagen siyasa, musamman ma zanga-zangar (Special Anti-Robbery Squad) na SARS na baya-bayan nan, wanda ke nuni da samun ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki ga jama’a don bayyana ra’ayoyinsu ga gwamnati da duniya. Matsayin 'yanci A bisa kididdigar "World Press Freedom Index" na shekara ta 2020, Najeriya ce kasa ta 115 mafi ‘yanci a duniya. Ana kallonta a matsayin kasa mai ci gaba da cin zarafi al'ummar ta da dakile 'yancin magana da yada labarai. An gano Najeriya a matsayin kasa mai rauni, duka da ke cikin hadarin bautar zamani da cin hanci da rashawa. Al'ummar kasar na cikin mawuyacin hali saboda illolin rikice-rikice na cikin gida da al'amuran mulki. Freedom House ta bayyana Najeriya a matsayin kasa mai ‘yantacciyar ‘yanci. A zaben shugaban kasa da ya gabata, tsarin ya gurgunta ta da tashe-tashen hankula, tsoratarwa da sayen kuri’u, wadanda suka yi kamari a yawancin zabukan da aka yi a Najeriya. Hakazalika, a zabukan ‘yan majalisar dokoki na baya-bayan nan, ‘yan kasar sun yi iƙirarin cewa tsarin yana da nasaba da tsoratarwa da wasu sabani. Ana kyautata zaton za a aiwatar da tsarin zabe da dokokin da ke da alaka da su ta hanyar da ta dace, amma an yi ta samun rikita-rikitar zabe da gangan da kuma haifar da fitowar jama'a. Al’ummar Najeriya suna jin kamar akwai ‘yancin da suke da shi na samun jam’iyyun siyasa daban-daban da za su wakilci ra’ayoyinsu. An misalta hakan ne da dimbin halaltattun jam’iyyu da aka gani a zabuka. Hakazalika, jam'iyyun adawar Najeriya na da halastacciyar dama ta shiga harkokin siyasa da kuma samun mukamai a hukumance. Dangane da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki na siyasa, Freedom House ta nuna cewa ra'ayoyi da cibiyoyi galibi suna yin tasiri sosai daga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, na waje ko daidaikun mutane. A Najeriya, dukkan kabilu da addinai suna da damar shiga harkokin siyasa daidai gwargwado, duk da haka, akwai karancin mata da aka zaba a cikin gwamnati, an kuma lalata dangantakar jinsi daya a shekara ta 2014. Ana zabar jami’an gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya kamar shugaban kasa da ‘yan majalisar dokoki ne domin su samar da manufofi da dokoki, kuma yawanci ana ba su damar yin hakan ba tare da tsangwama ba, amma a ‘yan shekarun nan, an yi ta fama da cin hanci da rashawa da rashin zaman lafiya. Cin hanci da rashawa dai ya kasance babbar matsala ga gwamnatin Najeriya tun bayan samun ‘yancin kai daga turawan mulkin mallaka. Musamman bangaren mai ya ba da damar cin hanci da rashawa da yawa. Gwamnati ta yi kokarin samar da matakan yaki da cin hanci da rashawa da ke cin karo da ayyukan jihar, amma abin ya ci tura kawai. An kuma bayyana gwamnati a matsayin rashin gaskiya, sau da yawa ba ta barin bayanan da ya kamata a samu ga jama'a. Aikin jarida da kafafen yada labarai a Najeriya suna da ‘yanci, ana ba su damar gudanar da ayyukansu ba tare da gwamnati ba, amma sau da yawa ana kamawa ko kuma tantance wadanda ke sukar manyan mutane ko ofisoshi. Ƙungiya mai kama da mafia, Black Axe, tana da hannu cikin cin hanci da rashawa na duniya ta hanyar amfani da zamba musamman a kan layi, kamar yadda aka ruwaito a labarin BBC. An amince da ‘yancin yin addini a Najeriya, amma an san gwamnati da ma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna mayar da martani ga kungiyoyin da ke nuna adawa da gwamnatin tarayya. Addini abu ne da ake ta cece-kuce a Najeriya saboda zafafan rigingimu da ake fama da su a tsakanin Kiristoci da Musulmi a jihar. Freedom House ta bayyana gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya a fannin ba da yancin karatu, da kuma yadda jama'a za su iya bayyana ra'ayoyinsu ko da kuwa ba su amince da gwamnati ba ba tare da tsoron mayar da martani daga gwamnati ba. An yi wa gwamnatin Najeriya kima mai matsakaicin ra'ayi kan iya haduwa da jama'a, iya aiki da hakkin dan Adam, da kasancewar kungiyoyin kwadago. An kididdige bangaren shari'a a matsayin mai matsakaicin 'yanci daga gwamnati, kuma ba shi da tsari a cikin gwaji da daidaita daidaito ga dukkan al'umma. Jama’a a Najeriya ba su da ’yancin fita waje, kuma galibi ana saka dokar ta-baci da gwamnatin tarayya ta kayyade a yankunan da ke fuskantar barazanar tashin hankali ko rashin zaman lafiya. Akwai karancin kariya ga mata ta fuskar ‘yancin zubar da ciki, fyade, da cin zarafin gida a karkashin gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya. A karshe dai ana fama da matsalar safarar mutane a Najeriya da kuma yawaitar cin zarafin ‘yan kasa wanda gwamnatin tarayya ta yi aikin da bai dace ba na hana ta. Jam'iyyun siyasa Akwai jam'iyyun siyasa guda 18 da aka amince da su a Najeriya. Akwai jam’iyyu da dama a sakamakon cin hanci da rashawa da hargitsin da suka kunno kai a Najeriya da suka dabaibaye gwamnatin tarayya da kuma zabuka na tsawon shekaru. Yawancin jam'iyyun suna da wuyar kula. Manyan jam’iyyun biyu dai su ne jam’iyyar Peoples Democratic Party da All Progressives Congress, wadanda dukkansu sun rike shugabancin kasa da kujeru a majalisar dokokin kasar na tsawon lokaci. Sabanin jam’iyyu a wasu kasashe da ke wakiltar ra’ayoyin siyasa da jama’a za su yi daidai da su, jam’iyyu a Najeriya sun fi yin aiki a matsayin hanyar da fitattun mutane za su iya samun madafun iko da tasiri, kuma akwai da yawa saboda sau da yawa suna sauya sheka. jam'iyyu domin samun wanda zai ba su dama mafi kyawu na samun iko. Jam'iyyun siyasa sun kasance wani muhimmin al'amari na gwamnatin Najeriya kafin da kuman bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Turawan mulkin mallaka a Shekaran alif ta 1960. Jam’iyyu suna ba da damar yin gasa ta siyasa, don ’yan kasa su sami mutanen da ke wakiltar ra’ayoyinsu da muradun su a cikin gwamnati, don bullo da sabbin shugabanni da ra’ayoyi a cikin rayuwar Nijeriya. ‘Yan Najeriya da dama ba su fahimci tsarin jam’iyyun siyasa ba saboda akwai zabi da yawa kuma tsarin su bai bayyana ga jama’a ba. Wannan lamari dai ya ci gaba da zama ruwan dare a Najeriya domin ya mayar da wadanda ba su da ilimi ko kuma ba su da hannu a gwamnati saniyar ware. Har ila yau, da alama ana samun ra'ayin jama'a a Najeriya na goyon bayan jam'iyyun da suka danganci kabilanci na addini, musamman ta fuskar rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Musulmi da Kirista. Jam’iyyun siyasa 18 sun hada da: Accord, Action Alliance, Action Democratic Party, Action Peoples Party, African Action Congress, African Democratic Congress, All Progressives Congress, All Progressives Grand Alliance, Allied Peoples Movement, Boot Party, Labour Party, National Rescue Movement, New Nigeria Peoples Party, Peoples Democratic Party, Peoples Redemption Party, Social Democratic Party, Young Progressive Party, Zenith Labour Party. Tsarin zabe da zabukan baya-bayan nan 'Yan kasa da suka kai kimanin shekaru 18 ne ke daman yin zaben shugaban kasa da 'yan majalisar dokoki a Najeriya. Hukumar zabe ta kasa ce ke da alhakin sanya ido kan zaben da kuma tabbatar da cewa sakamakon ya kasance daidai ba na magudi ba. An zaɓi wanda ya yi nasara lashe kujera ta hanyar tsarin farko da aka yi amfani da shi a Burtaniya. Najeriya ta fuskanci zabuka da dama na magudi, musamman ma babban zaben da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2007. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa wannan zaben ya yi fama da magudin zabe, kada kuri’an kanana yara, tashe-tashen hankula, tsoratarwa, da kuma rashin fayyace gaskiya da sahihanci daga hukumar zabe ta kasa baki daya. Zaben Shugabancin Najeriya, 2015 Majalisar wakilai Majalisar Dattawa Zaben Shugabancin Najeriya, 2019 Dangantakar Kirista da Musulmi Shari’ar Musulunci ta shiga cikin zukatan gwamnatocin jihohin Najeriya da dama, musamman a yankin arewacin kasar. Akwai adawa mai tsanani tsakanin Kirista da Musulmi a Najeriya, don haka gwamnati ta dauki wani salo na tsarin shari'a na Ingilishi da na Shari'ar Musulunci a yayin da ake tunkarar batutuwan da suka shafi shari'a domin gamsar da al'ummar kasar daban-daban. Najeriya ce kasa mafi yawan al'ummar Kirista da Musulmi da ke zama tare a duniya. An bullo da wadannan addinan guda biyu ne a Najeriya musamman a lokacin mulkin mallaka, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin, da yawa daga cikin al’ummar Afirka sun hade nasu addinan gargajiya da wadannan guda biyu da aka kafa. ’yan siyasa da sauran masu fada a ji sun sha yin amfani da rikicin addini tsakanin Kirista da Musulmi a Najeriya wajen tayar da hankali da haifar da tsoro da hargitsi a tsakanin ‘yan Najeriya. Wannan ya sa ‘yan kasar da dama ke tambayar dalilin da ya sa Najeriya ta ci gaba da zama kasa daya ta tarayya, kuma ta yiwu ta rabu a tsakanin Kirista da Musulmi. Yankin Arewacin kasar dai ya kasance na Musulunci, yana da jihohi 12 da ke rayuwa a karkashin Shari'a, yayin da yankin Kudu galibi Kiristoci ne. An yi yunƙuri da yawa daga Musulman Najeriya don ƙara ra'ayoyin Shari'a a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki wanda ya firgita yawan Kirista a cikin ƙasar. Da yawa daga cikin Kiristoci sun dauki bullar Musulunci a Najeriya a matsayin hadari kuma hakan na iya haifar da karuwar ta'addanci da rashin zaman lafiya. Wannan rikici yana barazana ga dorewar dimokuradiyyar Najeriya, tsarin cikin gida, da kungiyoyin farar hula, kuma da yawa daga cikin masana kimiyyar siyasa da shugabannin Najeriya na fatan mabiya addinan biyu za su iya yin wata tattaunawa ta lumana da fatan za ta daidaita bangarorin biyu. Ta'addanci a Najeriya Babban barazanar ta'addanci a Najeriya shine na kungiyar Boko Haram, kuma ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a lokacin rani ta shekara ta 2009. Boko Haram kungiya ce ta 'yan ta'adda masu kishin Islama masu tsatsauran ra'ayi daga yankin arewacin Najeriya. Wannan kungiya ta kaddamar da hare-haren ta'addanci wadanda suka fi auna gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya, kungiyoyin addini wadanda ba musulmi ba, da kuma talakawan kasa. Ana alakanta tashin hankali da karuwar illolin Boko Haram da rashin zaman lafiya da rashin kwanciyar hankali da kasar Najeriya ke fama da shi. Suna jin haushin cin hanci da rashawa da kuma gazawar manufofin gwamnati na Najeriya, musamman talauci da rashin ci gaban arewacin Najeriya wanda galibi musulmi ne. Rikicin Boko Haram a Najeriya ya yi matukar muni, sama da mutane 37,000 ne suka mutu sakamakon hare-haren ta'addancin da suka kai tun shekarar 2011, sannan sama da 'yan Najeriya 200,000 suka rasa muhallansu. Kungiyar Boko Haram ce ke da alhakin sace daruruwan 'yan mata 'yan makaranta a shekarar 2014, lamarin da ya janyo yunkurin BringBackOurGirls a fadin duniya. Kungiyar ta'addanci ta zama wani bangare na ISIS a cikin shekara ta 2015, wanda ya jawo damuwa ga tsaro da zaman lafiyar Najeriya. Manyan kasashen duniya da dama da suka hada da Amurka sun ba da gudunmawar kayan aikin soji don taimakawa yaki da Boko Haram saboda harkar mai na Najeriya na da muhimmanci ga tattalin arzikin duniya. Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta kaddamar da shirye-shirye da dabarun yaki da kungiyar Boko Horam saboda yawaitar su. Haka kuma a baya-bayan nan an samu karuwar ’yan kasa da aka kirkira, musamman kungiyoyin matasa da ke daukar matakan kare kansu da al’ummominsu. Duka ayyukan Boko Haram da kuma kokarin da gwamnati ke yi na yaki da ta'addanci ya haifar da matsalar 'yan gudun hijira a Najeriya. Membobin Commonwealth Kasancewar Najeriya mamba a kungiyar Commonwealth ta Burtaniya ya fara ne a shekarar alif ta 1960 kuma an dakatar da ita a tsakanin shekarar alif ta 1995 zuwa shekarar alif ta 1999 lokacin da kasar ta zama kasa karkashin mulkin soja. An dawo da ita a shekarar alif ta 1999 lokacin da aka kafa dimokuradiyya tare da tsarin mulkin shugaban kasa a jamhuriya ta hudu ta Najeriya, kuma ta kasance wani bangare na kungiyar Commonwealth har zuwa yau. Sakatariyar Commonwealth na da burin taimakawa Najeriya gano da kuma dakile cin hanci da rashawa a cikin gwamnatin ta tarayya. A shekara ta 2018, sun koyawa jami’an gwamnati da dama yadda za su yaki cin hanci da rashawa da kuma yin Allah wadai da cin hanci da rashawa a cikin al’umma. Shigar da Sakatariyar ta yi a harkokin gwamnati da na kudi ya samar da kyakkyawan tsari na mu’amalar kayayyaki da ayyuka a Najeriya tare da rage cin hanci da rashawa. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2017, kungiyar Commonwealth ta wadata Najeriya da manufofi da albarkatu don ficewar Birtaniya daga Tarayyar Turai tare da bayyana irin illar da za a iya yi ga kasashen Commonwealth da kasuwanci. Sakatariyar Commonwealth ta taimaka wa Najeriya a fannin albarkatun kasa kamar man fetur da hakar ma'adinai. Sun taimaka wajen yin shawarwari da samar da daidaiton ciniki. Sakatariyar Commonwealth ta kuma baiwa Najeriya damar yin amfani da Ajandar Haɗin kai, wanda ke bai wa ƙasashen da ke ƙarƙashin Commonwealth damar sadarwa da musayar ra'ayoyi da manufofi don taimakawa juna ta fuskar tattalin arziki da cikin gida. Jihohin Najeriya Najeriya tana da jihohi 36 da yanki 1. Sun hasda da Babban Birnin Tarayya, Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Ekiti, Enugu, Gombe, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nasarawa, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe, da kuma Zamfara. Kananan Hukumomi Kowace jiha ta rarrabu zuwa kananan hukumomi (LGAs). Wadannan jihohi da kananan hukumominsu na da matukar muhimmanci ga harkokin gwamnatin tarayya domin suna da tasiri a kan al’ummar kananan hukumomi don haka za su iya tantance bukatun mazabu da samar da manufofi ko ababen more rayuwa da za su taimaka. Hakanan suna da mahimmanci saboda gwamnatin tarayya tana da lokaci da albarkatu don aiwatar da ayyukan kasa da na kasa da kasa yayin da kananan hukumomi za su iya kula da 'yan Najeriya 'yan asalin jihohinsu. Batun raba madafun iko tsakanin jihohi da gwamnatin tarayya na taimakawa ayyukan Nijeriya. Kananan hukumomi 774 ne ke sa ido kan tara harajin gida, ilimi, kula da lafiya, hanyoyi, sharar gida da tsare-tsare. Karamar hukuma ce ke kula da al’amuran talakawa maza da mata a cikin al’ummar Najeriya. Ƙirƙirar sake fasalin ƙananan hukumomi ya fara ne a shekarar alif ta 1968, zuwa ta 1970 a lokacin mulkin soja amma ya kasance cikakke shekarar alit ta 1976. Yadda Gwamnatin Tarayya ta tafiyar da COVID-19 A matsayinta na kasa mafi yawan jama'a a Afirka, cutar ta coronavirus ta yi kamari a fadin Najeriya. Najeriya ta tabbatar da cewa za ta iya ganowa, ba da amsa, da kuma hana barkewar cutar ta COVID-19 a cikin wani da lokaci, mara kyau. Najeriya ba ta da albarkatun da za ta gudanar da gwaje-gwajen da al'ummar kasar ke bukata don ci gaba da samun karuwar masu dauke da cutar a fadin jihar. Har ila yau Najeriya ba ta da adadin da ake bukata na sauran albarkatu don yakar cutar kamar ma'aikatan asibiti, dakuna, da na'urorin iska. Martanin gwamnatin tarayya game da cutar ya kasance mai rauni sosai kuma ba shi da tasiri. Shugaba Buhari ya zartas da dokar kulle na zama a gida da dama, da dokar rufe fuska, da kuma hana tafiye-tafiye don rage yawan masu kamuwa da cutar a kasar. Amma duk da haka, umarnin kullen, da ƙuntatawa na tafiye-tafiye sun haifar da mummunan tasirin ga tattalin arziki ga ɗimbin 'yan ƙasa waɗanda suka rasa ayyukansu da tushen samun kuɗi. Dangane da haka, gwamnatin tarayya ta fitar da wasu tsare-tsare na bunkasa tattalin arziki don inganta muhimman bangarorin noma kamar noma da mai. Gwamnati ta kuma zartas da matakan tallafin abinci da mika kudade don tallafawa wadanda ke fama da yunwa. Har ila yau, sun himmatu wajen samar da kudade don samar da kudade daga masu ba da tallafi don tallafawa kasafin kudin tarayya da bangaren tattalin arziki. Sojojin Najeriya Sojojin Najeriya sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin kasar, inda sukan kwace iko da kasar tare da mulkin kasar na tsawon lokaci. Wa’adin mulkin soja na karshe ya kare ne a shekarar alif ta 1999, bayan rasuwar shugaban mulkin sojan da ya gabata Sani Abacha a 1998. Ma'aikata masu aiki a cikin sojojin Najeriya uku sun kai kusan 76,000. Rundunar sojin Najeriya, wadda ita ce mafi girma a cikin ayyukan, tana da kimanin jami'ai 60,000, da aka tura a tsakanin runfunan sojoji biyu na injiniyoyi, da runduna guda daya (na iska da ta sama), da rundunar Garrison ta Legas (wani bangare mai girma), da kuma Abuja da ke Abuja wato Brigade of Guards. Sojojin ruwa na Najeriya (7,000) suna da kayan aiki da jiragen ruwa, jirage masu saurin kai hari, kwale-kwale, da kwale-kwalen sintiri a bakin teku. Sojojin saman Najeriya (9,000) na jigilar sufuri, masu horarwa, jirage masu saukar ungulu, da jiragen yaki; sai dai a halin yanzu yawancin motocinsu ba sa aiki. Kwanan nan, Marshal na rundunar sojojin saman Najeriya, Sadique Abubakar, ya ba da shawarar sayen kayan aiki bayan jefar da motocin da ba sa aiki. Alakar kasashen waje A halin yanzu Najeriya tana da kyakkyawar hulda tsakaninta kasashen waje da makwabtanta, saboda tsarin dimokradiyyar da take ciki a halin yanzu. Memba ne na Tarayyar Afirka kuma yana zaune a kwamitin zaman lafiya da tsaro na kungiyar. Ministan harkokin waje na Najeriya na yanzu Geoffrey Jideofor Kwusike Onyeama. Yawancin lamurran da suka shafi Najeriya a lokacin mulkin mallaka da kuma bayan samun yancin kai sun dogara ne kan hako mai. Dangantakar Najeriya da makwabta na nahiyar Afirka da ma duniya baki daya ta samu ci gaba sosai tun bayan da ta sauya sheka daga mulkin soja zuwa dimokuradiyya. Najeriya na fatan samun kujera ta dindindin a kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya nan gaba kadan. Jarida Gidan Rediyo da Talabijin a Najeriya mallakin gwamnati ne na Hukumar Yada Labarai ta Kasa. Ana amfani da wannan a matsayin dabarar gwamnati don tabbatar da iko da kuma karkatar da ra'ayin jama'a don goyon bayan jam'iyya mai ci da manufofin su. Duk da haka, yawancin jaridun Najeriya masu zaman kansu ne kuma ba'a takaita amfani da intane ga jama'a ba. Duba kuma Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya Majalisar dokokin Najeriya Jerin gwamnonin jihohin Najeriya Ma'aikatan Najeriya Jihohin Najeriya Ayyukan Gidan Yari na Najeriya Alkalin Alkalan Najeriya Kara karantawa Karl Levan da Patrick Ukata (eds.). 2018. The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian Politics Jami'ar Oxford Press. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Siyasan Najeriya a karni na 21st Gwamnatin Najeriya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

21424

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Daji

Mutanen Daji

Mutanen Daju rukuni ne na ƙabilu bakwai daban daban masu magana da yarukan da suka danganci (duba yarukan Daju suna zaune a bangarorin biyu na iyakar Chadi Sudan da kuma kan tsaunukan Nuba Rabuwa da kuma nisantar da magana da yarurruka daban daban, a halin yanzu, galibi suna da kusancin alaƙar juna da juna. Yankin gargajiyar da aka gano tare da Daju sune tsaunin Daju a yankin kudu na tsaunukan Marrah da ke lardin Darfur na Sudan Da yake tsaunukan Marrah su ne kawai yankin Darfur da ke da yanayi mai kyau kuma don haka zai iya tallafawa ɗumbin jama'a, wata ƙasa mai ƙarfi ta tashi watakila tun a ƙarni na 12 kafin haihuwar Yesu. Kadan ne sananne game da wannan masarauta sai dai jerin sunayen sarakuna da ambaci dayawa a cikin rubutun Masar. Mafi ambaton sunayen sarki shi ne sarki Githar a lokacin annabi Daju Saleh wanda ya mutu kuma aka binne shi a bankin Wadi Saleh a kusurwar kudu maso yamma na tsaunukan Marrah Duba Nachtigal, a shekarar 1971 A Daju ya bayyana a zama da rinjaye kungiyar a yankin Darfur daga farkon sau takara iko tare da su arewacin Marrah Mountain daga baya hammayarsu, da aikin gona da Fur mutane Asalin asalin mutanen Daju sun kasance a cikin Kogin Yellow Nile [wanda ake kira Wadi Howar yanzu]. Hakanan sun bar kufai a Jebel Meidob, Manyan Manyan Manja da hanyar kasuwanci ta Darb el-Arbayyn zuwa Masar. Asali Daju, wanda ya san Henri Barth a matsayin "Jama'ar Fir'auna", ya yi ƙaura daga asali daga kwarin Nilu a bayan mamayewar Masarautar Meroe da Izana, sarkin Axum ya yi a tsakiyar tsakiyar ƙarni na huɗu Bayani na Asusun ya nuna asalinsu zuwa Shendi, wanda ke nufin a cikin harshensu "tunkiya." Da farko sun zauna a Wadi al-Malik, Wadi Howar da Jebel Midob a BC 3000 sannan suka yi ƙaura, saboda canjin yanayi, zuwa kwarin Nilu da Masar inda suka yi mulki da sunan Fir'aunan Libya. Wani Sarkin Iraki ya kore su zuwa kudu inda suka koma babban birnin su Nepta. Bayan haka an sake tura su kudu zuwa Meroe har sai da Izana ta kora su zuwa yamma zuwa Wadi Howar da Kordofan da ke yammacin Sudan kuma a can suka kafa manyan biranensu a kewayen yankin Jebel Qadir a tsaunukan Nuba da wasu garuruwa da yawa yanzu a Darfur da Chadi. Bayan ƙarni da yawa, sun haɗu da ƙasar da yanzu ake kira Dar Fur da sauransu. Masana tarihi sun danganta wannan fadada daga baya ga yakin tsakanin masarautar Daju da Masarautar Dongola a shekara ta 1100 AD wanda ya jagoranci Sarki Ahmed al-Daj ya mayar da hedikwatarsa zuwa Meri a Jebel Marra massif. A halin yanzu, Semia, ɗayan manyan biranen, Amir ya lalata shi gaba ɗaya daga Dongola. Tarihi An ce masarautar Daju ta shimfida ikonta har zuwa gabashin Kurdufan, yamma da tsaunukan Nuba da kuma yamma zuwa Chadi Masanin tarihin nan na Masar Al-Maqrizi, yana rubutu game da 1400, ya bayyana "Taju" da cewa ita ce masarauta mai ƙarfi wacce take kwance tsakanin Kanem da masarautun Nilu. An ce mutanen Daju sun zauna a cikin wani dogon bel wanda ya faro daga yankin Kudancin Kurdufan zuwa yamma zuwa Darfur zuwa Chadi A bisa ga al'adar, mutanen Sokoro, Tunjur ne suka mamaye daular Daju a karni na 14 waɗanda suka yi kaurta daga yamma ta masarautun Bornu da Wadai Daju sun warwatse tare da sarkinsu ya tsere zuwa yamma tare da wasu mutanensa suka kafa ƙaramar sabuwar masarauta a Yankin Dar Sila da ke Chadi, suka zama mutanen Dar Sila Daju Sauran Daju sun koma gabas daga ƙarshe suka sauka a yankin da ke yanzu Kudancin Kurdufan kusa da Muglad a arewacin Abyei da yamma da tsaunukan Nuba. Bayanai sun nuna cewa sun kunshi kungiyoyi guda biyu daban daban duk da cewa bashi da tabbas idan wannan hijirar tayi gudun hijirar mutanen da ba na Daju ba ko kuma daya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin Daju tuni yan asalin yankin ne. Akwai wata majiya da ke nuna cewa duka Ngok Dinka zuwa Kudu da kuma Messiria zuwa Arewa sun yarda cewa tabbas ‘yan asalin garin Muglad ne. Daga bisani Messiria da ke turewa daga arewa sun raba su da matsuguni zuwa Abyei inda suka ci su kuma Ngok Dinka suka sake watsewa. Wata kungiyar an tura ta zuwa yamma (wataƙila magabatan mutanen Njalgulgule) dayan ƙungiyar kuma, wacce ta ƙunshi Dar Fur Daju, an tura ta gabas zuwa tsaunin Nuba da ke kusa da Lagowa inda suka samar da nasu yaren na daban na yaren Nyala Bayan lokaci, Tunjur ya gabatar da Addinin Musulunci ga yankin (wanda ya kasance yana da arna a da) kuma a hankali ya ɗauki larabci a matsayin yaren mulkinsu. A shekara ta 1596, ikon mallakar Darfur ya shiga hannun manyan daular Keira ta hanyar auratayya tsakanin sarkin da ya gabata na daular Tunjur mai mulki, Ahmad al-Maqur da mafi yawan mutanen da ke fada da mutanen Fur Wannan ya haifar da Sarautar Daular Dafur wacce Fur-ta mamaye har zuwa shekarar 1898. Labarin kasa Sakamakon kayen da suka yi a hannun Tunjur sannan kuma mamayar ta Fur, an tabbatar da ƴan gudun hijira daga yawancin yankunansu kuma yanzu haka suna cikin wasu aljihunan da dama a cikin Sudan da Chadi. Ragowar mutanen Daju sun wanzu a cikin wadannan rukunoni masu rarrabuwa: Lambar Beygo mai lamba 850 (1978) da ke zaune a Kudancin Darfur a Sudan ta kudu maso gabashin Nyala a cikin tsaunukan gabashin Kube. Yaren Beygo yanzu ya ɓace tare da yawancin yawancin mutanen da ke magana da Larabci Dar Daju Daju mai lamba 34,000 (1993) kuma yana zaune a Yankin Guéra na Chadi Suna magana da yaren Daju Mongo Dar Fur Daju mai lamba 80,000 (2007) kuma yana zaune a Kudancin Darfur cikin Sudan cikin tuddan Daju Hills 40 km arewa maso gabashin Nyala Suna magana da yaren Nyala Mafi yawan wannan yawan sun gudu zuwa Chadi sakamakon Rikicin Darfur Hakanan akwai ƙaramar jama'a na Dar Fur Daju kusa da garin Lagowa a tsaunin Nuba. Dar Sila Daju mai lamba 63,100 (2000) kuma yana zaune a kudancin Chadi a yankin Ouaddai Suna magana da yaren Sila Njalgulgule mai lamba 900 (1977) kuma yana zaune a wani ƙauye ɗaya a kudancin Sudan kusa da haɗuwar Kogin Sopo da Boro. Suna magana da yaren Njalgulgule Wataƙila su ƙaura ce daga baya sakamakon faduwar daular Daju. Hakanan akwai ƙungiyoyi biyu waɗanda suke a cikin tsaunukan Nuba kuma saboda tsananin bambancin yare da suke da shi da kuma sauran harsunan Daju, an yarda da cewa sun fito ne daga ƙaura ta farko (wataƙila shekaru 2,000 da suka gabata) daga cikin Daju Urheimat a tsaunukan Marrah A can suka sassaƙa ƙaramin yankinsu a tsakiyar asalin mazaunan gabashin tsaunukan Nuba, da ƙabilun Kordofanian, haka kazalika daga cikin ƙauracewar kabilu yare daban-daban kabilun Nyimang, kabilun Temein, da kabilun Kadugli. Hijirar kabilun Hill Nubian a cikin tsaunukan Nuba gabaɗaya ana ganin su suna zuwa ne bayan babban ƙaura na hijira. Dutsen Nuba gabaɗaya yanki ne na "ja da baya" ga ƙungiyoyin da aka tsananta masu neman tsaro saboda haka akwai mahimmancin bambancin yare. Logorik mai lamba 2,000 (1971) kuma yana zaune a tsakiyar tsaunukan Nuba. Suna magana da yaren Liguri Lambar Shatt 15,000 (1984) kuma tana zaune a kudu maso gabashin Nuba na babban birnin Kadugli Suna magana da yaren Shatt Bugu da ƙari, Jukun da Yarbawa suna da'awar tuntuɓar Daju. Sutura Addini Daju yawancin manoman hatsi ne (galibi gero, dawa, da masara). Abu na biyu, suna farauta gami da tattarawa (galibi zuma, 'ya'yan itace da' ya'yan itacen daji). Mata suna yin yawancin ayyukan yau da kullun. Suna shukawa suna shuka amfanin gona, suna nika hatsi, kuma suna dafa abinci. Su ma sune masu ginin-gida na farko. Gidan Daju na al'ada yana da zagaye tare da murfin mazugi duk da cewa a cikin garuruwa, gidaje galibi suna da murabba'i. Ana raba ayyukan gida. A al'adance, Daju mata suna yin zanen fatar idanunsu, gumis, da leɓɓansu da ƙayayyan itaciya. Mayaƙa suna yin zane a saman hagu na hagu tare da tawada mai baƙar fata da ja. Dar Sila Daju da ke Chadi an shirya su ne ta hanyar dangi maza da mata. Kowane dangi yana da nasa matsayin daban a cikin al'umma. An zabi Sarkin ne daga ɗaya daga cikin dangi kuma masu ba shi shawara suna cikin sauran dangi. Sultanship da farko yana ba da matsayin jagoran addini. Dar Daju Daju da Dar Sila Daju galibi musulmai ne amma har yanzu suna aiwatar da yawancin al'adunsu na gargajiya da suka haɗa da gina wuraren bautar gumaka ga babban allahnsu Kalge wanda suke kamanta shi da Allah na Islama. Daga wannan sunan aka samo Par-Kalge, tsattsarkan dutsen da yake kusa da Napta. Dar Fur Daju suna kula da tsohuwar addininsu na asali. Manazarta Kabila Mutanen Chadi Al'ummomi Al'umma Al'ada Pages with unreviewed

32026

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawal%20Jafaru%20Isa

Lawal Jafaru Isa

Lawal Jafaru Isa, Soja ne Mai ritaya, Birgediya Janar na sojojin Najeriya, kuma ya zama shugaban mulkin soja na jihar Kaduna a watan Disambaa n 1993 zuwa Agusta 1996 a lokacin mulkin Janar Sani Abacha A 1996, ya kirkiro masarautu da dama ga mutanen kudancin Zariya ko Kaduna domin a samu zaman lafiya a jihar Kaduna. A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2000, ya kasance jigo a sabuwar kungiyar tuntuba ta Arewa, wata kungiya mai fafutukar neman siyasa ta yankin arewa. Ya zama shugaban "United Nigerian Development Forum" kungiyar da ke da alaka da yakin neman sake zaben Janar Ibrahim Babangida a takarar shugaban kasa a watan Afrilun shekara ta 2003. Ya kuma zama darakta na bankin PHB. Ifeanyi Nwolisa yayi rubutu game da shi: “A gaskiya zai wuya na iya tunawa da dukkan gwamnonin jihar Kaduna da suka wuce, amma akwai wanda na fi so wato Laftanar Kanal. Lawal Jafaru Isa wanda ya mulki jihar Kaduna daga watan Disamba shekara ta 1993 zuwa watan Satumba 1996. A lokacin mulkin sa ne Kaduna ta fi samun rashin tsaro domin lokacin akayi rikicin Zongon Kataf wato 1992. Saurin da ya yi da kyakkyawar fahimtar shugabanci sun tabbatar da cewa rikicin bai ta’azzara ba”. Nwolisa ya kara da cewa, “Na tuna wata haduwa da Laftanar Kanar, a lokacin ina a birged na yara a lokacin tare da mabiya darikar Anglican, a daya daga cikin tarukan da aka shirya a cocin St Michael’s Anglican Church. Lt Col. Lawal Jafaru Isa, duk da cewa musulmi bai da matsala da wajen halartar taro. Hakan yana da kyau domin matakin ya tabbatar da cewa Kiristoci sun soma amincewa da shi kuma sun amince sosai da gwamnatinsa don ta kāre rayukan ’yan ƙasa ba tare da la’akari da addini ba. Kyakkyawar niyyar da Lt Col. Lawal Jafaru Isa yake da ita wajen hada kan daukacin mazauna jihar Kaduna ya samar da abin koyi ga gwamnonin da suka biyo baya, wato yin gaggawar daukar mataki a duk wani abu da ya faru ko da ‘yar karamar matsala ce.” Rikicin siyasa Isa, babban mai goyon bayan shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari na Najeriya ne, ya tsaya takarar gwamnan jiharsa ta Kano sau biyu, tun bayan dawowar mulkin dimokradiyya a Najeriya a shekara ta 1999. Da farko dai ya tsaya takara ne a karkashin sabuwar jam’iyyar CPC ta Buhari a shekarar 2011 Zaben da ya shiga karo na biyu a kan karagar mulki a karkashin jam’iyyar APC shine a shekara ta 2015 bai ga hasken rana ba, bayan da gwamnan jihar na yanzu, Dakta Abdullahi Umar Ganduje ya kada shi a zaben fidda gwani na yan takarar jam’iyyar. Zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa A lokuta biyu mabanbanta Isa ya tsaya takarar gwamna, ya shirya yakin neman zabensa akan gaskiya. Da yawa daga cikin abokan takararsa da suka hada da Yakubu Ya'u Isa sun yi ikirarin cewa shi tsaftatacce ne kamar Muhammadu Buhari wanda wasu 'yan Najeriya ke yiwa lakabi da mai gaskiya. Sai dai a ranar 6 ga watan Janairu, na shekarar 2015, Hukumar Yaki da yi wa Tattalin Arzikin Kasa Ta’annati wato (EFCC), ta kama shi a gidansa da ke Abuja, dangane da binciken da ake yi na yadda aka karkatar da makudan kudade daga ofishin tsohon mai ba shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro. Isa ya kasance jigo na farko a jam'iyyar APC da (EFCC) ta kama tun bayan fara bincike kan zargin karkatar da dala biliyan 2.1 da aka ware don sayen makamai da jami'an tsohuwar gwamnatin tsohon shugaban kasa Goodluck Ebele Jonathan ta yi. An yi amannar cewa Isa babban aminin tsohon mai baiwa shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro (NSA) ne wato Col. Sambo Dasuki (Rtrd). An ce misalin karfe 9 na dare ne jami’an hukumar (EFCC) suka mamaye gidansa, sannan suka tafi da shi bayan ‘yan mintoci. Mako guda kafin a kama Birgediya-Janar, an aike masa da takardar gayyata da ya bayyana a gaban hukumar, a ranar 6 ga watan Janairu don sharewa daga “wasu tambayoyi akan rasidai” daga tsohon NSA. Masu bincike sun yi imanin ya karbi sama da Naira miliyan 100 daga hannun Col. Dasuki. An gano cewa maimakon girmama gayyatar, majiyoyin sun ce, Janar. Isa ya rubutawa hukumar (EFCC) wasika ta hannun lauyansa, yana neman a dage ranar bayyanarsa bisa dalilin mutuwar dan uwansa. Da alama dai hukumar ba ta gamsu da uzurin nasa ba, sai dai (EFCC) ta kama shi domin ya fayyace "rasidun da ake tambaya a kai". A baya ma dai an kama shugaban kamfanin <i>Daar Communications</i> Plc, wato Cif Raymond Dokpesi akan kudi naira biliyan 2.1 da aka gano a asusun sa na banki. Ya ce kudaden da ya karba daga ofishin mai ba shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro a lokacin mulkin Goodluck Jonathan na biyan kudin yakin neman zabe da kuma yakin neman zabe na 2015 ne. Shima haka Alhaji Attahiru Bafarawa tsohon gwamnan Sokoto yana fuskantar bincike akan kudi har naira miliyan 100 da ya ce ya karba ne domin addu'o'in neman samun nasarar jam'iyyar PDP a zaben shekara ta 2015 mai zuwa. Hakanan ma an kama tsohon ministan kudi, Bashir Yuguda bisa zargin karbar naira biliyan 1.5 daga ofishin tsohon NSA ta hannun wani kamfani da ba a bayyana sunansa ba, kan wani dalili da shima ba a bayyana ba. Ba da dadewa ba, kakakin jam’iyyar PDP, Cif Olisa Metuh, shi ma an gayyace shi hukumar (EFCC) domin ya amsa tambayoyi akan wasu makudan kudade a asusun wani kamfani da yake da hannayen 0jari masu yawa. Wani ma’aikacin hukumar (EFCC) da ya tabbatar da wani kamfani mai suna Destra Investment Limited wanda Metuh ke da hannun jari a cikinsa, ya karbi kudi har naira biliyan 1.4 daga ofishin mai baiwa shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro. Sauran wadanda ake tsare da su sun hada da dan Bafarawa, Sagir Bafarawa, da na tsohon ministan tsaro, Bello Mohammed, Abba Mohammed. Jerin sunayen ‘yan Najeriya da hukumar (EFCC) ta gayyato na karuwa a duk rana. Da alama ƙarshen binciken ba nan kusa yake ba. Jafaru Isa, jigon APC na farko, ya zama babban kifi a jikkar (EFCC). Manazarta Gwamnonin Jihar Kaduna Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

24124

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoshi%20Nakamoto

Satoshi Nakamoto

Satoshi Nakamoto suna ne da presumed pseudonymous suke amfani dashi wanda ya kirkiri bitcoin, sannan ya samar da ita bitcoin din white paper, reference implementation. A matsayin sashen kirkira, sanna shina wanda ya fara kirkiran blockchain database. A wannan mataki, shine wanda ya fara bada shawara akan kawar da matsalolin double-spending a digital currency tare da amfani da peer-to-peer network. ya tsaya tsayin daka domin samar da bitcoin har ya zuwa watan Disemba 2010. Dayawan mutane sun yi ikirari akan cewa sune Ci gaban bitcoin ya baiyana code na bitcoin wanda ya fara a 2007. zuwa 18 August 2008, shi ko abokin aikin sa yayi mata rigiista da domain mai suna bitcoin.org, sannan ya kirkiri shafin yanar gizo da sunan wato bitcoin. On 31 October, ya gaba white paper a cryptography mailing list a metzdowd.com domin faiyace digital cryptocurrency, mai suna "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System". A ranar 9 ga Janairun 2009, ya saki sigar 0.1 na software na bitcoin akan SourceForge, kuma ya ƙaddamar da hanyar sadarwar ne ta hanyar ayyana asalin toshewar bitcoin (lambar toshe 0), wanda ke da lada na bitcoins 50. An saka shi a cikin ma'amala ta musayar wannan shinge shine rubutun: "The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor a gab da bayar da belin yana ambaton kanun labarai a jaridar The Times ta Burtaniya da aka buga a wannan ranar. An kuma fassara wannan bayanin a matsayin duka timestamp da tsokaci mai tsoka game da rashin kwanciyar hankali da bankin keɓaɓɓe ya haifar. ya ci gaba da kulla alaka da hadaka akan bitcoin har zuwa tsakiyar 2010, yana gudanar da dukkan tsare-tsare na source code da kansa. sannan ya tsarin source code repository da mabudin sanarwa na yana gizo ga Gavin Andresen, sannan ya raba domain ma bambamta ga mukarraban bitcoin. Halaye da ainihi Wasu sun ɗauki na iya zama ƙungiyar mutane: Dan Kaminsky, mai binciken tsaro wanda ya karanta lambar bitcoin, ce yana iya zama “ƙungiyar mutane” ko kuma “haziƙi”; Laszlo Hanyecz, mai haɓakawa wanda ya aika wa yana da jin lambar an tsara ta sosai don mutum ɗaya; John McAfee ya yi da'awar ya kasance "ƙungiyar mutane goma sha ɗaya". Gavin Andresen ya ce game da Lambar code: "Ya kasance ƙwararre mai kodin, amma yana da ban tsoro." Amfani da Ingilishi na Ingilishi a cikin tsokaci na lambar tushe da rubuce rubuce na dandalin tattaunawa kamar furucin mai tsananin jini sharuddan kamar lebur da lissafi da kuma rubutun "launin toka" da "launi" ya haifar da hasashe cewa ko aƙalla mutum ɗaya a cikin ƙungiyar da ke da'awar cewa shi ne, ya kasance asalin Commonwealth. Maganar jaridar Times ta London a farkon toshe bitcoin na ya ba da shawara ga wasu sha'awa ta musamman ga gwamnatin Burtaniya. Stefan Thomas, injiniyan software na Switzerland kuma memba na al'umma mai aiki, ya zayyana timetamps na kowane sakonnin dandalin bitcoin (sama da 500); ginshiƙi ya nuna raguwar kusan zuwa kusan babu rubutu tsakanin awanni 5 na safe zuwa 11 na safe Lokaci Ma'anar Greenwich Wannan ya kasance tsakanin 2 na yamma zuwa 8 na yamma Lokaci na Japan, yana ba da shawarar yanayin bacci mai ban mamaki ga wanda ake tsammanin yana zaune a Japan. Kamar yadda wannan tsarin ya kasance gaskiya koda a ranakun Asabar da Lahadi, ya ba da shawarar cewa akai -akai yana bacci a wannan lokacin. Asalin ne ba a sani ba, amma baki sun focussed a kan daban-daban cryptography da kwamfuta kimiyya masana, mafi yawa na wadanda ba Japanese lõkacin saukarsa. Hal Finney Hal Finney (4 ga Mayu 1956-28 ga Agusta 2014) ya kasance majagaba na crypto kafin bitcoin kuma mutum na farko (ban da da kansa) don amfani da software, rahotannin bug na fayil, da ingantawa. Ya kuma rayu 'yan tubalan daga wani mutum mai suna' Dorian Satoshi a cewar ɗan jaridar Forbes Andy Greenberg. Greenberg ya tambayi mai ba da shawara kan nazarin rubutu Juola &amp; Associates don kwatanta samfurin rubutun Finney da kuma sun same shi kamannin mafi kusanci wanda har yanzu suka gamu da su, gami da idan aka kwatanta da 'yan takarar da Newsweek, Fast Company, The New Yorker, Ted Nelson da Skye Gray suka ba da shawara. Greenberg ya yi hasashen cewa wataƙila Finney ya kasance mawallafi ne a madadin ko kuma kawai ya yi amfani da maƙwabcinsa Dorian a matsayin "digo" ko "patsy wanda ake amfani da bayanansa na sirri don ɓoye ayyukan kan layi". Koyaya, bayan haduwa da Finney, ganin imel tsakanin sa da da tarihin walat ɗin bitcoin (gami da farkon ma'amalar bitcoin daga zuwa gare shi, wanda ya manta ya biya) kuma da jin musun sa, Greenberg ya kammala da cewa Finney yana faɗin gaskiya. Juola Associates sun kuma gano cewa Imel ɗin Finney ya yi kama da sauran rubuce -rubuce fiye da na Finney. Finney ta 'yan'uwanmu extropian da kuma wani lokacin co-blogger Robin Hanson sanya wani kayadadden Yiwuwar "a kalla" 15% cewa "Hal aka fi hannu fiye da ya ta ce", kafin ƙarin shaidun da shawarar cewa ba haka al'amarin. Dorian A cikin babban labarin 6 Maris 2014 a cikin mujallar Newsweek, 'yar jarida Leah McGrath Goodman ta gano Dorian Prentice wani Ba’amurke Ba’amurke ne da ke zaune a California, wanda sunan haihuwarsa a matsayin cikin tambaya. Bayan sunansa, Goodman ya yi nuni da wasu hujjoji da dama da ke nuna cewa shi mai ƙirƙira bitcoin ne. An koyar da shi azaman masanin kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Cal Poly a Pomona, yayi aiki a matsayin injiniyan injiniya akan ayyukan tsaro na musamman da injiniyan kwamfuta don fasaha da kamfanonin sabis na bayanan kuɗi. an sallame shi sau biyu a farkon shekarun 1990 kuma ya zama mai sassaucin ra'ayi, a cewar 'yarsa, kuma ya karfafa mata gwiwar fara kasuwancin nata "ba a karkashin babban yatsa na gwamnati ba." A cikin labarin mafi girman shaidar, Goodman ya rubuta cewa lokacin da ta tambaye shi game da bitcoin yayin ɗan gajeren hirar mutum, Da alama ya tabbatar da asalinsa a matsayin wanda ya kafa bitcoin ta hanyar furta: “Ban shiga cikin hakan ba kuma ba zan iya tattauna shi ba. An ba da shi ga wasu mutane. Su ke kula da shi yanzu. Ba ni da wata alaƙa. Buga labarin ya haifar da sha'awar kafofin watsa labarai, gami da manema labarai da ke sansani kusa da Dorian gidansu da dabara suna binsa da mota lokacin da yayi tuƙi don yin hira. Koyaya, yayin hirar mai cikakken tsawon lokaci, Dorian ya musanta duk wata alaƙa da bitcoin, yana mai cewa bai taɓa jin labarin kuɗin ba a da, kuma ya yi kuskuren fassara tambayar Goodman da cewa game da aikin da ya gabata ne na 'yan kwangila na soja, yawancinsu an rarrabasu. A cikin hirar Reddit "tambaya-ni-komai", ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya yi kuskuren fassara tambayar Goodman da cewa yana da alaƙa da aikinsa na Citibank Daga baya a wannan rana, da pseudonymous Asusun P2P Foundation ya buga saƙo na farko a cikin shekaru biyar, yana mai cewa: "Ni ba Dorian A watan Satumba, asusun ya sake buga wani sako yana cewa an yi masa kutse, inda ya haifar da tambayoyi kan sahihancin sakon da ya gabata. A watan Disamba na 2013, blogger Skye Gray ya haɗa Nick Szabo da farar takarda ta bitcoin ta amfani da hanyar da ya bayyana a matsayin bincike na salo Szabo mai son kuɗi ne mai rarrabawa, kuma ya buga takarda akan "bit zinariya", ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fara bitcoin. An san cewa yana da sha'awar yin amfani da sunaye a cikin shekarun 1990. A cikin labarin Mayu 2011, Szabo ya faɗi game da mahaliccin bitcoin: "Ni kaina, da Hal Finney sune kawai mutanen da na sani waɗanda ke son ra'ayin (ko a cikin idan har ra'ayinsa mai alaƙa) ya isa ya bi shi har zuwa (dauka ba Finney bane ko Marubucin kuɗi Dominic Frisby yana ba da shaidu da yawa amma, kamar yadda ya yarda, babu wata hujja cewa shine Sabo. Koyaya, Szabo ya musanta kasancewa A cikin imel na Yuli 2014 zuwa Frisby, ya ce: “Na gode don sanar da ni. Ina tsoron kada ku yi kuskure doxing ni a matsayin amma na saba da shi. Nathaniel Popper ya rubuta a cikin New York Times cewa "hujja mafi gamsarwa ta nuna wani ba'amurke ɗan asalin ƙasar Hungary mai suna Nick Szabo." Craig Wright A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2015, Wired ya rubuta cewa Craig Steven Wright, masanin ilimin Australiya, "ko dai ya ƙirƙira bitcoin ko kuma ƙwararren mahaukaci ne wanda ke matukar son mu yarda cewa ya yi". Craig Wright ya saukar da asusun sa na Twitter kuma shi ko tsohuwar matar sa ba ta amsa tambayoyin manema labarai ba. A wannan ranar, Gizmodo ya buga labari tare da shaidar da ake zargin wani dan gwanin kwamfuta ya shiga cikin asusun imel na Wright, yana mai cewa sunaye ne na haɗin gwiwa na Craig Steven Wright da kuma masanin binciken kwakwaf na kwamfuta David Kleiman, wanda ya mutu a 2013. Jon Matonis (tsohon darektan Gidauniyar Bitcoin da mai haɓaka bitcoin Gavin Andresen da kuma masanin kimiyyar Ian Grigg sun goyi bayan da'awar Wright. Yawancin shahararrun masu tallata bitcoin sun kasance ba su gamsu da rahotannin ba. Rahotannin da suka biyo baya kuma sun tayar da yuwuwar shaidar da aka bayar ta zama ƙarara, wanda Wired ya yarda da "jefa shakku" akan shawarar su cewa Wright shine Mai haɓaka Bitcoin Bitrus Todd ya ce post ɗin blog ɗin Wright, wanda ya bayyana yana ƙunshe da hujjojin ɓoye, a zahiri bai ƙunshi komai ba. Mai haɓaka Bitcoin Jeff Garzik ya yarda cewa shaidar da Wright ya bayar a bainar jama'a ba ta tabbatar da komai ba, kuma mai binciken tsaro Dan Kaminsky ya kammala da'awar Wright da cewa "zamba ce da gangan". A cikin 2019 Wright yayi rijistar haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka don fararen takarda bitcoin da lambar don Bitcoin 0.1. Teamungiyar Wright sun yi iƙirarin cewa wannan "amincewar hukumar gwamnati ce ta Craig Wright a matsayin Ofishin haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka ya ba da sanarwar manema labarai da ke fayyace cewa ba haka lamarin yake ba. Sauran 'yan takara A cikin labarin 2011 a cikin New Yorker, Joshua Davis ya yi iƙirarin taƙaita asalin ga mutane da dama da za su yiwu, ciki har da masanin tattalin arziƙin Finnish Dokta Vili Lehdonvirta da ɗalibin Irish Michael Clear, wanda a cikin 2008 dalibi ne mai karatun digiri na farko a Kwalejin Trinity Dublin Clear ya musanta cewa shi kamar yadda Lehdonvirta yayi. A cikin Oktoba 2011, rubutawa ga Fast Company, ɗan jarida mai bincike Adam Penenberg ya kawo shaidu da ke nuna cewa Neal King, Vladimir Oksman da Charles Bry na iya zama Sun haɗu tare da aikace -aikacen patent wanda ya ƙunshi kalmar "ƙididdigar da ba ta dace ba don juyawa" a cikin 2008, wanda kuma An yi rijistar sunan yankin bitcoin.org kwanaki uku bayan an shigar da patent. Duk mutanen uku sun musanta kasancewa lokacin da Penenberg ta tuntube shi. A watan Mayu 2013, Ted Nelson yayi hasashen cewa dan kasar Japan ne Daga baya, an buga wata kasida a jaridar The Age da ta yi ikirarin cewa ya musanta wadannan hasashe, amma ba tare da danganta tushen musun ba. Labarin 2013 a cikin Mataimakin ya lissafa Gavin Andresen, Jed McCaleb, ko wata hukumar gwamnati a matsayin 'yan takarar zama A cikin 2013, masanan ilmin lissafi na Isra’ila biyu, Dorit Ron da Adi Shamir, sun buga wata takarda da ke ikirarin haɗi tsakanin da Ross Ulbricht Su biyun sun dogara da tuhumarsu akan nazarin cibiyar sadarwar ma'amaloli na bitcoin, amma daga baya sun janye da'awarsu. A cikin 2016, Financial Times ta ce wataƙila ƙungiyar mutane ce da ke ambaton Hal Finney, Nick Szabo, Cyrano Jones da Adam Back a matsayin membobi masu yuwuwa. A cikin 2020, tashar YouTube Barely Sociable ta yi iƙirarin cewa Adam Back, wanda ya ƙirƙira magabacin bitcoin Hashcash, shine Baya baya musanta wannan. Elon Musk musanta cewa shi Nakamoto a tweet a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 2017, amsa hasashe baya mako a wani medium.com post da wani tsohon SpaceX ɗalibin kwalejin likita. A cikin jaridar 2019 Evan Ratliff ya yi iƙirarin dillalin miyagun ƙwayoyi Paul Le Roux na iya zama Manazarta [./Satoshi_Nakamoto#cite_ref-79 Ƙari] "Shin wannan mai siyar da magunguna na duniya ne ya ƙirƙira Bitcoin? Baka! AUREN Hanyoyin waje Alamar Satoshi Andrew O'Hagan akan rayuwar Satoshi Nakamoto da yawa Pages with unreviewed

21666

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tema

Tema

Tema birni ne, da ke a yankin Bight of Benin, da kuma Tekun Atlantika na ƙasar Ghana. Tana da nisan kilomita 25 (16 mi) gabas da babban birni; Accra, a cikin yankin Greater Accra, kuma shine babban birnin Tema. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2013, Tema ita ce ta goma sha ɗaya mafi yawan matsuguni a ƙasar Ghana, tare da mutane kusan 161,612 raguwar da aka samu daga adadin ta na 2005 wanda ya kai 209,000. Greenwich Meridian (Longitude 00) ya wuce kai tsaye ta cikin gari. Ana yiwa garin Tema lakabi da "Garin tashar jirgin ruwa" saboda matsayinta na babbar tashar jirgin ruwan Ghana. Ya ƙunshi al'ummomi daban-daban 25 waɗanda aka ƙidaya daidai da kowane ɗayansu yana da sauƙin isa ga abubuwan more rayuwa. Tema birni ne da aka gina a kan ƙaramin ƙauyen kamun kifi. Shugaban kasar Ghana na farko, Kwame Nkrumah ne ya ba Tema aiki, kuma ya bunkasa cikin sauri bayan gina babbar tashar jirgin ruwa a 1961. Garin Tema an tsara shi, an tsara shi kuma an haɓaka shi ta hanyar mai ba da kyautar birni mai tsarawa kuma masanin gine-ginen ƙasar Ghana na farko, Theodore S. Clerk. Yanzu ta kasance babbar cibiyar kasuwanci, gida ga matatar mai da masana'antu da yawa, kuma tana da hanyar Accra da babbar hanyar jirgin ƙasa. Tema na daya daga cikin manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa biyu na kasar ta Ghana, dayan kuma ita ce Sekondi-Takoradi. Tema ya zama Kwamiti mai cin gashin kansa a cikin 1974 kuma an daukaka shi zuwa matsayin Majalisar Babban Birni a cikin Disamba 1990. Tema babban birni ne na Metananan biranen goma sha shida, Mananan hukumomi da Gundumomi a cikin yankin Greater Accra. Lardin Metropolitan ya raba iyaka da Ashaiman Municipal, Adenta Municipal District, da Ledzokuku-Krowor Municipal District zuwa yamma bi da bi, ta gabas da Gundumar Kpone Katamanso, zuwa Arewa tare da Yankin Dangme West da kuma Kudu tare da Gulf of Guinea. Tarihi An gina Tema ne a wurin wani ƙaramin ƙauyen kamun kifi da ake kira Torman, wanda aka sa wa suna na yankin na tsiron calabash, Tor, wanda aka noma a can. "Tema" ya samo asali ne daga lalacin "Torman". Gwamnati ta gano wurin kafin samun 'yanci, kuma a cikin 1952 ta sayi murabba'in kilomita 166 (64 sq mi) na arewacin arewacin tashar, wanda aka damka wa Kamfanin Bunkasa Tema don sabon ci gaban masana'antu da na zama. Mazauna garin Torman sun yi kaura zuwa wani sabon wurin kamun kifi mai nisan kilomita 3 (kilomita 1.9) daga nesa, wanda suka kira Newtown. An gina Babban Garin Tema, kuma tashar Tema ta buɗe a hukumance, a cikin 1962. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, Tema ya zama cibiyar masana'antu ta Ghana, tare da ingantaccen tsarin shimfidawa wanda ke dauke da shimfidar wuri da fitilun kan titi. Tana alfahari da cibiyoyin nishaɗin zamani da sauran abubuwan more rayuwa waɗanda ba safai a cikin biranen Afirka ba a lokacin. Shugaba Nkrumah ya nada Theophilus Asiaw Mills a matsayin Kwamishina na Gundumar na farko. Mahimmancin Tema a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa da masana'antar masana'antu ya bayyana ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa Ofishin 'yan sanda na Ghana yana kula da yanki na musamman na' yan sanda wanda aka keɓe ga birnin gaba ɗaya. Yawan kwararar jama'a ya fara ne a cikin shekarun 1960 saboda damar samun aikin yi a garin, amma Kamfanin Raya Tema ya kasa gina gidaje da samar da wasu ayyuka don biyan bukatun baƙin haure. Girman gundumar Tema Newtown ya cika da hauhawar yawan jama'a, kuma ya zama ɗan uwan talaka na Tema Township, ba tare da karɓar ɗayan ingantattun gidajen ba, hanyoyin da aka shimfida, ko abubuwan more rayuwa. Bugu da ƙari, ba a yi amfani da kuɗin da kamfanonin Tema Newtown suka biya don korar ƙauyukan ba saboda wani rikicin shugabanci. Saboda haka ba a yi cikakken amfani da damar kamun kifi a yankin ba. Yanayi Tema yana da yanayin mai zafi mai ƙarancin yanayi a ƙarƙashin ƙirar yanayi na Köppen (ƙirar yanayi na Köppen: BSh). Tana cikin yanki mafi bushewa na kudancin Ghana, ana samun ruwan sama kusan shekara daya kimanin milimita 750 (30 a cikin). Matsakaicin yanayin zafi yana da girma duk shekara, galibi yana wuce 30° Celsius. Manyan kayayyakin masana'antu na garin sun hada da alminiyon, karafa, kifin da aka sarrafa, matatun mai, yadi, sinadarai, kayayyakin abinci, da siminti. Manyan kamfanoni dake aiki a Tema sun hada da Volta Aluminium (VALCO), matatar mai ta Tema (TOR), Nestlé Ghana Ltd., Wahome Karfe Ltd, Tema Shipyard. Hakanan akwai yankin yanki kyauta a Tema. Tashar jiragen ruwa Tashar Tema, wacce aka bude a 1962, ita ce mafi girma daga tashoshin jiragen ruwa guda biyu a Ghana. Tana da yanki mai kewaye da ruwa na murabba'in kilomita 1.7 (0.66 sq mi) da kuma cikakken fili na murabba'in kilomita 3.9 (1.5 sq mi). Baya ga shigo da kayan da Ghana ke fitarwa da kuma fitar da su, hanya ce da ake hada-hadar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, wacce ke hada-hadar jigilar kayayyaki zuwa kasashen Burkina Faso, Mali da Nijar. Tashar Tema tana daukar kashi 80% na kayan shigowa da shigo da kaya na Ghana, gami da babban kamfanin fitarwa na kasar, koko Tashar tana da kilomita 5 (mil 3.1) na ruwa, da ruwa masu zurfin ruwa 12, da tashar tankar mai ta wuce gona da iri, da shinge, da wuraren adana kaya, da kuma wuraren da ake wucewa. Tashar tana da wuraren da aka rufe da kuma rufe wuraren adana kaya, gami da yankin da aka shimfida 77,200-m2 (hekta 7.72) don adana kwantena, kayayyakin karafa da sauran kayan na yau da kullun. Filin yadi na tashar yana iya ɗaukar sama da 8,000 TEUs a kowane lokaci. Rufe wurin da aka rufe, wanda ya kai kimanin 25,049 m2 (hekta 2.51) a yankin, ya kunshi sheda shida tare da jimlar damar daukar tan dubu 50 na kaya. Har ila yau, tashar jirgin ruwan ta hada da tashar busassun tashar jirgin ruwa da hanya mai sanyuwa ta 100,000. Ana gudanar da tashar jirgin ne ta Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa na Ghana. Tashar kamun kifi Ghana ta dade tana da kamun kifi. Tashar kamun kifi ta Tema tana gefen gabashin tashar jirgin ruwan garin. Ya ƙunshi tashar jirgin ruwa na cikin gida, da mashigar ruwa, da tashar jirgin ruwa na waje, da kuma yankin kasuwanci tare da tallace-tallace da wuraren adana sanyi. An gina tashar jirgin ruwa na kamun kifi tare da babbar tashar Tema a shekarar 1962 don samar da kayan sarrafawa ga jiragen ruwa na masarufi da masana'antu, da kuma karfafa ci gaban masana'antar kamun kifi na gida. A cikin 1965, an gina tashar jirgin ruwa na waje don manyan jiragen ruwa na masana'antu kamar trawlers, jiragen ruwa na tuna, da masu jigilar ruwa. Jiragen ruwan da ke aiki a yankin suna da tsawon mita 30-45 kuma suna iya sayan tan 55-65 na kifi (galibi kifin kifi da sandar kifi da sckere mackerel) a kowace tafiya kamun kifi. Jirgin ruwan tuna yana daga kananun jiragen ruwa kimanin 45-50 m a tsayi, iya saukar da tan 200-250 na kama, zuwa manyan sigar da tsawon 50-65 m da ikon sauka zuwa tan 650 a kowace tafiya kamun kifi. Mafi yawan jiragen ruwa na kamun kifi, masu jigilar ruwa mai zurfin (tare da tsayin 90-105 m), galibi jiragen ruwa ne da aka yi haya. Tun daga 1984, kamun ƙasa ya ƙaddara kimanin tan 200,000 zuwa 300,000 metric tonnes a shekara. Kamawar Tuna a Ghana ya ci gaba da samun daidaito na tan 30,000 a kowace shekara tun daga 1981. Kogin Canoe yana kula da masunta. Kullum kwandon jirgin ruwa kusan 400 ne ke zaune. Waɗannan galibi nau'uka biyu ne: jiragen ruwa na katako, waɗanda ake kira da suna "Legelege", da kuma ƙarfe. Kwalejojin katako suna da tsayi a kan duka (LOA) tsakanin 30 zuwa 70 m, galibi mallakin byan asalin Ghanaan Ghana ne. Ayyukansu sun ƙaru a cikin watannin Yuni Satumba. Sana'ar kamun kifin gwangwani na da alhakin kusan kashi 70% na kamun. Ilimi Kwalejin SOS-Hermann Gmeiner International (SOS-HGIC), wata makarantar haɗin kai mai zaman kanta wacce ke ba da maki 10 zuwa 13, tana Tema. A baya ta yi amfani da Takaddar Shaida ta Babban Sakandare ta Duniya (IGCSE) don maki 10 da 11 da kuma International Baccalaureate (IB) na aji 12 da 13 amma a yanzu haka tana gudanar da cikakken shirin IB Diploma na dukkan maki hudu. Margaret Nkrumah ce ke jagorantar makarantar sama da shekaru 15, kuma yanzu haka Mista Israel Titi Ofei da Nii Amaa Akita ke shugabanta. Tema kuma tana da makarantar duniya, Tema International School (TIS), wacce ke ta biyu ga HGIC, da kuma babbar makarantar sakandare, Tema Secondary School (TSS ko Temasco), wanda aka gina a ranar 22 ga Satumba 1961. Tema tana da manyan makarantun sikandire na gwamnati kamar su Chemu Senior High School a Community 4, Tema Methodist Day School, Mahean Senior High School, Our Lady of Merior Senior High School da Tema Technical Institute. Makarantun Shirye-shirye masu zaman kansu kamar Creator Schools, St Paul Methodist Primary and JHS, Marbs Preparatory School, Datus Complex, Deks Educational Institute, Naylor SDA School, Tema Christian Centre, Tema Parents Association, First Baptist School, Tema Regular Baptist School, Queen Esther School, Dorsons School, Adwenie Memorial, Creator School, New Covenant School, St Alban's School, Lorenz Wolf School, Bexhill School Complex, Life International School, Mazon Grace Academy, Santabarbera School, Angels Specialist School, First Star Academy, Pentecost School, Star School Complex, Tema Ridge, St John Bosco School da Rosharon Montessori School. Firamare na jama'a da na makarantun sakandare suna cikin Tema. Twedaase Primary School, Star School, Aggrey Road School, Republic Road School, Padmore School, Mante Din Drive, Amen Basic, Manhean SDA, School, Bethel Methodist School da sauransu. Biranin Tagwaye

25737

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAA%20%28video%20game%20industry%29

AAA (video game industry)

Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images A cikin masana'antar wasan bidiyo, AAA (lafazi kuma wani lokacin ana rubuta Triple-A rarrabuwa ce ta yau da kullun da aka yi amfani da ita don rarrabe wasannin da matsakaiciya ko babban mawallafi ya samar, wanda galibi ke da babban ci gaba da kasafin kuɗi fiye da sauran matakan wasanni. A tsakiyar shekara ta 2010, an yi amfani da kalmar "AAA+" don bayyana nau'in wasannin AAA waɗanda suka samar da ƙarin kudaden shiga akan lokaci, a cikin salo iri ɗaya don yawan wasannin kan layi da yawa, ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin -sabis-sabis kamar lokacin wucewa fakitin faɗaɗawa Hakanan an yi amfani da irin wannan ginin "III" (Triple-I) don bayyana manyan wasannin ƙima a cikin masana'antar wasan indie. Tarihi Kalmar "AAA" ta fara amfani da ita a ƙarshen shekara ta 1990s, lokacin da wasu ƙananan kamfanoni masu ci gaba suka fara amfani da magana a taron wasannin caca a Amurka. An aro kalmar daga ma'aunin haɗin gwiwar masana'antar bashi, inda sharuɗɗan "AAA" ke wakiltar mafi kyawun damar da za ta iya cimma burinsu na kuɗi. Daya daga cikin na farko video wasanni da za a samar a blockbuster ko AAA sikelin ya Squaresoft 's Final Fantasy VII (1997) wadda kudin kimanin. Wajen samar da, yin shi da mafi tsada video wasan taba samar up har sai, tare da unprecedented cinematic CGI samar dabi'u, movie -like gabatar, orchestral music, kuma m saje da gameplay da tsauri cinematic camerawork Yaƙin tallansa mai tsada shima ba a taɓa ganin irin sa ba don wasan bidiyo, tare da haɗin gwiwar samarwa da tallan tallan da aka kiyasta ya zama Bayanin kasafin kudin samarwarsa ya wuce na Sega AM2 's Shenmue (1999) wanda aka kiyasta ya kashe Ta ƙarni na bakwai na kayan wasan bidiyo (a ƙarshen shekara ta 2000s) ci gaban wasan AAA akan Xbox 360 ko PlayStation 3 consoles game yawanci ana kashewa a cikin ƙananan dubun miliyoyin daloli 15m zuwa 20m) don sabon wasa, tare da wasu jerin abubuwan. samun maɗaukakin kasafin kuɗi mafi girma alal misali Halo 3 an kiyasta cewa yana da farashin ci gaba na 30m, da kasafin tallan 40m. A cewar wani whitepaper buga for EA wasanni (Dan Lido Turai) na bakwai tsara ga wani ƙanƙancewa a cikin yawan video wasan tasowa gidaje da samar da AAA matakin lakabi, Munã rage daga kimanin 125 zuwa kusa da 25, amma tare da wani wajen m fourfold karuwa a yawan ma'aikata da ake buƙata don haɓaka wasan. Takaddun Triple-A da aka samar a ƙarshen shekara ta 1990s da farkon shekara ta 2000s sun kawo sauyi zuwa ƙarin wasannin da ke haifar da labarai waɗanda suka haɗa abubuwan labarai da wasa. Tallace-tallacen kafofin watsa labarai na farko tun farkon shekaran1990 ya kawo abubuwa kamar cutcenes, kuma ci gaban da aka samu a cikin zane- zanen 3D na ainihi a tsakiyar shekaran 1990 ya ci gaba da fitar da sabbin hanyoyin gabatar da labarai; duka abubuwan an haɗa su cikin Final Fantasy VII Tare da manyan kasafin kuɗi, masu haɓakawa sun sami damar samun sabbin hanyoyin haɓaka don gabatar da labari azaman ɓangaren kai tsaye na wasan kwaikwayo maimakon shiga cikin abubuwan da aka riga aka yi, tare da Half-Life ɗaya daga cikin farkon waɗannan sabbin wasannin labarai don kusan kawar da yanke-yanke don fifita hanyoyin labarai na mu'amala. A lokacin ƙarni na bakwai, wasannin AAA (ko “blockbuster”) sun yi tallace-tallace a irin wannan matakin zuwa manyan fina-finai, tare da talabijin, allon talla da tallan jarida; Hakanan ana ganin dogaro mai ɗorewa akan jerin abubuwa, sake kunnawa, da kuma irin IP ɗin da aka yi amfani da shi, don rage haɗarin. Kudin da aka kashe a ƙarshen ƙarni ya haura ɗaruruwan miliyoyin daloli ƙimar da aka kiyasta na Babban Sata Auto V kusan 265m. Hakanan yanayin ya haifar da haɓaka yanayin wasan indie a ƙarshen ƙarshen bakan ci gaba, inda ƙananan farashi ya ba da damar ƙira da ɗaukar haɗari. A kusan lokacin sauyawa daga ƙarni na bakwai zuwa na ƙarfafawa, wasu sun ɗauki farashin haɓaka AAA a matsayin barazana ga zaman lafiyar masana'antar. Ma'aikata da farashi don wasannin ƙarni na takwas sun ƙaru; a Ubisoft, haɓaka wasan AAA ya ƙunshi mutane 400 zuwa 600 don buɗe wasannin duniya, rarrabuwa a wurare da yawa da ƙasashe. Rashin nasarar wasa guda don biyan kuɗin samarwa na iya haifar da gazawar ɗakin studio Iyayen Activision sun rufe Radical Entertainment duk da siyar da kimanin raka'a miliyan 1 akan na'ura wasan bidiyo a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci bayan sakin. Wasannin Triple-A kuma sun fara rasa keɓancewa da sabon abu; wani yanayi na yau da kullun shine kewayon masu harbi na "launin toka mai launin toka" wanda ya jawo shaharar Medal of Honor da Call of Duty jerin amma bai yi kaɗan ba don haɓaka haɓaka wasan. Daraktan wasan Ubisoft Alex Hutchinson ya bayyana samfurin ikon amfani da ikon mallakar AAA a matsayin mai cutarwa, yana mai cewa yana tunanin hakan ya haifar da ko dai ƙungiyar mayar da hankali -samfuran da aka gwada da nufin haɓaka riba, da/ko turawa zuwa ga mafi girman amincin zane da tasiri a farashi mai zurfi ko wasa. Ƙuntataccen haɗarin haɗari a fagen AAA da tsayar da sabbin dabarun wasan ya haifar da haɓakar wasannin indie a farkon shekara ta 2010, waɗanda ake ganin sun fi gwaji. Wannan kuma ya haifar da ƙirƙirar kasuwar "AA" a cikin masana'antar, manyan ɗakunan studio waɗanda ba su kan sikelin masu haɓaka AAA ba amma suna da ƙarin ƙwarewa, kuɗi, da sauran abubuwan da za su sa su bambanta da ƙaramin ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da ɗakunan studio na indie. Sharuɗɗan da ke da alaƙa AAA+ NA cikin amfani gabaɗaya, kalmar AAA+ Triple-A-Plus na iya nufin wani juzu'i na wasannin AAA waɗanda suka fi siyarwa ko suna da ƙimar samarwa mafi girma. Koyaya, akwai aƙalla ma'anoni guda biyu na musamman. Na farko ya bayyana wasannin AAA tare da ƙarin hanyoyin samar da kudaden shiga, gabaɗaya ta hanyar siye ban da farashin wasan gindi. Sha'awar riba ya sa wallafa a look at madadin kudaden shiga model, inda 'yan wasa ci gaba da ba da gudummawa kudaden shiga bayan da farko saya ba, ko dai ta hanyar premium model, DLC, online kafa, da kuma sauran siffofin biyan. A tsakiyar shekara ta 2010s manyan masu shela sun fara mai da hankali kan wasannin da aka ƙera don samun dogon wutsiya dangane da samun kuɗi daga masu amfani da mutum, kwatankwacin yadda wasannin MMO ke samar da kuɗi waɗannan sun haɗa da waɗanda ke da faɗaɗawa ko abubuwan wucewa na yanayi kamar su Kaddara, Filin Yaƙi, da jerin Kira na Layi da waɗanda ke haifar da kudaden shiga daga siyar da abubuwan cikin-wasa, wani lokacin kayan kwalliya kawai, kamar Overwatch ko League of Legends Wani lokaci ana kiran taken wannan nau'in a matsayin "AAA+". A cikin shekara ta 2016, Gameindustry.biz ya bayyana wasannin AAA+ a matsayin samfuran da ke "haɗa ƙimar samarwa na AAA da kayan kwalliya tare da Software azaman Sabis (SaaS) don ci gaba da kasancewa 'yan wasa cikin watanni ko ma shekaru". AA (Biyu-A) Wasannin "AA" ko Double-A wasannin bidiyo ne na tsakiyar kasuwa waɗanda galibi suna da wani nau'in ci gaban ƙwararru kodayake yawanci a waje da manyan ɗakunan shirye-shirye na farko na manyan masu haɓakawa; waɗannan na iya kasancewa daga manyan ƙungiyoyin masu haɓaka indie ban da manyan ɗakunan da ba indie ba. Doubleauki biyu-A suna ɗaukar nauyin mutane 50 zuwa 100 a girma. Studio mai haɓaka biyu-A yawanci mai tallafawa zai goyi bayansa amma ba ainihin ɓangaren wannan mai bugawa ba, don haka yana da ɗan ƙarin 'yanci don ƙira da gwaji idan aka kwatanta da ɗakunan studio-A guda uku, kodayake har yanzu za a ƙuntata shi ta takamaiman maƙasudi masu iyakance haɗari da manufofi daga tushen kuɗin su. Wasannin Biyu-A kan yi farashi idan aka kwatanta da (har zuwa shekara ta 2021) ana ƙimar wasannin sau uku-A a. Misalan wasannin da ake ganin sunaye biyu-A sun haɗa da Filin Wasan PlayerUnknown, DayZ (babban wasa a cikin nau'in wasan tsira da Tsakanin Mu An yi amfani da III Triple-I don nufin wasannin da aka ba da kuɗi ("indie") da suka dace da matakin inganci kwatankwacinsu a filin su; watau, wasannin indie waɗanda ke da babban kasafin kuɗi, iyaka, da buri; sau da yawa ƙungiyar haɓakawa ta haɗa da ma'aikatan da ke da ƙwarewar aiki akan cikakkun taken AAA. Misalan wasannin III sun haɗa da Magabata: The Adamkind Odyssey, Hellblade: Hadayar Senua, da Shaidu AAAA Farawa daga shekara ta 2020 har zuwa ƙaddamar da PS5 da Xbox Series X, ɗakunan studio guda biyu sun fara amfani da kalmar AAAA Quadruple-A don bayyana wasannin da ke zuwa a cikin ci gaba. Studio ɗin Microsoft, The Initiative, yana aiki akan taken sa na farko da ba a sanar da shi ba don Xbox wanda aka bayyana kansa a matsayin wasan AAAA, yayin da Ubisoft ya sanar da Beyond Good and Evil 2 da Skull &amp; Kasusuwa duka wasannin AAAA ne. Duk da sanarwar, babu wata ma'anar da aka amince da ita don kalmar AAAA ko abin da ta ƙunsa. Olivia Harris na ScreenRant ya lura a watan Satumbar shekara ta 2020 cewa "[t] lokacin AAAA yana yawo a cikin 'yan watannin nan akan layi, amma masana'antar wasan ba ta karɓe shi ba," ya kara da cewa "abin da sunan AAAA har ma yana nufin shine har yanzu ba a sani ba, saboda har yanzu babu abin da zai hau sama da ikon taken AAA. Tare da ƙarni na gaba na masu ta'azantar da sakewa daga baya a wannan shekarar, wataƙila wannan sabon matakin fasaha zai haifar da sabon wasan wasanni fiye da matsayin masana'antar kamar yadda yake a halin yanzu, ko kuma wataƙila ita ce sabuwar ƙaƙƙarfan kuzarin da aka haɗa har zuwa Taimaka wasannin su fice a fagen gasa mai ban mamaki. Sauran sharuddan Masana'antar wasan bidiyo na wasan bidiyo ba ta da kwatankwacin fim ɗin B, wanda aka yi don TV, ko yanayin kai tsaye zuwa bidiyo. Koyaya, taken kamar Mutuwar Tsara da Binary Domain an yiwa lakabi da "Wasannin B" saboda haɓaka bin al'adun gargajiya ko kuma samun babban yabo mai mahimmanci duk da lamuran da aka amince da su, tare da masu sukar sau da yawa suna lura cewa irin wannan burin na wasan a fuskar iyakokin kasafin kuɗi yana ƙara ga fara'a na wasan (halin da aka saba da shi tsakanin fina -finan B) Wasanni irin wannan su ne banda kuma, lokacin da ba a karɓe su sosai ba, galibi ana kiransu lakabin "ciniki mai ciniki Hakanan an yi amfani da kalmar shovelware don bayyana wasannin da aka yi da sauri ba tare da kulawa sosai ga ingancin samfurin don yin siyar da sauƙi ga masu siye ba, a matsayin kwatancen kayan shebur a kan tari. Haɗin wasan bidiyo mai lasisi don fina-finai galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin shebur, alal misali. Duba kuma Nintendo Seal of Quality Nassoshi Pages with unreviewed

50251

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birgit%20J%C3%BCrgenssen

Birgit Jürgenssen

Articles with hCards Birgit Jürgenssen (1949 2003) yar Australiya ce mai daukar hoto,mai zane-zane, mai tsarawa kuma malama wacce ta kware a fasahar zane jikin mata tare da jerin hotuna, wadanda suka bayyana jerin abubuwan da suka shafi rayuwar yau da kullun ta mata.a cikin nau'o'inta daban-daban ciki har da yanayi mai ban tsoro da kuma son zuciya. An yaba mata a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "fitattun wakilan kasa da kasa na mata avant-garde". Ta kuma zauna a Vienna.Baya ta gudanar da nune-nunen hotunan ta da sauran ayyukan fasaha,ta kuma koyar a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Vienna da Kwalejin Fine Arts Vienna. Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Jürgenssen a Vienna, Austria a shekara ta 1949. Tsakanin 1968 zuwa 1971 ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Vienna.Ta fara samun kulawa ga daukar hoto tare da halartarta a cikin nunin MAGNA-Feminismus: Kunst und Kreativität (MAGNA feminism:art and kerawa). Jürgenssen tayi aiki a matsayin malama kuma mai kulawa. Jürgenssen ta mutu a ranar 11 ga Satumba 2003 tana da shekaru 54. Aiki da salo Daga ƙarshen 1960s,ta haɓaka nau'ikan zane-zane na hoto daban-daban waɗanda suka zagaye jikin mace da canjin sa. Oeuvre na Jürgenssen tana gabatar da siffofin mata da aka kirkira ta hotuna, waɗanda ke ƙayyadaddun ka'idojin al'adu na waje a cikin tsarin aikin danne haki da kuma takurawa rayuwar mata akai-akai.A cikin rukunin ayyukanta, wanda aka gabatar tare da Hubert Winter wanda ke kula da kadararta mai taken "Estate Jürgenssen", Hotunan suna da faɗin mosaic na "zane-zane,ruwa, hotuna,allo, zane-zanen rana da abubuwa masu tarin yawa". A cikin 1972, a matsayin wakilcin jinsi, ta ɗauki hoton jikinta a wurare huɗu tare da rubutun "frau (mace)".A cikin wani hoton kai da aka ɗauka a cikin 1976, kuma ana kiransa "Ich möchte hier raus! (Ina so fita daga nan! Jürgenssen tana sanye cikin "lafiya, farar lace abu wuya da tsintsiya", kuma tana danna kunci da hannayenta zuwa wani akwati na nunin gilashi, wanda aka fassara don ba da shawarar "tarkonta a cikin ka'idojin kyawu da na gida wanda mata sukan yi sau da yawa. an yi shi ne." Ayyukan daukar hoto na Jürgenssen, masu lamba 250,an nuna su a wani biki na baya-bayan nan da Sammlung Verbund da Bankin Austria Art Forum suka gudanar; 50 daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan Sammlung Verbund, Vienna ne ke nuna su. One of Jürgenssen's works is titled "10 Days 100 Photos" published in 1980. This collection, which has 100 pictures taken over a period of 10 days, consists of self-portraits, with face excluded or camouflaged by fur, in Polaroids and photographs which have been set in an asymmetrically fashion with interjections of a few lines of narrative. On this picturization Jürgenssen said: "the identity of the woman has been made to disappear all except for the fetishized object, which is the focus of male fantasy". In another work of 1974 titled "Amazon" she has photographed "mother and child" in a standing pose with hands held like "latter-day holy figures on a tall iron chair." Jürgenssen ta yi amfani da fata a matsayin babban zane a yawancin zanenta, abubuwa,da hotunanta, kuma ta ɗauka tare da kwatanta kaddarorin kayan da ke kan hoton. a cikin wannan mahallin "jerin takalmi", wanda aka yi a cikin 1970s, ya ƙunshi sassaka tare da zane-zane. Ta yi sculpturen takalmi guda 18,kowanne da kayan daban-daban kamar su lankwasa da kakin zuma, tsatsa da burodi,kashin muƙamuƙi na dabba da aka kafa akan matashin siliki mai suna "Relict Shoe" (1976), Takalmin Flyweight (1973), takalman organza na siraran takarda guda biyu tare da bayyanar.na matattun kudaje da aka dinka a cikin masana'anta. Wasu daga cikin zane-zane nata sun nuna wasu duwatsu masu siffa guda uku masu taken "Gasar Kyakkyawa" (1978),da Marlene Dietrich a yanayinta tare da gashin ido a kai da shan taba a gado. Sauran sanannun hotuna masu launin hannu sune: Kitchen Apron, Nest (1979), Nun (1979), hoton kai wanda aka zana da launin zinare a cikin baƙar fata a kwance a cikin "tsarin wasan kwaikwayo". Musamman,a cikin matar gidan Kitchen Apron (Hausfrauen-Küchenschürze) hoton da aka ɗauka a cikin aikin 1975,ta kwatanta kanta a matsayin nau'i na mace wanda ke ƙarƙashin "dakin dafa abinci don samar da sabuwar halitta". Monographs Jürgenssen kuma an bata damar buga manyan litattafai guda biyu.An buga ɗaya a cikin 2009 ta Hatje Cantz Sammlung Verbund wanda Gabriele Schor da Abigail Solomon-Godeau suka gyara. Wannan littafin tarihin, wanda ke da misalai da yawa na hotunanta waɗanda ke fitar da tsarinta mai zaman kansa ga tarihin fasaha, daidaitarta da adabi, ka'idodin ilimin halin ɗan adam,da "tsari". An buga littafi na biyu a cikin 2011 ta Prestel wanda Gabriele Schor da Heike Eipeldauer suka shirya. Gabriele Schor (ed. Birgit Jürgenssen. Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2009 Gabriele Schor, Heike Eipeldauer (eds. Birgit Jürgenssen. Aust Kat. Bankin Austria Kunstforum, Vienna. Munich, Prestel, 2010 Natascha Burger, NicoleFritz (eds. Birgit Jürgenssen. Ni ne Aust Kat. Kunsthalle Tübingen, GAMEC Bergamo, Gidan kayan gargajiya na Louisiana. Munich, Prestel, 2018 Sauran wallafe-wallafe Landesgalerie Oberösterreich: Birgit Jürgenssen früher oder später. Anlässlich der gleichnamigen Ausstellung in der Oberösterreichischen Landesgalerie, Linz, 12. Fabrairu 15. Maris 1998. Bibliothek der Provinz, Weitra 1998 Peter Noever (Hrsg. Birgit Jürgenssen. Schuwerk Abubuwan da ke da nasaba da "Feminism". [Katalog anlässlich der gleichnamigen Ausstellung im MAK Wien, 17. Maris 6. Yuni 2004] MAK, Vienna 2004 Gabriele Schor (ed. MACE. The Feminist Avant-Garde na 1970s. Yana aiki daga SAMMLUNG VERBUND, Vienna. Aust Kat. BOZAR, Cibiyar Fine Arts, Brussels, 2014 Rita E. Täuber (eds. Gnadenlos. Kunstlerinnen und das Komische. Aust Kat. Kunsthalle Vogelmann Städtische Museen Heilbronn. Wienand Verlag, Köln, 2012. ISBN 978-3868321364 Brigitte Huck (et al. Die Damen. Aust Kat. Zeitkunst Niederösterreich, St. Pölten. Nürnberg: Verlag für moderne Kunst, 2013. ISBN 978-3-86984-446-6 The Museum of Modern Art, New York (ed. Hoto a MOMA. 1960 Yanzu. Aust Kat. Museum of Modern Art, New York. New York, Gidan kayan gargajiya na Art Modern, 2015. ISBN 9780870709692 Massimo Gioni, Roberta Tenconi (eds. Babbar Uwa. Aust Kat. Fondazione Nicola Trussardi, Mailand. Mailand, Skira Edita, 2015. ISBN 978-8857228600 Patricia Allmer (ed. Matsaloli. Mata masu fasaha surrealism zamani. Manchester: Jaridar Jami'ar Manchester, 2016. ISBN 978-0719096488 Nassoshi Littafi Mai Tsarki Matattun

35430

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/TT%20pistol

TT pistol

TT-30, wanda aka fi sani da Tokarev, bindiga ce mai sarrafa kanta ta Soviet da ba ta samarwa ba. Fedor Tokarev ne ya haɓaka shi a cikin 1930 a matsayin bindigar sabis ga sojojin Soviet don maye gurbin Nagant M1895 revolver da aka yi amfani da shi tun daular Rasha, kodayake ta ƙare ana amfani da ita tare da, maimakon maye gurbin M1895. Ya yi aiki har zuwa 1952, lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa da bindigar Makarov. Ci gaba A cikin 1930, Majalisar Sojan Juyin Juyi ta amince da wani kuduri na gwada sabbin kananan makamai don maye gurbin tsofaffin 'yan tawayen Nagant M1895 A lokacin waɗannan gwaje-gwaje, a ranar 7 ga Janairu, 1931, an lura da yuwuwar bindigar da Fedor Tokarev ya tsara. Bayan 'yan makonni, an ba da umarnin 1,000 TT-30 don gwajin sojoji, kuma an karɓi bindigar don hidima a cikin Red Army. An kera TT-30 tsakanin 1930 zuwa 1936, inda aka kera kusan 93,000. Ko da yayin da aka sanya TT-30 a cikin samarwa, an yi canje-canjen ƙira don sauƙaƙe masana'antu. An aiwatar da ƙananan canje-canje ga ganga, mai cire haɗin, faɗakarwa da firam ɗin, mafi shaharar su shine tsallake taron guduma mai cirewa da kuma canje-canje zuwa gaɗaɗɗen kulle-kulle. Wannan bindigar da aka sake fasalin ita ce TT-33 Yawancin TT-33 an ba da su ga manyan jami'an. Sojojin Soviet sun yi amfani da TT-33 sosai a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, amma bai maye gurbin Nagant gaba daya ba. Daga 1931-1945, an samar da Tokarevs 1,330,000 a cikin Tarayyar Soviet. Cikakkun bayanai A waje, TT-33 yayi kama da bugun baya na John Browning mai sarrafa FN Model 1903 semiautomatic pistol, kuma a ciki yana amfani da gajeriyar tsarin karkatar da ganga na Browning daga bindigar M1911. A wasu wurare TT-33 ya bambanta da ƙirar Browning yana ɗaukar guduma mai sauƙi taro mai sauƙi fiye da M1911. Ana iya cire wannan taron daga bindigar a matsayin naúrar kayan aiki kuma ya haɗa da injina na ciyar da leɓuna na mujallu, yana hana ɓata lokaci lokacin da aka loda wata mujalla da ta lalace cikin rijiyar mujallar. Injiniyoyin Soviet sun yi gyare-gyare da yawa don sauƙaƙe na'urar samarwa da kulawa, musamman sauƙaƙan maƙallan kulle ganga, yana ba da ƙarancin matakan injin. Wasu samfura suna amfani da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai ɗorewa da aka tsare a sandar jagora, wanda ya dogara da ganga mai tsinke don riƙe ta cikin tashin hankali. TT-33 an yi shi ne don harsashi na Tokarev na 7.62 25mm, wanda ita kanta ta dogara ne akan kwatankwacin 7.63 25mm Mauser cartridge wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin bindigar Mauser C96. Harsashin 7.62 25mm yana da ƙarfi, yana da yanayi mai faɗi sosai, kuma yana da ikon shiga cikin tufa mai kauri da sulke na jiki. Saboda amincin su, an samar da adadi mai yawa na TT-33 a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da kuma cikin shekarun 1950. A cikin zamani na zamani, an canza TT-33 mai ƙarfi zuwa harsashi masu ƙarfi da yawa ciki har da .38 Super da 9 23mm Winchester. TT-33 ya tsallake wani kama mai aminci ban da rabin zakara, wanda ya sa abin ya zama ba zai iya aiki ba har sai an ja da guduma zuwa cikakken zakara sannan aka saukar da shi da hannu zuwa rabin zakara. Yawancin bambance-bambancen da aka shigo da su cikin Amurka suna da ƙarin aminci na hannu, waɗanda suka bambanta sosai a cikin jeri da aiki. Bambance-bambance Wehrmacht ya kama TT-33s kuma ya ba da su ga raka'a a ƙarƙashin sunan Pistole 615 (r). Wannan ya yiwu saboda gaskiyar cewa harsashi na 7.62 mm Model 1930 Nau'in P na Rasha sun kusan yi kama da na Jamusanci 7.63 25mm Mauser cartridge, kodayake a cikin sabis ɗin Jamusanci zagaye na Parabellum 9 19mm ya fi kowa. Saboda matsanancin matsin lamba, yin amfani da harsashi na Rasha a cikin bindigogin Mauser na Jamus na iya haifar da lalacewa, kuma ana shawarce su da ƙi.. Interarms sun sayar da yakin duniya na biyu-ragi na Tokarevs na Rasha a Turai da Amurka a matsayin Phoenix. Suna da sabbin riko na katako tare da zane na phoenix kuma an lika masa hatimin INTERARMS akan ganga. Daga baya dokokin bindiga sun hana sayar da su saboda rashin tsaro. [abubuwan da ake bukata] A cikin 1949, an samar da bambance-bambancen shiru. Na musamman, mai yin shiru yana haɗe da ganga maimakon ganga da kanta. Haɗin nauyin mai kashewa tare da nunin faifai yana hana hawan keken motsa jiki na aikin, yana tilasta mai amfani ya sake zagayowar shi da hannu kamar yadda makaman aikin famfo suke. Daga baya za a maye gurbinsa da bindigar PB a 1967. Harkokin waje An maye gurbin TT-33 da bindiga mai lamba 8, 9 18mm Makarov PM a 1952. Samar da TT-33 a Rasha ya ƙare a 1954, amma kofe (lasisi ko akasin haka) wasu ƙasashe ma sun yi. A wani lokaci ko wani, mafi yawan 'yan gurguzu ko na Tarayyar Soviet sun yi bambancin bindigar TT-33. China An kwafi bindigar TT a China a matsayin nau'in 51, nau'in 54, M20, da TU-90 Norinco, Jama'ar 'Yancin Army ta jihar makamai masana'anta a kasar Sin, kerarre wani kasuwanci bambance-bambancen na Tokarev bindiga chambered a cikin mafi kowa 9 19mm Parabellum zagaye, da aka sani da Tokarev Model 213, kazalika a cikin asali 7.62×25mm caliber caliber. Samfurin 9mm ya ƙunshi kama mai aminci, wanda ba ya nan akan bindigogin hannu na TT-33 da Rasha ke samarwa. Bugu da ƙari, Model 213 yana fasalta ƙwanƙolin ƙwanƙwasa na bakin ciki, sabanin ainihin nau'ikan fa'ida na Rasha. An nuna samfurin 9mm tare da toshe rijiyar mujallar da aka ɗora a bayan mujallar da kyau don karɓar nau'in mujallu na 9mm ba tare da gyaran firam ba. Samfurin Norinco a cikin samarwa na yanzu ba ya samuwa don siyarwa a Amurka saboda haramcin shigo da bindigogi na kasar Sin, kodayake tsofaffin bindigogin hannu na Model 213 da aka shigo da su a shekarun 1980 da 1990 sun zama ruwan dare gama gari. Norinco yanzu yana yin NP-17, wanda aka sabunta, bambancin sautuna biyu akan Model 213. 7.62×25mm ammo shima ba shi da tsada kuma ana samarwa a cikin gida ko shigo da shi daga China, wanda Norinco ya yi. Hungary Hungary ta mayar da TT don harba 9 19mm Parabellum a matsayin M48, da kuma wani nau'in fitarwa na Masar wanda aka sani da Tokagypt 58 wanda 'yan sanda ke amfani da shi sosai a can. Tokagypts sun bambanta da ainihin Tokarevs ta hanyar lever aminci na waje wanda za'a iya tsunduma cikin yin ado da aminci tare da matsayar guduma. Ta hanyar canza ganga da mujallu zuwa sassa na TT na asali, ana iya yin tsarin canjin caliber cikin sauƙi (bayan harbi-hujja a cikin ƙasashen da ke da alaƙa da CIP Masar, duk da haka, ta soke yawancin odar Tokagypt da bindigogi masu kama da PP da aka kera a Hungary; wadanda a lokacin ake sayar da su a kasashen Yamma, kamar Tarayyar Jamus ta wancan lokacin, inda Hege ke shigo da ita. Koriya ta Arewa Koriya ta Arewa ta kera su a matsayin Nau'in 68 ko M68 Pakistan Har yanzu ana kera bindigogin TT na doka da ba bisa ka'ida ba a masana'antun Khyber Pass na Pakistan daban-daban. Poland Poland ta samar da nasu kwafin kamar yadda PW wz.33, kerarre daga 1947 zuwa 1959. A tsakiyar 50s wani nau'in horo na PW wz. 33 da aka halitta, chambered a .22lr kira TT Sportowy Duk waɗannan bindigogin an canza su ne tsakanin 1954 zuwa 1958 daga bambance-bambancen 7.62mm ta hanyar canza ganga da cire kullun kulle daga zamewa. Bugu da ƙari, an ƙirƙiri Radom M48 a cikin Radom, Poland a matsayin wani ɗan ƙaramin kwafin TT33 da aka gyara. Romania Romania ta samar da kwafin TT-33 a matsayin TTC, ko Tokarev Cugir da kyau a cikin 1950s. Waɗannan an yi su don siyarwar kasuwanci da yawa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Koyaya, don a shigo da shi cikin Amurka, an ƙara tsaro mai toshewa. Vietnam K54 kwafin TT-33 ne. An sabunta sigar da aka fi sani da K14-VN Factory Z111 ce ta yi, kuma tana da ƙarin ƙarfin zagaye 13, tare da riko mai faɗi don haɗa mujallu mai tarin yawa An fara bincike da haɓakawa a cikin 2001. K14-VN ya fara ganin sabis tare da sojojin PAVN a ranar 10 ga Mayu, 2014. Sunan masana'antar don K54 na yau da kullun da K14-VN ana kiransa SN7M da SN7TD Yugoslavia (Serbiya) Zastava yana samar da ingantacciyar sigar TT-33 da aka tsara M57 M57 yana da tsayin riko kuma yana da tsayin mujalla mai zagaye 9 (a kan zagaye 8 a TT). Hakanan ana yin sigar 9 19mm ta Zastava wanda aka keɓe M70A da kuma ƙaramin sigar <i id="mwxg">M88</i> Zastava ke kera karamar bindigar M70 (aka Pčelica ("kananan kudan zuma") ya dogara da ƙirar TT a cikin 7,65mm Browning .32 ACP ko 9mm Kratak .380 ACP Tun daga 2012, M57A, M70A da M88A an riga an shigo da su cikin Amurka ta Century International Arms, amma Zastava Amurka ta maye gurbinsu. Amfani Jirgin TT-33 yana ci gaba da aiki a cikin sojojin Bangladesh da Koriya ta Arewa a yau, yayin da 'yan sanda a Pakistan har yanzu suna amfani da bindigar TT a matsayin hannun riga, ko da yake ba a hukumance ba, saboda ana maye gurbinta da 9 na zamani. mm Beretta da SIG Sauer bindigogi. A kasar Sin, bindigar TT-33 kuma a wasu lokuta ana ba da ita ga rundunar 'yan sanda masu dauke da makamai da sojojin yantar da jama'a da sunan Nau'i 54. Tokarev, da kuma bambance-bambancensa a cikin 9mm, sun shahara saboda sauƙi, ƙarfi da daidaito. Masu amfani Duba kuma Jerin makaman Rasha Teburin bindigar hannu da harsashin bindiga Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

22090

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz%20Howe

Liz Howe

Liz Howe (an haife ta a ranar 27 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 1959 ta mutu a ranar 31 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2019) wata masaniyar ilimin tsabtace muhalli ce ta Kasar Burtaniya da kuma ilimin herpetologist. An fi saninta da suna ɗaya daga cikin masu kula da cikakken filin bincike na mahalli na ƙasar Wales, wanda aka buga a shekara ta 2010.. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haife ta ne Elizabeth Anne Pulford a ranar 27 ga wata Oktoban shekarar 1959 a garin Kingstanding, West Midlands, Ingila, 'yar Robert Pulford, injiniyan lantarki, da matarsa, Margaret Davis. Bayan ta halarci makarantar nahawu Aldridge a Walsall sai ta yi digirin farko a Kwalejin Sarauniya Elizabeth, Jami'ar Landan, inda kuma ta ci lambar yabo ta Cheesman kan karatunta na ilimin kimiyyar halittar dabbobi. Her Ph.D. an bayar da ita ne a shekara ta 1985 daga Jami’ar Bangor saboda aikinta kan ilimin kimiyyar lissafin kifin, kadangaru da aka samu a kasashen Italiya, Girka da Malta. Ayyuka Bayan digirinta na uku, ta kwashe shekaru talatin tana aiki da Hukumar Kula da Kula da Yanayi da kuma kungiyoyin da suka gaje ta a Wales, da sideungiyar Walesasa ta Wales da Albarkatun Walesasa ta Wales A wannan lokacin ta jagoranci ƙungiyoyin taswirar taswira a cikin yankin Wales, wanda aka buga a cikin littafin Habitats of Wales: A Comprehensive Field Survey, 1979-1997 Tun daga wannan an yi amfani da shi azaman tushe na shaida don gudanar da kiyayewa da kuma gano wuraren da ke da Sha'awar Kimiyya ta Musamman A matsayinta na likitan kwalliya ta jagoranci shirye-shiryen sake gabatarwa don kiyaye nau'ikan da ke barazanar kamar su yashi da toadsjack Ta kuma sake nazarin yanayin halittu da kuma rarrafe na dabbobi masu rarrafe da amphibians a cikin littafin A New Natural History of Anglesey A lokacinta na sirri ita da mijinta sun sake dawo da wani yanki wanda ba safai ba a kan dutsen da ke kusa da Marianglas, Anglesey, wanda aka ayyana wani shafi na Musamman na Kimiyya na Musamman jim kadan kafin mutuwarta. Rayuwar mutum Howe ta kasance fitaccen mai son fasaha wadda ta inganta samar da kiɗa tsakanin matasa. Ta kasance memba na kwamiti kuma sakatare ga Abokan Gwynedd Music kuma sakatare na Beaumaris Brass Band, wanda ta yi wasa da euphonium Littattafai RJ Mitchell, S. Bailey, JK Beaton, PE Bellamy, RW Brooker, A. Broome, J. Chetcuti, S. Eaton, CJ Ellis, J. Farren, A. Gimona, E. Goldberg, J. Hall, R. Harmer, AJ Hester, RL Hewison, NG Hodgetts, RJ Hooper, L. Howe, GR Iason G. Kerr, NA Littlewood, V. Morgan, S. Newey, JM Potts, G. Pozsgai, D. Ray, DASim, JA Stockan, AFS Taylor da S. Woodward. (2014). Tasirin tasirin muhalli na tokawar asha a cikin Burtaniya. Rahoton Kwamitin Kare Lafiyar Yanayi na No.aya 483. Yaya, EA (2011). Aikace-aikacen bayanan binciken matakin farko na 1 don kiyaye wuraren Welsh. A cikin TH Blackstock, EA Howe, JP Rothwell, CA Duigan da PS Jones (Editocin), Ci gaban taron tunawa da Dr. David Paul Stevens 1958-2007, Masanin Ilimin Lafiya na Grassland and Conservation. Rahoton Kimiyya na Ma'aikatan CCW A'a: 10/03/05, 168pp, Majalisar sideasa ta Wales, Bangor. TH Blackstock, EA Howe, JP Stevens, CR Burrows da PS Jones (2010). Itasashen Wales: Babban Binciken Field, 1979-1997. Jami'ar Wales Latsa shafuka 240 Faranti masu launi 100, taswirori 40, tebur 40, adadi 60. TH Blackstock, Clare Burrows, EA Howe da JP Stevens (2007). Kayan gida a ma'aunin yanki: Kwatankwacin kimantawa na Broad Habitat murfin ƙasa daga madaidaicin filin binciken samfurin da cikakken binciken filin ƙidaya don Wales, UK. Jaridar Gudanar da Muhalli 85 (1): 224-3. L. Howe, T. Blackstock, C. Burrows, da J. Stevens. (2005). Binciken Habitat na Wales. Dabbobin Biritaniya 16: 153-162. JP Stevens, TH Blackstock, EA Howe da DP Stevens (2004). Maimaita yanayin binciken gida na Phase I. Jaridar Gudanar da Muhalli 73 (1): 53-9. PS Jones, DP Stevens, TH Blackstock, CR Burrows da EA Howe (2003). Gidajen fifiko na Wales Jagorar fasaha. Sideungiyar Councilasa ta Wales, Bangor. TH Blackstock, DP Stevens da EA Howe (1996). Abubuwan haɗin Halittu na Shafuka na Sha'awar Kimiyyar Musamman a Wales. Bambancin Halittu da Tanadi 5 (7): 897-920. TH Blackstock, JP Stevens, EA Howe da DP Stevens (1995). Canje-canjen da aka samu a yanki da kuma yankuna daban-daban na heathland da sauran wuraren zama na yau da kullun tsakanin 1920 22 da 1987-88 a yankin Llyn, Wales, UK. Adana Halittu 72 (1): 33-44. E. Howe (1990). Ambiyawa na Anglesey. A cikin W. Eifion Jones (Edita), Sabon Tarihin Halitta na Anglesey, Nazarin Tarihin Anglesey (Helen Ramage, Babban Edita). Leungiyar Anglesey Antiquarian, Llangefni. E. Howe (1990). Dabbobi masu rarrafe na Anglesey. A cikin W. Eifion Jones (Edita), Sabon Tarihin Halitta na Anglesey, Nazarin Tarihin Anglesey (Helen Ramage, Babban Edita). Leungiyar Anglesey Antiquarian, Llangefni. Ta yaya. E (1985). Haihuwa da yanayin ilimin yanayin halittu a cikin Chalcides ocellatus, da sikintar skink. Ph.D. Jami'ar Bangor. Manazarta Ƴancin muhalli Ƴancin ɗan adam Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki Pages with unreviewed

48216

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidan%20shakatawa%20na%20Cross%20River

Gidan shakatawa na Cross River

Gidan shakatawa na Cross River wani wurin shaƙatawa ne na Najeriya, wanda ke cikin Jihar Cross River, Najeriya Akwai sassa biyu daban-daban, Okwangwo (wanda aka kafa a 1991) da Oban (wanda aka gina a 1988). Gidan shakatawa yana da jimlar yanki kusan 4,000 km2, mafi yawansu sun ƙunshi gandun daji masu zafi a yankunan Arewa da Tsakiya, tare da maras kyau a yankunan bakin teku. Sassan wurin shakatawa na yankin Guinea-Congolian ne, tare da rufe rufin da kuma warwatse bishiyoyi masu tasowa da suka kai mita 40 ko 50 a tsawo. Gidan shakatawa yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin gandun daji a Afirka, kuma an gano shi a matsayin wuri mai zafi na halittu. An rubuta nau'ikan dabbobi goma sha shida a cikin wurin shakatawa. Kayan da ba a saba gani ba sun haɗa da chimpanzees na yau da kullun, drills da (a Okwangwo) Cross River gorillas. Wani dabba mai suna, mangabey mai launin toka, da alama kwanan nan [yaushe?] ya ƙare a yankin. Dukkanin bangarorin biyu na wurin shakatawa suna fuskantar barazanar katako ba bisa ka'ida ba, yanka da ƙone noma da farauta. Yawon shakatawa na muhalli na iya tallafawa kokarin adana namun daji na wurin shakatawa. Taimaka wa mazauna ƙauyuka a cikin yankuna masu kariya don yin aikin gandun daji mai ɗorewa yana da alkawari. Tarihi An fara gabatar da wurin shakatawa a shekarar 1965, amma ba a fara shirin ba sai 1988. Asusun Duniya na Yanayi Burtaniya ya taka muhimmiyar rawa ga shirin kafa wurin shakatawa a cikin bangarori biyu da gonaki da kwarin Cross River suka raba, tare da kasafin kuɗi na dala miliyan 49.9. Shirin ya yi la'akari da mazauna ƙauyen da ke cikin yankin da ke cikin gudanar da wurin shakatawa kuma ana ba su taimakon ci gaba. An kafa Gidan shakatawa na Cross River (CRNP) ta hanyar Dokar Gwamnatin Ma'aikatar Tarayya a cikin 1991, tare da gorilla na Cross River da aka zaba a matsayin dabba mai taken. Ba a aiwatar da shirin asali ba, kuma wurin shakatawa da aka kafa a 1991 kawai ya haɗa da wuraren ajiyar gandun daji na yanzu. Bayan karamin taimako na farko, kudaden sun bushe kuma mazauna ƙauyen sun zama masu adawa da gwamnatin wurin shakatawa. Dokar gyare-gyare a cikin 1999 ta canza Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Kasa ta Najeriya, wacce ke gudanar da wurin shakatawa, a cikin kayan aikin soja tare da karuwar iko. Ƙungiya Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Kasa ta Najeriya wata hukuma ce ta Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Tarayya, Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane. Gidan shakatawa na Cross River yana karkashin jagorancin Darakta a karkashin jagorancin Kwamitin Gudanar da Gidan shakata. Gudanar da wurin shakatawa ya kafa tashar a Portugal a matsayin tushe don bincike da yawon shakatawa na muhalli. Babban Ofishin Butatong, wanda aka kafa tare da taimakon Tarayyar Turai da Asusun Kula da namun daji na Duniya suna ba da tushe ga masu tsaron da ke sintiri a bangarorin Okwa da Okwangwo na ƙungiyar Okwangwo. Gidan shakatawa yana da sassan huɗu: Tsaro da Tsaro, Yawon shakatawa na Muhalli, Injiniya da Kulawa na Gidan shakata, da Kudi da Gudanarwa. A cikin shekara ta 2010, 250 daga cikin ma'aikata 320 sun yi aiki a cikin Tsaro da Tsaro, galibi maza saboda tsananin aikin, wanda ke da tushe a tashoshin ranger goma sha biyu. Wannan lambar ba ta isa ba saboda girman yankin da za a yi sintiri. Duk da yunkurin horo, da yawa daga cikin masu tsaron ba su da ƙwarewa kuma ba su gamsu da albashi, kayan aiki, motsawa da damar aiki. Yankin Oban Hills Wurin da yake Yankin Oban Hills yana da 2,800 km2 a cikin yanki, yana tsakiya a kan daidaitattun 5.41667°N 8.58333°E 5. 41667; 8.58333. Rukunin yana da iyaka mai tsawo tare da Korup National Park a Jamhuriyar Kamaru, yana samar da yanki mai kariya guda ɗaya. Rukunin yana da ƙasa mai tsawo, yana tashi daga 100 m a cikin kwarin kogi zuwa sama da 1,000 m a cikin duwatsu. Ƙasa tana da matukar damuwa ga leaching da rushewa inda aka cire shi daga murfin shuka. Lokacin ruwan sama yana faruwa daga Maris zuwa Nuwamba, tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara sama da 3,500mm. Yankin arewacin kogin Cross da masu goyon bayansa ne ke zubar da ruwa. Kogin Calabar, Kwa da Korup sun zubar da sassan kudancin. Biodiversity Rukunin galibi an rufe shi da gandun daji mai laushi. Nau'in bishiyoyi na al'ada sun haɗa da Musanga cecropioides, itacen corkwood na Afirka ko itacen laima, Irvingia gabonensis bush mango Berlinia confusa, Coula edulis, Hannoa klaineana, Klainedoxa gabonensis, mahogany na Afirka da jan ƙarfe. An gano kimanin nau'ikan shuke-shuke 1,568, daga cikinsu 77 suna cikin Najeriya. Wadannan sun hada da tsire-tsire masu fure 1,303, lichens 141 da nau'in moss 56. Torben Larsen ya tattara kusan nau'in malam buɗe ido 600 a cikin ƙungiyar Oban a cikin 1995, kuma ya kiyasta cewa akwai yiwuwar nau'in 950 a cikin rukuni. Kodayake ba a bincika wurin shakatawa sosai ba, an rubuta nau'in tsuntsaye sama da 350. Yana daya daga cikin sassa biyu na Najeriya inda aka sami greenbul na Xavier. Sauran nau'o'in da ba a saba gani ba a Najeriya sun hada da bat hawk, Cassin's hawk-eagle, crested guineafowl, gray-throated rail, olive long-tailed cuckoo, bare-cheeked trogon, lyre-tailed honeyguide, green-backed bulbul, grey-throed tit-flycatcher da Rachel's malimbe. An ƙidaya nau'in maciji 42. Akwai akalla nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa 75, gami da buffalo na Afirka, giwaye na gandun daji na Afirka da ke cikin haɗari, chimpanzee na yau da kullun, Preuss's red colobus da Sclater's guenon da kuma drill mai haɗari sosai. Rukunin na iya ƙunsar chimpanzees 400, kodayake ba a gudanar da bincike ba. Damuwa Dajin ya kasance ba a taɓa shi ba a cikin yankunan da ba su da sauƙin isa, amma a gefen gefen aikin ɗan adam ya shafa shi sosai. A wasu wurare, sake girma na biyu ya faru, amma wasu yankuna suna dauke da shuke-shuke na man dabino da roba. Kashe katako ba bisa ka'ida ba babbar barazana ce, kuma tana ƙaruwa. Yawan ƙauyuka a cikin yankin shinge yana ƙaruwa, kuma manoma suna fara shiga. Matakan farauta, kamun kifi da noma na ɗan lokaci suna ƙaruwa, kuma suna lalata yanayin halittu. Chemicals da aka yi amfani da su don kamun kifi sun shafi tarin kifi. An gwada hanyar da za ta shafi al'ummomin cikin gida wajen gudanar da gandun daji a cikin yankunan da ke cikin yankuna tare da wasu nasarori a cikin tsoffin da sabbin ƙauyukan Ekuri a arewa maso yammacin yankin Oban. Mazauna ƙauyen suna da haƙƙin kusan 250 km2 na ƙasar gandun daji, kuma suna rayuwa ta hanyar aikin gona da siyar da kayayyakin gandun daji masu daraja, gami da nama na nau'in da ke cikin haɗari kamar chimpanzee da drill. An kafa aikin gandun daji na Ekuri tare da taimakon jami'an wurin shakatawa da masu ba da gudummawa na kasashen waje don inganta gudanar da gandun daji da samun damar kasuwanni. Tare da horo da tallafin kuɗi, mazauna ƙauyen sun kafa hanyoyin girbi gandun daji ta hanyar da za ta ɗorewa, kuma yanzu suna da sha'awar kiyaye shi. Wannan ya bambanta da mummunan tasirin da ake gani lokacin da kamfanonin katako na waje ko shuka suka shiga wani yanki kamar wannan. Yankin Okwangwo Wurin da yake Yankin Okwangwo yana tsakiyar a kan daidaitattun 6.28333°N 9.23333°E 6. 28333; 9.23333. Ya ƙunshi tsohuwar Boshi, Okwangwo da Boshi Extension Forest Reserves. Rukunin yana da yanki na kimanin 920 km2 a tsawo na 150 1,700m sama da matakin teku. An raba shi daga yankin Oban zuwa kudu da kusan kilomita 50 na gandun daji mai cike da damuwa. Yana kwance kudu maso yammacin Obudu Plateau kuma nan da nan zuwa gabashin Ajiyar dazuzzukan Kogin Afi, wanda aka raba shi daga wannan ajiyar ta Dutsen Mbe Community Forest. Gidan ajiyar daji na Takamanda a Jamhuriyar Kamaru yana da iyaka tare da ƙungiyar Okwangwo zuwa gabas. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2008 an inganta Takamanda zuwa wurin shakatawa na kasa ta hanyar aikin hadin gwiwa tare da Kungiyar Kula da Kayan Kayan Kudancin da Gwamnatin Kamaru, tare da kariya ga gorilla na Cross River mai haɗari babban burin. Gidan shakatawa na Takamanda na 676 km2 zai kuma taimaka wajen kiyaye giwaye na gandun daji, chimpanzees, da drills. Ƙasa tana da tsaunuka, tare da tsaunukan duwatsu da tsaun-tsire. Manyan maki suna cikin Dutsen Sankwala a arewa (1,700 m) da kuma Dutsen Mbe a kudu maso yamma (1,000 m). Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na iya zama kusan 4,280 mm, galibi yana fadowa a lokacin rigar tsakanin Maris da Nuwamba. Kogin Oyi, Bemi da Okon, masu ba da gudummawa ga Kogin Cross, sun zubar da wannan rarrabuwa. An rufe tsaunuka masu tsawo a cikin tsaunuka, tare da gandun daji a cikin kwari. Ƙananan ƙasa, rabuwa ta rufe da gandun daji masu laushi, tare da yankunan savanna inda mutane suka lalata gandun daji. Ƙasa a cikin tsaunuka da yankunan da ke ƙasa suna da haɗari ga rushewa da leaching lokacin da aka cire su daga shuke-shuke. Biodiversity Yankin Okwangwo yana da tsire-tsire daban-daban, tare da kimanin nau'in 1,545 da ke wakiltar iyalai 98 da aka rubuta. Wasu daga cikin wadannan nau'o'in suna cikin yankin. Sauran ba a san su ba har zuwa kwanan nan. [yaushe?] Fiye da nau'ikan tsuntsaye 280 an rubuta su, gami da tsuntsayen dutse masu launin toka, wanda ke haifuwa a cikin tsaunukan Mbe da greenbul na zinariya, wanda ba shi da yawa a Najeriya. Tsuntsu mai launin toka yana kusa da barazana. Gidan shakatawa yana da kusan kashi 78% na nau'in dabbobi da ake samu a Najeriya, gami da chimpanzee na yau da kullun da gorilla na yamma, da guenon na Sclater mai haɗari, biri da drill na Preuss, wanda ke zaune a cikin waɗannan yankunan wurin shakatawa. Sauran manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa sun haɗa da giwayen gandun daji na Afirka da ke cikin haɗari da kuma buffalo na Afirka. Rukunin na iya ƙunsar chimpanzees 200, kodayake ba a gudanar da bincike ba. Gidan gorilla ya kunshi tsaka-tsaki, tsaunuka da kuma wuraren savannah da aka samo a cikin wani hadaddun tsaunuka masu tsawo tare da kwari masu tsawo, tare da tsaunuka waɗanda suka tashi har zuwa 2,000m. Babban tushe ga gorillas shine Dutsen Mbe, tare da yawan mutane 30 zuwa 40, ba a riga an haɗa su a cikin wurin shakatawa ba. A shekara ta 2003 an yi tunanin cewa Boshi Extension Forest a arewacin rarrabuwa da Okwa da Ononyi Hills a kudu sun kasance tare da mutane 50-60, gabaɗaya suna zaune a cikin ƙananan mutane kuma sabili da haka suna cikin haɗarin haɗarin kwayar halitta. Gorillas ma suna da rauni ga farauta, amma gabaɗaya mutanen Boki na yankin sun fi son karamin wasa. Koyaya, a lokacin 1990-1998, watakila mafarauta sun kashe gorillas biyu a kowace shekara. Damuwa Akwai kimanin ƙauyuka 66 a cikin yankin da ke kewaye da wurin shakatawa, tare da mazauna ƙauyen da ke dogara da wurin shakata don rayuwarsu. Tare da karuwar yawan mutane, ana rasa gandun daji don aikin gona da konewa da kuma katako ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wasu masunta suna amfani da sunadarai (gamalin 20, herbicide) don kashe kifin. An yi tunanin cewa an kawar da nau'o'i uku na primate. Kashe katako, bisa doka da ba bisa ka'ida ba, a cikin yankin da kuma wurin shakatawa da kansa sun haifar da asarar mazauni, kuma hanyoyin katako sun buɗe gandun daji ga masu farauta. Snares da aka saita don kama ƙananan dabbobi suna haifar da rauni ga manyan jinsuna. Makiyaya Fulani sun shiga cikin ajiyar don kiwon shanu tare da Bushi-Ranch axis. Akwai ci gaba da farautar giwaye a kan iyaka tsakanin Najeriya da Kamaru. Babban burin katako ba bisa ka'ida ba shine Carpolobia, Garcinia da ebony, dazuzzuka da ba su da yawa a waje da wurin shakatawa. 'Yan sanda sun yi ƙoƙari su hana waɗannan ayyukan, amma suna da nakasa saboda rashin kuɗi. mallakar ƙasa a yankin ya kasance tare da ikon ƙasa, wanda dole ne ya sami izinin al'umma don canja wurin ƙasa. Mutanen yankin, tare da dalili, suna da shakku game da alkawuran gwamnati cewa za su sami taimakon tattalin arziki na dogon lokaci don musayar barin ƙasarsu, kuma a maimakon haka suna buƙatar biyan kuɗi mai yawa. Wannan ya yi takaici da kokarin da za a yi na hada da Afi River Forest da Mbe Mountains Community Forest a cikin wurin shakatawa, yana hana ingantaccen kokarin kiyayewa. Shirye-shiryen da za a kafa aikin gona na baya na nau'in nama na daji sun ci nasara a wasu sassan jihar, tare da mazauna ƙauyen da ke kiwon zomo, kaji, duikers, porcupines, beraye, giant rats, pythons, crocodiles da snails. A cikin waɗannan yankuna, farauta da farautar nama na daji sun ragu sosai. Hanyar tana da alkawari ga yankin da ke kewaye da wurin shakatawa. Sauran hanyoyin kare nau'in da ke cikin haɗari sun haɗa da ƙirƙirar hanyoyin ko hanyoyin muhalli, karkatar da babbar hanya da inganta aikin 'yan sanda. Dukkanin zai kasance mai tsada kuma ya dogara da jami'an gwamnati masu himma a jihohi da matakan tarayya. Halin yawon bude ido Gwamnatin Tarayya tana neman masu saka hannun jari don bunkasa damar yawon shakatawa na muhalli a cikin wannan da sauran wuraren shakatawa na kasa. An ba wurin shakatawa taken "The Pride Of Nigeria". Garin yawon bude ido, kimanin sa'a daya daga Calabar, zai ba ba baƙi tushe daga inda za su kalli wurin shakatawa, tare da masauki, gidan cin abinci da gidan kayan gargajiya na namun daji. Ayyuka sun haɗa da kallon wasan, kallon tsuntsaye, bin diddigin gorilla, hawan dutse ko yawo, kamun kifi na wasanni, jirgin ruwa da lambun Botanical da Herbarium a Butatong. Abubuwan jan hankali sun haɗa da Kwa Falls, a cikin wani kunkuntar, mai tsawo kusa da maɓuɓɓugar Kogin Kwa. An ɓoye tafkin zurfi a ƙarƙashin faduwar ruwa a ƙarƙashin babban rufin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi kafin a sare daji. Agbokim ya fadi a kan Kogin Cross ya sauka a cikin kimanin 7 a kan dutse a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi. Akwai wani karamin lambun kiwon dabbobi da ke da nau'ikan dabbobi da ba a samu a Najeriya ba, wanda ya taimaka wajen ceton wasu nau'o'in da ba a saba gani ba daga halaka. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

60992

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Ladipo%20Oluwole

Isaac Ladipo Oluwole

Isaac Ladipo Oluwole (1892 1953) wani likita ne ɗan Najeriya wanda ya kawo muhimman ci gaba ga ayyukan kiwon lafiyar jama'a a Najeriya. Shekarun farko Isaac Ladipo Oluwole an haife shi a kusa da shekarar 1892, ɗan Bishop na Anglican Isaac Oluwole da Abigal Johnson, malamin kiɗa. Mahaifinsa shi ne shugaban makarantar CMS Grammar School, Legas a lokacin da aka haife shi. Ya taso ne a gidan kiristoci wanda kuma salon Victorian na Legas ya rinjayi shi a ƙarni na sha takwas. Ya yi karatun Grammar School a takaice kafin ya koma King's College. Shi da James Churchill Vaughan dukansu suna cikin ɗaliban farko a Kwalejin King, Legas lokacin da aka buɗe ta a cikin watan Satumba 1909. Oluwole shi ne Babban Shugaban Makarantar na farko. Later Oluwole and Vaughan both went to the University of Glasgow in 1913 to study Medicine. The two students were conspicuous by their colour, and were subject to racial prejudice. Oluwole was called "Darkness visible" after the phrase from Milton's Paradise Lost. Daga baya Oluwole da Vaughan dukansu sun tafi Jami'ar Glasgow a shekarar 1913 don yin karatun likitanci. Daliban biyu sun yi fice ta launinsu, kuma sun kasance ana nuna musu wariyar launin fata. An kira Oluwole "Duhu a bayyane" bayan kalmar Milton 's Paradise Lost. Bayan kammala karatunsa a matsayin MB, ChB a shekarar 1918, Oluwole ya dawo Najeriya. Ya tafi aikin gama-gari a Abeokuta na wasu shekaru, sannan ya koma Glasgow ya dauki DPH dinsa. Yayin da yake Abeokuta, ya kafa tsarin aikin likita na gama-gari inda ya karbi marasa lafiya a ofishinsa ko kuma ya ziyarce su a gidansu. A lokacin zamansa a Abeokuta, ya tsunduma cikin wasu ayyukan al’umma. Ya kafa rundunonin sa ido na maza a shekarar 1923; sojojin sun tarbi Yariman Wales a lokacin da ya ziyarci Abeokuta. Jami'in lafiya A shekarar 1922, Majalisar Garin Legas wacce a baya Turawa ke mamaye da ita ta buɗe kofa ga sabbin zababbun mambobin Afirka. Sabbin mambobin sun fara yunkurin daukar wani jami’in kiwon lafiya na Afirka aiki a hukumar lafiya ta karamar hukumar Legas. A shekara ta 1924, majalisar ta yanke shawarar daukar wani ɗan Afirka da zai iya jin yaren gida; Oluwole da wasu biyu ne suka nemi wannan matsayi. Oluwole ya samu nasara amma kafin ya fara aiki sai da ya kara samun horo kan harkokin kula da lafiyar jama'a. A cikin shekarar 1925, ya fara aiki a matsayin mataimakin jami'in lafiya na farko na Afirka a Legas. A cikin shekarar 1917, Legas ta zartar da dokar kula da lafiyar jama'a, jerin ka'idojin kiwon lafiya don inganta tsafta a cikin birni. Duk da haka, aiwatar da dokokin ya sami cikas saboda ƙarancin adadin ma'aikatan da aka horar da su. Daga nan Oluwole ya kafa Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta farko a Najeriya, a Yaba, Legas, yana ba da horo ga masu sa ido na tsafta daga sassan Najeriya. Bayan kammala karatun sun sami Diploma na Royal Institute of Public Health, London. Ya sake shirya hanyoyin duba tsaftar muhalli a tashar jirgin ruwa ta Legas domin dakile yaduwar cutar bubonic. Ya kuma kafa hukumar kula da lafiya ta Yammacin Afirka ta Royal Society of Health wacce ta zama ginshikin ka'idojin kiwon lafiyar jama'a a Najeriya. Annobar da ta barke a garuruwan da ba su da tsafta a Legas, ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane da dama a tsakanin shekarun 1924 zuwa 1930. An ruguje da yawa daga cikin guraren marasa galihu, lamarin da ya tilastawa mazaunan su sake tsugunar da su cikin unguwannin da ba su da tsari. Ilimin lafiyar jama'a Daga cikin nasarorin da aka samu, Oluwole ya buɗe ma'aikatar kula da titin Massey, ya kwato tsibiran fadama don taimakawa wajen yaki da zazzabin cizon sauro da kuma gina sabon mahauta domin inganta tsaftar abinci. Oluwole ya fara aikin kula da lafiya na makaranta a Legas a 1925. Ya gabatar da duba tsafta da kuma allurar rigakafin yara akai-akai. An naɗa Oluwole Jami’in Lafiya a 1936. Maganin haihuwa da kula da yara Ta hanyar kokarin Oluwole, Majalisar Garin Legas ta kafa Cibiyar Massey a shekarar 1926. An ƙirƙiri sashin sabis na kula da mata masu juna biyu da jin daɗin yara don zama wani ɓangare na sabon sashin. Wannan shi ne mataki na farko a cikin birnin don samar da wani shiri na musamman na kula da haihuwa da kuma yara a cikin sashen kula da lafiyar jama'a na Legas. Babban makasudin sabon asibitin mata masu juna biyu shi ne rage yawan mace-macen yara da mata masu juna biyu a Legas. Daga shekarun 1926 zuwa 1930, Massey dispensary ya kirkiro shirye-shirye irin wadannan asibitocin jin dadin jarirai wadanda ake gudanar da su sau uku a mako-mako da kuma shirya sashen yara. Sakamakon nasarar asibitin Massey an kafa wani asibitin ga mazauna babban yankin Legas a Ebute Metta. Asibitin ya kuma shirya shirye-shirye don kula da maziyartan lafiya da kuma matan aure wadanda ke ba marasa lafiya shawara a lokutan asibiti. Maziyartan lafiyar sun kuma ziyarci marasa lafiyan da aka sallame su domin duba lafiyarsu da inganta harkokin kiwon lafiya. Makarantar Sabis na Lafiya Oluwole ya kuma maida hankalinsa kan yaran da suka kai makaranta. Ko da yake, ana koyar da tsafta a makarantu da yawa, galibi na ka'ida ne kuma ba shi da fa'ida mai amfani da gani. A shekarar 1927 ya ziyarci makarantu kusan 57 a yankin Legas inda ya duba yanayin tsaftar makarantun; Bayan shekara guda ya yi irin wannan tafiye-tafiye. Oluwole ya ga wasu nakasu a yanayin tsaftar makarantun sannan ya ba da shawarar wasu magunguna. A cikin shekarar 1930, an kafa dokoki waɗanda suka wajaba don duba tsaftar makarantu na wajibi da kuma duba lafiyar ɗalibai a duk bayan shekaru uku. Babban makasudin shine gano cututtukan da wasu yara suka kamu da su, don ba da magani don rage cututtuka da kuma ilmantar da malaman makaranta game da ingantattun hanyoyin kiwon lafiya da tsafta. A cikin shekarar 1940 an ba Oluwole lambar yabo ta Daular Birtaniya (OBE). Lokacin da ya rasu a shekarar 1953 an san shi a matsayin uban kiwon lafiyar jama'a a Najeriya. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

8862

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umaru%20Tanko%20Al-Makura

Umaru Tanko Al-Makura

Umar Tanko Almakura shine tsohon gwamnan jihar Nasarawa, ya zama gwamnan jihar ne tun a shekarar 2011 bayan ya samu nasara a babban Zaben gwamnan jihar karkashin jam'iyyar CPC, shi kadai ne gwamna da ya samu Nasara yaci zabe a jam'iyyar. Farkon Rayuwa An haifi Al-makura a shekara ta 1952 a Lafia, Jihar Nasarawa a cikin kabilar Gwandara. Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Dunama, Lafia (1959-1966), Kwalejin Malamai ta Keffi (1967-1971) sannan ya halarci Kwalejin Ilimi ta Gwamnati, Uyo (1972-75). A shekarar 1975 ya kasance mataimakin furodusa a gidan radiyon Arewacin Najeriya. Daga nan ya wuce Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya (1975 1978), inda ya kammala karatunsa na farko a fannin ilimi. Yayi hidimar kasa a matsayin malami a Kwalejin Gwamnati, Makurdi. A shekarar 1978 ya kafa kamfanin Almakura Nigeria Limited, yana shigo da kayan aikin gona da masana’antu daga kasashen waje da kuma daga baya ya shiga harkar raya gidaje da dukiya a matsayinsa na shugaban kamfanin Ta'al Nigeria Limited, tare da kadarorin Abuja, Legas, Kano da Washington DC, Amurka. Ya mallaki Ta'al Lake Resort, Abuja da Ta'al Conference Hotel, Lafia. Siyasa A 1980, Almakura ya zama shugaban matasa na jam'iyyar NPN ta kasa a da. Jihar Filato. An zabe shi a majalisar dokokin kasa ta 1988-89, mai wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Lafia-Obi wadda ke a yanzu jihar Nasarawa. Ya kasance sakataren jam’iyyar National Republican Convention (NRC) na jiha a jihar Filato daga 1990 zuwa 1992. Al-makura ya zama dan jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party (PDP) a jihar Nasarawa a 1998. Al-Makura ya fice daga PDP bayan ya sha kaye a zaben fidda gwani na takarar gwamnan Nasarawa. An zabi Al-Makura a matsayin gwamnan jihar Nasarawa Nigeria a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 2011, a tutar jam'iyyar Congress for Progressive Change (CPC). Ya doke gwamna mai ci, Aliyu Akwe-Doma na jam'iyyar PDP. Yunkurin Tsigeshi A ranar 14 ga Yuli, 2014 Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Nasarawa ya ba da sanarwar tsige magatakardar Majalisar da ya yi wa Tanko Al-Makura aiki. An ce kakakin majalisar ya ba da sanarwar ga Al-Makura kai tsaye ta hanyar kafafen yada labarai. Takardar na kunshe da zarge-zargen da ake yi na rashin da’a, kuma ‘yan majalisar ashirin daga cikin ashirin da hudu ne suka sanya wa hannu. ’Yan jam’iyyar PDP ashirin ne suka goyi bayan tsige shi amma ‘ya’yan jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC) hudu suka yi sukaki yarda da a tsige shi. A ranar 17 ga watan Yuli ne majalisar ta yanke shawarar cewa za a ba da sanarwar tsigewar ta kafafen yada labarai, tun da gwamnan ya kaucewa yin aikin da ya wajaba a kansa. A ranar 20 ga watan Yulin 2014 ne sarakunan Nasarawa sun yi kira ga bangarorin biyu da su guji gudanar da gangami ko kuma nuna adawa da tsige shi domin gudun tashin hankali a fadin jihar, A ranar 23 ga Yuli, 'yan majalisar hudu sun yi kokarin kwace sandar kakakin majalisar don jinkirta wani kudiri na neman babban alkalin jihar ya kafa kwamitin mutum bakwai don duba zarge-zargen da ake yi na rashin da'a. ‘Yan majalisar sun gana bayan mintuna 20 inda suka amince da kudirin da kuri’u ashirin da hudu. Zargin cin hanci da rashawa A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2021, jaridar Premium Times ta ruwaito cewa Hukumar Yaki da yi wa Tattalin Arziki kasa Ta’annati ta kama Al-Makura da matarsa, Mairo bisa “zargin cin amana da almubazzaranci da kudade” a lokacin da Al-Makura yake a matsayin Gwamnan Jihar Nasarawa. Premium Times ta ruwaito cewa an kama shi ne sakamakon wani bincike da aka gudanar kan wasu mu’amalolin da suka shafi asusun ajiyar banki na ma’auratan da kasuwancinsu. Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa, an tura makudan kudaden gwamnatin jihar zuwa wani kamfani mallakin Al-makura da matarsa wanda hakan ya haifar da fargabar rikicin sha'anin sha'awa tare da karkatar da wasu shakku daga 'yan kwangilar gwamnatin jihar zuwa wasu asusu 55 da Al-makura da matarsa ke kula da su. Washegari Al-Makura ya fitar da wata sanarwa ta hannun babban sakataren yada labaransa Danjuma Joseph inda ya ce ba a kama Al-Makura ba, maimakon haka an gayyace su ne don su bafa bahasi.” Sanarwar ta kuma ruwaito Al-Makura yana cewa, "jita-jitar da aka yada kan wai an kamashi ta ba shi mamaki kuma ya bayyana hakan a matsayin karya mara tushe. Manazarta Ƴan siyasan Najeriya Gwamnonin jihar

57466

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20Clarity

Honda Clarity

[[File:2019 Honda Clarity Fuel Cell (SIAM 2019).jpg|2019_Honda_Clarity_Fuel_Cell_(SIAM_2019)|right|300px[] Honda Clarity wani farantin suna ne da Honda ke amfani da shi akan madadin motocin mai An fara amfani da shi ne kawai a kan motocin lantarki na man fetur na hydrogen kamar 2008 Honda FCX Clarity, amma a cikin 2017 an fadada sunan sunan don haɗawa da baturi-lantarki Honda Clarity Electric da plug-in matasan lantarki Honda Clarity Plug-in Hybrid, ban da na gaba tsara Honda Clarity Fuel Cell Samar da tsabta ya ƙare a watan Agusta 2021 tare da hayar Amurka don bambance-bambancen tantanin mai ya ci gaba har zuwa 2022. Honda FCX Clarity (2008-2014) Tarihi The Honda FCX Clarity dogara ne a kan 2006 Honda FCX Concept kuma samuwa kawai a matsayin hydrogen man fetur abin hawa lantarki Clarity na FCX yana da halayen motar lantarki kamar hayakin sifiri yayin da yake ba da lokutan mai na minti biyar da dogon zango a cikin babban aikin sedan. Ita ce farkon abin hawa hydrogen man fetur samuwa ga abokan ciniki. An fara samarwa a watan Yuni 2008 tare da yin haya a Amurka wanda aka fara a watan Yuli 2008. An gabatar da shi a Japan a watan Nuwamba 2008. FCX Clarity yana samuwa don haya a cikin Amurka, Japan da Turai A Amurka, yana samuwa ne kawai ga abokan cinikin da ke zaune a Kudancin California inda akwai tashoshin mai da hydrogen da yawa. An yi hayar FCX Clarity akan a wata a cikin 2010, gami da ɗaukar haɗari, kulawa, taimakon gefen hanya da man hydrogen. Akwai kusan wasu 10 akan haya a Japan da kuma wasu 10 a Turai a cikin 2009. Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da ke haifar da ƙarancin adadin motoci a cikin Amurka shine rashin tashoshi na hydrogen. A cikin 2014 Honda ya sanar da fitar da FCX Clarity. Daga 2008 zuwa 2015, Honda ya yi hayar jimlar raka'a 48 FCX a Amurka. Ƙayyadaddun bayanai Wutar lantarki ta FCX Clarity ta fito ne daga 100kW Honda Vertical Flow (V Flow) tarin kwayar man fetur ta hydrogen inda ake samar da wutar lantarki akan buƙata. Dangane da yawancin motocin lantarki, motar tana da birki mai sabuntawa kuma tana amfani da baturi daban don adana makamashin da aka samu yayin birki. Motar lantarki ta dogara ne akan motar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin EV Plus, wanda aka ƙididdige shi a da 189 lb⋅ft (256 N⋅m) karfin juyi a 0 3056rpm. Kewayo akan cikakken tankin hydrogen (4.1kg 5000psi) an tabbatar da EPA a An kiyasta motar zata yi kusan kowace kilogiram na hydrogen a cikin birni, kowace babbar hanya ta kilogram da kowace kilogiram a hade tuki. Zane Bayanin FCX yana da kusan ya gajarta fiye da yarjejeniyar Honda ta 2008. Nunin da ke cikin dashboard ɗin ya haɗa da ɗigon da ke canza launi da girma yayin da amfani da hydrogen ke girma, don sauƙaƙe wa direban don lura da ingancin tuƙi. Nuni daban yana nuna matakin ƙarfin baturi kuma wani yana nuna fitowar mota. Ana sanya ma'aunin saurin gudu sama da nunin jirgin don sauƙaƙa wa direba ya sa ido akan hanya. A ciki, kayan ado a kan kujeru da rufin ƙofa ana yin su da Bio-Fabric na shuka na Honda. Production An samar da FCX Clarity a Japan a wani keɓaɓɓen layin haɗin man fetur-cell-motoci a cikin Cibiyar Sabbin Mota ta Honda Automobile Takanezawa-machi, Shioya-gun, Tochigi Prefecture An samar da tarin man fetur da kansa a Honda Engineering Co., Ltd. Haga-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi Prefecture). An ba da rahoton cewa Honda na shirin bayar da motar jigilar mai ta hydrogen a farashi mai gasa tare da manyan motoci masu girman man fetur nan da shekarar 2020 duk da cewa wanda ya riga ya yi da hannu a shekarar 2005 zuwa Clarity ya kai kusan dala miliyan 1. A cikin Yuli 2014 Honda ya sanar da FCX Clarity za a daina kuma maye gurbinsu da wani sabon kuma mafi girma-girma hydrogen man-cell abin hawa da za a gabatar. Kudin gudu An bayar da rahoton a shekara ta 2009 cewa hydrogen da aka yi daga iskar gas ya kai kimanin dala 5 zuwa dala 10 a kowace kilogiram a California, kuma bayan matsawa farashin da kudin sufuri, ana sayar da shi kan dala 12 zuwa dala 14 a kowace kilogiram. Ko da yake ya ninka daidai da adadin man fetur a lokacin bazara na shekara ta 2009, motocin da ke amfani da man fetur sun ninka ingancin irin wannan samfurin tare da injin mai. Matsakaicin FCX Clarity ya kai 60 mi (100 km) da kilogiram na hydrogen. Siffofin Fasalolin FCX Clarity sun haɗa da rediyon motar AM-FM tare da na'urar CD, haɗin kai don iPod da iPhone, tashar USB, shigarwar taimako, tsarin kewayawa GPS mai kunna murya, rediyon tauraron dan adam XM, wuraren zama na zane, Bluetooth, da kayan aikin dijital. liyafar Tun lokacin da aka bayyana motar a 2007 Los Angeles Auto Show, an ruwaito a watan Mayu 2008 akwai mutane 50,000 da ke tambaya game da motar ta hanyar yanar gizon

30202

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kididdigar%20masu%20fitar%20da%20hayaki

Kididdigar masu fitar da hayaki

ƙididdigar (ko ƙididdiga masu fitar da hayaki lissafin adadin gurɓataccen abu ne da aka fitar a cikin yanayi Ƙirar ƙira yawanci tana ƙunshe da jimillar hayaki ɗaya ko fiye da ƙayyadaddun iskar gas ko gurɓataccen iska, Kuma wanda ya samo asali daga duk nau'ikan tushe a cikin wani yanki na yanki da cikin ƙayyadadden lokaci, yawanci shekara ta musamman. Gaba ɗaya ƙididdige ƙirƙira ana siffanta shi da abubuwa masu zuwa: Me yasa Nau'in ayyukan da ke haifar da hayaki Abin da Sinadari ko ainihin zahiri na gurɓatattun abubuwan da aka haɗa, da adadinsu Inda Yankin yanki da aka rufe Lokacin Lokacin lokacin da ake ƙididdige fitar da hayaki Ta yaya Hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita An tattara abubuwan ƙirƙira don aikace-aikacen kimiyya duka da kuma amfani da su a cikin tsarin manufofin. Amfani Fitowar hayaki da sakewa ga muhalli sune farkon kowace matsala ta gurɓacewar muhalli. Don haka bayani kan hayaki babban buƙatu ne wajen fahimtar matsalolin muhalli da kuma lura da ci gaban da ake samu wajen magance waɗannan. Kuma Kayayyakin ƙira suna ba da irin wannan bayanin. An ƙirƙira abubuwan ƙirƙira don dalilai daban-daban: Amfani da manufofin: ta masu tsara manufofin zuwa bibiyar ci gaban da aka samu zuwa ga maƙasudin rage fitar da iska inganta dabaru da manufofi ko Amfani da Kimiyya Masana kimiyya suna amfani da abubuwan ƙirƙira na abubuwan da ke fitar da iskar dabi'a a matsayin abubuwan shigar da samfuran ingancin iska. Amfani da manufofin An ɓullo da fiye ko žasa nau'ikan tsare-tsaren bayar da rahoton masu zaman kansu: Rahoton shekara-shekara na jimillar fitar da iskar gas da gurɓataccen iska na ƙasa don amsa wajibai a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa; irin wannan nau'in rahoton fitar da hayaki yana da nufin sa ido kan ci gaban da aka amince da shi wajen rage yawan hayaki na kasa; Rahoto na yau da kullun ta wuraren masana'antu guda ɗaya don amsa wajibai na doka; irin wannan nau'in rahotannin fitar da hayaki an haɓaka shi ne don tallafawa sa hannun jama'a wajen yanke shawara. Misalai na farko su ne abubuwan da ake fitar da hayaki na shekara-shekara kamar yadda aka bayar da rahoto ga Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Sauyin yanayi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNFCCC) don iskar gas da kuma Yarjejeniyar UNECE kan gurbatar iska mai nisa mai tsayi (LRTAP) don gurbatar iska. A cikin Amurka, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta ƙasae Amurka ce ke buga ƙididdiga ta ƙasa kowace shekara. Ana kiran wannan kirga “National Emissions Inventory”, kuma ana iya samun shi a nan: Misalai na biyu su ne abin da ake kira Fitar da Rajistar Ƙira da Canja wurin Masu amfani da manufofin yawanci suna sha'awar jimillar hayaƙin shekara-shekara kawai. Amfanin kimiyya Samfuran ingancin iska suna buƙatar shigarwa don bayyana duk tushen gurɓataccen iska a yankin binciken. Abubuwan da ke fitar da iska suna ba da irin wannan bayanin. Sanna Kuma Dangane da ƙudirin sararin samaniya da na ɗan lokaci na ƙirar, ƙudirin sararin samaniya da na ɗan lokaci na abubuwan ƙirƙira akai-akai dole ne a ƙaru fiye da abin da ake samu daga abubuwan ƙirƙira na ƙasa kamar yadda aka ruwaito ga yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa. Tari Ga kowane ɗayan gurɓataccen abu a cikin abubuwan da ake fitarwa ana ƙididdige su ta hanyar ninka ƙarfin kowane aikin da ya dace ('ƙimar aiki') a cikin yanki na yanki da tsawon lokaci tare da ƙarancin dogaro mai ƙazanta akai-akai sabawar fitarwa Me ya sa: tushen nau'ikan Don tattara kaya mai fitar da hayaki, dole ne a gano da ƙididdige duk tushen abubuwan da suka gurbata. Sanna Kuma Abubuwan da ake yawan amfani da su akai-akai sune waɗanda Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun IPCC ta bayyana a cikin 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories kuma mafi kwanan nan 2006 Jagoran IPCC don Kayayyakin Gas na Greenhouse na ƙasa waɗanda aka ayyana a cikin Yarjejeniyar UNECE kan gurɓacewar iska mai iyaka (LRTAP); kwanan nan Yarjejeniyar LRTAP ta amince da rarrabuwar tushe wanda ya yi daidai da na IPCC, don maye gurbin ƙarin fasahar da aka daidaita daidaitattun Nomenclature for Air Pollutants (SNAP) da aka yi amfani da shi har zuwa shekarata 2005. Dukansu nau'ikan tushe suna bayyani sarai tsakanin hanyoyin da ke da alaƙa da konewar (burbushin man fetur) da waɗanda ba konewa ke haifar da su ba. Kuma A mafi yawan lokuta takamaiman man da aka ƙone a cikin tsohon ana ƙara shi zuwa ma'anar tushe. Rukunin tushen sun haɗa da: Makamashi Konewar mai Konewa a tsaye Konewar masana'antu dumama wurin zama Konewar wayar hannu (transport) Fitowar da ake fitarwa daga (burbushin) amfani mai Hanyoyin Masana'antu Solvent da sauran amfani da samfur Noma LULUCF (Amfani da Kasa, Canjin Amfani da Kasa da Dazuka) Sharar gida Yawancin masu bincike da ayyukan bincike suna amfani da rarrabuwar tushen tushen kansu, wani lokacin bisa ko dai IPCC ko nau'ikan tushen SNAP, amma a mafi yawan lokuta za a haɗa nau'ikan tushen da aka jera a sama. Abin da: gurɓatacce An ƙirƙira abubuwan ƙirƙira kuma har yanzu ana haɓaka su don manyan ƙungiyoyi biyu na gurɓataccen abu: Gas na Greenhouse Carbon dioxide (CO 2 Methane (CH 4 Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) da Yawan mahaɗan gaseous masu kyalli (HFCs, PFCs, SF 6 Sauran iskar gas, ba a haɗa su a cikin Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin Yanayi UNFCCC Gurbacewar iska Acidifying gurbatawa sulfur dioxide (SO 2 nitrogen oxides (NO x, hade da nitrogen monoxide, NO da nitrogen dioxide, NO 2 da kuma ammonia (NH 3 Photochemical smog precursors sake nitrogen oxides da wadanda ba methane maras tabbas Organic mahadi (NMVOCs) Ƙarfafawa da ɓarna masu ƙima Guda masu guba kamar karafa masu nauyi da kuma gurɓatattun ƙwayoyin halitta Carbon monoxide (CO) Inda: ƙudurin yanki Yawanci kayan ƙirƙira na ƙasa suna ba da bayanai da aka taƙaita a cikin ƙasa kawai. A wasu lokuta ana samun ƙarin bayani akan manyan rijiyoyin masana'antu ('spoint source'). Har ila yau, ana kiran tambura maki, shiyasa saboda ba duk hayaki ke fitowa daga tari ba. Sauran hanyoyin masana'antu sun haɗa da hayaƙi mai gudu, waɗanda ba za a iya danganta su da kowane wurin sakin ba. An tattara wasu kayan ƙirƙira daga ƙananan hukumomi kamar jihohi da gundumomi (a cikin Amurka), waɗanda zasu iya samar da ƙarin ƙudurin sararin samaniya. A cikin aikace-aikacen kimiyya, inda ake buƙatar ƙuduri mafi girma, bayanan yanki kamar yawan yawan jama'a, amfani da ƙasa ko wasu bayanai na iya samar da kayan aiki don rarraba fitar da matakin ƙasa zuwa ƙudurin da ake buƙata, Kuma daidai da ƙudurin yanki na samfurin. Lokacin: ƙuduri na ɗan lokaci Hakazalika, masana'antun fitar da hayaki na kasa suna samar da jimillar hayaki a cikin wata takamaiman shekara, bisa kididdigar kasa. A wasu aikace-aikacen ƙirar ana buƙatar mafi girman ƙuduri na ɗan lokaci, misali lokacin yin ƙirar matsalolin ingancin iska mai alaƙa da jigilar hanya. A irin waɗannan lokuta ana iya amfani da bayanai akan ƙarfin zirga-zirga masu dogaro da lokaci (awanni gaggawa, sannnan ƙarshen mako da kwanakin aiki, yanayin tuƙi na lokacin rani da lokacin sanyi, da sauransu) don kafa ƙudurin ɗan lokaci mai girma da ake buƙata. Abubuwan ƙirƙira da aka haɗa daga Ci gaba da saka idanu masu sakawa (CEMs) na iya samar da bayanan fitar da hayaki na sa'a. Ta yaya: dabarar tattara kayan da ake fitarwa Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai ta sabunta bugu na uku na littafin jagora a cikin shekarar 2007. Kwamitin UNECE/EMEP ne ya shirya littafin jagora akan Kayayyakin Kayayyaki da Hasashe kuma yana ba da cikakken jagora ga hanyoyin ƙirƙira hayaki na yanayi. Musamman don Sufurin Hanya Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai tana ba da kuɗin COPERT 4, shirin software don ƙididdige hayaki wanda za a haɗa shi cikin kayan ƙirƙira na ƙasa na shekara-shekara. inganci Ingancin kayan da ake fitarwa ya dogara da amfani da shi. A cikin aikace-aikacen manufofin, Kuma ƙididdiga ya kamata ya bi duk abin da aka yanke shawara a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar da ta dace. Duka UNFCCC da LRTAP yarjejeniya suna buƙatar ƙira don bin ƙa'idodin ingancin da ke ƙasa (duba Ya kamata ƙayyadadden ƙayyadaddun ƙira ya haɗa da isassun takardu da sauran bayanai don baiwa masu karatu da masu amfani damar fahimtar zato da kuma tantance amfanin sa a cikin aikace-aikacen da aka yi niyya. Duba wasu abubuwan Fasali na fitarwa Haɗakarwa &amp; Haɗin Bayanan Bayanai Kayayyakin gas na Greenhouse Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Abubuwan ƙirƙira na ƙasa na GhG da aka fitar a cikin 2019 (UNFCCC ta karɓa a cikin 2021) Sources da ƙarin karatu Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin yanayi Kwamitin Tsakanin gwamnatoci kan Canjin Yanayi Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka: Gidan Tsara don Kayayyaki da Abubuwan Haɓakawa Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka: Bayanan Haɓaka Iskar Gas na Ƙasa Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka: Kayayyakin Saki na Guba Hukumar Muhalli ta Turai EMEP/CORINAIR Littafin Jagorar Inventory Inventory 2009 Taswirar Iskar Iska mai Guba ta Amurka COPERT 4 Shirin Kwamfuta don ƙididdige fitar da hayaki daga sufurin hanya Hanyar da za a ƙididdige fitar da hayaki Hanyoyin sufuri Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

13292

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronavirus%202019

Koronavirus 2019

Cutar Korona virus ce ta 2019 da turanci kuma 'coronavirus disease 2019' a takaice ('COVID-19') cuta ce mai hadari sosai da take da lahani ta kan sa matsanancin ciwo mai dauke dawayar cuta ta corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).Cutar ta yaɗu a duniya tun daga shekarar 2019, wanda ta haifar da yaɗuwar cutar sankara a shekarar 2019, cutace Wanda ya halaka mutane da dama a fadin Duniya durkusar da masana`antu Yin suna Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta sanar a ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2020 cewa "COVID-19" zai kasance suna a hukumance da akayi wa cutar. Shugaban Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus ya ce "to" ya tsaya ne ga "Corona", "vi" ga "virus (kwayar cutar)" "disease (cuta)", yayin da "19" ke nufin a shekarar 2019 da aka fara samun bullowar cutar a cikin ta, kamar yadda aka fara gano cutar a ranar 31 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2019. Tedros ya ce an zabi sunan ne don kauce wa nassoshi game da takamaiman wuri na kasar (watau Kasar Sin) da cutar ta faro daga gare ta, nau'in dabbobi, ko gungun mutane daidai da shawarwarin kasa da kasa don yin suna don nufin hana tarzoma. Cutar ta kasance mai suna COVID-19 yayin da WHO ta sake canza sunan cutar a matsayin SARS-COV-2 ta WHO amatsayin suna na ilimin lafiya. Alamu da bayyana Kwayar cutar tana yaduwa daga mutum daya zuwa wasu ta hanyar samun ruwa ko wani abu mai nau'in ruwa (hattat iska) ko jini, kwayar cutar, majina, yawu koma ta numfashi, yawanci ana samu ne yayin tari ko atishawa daga mai'dauke da ita. Lokaci daga samuwa zuwa farkon bayyanar cutar yakan kai gaba ɗaya tsakanin kwana goma sha hudu ne ko mako biyu zuwa 3, tare da matsakaiciyar nunawa a cikin kwana biyar ko dadaddiyar lokaci shine kwana arba'in. Ainihin hanyar ganewar asali ita ce ta hanyar juyar da sarkoki na sarkokin (rRT-PCR) daga samfurin nasopharyngeal swab ko samfurin sputum. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da assay na antibody, ta amfani da samfurin jini Hakanan ana iya gano kamuwa da cutar daga haduwa da alamun cutar da aka bayyana, abubuwan hadari, da kuma kirjin CT scan wanda ke nuna fasalin ciwon huhu, shima yanayi ne na gano mai cutar. Matakan da aka ba da shawarar hana yaduwar cutar sun hada da wanke hannu da sabulu akai-akai, daina shafar fuska, kiyayewa da yin nesa-nesa daga sauran mutane, da kuma taba fuskar mutum. Yin amfani da takunkumi (masks) ga wadanda suke zargin suna da kwayar cutar, saboda kada su yada shi, da kuma masu kulawa dasu, amma a shawarar amfani da abin rufe fuska ga sauran jama'a. Babu allurar rigakafi ko takamaiman maganin rigakafi don COVID-19 ayanzu; gudanarwa ya kunshi lura da alamun kuwa da cutar, kulawa ga masu taimakon Kansu (Dan kada suje su dauko su yaɗa, da matakan gwajin wanda basu dashi amma suke zargin sun kamu. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya wato World Health Organization (WHO) ta bayyana cewa, 2019-20 coronavirus ta watsu a ko'ina dan haka ta zama pandemic (cutar dake ko'ina kuma kowa na kamawa), kuma a Harkokin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a gaggawa na kasa da kasa Damuwa (PHEIC). An samu tabbacin watsa kwayar cutar a cikin kasashe da yawa a duk yankuna shida na Duniya da WHO take. Wadanda ke kamuwa da kwayar cutar na iya zama asymptomatic ko habaka alamomin kamuwa da mura wadanda suka hada da zazzabi, tari, da gajeruwar numfashi. Zawo gudawa da alamomi na sama kamar fitar da jini yayin tari, ko ciwon makogwaro ba su da yawa. Alamun na iya ci gaba har zuwa ga ciwon huhu, gabar kwayoyin cuta da dama, da mutuwa a cikin mafi hadari. Lokacin fitar wadannan alamu ya fara ne daga kwanaki biyu zuwa kwanaki 14, tare da kiyasta tsintsiyar tsakanin kwanaki biyar zuwa kwanaki shida, a cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO). Cutar ta Symptomatic tana daukar tsawon kwanaki zuwa makonni, kuma tsawon lokacin yana daidaita da sauran maganganun kiwon lafiya na ci gaba a cikin mutum. Wani binciken da aka yi a China ya gano cewa zane na CT ya nuna alamun gilashin kasa a cikin kashi 56%, amma 18% basu da binciken rediyo. 5% an shigar da su cikin rukunin kulawa mai zurfi, 2.3% na bukatar tallafin injiniyoyi na samun iska kuma 1.4% ya mutu. Abubuwan hadin gilasai na kasa da na waje sune mafi yawan abubuwan binciken CT. Solarfafawa, daidaitattun hanyoyin layi da alamar halo sune sauran binciken rediyo. Da farko, raunuka suna iyakance ga huhu daya, amma yayin da cutar ke ci gaba, alamomi sun bayyana a cikin huhu biyu a cikin 88% na abin da ake kira "mara lafiya marasa lafiya" a cikin rukuni na binciken (rago don lokacin tsakanin bayyanar cututtuka da kirji CT ya 6-12 kwana). An lura cewa yara suna da alamu marasa sauƙi fiye da manya. Sanadi Cutar tana haifar da kwayar cuta wadda ake saurin kamuwa da ita, cutar corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), wacce a yanzu ita ake kira a matsayin corona virus na shekara ta 2019 (2019-nCoV). An fara yada shi tsakanin mutane ne ta hanyar shakar numfashi ko majina daga hanci. Gabar huhu itace cutar COVID-19 tafi wa lahani ajikin mutum saboda virus na samun kaiwa enzyme ACE2 na jikin wanda ya kamu da cutar ne, wanda kuma suke nan da yawa a nnau'i irib II alveolar cells dake huhu. The virus uses a special surface glycoprotein, called "spike", to connect to ACE2 and intrude the hosting cell. The density of ACE2 in each tissue correlates with the severity of the disease in that tissue and some have suggested that decreasing ACE2 activity might be protective, though another view is that increasing ACE2 using Angiotensin II receptor blocker drugs could be protective and that these hypotheses need to be tested by datamining of clinical patient records. As the alveolar disease progresses respiratory failure might develop and death might ensue. ACE2 might also be the path for the virus to assault the heart causing acute cardiac injury. People with existing cardiovascular conditions have worst prognosis. Kwayar cutar ana tunanin tana da asali ne ta dabbobi. An ba da shi ta farko ga 'yan Adam a Wuhan, kasar Sin, a watan Nuwamba ko Disamba 2019, kuma asalin tushen kamuwa da cuta ya zama kwayar cutar-da-mutum zuwa farkon watan Janairu shekara ta 2020. Gwaji Hukumar lafiya ta Dumiya wato WHO ta buga da yawa gwaje-gwaje akan cutar. Na ainihi yadda ake gwajin cutar shine real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). The test can be done on respiratory samples obtained by various methods, including nasopharyngeal swab or sputum sample. Results are generally available within a few hours to 2 days. Blood tests can be used, but these require two blood samples taken two weeks apart and the results have little immediate value. Chinese scientists were able to isolate a strain of the coronavirus and publish the genetic sequence so that laboratories across the world could independently develop polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests to detect infection by the virus. Hakanan za'a iya yin gwajin COVID-19 tare da kayan gwajin rigakafin. Magungunan rigakafi suna amfani da samfurin kwayar jini kuma yana iya samar da sakamako mai kyau ko da mutumin ya warke kuma cutar bata sake kasancewa ba. Wata tawaga ce ta farko da kungiyar kwalliya ta nuna a Kwalejin Ilimin cuta ta Wuhan a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 2020. A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, wata kungiya daga Duke NUS Medical School a Singapore ta ba da sanarwar wani gwajin rigakafi don COVID-19 wanda zai iya ba da sakamako a cikin 'yan kwanaki. Jagororin bincike na asibitin Zhongnan na jami'ar Wuhan sun ba da shawarar hanyoyi don gano cututtukan cututtukan da suka danganta da sifofin asibiti da haɗarin cututtukan cututtukan. Wadannan sun hada da gano mutanen da ke da alamomi akalla biyu daga cikin alamu baya ga tarihin tafiya zuwa Wuhan ko tuntuɓar wasu mutanen da suka kamu da cutar: zazzabi, fasalolin kamuwa da cutar huhu, al'ada ko rage adadin ƙwayoyin farin jini, ko rage yawan ƙwayoyin cutar ta lymphocyte. Nazarin da wata tawaga ta buga a Asibitin Tongji da ke Wuhan a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu 2020 ya nuna cewa kirjin CT scan na COVID-19 yana da hankali sosai (98%) fiye da karuwar polymerase (71%). Sakamakon mara kyau na ƙila na iya faruwa saboda faɗuwar kit ɗin PCR, ko saboda ko dai batutuwa tare da samfurin ko batutuwan da suke yin gwajin. Sakamakon tabbatacce na ƙila ya zama da wuya. Saboda allurar rigakafin SARS-CoV-2 ba a tsammanin ta kasance har zuwa 2021 a farkon, wani sashi mai mahimmanci na kulawa da cutar ta COVID-19 na ƙoƙarin rage kololuwar ƙwayar cuta, wanda aka sani da karkatar da cutar Wannan yana taimakawa rage haɗarin ayyukan kiwon lafiya da ake fama da shi kuma yana ba da ƙarin lokaci don allurar rigakafi da magani. Matakan rigakafin don rage damar kamuwa da cuta a wurare tare da barkewar cutar sun yi kama da waɗanda aka buga don wasu coronaviruses: zauna gida, guji tafiya da ayyukan jama'a, wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwan zafi sau da yawa, gudanar da aikin tsabtace numfashi kuma ku guji taɓawa idanu, hanci, ko baki da hannayensu marasa wanke-wanke. Dabarun nesanta kansu da jama'a suna nufin rage abokan hulɗa da masu cutar tare da manyan ƙungiyoyi ta hanyar rufe makarantu da wuraren aiki, da takaita tafiye-tafiye da soke taron jama'a. To prevent transmission of the virus, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that infected individuals stay home except to get medical care, call ahead before visiting a healthcare provider, wear a face mask when exposed to an individual or location of a suspected infection, cover coughs and sneezes with a tissue, regularly wash hands with soap and water, and avoid sharing personal household items. The CDC also recommends that individuals wash hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after going to the toilet or when hands are visibly dirty, before eating and after blowing one's nose, coughing, or sneezing. It further recommended using an alcohol-based hand sanitiser with at least 60% alcohol, but only when soap and water are not readily available. The WHO advises individuals to avoid touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands. Spitting in public places also should be avoided. Rigakafi/Kulawa Don hana yaduwar COVID-19: Tsaftace hannuwanku sau da yawa. Yi amfani da sabulu da ruwa, ko rubin da keɓaɓɓiyar hannu. Kiyaye nesa daga duk wani mai amai da hancinsa. Sanya abin rufe fuska lokacin jin jiki ba zai yiwu ba. Karka taɓa idanun ka, hanci ko bakinka. Rufe hanci da bakinka tare da gwiwarka hannunka mai lanƙwasa ko nama a yayin da kake tari ko hurawa. Ka kasance a gida idan kana jin rashin lafiya. Idan kana da zazzabi, tari da wahala numfashi, nemi likita. Kira a gaba yana ba wa mai kula da lafiyarku kai tsaye kai tsaye zuwa ga ingantacciyar cibiyar lafiya. Wannan yana kiyaye ku, kuma yana hana yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran kamuwa da cuta. abin rufe fuska abin rufe fuska na iya taimakawa wajen hana yaduwar kwayar cutar daga mutumin da ke sanya abin rufe fuska ga wasu. abin rufe fuska kadai ba su da kariya daga COVID-19, kuma ya kamata a haɗe shi da damuwa ta jiki da tsabtace hannu. Bi shawarar da karamar hukuma ta ba ku. Babu magungunan rigakafi da aka keɓance su ga COVID-19 ayanzu. Ana kulawa da marasa lafiya ne tare da kulawar taimakawar ruwa da kuma iska (maganin oxygen). Ana gwajin magungunan rigakafin da ake bincike a jikin mutanen da ke da mummunar cuta. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya WHO) da Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta kasar China sun wallafa shawarwarin neman magani da za'a bi game da kulawa da mutanen da ke asibiti tare cutar ta COVID-19. Steroids kamar methylprednisolone bada shawarar yin anfani dasu sai dai idan cutar ta rikita ta hanyar matsananciyar damuwa na matsananciyar damuwa mai jinya. CDC ta ba da shawarar cewa waɗanda suke zargin suna dauke da kwayar cutar su keɓance kansu, kuma mutane su riƙa wanke hannu akai-akai, da rufe hanci idan zasu yi atishawa ko hamma, su wanke hannu da sabulu idan sun fyace majina. Kula da mutanen da suka kamu da cutar ya haɗa da kiyaye kai da aiwatar da therapeutic manoeuvres, musamman sanda kuke aiwatar da abubuwa kamar intubation or hand ventilation waɗanda zasu iya haifar da aerosols. Sai dai CDC ta bayar da abubuwan da za'ayi amfani dasu dan kare kai daga cutar kamar haka, da kuma yadda masu aikin kiwon lafiya zasu yi anfani dashi lokacin da Duke kula da mara lafiya (mai ɗauke da cutar ta Covid-19: na farko -1) A sanya babbar riga da zai rufe dukan jiki (wato gown), 2) A sanya abunda zai rufe hanci ba na tsumma ba, saidai abun da ke taimakawa wurin shaƙar iska maikyau (wato mask or respirator), 3) Gilas ko tabarau (wato goggles or a face shield), 4) safar hannu ba ta tsumma ba (wato gloves). A watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2020, kasar Sin ta bullo da wani tsarin wayar hannu don shawo kan barkewar cutar. Ana tambayar masu amfani don shigar da sunan su da lambar ID. The app damar iya gano 'kusa lamba' ta amfani da sa ido don haka wani hadarin kamuwa da cuta. Kowane mai amfani zai iya bincika matsayin sauran masu amfani uku. Idan aka gano yiwuwar haɗari, ƙa'idar ba wai kawai tana bada shawarar karancin kansa bane, yana kuma faɗakar da jami'an kiwon lafiyar na cikin gida. Bincike WHO ta ba da shawarar masu sa kai su shiga cikin gwaji na inganci da amincin yiwuwar jiyya. Akwai tabbatattun shaidu don sakewa tun daga Maris 2020. Hakanan ana yin karatun Lopinavir/ritonavir a China. An fara binciken Chloroquine a kasar Sin a watan Fabrairu na 2020, tare da sakamakon farko da ya yi daidai. An ba da shawarar Nitazoxanide don cigaba cikin binciken vivo bayan nuna ƙarancin maida hankali sosai na SARS-CoV-2 Ilimin ɗabi'ar ɗan'Adam Mutane masu kamuwa da cutar na iya fuskantar damuwa daga keɓe, ƙuntatawa na tafiya, sakamakon babu magani, ko tsoron kamuwa da cutar ma kanta. Hasashe Yawancin wadanda suka mutu sanadiyar cutar COVID-19 suna da rashin lafiya kafin nan, kamar su hawan-jini, ciwon-siga, da cardiovascular disease. A wani bincike a farkon bullar cutar, an gane cewa matsakaicin lokacin rayuwar mutum bayan kamuwarsa da mutuwarsa shine kwana goma sha hudu (14), ko daga 6 zuwa kwana 41. In a study by the National Health Commission (NHC) of China, men had a death rate of 2.8% while women had a death rate of 1.7%. In those under the age of 50 the risk of death is less than 0.5%, while in those over the age of 70 it is more than 8%. No deaths had occurred in patients under the age of 10 Availability of medical resources and the socioeconomics of a region may also affect mortality. Histopathological examinations of post-mortem lung samples showed diffuse alveolar damage with cellular fibromyxoid exudates in both lungs. Viral cytopathic changes were observed in the pneumocytes. The lung picture resembled acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Gabaɗaya yawan mace-mace da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta saboda kamuwa da cuta ba su da tushe sosai; yayin da adadin mace-macen (CFR) ke canzawa lokaci-lokaci a cikin barkewar cutar ta yau, rabar da cututtukan da ke ci gaba da bayyanar cutar har yanzu ba a sani ba. Ko yaya, bincike na farko ya haifar da adadin lambobin mace-mace tsakanin 2% zuwa 3%; a cikin Janairu 2020 Hukumar ta WHO ta ba da shawarar cewa yawan masu shari'ar ya kusan 3%, da 2% a cikin Fabrairu 2020 a Hubei. Sauran lambobin CFR, waɗanda suka daidaita don bambance-bambance a lokacin tabbatarwa, mutuwa ko warke, sun kasance 7% da 33% ga mutane a Wuhan 31 Janairu. An unreviewed preprint binciken da na mallaka College London tsakanin 55 m lokuta lura da cewa farkon kimomi da mace-mace na iya zama da muni kamar yadda asymptomatic cututtuka da aka rasa suna. Sun kiyasta ma'anar kamuwa da cutar kamuwa da cuta (IFR, mace-maccen tsakanin kamuwa da cuta) ya kama daga 0.8% lokacin da suka hada da jigilar asymptomatic zuwa 18% yayin da suka hada da alamu kawai na cutar daga lardin Hubei. Pauline Vetter, a cikin wata sanarwa a cikin BMJ ta lura cewa mace-mace a waje da lardin Hubei da alama ba su da ƙasa da cikin Hubei. A fashewa a 2019-2020 ya sa a kalla 128,343 tabbatar da kamuwa da cutar da kuma 4,720 mutuwar. Binciken sa ido na mutane tara, ba a sami kwayar cutar ta intrauterine a tsaye daga uwa zuwa jariri ba. Hakanan, binciken kwatankwacin wucin gadi a Wuhan bai samo wata alama ta watsa kwayar cutar ta hanyar jima'i ba (daga mace zuwa abokiyar zama), amma marubutan sun lura cewa zazzabi yayin jima'i na iya faruwa ta wasu hanyoyin. Bincike Saboda ganin mahimmancin rayuwar al'umma da kuma irin cigaba da yaɗuwa da cutar ke yi a Kullun a ko'ina na duniya, Ƙungiyoyi da dama na ilimin binciken lafiya sun shiga bincike tun lokacin da cutar ta bayyana, babu dare ba rana. Kwayar rigakafi Babu wani magani da aka amince dashi na magance annobar a tacewar hukumar lafiya ta duniya (WHO) duk da haka amma akwai wasu magunguna da kasashen Koriya da Sin suka amince da su. Trials of many antivirals has been started in patients with COVID-19 including oseltamivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, ganciclovir, favipiravir, baloxavir marboxil, umifenovir, interferon alfa but currently there are no data to support their use. Korean Health Authorities recommend lopinavir/ritonavir or chloroquine and the Chinese 7th edition guidelines include interferon, lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin, chloroquine and/or umifenovir. An fara bincike a cikin hanyoyin da za a bi don gano cutar a cikin Janairu 2020, kuma magunguna da dama na rigakafi sun riga sun shiga gwaji na asibiti. Kodayake sababbin magunguna gaba daya na iya ɗaukar har zuwa 2021 don haɓaka, yawa daga cikin magungunan da ake gwadawa an riga an amince dasu don sauran alamun maganin rigakafi, ko kuma sun riga sun shiga cikin gwaji mai zurfi. Remdesivir da chloroquine yadda ya kamata suna hana coronavirus a cikin fitsari Ana sake gwada Remdesivir a Amurka da China. Sakamakon farko daga gwaji mai yawa, wanda aka sanar a cikin taron manema labarai da aka bayyana ta Gao, Tian da Yang, sun ba da shawarar cewa chloroquine yana da inganci kuma mai lafiya cikin kula da cututtukan COVID-19, "haɓaka binciken binciken huhun haɓaka, haɓaka juji da ƙwayar cuta, da gajeriyar cutar Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa farkon farawar furotin na furotin ta hanyar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa mai mahimmanci 2 TMPRSS2 yana da mahimmanci don shigar da SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV da MERS-CoV ta hanyar hulɗa tare da mai karɓar ACE2 Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa TMPRSS2 inhibitor Camostat ya yarda da amfani da asibiti a Japan don hana ƙwayar cutar fibrosis a cikin hanta da cutar koda, cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan zuciya da cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan fata na iya zama ingantaccen zaɓi na zaɓi mara amfani. Duba kuma Koronavirus a Najeriya Koronavirus a Nijar Manazarta Haɗin waje Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka (CDC): Cutar Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka (CDC): Cutar Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO): Cutar Coronavirus (COVID-19) Matakan Kawo COV19 na yawan jama'a, ta Cibiyar Kula da Cututtukan Cututtukan Amurka Kiyaye yaduwar COVID-19 a cikin Jama'a, ta Cibiyar Kula da Cututtukan Cututtukan Amurka Bayanai don Profwararruwar Kiwon Lafiya, ta Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Amurka "SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) Sequences" Cibiyar Bayanai ta Kasa (NCBI) "Coronavirus: Latest news and resources" BMJ "Novel Coronavirus Information Center" Wani "COVID-19 Resource Centre" Lancet "SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19" Yanayi "Coronavirus (Covid-19)" NEJM "Covid-19: Novel Coronavirus Content Free to Access" Wiley "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)" Cibiyar sadarwa ta JAMA

28897

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikoyi

Ikoyi

Ikoyi itace unguwa mafi tsada a Lagos, dake a karamar hukumar Eti-Osa. Yana nan daga arewa maso gabacin Obalende kuma yana daura da Lagos Island daga yamma, kuma a bakin tafkin Legas Unguwar ta shahara da mashahuran masu kudi na Najeriya, Ikoyi na daya daga cikin unguwannin da sukafi kowacce tara attajirai a cikin Najeriya. Asalin yankunan da suka hada Ikoyi sun faro ne daga tsibirin Legas, har sai da magudanar ruwa na MacGregor ya raba shi da shi, ƙaramin magudanar ruwa da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya ta haƙa. Yanzu an gina wannan magudanar ruwa ko kuma an cika shi ta yadda tsibirin ya sake hadewa da tsibirin Legas. An kira ta a cikin kalmomin wulakanci kamar tsaunin Beverly ta wurin talakawa" ko Belgravia na Legas. Tarihi A lokacin zamanin mulkin mallaka, an gina tsibirin don turawan Birtaniya sannan kuma har yanzu akwai manyan gidaje a aka gina tun mulkin mallaka tsakanin 1900 da 1950. A cikin shekarun 1950, an amshe filaye masu fadineka 250 daga yankin Kudu maso Yamma Ikoyi da Obalende. Haka kuma shirin ya kai ga sake gina hanyar da za ta hada Onikan da titin Bourdillon. An ci gaba da gina katafarun gidaje bayan mulkin mallaka, kuma tsibirin da Barikin Dodan ya zama mazaunin wasu sarakunan sojan Najeriya. Ikoyi yanzu ya ƙunshi wasu gine-ginen gwamnati da yawa da kuma kasuwanci, otal-otal, makarantu, sanannen kulab ɗin zamantakewa na Ikoyi, da Ikoyi Golf Club. Tarihin zamani Daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan jan hankali a Ikoyi shine titin Awolowo, wanda babban titi ne mai cike da manyan kantuna da shaguna. Saboda kusancinsa zuwa Victoria Island da Lagos Island, yawancin yawon shakatawa na kasuwanci na Legas ya ta'allaka ne akan Ikoyi, wanda ke da haɗe-haɗe na kyawawan otal masu taurari 4. Sakamakon tashe-tashen hankula a yankin Neja-Delta na baya-bayan nan, kamfanonin mai da dama sun kwashe ma'aikatansu na musamman zuwa Ikoyi. Yankin yanzu gida ne ga manyan gidaje na alfarma da yawa, gidaje, da haɓaka ofishi. Makarantar Preparatory Legas (13+), wacce ake ganinta a matsayin Makarantan Burtaniya da ta fi samun karbuwa a Afirka, tana cikin Ikoyi. Rushewa A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2021, wani gidan sama mai hawa 21 a kan titin Gerrard ya ruguje yayin gininsa, inda ya kashe ma'aikata da dama. Tattalin Arziki da shafuka Google Nigeria yana da hedikwata a Ikoyi. Lagos Jet Ski Riders Club, babban kulob ga hamshakan attajirai na Najeriya yana cikin Ikoyi. Akwai kuma Ikoyi Golf Club Gwamnati da kayayyakin more rayuwa Hukumar hana sha da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi ta kasa NDLEA tana da hedikwata a Ikoyi. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) tana da ofishinta a Legas a Ikoyi. Sakatariyar fadar gwamnatin Najeriya tana da hedikwata a Ikoyi. Mataimakin gwamnan jihar Legas yana zaune a Ikoyi. Duk hamshakan attajiran Najeriya suna kula da dukiya a Ikoyi. "Mafi daraja ta dukiya mai daraja a Afirka" Ikoyi dai yana da wasu gidaje na kece raini na masu wadata a Najeriya, kuma ana kyautata zaton shine mafi tsadar gidaje a nahiyar Afirka baki daya, inda ake sayar da sabon gidaje kan dalar Amurka miliyan 1.5, wanda zai kai dala miliyan 10. Koyaya, saboda ƙayyadaddun ƙasar da ake da su, yawancin waɗannan gine-ginen gidaje ne na tsaye. Gidaje a Ikoyi ba safai ba ne kuma na masu hannu da shuni ne kawai. Mike Adenuga, Aliko Dangote, Folorunsho Alakija amongst others rike gidaje a Ikoyi. Ikoyi Crescent ta kasance ofishin karamin jakadan Amurka a Najeriya. Titin Bourdillon, Alexander Road da Gerrard Road, hanya ce mai tsayi, wadda ake ganin ita ce titi mafi ado da daraja ba a Legas kadai ba, har ma a Najeriya. Wannan shimfida ya shafi Ofishin Jakadancin Faransa, Ofishin Jakadancin Iran, Ofishin Jakadancin Iraki, gadar Lekki-Ikoyi Link Bridge, Kwamishinan ’Yan sandan Legas, Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar Legas, Ofishin Hulda da Hedikwatar Sojojin Kasa, Sakatariyar Tarayya ta Najeriya, gida. na tsohon gwamnan jihar Legas, Bola Tinubu da sabon ƙari ga jerin, mafi tsayin ginin mazaunin Afirka. A benaye 43, gidaje a cikin wannan ginin suna farawa daga ƙafar murabba'in 6,500 kuma suna fara siyarwa akan dala miliyan 10. Sauran gine-ginen gidaje na alfarma da ke wannan titin sune: Tango Towers (gidaje 30, $3m zuwa sama), Mabadeje Plaza (na haya kawai), Lambun Luxury (gidaje na alfarma 20 zuwa sama $2m), Titanium Towers (gidaje na alfarma 35). Wannan ci gaban wani tsattsauran ra'ayi ne daga ƙirar asali na Ikoyi, wanda asalinsa ya ƙunshi ƙayatattun wuraren zama na dangi guda tare da manyan lambuna. Idan aka yi la’akari da rashin samun wutar lantarki akai-akai, da ruwan famfo, da kuma gurbacewar ababen more rayuwa irin na Legas, an nuna damuwa kan ko Ikoyi na da hanyoyin da suka dace da kuma samar da ruwa don ci gaba da dorewar irin wannan ci gaban. Gidan haya na Vantage Bourdillon Apartments wani sabon ci gaba ne akan Titin Bourdillon, Ikoyi Ikoyi ya hada da sabbin unguwannin Banana Island, Parkview Estate, Mojisola Onikoyi Estate, Osborne Foreshore Estate Phase I &amp; II, Dolphin Estate da sauran katafaren gidaje na alfarma da ke tasowa. Yanayi Ikoyi dai na daya daga cikin yankunan da aka fi samun ruwan sama a Legas, inda ruwan sama yakan wuce 300 cm kowace shekara. Manazarta Lagos Island Tsibiran kasan yarbawa Ikoyi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

21309

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamburawa

Tamburawa

Tamburawa sanannen gari ne a cikin ƙaramar hukumar Dawakin Kudu wanda yake a kilomita goma sha biyar (15 km) daga garin kano a jihar kano, Nigeria. Mazaunan Tamburawa Hausawa ne, akasarinsu malamai, ne kuma manoma,ne ma'aikatan kungiyar kwadago, da 'yan kasuwa. Ana yin noman ban ruwa sosai. Tamburawa wanda aka fi sani da Tamburawa Yamma, birni ne,mai kama da juna. A cikin ƙididdigar yawan jama'a na shekara ta 2006, Tamburawa da ƙauyukanta masu ƙididdiga suna da adadin kusan mazauna 13,453. Hakanan an raba shi zuwa manyan yankuna huɗu watau Kofar Arewa, Kofar Gabas, Kofar Yamma, kuma daga karshe Kofar Kudu. Mutanen Tamburawa suna da babbar sha'awa ga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. Tana da wata ƙungiya wacce takan tsaya ga gari a cikin gasa ko wasanni wanda shine Tamburawa United. Yankin ƙasa na Tamburawa shine 11,52W 17,50E da 8,32 15.55E. tsaye 1450 ft sama da matakin teku. Tabbas mutanen Tamburawa suna yin auren kananan yara a cikin al'umma kodayake ance suna yin shi ne kamar yadda Shariah ta tanada. Tamburawa ita ce cibiyar yanki mai ni'ima, mai yawan jama'a, yankin noma inda ake samar da gero, shinkafa, gyada, da wake. Yana da muhimmiyar cibiyar kasuwa don gyada, dabbobi, hatsi, da sauran kayan abinci daga yankin da ke kewaye. Mutanen Tamburawa galibi mabiya addini guda ne, wanda shine Musulunci. Kimanin kashi 99.9% na musulmai ne. Manyan ci gaba A shekarar ta 2007, gwamnan jihar Kano ya sanar da fara aikin ruwan sha Tamburawa, wanda ke samarwa ƙananan hukumomi kimanin 13 ruwan sha. Kamfanin Tamburawa na Kula da Ruwa yana da damar isar da lita miliyan 150 na ruwan sha a kowace rana zuwa birnin Kano da kewaye. Ana fitar da danyen ruwan ne daga Kogin Kano, kuma ana amfani da shi ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin magance al'ada don samar da ruwan sha wanda zai iya wucewa mafi karancin bukatun Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya na ruwan sha. Aikin biliyoyin ne kamfanin COSTAIN Construction Company ya kammala shi, wanda ya samarwa da mazauna Tamburawa aikin yi saboda samun Ƙwadago. Kamfanin Pfizer a shekara ta 2009 ya cimma wata yarjejeniya ta daban da dala miliyan 75 tare da gwamnatin jihar Kano don biyan waɗanda suka kamu da cutar ta Trovan a kan yara yayin barkewar cutar sankarau ba tare da samun cikakken izini ba. Biyo bayan zabin da Gwamnatin Jihar Kano ta yi, da kuma samar da fili da gwamnatin jihar ta yi, kwamitin ya fara aikin gina cibiyar binciken cututtuka da yaɗuwar cututtuka a Tamburawa, Jihar Kano a shekarar 2010. Wurin da ya haura dala miliyan 25.5 (Naira biliyan 4.4) yana zaune a kadada 9.6 na fili tare da wani katafaren yanki na kusan kadada 2.9. Tuni dai cibiyar lafiya wacce aka kammala ta aka kuma wadata ta da kayan aiki tuni aka mika ta ga gwamnatin jihar ta Kano. Cibiyar ta kuma ƙunshi wurare daban-daban waɗanda suka haɗa da: dakin gwaje-gwaje na lafiyar jama'a, ɗakin binciken ƙarancin nazarin halittu, cibiyar bincike, gadaje marasa lafiya masu gadaje 100, kicin na zamani da wurin cin abinci, gidajen ma'aikata da kuma Gawar Gawar a Kano. Cibiyar likitancin ta zamani wata cibiya ce ta likitanci ta musamman wacce ke da damar daukaka darajar kiwon lafiya a Kano musamman ma Najeriya gaba daya. Tana samar da wurare don horar da likitocin likitoci da sauran manyan ƙwararrun masanan kiwon lafiya a ƙasar. Yana dauke da wurare na musamman don gudanar da bincike kan cututtukan cututtuka kamar zazzabin cizon sauro, kwalara, cutar shan inna da cutar sankarau da sauransu. DDCC tana da wurare don killace marasa lafiya yayin barkewar annoba kamar ɓarkewa cutar Ebola kwanan nan. Masana sun ce cibiyar za ta taimaka wa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya wajen bin diddigin kowane nau'in cututtukan da ke haifar da cutar da cutar domin tantance maganin da ake bukata. Ginin wanda ke da dakin gwaje-gwaje na kiwon lafiyar jama'a don gudanar da bincike kan wasu bangarorin likitancin da ya shafi lafiyar jama'a zai kuma inganta kokarin bincike a Najeriya. Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya a halin yanzu tana dauke da mazaje masu tsaro, masu aikin lambu da masu sana'ar hannu daga jama'ar gari. Kodayake Tamburawa tana cikin Wajan Wajan Kanon, amma tana da alaƙa sosai da Babban birni na Kano tare da tazarar kusan 10-15 km nesa da garin tare da hanyar sadarwa mai kyau. Tarihin tashin Tamburawa a Matsayin Al'ummar Hausawa, da kuma kasancewarta babban birni mai nisa an rubuta shi a cikin Tarihin kano, rubutaccen cikakken rubutu wanda aka tattara a ƙarni na 18 zuwa 19 daga tushe na farko. Manazarta Tarihin kano na 18 zuwa karni na 19 Kano Kano

22399

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia%20Kianni

Sophia Kianni

Sophia Kianni (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga watan Disamban, shekara ta 2001) wata Ba'amurkiya ce mai fafutukar sauyin yanayi wacce ta kware a fannin yada labarai da dabaru. Ita ce ta kafa kuma babban darakta na Cardinal Climate, wata ƙungiyar ba da agaji ta matasa da ke jagorantar fassarar bayanai game da canjin yanayi zuwa sama da harsuna sama da 100. Tana wakiltar Amurka ne a matsayinta na ƙarami memba a Advisungiyar Shawarar Matasa ta Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayinta na mai tsara dabarun kasa don ranakun Juma'a don Gabatarwa, mai magana da yawun kasa da kasa na Rikicin Kashewa, da kuma mai kula da hadin gwiwar kasa na Wannan shine Zero Hour. Kunnawa Kianni ta fara sha'awar gwagwarmayar yanayi ne yayin da take makarantar sakandare a Tehran, lokacin da wani dare ya rufe taurari da hayaki, kuma "alama ce ta cewa duniyarmu tana zafafa cikin yanayi mai ban tsoro". Daga baya kuma ta shiga ƙungiyar Greta Thunberg, Juma'a don Gabatarwa, kuma za ta ɗauki hutu daga aji don tallafawa aiki kan canjin yanayi. Ta taimaka ta shirya yajin aikin sauyin yanayi na ranar Juma'a na shekara ta 2019. Zuwa shekara ta 2019 ta kasance mai tsara dabarun kasa don Juma'a don Makoma, kuma mai kula da kawancen kasa na Zero Hour, wata kungiyar kare muhalli. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019, Kianni ta tsallake makaranta don shiga cikin ƙungiyar masu zanga-zangar da Extan Tawayen suka shirya waɗanda ke da niyyar yin yajin aikin yunwa na tsawon mako guda da zama a Washington, DC, ofishin Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai Nancy Pelosi, suna neman ta yi magana tare dasu tsawon awa daya akan kyamara game da canjin yanayi A cikin gida, akwai kusan mahalarta goma sha biyu; yana da shekaru 17, Kianni ita ce ƙarami, kuma ɗayan mata biyu. Kianni ba memba ne na XR ba, kuma kawai ya shiga ranar farko ta zama, amma ya ba da jawabi da tambayoyi ga manema labarai, kuma ya ci gaba da yajin yunwa a nesa. Kianni ta rubuta game da shiga cikin zanga-zangar don Teen Vogue A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2020, an nada Kianni a matsayin kakakin Tawayen Tawaye A cikin bazara na shekara ta 2020, Kianni ta jiki fafatukar aka rage ta makaranta rufe da zamantakewa distancing bukatun na COVID-19 cutar AIDS, da kuma ta shirya biya magana alkawari a kolejoji ciki har da Stanford University, Princeton University da Jami'ar Duke da aka jinkirta. Kianni ta sami damar ci gaba da gwagwarmayarta nesa da jawabinta a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Michigan Bugu da kari, Kianni ya yanke shawarar hanzarta bunkasa wani shafin yanar gizon da aka tsara, Cardinal Climate, wanda zai fassara bayanan canjin yanayi zuwa harsuna daban-daban. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2020, Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya António Guterres ya sanya sunan Kianni a cikin sabuwar kungiyar sa ta matasa ta Shawara kan Sauyin Yanayi, gungun wasu matasa shugabannin yanayi 7 da za su ba shi shawara kan matakin shawo kan matsalar ta yanayi Kianni shine ƙarami a cikin ƙungiyar, wanda ya fara daga 18 zuwa 28 shekaru. Ita kaɗai ke wakiltar Amurka, sannan kuma ita kaɗai ke wakiltar Gabas ta Tsakiya da Iran. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2020, an zabi Kianni daya daga cikin <i id="mwZg">Mataimakin</i> Mujallar ta Motherboard 20 Mutum 20 na shekara ta 2020, saboda kasancewa wakilin Amurka na Kungiyar Ba da Shawara ta Matasa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi da kuma fara Cardinal Climate. Cardinal na Yanayi Cardinal Climate wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta kasa da kasa wacce Kianni ta kafa don samarda bayanai game da canjin yanayi a cikin kowane yare. An ba shi suna ne don kadinal na arewa, tsuntsayen jihar Virginia, da kuma ishara don bayanin da ke yawo a duniya. Kianni ta sami karfafuwa ne daga shekarun da ta kwashe tana fassara labaran sauyin yanayi na harshen Ingilishi zuwa harshen Farisanci ga dangin Iran din, saboda da kyar kafofin yada labaran Iran din ke magana kan batun. Ta ce ta lura da bayanan bayani game da canjin yanayi ko dai a Turanci kawai ake samar da su, ko kuma mafi kyau a cikin Sinanci da Sifaniyanci, wanda hakan ya sa ba za a iya samun damar masu magana da wasu yarukan ba. An ƙaddamar da Cardinal Climate a cikin watan Mayun shekara ta 2020, kuma tana da masu sa kai na 1100 da suka yi rajista don zama masu fassara a ranar farko. Sun kuma yi aiki tare da Rediyo Javan, wani rediyo na harshen Iran tare da mabiya sama da miliyan 10, don raba zane-zane da fassarori ga Iraniyawa. Kungiyar Cardinal Climate ta theungiyar Studentungiyar Muhalli ta Studentasashen Duniya ta tallafa wa 501 (c) (3) ba da agaji, wanda ke ba ɗaliban da suka shiga cikin fassararta damar samun awanni na sabis na al'umma don aikinsu, ko dai cika bukatun makaranta ko inganta aikace-aikacen kwaleji. A watan Agusta na shekara ta 2020, kungiyar tana da masu sa kai sama da 5,000, da matsakaicin shekaru na shekaru 16. Zuwa watan Disamban shekara ta 2020, tana da masu sa kai 8,000 da kawance tare da UNICEF da Masu Fassara Ba tare da Iyaka ba UjAikin jarida Kianni ta rubuta labarin shekara ta 2019 don Teen Vogue game da yajin yunwa a ofishin Pelosi. A shekara ta 2020, ta yi rubuce-rubuce guda biyu game da illar kwayar cutar, don mujallar Cosmopolitan ta Gabas ta Tsakiya game da illar da dangin ta suka yi na bikin Nowruz, da wani na Refinery29 game da illolin da ke tattare da jadawalin ta na yau da kullun a matsayin yanayi. mai gwagwarmaya, wanda aka yada shi sosai. Ta rubuta wata kasida don MTV News don bikin cika shekaru 50 na Ranar Duniya, wanda ta taimaka wajen daidaitawa. Rayuwar mutum Kianni zaune tare da ta mahaifiyarka, mahaifinka, ƙaramin 'yar'uwa, da kuma biyu Pet lovebirds, a McLean, Virginia Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Midiya ta Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, inda ƙungiyarta ta ci babbar gasar Kimiyyar Olympiad a duk faɗin jihar, da kuma Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, inda ta kasance semwararren Scholarshipwararren Scholarshipwararren Scholarshipasa na semasa. Kianni ta sami kulawar kafofin watsa labarai da yawa a matsayin misali na matashi da ke ba da amsa game da matakan nisantar da zamantakewar jama'a da suka shafi annobar COVID-19 CNN, mujallar Time, da Washington Post sun rubuta game da yadda ita da ƙawayenta ke motsa hulɗa ta sirri har ma da soke jiki da aka yi. babban matsayi don Zuƙowa na bidiyo na Zuƙowa, da bidiyo na TikTok. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 2001 Pages with unreviewed

14705

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafafen%20watsa%20labarai%20a%20Ghana

Kafafen watsa labarai a Ghana

Kafofin yada labarai a Ghana, sun hada da talabijin, rediyo, tashohin sadarwa na yanar gizo da kuma jaridu. Tarihi karni na 19 Kafofin watsa labarai a cikin Kogin Zinariya sun fara bayyana a cikin karni na 19 tare da buga The Gold Coast Gazette and Commercial Intelligencer a 1822. Takardar tana da ayyuka da yawa: don samar da bayanai ga ma'aikatan gwamnati da fatake na Turai; da kuma taimakawa ci gaban yawan karatu da rubutu da ci gaban karkara tsakanin mazauna yankin tare da karfafa hadin kai tare da gwamnatin Kogin Zinariya. A tsakiyar karni na 19, yawancin takardu mallakar mallakar Afirka sun bayyana wadanda galibi ba su da iyakancewa daga mulkin mallaka. Wannan ya haifar da hauhawar 'yan jarida masu zaman kansu, wanda hakan ya haifar da samun' yancin kan Ghana. Gwamnan mulkin mallaka Sir Arnold Hodson ya gabatar da tashar rediyo ta farko, mai suna Radio ZOY, a cikin 1935. Babban amfani da ita shine yada farfaganda don samun goyon bayan mulkin mallaka.<ref>In the mid-19th century, a diverse number of African-owned papers appeared that were largely unrestricted by the colonial government. This led to a surge of independent press, which in part led to the independence of Ghana. Bayan 'yanci Bayan sanarwar ranar 7 ga Maris 1957 da Ghana ta samu daga Kasar Ingila, jaridu kusan huɗu ne kawai. Jagora Kwame Nkrumah daga karshe ya mallaki dukkan 'yan jaridu a Ghana kuma ya gan ta a matsayin kayan aikin hukuma, yana ba da farfaganda da ke karfafa haɗin kan kasa da kirkirar tsarin tsarin kayan aiki na jihohi don kula da kafofin yada labarai. Canja wurin kafofin watsa labarai ya canza hannuwa daga na farar hula zuwa na soja, kuma jerin kamewa da dauri na adawar siyasa da Nkrumah ya yi matukar tasiri kan kafofin yada labarai. 'Yan adawa Ashanti Pioneer, wadanda suka yi aiki tun daga shekarun 1930, Nkrumah ya rufe su bayan an sanya su cikin takunkumi. Bayan hambarar da Nkrumah a wani juyin mulki, yawancin hanyoyin jihar sun canza hannu, duk da cewa har yanzu suna karkashin ikon jam'iyyar mai mulki. National Liberation Council (NLC) ta sanya tsauraran matakai a kan gidajen sayar da kayayyaki na cikin gida; misali, Dokar jita-jita a shekarar 1966 wacce ta hana kowa karar jaridun mallakin gwamnati. A cikin 1969, zaɓaɓɓiyar gwamnatin farar hula ta Kofi Busia wacce ta biyo bayan NLC an bar ta da adadi mai yawa na kafafen yada labarai karkashin ikon jihar. Busia ta soke ayyuka daban-daban tare da sallamar mai jaridar Daily Graphic mallakar gwamnati saboda adawa da Busia, wanda ya ɗaukaka kara don tattaunawar Afirka da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. Koyaya, lokacin da Ignatius Kutu Acheampong ya hambarar da gwamnatin Busia, ya sake dawo da tsauraran matakan kula da kafafen yada labarai tare da danniya a kan kafofin watsa labarai ta hanyar yanke kudaden kasashen waje. Koyaya, kafofin watsa labarai da dama na adawa ba su sami matsala ba a lokacin mulkin Acheampong, kuma a shekara ta 1978 sun karu a kiraye-kirayensu na dimokiradiyya mai jam'iyyu da yawa a Ghana. Janar Akuffo ne ya kifar da gwamnatin Acheampong a watan Mayu 1978, wanda ya sauya wasu manufofin magabatansa da suka gabace shi ya kuma saki 'yan jarida da mambobin adawa. Wannan ya haifar da kafa takaddun jam'iyya biyu: Star na Popular Front Party (PFP) da Gong Gong na People's National Party (PNP). Mulkin Akuffo bai daɗe ba, ya ƙare a wani juyin mulki da Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC) ƙarƙashin jagorancin Jerry Rawlings, waɗanda suka soke dokokin 'yan jarida waɗanda Acheampong ya zartar. Rawlings ya maye gurbin babban editan jaridar Daily Graphic wanda ya soki hukuncin kisan na AFRC, duk da cewa ba su da ikon yin hakan saboda ya kaskantar da kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriya ta Uku, wanda ya ce dole ne a maye gurbinsu da Hukumar 'Yan Jaridu. Bayan watanni takwas na mulkin AFRC, wanda ya yi alkawarin sake fasalin kafofin watsa labarai amma a karshe ba ta samu ba, sai aka mayar da mulki ga zaɓaɓɓen demokradiyya PNP tare da Hilla Limann a ranar 24 ga Satumba 1979. Limann ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga sake fasalin kafofin yaɗa labaru, ya kafa Kwamitin 'Yan Jaridu mai mambobi 12 a ranar 25 ga Yulin 1980. A cikin jawabin nasa ya ce: Hukumar 'Yan Jarida, kamar yadda doka ta tanada, ita ce ta binciki korafe-korafen da ake yi game da' yan jaridu, da tabbatar da 'yancin' yan jarida da samar da dokoki da lasisin da ya kamata ga kafofin yada labarai. A lokacin mulkin Limann, ya mutunta sabon Tsarin Mulki kuma ya yarda da suka daga kafofin watsa labarai. Wannan bai dade ba duk da haka, kamar yadda John Rawlings, yana ambaton "cin hanci da rashawa da rashin tsari," ya sake kwace mulki a karkashin Provisional National Defence Council a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1981, kuma ya soke sauye-sauyen kafofin watsa labarai masu sassaucin ra'ayi da Limann ya kirkiro. A karkashin sabuwar gwamnatin, an soke Tsarin Mulki na Uku, tare da Hukumar 'Yan Jarida. Ta hanyar jaridar Daily Graphic mallakar gwamnati a ranar 5 ga Janairun 1982, ya gaya wa manema labarai cewa su jagoranci “Yakin Mai Tsarki” kuma su jagoranci juyin juya halin. Rawlings ya zartar da wasu dokoki wadanda suka hana sukar gwamnati ko manufofinta, ta kori editocin da ke sukar sa sannan ya zartar da dokoki da dama kamar Dokar Kare Rigakafi da Dokar lasisin Jarida wacce ta ba da damar tsarewa ba tare da an yanke hukunci ga ‘yan jarida ba, da kuma dakile ci gaban kafafen yada labarai masu zaman kansu. Sakatariyar Watsa Labarai ta PNDC Joyce Aryee a 1983 ta kare ikon gwamnati kai tsaye: Manufofin ba wai kawai sun shafi kafofin watsa labarai ba har ma da Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Ghana, tare da kora da yawa ko ritaya da wuri. Sakamakon haka, wasu kafofin watsa labarai sun guji duk tattaunawar siyasa gaba ɗaya kuma sun mai da hankali kan wasu batutuwa kamar wasa ko nishaɗi maimakon. 1992-2000 A shekarar 1992, Ghana ta fitar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki, ta koma mulkin dimokiradiyya a ranar 7 ga Janairun 1993. Rawlings a matsayin wani bangare na National Democratic Congress (ya yi ritaya wani Laftanar Laftanar na Sojojin Ghana) ya ba da damar yada labarai ta hanyar soke dokokin da PNDC ta sa hannu a baya. Kafofin yada labarai masu zaman kansu, wadanda a baya aka kame bakinsu a karkashin gwamnati a cikin shekaru goman da suka gabata, sun yi amfani da sabbin dokokin 'yancin' yan jarida wajen yin suka a kan Rawlings na tsauraran dokokin na shekarun da suka gabata tare da wallafa zarge-zarge da dama na kama-karya da muggan kwayoyi. Kafofin watsa labarai na gwamnati duk da haka, sun ci gaba da ɗaukar hoto na Rawlings. Rawlings ya yarda da shekarun danniya da kafofin watsa labarai, duk da cewa ya kare juyin mulkin soja: Duk abin da ya faru a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata ba za a iya sakewa daga tsarin tsarin mulki na yau ba. Babu wanda zai kasa yin godiya ga mahimmancin juyin juya halin 31 ga Disamba wajen kawo 'yan Ghana zuwa mashigar Jamhuriyya ta huɗu, da kafa ƙa'idodin adalci na zamantakewar al'umma wanda zai sa tsarin mulki ya zama zahirin rayuwa yin hakan na nufin gurbata tarihin Ghana tare da ajiye wadancan muhimman darussa wadanda hakika zasu bunkasa wannan matakin na kwarewar Ghana. Bugu da kari, Rawlings ya sha alwashin mutunta Fasali na 12 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ghana, inganta 'yancin' yan jarida, hakkin bangarorin masu zaman kansu da na jihohi da kuma wadannan 'yanci su zama karin' yancin dan adam. An kirkiro sabuwar Hukumar 'Yan Jaridu ta kasa (daga baya ga Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Ghana) mai' yanci daga gwamnati, wanda zai kula da ayyukan da aka ambata a baya. Duk da wadannan sabbin sauye-sauyen, Shugaba Rawlings da gwamnatin NDC sun ci gaba da sukar 'yan jaridu masu zaman kansu, suna masu kiranta "mara sa hankali a siyasance" kuma ta hanyar amfani da riba ne. Wani jami'in gwamnati ya yi iƙirarin cewa kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu "sun gwada iyakokin gwamnati", yayin da wasu kuma suka zarge ta da nuna Majalisar ba ta da ƙarfi. Wata kungiya mai suna Abokan Dimokiradiyya ta yi ikirarin cewa tana da sa hannun dubu daya da ke nuna adawa da kafafen yada labarai masu zaman kansu. Editoci daga Free Press da New Statesman sun ba da rahoton cewa an aika musu da barazanar kisa daga NDC saboda sukar gwamnatin. Valerie Sackey wacce mataimakiya ce ga Shugaba Rawlings, ta lura cewa 'yan jaridu masu zaman kansu suna da aikin bayar da halattacciyar suka ga gwamnati da kuma yin abin da ya dace, maimakon kawai nuna cewa gwamnati na kokarin rufe bakinsu. 2000-yanzu Bayan zaben a 2000 na John Kufuor rikice-rikice tsakanin kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu da gwamnati sun ragu. Kufuor ya kasance mai goyon bayan 'yancin' yan jarida kuma ya soke dokar ɓarna da aikata laifi, kodayake ya ci gaba da cewa dole ne kafofin watsa labaru su yi aiki yadda ya kamata. An bayyana kafofin yada labaran na Ghana a matsayin "daya daga cikin wadanda ba su da cikakkun bayanai" a Afirka, suna aiki ba tare da takaita hanyoyin yada labarai ba. 'Yan jarida masu zaman kansu galibi suna ɗauke da suka game da manufofin gwamnati. Kafofin watsa labarai, da kafafen yada labarai musamman, sun kasance masu karfin gwiwa wajen bayar da labarin zaben shugaban kasar ta Ghana a shekarar 2008, kuma kungiyar Ghana Journalists Association (GJA) ta yaba wa John Atta Mills game da zaben nasa, tare da fatan samar da kyakkyawar dangantakar‘ yan jarida da gwamnatin. 'Yan Jarida sun tilastawa Gwamnati ta yarda cewa jami'ai suna da lissafi A gare ni kyakkyawar alama ce a gare ni cewa kafofin watsa labarai na Ghana sun yi wani tasiri a kan dimokiradiyya tun kafuwar Jamhuriyya ta 4 Seyd, C., 4 June 1999 Saboda sabuwar 'yancin yada labarai, masana'antar wasan bidiyo a Ghana na bunkasa. Alaka da kafafan yada labarai na kasashen waje Kafofin yada labaran Ghana na da kyakkyawar dangantaka da kafofin yada labarai na kasashen waje, tare da yawancin ‘yan jaridun duniya daga kungiyoyin Yammacin Turai da na Afirka da ke Asiya da ke Accra babban birnin kasar. Ba a hana ‘yan jarida cikas yayin aikin su, kuma ba a bincikar bayanan cikin ko fita kasar. Babban kamfanin dillacin labarai, Kamfanin dillacin labarai na Ghana, Nkrumah ne ya kafa shi a shekarar 1957 don samar da daidaitattun bayanai kan labaran gida da na duniya. Kamfanin dillancin labarai na Reuters ya taimaka wajan baiwa kamfanin jagora da taimakon fasaha har zuwa shekarar 1961. Hukumar ta samu rajista daga kungiyoyi sama da 140 da kuma kanfanin dillacin labarai shida a shekarar 2000. Kalubale ga kafofin yada labaran Ghana Duk da 'yanci na dangi, kafofin yada labarai a Ghana na fuskantar wasu kalubale. 'Yan jarida a Ghana galibi ba su cika albashi ba, ba sa samun wadataccen aiki, kuma galibi ba sa samun horo. A sakamakon haka, 'yan jaridu a Ghana sun sami kansu cikin saukin cin hanci da kuma bincikar kansu. Ingancin shirye-shiryen watsa labarai na rediyo da talabijin yana da ƙasa. Game da jaridu, yanayin mallakar jaridu na da siyasa a siyasance tare da yawancin jaridu suna goyon bayan bangaren gwamnati ko na jam’iyyun adawa. Jarida guda ɗaya tak, mallakar mallakar gwamnati ta Daily Graphic da gaske ana rarraba ta ƙasa. 'Yancin' yan jarida Kodayake tsarin mulki da doka sun tanadi 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da kuma' yan jaridu, wani lokacin gwamnati na ta tauye wa] annan 'yancin. 'Yan sanda na kame' yan jarida ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wasu 'yan jaridar na yin takunkumin kansu. Tsarin mulki ya hana kutsa kai cikin sirri, iyali, gida, ko rubutu, kuma gwamnati tana girmama waɗannan hanin a aikace. A cikin 2002 gwamnatin Ghana ta binciki kafofin yada labarai ta Intanet game da rikicin kabilanci a Arewacin Ghana. Jaridu Kimanin jaridu 135 ake bugawa a Ghana, gami da jaridu 16 masu zaman kansu da kuma jaridu 9 na kullum. Gudummawar da adadi mai yawa na jaridu na jihohi da masu zaman kansu ke bayarwa ya haifar da yanayi daban-daban na yada labarai a Ghana. Takardun jihohi kamar su Daily Graphic da Ghanaian Times sun saba da ingantawa da karfafa goyan baya ga manufofin gwamnati da bin layi mai bin ra'ayin mazan jiya, ba kamar yadda 'yan jaridu masu zaman kansu suka fallasa kyawawan ayyukan jami'an gwamnati da rashin kyakkyawan tsarin tafiyar da al'amuran gwamnati ba. Kwamitin yada labarai na kasa na Ghana, kwamiti mai zaman kansa, an kafa shi ne domin sanya ido tare da karbar korafe-korafe game da kafafen yada labarai. Hukumar ta karbi korafe-korafe 50 a 2002, kuma a cikin Mayu 2001, ta tilasta wa Chronicle na Ghana ta ba da hakuri kan wallafa "labaran karya" a kan mutane ba tare da kwararan hujjoji ba. Koyaya, ba a kula da irin waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen saboda rashin iko. Talabijan da rediyo An gabatar da Talabijin ga Ghana a 1965 kuma yana karkashin ikon Jiha. Ghana Broadcasting Corporation ya gudanar da ayyukanta ta hanyar watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin har zuwa 1994, biyo bayan kundin tsarin mulkin 1992 na sabuwar gwamnatin da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokiradiyya. Wani bangare na kundin tsarin mulki na 1992 ya kafa National Media Commission wacce ta dauki nauyin inganta da kuma tabbatar da ‘yancin kafafen yada labarai. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan juyin mulkin 1966 na Nkrumah ta hanyar National Liberation Council (wacce ta riƙe maƙarƙashiyar Jiha a kafofin watsa labarai na ƙasar), Ghana Broadcasting Corporation ta sanar da doka ga, "watsa shirye-shirye a fagen al'adu, ilimi, bayanai da nishaɗi, don nuna ci gaban kasa da buri, da kuma watsa shirye-shirye a cikin manyan yarukan Ghana da Turanci.” Akwai tashoshin watsa shirye-shirye bakwai a cikin 2007. Daga cikin tashoshin, akwai gudanar da gwamnatin Ghana Broadcasting Corporation da wasu tashoshi masu zaman kansu guda hudu, TV3, Metro TV, Viasat 1, TV Skyy, da TV Africa, tare da TV3 da Metro TV da ke aiki a shekarar 1997. Ana iya samun tashoshin kasashen waje irin su CNN da BBC a kyauta. Rediyon FM ya fara ne a shekarar 1988, wanda ya baiwa gidajen rediyon kasashen waje damar shigowa cikin kasar, kamar su Voice of America, Radio France Internationale da kuma watsa labarai na BBC a kan 101.3FM. Zanga-zangar da jama'a suka yi a shekarar 1995 game da kwace kayan aiki daga wani gida mai zaman kansa, Radio EYE, ya tilasta wa gwamnati ta samar da mitocin FM da yawa ga wasu tashoshin masu zaman kansu, abin da ya haifar da wani sabon zamani na "watsa labarai da yawa". Tattaunawar tattaunawa ta wayar tarho kan lamuran gida da na ƙasa sun shahara sosai a gidan rediyon Ghana. Baya ga tashoshin Turanci, akwai da yawa a cikin yaren gida. A cikin 2007, FM 86 da tashoshin gajeren zango uku sun wanzu. Intanet Kimanin 'yan Ghana miliyan 4.2 ne suka yi amfani da Intanet a shekarar 2012, kimanin kashi 17% na yawan jama'ar. Babu wani ci gaba mai mahimmanci a cikin 2014 kamar yadda rahoton kididdigar Duniya na Intanet ya ruwaito "akwai masu amfani da Intanet na 5,171,993 a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2014, 19.6% na yawan jama'a, a kowane IWS." Ba shi da iyakancewa daga gwamnati. Duba kuma Ghana 2004 Annual Report, Reporters Without Borders Manazarta Ghana Ghana

15356

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peju%20Layiwola

Peju Layiwola

Peju Layiwola (an haife ta 29 ga watan satumba a shekarar 1967) ta kasance mai yin kirkire-kirkire na tarihi kuma mai zane-zane daga Najeriya, wacce ke aiki a kafofin watsa labarai da dama. An jera sunan ta a cikin mutane shahararrun na "21-ƙarni Avant-Garde" a cikin littafin Art Cities of the Future, wacce jaridar Phaidon Press ta buga, A yanzu haka ita farfesa ce a fannin kere-kere a Jami'ar Legas, kuma an bayyana ta a matsayin mace "mai fasaha sosai." Tarihinta Adepeju Olowu, Layiwola ta kasance yar Babatunde Olatokunbo Olowu da kuma Gimbiya Elizabeth Olowu (née Akenzua Kakan kakanta ya kasance mashahurin ɗan kasuwa ne wanda ya kafa sinima da gidan buga takardu na farko a Benin da yankin Delta a tsohuwar jihar Midwest. Kakanta na wajen uwa a lokacin shi ne 'Oba Akenzua II', sarkin Benin, wanda ya yi sarauta daga shekarar 1933 zuwa shekarar 1978. Ita kuma ƙanwa ce ga DJ P Tee Money (haifaffen Thompson Iyamu Layiwola ta ginu ne a bisa al'adar fasahar mahaifiyar ta wato Gimbiya Elizabeth Olowu, mace ta farko da ta fara yin tagulla a Najeriya, matsayin data samu ta hanyar juriya a fannin al'adun da ke da gadon sarauta. Tarihinta na Yarbanci da Edo da kuma tarihinta ya ba ta kwarin gwiwa kan aikinta da kuma samun ƙwarewa. Kwarewar sana'a Layiwola ta sami BA (Metal Design) daga Jami'ar Benin a shekarar 1988, da MA da PhD (Visual Arts) daga Jami'ar Ibadan, Najeriya a shekarar 2004. Ta kasance abokiyar aiki ga Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Amurka a shekarar 2012 wacce aka kirkira da shirin smartpower na ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka. Ayyukanta da suka haɗa da sakawa da kuma kwafin abubuwa an baje kolinsu a cikin Najeriyar da wajen nahiyar. Ita ce ta kafa Gidauniyar Mata da Matasa, wata kungiya da ke da niyyar karfafa mata, matasa mata da matasa ta hanyar zane-zane. Ta kuma yi aiki a kan alkalai na fasaha. Layiwola, wanda da farko ya fara aiki da karfe, yanzu yana bincika hanyoyin watsa labarai masu yawa wadanda suka shafi tarihi, ƙwaƙwalwa da kuma lalata al'adu. A cikin bikin baje kolin da ta fi so, Benin1897.com:Art da Tambayar Maimaitawa (2010), dawowar Layiwola zuwa sanannen balaguron balaguron Biritaniya na shekarar 1897 da kuma kwasar ganima da kayayyakin gargajiya da aka kwato daga ɗakin kwanar kakanninta suka hada tarihinta da na zaman jama'a. Sauran aikinta na hadin gwiwa na jama'a, Shekaru dari na waye? (2014) kuma ana sanar dashi ta tarihi da wuraren adana bayanai. Ta ba da jawabi a Makarantar Tsara Tsibiri ta Rhode a cikin shekarar 2019, kuma ɗayan a CAA-Getty International Programme a shekarar 2018 kan aikinta. 6Game da aikinta da kwadaitarwa, ta ce "Na sami kwarin gwiwa sosai daga mahaifiyata, kasancewar na gan ta a matsayin yarinya ƙarama tana yin baƙin ƙarfe. Don haka, na zaɓi ƙirar ƙarfe a Jami'ar Benin, wanda ya fi fa'ida daga abin da ta karanta saboda tana yin ƙera ƙarfe a ƙarƙashin sassaka. Amma na kware ne a kan kere-kere, wanda ya hada samar da kayan ado, da karfe da sauransu An bayyana ayyukan fasaha na Layiwola da shirye-shiryen jagoranci kamar yadda suke da tasiri ga tsararrun ƙwararrun masu fasaha a duk faɗin Najeriya. Shawara don dawo da fasahar sata Layiwola ya jagoranci ba da shawara ga jama'a don dawo da ayyukan fasaha da aka sata daga Benin a lokacin Balaguron Balaguro na shekarar 1897 Rubutun da aka zaba Layiwola Peju (2017) Tattaunawar Al'adu: Fasaha ta Amurka da Fasaha ta Najeriya a Tattaunawa, NKA Journal of Contemporary African Art-41, Nuwamba, NKA Publications, NY, pp. 140–152. Layiwola, Peju (2017). 'Bukukuwa da Jin Dadin Tunawa da Tattalin Arziƙi', labarin nazarin Littafin. Kalanda na Bukukuwan Gargajiya na Gargajiya na Frank Aig Imuokhuede, Eyo Journal, 20, Vol 2. Layiwola, Peju (2016) 'Art a zuciyar bayarwa: Bruce Onobrakpeya da Harmattan Workshop a Retrospect, Onobrakpeya da Harmattan Workshop, SMO Contemporary, (16 Satumba 16 Disamba 2016), Kotun sasantawa ta Lagos, Lagos. Layiwola, Peju (2015) 'Shekaru dari na wa? Aikin Fasahar Jama'a a matsayin Bayyanar da Memorykin Mallaka 'Nigeria Field Society Journal, 85th Anniversary, No 80, pp. 51–68. Layiwola, Peju (2015) 'Ben Enwonwu ya tashi Almasihu a matsayin Alamar Addini a Jami'ar Ibadan' Yankin Birnin Ibadan: Rubutu da Mahallin Ed. Dele Layiwola, Littafin Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar Ibadan tare da haɗin gwiwar Bookbuilders (Editions Africa), Ibadan. shafi. 169–176 Layiwola, Peju (2015) Walker da Mayar da Bronzes Biyu na Benin, Eyo Journal of Arts and Humanities, Budurwa Edition, Department of Creative Arts, University of Lagos. Ed. Peju Layiwola. shafi 175-185. Layiwola Peju (2014) Clad in Gold: The Art of the Jewel Smith in Ibadan: African Notes, vol 33, No. 1 amp; 2, Jaridar Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar Ibadan, Nijeriya. shafi. 18–26. Layiwola Peju (2014) Yin Ma'ana daga Fuskokin da Aka Raba: 1897 da Tsarin Aiki, Kirkirar Rarraba: Tunawa, rikice-rikice da Kirkiro, Jaridar Open Arts, The Open University UK, Ed. Leon Wainwright, Bayanai na 3 na bazara, pp. 86–96. Layiwola, Peju (2014) Walk a cikin Hearth, Mandela: Jin daɗi ga Alamar Duniya. Ed. Toyin Falola, Carolina Academic Press, Durham, North Carolina. shafi. 288–289 Layiwola Peju (2013) Dele Jegede da Hisawancinsa na atarshe a Jami'ar Legas, Abubuwan Nationasa: Nijeriya da Fasaha na Dele Jegede, Eds. Aderonke Adesola Adesanya da Toyin Falola, Africa World Press, Amurka. shafi. 369–378 Layiwola Peju (2013) 'Daga Bayani daga Rubutu zuwa Babban Rubutu: Sake Framing Mata Masu Zane daga Najeriya' a Afirka da Itsasashenta na Afirka da Diasporaasashenta, n.paradoxa, Ed Katy Deepwell, KT Press UK da kuma Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, New York, Vol.31, shafi. 78-87 Layiwola Peju (2012) 'Welding the Lethal to the Unusual: Olu Amoda and the Art of Metal Assemblage', Cequel: Rage shingen taron Yarda da fasaha, Ed. Ohioma Ifuonu Pogoson, Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar Ibadan, Ibadan. shafi. 112–123. Layiwola Peju (2010) 'Al'adar Lace da Kwarewar sanya tufafi da kyau a Najeriya', Lace ta Afirka: Tarihin Ciniki, Creatirƙira da Nunawa a Nijeriya, Eds. Barbara Plankensteiner da Mayo Adediran, Museum of Ethnology, Vienna (Museum fur Volkerkunde,), National National for Museums and Monuments, Nigeria, Snoeck Publishers, Rudy Vecruysse, Ghent, pp. 167-180. Layiwola Peju (2010) 'tayar da wanda aka ɓace: Recontextualisation na 1897', Benin 1897.com: Art da Maimaita Tambaya, Eds. Peju Layiwola da Sola Olorunyomi, Wy Art Editions, Ibadan, pp. 1–12 Layiwola Peju (2009) Kalabawan a matsayin Manyan Magungunan Gargajiya da Adana Al'adu tsakanin Yarabawa na Yankin Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya. a cikin Littafin karatun Tsirrai na Magunguna A Najeriya, Ed. Tolu Odugbemi, Jami'ar Legas Press, Lagos. Pp 81 92 Layiwola Peju (2009) Sabbin Fannoni na Tunawa; Royal Textiles na Benin, Filin Najeriyar, Vol. 74, 1 da 2, Pp.5-19. Layiwola, Peju da Biayere, Kunle (2007) 39; Siyasar Tunawa a cikin Sararin Dramatic: Ra'ayoyi Guda Biyu na Ovonramwen N'ogbaisi 'a cikin Nazarin Tarihi Ta Hanyar Fasaha, Ed. Peju Layiwola, National Gallery of Arts, Abuja, shafi na. 84–97. Layiwola, Adepeju (2007) 'Kisan Kiyashin Benin; Tunawa da gogewa Sarakunan Benin da Rituals, Arts Arts daga Nigeria, Museum of Ethnology, Vienna (Museum fur Volkerkunde Wien), Museum Qua Branly (Paris), Ethnologishes Staatliche Museen zu Berlin da Art Institute Chicago, Ed. Barbara Plankensteiner, Mawallafin Snoeck, Rudy Vecruysse, Ghent, pp. 83–90. Layiwola Peju (2006) 'Tangible Heritage in Nigeria,' Nigeria: Cultural and NaturalHeritage, A Unesco World Heritage, Ed. Rafael Valencia, Librose, Copernic, Viking, Barcelona, Spain. Pp. 280-305. Layiwola, Peju (1997). 'Jinsi Ya Zama Ta Hanyar Karfe: Mata a Gwanin Tagulla a Benin, Najeriya' wajen Rubuta Matan Afirka: Jinsi, Mashahurin Al'adu da Adabi a Yammacin Afirka. Ed. Stephanie Newell, Zed Press, London. shafi. 191–197. Zaɓaɓɓun nune-nunen YGaskiyar Artificial da Abubuwan undasa, 20 ga watan Yuni 20 watan Satumba shekarar 2015, Kunsthaus Dresden, Gallery of Arts, Dresden, Germany Objectas Fontera a CA2M a Madrid, Spain 4 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2015 zuwa 28 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2016; Rukuni na tafiya na rukuni: Shekaru dari na wa? Hadin gwiwar Jama'a na Fasaha, Igun Street, Benin City, 6 7December 2014. Rukunin wasan kwaikwayon jama'a da baje koli. Tallafin Binciken Bincike na Jami'ar Legas Benin1897.com: Fasaha da Tambayar Mayarwa, Baje kolin Tafiya ta Peju Layiwola, Lagos, 8 Afrilu-30 Mayu shekarar 2010, Babban dakin taro na Gallejin, Jami'ar Legas Gidan Tarihi, Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar Ibadan, Nijeriya. Ibadan, 20 ga watan Agusta-10 Oktoba shekarar 2010 Nunin hadin gwiwa: Takaddun shaida da Alamu: Mawallafa Matan Zamani takwas na Zamani, Jami'ar Afirka ta Pan Afirka a Lagos, 24 ga watan Satumba-8 Oktoba shekarar 2005 Na Bronzes da Prints: Tsarin Uwa ughteriya: Nunin zane-zane, Taimako da Bugawa. Cibiyar Goethe ta Legas, baje kolin mutum biyu ta Gimbiya Elizabeth Olowu da Peju Layiwola. 14-25 Yuni 2003. Solo Show: 'Matar Afirka: Nunin Zane-zanen Tagulla,' Flowerfield Arts Gallery, Portstewart, Northern Ireland, UK, Mayu 1996. Mata, Art da Society: Jami'ar Sarauniya ta Belfast, Armagh Campus. N. Ireland, Birtaniya, Satumba shekarar 1996. Wuraren zama Raw Residency, Jami'ar Rhodes, Grahamstown, Afirka ta Kudu, 15 Afrilu-15 Yuni 2018. Artist-in –Dauki, Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf, Jamus. 8 Oktoba-8 Disamba 2017. Ayyuka da aka ambata a ciki Tobenna Okwuosa (2017) Peju Layiwola's Art: Haɗin kai tare da Tarihin Benin da Bala'in da ya faru a cikin Fasahar Matan Nijeriya, Littattafan Ben Bosah, Amurka. shafi. 278–28. Antawan Bryan (2014) 'Peju Layiwola', Garuruwan Fasaha na Nan gaba: Karni na 21 Avant-Gardes, Phaidon Press, London pp. 178–179. Barbara Winston Blackmun (2013) Sabanin Zamani: Bronzecasting a cikin Edo Edo of Benin Aboki ne ga Fasaha na Afirka na Zamani. Fitowa ta Farko, Eds. Gitti Salami da Monica Blackmun Visona, John Wiley Blackwell da Sons, Inc. shafi na. 389–407. Freida High (2010) Benin1897.com: 'Peju Layiwola's Metamonument', Benin 1897.com: Art da Maimaita Tambaya, Eds. Peju Layiwola da Sola Olorunyomi, Wy Art Editions, Ibadan, pp. 1-12 pp15-40 Tambayoyi masu dacewa Kalubalen da ke gaban Kayayyakin Kayayyaki a Jami'o'in Najeriya Peju Layiwola (Premium Times) Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje www.pejulayiwola.com www.wyartfoundation.org Ƴan Najeriya Haihuwan 1967 Rayayyun mutane Mutane

30930

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20gurbataccen%20mai%20ta%201990

Dokar gurbataccen mai ta 1990

Dokar gurbataccen mai ta 1990 (OPA) (101 HR1465, PL 101-380) ta zartar da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta 101 kuma Shugaba George HW Bush ya sanya hannu. Yana aiki don guje wa zubar da mai daga tasoshin ruwa da wurare ta hanyar aiwatar da cire man da ya zube da kuma ba da alhakin farashin tsaftacewa da lalacewa; yana buƙatar takamaiman hanyoyin aiki; ya kuma bayyana ƙungiyoyi masu alhakin da alhakin kuɗi; aiwatar da matakai don auna lalacewa; yana ƙayyadad da diyya wanda masu cin zarafi ke da alhakinsa; kuma ya kafa asusu don lalacewa, tsaftacewa, da farashin cirewa. Wannan doka ta haifar da sauye-sauye na kayan aiki a cikin samar da man fetur, sufuri, da Kuma masana'antu. Tarihi/Baya Dokokin da ke tafiyar da zubewar mai a Amurka sun fara ne a shekara ta 1851 tare da Dokar Iyakan Laifin Laifi Wannan mutum-mutumin, a wani yunƙuri na kare masana'antar jigilar kayayyaki, ya bayyana cewa masu jiragen ruwa suna da alhakin kashe kuɗin da suka shafi abin da ya faru har zuwa ƙimar jirgin ruwansu bayan faruwar lamarin. An bayyana gazawar wannan doka a cikin shekarata 1967 tare da sakin sama da tan 100,000 na danyen mai a cikin tashar Turanci daga Torrey Canyon Daga cikin dala miliyan 8 na kudaden da suka shafi tsaftacewa, masu mallakar Torrey Canyon suna da alhakin dala 50 kawai ƙimar ragowar jirgin ruwan Torrey Canyon. A halin da ake ciki, dokar gurbacewar mai ta shekarar 1924 ta wuce, amma wannan mutum-mutumin kawai yana da iyakacin alhakin fitar da mai da gangan a cikin ruwan teku. Shekaru biyu bayan malalar Torrey Canyon, fashewar wani dandali na mai a tashar Santa Barbara ya sanya kanun labarai na kasa tare da sanya gurbacewar mai zuwa hasken wurin jama'a. Sakamakon haka, a cikin shekarata 1970, Majalisa ta sanya gurɓataccen mai a ƙarƙashin ikon Dokar Kula da Ruwa ta Tarayya (FWPA) ta shekarar 1965, wacce daga baya ta zama Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ta 1972 kuma a baya ta rufe najasa da fitarwar masana'antu. FWPA ta saita takamaiman iyakokin abin alhaki. Misali, jiragen ruwa da ke jigilar mai ana biyansu har dala kimanin 250,000 ko dala 150 kan kowace tan. Waɗannan iyakoki ba safai suke rufe farashin cirewa da tsaftacewa ba, balle barna. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, an zartar da wasu dokoki da dama da suka shafi alhakin malalar man da kuma biyan diyya. Waɗannan mutum-mutumin sun haɗa da: Dokar Tsaro ta Tashoshi da Ruwa na shekarar 1972, Dokar Ba da izinin bututun mai na Trans-Alaska na 1973, Dokar Tashar Ruwa ta Deep Water na shekarar 1974, Dokar Filayen Shelf Lands na waje na shekarata 1978, da Hukumar Zuba Mai na Alaska na shekarata 1990. Duk da haka, wannan rarrabuwar kawuna na dokokin tarayya da na jihohi sun ba da ƙayyadaddun kariya kawai daga haɗarin malalar mai. A cikin 1976, an gabatar da wani doka don ƙirƙirar ma'auni mai aminci ga ƙazantar mai ga Majalisa. Majalisar Wakilai ko Majalisar Dattawa ba za su iya amincewa da mutum-mutumi guda ɗaya ba kuma dokar ta ɓace sau da yawa. A ranar 24 ga Maris, shekarata 1989, Exxon Valdez ya fado a cikin sautin Yarima Williams kuma ya zubar da kusan galan miliyan 11 na danyen mai mafi girman zubewar mai a cikin ruwa a tarihi har zuwa wannan lokacin. Ba da daɗewa ba, a cikin Yunin shekarata 1989, ƙananan malalewa uku sun faru a cikin tekun Amurka. Wannan shaida ce akan lokaci cewa malalar man ba bakon abu ba ne. Gwamnan Alaska Steve Cowper ya ba da izinin ƙirƙirar Hukumar Kula da Mai na Alaska a shekarata 1989 don bincika musabbabin malalar mai na Exxon Valdez tare da ba da shawarwari kan yuwuwar sauye-sauyen manufofin. Cowper ya nada Walter B. Parker, mai ba da shawara kan harkokin sufuri da kuma jami'in gwamnati, a matsayin shugaban hukumar. A karkashin Parker, Hukumar ta ba da shawarwari 52 don inganta masana'antu, jihohi, da dokokin tarayya. 50 daga cikin waɗannan shawarwarin an yi aiki a cikin lissafin dokar gurɓataccen wanda aka gabatar da shi a cikin doka a ranar 16 ga Maris, Na shekarar 1989 ta Walter B. Jones, Sr., ɗan majalissar jam'iyyar Democratic Party daga gundumar 1st Congress na North Carolina Lokacin aiwatarwa Maris 16, 1989: An gabatar da dokar gurɓacewar mai a cikin tsarin doka don aiwatarwa. Yuni 21 na 1989: kwamitin ya ruwaito kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa duka majalisun biyu su yi la'akari da lissafin gaba. Kusan kashi 1 cikin 4 ne kawai aka bayar da rahoton ba sa cikin kwamitin. Nuwamba 9, 1989: An zartar da dokar ta hanyar kuri'a a majalisar wakilai Nuwamba 19, 1989: Majalisar dattijai ta zartar da dokar tare da bita An mayar da kudirin dokar ga majalisar wakilai domin amincewa da sauye-sauyen da majalisar ta kara. Sai dai majalisar ba ta amince da sake fasalin ba. Agusta 2 na 1990: An kafa kwamitin taro, ciki har da 'yan Majalisar Wakilai da Majalisar Dattijai, don warware bambance-bambance da ba da shawara na karshe don amincewa. Da farko dai Majalisar Dattawa ta amince da rahoton karshe da kwamitin ya gabatar. Agusta 4 na 1990: duka majalisun biyu sun wuce lissafin a cikin tsari iri ɗaya. Matakin karshe a tsarin majalisar shi ne kudurin ya je gaban shugaban kasa ko dai ya amince da sa hannu ko kuma ya ki amincewa da shi. Agusta 18 na 1990: Shugaban kasa ya sanya hannu kan dokar kuma an kafa dokar gurbacewar mai a hukumance. Mabuɗin Abun ciki (Tittuna) Take I. Lamuni da Diyya da Gurbacewar Mai Take II. Daidaita Canje-canje Take III. Kariya da Kawar da Gurbacewar Mai ta Duniya Take IV. Rigakafi da CirewaSubtitle A RigakafinSubtitle B CireSubtitle C Hukunci da Daban-dabanTake V. Yarima William Sauti Tanadi Take VI. Daban-daban Take VII. Shirin Bincike da Ci Gaban Gurbacewar Mai Take na VIII. Tsarin Pipeline na Trans-AlaskaSubtitle A Ingantawa zuwa Tsarin Bututun AlaskaSubtitle B HukunciSubtitle C Sharuɗɗan da suka dace ga ƴan Asalin AlaskaTake IX. Canje-canje ga Asusun Tallafin Lantarki na Mai, da dai sauransu. tilastawa Wanda ke da alhaki a ƙarƙashin dokar gurɓacewar mai shine wanda aka same shi da alhakin fitar da mai ko kuma barazanar zubar da mai daga wani jirgin ruwa ko wurin aiki zuwa cikin ruwa masu tafiya, yankunan tattalin arziki na keɓantattu, ko gaɓar ruwan da aka rufe. Bangarorin da ke da alhakin fitar da man, suna da hakki, na hadin gwiwa, kuma suna da alhakin kashe kudin cire man baya ga duk wata barna da ke da alaka da fitar da man. Ba kamar abin alhaki na farashin cirewa wanda ba a cika shi ba, alhakin lalacewa yana iyakance kamar yadda aka tattauna dalla-dalla a ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari Kuma, Dokar Gurɓatar Mai ta ba da damar ƙarin alhakin da wasu dokokin jihar suka zartar. A karkashin dokar gurbacewar man fetur, tarayya, kabilanci, jiha, da kowane mutum na iya dawo da kudaden cirewa daga wanda ke da alhakin hakan muddin irin wannan mahallin ya ci karo da farashi daga gudanar da ayyukan kawar da mai kamar yadda Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ta Kasa ta tanada Dole ne a fara da'awar biya ga wanda ke da alhakin. Idan mai yuwuwar wanda ke da alhakin ya musanta alhakin ko ya kasa rarraba kuɗin a cikin kwanaki 90 na da'awar, mai da'awar na iya shigar da kara a kotu ko kuma ya kawo da'awar ga Asusun Amincewa da Lamuni na Mai da aka bayyana a ƙasa. A wasu lokatai, ana iya fara kawo da'awar dawo da kuɗin zuwa Asusun Tallafawar Oil Spill Liability Trust don haka a kaucewa wanda ke da alhakin. Misali, masu da'awar da EPA suka ba da shawara, gwamnonin jihohin da abin ya shafa, da masu da'awar Amurka game da abubuwan da suka shafi jiragen ruwa ko kayan aiki na kasashen waje na iya gabatar da da'awarsu da farko ga Asusun Tallafin Lantarki na Oil Spill. Lokacin da aka kawo iƙirarin biyan kuɗin cirewa a asusun, mai da'awar dole ne ya tabbatar da cewa an dawwama farashin cirewa daga ayyukan da ake buƙata don gujewa ko rage tasirin abin da ya faru kuma mai gudanar da fage na tarayya ya amince da dukkan irin waɗannan ayyukan. Kamar yadda aka kwatanta a sama, ana iya dawo da kuɗin diyya daga wanda ke da alhakin. Koyaya, dokar gurɓacewar mai ta shafi wasu nau'ikan lalacewa kawai. Waɗannan nau'o'in sun haɗa da: lalacewar albarkatun ƙasa, lalacewa ga dukiya ko na mutum, asarar kayan abinci, asarar kudaden shiga na gwamnati, asarar riba ko gazawar samun riba, lalacewar ayyukan jama'a, da kuma lalacewar ƙima. Bugu da kari, ana iya dawo da wasu nau'ikan ga duk mutumin da lamarin ya shafa yayin da wasu kuma gwamnatocin tarayya, na kabilanci, da na jihohi ne kawai za a iya dawo dasu. Bugu da ƙari kuma, dokar gurɓacewar mai ta ƙayyade iyaka ga abin alhaki na lalacewa bisa ga wanda ke da alhakin, abin da ya faru, da nau'in jirgin ruwa ko kayan aikin da aka fitar da shi. Asusun Tallafawa Alkairi na Oil Spill Liability Trust, asusun amincewa ne da gwamnatin tarayya ke kula da shi da kuma samun kudin shiga ta hanyar harajin kowace ganga kan danyen mai da ake hakowa a cikin gida a Amurka da kuma kan kayayyakin man fetur da ake shigowa da su Amurka domin ci. An ƙirƙiri asusun ne a cikin shekarata 1986, amma ba a ba da izinin amfani da asusun ba har sai da dokar gurɓacewar mai a shekarata 1990. Ana iya kiran kuɗaɗen don biyan kuɗin tarayya, kabilanci, jaha, da masu da'awar kawar da ayyukan kawar da malalar mai da kuma kimanta lalacewar da ba a biya ba da kuma lamuni. Ba za a iya fitar da fiye da dala biliyan ɗaya daga asusun a kowane abin da ya faru ba. Sama da shekaru ashirin na shari'o'in kotu sun nuna cewa samun kudade daga Asusun Lamuni na Zuba Jari na Mai na iya zama aiki mai wahala. Damuwa da martani Shugaba Bush ya amince da sauye-sauyen da duniya za ta iya fuskanta yayin sanya hannu kan dokar gurbacewar mai a sakamakon haka, ya matsawa majalisar dattijai da ta gaggauta amincewa da sabbin ka'idojin kasa da kasa. Abubuwan da aka samu daga masana'antu sun kasance mara kyau. Masana'antu sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da cewa dokar gurbacewar mai za ta kawo cikas ga harkokin cinikin man da ake shigowa da su cikin ruwan Amurka cikin 'yanci. Ba wai kawai OPA ta sanya takunkumi kan cinikin mai da ake shigo da shi zuwa ketare ba, har ma tana aiwatar da ka'idojin man fetur da kuma ka'idojin diyya, wanda suke kallo a matsayin kara takaita ciniki cikin 'yanci. Bayan kafa OPA, masana'antar jigilar kayayyaki ta yi barazanar kauracewa tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Amurka don nuna adawa da wannan sabon alhaki na masana'antu a cikin dokokin tarayya da na jihohi. Musamman ma, masana'antun man fetur da na jigilar kayayyaki sun nuna adawa da rashin daidaito tsakanin OPA da dokokin kasa da kasa, Kuma tarayya da jihohi da abin ya shafa. Sakamakon dokar OPA, wasu kamfanonin inshora sun ƙi ba da takaddun shaida na kuɗin kuɗi a ƙarƙashin dokar gurɓataccen mai don guje wa yuwuwar alhakin da kuma biyan diyya a yanayin bala'i. Shugaba Bush ya kuma yi hasashen cewa kafa OPA na iya haifar da manyan kamfanonin jigilar mai da kananan kamfanonin jigilar kayayyaki su maye gurbinsu da su domin kaucewa wani abin alhaki. Musamman ma, ƙananan kamfanoni masu iyakacin albarkatu ba za su rasa kuɗin da za su magance bala'o'in malalar mai ba. Ba wai kawai masana'antar mai ba, har ma masu mallakar jiragen ruwa da masu gudanar da aikin za su kasance da alhakin malalar mai, suna fuskantar karuwar nauyin kudi. Ƙaruwar alhaki na OPA ga masu jirgin ruwa ya haifar da tsoro da damuwa daga yawancin masana'antar jigilar kaya. Masu mallakar jiragen ruwa sun ki amincewa da cewa ƙarin hukumcin malalar man da jihohi suka sanya ba su da iyaka daga iyakokin OPA na Dokar Ƙimar Lamuni na shekarar 1851 A ƙarshe, barazanar rashin iyaka a ƙarƙashin OPA da sauran dokokin jihohi ya sa kamfanoni masu jigilar mai da yawa rage cinikin mai zuwa ko daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Amurka. Koyaya, an sami sakamako mai kyau daga masana'antar mai duk da sabbin ka'idoji da ka'idoji. A cikin shekarata 1990, masana'antar mai ta haɗu don samar da Marine Spill Response Corporation (MRSC), kamfani mai zaman kansa wanda masu kera mai da masu jigilar kayayyaki za su biya diyya. Babban alhakin MRSC shine samar da sabbin tsare-tsare na mayar da martani don tsaftace zubar da mai da kuma gyaran da OPA ke bukata. Kamfanonin jigilar kayayyaki irin su Exxon Shipping sun mayar da martani mai kyau ga yunƙurin OPA na rage haɗarin da ke tattare da bala'in malalar mai. Don taimakawa tabbatar da bin ka'idodin OPA, Exxon Shipping ya tattara duk dokokin jihohi da tarayya waɗanda dole ne su bi su. Yawancin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da na Amurka da ma'aikata, duk da haka, na iya guje wa ayyuka a tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Amurka saboda alhakin OPA. Ko da yake galibin martani da suka daga kafa OPA ba su da kyau, amma duk da haka ya haifar da kafawa da ƙirƙira mafi aminci ga jiragen ruwa da cinikin mai a duniya. Tasirin OPA na dogon lokaci Dokar gurɓacewar mai tana haifar da tasiri na dogon lokaci saboda yuwuwar haƙƙin masu inshora da masu inshora. Don haka, rashin iya samun tabbacin abin alhaki na kuɗi yana haifar da rashin samun damar jiragen ruwa a cikin ruwa na Amurka bisa doka. Tun da OPA ba ta keɓance masu ba da lamuni na jirgin ruwa shiga cikin ruwan Amurka, akwai rashin jin daɗi ga kowane mai ba da lamuni don ba da kuɗin sabuntar jiragen ruwa da maye gurbinsu. A ƙarshe, OPA tana da ikon yin tasiri kai tsaye ga masana'antar haƙon mai na cikin gida saboda tsayayyen tanadin kayan aikin a cikin teku gaba daya. Alhakin kudi: Jami'an tsaron gabar tekun Amurka ne ke da alhakin aiwatar da tanade-tanaden jiragen ruwa da dokar gurbacewar mai ta tanada. A cewar OPA, masu jirgin ruwa suna buƙatar shaidar alhaki na kuɗi wanda ke ɗaukar cikakken alhakin bala'i idan jirginsu ya yi nauyi sama da tan 300. OPA na buƙatar masu mallakar jiragen ruwa da su nemi Guard Coast don samun "Takaddun Nauyin Kuɗi" wanda ke zama shaida na ikonsu na samun kuɗin kuɗi don tsaftacewa da lalacewar malalar mai. Idan aka yi la'akari da wani jirgin ruwa da ba a tabbatar da shi ba ya shiga cikin ruwan Amurka, za a kwace jirgin zuwa Amurka. Wannan ba sabuwar yarjejeniya ba ce saboda ko da yaushe ana ba wa masu jirgin ruwa izinin samun takaddun shaida a ƙarƙashin FWPCA 74 da Comprehensive Response Comprehensive Response Comprehensive and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) Tun daga shekarata 2011, sama da jiragen ruwa 23,000 sun sami Takaddun Takaddun Kare Tekun don ba da damar shiga ruwan Amurka Abubuwan da suka dace don maye gurbin jiragen ruwa da kuma zamanantar da su: Tunda dokar gurbacewar mai ta daure masu ruwa da tsaki, hakan ya haifar da rashin jin dadi ga kamfanonin mai wajen safarar danyen mai a cikin tasoshinsu da kuma masu hayar mai su rika jigilar mai a cikin tasoshin da suka dace. Yawancin kamfanonin mai da suka yi nasara a fannin kuɗi suna zaɓar mafi ingancin jiragen ruwa don jigilar kayayyakinsu, duk da haka, wasu kamfanoni suna ci gaba da jigilar kayansu akan ƙarancin inganci, tsofaffin tasoshin saboda tsadar farashi. Yawancin masu haya sun ƙi biyan ƙarin kuɗi don manyan jiragen ruwa duk da alhakin abin alhaki da ka'idojin biyan diyya da OPA ke aiwatarwa. Sabbin jiragen ruwa masu aminci kuma mafi aminci ga manyan tankuna biyu sun fi kusan 15-20% tsada don aiki. A cikin shekarata 1992, kusan 60% na jiragen ruwa na duniya sun kasance aƙalla shekaru goma sha biyar ko fiye. Manyan kamfanonin mai har yanzu suna jinkirta buƙatun maye gurbin jiragen ruwa na ritayar jiragen ruwa guda ɗaya da OPA ta umarta. Alal misali, Exxon da Texaco sun jinkirta maye gurbin jiragen ruwa guda ɗaya don sababbin jiragen ruwa guda biyu. Duk da haka, kamfanoni kamar Chevron da Mobil sun ba da odar sabbin jiragen ruwa guda biyu. Jagoranci ta misali, sauran kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na jigilar kayayyaki don saka hannun jari a cikin sabbin motocin dakon mai. Duk da canjin da aka samu daga jiragen ruwa guda zuwa biyu, har yanzu bai wadatar da isassun bukatu na masana'antar mai ba. Ana sa ran cewa a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa za a yi mummunar rashin isasshen tonne don biyan buƙatun sabbin jiragen ruwa. An kiyasta cewa dole ne masana'antar mai ta duniya su zuba jari kusan dala biliyan 200-350 don biyan bukatun duniya na sabbin jiragen ruwa da muhalli. Samar da cikin gida: A cikin dokar gurɓacewar mai, Guard Coast Guard na Amurka ne ke da alhakin tantance tsarin aikace-aikacen jiragen ruwa, duk da haka, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Ofishin Kula da Makamashin Teku (BOEM) tana aiwatar da aiwatar da duk ƙa'idodin Dokar Gurɓacewar Mai na tekun. wuraren mai. A karkashin OPA, an ba wa masu alhakin alhakin bayar da shaida da ke bayyana alhakin kuɗi na dala miliyan kusan 150 don yuwuwar alhaki. Idan wata ƙungiya ba za ta iya ba da shaidar da ke bayyana alhakin kuɗi na dala miliyan 150 ba, za a biya su hukuncin dala 25,000 a kowace rana wanda ya saba wa OPA kuma yana iya fuskantar hukuncin shari'a na dakatar da duk ayyukan. Kafin aiwatar da gurɓacewar mai, an buƙaci wuraren da ke cikin teku su ba da shaidar da ta bayyana alhakin kuɗi na dala miliyan 35. Bayan OPA, waɗannan wuraren da ke bakin teku dole ne su ƙara tabbatar da alhakin kuɗi da sau 4 kuma buƙatun OPA na alhakin kuɗi sun faɗaɗa don haɗa kayan aiki a cikin ruwan jihar ma. Wuraren da ke cikin ruwan jihar waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin abin da ake buƙata na dala miliyan 150 sun haɗa da bututun mai, tashar jiragen ruwa na marina, tankuna, da wuraren samar da mai waɗanda ke cikin, a kan, ko ƙarƙashin ruwan tekun jihar, kuma suna kusa da tashoshi na cikin gida, tafkuna, da wuraren dausayi Mafi bayyanan tasirin dokar OPA, shine akan masu samar da mai a cikin Tekun Mexico Yawancin wuraren da ke bakin teku suna cikin Tekun Fasha na Mexico da kuma a cikin marshes da wuraren dausayi na Louisiana Manyan masu kera kayayyaki suna iya biyan bukatun OPA na alhakin kuɗi, duk da haka, manyan kamfanonin mai da ke cikin Tekun Mexico sun janye ayyukansu na ketare. Sakamakon matsin lamba na muhalli da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin gwamnati da OPA ke aiwatarwa, an janye ƙwararrun shawarwari na bincike da samarwa a Amurka. Sakamakon yadda manyan kamfanoni suka janye shirinsu na hakowa, da yawa kanana, masu sana'a masu zaman kansu sun shiga don samun riba. Ya zuwa Oktoban shekarar 1993, kashi 93% na dukkan hako man fetur da iskar gas sun fito ne daga masu samar da zaman kansu. Daga cikin sabbin ayyukan binciken, kusan kashi 85% na ayyukan hakowa na cikin Tekun Mexico. Masu samar da mai masu zaman kansu sun samar da kusan kashi 40% na danyen mai a ƙasar Amurka da kashi 60% na iskar gas na cikin gida. Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya Dangane da matsalar gurbatar man fetur da wasu kasashe (musamman jiragen ruwa) ke haddasawa, yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa irinsu Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Alhaki kan Lalacewar gurbatar Man Fetur da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Alhaki na Lalacewar gurbatar Man Fetur wadanda ke da irin wannan niyya kamar Dokar, sun Amurka ba ta sanya hannu ba, kamar yadda aka yi la'akari da cewa dokar gurbacewar mai ta ba da isassun bayanai. Duba wasu abubuwan Deepwater Horizon hakowa na'urar fashewa Dokar muhalli Amurka Coast Guard Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Doka Mai Gurbataccen mai Majalissar donkin duniya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

26260

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wamena

Wamena

Wamena wani babban birni ne na Jayawijaya Regency na Indonesia Babban birni ne a cikin tsaunukan Papua na Indonesiya, a cikin kwarin Baliem kuma yana da yawan jama'a kimanin mutane 31,724 a ƙidayar shekara ta 2010 da 64,967 a ƙidayar shekara ta 2020. Wamena ita ce cibiyar birane na yankunan karkara wanda ke da yawan jama'a mafi girma a yammacin Papua, tare da mutane sama da guda 300,000 da ke zaune a kwarin Baliem da kewayenta. Waɗannan mutanen suna cikin wasu kabilun da ke da alaƙa, waɗanda aka fi sani da su sune Dani, Lani da Yali Garin kuma gida ne ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Persiwa Wamena, waɗanda ke wasa a gasar firimiya ta Indonesia Tarihi Dangane da duniyar waje, gano kwarin Baliem, inda Wamena yake, da kasancewar ba a zata ba da yawan masu aikin gona da Richard Archbold ya yi balaguro na uku zuwa New Guinea a shekara ta 1938. A ranar 21 ga Yuni wani jirgin leken asirin jirgin sama zuwa kudu daga Hollandia (yanzu Jayapura ya gano abin da balaguron ya kira 'Grand Valley'. Tunda kusan an yanke shi gaba ɗaya daga duniyar waje, yaƙin ya kare yankin don yaƙin New Guinea a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II Turawan Holland ne suka kafa garin da kansa a shekara ta 1956, a matsayin ɗayan birni na ƙarshe da aka kafa yayin kasancewar su a Yammacin New Guinea Tun daga wannan lokacin a hankali aka buɗe kwarin har zuwa iyakance yawan yawon buɗe ido. A shekara ta 2003, a lokacin da abin da za a kira nan da Wamena faru, an san ko su wanene yan zanga-zanga ƙarƙashin jagorancin Free Papua Movement kai hari a Indonesian Army 's ma'ajiyar makamai daga garin, inda suka kashe biyu Indonesia sojoji da sata da dama bindigogi. An mayar da martani mai zafi, wanda ya shafi mazauna ƙauyuka guda 25, ya raba mazauna ƙauyen mutane 7,000 da kashe guda 50 a cikin lamarin, an kuma ba da rahoton azabtarwa da lalata kadarori da sojojin Indonesiya. A yayin zanga -zangar Papua ta 2019, fusatattun mutane sun lalata gine -ginen gwamnati da yawa, 'yan sanda da sojoji sun mayar da martani, inda fararen hula 16 suka mutu yayin da 65 suka jikkata. A cewar mahukuntan yankin, zanga -zangar ta musamman ta samo asali ne sakamakon wani abin daban na wariyar launin fata a cikin birnin. Wakilin Kompas a Wamena ya ba da rahoton cewa harbe -harben bindigogi sun tashi a fadin birnin kuma fararen hula na samun mafaka a ofisoshin 'yan sanda da sansanonin sojoji. Daga cikin fararen hula 16 da aka kashe, 13 sun fito ne daga wajen lardin, kuma mafi yawan mutuwar sun faru ne yayin da suka makale a cikin gine -ginen da fusatattun mutane suka kona. Da yake mayar da martani kan zanga -zangar, Ma’aikatar Sadarwa da Fasahar Watsa Labarai ta sake kunna katsewar intanet a Wamena. Sakamakon tarzomar da tashin hankalin, kusan fararen hula 15,000 ne aka kwashe daga Wamena, yayin da wasu 1,726 suka yi gudun hijira a cikin garin a farkon watan Oktoba. Koma sabanin haka, kusan ɗaliban Papuan 2,000 sun dawo daga wasu biranen a duk faɗin Indonesia zuwa garuruwansu da biranen su, suna ba da rahoton jin tsoro da haɗari. Yanayi Wamena yana da yanayin yanayin gandun daji na daji Köppen Af duk da cewa yana da sauƙi saboda yanayin sa. Tattalin Arziki Wamena ta yi iƙirarin yawancin sabbin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari fiye da sauran yankuna a Papua. A farkon 6 ga Yuni shekara ta 2013, an gina kasuwa ta zamani a tsakiyar gari don baiwa manoman gargajiya damar siyar da girbinsu akan farashi mai kyau. Sufuri Saboda wurin da ya keɓe, babban hanyar samun damar zuwa yankin shine zirga -zirgar jiragen sama. Filin jirgin saman Wamena ne kawai ke ba da garin da kwarin da ke kusa da shi, wanda zai iya saukar da jiragen Hercules na TNI Dimonim Air, Trigana Air, Aviastar Mandiri, Susi Air, Merpati da Wings Air suna hidimar filin jirgin. An kona tashar jirgin sama da wuta a ranar 26 ga Satumba 2011; duk gine -gine da suka hada da tashar tashi da isowa sun ci wuta. Sassan babbar hanyar Trans-Papua tana wucewa Wamena, tana haɗa garin ta hanya tare da birane a fadin Papua kamar Jayapura. Lafiya Galibin garin Papuan ya zauna sosai kuma yana da matsanancin kamuwa da cutar kanjamau, tare da da'awar kararraki 5,100 da Antara ya rubuta. A ranar 16 ga Yunin 2015, sakataren yankin Jayawijaya Yohanis Walilo ya gyara jimlar masu cutar HIV zuwa 4,521 masu cutar HIV. Manazarta Hanyoyin waje Gine-gine Garuruwa Pages with unreviewed

19140

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daario%20Naharis

Daario Naharis

Daario Naharis ne almara, hali a cikin A Song na Ice, kuma wutã jerin fantasy litattafan da American marubucin George RR Martin kuma ta talabijin karbuwa Game da karagai An gabatar da shi a cikin Guguwar Sword (2000), Daario shine shugaban ƙungiyar mayaƙa daga nahiyar Essos da ake kira Stormcrows. Daga baya ya bayyana a cikin Martin's Dance tare da Dragons (2011). Daario ya fito ne daga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Ingilishi Ed Skrein sannan kuma ɗan wasan Dutch Michiel Huisman a cikin shirin HBO na talabijin. Bayanin haruffa Daario jarumi ne mai jaruntaka kuma mai lalata, kuma kwamandan Stormcrows, wani kamfani ne na sayar da kalmomin da ke ƙunshe da sojojin haya 500. Ya kasance mai kashe mutane, mai jini da jin kai, duk da cewa gaba ɗaya ya ba Daenerys Targaryen Babu wani abu da aka bayyana game da tarihin Daario a cikin littattafan, sai don abubuwan tarihin Tyroshi. Bayani Daario Naharis ba ma'anar ra'ayi bane a cikin litattafan, don haka ana shaidawa da fassara ayyukan sa ta idanun sauran mutane, musamman Daenerys Targaryen Daario galibi yanayin ɗabi'a ne a cikin litattafan. Labarin labarai A cikin littattafan Guguwar Takobi Yunkai ne ya yi hayar Stormcrows don kare garin daga sojojin Daenerys Targaryen. Daenerys tana ba wa Stormcrows zinariya idan suka canza mata. Yayinda Stormcrows suke shirya wannan tayi, Daario (wanda Daenerys tayi nasara akanshi) ya kashe shugabannin Stormcrows kuma yayi alkawarin tallafawa kamfanin ga Daenerys. The Stormcrows ta taimaka wa Daenerys a cikin nasarorinta na Yunkai da Meereen. Dance tare da dodanni Bayan mamayar Daenerys daga Meereen, sai ta aika Daario zuwa Lhazar don sake buɗe hanyoyin kasuwanci tsakanin yankunan biyu. Bayan dawowarsa, Daenerys ya ɗauki Daario a matsayin masoyi amma ya auri mai martaba Meereenese Hizdahr zo Loraq. Tare da Yunkai da ke kewaye da Meereen, Daenerys ya ba da musayar wadanda aka yi garkuwa da su tsakanin sansanonin biyu don tabbatar da zaman lafiya, kuma Daario yana cikin wadanda aka bai wa Yunkai. Koyaya, Daenerys ya tashi akan Drogon, kuma Yunkai'i ya ƙi sakin Daario har sai an kashe sauran dodannin biyu na Daenerys. A cikin wasan kwaikwayo Jerin talabijin yana tasowa ne daga baya cewa mahaifiyar Daario mai shan giya ta siyar da shi zuwa ramin faɗa lokacin yana ƙarami. Daario ya sami horo a matsayin mayaƙin rami kuma ya yi rawar gani har aka sake shi daga bautar lokacin da maigidansa ya mutu. Bayan ya sami 'yanci, Daario ya shiga kamfanin sayar da kalmomi na Second Sons. Season 3 Karkashin jagorancin Kyaftin Mero da na biyu a kwamanda Prendhal na Ghezn, Yunkai mai bautar ya dauke 'Ya'yan Na Biyu don yakar sojojin Daenerys. Smitten tare da Daenerys, Daario ya ƙi yin biyayya ga shugabanninsa lokacin da suka yanke shawarar kashe ta; maimakon haka sai ya kashe su kuma ya gabatar da manyan kawunan su ga Daenerys. Tare da 'Ya'yan Na biyu a ƙarƙashin umurninsa, Daario da mutanensa sun yi mubaya'a ga Daenerys. Sannan ya taimaka wa Jorah Mormont da Grey Worm wajen buɗe ƙofofin Yunkai, tare da barin sojojin Daenerys su ci garin. Season 4 A kan tattaki zuwa makwabcin garin Meereen, Daario bai yi nasarar soyayya da Daenerys ba. A ƙofar Meereen, masu ba da agaji na Daario don yin yaƙi da zakaran Meereen a cikin faɗa ɗaya kuma cikin hanzari suka kashe shi kafin su zagi Meereenese ta hanyar yin fitsari a gaban gari. Bayan Daenerys ta ci birni da yaƙi, Daario ya rinjaye ta ta ɗauke shi a matsayin ƙaunarta. Lokacin da Yunkai ya fara yin tawaye ga mulkin Daenerys, Daenerys ya aika Daario da mai martaba Meereenese Hizdahr zo Loraq don tattaunawa da mashawarta na gari. Season 5 Daario da Hizdahr sun yi nasara a tattaunawar da suka yi da Yunkish, kodayake Yunkish sun dage a matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar kan sake buɗe ramuka faɗa na garin. Daenerys da farko ya ƙi, duk da cewa Daario ya nuna cewa samartakarsa a matsayin faɗa ce ta ba shi ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don shiga Sa thean Seconda andan biyu kuma su sadu da ita. Daenerys ta canza tunaninta bayan masu tayar da kayar baya na Meereenese, 'Ya'yan Harpy, sun kashe mai ba ta shawara Ser Barristan Selmy. Ta ɗauki Hizdahr a matsayin mijinta amma ta riƙe Daario a matsayin abokiyar zamanta. Bayan Daenerys ta tashi a kan dodo dinta yayin wani hari da 'Ya'yan suka kai mata a yayin bude ramuka na fada, Daario da Jorah suka yanke shawarar barin Meereen don nemo ta. Tyrion Lannister yayi ƙoƙari ya shiga tare da su, amma Daario ya nuna Tyrion shine yafi dacewa da mulkin Meereen a cikin rashi na Daenerys. Season 6 Jorah da Daario sun gano cewa Dothraki ya kama Daenerys, kuma suka bi ta zuwa tsarkakken garin Dothraki na Vaes Dothrak. Sun kutsa cikin gari sun hadu da Daenerys, amma ta nuna cewa ba za su iya tserewa Dothraki 100,000 a cikin garin ba. Daenerys a maimakon haka ya sanya wuta a Haikalin Dosh Khaleen, ya kashe khals amma ya fita ba tare da jin rauni ba. Abin mamaki, Dothraki ya yi sujada ga Daenerys, kuma Daario ya bi sahu. Yayin da Jorah ya tashi don neman magani don asalinsa, Daenerys da Daario sun yi tattaki zuwa Meereen tare da Dothraki. Daenerys yayi gaba akan Drogon, kuma Daario ya isa ƙofar Meereen. A can, ya sami onsa ofan Harpy suna kisan freedanci kuma ya jagoranci tuhumar Dothraki na kashe 'Ya'yan. Tare da ƙarshe aka ƙare bautar a cikin Slaver's Bay, Daenerys ya yanke shawarar komawa Westeros kuma ya dawo da Al'arshin ƙarfe. Koyaya, ta nace cewa Daario da 'Ya'yan Na biyu sun kasance don kiyaye zaman lafiya. Daario ya firgita kuma ya bayyana kaunarsa ga Daenerys, amma daga karshe ya yarda, ganin cewa Tyrion ya shawarce ta da ta kawo karshen alakar su. TV karbuwa A farkon bayyanuwarsa uku a season 3 na karban talibijin na littattafan, ɗan wasan Ingila Ed Skrein ne ya nuna Daario Naharis. A cikin sauran shirin, dan wasan Dutch Michiel Huisman ne ya nuna shi. Dalilin canjin ɗan wasa an fara cewa saboda Skrein ya ɗauki rawa a fim ɗin The Transporter Refueled Koyaya daga baya Skrein ya bayyana cewa canjin ya samo asali ne daga "siyasa". Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

25936

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20Sarki%20Abdulaziz

Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz

Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz (Kau) jami'a ce ta jama'a a Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. An kuma kafa ta a shekarar 1967 a matsayin jami'a mai zaman kanta, ta gungun 'yan kasuwa karkashin jagorancin Muhammad Abu Bakr Bakhashab har da marubuci Hamza Bogary. A shekara ta 1974, Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz ta koma jami'ar gwamnati ta hanyar shawarar Ministocin Majalisar kasar Saudi Arabia karkashin umarnin Sarki Faisal na lokacin. A cikin shekara ta 2021, an sanya ta a matsayin jami'ar Larabawa ta #1 ta Babban Ilimi na Times. An sanya Jami'ar King Abdulaziz a cikin manyan jami'o'i guda 200 a duniya ta manyan tebura huɗu. Tarihi Jami'a mai zaman kanta A cikin shekara ta 1964, Mohammed Ali Hafiz ne ya gabatar da manufar kafa jami'a mai zaman kanta a birnin Jidda. A cikin wannan shekarar, an kafa kwamitin shirya mambobi guda 6, da suka hada da Mohamed Ali Hafiz da Muhammad Abu Bakr Bakhashab. Jim kaɗan bayan haka, Yarima Faisal na sarauta a lokacin ya amince da ra'ayin. A shekara ta 1965, an kafa kwamitin zartarwa na jami'ar. A cikin shekara ta 1966, KAU ta yi gasa don tsara tambarin su. Abdul-Halim Radwi, wani mawaƙi na cikin gida daga Jeddah ne ya ƙaddamar da ƙirar nasara. A cikin shekarar 1967, an kafa Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz a matsayin jami'a mai zaman kanta, tare da burin yada ilimi mai zurfi a yankin yammacin Saudi Arabia Kafin wannan ranar babu manyan makarantun ilimi a Jidda. An kuma cimma wadannan manufofi ta hanyar kokarin manyan 'yan kasuwa da fitattun mutanen Saudiyya; kuma bugu da kari tare da taimakon karfafawa Sarki Faisal da tallafin kudi. Jami'ar ta fara shekarar ilimi ta farko a 1968, tare da ɗimbin ɗaliban ɗalibai (68 namiji 30 mace). A 1969, na farko baiwa aka kafa (Faculty of Economics and Administration). A cikin 1970, an kafa Faculty of Arts and Humanities. Jami'ar jama'a (1974-present) A shekara ta 1974, Majalisar Ministocin Saudiya ta yanke shawarar hade jami’ar da gwamnati; maida shi zuwa jami’ar gwamnati. tana da ɗalibai kusan 31,000, wanda 28% na ƙasashen duniya ne. Fazlur Rahman Khan mai zanen gine-gine dan asalin kasar Bangaladesh ne ya tsara ginin. A cikin shekarar 2018, an sanya ta a matsayin jami'ar Larabawa ta 1st ta Babban Ilimi na Times saboda tasirin tasiri mai ƙarfi da hangen nesa na duniya. Har ila yau, ba ta da daraja. 1 a yawan jimlar wallafe -wallafe tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙasashen duniya, bisa ga martabar Labaran Amurka. Shirye -shiryen bincike Tsakanin shekarata 2004 da 2014, Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz ta kafa wani shiri don jawo hankalin ƙasashen duniya kuma ta yi maraba da kusan bincike 150 ko fannoni daban -daban. Jami'ar ta haɓaka abokan bincike na ƙasa da ƙasa, ciki har da a Maroko inda ta haɓaka shirin bincike na wata tare da Masana'antar Oukaïmeden Jami'ar tana da cibiyoyin bincike daban -daban guda 13, galibi a fannonin magani (kwayoyin halittar jinya da osteoperosis), muhalli da makamashi, canjin yanayi, da lalata abubuwa. An kafa shi a cikin shekara ta 1970s ta Sami Angawi, cibiyar bincike kan aikin hajji a Makka (Cibiyar Binciken Aikin Hajji) tana gudanar da jerin ayyuka a kusa da taron addini, musamman kan bangarorin dabaru da ke kewaye da aikin hajji. The university has 13 different research centers, predominantly in the fields of medicine (medical genomes and osteoperosis), environment and energy, climate change, and desalination. Tsangayoyin Ilimi Ilimin Injiniya ABET ta amince da waɗannan shirye -shiryen a matsayin Shirye -shiryen Daidaita Tun daga shekara ta 2003. Kwalejin Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwa Kwalejin Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwa ita ce kwaleji ta farko da aka kafa a Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz, kuma har zuwa yau ana kiran ta "The Base of the Founder's University," tana nufin wanda ya kafa ƙasar. Sashen Gudanar da Kasuwanci Ma'aikatar Kudi Sashen Kasuwanci Ma'aikatar Kula da Albarkatun Dan Adam Ma'aikatar Lissafi Ma'aikatar Bayanai na Gudanarwa Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa Ma'aikatar Kula da Lafiya Ma'aikatar Gudanar da Jama'a Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki Ma'aikatar Shari'a (ta ƙare a 2012; rabu cikin sabon baiwa) A cikin shekara ta 2015, FEA ta sami lambar yabo ta duniya ta huɗu, AACSB ta mai da ita ɗaya daga cikin manyan kwalejojin kasuwanci a gabas ta tsakiya da kuma duniya baki ɗaya. Ilimin Shari'a An kafa Faculty of Law a cikin shekara ta 2012 kamar yadda aka ware daga kwalejin Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwa. Dokar Jama'a Dokar sirri Wasu ikon tunani Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine Faculty of Arts da 'Yan Adam Faculty of Communication da Media Faculty of Computing da Information Technology Faculty of Meteorology, Muhalli da Aikin Gona Ƙasa Faculty of Nursing Ilimin Kimiyya Faculty of Pharmacy Faculty of Dentistry Ilimin Kimiyyar Duniya Faculty of muhalli Designs Faculty of Home Tattalin Arziki Faculty of Marine Kimiyya Faculty of Tourism Faculty of Nazarin Maritime Matsayi Jami'ar King Abdulaziz tana matsayi tsakanin 101 zuwa 150 tun daga shekara ta 2020 ta Matsayin Ilimi na Jami'o'in Duniya Bugu da ƙari, a cewar US News &amp; World Report Best Global Ranking Ranking, Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz tana matsayi na 51 a 2020. Kuma bisa ga martabar Jami'ar QS ta Duniya, Jami'ar King Abdulaziz tana matsayi na 143 a shekara ta2021 a cikin manyan jami'o'in duniya da Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) na London ke jagoranta. KAU ta fuskanci suka kan zargin biyan manyan masu binciken da aka ambata daga ko'ina cikin duniya don ambaci KAU a matsayin "alaƙar karatun sakandare" don haɓaka martabarsu. Sanannen tsoho Nahed Taher, wanda ya kafa Saudiyyan kuma babban jami'in bankin zuba jari na Gulf One, wanda ke da hedikwata a Bahrain. A cikin 2006, mujallar Forbes ta sanya Taher a matsayi na 72 a cikin jerin mata 100 mafi ƙarfi a duniya. Sulaiman Abdul Aziz Al Rajhi, hamshakin attajirin dan kasar Saudiyya, ma'abocin bankin Al Rajhi, mutum na 38 mafi kudi a duniya Adel Fakeih, hamshakin attajirin Saudiyya kuma tsohon magajin garin Jidda. Manal al-Sharif, mai rajin kare hakkin mata na Saudiyya. Abdallah Bin Bayyah, malamin musulmi, yana koyarwa a jami'a; Bin Bayyah yana da zama dan kasar Mauritania Adel Al-Hussain, BS, Digiri na farko a fannin lissafi tare da girmamawa, (1992) Amr Dabbagh, masanin tattalin arzikin Saudiyya kuma dan kasuwa. Memba na Dandalin Tattalin Arzikin Duniya kuma wanda ya kafa Dandalin Tattalin Arzikin Jidda Shalimar Sharbatly, ɗan zane mai zane Said Aqil Siradj, shugaban Nahdlatul Ulama, babbar kungiyar musulunci a duniya a Indonesia Duba kuma Jerin jami'o'i a Saudi Arabia Jami’ar Musulunci ta Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina Jami'ar Sarki Saud Jami’ar Ummul Qura Manazarta Hanyoyin waje KAU ranking from Times Higher Education World University Rankings. Faculty of Design and Arts Makaranta Makarantu Makaranta masu zaman kansu Ilimi Jami'a Jami'o'i Pages with unreviewed

20666

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%27ummar%20Ijigban

Al'ummar Ijigban

Ijigban yana daga cikin gundumomi ashirin da biyu da aka samo a yankin ƙabilar Idoma a yau. Tana mamaye da ƙasa daga yankin kudu na Idoma zuwa iyakar yankin Ibo, musamman bangaren Abakaliki Sun fada ne a kan iyakar ƙabilar Idoma da Ezza Izze a arewacin yankin Ibo Ƙidayar shekarar 2006 ta ƙidaya kusan mutane 22,360 Ijigban. Mutanen sun rayu ne a kan iyakar arewa maso yamma ta Igumale; Ulayi a yamma; Utonkon a arewa; Ekele da Igede zuwa arewa maso gabas da kuma Izza Izze Igbo a kudu. Gundumar dai tana yankin kudu ne na ƙaramar hukumar Ado, kuma ta ƙunshi ƙabilu bakwai (a cewar tsofaffi): Okpe, Ipole, Ehaje, Ogongo, Adegemi, Onogwu da Ai-Okpan, waɗanda suka haɗa ɓangarorin siyasa biyu. Labarai game da asalin Ijigban, kamar asalin labarai na 'yan Najeriya da yawa, gami da mutanen Idoma gabaɗaya, suna da matsala sosai. Kalmar "asali" a cikin mahimmancin ma'anar ilimin ɗan adam tana nuni ne ga samuwar wani nau'in dabbobi ko na dabbobi, kamar yadda ya bambanta da wani nau'in Labarai na asali a cikin yanayin Ijigban anan sune labarai ne da mutane suke amfani da shi don bayyana inda kakanninsu suka fito, da kuma yadda suka iso wurin da suke zaune yanzu. Kodayake al'adun asali sau da yawa lokaci kan ba da amsar Hamitic. Batun mutanen Ijigban na kudancin Ado abu ne na musamman, wanda aka bayar da shaida a ƙarƙashin wadatar kafofin. Ta wannan hanyar, zamu ɗauki cikakkiyar hanya don bincika nau'uka daban-daban na al'adun Ijigban na asali. Ijigban na ainahi Asusun asalin tarihin wannan mutanen suna da rikitarwa da sabani. Wasu majiyoyin farko, gami da tushen mulkin mallaka, basu isa ba. Misali, a kokarin gano asalin mutanen nan, AG Armstrong ya tabbatar da cewa mutanen Ijigban, Ekele da Ulayi sun bi al'adunsu na asali ne daga Ngor da ke lardin Ogoja kuma suna da kusanci sosai. Don haka, ya nakalto Simey "cewa Igumale, Ulayi, Agila da Ijigban suna da kusanci sosai, kuma duk sun shigo yankin kusan lokaci guda kuma akwai iyakoki tabbatattu tsakanin waɗannan dangin dangane da haƙƙin farauta". Bayanin da ya yi wa mutanen da sunan da ake kira da "Ijigbam-Ishieke" ba wai kawai sabani ba ne amma kuma ya haifar da mummunan rashi domin, yayin da mutanen Ijigban ɓangare ɗaya ne na Idoma na asali, wannan ba zai iya zama gaskiya game da mutanen Ishieke ba da Abakaliki. To yaya akayi "Ijigbam-Ishieke"? Ta wani fannin kuma, Agila da Ijigban (gami da Igumale, Ulayi da Utonkon dukansu) basu zo wannan mazaunin ba a daidai lokacin da Simey ke da'awa kuma AG Armstrong ya goyi bayansa. Dalilin kuwa shine yayin da Agila ya gano asalin gargajiya zuwa "asalin yamma" c. 165-1775, Ijigban tare da Igumale ya danganta nasu ga "asalin Gabas" c. 1535-1745. Misali, a cewar EO Erim, "Gundumar Agila ta zamani a Idomaland ta tuna cewa kakansu Ago, wanda ya ƙaura daga yankunan kudu na Idah c. 1625 1655, na Bini hakar. Shi ɗa ne ga wani Oba na Benin wanda ba a ambata sunan sa ba Batun da muke kokarin nunawa a nan shi ne, yayin da Ijigban, Igumale ke ikirarin Apa a matsayin yankinsu na asali, amma mutanen Agila na iya yin watsi da hakan. A wannan lokacin, za a iya cewa asusun RG Armstrong ba shi da cikakken tarihin tarihi. RG Armstrong saboda wani dalili ya kasa fahimtar cewa Ijigban wanda ya haifi 'ya'ya maza bakwai wadanda suka haɗu da dangi bakwai na gundumar Ijigban a yau Ogene ne ya haife shi, kuma Ogene ɗan babban Edor ne wanda ya binciki asalin mahaifinsa zuwa Apa 1 wanda a yanzu yake mallakar Tiv. A gefe guda kuma, Ishieke (kamar yadda aka gani a baya) ƙabila ce ta Izzi Igbo wacce ga dukkan shaidar tarihi ba ta da alaƙa da al'adun Idoma na asali. Idan mutanen Ijigban sun banbanta da kabilar Izzi (Ishieke) Igbo, to a ina ne asalin "Ijigbam-Ishieke"? Daga wannan shaidar da ke sama (ko ake kira ta almara), mai yiwuwa ne sunan majalisa 'Ijigbam-Ishieke' ya zo ne sakamakon 'sulhunta' mulkin mallaka na yankin, kamar dai yadda matafiya na farko da hafsoshin mulkin mallaka suka ambaci Idoma duka kamar "Akpoto". Koyaya, yin watsi da wannan son zuciya, aikinsa (RG Armstrong) har yanzu shine tushen tushen bayanai mai mahimmanci. Koyaya, a cewar wani mai ba da labarin, Cif Oriri Otseje (Hakimin Gundumar kuma Mai Kula da Tarihin Ijigban), A sakamakon yakin karshe da aka yi a Apa 1, (Abin da Ochefu ke kira yakin doki), an kori jarumai kamar Ago, Ale da Edor, da kuma cewa waɗannan shugabannin a kan haƙƙin farauta, sun kafa matsugunansu daban-daban. Wani mai ba da labarin ya ce za a iya gano al'adun asalin Ijigban zuwa Apa. Kodayake, ba wani takamaiman lokacin tarihi da aka bayar amma sun yi ƙaura daga Apa kuma sun zauna a wurare daban-daban ciki har da Izzekatton (ko Izzekato) kusa da Iyala a Cross-River tsawon shekaru. Matsaloli sun ɓullo a Izzekatton sakamakon hare-hare da yawa na Izze. A ƙarshe ya kammala kamar haka; Mun haɗu da Izze sun iso bayan kakanninmu. Ba da daɗewa ba, Izze ta fara yi mana barazana (kakanninmu) ta lalata amfanin gona da dabbobin gida. Rashin hankali ya kasance na wasu shekaru. Izze ta kashe mutanenmu da yawa. Lokacin da Izze ta rinjayi kakana, na biyun ya gudu zuwa wani ƙauye mai suna Iyede. Ya lura Iyede ya kasance Nyimegu ta yau inda Izzegodo ke rayuwa a yau a arewa maso gabashin yankin Abakaliki. Sakamakon abubuwa na turawa da ja, musamman rashin ruwa da kuma ci gaba da hargitsi na Ezza, Ijigban a cikin farautar farauta sun sami rafi inda daga baya suka yi kaura zuwa, saboda wadatar ruwa. Ya kira wannan sulhu da Ole-Efuu (asalin gida). A Ole-Efuu, wani Bature wanda ba a bayyana sunansa ba, ya bukaci Agbo wanda a lokacin shi ne sarkinsu ya tsallake rafin kuma ya zauna a Gundumar Ijigban ta yanzu inda talakawansa suka bi shi da gaske. Erim O. Erim kuma ya yarda da waɗannan gaskiyar lokacin da ya bayyana hakan a cikin lokacin c. 1685-1805, an mamaye mamaye daban-daban akan Apa 1. Ya kuma yarda da cewa; 'yan kabilar Tiv wadanda a koda yaushe ba su iya biyan bukatar su ta filaye da abinci. A bayyane yake cewa mamayar Tiv ce ta tilasta wa ƙungiyoyin Idoma da yawa barin garinsu na Apa 1 suka yi ƙaura zuwa kudu. A kudanci, akwai kalubalen 'yan gudun hijira sakamakon "tsananin yunwa" a Igumale na yanzu. Kodayake Ale a lokacin wannan yunwar ta riga ta kafa gonar masara mai yawa (igu) kuma ba da daɗewa ba, masarar ta ƙare don haka tilastawa sauran 'yan gudun hijirar ƙaura zuwa kudu neman neman kariya da aminci. Har ila yau, sun yarda da bayanin dattijo Onoja Agbo na baka, "cewa Ijigban sun yi kaura daga Izzekatto da Iyede saboda matsalolin da ba su da iyaka", Erim ya kafa cewa; tsakanin C. 1685-1805 na zangon karshe na asalin gabas, dangi biyar suka zo arewa suna kaura daga tashin hankali a yankin Abakaliki yaƙin ƙasa tsakanin mazauna ƙasar daban-daban. Lura cewa asalin wannan asusun kwatancen shine ya isa ga tabbataccen shaidar tarihi. Daga bayanin da ke sama kuma, ana iya ganin al'adun asali da hijirar wannan mutane (Ijigban) a matsayin aiki a hankali ba kamar na farkon Armstrong ba cewa "mutanen Ijigban, Ekele da Ulayi sun fito ne daga Ngor a lardin Ogoga kuma suna da kusanci sosai. Tabbas, bisa ga kyakkyawar hulɗar zamantakewar siyasa da tattalin arziki tsakanin Ijigban da mutanen Ishieke a zamanin mulkin mallaka kafin zuwan mulkin mallaka da sun inganta ƙungiya kamar "Ijigbam-Ishieke". Ara cikin abin da ke gudana, Ochefu ya lura cewa Ijigban (amma ya rubuta Ijigbam a cikin aikinsa), Agila, sun yarda da "Apa" a matsayin asalin mahaifinsu daga inda suka yi ƙaura zuwa inda suke. Daga kowane nuni, zuwa tsakiyar karni na goma sha takwas, wadannan proto-Idoma (wanda aka hada da Ijigban) kungiyoyi, wadanda suka yi ikirarin "asalin gabas" abubuwa daban-daban sun tura su zuwa na biyu kuma daga na biyu zuwa mahaifarsu ta uku, na abin da za a iya ɗauka azaman sulhu na zamani. Kuma kafin 1800, tuni an riga an daidaita Yankin kudu (wanda Ijigban yake) na Idomaland na zamani. A lokacin tashin, Ijigbam a tsakanin sauran dangin Idoma shida, ya dauki totem din (Black) a matsayin wani bangare na alakar dangi a Apa1. Kamar yadda muka gani a baya, babban dalilin wannan kaura shine mamayar Tiv wadanda suke kan hada dukkan Apa 1 cikin mahaifarsu. Ba zato ba tsammani, fadada ƙungiyar Keana Confederacy da matsaloli a Abakaliki zuwa kudu ya ƙara matsin lamba akan Idoma, ya haifar da su matsawa. Tsarin matsuguni da ci gaban gundumar Ijigban Mazauna yanki babban bangare ne na amfani da yankunan karkara kuma an kirkireshi a sararin samaniya da nufin rayuwa gami da ginshiki ga ayyukan tattalin arziki da siyasa na mutum da ke da niyyar bunkasa da ci gaba. Ta wannan, muna nufin cewa ƙauyuka sune farkon matakan mutum zuwa ga daidaitawa da kai ga abin da yake so 33. Tsarin sulhu na mutane ya ƙunshi abubuwan da suka shafi jiki da zamantakewar ƙasa ko al'adu. Wadannan abubuwa guda biyu suna tabbatar da daidaituwar yanayin mu'amala tsakanin mutane da wajen gundumar. Tsarin sasantawa da ci gaban Gundumar Ijigban ya dogara ne da danginsu (Ipo-opu). Amma na farko, menene gundumar Ijigban a yau ana iya gano ta zuwa lokacin zuwan mulkin mallaka da kuma zuwan Kyaftin John ADO (Babban Daraktan Sashin Gudanarwa) a Ofishin 'Yan Asalin Okpoga a ranar 23 ga Maris 1921. Sakamakon haka, sai aka koma Hukumar 'Yan Asalin Okpoga zuwa Otukpo a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 1924, daga baya kuma aka kafa Hukumar' Yan Asalin Idoma inda aka amince da gundumomi ashirin da biyu (Gami da Ijigban) a Idomaland. Koyaya, Ija thean Ijigban bakwai sun haɗu da dangi bakwai (Ipo-Opu) waɗanda matsugunan su suka rabu da juna bi da bi. Wadannan dangi bakwai sun kasance bisa ga babba; Iyalan Okpe wadanda suka zauna a arewa maso gabashin Ijigban kuma suna da iyaka da Ogogo (Arewa), Ai-Okpan (Gabas) da Onogwu da kuma wani yanki na Ehaje a tsakiya; Ipole na zaune ne a kofar shiga (watau kudu maso yamma) kuma suna da iyaka da Adegemi da kuma wani bangare na Ogogo-Ole-Ogaba-Ede; Ehaje ya zauna a tsakiya har zuwa Kudu da Ogogo a Arewacin Adegemi yana tsakanin Ipole da Ogogo; Onogwu a kudu maso gabas bi da bi. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan dangin (Ipo-Opu) sun ci gaba da haɓaka ƙauyukan bayan gari. Misali, Odumuke waje ne na Ipole, kamar yadda Anmeka yake don Ehaje, da sauransu. A Ijigban, shimfidar gidajen (Ododa-Ole) ta nuna cewa yawancin gidaje suna fuskantar ciki zuwa farfajiyar daya ko fiye. Kowane mahaɗan na iya zama mambobi na dangi ko na wani mutum, matarsa da 'yan uwansa. Ɗaya daga cikin maza ko iorananan yara na iya tabbatar da independenceancinsu ta hanyar daidaita mahaɗan su. Koyaya, ba a ba da suna ko lambobi a cikin Ijigban, kuma baƙi zuwa garin galibi suna dogara ne da cikakken bayanin wurin da gidaje suke. Bayan faɗin waɗannan duka gaba ɗaya, tsarin sasantawa yana da layi ɗaya a mafi yawan lokuta ba kamar Igumale da Agila ba, kuma suna haɗuwa da juna tare da kyakkyawar hanya a tsakiya. Har zuwa shekarun 1990, yawancin gidaje an yi musu rufin da aka yi laka da su da lalatacciyar gida. Kowace dangi tana da filin wasanta (Ofu) inda ake yin raye-raye, tarurrukan biki da tarurruka kuma hanyoyi suna bi daga wannan filin wasan (Ofu) zuwa mahaɗar mahaɗan da suka ƙunshi kwata, wato dangi. A kowane ɗayan waɗannan dangin, sunan rukuni galibi a zahiri "'ya'yan… (ai). Dangin (Ipoopu) a nan na nufin "waɗanda ke filin wasa ɗaya ko filin majalisa. Daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da ci gaban sannu a hankali na gundumar Ijigban akwai tattalin arziki. An tsara kasuwanni sau da yawa tsakanin ta kwanaki huɗu zuwa biyar inda ake rarraba kayan gida, daga rarar kuɗi da buƙatu. Ayyuka na aikin gona kamar haɗin gwiwa da noman haɗin gwiwa (Igbe-Opiatoha) tsakanin ƙungiyoyi masu tasowa sun taimaka ci gaban. Kamar yadda Gordon Childe ya bayyana kuma ya shahara ta hanyar Erim; inirƙirar aikin noma kai tsaye ya kawo rarar abinci wanda ya bawa ƙungiyoyin mutane damar sakin kansu daga samar da abinci da mai da hankali ga wasu sana'oi. Wannan halin ya haifar da rarrabuwa tsakanin ma'aikata daga wannan ƙwarewar sana'a ne ya haifar da haɗin siyasa. Tare da yanayi mai kyau da wadatar abinci, an karfafa sasantawa, maza da mata an karfafa su zuwa ga ayyukan da suka shafi ci gaba. Auratayya tsakanin auratayya kuma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin ci gaba. Yanki saboda dalilai na sama sun zama masu rikitarwa, baya ga fitowar makarantu a yankin. Kafin yakin basasa, makarantu a matakin firamare galibi aji 4 da 6 sun sami nasara ta hanyar kokarin wasu yan asalin. Wani mai ba da labari ya bayyana cewa Munyi amfani da kudinmu wajen siyan makarantu (Wato fam 3 kenan) da malamai muka zauna muka ciyar dasu. Ya ci gaba da cewa makarantar farko a gundumar ita ce shirin Cif Agbo, wanda ke Abizzen (Ipole na yanzu). Ya yarda da Cif (Oche) a matsayin mutum mai kwazo, wanda tun kafin zuwan mulkin mallaka ya tsallaka kan iyaka. Ya kuma kasance mai karbar haraji a lokacin mulkin mallaka kuma ya kasance mamba a majalisar Sarakunan Idoma (1929-1933 inda aka san shi da Agboonma) mai wakiltar gundumar Ijigban. Sauran wadanda suka kirkiro makarantu a wannan yankin sune Eji Oduma (na Makarantar Odumuke), Oriri Otseje (na Makarantar Anmeka) Makarantar Katolika ta baya kamar yadda shima Basel Otseje ya kafa a Anmeka bayan zuwan sa daga shahararren yakin Burma (shine yakin duniya na biyu. 1939-1945) kodayake ya rushe saboda makarantar Oriri da ke kan gaba. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa duk fasalin farko na tsare-tsaren ci gaba da nasarori an lalata su yayin yaƙin basasar Najeriya (1967-1970). Cigaban gundumar Ijigban wanda za a bayyana shi a matsayin kashi na biyu, ya hau kan mai yiwuwa shekaru biyu bayan yakin basasa. Lokacin yayi daidai da nadin Cif Oriri Otseje a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 1972. Koyaya, tun daga shekarun 1970s, ci gaba a hankali ya kasance mai ban mamaki ciki har da makarantun firamare guda biyu, rami-rami na ƙarfi daban-daban gami da samar da wutar lantarki. Oƙarin gina makarantar sakandare tun daga shekarun 1980 bai ci nasara ba, ban da na kwanan nan hukumar ilimin firamare ta "Universal Basic Education" (UBE) shirin wanda za a iya samunsa a matakan amfrayo a wannan lokacin. A ƙarshe, zuwan sadarwar zamani da faɗaɗa tattalin arziƙin ƙasa ya yi daidai da kudadinta da gabatar da sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa na zamani kamar tituna da hanyoyin sadarwar, wanda ya taimaka wajen bunƙasa da ci gaban gundumar Ijigban. Tsarin sasantawa ba wai kawai wanda ke tabbatar da kusancin wurin aiki ba amma daga baya ya rage yawan kuzarin da ake kashewa wajen cin nasara tun lokacin da al'umma ke tafiya da farko da kafa zuwa gona da kasuwa kamar yadda lamarin yake. Daga abin da ya gabata, babin ya yi nazarin wurin da Ijigban yake sannan kuma an lissafa shi da yanayin yanayin kasa. Ya gano asalin mutane ta hanyar asusun daban-daban. Ya nemi gyara majalisan "Ijigbam-Ishieke" daga baƙi (musamman Simey da RG Armstrong). Duk yadda lamarin ya kasance, tsarin daidaitawa da yadda ya haifar da ci gaban gundumar sannu a hankali an kuma lura da su. Ya tabbata cewa ci gaban gundumar ya zo ne a matakai biyu: Kafin da bayan yakin basasar Najeriya (1967-1970). Harshe A cikin tantancewa da kuma tabbatar da faɗakarwar bambancin yare na wani yanki a cikin kowane binciken da aka yi na zamantakewar al'umma, ana fuskantar mutum sau da yawa ta hanyar dabarun ganowa daidai, keɓewa, rarrabuwa da ƙididdigar harsuna daban-daban, yaruka da kuma masu rike da ruwa da abin ya shafa. Wannan matsalar tana tattare da rashin bayyananniyar banbanci tsakanin akidun 'yare' da 'ƙabilanci'. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, masana ilimin harsuna suna ƙara yin tunani tare da matsayin PK Bleambo cewa harshe da ƙabilanci ba su dace da juna ba ko kuma suna lalata 46. Wannan yana nuna a zahiri cewa wasu ƙabilun da yan asalin su ya kamata a dauke su a matsayin dunƙulelen yarukan yare na wasu manyan kungiyoyin kabilu da al'adu. Batun Ijigban a bayyane ya isa a wannan batun. Karatuttukan ilimin tarihi da kamanta harsuna sun tabbatar da cewa Ijigban ga dukkan alamu yare ne ba na kiran kabilanci ba. Ijigban galibi suna magana da yaren Abize reshe ne na harshen Idoma. Ƙabilun gargajiya na Ijigban Ijigban ya ƙunshi dangin ƙabilu bakwai: Ipole Ehaje Ogongo Adegimi Onoguw Ai'okpan Okpe Kowane ɗayan yana bisa jagorancin gargajiyar dangi ko Ejira Al’ummar Ijigban suna ƙarƙashin shugabancin Hakimin ne, wanda ake kira da oche ’ijigban, wanda galibi ana yi masa kallon mai kula da al’adun Ijigban. Al'adu da al'adun Ijigban Al’ummar ijigban suna gudanar da bukukuwan al'adu na shekara-shekara sau uku wato Eronunu (sabon yam festival) ana yinsa kowane Satumba Arigwu ana yin bikin kowane Yuli Egbedogwu ana bikin kowace Yuni Al'adar al'adar da ƙungiyar ijigban ta bambanta daga dangi zuwa dangi. Yayin da mutanen Ipole, Ehaje, Onogwu, Okpe, Adegimi, da Ai'okpan suke bautar unroko a matsayin gunkin kakanninsu, mutanen Ogongo sun yi wa Arikwu shirka. Mutane da shugabannin siyasa Hon Chief Aboh Edeh ya zama zaɓaɓɓen shugaban Ado LGC na farko daga asalin Ijigban. Fitattun mutane daga Ijigban sune Hon. Agbo Aboh wanda ya kammala karatun sa na farko kuma shugaban zartarwa na farko na Ado dan asalin Ijigban, marigayi Hon. Emmanuel Oketa, wanda ya taba kasancewa ƙungiyar siyasa mai ƙarfi da haɗa karfi, Engr Simon Oketa, Hon. Dr. Francis Ottah Agbo, mamba a majalisar wakilai ta tarayya, da Hon. Barr Alexander Oketa. Sauran sanannun mutanen sune Patrick Onumah, Sunday Orinya, Evang. Sunday Onah, Amos Odega, da Hon. A. P Oketa. Manazarta Al'ada Al'ummomi Al'ummomin Nijeriya Al'adun Najeriya Harsunan Nijeriya Pages with unreviewed

26269

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondikandia

Tondikandia

Tondikandia yankunan karkara ne, na ƙungiya a Filingue Department, Tillabéri Region, Nijar Babban wurinsa da cibiyar gudanarwa shine garin Damana. Geography Tondikania, wasu 120 kilomita arewa maso gabas da Yamai babban birnin kasar. Tana tsakiyar tsakiyar babban kwarin kogin Dallol Bosso, wanda ke tafiya kudu daga Saharan Mali, yana shiga kwarin Kogin Neja kudu da Yamai. Tondikania tana da iyaka da Dingazi da Filingué zuwa arewa maso yamma, Cibiyar Imanan da Kourfeye zuwa arewa maso gabas, Loga da Tagazar a kudu, da Simiri a gabas. Tarihi Sunan Tondikania ya fito ne daga tsohuwar jihar Zarma mai mulkin wannan sunan, wanda aka kafa a farkon karni na 19. Al'adar baka daga ƙauyen Shat, zuwa arewa maso gabas na Tondikania, ya bayyana mutanen Zarma da ke ƙaura zuwa yankin daga kudu maso yamma a farkon kwanan wata, sannan kuma suna ƙaura da ƙaramin yawan jama'ar Sudye, haɗe -haɗen al'ummomin da suka gabata wanda yanzu suna yaren Zarma. Prefix "Tondi-", "Mountain" a Zarma, an raba shi da yankuna da yawa a yankin. Nomadic Fula ya koma cikin Dallol Bosso a karni na 18, inda ya kafa kananan jihohi da cibiyoyin koyar da Musulmai tare da kwarin Kogin Neja zuwa kudu da yamma. Wani lokaci a kusa da 1830 Kel Gres Tuareg ya ƙaura zuwa arewacin Tondikania, wanda ya haifar da jerin rikice -rikice da maƙwabtansa na Zarma da Fula, amma kuma ya daidaita yawan al'ummomin da ke dogaro da zama ("Bellah") a yankin. Kafin faɗuwar Frech zuwa cikin kwarin Niger a ƙarshen 1890, Tondikania ta haɗu a ƙarƙashin mulkin jagoran yaƙi Karanta. A cikin 1901, Faransanci ya sanya sarautar sarauta ta "Canton na Tondikania", wanda shugabansa ya amsa ga mulkin Faransa na Tarayyar Nijar An haifi Janar kuma Shugaban Nijar, Seyni Kountché (1931–1987) a ƙauyen Fandou Béri, Tondikania. Iyalin Kountché har yanzu suna da tasiri a yankin, yayin da ɗan'uwan marigayi shugaban ya kasance a cikin 2009 wanda ya daɗe yana aiki kuma ana girmama shugaban gwamnatin farar hula ta Tondikania. Yawan jama'a Duk da cewa Tondikania tana da alaƙa a tarihi da mutanen Zarma, ƙungiyar kuma ta haɗa da al'ummomin Tuareg, Fulbe, da Hausa A cikin 2010, gwamnatin Nijar ta ba da rahoton cewa Commune na Tondikandia tana da mazauna mutane 111,459. An ba da rahoton yawan mutane 84,223 a 2001. Gudanarwa Tondikania Ƙungiya ce ta Karkara, wanda ya haɗa da ƙananan hukumomi, waɗanda zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai ke jagoranta a matakin Commune, waɗanda suka samo asali daga Damana. Ita kuma Hukumar Filingué ce, ƙarƙashin wani yanki na Yankin Tillabéri ke mulkin ta. A cikin shekara ta 2010 Kwamitin ya mallaki "Ƙananan Hukumomi" 210, wanda ya haɗa da ƙauyuka guda 118, garuruwa guda 89 da sarakunan gargajiya 3. Gari mafi girma da kujerar gudanarwa na gari chef-lieu shine garin Damana, wanda ke da yawan jama'a da aka ruwaito a shekara ta 2010 na 3500. Agazol Fandou, Agazol Gorou, Alfa Kouara, Alfagaye, Alfari Kouara, Allabo (Allabo Koira Tegui), Alphagaye, Asko, Atchom, Atta Loga, Balle Kouara, Bambaka, Ban Kouara, Bangali, Bangou Banda Babitouri, Bangou Banda Gachi Kou Banda, Bangou Bi, Bangou Foumbo I, Bangou Foumbo (II), Bani Fandou, Banizoumbou (II), Banizoumbou (II), Banizoumbou, Banizounbou, Bardji Kouara, Birgui Kouara, Birki Kaina, Bomberi, Bongou Kouarey Bougara, Boukar Hima, Boukay Gorou, Bouki Bari, Boukou Zaweini Foulan, Boukou Zaweini, Boulkass, Bourgari, Bourtossi, Cahibou Kouara, Ciminti, Dagueye Deye, Damana Garia (I, II), Damana, Dani Fandou, Dankoukou, Darey Dey Tegui Fondabon, Dey Tegui Kouara, Deye Gorou, Deye Tegui, Deyguine, Dineyane, Dioula Kouara, Djiogo Kouara, Djole, Dolewa, El Kouara, Elh Fandobon Kouara, Elhadji Kouara, Fadi Foga, Fandoga, Fandoga, Fandoga, Fandoga, Fantou Yan, Fare, Faria Beri, Faria Goubey (Faria Maourey), Farmas Beri, Farmas Keina, Fazi Hinka, Fin a Kouara, Folo, Foney Ganda, Foye Fandou, Gabda Fandou, Gabda Ganda, Gamsa Gorou, Ganda Bangou Alfaga Kouara, Ganda Bangou Simintodo, Gangamyan, Gani Damana, Garbey Taweye, Gatta Garbey Kouara Zeno, Gatta Gardey Kouara Tegui, Gatta Sogua, Gawaye, Gille Kouara (Hameau),Gonga, Gorma Fando Bon, Gorma Moussa, Gorou Banda, Gorou, Goumbi Banda, Gounize, Guile Koira Tegui, Haini Si Morou Belle (I), Haini Si Morou Belle (II), Haini Si Morou Goubeye, Haini Si Morou Maourey, Hari Gana, Hassoumi Kouara, Kabey Kougou, Kandabata, Kandirkoye, Kandoum Ganda, Kandoum, Karaga Moumssou, Karim Bawa, Katamba Kaina, Kirip Beri, Kirip Kaina, Kobe, Koberi, Kobi, Kofandou (Sixieme), Kofandou Talladje, Kofandou, Kogo, Kogorou Santche, Kokaina Kouara Tegui, Kokaina Kouara Zeno, Korgoni Zarma, Korombol, Kossey, Kouboutche, Koura, Kourega, Kourega, Kourega,, Ladan Kouara, Lassour, Loguery, Loki Damana, Malam Oumarou Kouara, Manzaka, Maourey, Maridoumbo, Matchi Zaley (Sindbey), Mobangou, Moribene, Moufa Tombo, Naguiz Kouara Zeno, Naguize Dabaga, Naguize Tondi Sanda, Namari Bello, Namarou Bangou, Sabarey Kaina, Sabarey, Sakdamna, Samari Kouara, Sansami, Sofani Djerma, Sofani Peul Korgom Foulan), Soley Damana, Soley Deye Djinde, Soley Deye Tegui, Soley Ganotondi, Soley Tanka, Soudje Mani Kouara, Soudjere, Soukoutou, Sourgo Kouara, Tadene Gao Beri, Tadene Kaina, Talibi Dey, Talifanta Beri, Talifanta Fando Goubey, Tamagueye, Tamara, Tanka Lamine, Tanka Lokoto, Tarifo, Tassi Kaina, Tchimori, Tebewa II, Tibawa I, Tiguiri Bellah (Tiguiri Zarma), Toka, Toke Yaw, Tolo Bango, Tombaize Kouara, Tombo, Tondi Banda, Tondi Banda, Tondi Banda, Tondi Banda, Tondikouara, Toutou Fandou, Wadouka Peulh, Wadouka Z (Va), Wahadi, Wandilan, Yaragaberi, Zaley Kouara, Zanagane Koiratagui, Zaza, Zebane Fitti, Zouragane Kouara Zeno. Manazarta Garuruwa Gari Gine-gine

19685

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allu%20Arjun

Allu Arjun

Allu Arjun (An haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1983) jarumin fina-finan Indiya ne wanda ke aiki da farko a silima ta Telugu An kuma san shi da iyawar rawa, ya kyautar Filmfare Awards sau biyar a Kudu da kuma Kyautan Nandi sau uku Bayan fitowar shi ta farko aGangotri(2003), Allu ya fito a cikin Sukumar -Wanda Arya ya bada umarni(2004) wanda ya samukyautar Nandi Special Jury Award A shekarun baya, ya fito a fina-finai kamar su Bunny (2005), Happy (2006) da Desamuduru (2007). Allu ya lashe farko Filmfare Award a matsayin Jarumi na Parugu (2008). Fina-Finan da ya yi a jere,sune Arya 2 (2009), <i id="mwNw">Vedam</i> (2010), Varudu (2010) da <i id="mwOw">Badrinath</i> (2011), sun kasa yin fim a box office. Rawar da ya taka a <i id="mwQQ">Rudhramadevi</i> (2015) kamar yadda Gona Ganna Reddy ya ci masa lambar yabo ta Filmfare don wasa mai goyan baya da Kyautar Nandi don Chaan wasa Mafi Kyawu Fina-finai kamar Race Gurram (2014), Sarrainodu (2016) da Duvvada Jagannadham (2017), sun dawo da shi kan tafarkin nasara tare da kowane ya ci ribar sama da 100. Ya yi aiki tare da darekta Trivikram Srinivas sau uku don Julayi (2012), S O Satyamurthy (2015) da Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo (2020). Su uku ne sukayi nasara riba fiye da crore 262 abox office. Rayuwar farko An haifi Allu Arjun a ranar (8) ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta (1983) a cikin dangin Telugu a Madras (na yanzu Chennai ga furodusa fim Allu Aravind da Nirmala. Kakan kakanin mahaifinsa shi ne dan wasan barkwanci fim Allu Ramalingaiah Wurin su din shine Palakollu na gundumar Godavari ta Yamma, Andhra Pradesh Shi ne na biyu cikin yara uku. Babban wansa Venkatesh ɗan kasuwa ne yayin da ƙaninsa Sirish ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne. Mahaifiyar mahaifinsa ta auri Chiranjeevi Shi dan uwan Ram Charan ne, Varun Tej, Sai Dharam Tej, da Niharika Konidela Ayyuka Bayan ya yi wasa a matsayin ɗan zane-zane a Vijetha kuma a matsayin mai rawa a cikin Daddy, Allu ya zama ɗan wasa na farko a Gangotri Sannan Allu ya bayyana a cikin Sukumar 's Arya Rawar da ya taka a Arya ita ce nasarar da ya samu, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta Filmfare Best Telugu Actor Award kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta Musamman ta Musamman a bikin Nandi Aw upards, Kyautar CineMAA guda biyu don Gwarzon Jarumi da Jarumi kuma fim ɗin ya kasance mai mahimmanci cin nasarar kasuwanci. Nan gaba ya haska a VV Vinayak 's Bunny yana wasa Bunny, ɗalibin kwaleji. Masu sukar lamiri sun yaba wa kokarinsa, halayensa da rawarsa. Fim dinsa na gaba shine A. Karunakaran labarin soyayya mai kay mai farin ciki Sannan ya fito a fim din Puri Jagannadh na Desamuduru inda ya fito a matsayin Bala Govindam, ɗan jaridar da ba shi da tsoro wanda ya faɗi tare da wata mace da ta gabata. Nasarori da gwaji na nau'ikan (2008-2013) Fim dinsa na gaba shi ne Bhaskar 's Parugu, inda ya fito a matsayin Krishna, mutumin da ya yi sa'a daga Hyderabad wanda yake taimaka wa abokinsa yin magana da soyayyarsa, sai kawai ya gamu da fushin mahaifin matar da kuma irin gwagwarmayar da yake yi. ji. idlebrain.com ya rubuta: "Allu Arjun ya yi kyau kwarai a farkon rabin kamar yadda halayyar a rabin farko ke da kuzari kuma yana buƙatar ɗaukar makamashi. Ya dauki dukkan rabin farko a kafadarsa. Ya yi fice a fagen motsin rai a rabi na biyu. Bayan ya yi rawar bako a Shankar Dada Zindabad, ya fito a cikin shirin wasan kwaikwayo na Sukumar mai suna Arya 2 Ya taka rawa a matsayin Arya, maraya wanda ke da halin rashin ɗabi'a saboda ya shaƙu da wadatar abokin sa Ajay, wanda baya karɓar sa. Sify ya rubuta cewa: "Allu Arjun cike yake da kuzari yayin da saurayin da ya kamu da tsananin kauna. Kodayake yana yin rawar da tabarau mara kyau, halayensa na iya haifar da babban juyayi daga masu sauraro. Rawarsa tana da birgewa kuma ya yi fice a fagen motsa rai. idlebrain.com ya rubuta cewa:" Allu Arjun ya zama cikakke kamar Arya. Halinsa a fim ɗin yana da halayen mai hankali kuma ya zana halin ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba. Ya haskaka a cikin al'amuran motsa rai a rabi na biyu na fim ɗin. Allu Arjun shine mafi kyawun rawa a wannan zamanin a cikin Tollywood. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa yayi rawar rawa mai wuyar gaske ya zama ba shi da ƙarfi a waƙoƙin farko na fim ɗin. Allu ya fito a fina-finai gwaji biyu a shekara ya (2010). Na farko shi ne Gunasekhar 's Varudu Rediff ya rubuta cewa: "Allu Arjun ya nuna kwazo sosai, an yi nasara da shi a lokacin da ya kamata sannan kuma lokacin da ake bukata." Yayin da Rediff ya ce: "Shi dan wasa ne mai kyau kuma yana yin adalci ga rawar da ya taka." Fim din sa na gaba shine Krish 's Vedam Sanarwa ta gaba ita ce fim din VV Vinayak Badrinath Ya taka rawa a matsayin Badri, jarumi wanda aka ba shi don ya kare bautar Badrinath ta Guru, wanda yake da aminci sosai. Fim ɗin ya kammala aikin kwana( 50) a cibiyoyi( 187). Bayan Badrinath, Allu ya fito a fim din Julayi, wani wasan kwaikwayo ne da aka fitar a shekarar (2012). Allu ya taka rawa irin na Ravindra Narayan, dan iska mai hankali amma duk da haka yan iska suka lalace wanda rayuwarsa ta dauki wani sabon salo bayan ya zama mashahurin babban fashin banki. Jaridar Times of India ta rubuta cewa: "Allu Arjun ya gabatar da gamsuwa a matsayin dan damfara mai kauna. Matsayi ne wanda yake daidai damarsa kuma yana aiwatar dashi tare da ɓacin rai na halayya. Yana haskaka allo tare da rawarsa musamman, yana cire wasu kyawawan rawar rawa. An zabi shi ne don kyautar SIIMA don Gwarzon Jarumi Ya baya alamar tauraro a Puri Jagannadh ta mataki mai ban sha'awa Iddarammayilatho, wasa Sanju Reddy, a garaya da wani duhu baya. Jaridar The Times ta Indiya ta rubuta cewa: "Gaskiya ga tambarinsa na" mai salo mai salo Allu Arjun ya yi kyau fiye da kowane lokaci. Halinsa na mai kidan guitar, wanda ke yin wasan titi a Barcelona, ya kasance mafi kyawun zane, kuma ya bambanta da fina-finansa na da. Ya sake tabbatar da cewa shi jarumi ne mai kyau kuma mai yiwuwa saboda kyakkyawan shirin daraktan, ya kan yi cikakkun maganganu a duk wuraren fada. 2014 yanzu A cikin shekara ta (2014) ya fito a cikin wani tauraron dan adam a cikin Vamsi Paidipally's Yevadu Hindu ta rubuta cewa: "Allu Arjun ya nuna abin da mai wasan kwaikwayo zai iya yi ko da a takaice ne, a cikin 'yan mintocin da ya tattara kwarewarsa, ya shigar da halayen kuma ya yi fice mai ban sha'awa duk da cewa ya rasa asalinsa." Fim dinsa na gaba shi ne Surender Reddy 's Race Gurram, inda ya fito a matsayin wani saurayi mara kulawa. Deccan Chronicle ya rubuta cewa: "Tabbas Allu Arjun ya saci wasan kwaikwayon tare da kwazonsa. Yana da kyau tare da lokacin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya inganta sosai a matsayin ɗan wasa. A zahiri yana ɗaukar fim ɗin a kafaɗunsa. Ana amfani da ƙwarewarsa ta rawa kuma. Ya lashe Kyautar Kyautar Jarumai ta uku a Filmfare. Allu ya gabatar kuma yayi aiki a cikin wani gajeren fim I Am That Change (2014), don yada wayar da kan mutane game da ɗawainiyar zamantakewar su. Sukumar ne ya shirya fim din, wanda aka nuna shi a sinima a fadin Andhra Pradesh da Telangana a ranar (15) ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2014). Ya yi aiki a cikin Trivikram Srinivas 's S O Satyamurthy, wanda aka sake shi a ranar (9) ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta (2015). Daga baya, ya yi fim a cikin Guna Sekhar 's Rudhramadevi, wanda shi ne fim ɗin Indiya na 3D na farko na tarihi na 3 Ga Rudhramadevi, ya sami lambar yabo ta Filmfare don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi Telugu kuma ya zama dan wasa daya tilo da ya ci Kyautar Filmfare ta Gwarzon Jarumi Telugu da kuma lambar yabo ta Filmfare na Mafi Kyawun Jarumi Telugu. Daga baya, ya yi fim a cikin Sarainodu, wanda Boyapati Srinu ya ba da umarni. A cikin shekara ta (2016), ya haɗu tare da furodusa Dil Raju a karo na uku don Duvvada Jagannadham A cikin shkara ta (2018), fim dinsa karkashin jagorancin marubuci ya zama darakta Vakkantham Vamsi, Naa Peru Surya, Naa Illu India A cikin fim din ya yi aiki a matsayin soja na Sojan Indiya wanda ke da lamuran gudanarwa na fushi A cikin shekara ta (2020), fim dinsa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Trivikram Srinivas, Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo ya sake shi. A shekarar (2020) fim dinsa a karkashin jagorancin Sukumar, Pushpa ya fito a lokacin Diwali amma an jinkirta yin fim din saboda cutar COVID-19 S. Thaman ne ya rera wakar rap wanda Roll Rida da Harika Narayan suka yi tare da waƙoƙin Roll Rida da The Hyderabad Nawabs, kan tafiyar Allu a silima ta Telugu. An fitar da bidiyon kidan mai taken "Allu Arjun Rap Song" ta hanyar lakabin Aditya Music. Rayuwar mutum A ranar (6) ga watan Maris a shekara ta (2011) Ya auri Sneha Reddy a Hyderabad Suna da ɗa mai suna Allu Ayaan da diya mai suna Allu Arha. A cikin shekara ta (2016), Allu ya fara wani gidan rawa mai suna( 800) Jubilee tare da haɗin gwiwar M Kitchens da Buffalo Wild Wings Filmography da yabo Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Pages with unreviewed

58444

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology%20na%20Igbo-Ukwu

Archaeology na Igbo-Ukwu

Ilimin tarihi na Igbo-Ukwu shine nazarin wani wurin binciken kayan tarihi da ke cikin wani gari mai suna:Igbo-Ukwu,garin Igbo a jihar Anambra a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya Binciken kayan tarihi na kayan tarihi ya nuna kayan tarihi na tagulla da aka rubuta tun karni na 9 AD.Isiah Anozie ne ya fara gano wurin a shekarar 1939 yayin da yake tona rijiya a gidansa.Sakamakon wadannan binciken,Charles Thurstan Shaw ya bude wuraren tona uku a Igbo-Ukwu a 1959 da 1964: Igbo Richard,Igbo Isaiah,da Igbo Jonah. Abubuwan da aka tona sun nuna fiye da 700 kayan tarihi masu inganci na tagulla,tagulla da ƙarfe,da kuma gilasai kusan 165,000,ƙwanƙolin carnelian da dutse,tukwane,kayan sakawa da ƙullun hauren giwa,kofuna,da ƙaho.Abubuwan da Igbo-Ukwu suka gano sune tsofaffin kayan tarihi na tagulla da aka sani a Afirka ta Yamma kuma an yi su ne shekaru aru-aru kafin bullar wasu sanannun cibiyoyin samar da tagulla kamar na Ife da Benin.Tagulla sun haɗa da tasoshin al'ada da yawa,pendants, rawani,farantin ƙirji,kayan ado na ma'aikata, takuba, da hannaye -ƙuda. Tasiri kan tarihin fasaha Peter Garlake ya kwatanta tagulla na Igbo-Ukwu "zuwa mafi kyawun kayan ado na rococo Turai ko na Carl Faberge da William Buller Fagg ya ce an halicce su da "bakon rococo kusan Faberge nau'in virtuosity".Frank Willett ya ce tagulla na Igbo-Ukwu na nuna ma'auni da ya yi daidai da wanda Benvenuto Cellini ya kafa bayan shekaru dari biyar a Turai. Denis Williams ya kira su "kyakkyawan fashewa ba tare da wani labari ko wani abu ba".Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da aka samo, tukunyar ruwa da aka saita a cikin ragar igiya da aka kwatanta da Hugh Honor da John Fleming suka bayyana a matsayin Ƙwarewar fasaha da kuma rashin sanannun samfurori na tagulla na Igbo-Ukwu ya haifar da hasashe na farko a cikin al'ummar ilimi cewa lallai ne an ƙirƙira su bayan an yi hulɗa da Turawa da masu safarar balaguro.Duk da haka bincike da bincike na isotope sun tabbatar da cewa tushen karafa na asali ne kuma gidan rediyon carbon dating ya tabbatar da kwanan watan karni na 9,tun kafin tuntuɓar farko da Turai.Abubuwan tarihi na Igbo-Ukwu sun kawar da ra'ayoyin zamanin mulkin mallaka a cikin da'irori na archaeological cewa irin wadannan kyawawan ayyukan fasaha da fasaha ba za su iya samo asali ne kawai daga yankunan da ke hulɗa da Turai ba,ko kuma ba za a iya yin su a cikin al'umma mai banƙyama ko daidaito ba. kamar na Igbo.An gano wasu daga cikin gilashin gilashin da ƙwanƙwasa carnelian da aka kera a Old Alkahira a taron bita na Fustat don haka ya tabbatar da cewa tsarin kasuwanci mai nisa daga Igbo Ukwu zuwa zamanin Byzantine Masar ya wanzu.An tono wuraren binciken kayan tarihi da ke dauke da tanderun narkar karfe da tukwane tun shekara ta 2000 BC a Lejja da kuma 750 BC a Opi,duka a yankin Nsukka mai tazarar kilomita 100 gabas da Igbo-Ukwu. Ganowa Ishaya Anozie ne ya fara binciken farko yayin da yake tona a cikin gidansa a 1938.Bai san ma'anar abubuwan da ya samo ba ya ba abokansa da makwabta wasu daga cikinsu,da kuma amfani da wasu tasoshin wajen shayar da akuyarsa.Bayan watanni da yawa,JO Field, jami'in gunduman mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya na yankin,ya sami labarin abubuwan da aka gano kuma ya sayi da yawa daga cikinsu,ya buga abubuwan da aka gano a cikin mujallar nazarin ɗan adam.A shekarar 1946,ya mika kayayyakin tarihi ga Sashen adana kayan tarihi na Najeriya.Sauran kayan tarihi na tagulla da aka samu a cikin fili na Anozie an tattara su ta hanyar Surveyor of Antiquities Kenneth Murray a 1954.Daga 1959 zuwa 1964,a karkashin amincewar Sashen Tarihi na Najeriya da Jami'ar Ibadan,Thurstan Shaw tare da tawagarsa sun tono yankuna uku:Igbo Isaiah,a kusa da ainihin gano,da Igbo Richard da Igbo Jonah.Abubuwan da aka tono kayan tarihi sun nuna ɗaruruwan tagulla da tagulla na al'ada da kuma takuba na ƙarfe,mashin ƙarfe,reza ƙarfe da sauran kayan tarihi da aka yi kwanan watan shekaru dubu da suka gabata. Bayan bikin tunawa da Shaw na 2014,Igwe na Igbo-Ukwu Martin E. Ezeh ya ba da izinin sabon aikin filin a Igbo-Ukwu. Matar Shaw,Pamela Jane Smith Shaw ne ta tsara sabbin tsare-tsare na binciken rukunin yanar gizon a cikin 2019 da 2021. Aikin fage akan wannan aikin da nufin faɗaɗa tarihin ɗan lokaci da sararin samaniya na tsohon wurin zama.Masu binciken kayan tarihi sun kara tono Ibo Richard, Ibo Isaiah, da Igbo Jonah,inda suka gano tarin manyan tukwane na yumbu da kuma shaidar tarin al'adu. Bayanin Tsarin Yanar Gizo da Bincike Gidan Igbo-Ukwu yana da kimanin mita 366 sama da matakin teku a kan wani lungu na Nanka yashi na halittar Ameki wanda ke dauke da hoton yashi da karafa;Yankin dai galibi ba ya samun ruwan karkashin kasa kuma kogin Aghomili ne a gabas da kuma kogin Obizi a yamma.Abubuwan tarihi da aka bayyana a cikin tonowar Thurstan Shaw na 1960-1964 suna cikin 40-70. cm ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin Igbo Isaiah,da 1.75-2.5 m a cikin Igbo Richard. Nau'i na uku kuma na ƙarshe da aka tono,Igbo Jonah,shine mafi girma (19 x 11m),duk da haka ya samar da mafi ƙarancin adadin kayan tarihi.Zurfin kayan tarihi a Igbo Jonah sun bambanta; ramukan sun cika a zamanin da,wanda ya haifar da tarihin ƙaddamarwa mai rikitarwa.Zurfin kayan tarihi a Igbo Jonah sun bambanta;ramukan sun cika da gangan wanda ya haifar da nau'i daban-daban na ajiya.Kayayyakin tagulla,tagulla da gilasai a Igbo Isaiah sun kwanta a ƙarƙashin wani katangar da aka yi ta cirewa kafin a tono.Bugu da ƙari,akwai fasali (wataƙila kututturen itace) cike da ƙananan tukwane.Wurin na Igbo Richard ya ƙunshi gawar mutane daga mutane da yawa,ƙwanƙolin wuyan hannu da ƙafafu, da kuma stool na katako wanda aka danganta da saiti guda ɗaya na ragowar kwarangwal na ɗan adam (wataƙila na wani sarki ne).Gidan Yunusa na Ibo (wanda ya samar da mafi ƙarancin adadin kayan tarihi na kayan tarihi)ya samar da wani muhimmin misali na tukwane na al'ada,da gawayi,kasusuwan dabbobi,da wasu sassaka na tagulla.Haka kuma a shekarar 2019 da 2021 zuwa yammacin Ibo Richard an samar da tukwane,tagulla,tagulla, na ƙarfe da sulke, alli,kashi,da

57507

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith%20Butler

Judith Butler

Articles with hCards Judith Pamela Butler (an haife shi a watan Fabrairu 24,1956)ɗan falsafar Ba'amurke ce kuma marubucin nazarin jinsi wanda aikinsa ya yi tasiri ga falsafar siyasa,ɗabi'a,da fagen mata na uku, ka'idar quer,da kuma adabi.ka'idar.A cikin 1993,Butler ya fara koyarwa a Jami'ar California,Berkeley,inda suka suka yi aiki,tun daga 1998,a matsayin Farfesa Maxine Elliot a cikin Sashen Adabin Kwatancen da Shirin Ka'idar Mahimmanci.Su ne kuma shugabar Hannah Arendt a Makarantar Graduate ta Turai(EGS). Butler an fi saninsa da littattafansu Matsalar Gender:Feminism and the Subversion of Identity(1990)da Bodies That Matter:On the Discursive Limits of Sex (1993),inda suke kalubalantar ra'ayi na al'ada na jinsi da haɓaka ka'idar aikin jinsi .Wannan ka'idar ta sami babban tasiri akan ilimin mata da ƙwararrun malamai. Yawanci ana nazarin aikinsu da muhawara a cikin darussan nazarin fina-finai da ke jaddada nazarin jinsi da kuma taka rawar gani a cikin zance. Butler ya yi magana kan batutuwan siyasa da yawa na zamani,gami da siyasar Isra'ila da kuma tallafawa 'yancin LGBT. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Judith Butler a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu,1956,a Cleveland,Ohio, ga dangin Hungarian-Yahudu da zuriyar Rasha-Yahudu.Yawancin dangin kakarsu ta uwa an kashe su a cikin Holocaust.Iyayen Butler suna yin Yahudawa Reform.Mahaifiyarsu ta girma ta Orthodox,daga baya ta zama Conservative sannan ta sake gyara,yayin da mahaifinsu ya tashi Reform.Yayinda yake yaro da matashi,Butler ya halarci makarantar Ibrananci da kuma azuzuwan na musamman akan ka'idodin Yahudawa, inda suka sami"horo na farko a falsafar". Butler ya bayyana a wata hira da ya yi da Haaretz a shekara ta 2010 cewa sun fara azuzuwan xa'a tun suna shekara 14 kuma malamin makarantar Ibrananci na Butler ya halicce su ne a matsayin wani nau'i na azabtarwa saboda suna"masu yawan magana a cikin aji".Butler ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa ya“ji daɗi”da ra’ayin waɗannan koyarwar,kuma da aka tambaye su abin da suke so su yi nazari a waɗannan zama na musamman, sai suka amsa da tambayoyi uku da suka shafe su a lokacin:“Me ya sa aka kore Spinoza daga majami’a? Za a iya ɗaukar Idealism na Jamus da alhakin Nazism ?Kuma ta yaya mutum zai fahimci tiyoloji na wanzuwa,gami da aikin Martin Buber?" Butler ya halarci Kwalejin Bennington kafin ya koma Jami'ar Yale,inda suka yi karatun falsafa kuma suka sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha a 1978 da Doctor of Falsafa a 1984.Sun shafe shekara guda na ilimi a Jami'ar Heidelberg a matsayin Masanin Fulbright.Butler ya koyar a Jami'ar Wesleyan,Jami'ar George Washington,da Jami'ar Johns Hopkins kafin ya shiga Jami'ar California,Berkeley, a cikin 1993.A cikin 2002,sun gudanar da Spinoza Chair of Philosophy a Jami'ar Amsterdam.Bugu da ƙari,sun shiga sashen Turanci da Adabin Kwatancen a Jami'ar Columbia a matsayin Farfesa Wun Tsun Tam Mellon mai ziyartar Farfesa na 'yan Adam a cikin semesters na bazara na 2012,2013 da 2014 tare da zaɓi na zama cikakken malami. Butler yana aiki a kan edita ko kwamitin shawarwari na mujallolin ilimi da yawa, ciki har da Janus Unbound:Journal of Critical Studies,JAC: Jaridar Rhetoric, Al'adu,da Siyasa da Alamu:Jaridar Mata a Al'adu da Al'umma. Bayanin manyan ayyuka Rayuwa mai Mahimmanci: Ƙarfin Makoki da Tashin hankali ya buɗe sabon layi a cikin aikin Judith Butler wanda ya yi tasiri sosai a kan tunanin su na gaba, musamman a kan littattafai kamar Frames na War: Yaushe Rayuwa Ta Yi Bakin Ciki? (2009) ko Bayanan kula zuwa Ka'idar Tabbatacciyar Ƙirar Majalisar (2015), da kuma kan sauran masu tunani na zamani. A cikin wannan littafi, Butler yayi magana game da al'amurran da suka shafi tsaro, rauni, baƙin ciki da tashin hankalin siyasa na zamani a fuskar yaƙin ta'addanci da kuma gaskiyar fursunonin a Guantanamo Bay da kuma wuraren tsare makaman. Zana a kan Foucault, sun siffanta nau'in iko a wurin aiki a waɗannan wuraren "tsare mara iyaka" a matsayin haɗin kai na mulki da gwamnati Yanayin bangaranci da aka tura a nan ya fi rikitarwa fiye da wanda Agamben ya yi nuni da shi a cikin Homo Sacer nasa, tunda gwamnati tana da shakku game da doka tana iya aiki da ita ko kuma ta dakatar da ita, gwargwadon bukatunta., kuma wannan shi kansa kayan aikin gwamnati ne don samar da yancin kanta. Butler ya kuma yi nuni ga matsaloli a cikin yarjejeniyar dokokin kasa da kasa kamar Yarjejeniyar Geneva A aikace, waɗannan kawai suna kare mutanen da ke cikin (ko yin aiki da sunan) wata ƙasa da aka sani, sabili da haka ba su da taimako a cikin yanayi na cin zarafi ga mutanen da ba su da ƙasa, mutanen da ba sa jin daɗin zama ɗan ƙasa da aka sani ko kuma mutanen da ake yiwa lakabi da "'yan ta'adda", don haka an fahimci cewa suna aiki da kansu a matsayin "injunan kashe-kashe" marasa hankali waɗanda ke buƙatar a tsare su saboda "haɗarinsu". Gyara Gender yana tattara tunanin Butler akan jinsi, jima'i, jima'i, ilimin halin dan Adam da kuma kula da masu jima'i don ƙarin karatun gaba ɗaya fiye da sauran littattafansu. Butler ya sake duba ya kuma sake sabunta ra'ayinsu na iya aiki kuma ya mai da hankali kan tambayar sakewa "matsakaicin ra'ayi na jima'i da rayuwar jinsi". Littafin surori A collection of essays on the work of Avital Ronell. Details. Bayanan kula Duba kuma Hypatia transracialism jayayya Nassoshi Kara karantawa Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Biography Jami'ar California, Berkeley suna fuskantar ra'ayi na kusanci ta hanyar tattaunawa na "Tsarin Zumunci," Villa Gillet da Makarantar Rubutu a Sabuwar Makaranta don Haɗin Jama'a. Tattaunawar Judith Butler game da sabon littafinsu "Frames of War" akan New Statesman Bita na "Ba da Lissafin Kai. Tashin hankali da Hakki ta Judith Butler, Barcelona Metropolis Autumn 2010. "Kamus na Biography na Adabi akan Judith P. Butler (shafi na 3)" Tattaunawa da Judith Butler game da siyasa, tattalin arziki, al'ummomin sarrafawa, jinsi da ainihi (2011) Rayayyun

40972

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ademorin%20Kuye

Ademorin Kuye

Ademorin Aliu Kuye (an haifeshi ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairu, 1963) a Legas, lauya ne a Najeriya kuma ɗan siyasa wanda mai girma ɗan majalisar wakilai ta tarayyar Najeriya ne, mai wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Shomolu tun 2015. Dan jam'iyyar All Progressive Congress ne, ya taba rike mukamin shugaban karamar hukumar Shomolu da kuma sakataren zartarwa na karamar hukumar Shomolu tun daga shekarar 2013, sannan ya zama mai girma kwamishinan kananan hukumomi da masarautu na jihar Legas. Ya kuma kasance babban mai ba da shawara na musamman ga mai girma Ministan Kwadago kan rikicin masana’antu da sasantawa inda yake jagorantar kwamitin sulhu na gwamnatin tarayya da ke sasanta rikicin gwamnatin tarayya da kungiyoyin kwadago, mukamin da ya rike har zuwa shekarar 2019. Fage An haifi Ademorin Aliu Kuye a ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairu, 1963 ga Barista A. Kuye da Alhaja Abike Kuye, wanda aka fi sani da Iya Alamala, a kusa da Somolu, Apata a Legas, Najeriya na zinare na 70's da 80's. Barista Ademorin Aliu Kuye dan siyasa ne, mai shari'a kuma mai sasantawa. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri na farko a fannin shari’a a Jami’ar Ife (yanzu Jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo) kuma an kira shi Bar a 1989. Bayan shekaru da yawa na aiki tare da wasu manyan majalisa da manyan lauyoyi, ya shiga cikin cikakken aiki kafin ya shiga siyasa. Ya kasance a lokuta daban-daban, shugaban karamar hukumar Shomolu da kuma babban sakataren gudanarwa na karamar hukumar Shomolu daga baya kuma Hon. Kwamishinan kananan hukumomi da masarautu, jihar Legas. Yayi aure cikin farin ciki kuma albarkacin yara biyar. Har yanzu Ademorin mai sha'awar wasanni ne kuma baya rasa motsa jiki na safiya. Mutum mai cikar kamala wanda mafi soyuwar wajen shakatawa ya kasance ba'a wajen hira bane ko kulob, kuma ba tare da wata ƙungiya mai fasaha ba; amma a cikin ikilisiya ko tarayya da ’yan’uwa inda ya gaskata, a gaban Allah akwai cikar farin ciki. Lokacin da ba a haɗa shi a hukumance ba, yana gida tare da danginsa suna kallon ƙwallon ƙafa ko sauraron labarai. Ilimi Ademorin Kuye yana cikin mutane na farko a Somolu da ya samu GCE A'Levels, sannan ya wuce Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo wacce a da ake kira Jami'ar Ife a 1984 inda ya samu digirin farko a fannin shari'a, LLB (Hons). Ya yi karatun firamare a makarantar firamare ta Christ Church Cathedral, Olowogbowo Legas, sannan ya wuce Kwalejin Ilupeju don yin karatunsa na sakandare a shekarar 1976. A watan Satumbar 1980, ya koma Kwalejin Ilupeju zuwa Kwalejin Oriwu da ke Ikorodu don samun shaidar kammala karatunsa na O'Levels. Ya halarci Makarantar Grammar Ibadan, Molete don GCE A'Levels. Rayuwar Siyasa Honorabul Kuye a halin yanzu mai girma dan majalisar wakilai ta tarayya, mai wakiltar Shomolu Federal Constituency 1 kuma yana aiki a kwamitoci daban-daban na Green House. Haka kuma an kaddamar da shi shugaban kwamitin nazarin ababen more rayuwa na gwamnatin tarayya da aka yi watsi da su a duk fadin Najeriya. A zaben shekara ta 2019 a Najeriya, Kuye ya doke babban abokin hamayyarsa na PDP da sauran 'yan takara 8 da suka yi rajista da hukumar zabe mai zaman kanta a zaben. Dan takarar jam’iyyar APC Ademorin Kuye ne ya lashe zaben inda ya doke jam’iyyar PDP Oluwaseyi Olowu da wasu ‘yan takarar jam’iyyar 8. Kuye ya samu kashi 52.66% na kuri’u, yayin da Olowu ya samu kashi 46.21%. Ra'ayin addini akan siyasa A matsayinsa na dan kishin bishara, Kuye a ganawarsa da Edita, Gracious Akintayo, ya ba da hankalinsa kan siyasar Kiristanci da gudanar da mulki, da sauran batutuwa masu inganci, Kuye yana fatan a sake gyara halayen Kirista game da siyasa. A nasa ra’ayin, ya ce, “Lokaci ya yi da ya kamata Kiristoci su zauna kan katanga, suna lura da manufar gunaguni, suka da kuma yin Allah wadai da su, su yi amfani da ‘yancinsu na ’yan ƙasa kuma su jajirce su shiga cikin ruwa don tafiya su gani ko za su yi. zai nutse ko a shiryar da Allah. Bai isa ya kasance cikin taron jama'a da yabo da kuka ba. Domin, masu gunaguni ba sa ba da gudummawa kuma idan Kiristoci sun ci gaba da yin gunaguni, abubuwa ba su da kyau, ya kamata su yi ƙoƙari su jajirce kuma su yi canji don su kyautata abubuwa don ta’aziyyarmu. Halin zama a kan shinge yana cewa, abubuwa ba su yiwuwa a wurin Allah. “A matsayinsu na ’yan kasa, ya kamata kiristoci su nuna himma da sha’awar gudanar da harkokin kananan hukumomi da gudanar da mulki ta hanyar shigar da su, ba da gudummawa da kuma shiga cikin rikon amana, tsoron Allah da sanin abin da mutane ke bukata. Kada su ɓata imaninsu, amma su kasance masu addu'a kuma su kula cikin ruhu don ja-gora. “Ya kamata kiristoci su yi amfani da karfi da ikon Kalmar, da kuma zama ‘yan kasa wajen karfafawa, hawa karagar mulki da kuma samar da shugabanci nagari wanda zai yi tasiri mai kyau da kuma tabbatar da makomar al’ummar Najeriya,” in ji shi. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Yan siyasan Najeriya Yan majalisan wakilai Haihuwa 1963 Yan jamiyyar

59765

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambaliya%20a%20Najeriya%202012

Ambaliya a Najeriya 2012

A farkon watan Yulin 2012 ne aka fara ambaliya a Najeriya a shekarar 2012. Ya kashe mutane 363 tare da raba sama da mutane miliyan 2.1 da muhallansu, tun daga ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 2012. Hukumar bayar da agajin gaggawa ta NEMA ta bayyana cewa, jihohi 30 daga cikin 36 na Najeriya ne ambaliyar ruwan ta shafa, kuma yankuna biyu da suka fi fama da cutar sune jihohin Kogi da Benue. An bayyana ambaliyar a matsayin mafi muni acikin shekaru 40, kuma ta shafi kusan mutane miliyan bakwai. ƙiyasin barna da asarar da ambaliyar tayi ya kai Naira tiriliyan 2.6 Dalilai Najeriya na fama da ambaliyar ruwa a lokuta da dama a lokacin damina ta shekara. Wani lokacin tana kashe mutane, musamman a yankunan karkara da cunkoson jama’a, inda magudanar ruwa ba suda kyau ko kuma babu su. Yuli A ranar 2 ga Yuli, 2012, yawancin biranen Najeriya da ke gaɓar teku da na cikin gida sun fuskanci ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya, kuma mazauna Legas sunyi “numfashi” sakamakon ambaliya. Bugu da ƙari, akwai kulle-kulle a kan manyan tituna, wanda hakan ya sa mutane su ke so su jinkirta alƙawura da wataƙila sunyi. Dubban masu ababen hawa da suka maƙale sun biya kuɗin mota ga ’yan direbobin bas da ke son yin kasadar tafiya a kan tituna, kuma gina ayyukan da gwamnatin Najeriya tayi a kan titin Oke-Afa na cikin gida ya haifar da “mummunan matsala.” A tsakiyar watan Yulin 2012, ambaliyar ruwa acikin babban birnin Ibadan tasa wasu mazauna ƙalubale, Oke-Ayo, da Eleyele tserewa daga gidajen su tare da ceton rayukan su.Ambaliyar ta kuma hana wasu kiristoci zuwa majami'u da safe, yayin da wasu gadoji suka mamaye. Gwamnatin Najeriya ta ce wasu gine-gine da ke kan magudanar ruwa ya zama dole a ruguza sakamakon ambaliyar, yayin da kwamishinan yaɗa labarai, Bosun Oladele ya sanar da cewa ba a samu asarar rai ba sakamakon ambaliyar. A ƙarshen watan Yulin 2012, aƙalla mutane 39 ne suka mutu sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa a jihar Filato ta tsakiyar Najeriya.Ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya ya yi sanadiyyar ambaliya dam din Lamingo a kusa da Jos, inda ya ratsa unguwanni da dama acikin garin Jos, kuma gidaje kusan 200 ne ya ruguje. Bugu da kari, aƙalla mutane 35 sun bace,yayin da Manasie Phampe, shugaban kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross a jihar, ya sanar da cewa, ana ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan agaji. Ambaliyar ta bar mutane 3,000 da suka rasa matsugunai,yawancinsu suna fakewa a gine-ginen gwamnati a Jos. Agusta A tsakiyar watan Agusta, ambaliyar ruwa ta kashe mutane aƙalla 33 a jihar Filato, kuma kodinetan hukumar bayar da agajin gaggawa ta kasa a tsakiyar Najeriya, Abdussalam Muhammad, yace gidaje sun lalaceyayin da tituna da gadoji suka tafi tare da hana agajin gaggawa. Sama da mutane 12,000 ne ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa a gundumomi shida na jihar, yayin da daruruwan suka zama marasa gida. Satumba Fitowar ruwa daga tafkin Lagdo da ke Kamaru yayi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 30 a jihar Benue. A jihar Anambra, ambaliyar ta shafi ƙananan hukumomi da al'ummomi da dama, musamman waɗanda ke yankunan kogin da suka haɗada Ayamelu, Ogbaru, Anambra West da Anambra Gabas. An bayyana cewa ambaliyar ruwa ta raba kimanin mutane miliyan biyu da muhallin su a jihar Anambra a shekarar 2012. Gwamnan,Peter Obi ya shirya motoci da kwale-kwale domin kwashe al’ummar da suka makale a gidajensu da kuma wadanda suka tsere zuwa saman bishiyar don gudun kada a kwashe su.An aike da kayan agajin gaggawa zuwa sansanonin da suka rasa matsugunai daban-daban waɗanda ambaliyar ruwan ta shafa. Oktoba A farkon watan Oktoba, ambaliya ta bazu zuwa jihar Delta da jihar Bayelsa kuma ta yi sanadiyyar rasa matsugunai ga mutane kimanin 120,000 a cewar hukumomin jihar da kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta Najeriya.An kuma mamaye wasu wuraren gudun hijira na wucin gadi da aka kafa wanda ya tilastawa mutane tserewa. A Yenagoa, mutane 3,000 ne suke barci a rukunin wasanni na jihar Ovom. A jihar Delta, daga cikin gine-ginen da ambaliyar ruwa ta lalata akwai cibiyoyin lafiya 20, asibitoci biyar, makarantu da dama, coci-coci da kuma gine-ginen gwamnati. Makarantu ko dai an rufesu ko kuma mutanen da sukayi gudun hijira acikin gida sun mamaye su. Ambaliyar ta kuma bazu ko'ina a jihar Benue inda wani kogi yayi ambaliya wanda yayi sanadiyyar raba mutane sama da 25,000. A ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba, shugaban Najeriya Goodluck Jonathan ya saki naira biliyan 17.6 kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 111 ga jihohi da hukumomi daban-daban domin magance barnar da aka yi, da magance ambaliyar ruwa da kuma gyara. Jihar Kogi ce ta fi fama da matsalar inda mutane 623,900 suka rasa matsugunansu sannan an lalata kadada 152,575 na gonaki, kamar yadda wani kodinetan hukumar NEMA ya bayyana. Jonathan ya kira ambaliya bala'i ne na kasa Duba kuma 2022 Ambaliyar Najeriya Jerin mafi munin ambaliyar ruwa

59542

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canjin%20yanayi%20a%20Ostiraliya

Canjin yanayi a Ostiraliya

Canjin yanayi a Ostiraliya ya kasance muhimmiyar matsala tun farkon karni na 21. Ostiraliya tana ƙara zafi kuma tana fuskantar matsanancin zafi, gobarar daji, fari, ambaliyar ruwa, da lokutan wuta masu tsawo saboda canjin yanayi. Batutuwan yanayi sun haɗa da gobarar daji, raƙuman zafi, guguwa, hauhawar matakin teku, da rushewa. Tun farkon karni na 20, Ostiraliya ta sami karuwar sama da 1.4 C a matsakaicin yanayin zafi na shekara-shekara, tare da dumama da ke faruwa sau biyu a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata idan aka kwatanta da shekaru 50 da dama da suka gabata. Abubuwan da suka faru a baya-bayan nan kamar yanayin zafi mai yawa da fari mai yawa sun mayar da hankali ga gwamnati da jama'a kan tasirin canjin yanayi a Ostiraliya. Ruwan sama a kudu maso yammacin Ostiraliya ya ragu da kashi 10-20% tun daga shekarun 1970s, yayin da kudu maso gabashin Ostiraliya ta sami raguwa mai matsakaici tun daga shekarun 1990. Ana sa ran ruwan sama zai zama mai nauyi kuma ba sau da yawa, da kuma ya zama ruwan dare a lokacin rani maimakon a cikin hunturu. Ana sa ran matsakaicin yanayin zafi na shekara-shekara na Ostiraliya zai karu da 0.4-2.0 C sama da matakan 1990 ta shekara ta 2030, da kuma 1-6 C ta 2070. Matsakaicin ruwan sama a kudu maso yamma da kudu maso gabashin Ostiraliya ana sa ran raguwa a wannan lokacin, yayin da yankuna kamar arewa maso yamma na iya fuskantar karuwar ruwan sama. Canjin yanayi yana shafar yanayin nahiyar da yanayin halittu. Ostiraliya tana da rauni ga tasirin dumamar yanayi na duniya da aka tsara don shekaru 50 zuwa 100 masu zuwa saboda yankunan da ba su da ruwa da kuma yankunan da ke da zafi, da kuma yanayin zafi, yawan ruwan sama na shekara-shekara. Babban haɗarin wuta na nahiyar yana ƙara wannan saukin kamuwa da canje-canje a cikin zafin jiki da yanayi. A halin yanzu, bakin tekun Australia za su fuskanci rushewa da ambaliyar ruwa daga kimanin karuwar 8-88 cm a matakin teku na duniya. Tsarin halittu na musamman na Ostiraliya kamar Great Barrier Reef da nau'ikan dabbobi da yawa suma suna cikin haɗari. Canjin yanayi kuma yana da tasiri daban-daban ga tattalin arzikin Ostiraliya, noma da lafiyar jama'a. Tasirin da aka tsara sun haɗa da ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani, fari, da guguwa. Bugu da ƙari, yawan mutanen Ostiraliya sun fi mayar da hankali sosai a yankunan bakin teku da ke cikin haɗari daga hauhawar matakin teku, kuma matsin lamba na yanzu akan samar da ruwa zai kara tsanantawa. Bayyanawar 'yan asalin Australiya ga tasirin canjin yanayi ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar rashin fa'idodin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da ke akwai waɗanda ke da alaƙa da mulkin mallaka da kuma bayan mulkin mallaka. Al'ummomin da sauye-sauyen yanayi suka fi shafa sune a Arewa inda Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander suka kai kashi 30% na yawan jama'a. Al'ummomin Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander da ke arewacin bakin teku sune mafi talauci saboda matsalolin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da dogaro da ƙasar gargajiya don abinci, al'adu, da kiwon lafiya. Wannan ya tayar da tambaya ga yawancin membobin al'umma a waɗannan yankuna, "Ya kamata mu zauna ko mu ƙaura?" Ostiraliya kuma tana ba da gudummawa ga canjin yanayi, tare da fitar da iskar gas ga kowane mutum sama da matsakaicin duniya. Kasar ta dogara sosai da kwal da sauran burbushin burbushin halittu, kodayake samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa yana ƙaruwa. Kokarin rage yawan jama'a ya haɗa da sadaukarwa don cimma matsakaicin fitarwa ta hanyar 2050 a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Paris, kodayake Ostiraliya ta kasance cikin matsayi mara kyau a cikin Cibiyar Canjin Yanayi da sauran matsayi na duniya don burinta na yanayi da aiwatarwa. Ana iya yin daidaitawa a matakin ƙasa da na gida kuma an gano shi a matsayin fifiko ga Ostiraliya a cikin Garnaut Review na 2007. Canjin yanayi ya kasance batun rarrabuwa ko siyasa a cikin siyasar Australiya tun daga shekarun 2000, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga gwamnatoci masu zuwa da ke aiwatar da kuma soke manufofin canjin yanayi, kamar farashin carbon. Wasu kafofin watsa labarai na Australiya sun inganta bayanan da ba daidai ba na yanayi. Batun ya haifar da zanga-zangar don tallafawa manufofin canjin yanayi, gami da wasu manyan zanga-zaye a tarihin Australia. Rashin iskar gas Tasirin yanayi Yanayin zafi da sauye-sauyen yanayi Rubuce-rubucen kayan aiki na Ostiraliya daga 1885 zuwa yanzu yana nuna hoto mai zurfi mai zuwa: Yanayi daga 1885 zuwa 1898 gabaɗaya suna da ruwa sosai, kodayake ƙasa da haka fiye da lokacin tun 1968. Shekaru kawai da aka sani da bushewa a wannan zamanin sune 1888 da 1897. Kodayake wasu mahimman bayanai na murjani sun nuna cewa 1887 da 1890 sun kasance, tare da 1974, shekarun da suka fi ruwan sama a fadin nahiyar tun lokacin da aka zauna, bayanan ruwan sama na Alice Springs, sannan babbar tashar da ke rufe ciki na Yankin Arewa da Yammacin Ostiraliya, sun nuna cewa 1867 da 1890 gabaɗaya ba su da ruwan sama kamar 1974 ko ma 2000. A New South Wales da Queensland, duk da haka, shekarun 1886-1887 da 1889-1894 sun kasance da ruwa sosai. Ruwan sama mai yawa a wannan lokacin an haɗa shi da babban fadada yawan tumaki kuma Fabrairu 1893 ya ga ambaliyar Brisbane ta 1893. An bushe yanayin daga 1899 zuwa 1921, kodayake tare da wasu katsewa daga shekaru masu laushi na El Niño, musamman tsakanin 1915 da farkon 1918 da kuma a cikin 1920-1921, lokacin da belin alkama na kudancin ciki ya bushe ta ruwan sama mafi tsanani a cikin rikodin. Abubuwa biyu masu muhimmanci na El Niño a cikin 1902 da 1905 sun samar da shekaru biyu mafi bushewa a duk nahiyar, yayin da 1919 ya bushe a gabashin jihohi ban da Gippsland. Lokacin daga 1922 zuwa 1938 ya bushe sosai, tare da kawai 1930 yana da ruwan sama na Australia sama da matsakaicin matsakaicin lokaci da matsakaitan ruwan sama na Ostiraliya na waɗannan shekaru goma sha bakwai yana da kashi 15 zuwa 20 cikin dari a ƙasa da wannan don wasu lokuta tun 1885. Wannan lokacin bushewa an danganta shi a wasu tushe ga raunanawar Kudancin Oscillation kuma a wasu don rage yanayin zafi na teku. Yanayin zafi a cikin waɗannan lokutan uku sun fi sanyi fiye da yadda suke a halin yanzu, tare da 1925 suna da mafi ƙarancin sanyi na kowace shekara tun 1910. Koyaya, shekarun bushewa na shekarun 1920 da 1930 sun kasance sau da yawa masu dumi, tare da 1928 da 1938 suna da manyan matsayi. Lokacin daga 1939 zuwa 1967 ya fara ne tare da karuwar ruwan sama: 1939, 1941 da 1942 sune rukuni na farko na kusa da juna na shekaru masu laushi tun 1921. Daga 1943 zuwa 1946, yanayin bushewa gabaɗaya ya dawo, kuma shekaru ashirin daga 1947 sun ga ruwan sama mai canzawa. 1950, 1955 da 1956 sun kasance da ruwa sosai ban da 1950 da 1956 a kan yankunan busasshiyar alkama na Yammacin Australia. 1950 sun ga ruwan kasa mai ban mamaki a tsakiyar New South Wales da mafi yawan Queensland: Dubbo na 1950 na 1,329 mm (52.3 in) ana iya kimantawa yana da lokacin dawowa tsakanin shekaru 350 da 400, yayin da Tafkin Eyre ya cika a karo na farko shekaru talatin. Sabanin haka, 1951, 1961 da 1965 sun bushe sosai, tare da cikakkiyar gazawar ruwan sama a 1951/1952 da matsanancin fari a cikin ciki a lokacin 1961 da 1965. Yanayin zafi a wannan lokacin da farko ya fadi zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci na ƙarni na 20, tare da 1949 da 1956 suna da sanyi sosai, amma sai suka fara haɓaka wanda ya ci gaba da raguwa kaɗan zuwa yanzu. Tun daga shekara ta 1968, ruwan sama na Ostiraliya ya kasance kashi 15 cikin dari fiye da tsakanin 1885 da 1967. Lokacin da ya fi ruwan sama ya kasance daga 1973 zuwa 1975 da 1998 zuwa 2001, wanda ya ƙunshi bakwai daga cikin shekaru goma sha uku mafi ruwan sama a nahiyar tun 1885. Mafi karancin yanayin zafi na dare, musamman a cikin hunturu, ya kasance mafi girma fiye da kafin shekarun 1960, tare da 1973, 1980, 1988, 1991, 1998 da 2005 masu ban mamaki a wannan bangaren. An sami raguwar raguwa a cikin yawan sanyi a duk faɗin Ostiraliya. A cewar Ofishin Meteorology, matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara na Ostiraliya na shekara ta 2009 ya kasance 0.9 C sama da matsakaicin 1961-90, yana mai da shi shekara ta biyu mafi zafi a kasar tun lokacin da aka fara rikodin inganci a 1910. Dangane da Bayanan Yanayi na Australiya na 2011 na Ofishin Yanayi, Ostiraliya tana da ƙasa da matsakaicin yanayin zafi a cikin 2011 sakamakon yanayin yanayi na La Niña; duk da haka, "ƙasar ta shekaru 10 tana ci gaba da nuna yanayin hauhawar yanayin zafi, tare da 2002-2011 mai yiwuwa ya kasance a cikin manyan lokutan shekaru 10 mafi zafi a rikodin Ostiraliya, a 0.52 C (0.94 F) sama da matsakacin dogon lokaci". Bugu da ƙari, shekara ta 2014 ita ce shekara ta uku mafi zafi a Ostiraliya tun lokacin da aka fara lura da zafin jiki na kasa a 1910. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

18587

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadou%20Toumani%20Tour%C3%A9

Amadou Toumani Touré

Amadou Toumani Touré (4 Nuwamban 19489 Nuwamban 2020) ɗan siyasan ƙasar Mali ne. Ya jagoranci zaben farko na jam'iyyu da yawa a Mali a matsayin shugaban gwamnatin rikon kwarya (1991-1992), sannan ya zama zababben shugaban kasar Mali na biyu bisa tafarkin dimokiradiyya (2002-2012). Shugabanci Touré ya kasance shugaban masu gadin Shugaba Moussa Traoré na sirri (da parachute Rejiment) lokacin da wani mashahurin juyin juya hali ya hambarar da gwamnatin a watan Maris 1991; Kanar Touré ya kama shugaban kuma ya jagoranci juyin juya hali. Ya jagoranci tsarin mika mulki na soja da farar hula na tsawon shekara guda wanda ya samar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki da zabukan jam'iyyu da yawa, sannan ya mika mulki ga shugaban kasar Mali na farko da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokradiyya, Alpha Oumar Konaré, a ranar 6 ga watan Yunin 1992. Konaré ya haɓaka Touré zuwa matsayi na Janar. Bayan shekaru goma, bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja, Touré ya shiga siyasa a matsayin farar hula kuma ya lashe zaben shugaban kasa na 2002 tare da babban kawancen goyon baya. An sake zabe shi cikin sauki a 2007 zuwa wa'adi na biyu kuma na karshe. A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2012, jim kadan kafin tashinsa daga ofis, sojoji da ba su cika ba sun yi juyin mulkin da ya tilasta masa ya buya. A wani bangare na yarjejeniyar maido da tsarin mulkin kasar Mali, Touré ya yi murabus daga shugabancin kasar a ranar 8 ga watan Afrilu, kuma bayan kwanaki goma sha daya ya tafi gudun hijira. Rayuwar farko An haifi Amadou Toumani Touré a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 1948, a Mopti, inda ya halarci makarantar firamare. A tsakanin 1966 zuwa 1969, ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Badalabougou da ke Bamako domin zama malami. Daga ƙarshe, ya shiga aikin soja kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Kati Inter-Military College A matsayinsa na memba na Parachute Corps, ya tashi da sauri ta cikin matsayi kuma bayan darussan horo da yawa a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da Faransa, ya zama kwamandan kwamandojin parachute a 1984. Aikin siyasa da na soja A watan Maris na 1991, bayan da murkushe zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati ta rikide zuwa wani juyin juya hali na jama'a don nuna adawa da mulkin soja na shekaru 23, sojojin kasar sun ki sake yin luguden wuta kan al'ummar Mali, kuma Touré shugaban masu gadin shugaban kasa ya kama Shugaba Moussa Traoré. Kanar Touré (kamar yadda yake a wancan lokacin) ya zama shugaban kwamitin riƙon ƙwarya na jin daɗin jama'a kuma shugaban riƙon ƙasa a duk ƙoƙarin da kwamitin ke yi na miƙa mulkin ƙasar zuwa dimokuradiyya. Ya jagoranci taron kasa wanda tsakanin 29 ga Yuli zuwa 13 ga Agusta 1991 ya tsara kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Mali tare da tsara zaben 'yan majalisa da na shugaban kasa na 1992. Bayan bayyana sakamakon zaben, Touré ya mika mulki ga sabon zababben shugaban kasar Alpha Oumar Konaré Bayan tafiyar sa na son rai daga ofis, ya samu lakabin "Sojan Dimokuradiyya." A watan Yunin 2001, Touré ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin manzo na musamman na Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Kofi Annan a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, bayan da bai yi nasara ba yunƙurin juyin mulkin da aka yi a can. A cikin Satumba 2001, ya nema kuma aka ba shi ritaya daga aikin soja, ya shiga siyasa a matsayin dan takara a zaben shugaban kasa na 2002 A zagaye na farko na zaben, ya zo na daya da kashi 28.71% na kuri'un, yayin da a zagaye na biyu ya samu kashi 64.35% na kuri'un da aka kada, inda ya doke dan takarar ADEMA, tsohon minista Soumaïla Cissé, wanda ya samu kashi 35.65%. An rantsar da Touré a ranar 8 ga Yuni 2002. Shugabancin nasa ya kasance kamar yadda aka saba, saboda kasancewarsa ba dan kowace jam’iyya ba ne, kuma ya sanya ‘yan jam’iyyun siyasar kasar cikin gwamnatinsa. Bayan zabensa na 2002, ya nada Ahmed Mohamed ag Hamani a matsayin Firayim Minista, amma a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2004, Hamani ya maye gurbin Ousmane Issoufi Maiga wanda Modibo Sidibé ya maye gurbinsa a ranar 28 ga Satumba 2007. Touré ya sanar a ranar 27 ga Maris 2007, cewa zai sake tsayawa takara a karo na biyu a zaben shugaban kasa na Afrilu 2007. Bisa sakamakon karshe da aka sanar a ranar 12 ga Mayu, Touré ya lashe zaben da kashi 71.20% na kuri'un da aka kada. Babban dan takarar adawa, shugaban majalisar dokokin kasar Ibrahima Boubacar Keïta, ya samu kashi 19.15%; the Front for Democracy and the Republic, wani haɗin gwiwa ciki har da Keïta da wasu 'yan takara uku, sun yi watsi da sakamakon hukuma. Sai dai masu sa ido na kasashen waje sun amince da zaben da aka gudanar a matsayin gaskiya da adalci. An rantsar da Touré a wa'adinsa na biyu a matsayin shugaban kasa a ranar 8 ga Yuni 2007, a wani biki da ya samu halartar wasu shugabannin Afirka bakwai. Baya ga inganta ababen more rayuwa na kasar Mali, Touré ya kafa tsarin inshorar likitancin kasar na farko. Dangane da tsarin mulkin Mali, wanda ke da iyakacin wa'adi biyu na shugaban kasa, Touré ya tabbatar a wani taron manema labarai a ranar 12 ga watan Yunin 2011, cewa ba zai tsaya takara ba a zaben shugaban kasa na 2012 Juyin mulki na 2012 A farkon shekarar 2012, wasu sojojin Mali sun yi zanga-zangar nuna adawa da yadda gwamnatin Touré ke tafiyar da ayyukan tada kayar baya a arewacin Mali a shekarar 2012 Mummunan kisan kiyashin da aka yi a Aguel Hoc (iyakar Nijar) da aka yi wa sojojin Mali sama da 80 ya haifar da tarzoma a cikin sojojin, inda sojoji da matan sojoji suka zargi Shugaba Touré da rashin gudanar da mulki saboda karancin harsasai. A ranar 21 ga Maris, sojoji a wani bariki a Kati, kusa da Bamako, sun kaddamar da tawaye ga ministan tsaron da ya ziyarce shi, kuma tawayen nasu ya rikide zuwa juyin mulki. Wasu gungun saje da kofur sun kwace wasu wurare a birnin Bamako da suka hada da fadar shugaban kasa, hedkwatar gidan talabijin na gwamnati, da wasu barikokin soji. Daga nan ne suka kafa wata hukuma ta wucin gadi, wato National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and State (CNRDRE), karkashin jagorancin Captain Amadou Sanogo, kuma suka bayyana cewa sun hambarar da Touré, suna zargin gwamnatinsa da gazawa. 'Yan tawayen ba su kama shugaba Touré ba. Sama da makonni biyu ba a san inda Touré yake ba kuma CNRDRE bai taba nuna cewa yana hannun ta ba. CNRDRE ta yi, duk da haka, ta bayyana cewa Touré na cikin "lafiya" kuma wata sanarwa daga gwamnatin Najeriya, duk da cewa tana goyon bayan Touré, ta yi ikirarin cewa 'yan ta'addar sun kama shi. A cewar sojoji masu biyayya ga Touré, duk da haka, yana cikin koshin lafiya, kuma dakarun soji masu goyon bayan gwamnati ne suke gadinsa a wani barikin da ke wajen birnin Bamako. A ranar 3 ga Afrilu, gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta sanar da cewa tana nazarin tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi na cin amanar kasa da kuma rashin da'a a kan Touré. A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, Touré ya sake bayyana yin murabus dinsa bisa yarjejeniyar da kungiyar raya tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta kulla na maido da kasar Mali kan tsarin mulkin kasar, yana fadawa masu shiga tsakani na ECOWAS cewa, “Fiye da komai, na yi shi. na kaunar da nake yiwa kasata". A ranar 19 ga Afrilu, Touré ya tafi gudun hijira a makwabciyarta Senegal Amadou Toumani Touré ya koma Mali bayan shekaru biyar, a ranar 24 ga watan Disamba 2017. Wasu ayyuka A cikin 1993, Touré ya kafa Fondation pour l'enfance, tushen Kula da lafiyar yara. A lokacin shugabancinsa, uwargidan shugaban kasa Toure Lobbo Traore ce ke kula da gidauniyar. Touré mamba yana daya daga cikin mambobi na Hukumar Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya. Rayuwar sa Touré ya auri Touré Lobbo Traoré. Sun haifi 'ya'ya mata uku. Ya rasu a Istanbul, Turkiyya, a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba, 2020, mako guda bayan cikarsa shekaru 72. Girmamawa Grand Master Grand Cross of the National Order of Mali Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (2009) Grand Cross of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau (11/2005) Grand Cross of the Order of Saint-Charles (13 February 2012) Premier Prix pour l'Ethique, Fondation Amadou Kéba Mbaye (2010) Manazarta Firsunonin Ma Mutanen Mali na karni 21 Korarrun yansiyasa Mutanen yankin mopti Shuwagabannin da sukayi juyin mulki Yansiyasan Mali Musulman Mali Matattun 2020 Haifaffun 1948 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

29233

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasis

Metastasis

Metastasis wani wakili ne mai yaduwa daga wuri na farko ko na farko zuwa wani wuri daban ko na biyu a cikin jikin mai gida; yawanci ana amfani da kalmar lokacin da ake magana akan metastasis ta hanyar ciwon daji. Sabbin wuraren cututtukan cututtuka, to, sune metastases mets Gabaɗaya an bambanta shi daga mamayewar kansa, wanda shine haɓaka kai tsaye da shigar da ƙwayoyin cutar kansa zuwa kyallen maƙwabta. Ciwon daji yana faruwa ne bayan sel sun canza ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta don yaduwa cikin sauri kuma har abada. Wannan yaduwar rashin kulawa ta hanyar mitosis yana haifar da ƙwayar cuta ta farko. Kwayoyin da ke haifar da ƙari daga ƙarshe suna yin metaplasia, sannan dysplasia sannan anaplasia, wanda ke haifar da mummunan phenotype. Wannan malignancy yana ba da damar mamayewa a cikin wurare dabam dabam, sannan kuma mamayewa zuwa wuri na biyu don tumorigenesis Wasu ƙwayoyin cutar kansa da aka sani da ƙwayoyin tumor masu yaduwa suna samun damar shiga bangon lymphatic ko tasoshin jini, bayan haka za su iya yaduwa ta cikin jini zuwa wasu shafuka da kyallen takarda a cikin jiki. An san wannan tsari (bi da bi) azaman yaduwar lymphatic ko hematogenous Bayan sel masu ciwon sun zo hutawa a wani wuri, sai su sake shiga cikin jirgin ruwa ko bangon kuma su ci gaba da karuwa, daga bisani su haifar da wani ciwon daji da za a iya ganowa a asibiti. sabon ƙwayar cuta a matsayin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta (ko sakandare Metastasis yana daya daga cikin alamun ciwon daji, wanda ke bambanta shi da ciwace-ciwacen daji. Yawancin ciwon daji na iya daidaitawa, kodayake a cikin nau'i daban-daban. Basal cell carcinoma misali da wuya metastasizes. Lokacin da ƙwayoyin ƙari suka ƙaru, ana kiran sabon ƙwayar cuta ta sakandare ko ƙwayar cuta, kuma ƙwayoyinsa suna kama da waɗanda ke cikin ƙwayar asali ko na farko. Wannan yana nufin cewa idan ciwon nono ya koma cikin huhu, ƙwayar cuta ta biyu ta ƙunshi ƙwayoyin nono marasa kyau, ba na ƙwayoyin huhu ba. Ciwon daji da ke cikin huhu ana kiransa da kansar nono metastatic, ba ciwon huhu ba Metastasis shine maɓalli mai mahimmanci a cikin tsarin sarrafa kansa kamar tsarin tsarin TNM inda yake wakiltar "M". A cikin rukuni na gaba ɗaya, metastasis yana sanya kansa a cikin Stage IV. Yiwuwar maganin warkewa suna raguwa sosai, ko galibi ana cire su gaba ɗaya lokacin da ciwon daji ya ƙaru. Alamomi da alamomi Da farko, ana bugun nodes na lymph na kusa da wuri. <ref name="nci">National Cancer Institute: Metastatic Cancer: Questions and Answers Retrieved on<rc-c2d-number> 2008-11-01</rc-c2d-number></ref> Huhu, hanta, kwakwalwa, da kasusuwa sune wuraren da aka fi sani da metastasis daga ciwace-ciwace. A cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin lymph metastasis, alamar ta kowa shine lymphadenopathy Metastasis na huhu: tari, hemoptysis da dyspnea (ƙancewar numfashi) Metastasis na hanta: hepatomegaly (ƙaramar hanta tashin zuciya da jaundice Metastasis na kashi: ciwon kashi, karaya na kasusuwan da aka shafa Kwakwalwa metastasis bayyanar cututtuka na jijiya kamar ciwon kai, seizures, da vertigo Kodayake ciwon daji na ci gaba na iya haifar da ciwo, yawanci ba shine alamar farko ba. Wasu marasa lafiya, duk da haka, ba su nuna alamun ba. Lokacin da gabobin jiki ya kamu da cutar metastatic takan fara raguwa har sai kumburin lymph ya fashe, ko kuma ya sami lysis Pathophysiology Ciwon daji na metastatic ya zama ruwan dare a ƙarshen matakan ciwon daji. Yaduwar metastasis na iya faruwa ta hanyar jini ko lymphatics ko ta hanyoyi biyu. Wuraren da aka fi sani da metastases sune huhu, hanta, kwakwalwa, da kasusuwa. A halin yanzu, an gabatar da manyan ra'ayoyi guda uku don bayyana hanyar metastatic na ciwon daji: canjin epithelial-mesenchymal (EMT) da kuma mesenchymal-epithelial (MET) hasashe (1), hasashewar kwayar cutar kansa (2), da macrophage- Hasashen haɗakar ƙwayoyin kansar ƙwayar cuta (3). An kuma ba da shawarar wasu sabbin hasashe, watau, ƙarƙashin tasirin wasu ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta da/ko damuwa ta jiki, ƙwayoyin kansa za su iya fuskantar korar makaman nukiliya tare da ɓarna macrophage da haɗuwa na gaba, tare da samuwar ƙwayoyin haɗakar cutar kansa (CFCs). Abubuwan da suka shafi Metastasis yana ƙunshe da jerin matakai masu rikitarwa waɗanda ƙwayoyin kansa ke barin asalin asalin ƙwayar cuta kuma suyi ƙaura zuwa wasu sassan jiki ta hanyar jini, ta hanyar tsarin lymphatic, ko ta tsawaita kai tsaye. Don yin haka, ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suna rabu da ƙwayar cuta ta farko kuma suna haɗawa da kuma lalata sunadaran da ke tattare da matrix na waje (ECM), wanda ke raba ƙwayar cuta daga ƙwayoyin da ke kusa. Ta hanyar wulakanta waɗannan sunadaran, ƙwayoyin kansa suna iya keta ECM kuma su tsere. Wurin metastases ba koyaushe bane bazuwar, tare da nau'ikan ciwon daji daban-daban waɗanda ke yaduwa zuwa ga wasu gabobin jiki da kyallen takarda a ƙimar da ya fi yadda ake tsammani ta hanyar ƙididdiga kawai. Ciwon daji na nono, alal misali, yana yin ƙaura zuwa ƙasusuwa da huhu. Wannan ƙayyadaddun da alama ana yin sulhu ta hanyar ƙwayoyin sigina masu narkewa kamar chemokines da canza yanayin haɓakar beta Jiki yana tsayayya da metastasis ta hanyoyi daban-daban ta hanyar ayyukan wani nau'in sunadaran da aka sani da masu hana metastasis, wanda kusan dozin an san su. Kwayoyin ɗan adam suna nuna nau'ikan motsi daban-daban: motsi na gama gari, motsi -nau'in mesenchymal, da motsin amoeboid Kwayoyin cutar kansa galibi suna canzawa tsakanin nau'ikan motsi daban-daban da dacewa. Wasu masu binciken cutar kansa suna fatan samun magungunan da za su iya dakatarwa ko aƙalla rage yaduwar cutar kansa ta ko ta yaya toshe wani matakin da ya dace a cikin nau'ikan motsi ɗaya ko fiye. Duk matakan ɓacin rai na metastatic sun ƙunshi matakai na zahiri da yawa. Shigewar tantanin halitta yana buƙatar samar da ƙarfi, kuma lokacin da ƙwayoyin cutar kansa ke yaduwa ta hanyar vasculature, wannan yana buƙatar gibin jiki a cikin tasoshin jini don ƙirƙirar. Bayan runduna, ƙa'idar nau'ikan nau'ikan tantanin halitta da adhesions na sel-matrix na da mahimmanci yayin metastasis. Matakan metastatic ana tsara su sosai ta nau'ikan tantanin halitta daban-daban, gami da sel na jini (kwayoyin endothelial), ƙwayoyin rigakafi ko ƙwayoyin stromal. Ci gaban sabuwar hanyar sadarwa ta hanyoyin jini, wanda ake kira tumor angiogenesis, alama ce mai mahimmanci ta kansa. Don haka an ba da shawarar cewa masu hana angiogenesis zasu hana haɓakar metastases. An nuna ƙwararrun ƙwayoyin cuta da angiogenesis. Kwayoyin mahaifa na endothelial suna da mahimmanci a cikin ci gaban ƙwayar cuta, angiogenesis da metastasis, kuma ana iya yin alama ta amfani da Inhibitor na DNA Binding 1 (ID1). Wannan labari ne da ake nema yana nufin cewa masu binciken sun sami ikon waƙa da sel na progogelalial daga cikin ƙwayar ƙasa zuwa jini ga ƙwayar cuta ga ƙwayar cuta zuwa kumburi. Kwayoyin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwayar cuta suna nuna cewa wannan nau'in tantanin halitta a cikin haɓakar jini-jini yana da mahimmanci a cikin saitin ƙari da metastasis. Bugu da ƙari kuma, zubar da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙashi na iya haifar da raguwa mai yawa a cikin ci gaban ƙwayar cuta da ci gaban vasculature. Don haka, sel masu tasowa na endothelial suna da mahimmanci a cikin ilimin halittar tumo kuma suna gabatar da sabbin dabarun warkewa. Tsarin garkuwar jiki yawanci ana soke shi a cikin ciwon daji kuma yana shafar matakai da yawa na ci gaban ƙari, gami da metastasis. Tsarin Epigenetic kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin haɓakar ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta da aka yaɗa. Metastases suna nuna sauye-sauye a cikin gyare-gyare na tarihi, irin su H3K4-methylation da H3K9-methylation, idan aka kwatanta da ma'auni na farko. Wadannan gyare-gyare na epigenetic a cikin metastases na iya ba da damar yaduwa da rayuwa na ƙwayoyin tumor da aka yada a cikin gabobin nesa. Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa PKC-iota yana inganta mamayewar kwayar cutar melanoma ta hanyar kunna Vimentin yayin EMT. PKC-iota hanawa ko ƙwanƙwasa ya haifar da karuwa a cikin matakan E-cadherin da RhoA yayin da aka rage jimlar Vimentin, phosphorylated Vimentin (S39) da Par6 a cikin ƙwayoyin melanoma na metastatic. Waɗannan sakamakon sun ba da shawarar cewa yana da hannu a cikin hanyoyin sigina waɗanda ke daidaita EMT a cikin melanoma ta haka kai tsaye yana haɓaka metastasis. Kwanan nan, jerin manyan gwaje-gwajen da aka yi suna nuna cewa haɗin gwiwar tattaunawa ta tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsaki ta hanyar exosome vesicles wani muhimmin abu ne da ke cikin dukkan matakai na mamayewa-metastasis cascade. Hanyoyi Metastasis yana faruwa ta hanyoyi huɗu masu zuwa: Transcoelomic Yaduwar malignancy zuwa cikin cavities na jiki na iya faruwa ta hanyar shiga saman peritoneal, pleural, pericardial, ko subarachnoid sarari. Misali, ciwace-ciwacen ovarian na iya yaduwa ta hanyar transperitoneally zuwa saman hanta. Lymphatic yaduwa Yaduwar ƙwayar cuta yana ba da damar jigilar ƙwayoyin tumo zuwa ƙwayoyin lymph na yanki kusa da ƙwayar cuta ta farko kuma a ƙarshe, zuwa wasu sassan jiki. Ana kiran wannan haɗin gwiwa, nodes masu kyau, ko cutar yanki. "Kyakkyawan nodes" kalma ce da ƙwararrun likita za su yi amfani da ita don kwatanta ƙwayoyin lymph na yanki waɗanda aka gwada tabbatacce don rashin lafiya. Al'adar likita ce ta gama gari don gwada ta hanyar biopsy aƙalla kumburin lymph ɗaya kusa da wani wurin ƙari lokacin yin tiyata don bincika ko cire ƙari. Wannan kumburin lymph ana kiransa saƙon lymph node Yaduwar Lymphatic ita ce hanyar da aka fi sani da metastasis na farko don carcinomas Sabanin haka, ba sabon abu ba ne don sarcoma don daidaitawa ta wannan hanya. Yaduwar da aka keɓe zuwa ƙananan ƙwayoyin lymph na yanki kusa da ƙwayar cuta ta farko ba a ƙidaya shi azaman metastasis ba, kodayake wannan alama ce ta sakamako mafi muni. A ƙarshe tsarin lymphatic yana magudawa daga magudanar thoracic da duct na dama zuwa cikin tsarin jijiyar jini a kusurwar jijiyoyi da kuma cikin veins na brachiocephalic, sabili da haka waɗannan kwayoyin halitta suna iya yadawa ta hanyar hematogenous. Hematogenous yadawa Wannan hanya ce ta al'ada ta metastasis don sarcomas, amma kuma ita ce hanyar da aka fi so don wasu nau'in ciwon daji, irin su ciwon daji na renal cell wanda ya samo asali a cikin koda da follicular carcinomas na thyroid. Saboda ƙananan bangon su, jijiyoyi suna mamayewa akai-akai fiye da arteries, kuma metastasis yana kula da bin tsarin jijiyar jini Wato, yaɗuwar hematogenous sau da yawa yakan bi salo daban-daban dangane da wurin da kumburin farko yake. Alal misali, ciwon daji na launin fata yana yaduwa ta farko ta hanyar portal vein zuwa hanta. Canalicular baza Wasu ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace, musamman carcinomas na iya daidaitawa tare da filayen canalicular na jiki. Waɗannan wurare sun haɗa da misali bile ducts, tsarin urinary, hanyoyin iska da sararin subarachnoid Tsarin yana kama da na transcoelomic baza. Koyaya, sau da yawa ba a sani ba ko ciwace-ciwacen da aka gano a lokaci guda na tsarin canalicular tsari ne na metastatic ko kuma a zahiri ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen da wakili ɗaya ke haifar da shi (ciwon daji na filin Ƙayyadaddun manufa ta gabobin jiki Akwai yuwuwar wasu ciwace-ciwace zuwa iri a wasu gabobin. An fara tattauna wannan a matsayin ka'idar "iri da ƙasa" ta Stephen Paget a cikin 1889. Yunkuri don kwayar metastatic don yaduwa ga wani niyyar da aka harba 'ungiyar unguwa'. Misali, ciwon daji na prostate yakan yi metastasize zuwa kashi. Hakazalika, ciwon daji na hanji yana da hali don daidaita hanta. Ciwon daji na ciki sau da yawa yakan kai ga ovary a cikin mata, lokacin da ake kira ciwon daji na Krukenberg Bisa ga ka'idar "iri da ƙasa", yana da wuya ƙwayoyin ciwon daji su rayu a waje da yankinsu na asali, don haka don daidaitawa dole ne su sami wuri mai irin wannan halaye. Alal misali, ƙwayoyin ciwon nono, waɗanda ke tattara ions calcium daga madarar nono, suna daidaitawa zuwa nama na kashi, inda za su iya tattara ions na calcium daga kashi. Melanoma mai cutarwa ya yadu zuwa kwakwalwa, mai yiwuwa saboda nama na jijiyoyi da melanocytes suna tasowa daga layin tantanin halitta a cikin amfrayo A cikin 1928, James Ewing ya kalubalanci ka'idar "iri da ƙasa" kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa metastasis yana faruwa ne kawai ta hanyoyin jiki da na inji. An yi amfani da wannan hasashe kwanan nan don ba da shawarar hasashe da yawa game da yanayin rayuwar ƙwayoyin tumor ƙwayoyin cuta (CTCs) da kuma sanyawa cewa za a iya fahimtar tsarin yaɗuwar ta hanyar hangen nesa 'tace da kwarara'. Duk da haka, shaidun zamani sun nuna cewa ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta farko na iya ƙaddamar da ƙwayoyin cuta ta organotropic metastases ta hanyar haifar da samuwar pre-metastatic niches a wurare masu nisa, inda ƙwayoyin metastatic masu shigowa zasu iya shiga da kuma yin mulkin mallaka. Musamman, exosome vesicles boye ta ciwace-ciwacen daji an nuna su gida zuwa pre-metastatic sites, inda suke kunna pro-metastatic matakai kamar angiogenesis da kuma gyara na rigakafi mahallin, don inganta m microenvironment ga sakandare ƙari girma. Metastasis da ciwon daji na farko An yi la'akari da cewa metastasis koyaushe yana yin daidai da ciwon daji na farko, kuma, kamar haka, ƙari ne wanda ya fara daga kwayar cutar kansa ko sel a wani sashe na jiki. Koyaya, sama da kashi 10% na marasa lafiya da ke gabatarwa ga sassan oncology za su sami metastases ba tare da samun ci gaba na farko ba. A cikin waɗannan lokuta, likitoci suna kiran ƙwayar cuta ta farko a matsayin "ba a sani ba" ko "fasafi," kuma an ce majiyyaci yana da ciwon daji wanda ba a san asalin asali ba (CUP) ko kuma ba a sani ba (UPT). An kiyasta cewa kashi 3 cikin 100 na dukkan cututtukan daji ba a san asalinsu ba. Nazarin ya nuna cewa, idan tambaya mai sauƙi ba ta bayyana tushen ciwon daji ba (tarin jini "watakila huhu jinin fitsari "wataƙila mafitsara hadaddun hoto ba zai yiwu ba. A wasu daga cikin waɗannan al'amuran ƙwayar cuta ta farko na iya bayyana daga baya. Amfani da immunohistochemistry ya ƙyale masu ilimin cututtuka su ba da ainihi ga yawancin waɗannan metastases. Koyaya, hoton wurin da aka nuna kawai lokaci-lokaci yana bayyana na farko. A lokuta da ba kasafai ba (misali, na melanoma ba a sami ciwace-ciwacen farko ba, ko da a kan gawa Don haka ana tunanin cewa wasu ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace na iya komawa gaba ɗaya, amma suna barin metastases a baya. A wasu lokuta, ƙwayar cutar na iya zama ƙanƙanta da/ko a wani wuri da ba a sani ba don a gano shi. Bincike Kwayoyin da ke cikin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta suna kama da waɗanda ke cikin ƙwayar cuta ta farko. Da zarar an bincika nama mai ciwon daji a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa don tantance nau'in tantanin halitta, yawanci likita zai iya faɗi ko ana samun irin wannan nau'in tantanin halitta a cikin sassan jikin da aka ɗauko samfurin nama. Misali, kwayoyin cutar kansar nono suna kama da juna ko an same su a cikin nono ko kuma sun yada zuwa wani sashe na jiki. Don haka, idan samfurin nama da aka ɗauka daga ƙari a cikin huhu ya ƙunshi sel masu kama da ƙwayoyin nono, likita ya ƙayyade cewa ƙwayar huhu ita ce ƙari na biyu. Duk da haka, ƙaddamar da ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta farko na iya zama da wahala sau da yawa, kuma likitan ilimin likitanci na iya amfani da wasu fasahohin adjuvant, irin su immunohistochemistry, FISH fluorescent in situ hybridization da sauransu. Duk da amfani da dabaru, a wasu lokuta cutar ta farko ta kasance ba a gano ta ba. Ana iya samun ciwon daji na metastatic a lokaci guda da ƙwayar cuta ta farko, ko watanni ko shekaru bayan haka. Lokacin da aka sami ƙari na biyu a cikin majiyyaci da aka yi wa maganin kansa a baya, ya fi sau da yawa metastasis fiye da wani ciwon daji na farko. A baya an yi tunanin cewa yawancin ƙwayoyin ciwon daji suna da ƙananan yuwuwar metastatic kuma cewa akwai ƙwayoyin da ba kasafai ba waɗanda ke haɓaka ikon haɓaka ta hanyar haɓakar maye gurbin somatic. Bisa ga wannan ka'idar, ganewar asali na ciwon daji na metastatic yana yiwuwa ne kawai bayan abin da ya faru na metastasis. Hannun al'ada na gano cutar kansa (misali biopsy zai bincika ƙaramin adadin ƙwayoyin cutar kansa kawai kuma ba zai iya yin samfuri daga yawan jama'a tare da yuwuwar metastatic ba. Ba a tabbatar da ka'idar maye gurbin somatic na ci gaban metastasis a cikin cututtukan daji na ɗan adam ba. Maimakon haka, da alama yanayin kwayoyin halitta na ƙwayar cuta ta farko tana nuna ikon wannan ciwon daji don daidaitawa. Bincike da aka kwatanta maganganun kwayoyin halitta tsakanin adenocarcinomas na farko da na metastatic ya gano wani yanki na kwayoyin halitta wanda furcinsu zai iya bambanta ciwace-ciwacen daji daga ciwace-ciwacen daji, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da "sa hannu na metastatic." Ƙwayoyin halitta waɗanda aka tsara a cikin sa hannu sun haɗa da: SNRPF, HNRPAB, DHPS da securin Actin, myosin da MHC aji II ƙa'ida kuma an haɗa su da sa hannu. Bugu da ƙari, an kuma lura da bayyanar cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin wasu ciwace-ciwacen daji na farko, wanda ke nuna cewa ana iya gano ƙwayoyin da ke da yuwuwar metastasize a lokaci guda tare da ganewar ƙwayar cuta ta farko. Ayyukan kwanan nan sun gano wani nau'i na rashin zaman lafiyar kwayoyin halitta a cikin ciwon daji da ake kira rashin zaman lafiya na chromosome (CIN) a matsayin direba na metastasis. A cikin ƙwayoyin cutar kansa masu ƙarfi, ɓangarori na DNA daga chromosomes marasa ƙarfi suna zubo a cikin cytosol wanda ke haifar da ci gaba da kunna hanyoyin rigakafi na asali, waɗanda ƙwayoyin kansa ke sace su yada zuwa gabobin nesa. Bayanin wannan sa hannu na metastatic an haɗa shi tare da rashin fahimta mara kyau kuma an nuna shi daidai a cikin nau'ikan ciwon daji da yawa. An nuna hasashen ya zama mafi muni ga mutane waɗanda ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace suka bayyana sa hannun metastatic. Bugu da ƙari, an nuna bayanin waɗannan kwayoyin halittar da ke da alaƙa da metastatic don amfani da wasu nau'in ciwon daji ban da adenocarcinoma Metastases na ciwon nono, medulloblastoma da ciwon gurguwar prostate duk suna da irin wannan salon magana na waɗannan kwayoyin halitta masu alaƙa da metastasis. Gano wannan sa hannu mai alaƙa da metastasis yana ba da alƙawarin gano ƙwayoyin sel waɗanda ke da yuwuwar metastatic a cikin ƙwayar cuta ta farko da kuma bege don inganta hasashen waɗannan cututtukan daji masu alaƙa da metastatic. Bugu da ƙari, gano ƙwayoyin halittar da aka canza bayanin su a cikin metastasis yana ba da yuwuwar maƙasudi don hana metastasis. Gudanarwa Ana ƙayyade jiyya da rayuwa, zuwa matuƙar, ta hanyar ko ciwon daji ya kasance a wuri ko yaduwa zuwa wasu wurare a cikin jiki. Idan ciwon daji ya ƙaru zuwa wasu kyallen takarda ko gabobin yawanci yana ƙaruwa da yuwuwar mutuwa ga majiyyaci. Wasu ciwon daji-kamar wasu nau'in cutar sankarar bargo, ciwon daji na jini, ko kuma rashin lafiya a cikin kwakwalwa na iya kashewa ba tare da yaduwa ba. Da zarar ciwon daji ya ƙaru har yanzu ana iya bi da shi tare da radiosurgery, chemotherapy, radiation far, nazarin halittu, hormone far, tiyata, ko hade da wadannan tsokoki ("multimodal far"). Zaɓin magani ya dogara da dalilai da yawa, ciki har da nau'in ciwon daji na farko, girman da wuri na metastases, shekarun mai haƙuri da lafiyar jiki, da kuma nau'in jiyya da aka yi amfani da su a baya. A cikin marasa lafiya da aka gano tare da CUP sau da yawa har yanzu yana yiwuwa a bi da cutar koda lokacin da ba a iya gano ƙwayar cuta ta farko. Jiyya na yanzu ba kasafai suke iya warkar da ciwon daji ba ko da yake wasu ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace, irin su ciwon daji na testicular da kansar thyroid, galibi ana iya warkewa. Kulawa mai laushi, kulawa da nufin inganta rayuwar mutanen da ke da manyan cututtuka, an ba da shawarar a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryen gudanarwa don metastasis. Sakamako daga nazari na yau da kullun na wallafe-wallafen akan jiyya na radiation don metastases na kwakwalwa sun gano cewa akwai ƙaramin shaida don sanar da tasirin kwatancen da sakamakon da ke da alaƙa da haƙuri akan ingancin rayuwa, matsayin aiki, da tasirin fahimi. Bincike Kodayake metastasis an yarda da shi don zama sakamakon ƙaurawar ƙwayoyin tumo, akwai hasashe da ke cewa wasu metastases sune sakamakon matakan kumburi ta ƙwayoyin rigakafi marasa al'ada. Kasancewar ciwon daji na metastatic a cikin rashin ciwace-ciwacen farko kuma yana nuna cewa metastasis ba koyaushe ke haifar da mugayen ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke barin ciwace-ciwacen farko ba. Binciken da ƙungiyar Sarna ta yi ya tabbatar da cewa ƙwayoyin melanoma masu launin launi suna da nauyin matasa kimanin 4.93, yayin da a cikin waɗanda ba su da launi ya kasance 0.98 kawai. A wani gwaji kuma sun gano cewa elasticity na sel melanoma yana da mahimmanci ga metastasis da girma: ciwace-ciwacen da ba su da launi sun fi girma fiye da launi kuma yana da sauƙin yadawa. Sun nuna cewa akwai sel masu launi da marasa launi a cikin ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayar cuta na melanoma, ta yadda za su iya zama masu jure wa ƙwayoyi da metastatic. Tarihi A cikin Maris 2014 masu bincike sun gano mafi tsufa cikakken misali na ɗan adam da ciwon daji na metastatic. Ciwon daji ya samo asali ne a cikin kwarangwal mai shekaru 3,000 da aka gano a cikin 2013 a wani kabari a Sudan tun daga shekara ta 1200 BC. Anyi nazarin kwarangwal ta hanyar amfani da radiyo da na'urar duban abin gani na lantarki. An buga waɗannan binciken a cikin mujallar Kimiya ta Jama'a. Etymology Metastasis kalmar Helenanci ce ma'ana "maura", daga meta, "na gaba", da stasis, "jeri". Duba kuma Abscopal sakamako Kwakwalwa metastasis Brown-Séquard ciwo (sassan kan rashin lafiya na kogo, germinoma, ciwon renal cell carcinoma da ciwon huhu) Hijira tantanin halitta Tuntuɓar daidaitawa Cutar da aka yada Micrometastasis Mouse model na nono metastasis Positron emission tomography (PET) Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Tambaya&A: Ciwon daji na Metastatic -daga Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Kasa Manazarta Cutar daji Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

50558

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annoba%20a%20Najeriya

Annoba a Najeriya

Bala'o'i na halitta a Najeriya galibi suna da alaƙa da yanayin Najeriya, wanda aka ruwaito ya haifar da asarar rayuka da dukiya. Wata bala'i ta halitta na iya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa, rushewar ƙasa, da ƙwayoyin cuta, a tsakanin sauran. Don a rarraba shi a matsayin bala'i, ana buƙatar samun tasirin muhalli mai zurfi ko asarar ɗan adam kuma dole ne ya haifar da asusun kuɗi. Wannan abin da ya faru ya zama batun damuwa, yana barazana ga yawancin mutanen da ke zaune a wurare daban-daban a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Najeriya ta gamu da nau'o'in bala'i da yawa, wadanda suka hada da ambaliyar ruwa, rushewar ƙasa, raƙuman ruwa masu yawa. Ana iya cewa yanayin da ke ƙarƙashin kariya da fadada ƙasar ya ba da gudummawa ga sa mutane su kasance masu saukin kamuwa da waɗannan bala'o'i. Sauran haɗari sun haɗa da guguwar ƙura ta arewa, wanda yawanci daga jihohin arewa zuwa kudu; yana haifar da lalacewa ta hanyar manyan ajiyar ƙurar da datti daga waɗannan yankuna. Hail wani dalili ne, wanda ba ya faruwa a wasu sassan Najeriya, yana haifar da lalacewar amfanin gona da dukiya. Nau'o'in fari An yi amfani da fari na 1972 da 1973 ga mutuwar kashi 13% na dabbobi a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya da kuma asarar amfanin gona na shekara-shekara sama da 50%. Yanayin ruwan sama tsakanin 1960 da 1990 a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya ya ragu da kusan 8 mm shekara. Rashin fari na baya-bayan nan a Najeriya ya kasance tsakanin 1991 da 1995. Ruwan sama a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya tsakanin lokacin 1994 zuwa 2004 ya nuna cewa jimlar ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya kasance daga 500 zuwa sama da 1000 mm. Matsalar fari tana hanzarta hamada: 63.83% na jimlar ƙasar tana da alaƙa da hamadar. Ambaliyar ruwa Ambaliyar ruwa a sassa daban-daban na Najeriya ta haifar da mummunar lalacewar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, rauni da asarar rayuka. Wasu daga cikin mummunan sakamakon ambaliyar sun hada da asarar rayuwar mutum, lalacewar dukiya, tsarin sufuri na jama'a, samar da wutar lantarki, amfanin gona, da dabbobi. 2021 A watan Agusta, ambaliyar ruwa ta faru a jihar Adamawa, ta shafi al'ummomi 79 a yankuna 16 na kananan hukumomi. Rahotanni sun ce mutane bakwai sun rasa rayukansu kuma kimanin mutane 74,713 da suka rasa muhallinsu sun zama marasa gida; Duk da yake an lalata gonaki 150 da kimanin gidaje 66 a cewar Hukumar Kula da Gaggawa ta Jihar Adamawa (ADSEMA). 2020 A cikin 2020, mutane 68 sun mutu kuma mutane 129,000 sun rasa muhallinsu saboda ambaliyar ruwa ta 2020. Wannan ya faru ne a cewar Darakta Janar na NEMA, Muhammadu Muhammed. 2017 Ambaliyar ruwa ta Jihar Benue ta 2017 ta faru ne a watan Satumbar 2017 a tsakiyar Najeriya. Makonni na ruwan sama ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa, zubar da ruwa da kogin da ke gudana a Jihar Benue. Ya kori mutane 100,000, kuma ya lalata gidaje kusan 2,000. 2010 Kimanin mazauna 1000 na Legas da jihohin Ogun na Najeriya sun yi gudun hijira saboda ambaliyar da ke da alaƙa da ruwan sama mai yawa, wanda ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar sakin ruwa daga madatsar ruwan Oyan zuwa Kogin Ogun Kimanin 'yan Najeriya 250,000 ne ambaliyar ta shafa a shekarar 2016, yayin da 92,000 suka shafa da ita a shekara ta 2017 2023 A ranar 3 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, an yi ruwan sama mai yawa a Oke-Ako a yankin karamar hukumar Ikole na Jihar Ekiti. Yanayin ya dauki sama da sa'o'i biyu kuma ya lalata kimanin gidaje 105. Ruwan sama mai yawa ya lalata wasu kayan aikin lantarki a duk faɗin garin, wanda ya sanya mazauna cikin cikakken duhu. Gwamnan Jihar Ekiti, Mista Biodun Oyebanji, ta hanyar mataimakinsa Mrs. Monisade Afuye, ya bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin masu lalacewa kuma ya tabbatar wa wadanda abin ya shafa cewa gwamnati za ta ba da duk wani tallafi da ake bukata don rage duk abin da wannan yanayin ya haifar musu. Gudanarwar gaggawa Hukumar Taimako ta Gaggawa ta Kasa (NERA) Hukumar Taimako ta Gaggawa ta Kasa (NERA) an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar Dokar 48 ta 1976 don mayar da martani ga ambaliyar ruwa mai lalacewa tsakanin 1972 da 1973. NERA wata hukumar kula da bala'i ce bayan da take mai da hankali kan daidaitawa da rarraba kayan agaji ga wadanda ke fama da masifu. Hukumar Kular Gaggawa ta Kasa (NEMA) Tsarin Gudanar da Bala'i na Kasa na Najeriya(NDMF) An kirkiro tsarin Gudanar da Bala'i na Kasa na Najeriya (NDMF) a cikin 2010 don aiki a matsayin kayan aiki na shari'a don jagorantar sa hannun masu ruwa da tsaki tare da girmamawa gudanar da bala'o'in a Najeriya. An kirkireshi ne don inganta ingantaccen gudanar da bala'i tsakanin Gwamnatocin Tarayya, Jiha da Kananan Hukumomi, Kungiyoyin Jama'a da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. NDMF tana da wuraren mayar da hankali 7 da ka'idojin isasshen, wato: Ikon Cibiyar Haɗin kai Binciken Hadarin Bala'i Rage Hadarin Bala'i Rigakafin Bala'i, Shirye-shiryen da Ragewa Amsawar Bala'i Farfado da Bala'i Masu ba da gudummawa da Masu Ba da Gudanarwa Duba kuma fari na Sahel na 2012 Canjin yanayi a Najeriya Batutuwan muhalli a cikin Delta na Nijar Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

27190

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutar%20Covid-19%20A%20Cikin%20Ciki

Cutar Covid-19 A Cikin Ciki

Tasirin kamuwa da cutar COVID-19 akan ciki ba a san shi gaba ɗaya ba saboda rashin ingantaccen bayanai. Idan akwai ƙarin haɗari ga mata masu ciki da masu ciki, ya zuwa yanzu ba a iya gano shi cikin sauri ba. Hasashen da aka danganta da irin wannan cututtuka irin su SARS da MERS sun nuna cewa mata masu juna biyu suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani amma bincike daga bincike har zuwa yau ya nuna cewa halayen asibiti na COVID-19 ciwon huhu a cikin mata masu juna biyu sun yi kama da wadanda an ruwaito daga manya marasa ciki. Babu wani bayanan da ke nuna haɗarin zubar da ciki na asarar ciki saboda COVID-19 kuma binciken da aka yi tare da SARS da MERS ba sa nuna alaƙa tsakanin kamuwa da kuma cuta da zubar da ciki ko asara na biyu na uku. Ba a sani ba tukuna ko yanayin da ke tasowa yayin daukar ciki ciki har da ciwon sukari, gazawar zuciya, hypercoagulability ko hauhawar jini na iya wakiltar ƙarin abubuwan haɗari ga mata masu juna biyu kamar yadda suke yi ga mata marasa ciki. Daga ƙayyadaddun bayanai da ake da su, watsawa a tsaye a cikin uku na uku mai yiwuwa ba ya faruwa, ko kuma kawai yana faruwa da wuya. Har yanzu babu bayanai kan farkon daukar ciki. Bincike game da COVID-19 a cikin ciki Shaidu kaɗan sun wanzu don ba da damar kowane tabbataccen sakamako game da yanayin kamuwa da COVID-19 a cikin ciki. Tasiri akan mata masu juna biyu A cikin Mayu 2020, Kwalejin Royal na Ma'aikatan Lafiya da Gynecologists (RCOG) da Royal College of Midwives (RCM) sun ba da rahoton sakamakon binciken Tsarin Kula da Mace na Burtaniya (UKOSS) na mata masu juna biyu 427 da jariransu. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa mata masu juna biyu 4.9 a cikin 1000 an shigar da su asibiti tare da COVID-19 kuma 1 cikin 10 na waɗannan suna buƙatar kulawa mai zurfi. Sakamakon binciken wannan binciken ya goyi bayan shawarwarin da suka gabata cewa mata masu juna biyu ba su da haɗarin rashin lafiya mai tsanani fiye da mata marasa ciki. Hakanan ana amfani da irin waɗannan abubuwan haɗari: matan da ke cikin binciken sun fi dacewa a kwantar da su a asibiti idan sun tsufa, kiba ko kiba, ko kuma suna da yanayin da suka gabata kamar ciwon sukari ko hawan jini. Mata biyar ne suka mutu amma har yanzu ba a bayyana ko kwayar cutar ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar ba. Tunda yawancin matan da suka yi rashin lafiya sun kasance a cikin uku na uku na ciki, RCOG da RCM sun jaddada mahimmancin nisantar da jama'a ga wannan rukunin. Binciken ya kuma gano cewa kashi 55% na mata masu juna biyu da aka kwantar a asibiti tare da COVID-19 sun fito ne daga bakar fata ko kuma wasu tsirarun kabilu (BAME), wanda ya zarce adadin matan BAME a cikin jama'ar Burtaniya. Da take magana ga RCOG, Dr Christine Ekechi ta ce yana da matukar damuwa cewa sama da rabin wadanda aka kwantar a asibiti sun fito ne daga asalin BAME, cewa an riga an sami "rauni mai dorewa" ga wannan rukunin, kuma RCOG tana sabunta jagora. don rage ƙofa don bita, yarda da la'akari da haɓaka kulawa ga mata masu ciki na asalin BAME. Haɗin gwiwar Bincike da Bincike na Burtaniya a cikin Likitan Mata da Gynecology sun gudanar da babban kimantawa na ayyukan kula da lafiyar mata a Burtaniya dangane da yanayin bala'in cutar, ana buƙatar ƙarin aiki a cikin dogon lokaci don samar da sabis na kula da mata masu juna biyu. Jerin shari'o'in mata 43 daga New York waɗanda suka gwada inganci don COVID-19 sun nuna irin wannan tsari ga manya waɗanda ba masu juna biyu ba: 86% suna da ƙarancin cuta, 9.3% suna da cuta mai tsanani kuma 4.7% sun kamu da cuta mai mahimmanci. Wani bincike ya gano lamuran COVID-19 ciwon huhu a cikin ciki sun fi sauƙi kuma suna da murmurewa. Wani bincike na mata 9 da suka kamu da cutar a cikin uku na uku na ciki daga Wuhan, China, ya nuna cewa sun nuna zazzabi (a cikin shida daga cikin marasa lafiya tara), ciwon tsoka (cikin uku), ciwon makogwaro (cikin biyu) da rashin lafiya (cikin biyu). Bacin rai tayi ta shiga biyu. Babu daya daga cikin matan da ya kamu da cutar COVID-19 mai tsanani ko kuma ta mutu. Dukkansu suna da ciki mai rai kuma ba a ga ciwon asphyxia mai tsanani ba. Samfurori na madarar nono, ruwan amniotic, jinin igiya da swab na makogwaro na jarirai an gwada su don SARS-CoV-2, kuma duk sakamakon ya kasance mara kyau. A wani binciken kan mata masu juna biyu 15, yawancin marasa lafiya sun nuna zazzabi da tari, yayin da gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje suka haifar da lymphocytopenia a cikin marasa lafiya 12. Abubuwan da aka lissafa na waɗannan marasa lafiya sun yi daidai da rahotannin baya-bayan nan game da marasa lafiya marasa ciki, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙarancin gilashin ƙasa a matakin farko. Hotunan da aka biyo bayan bayarwa ba su nuna ci gaban ciwon huhu ba. Rahotanni daga kafafen yada labarai sun nuna cewa sama da mata 100 da ke dauke da COVID-19 na iya haihuwa, kuma a cikin Maris 2020, ba a sami rahoton mutuwar mata masu juna biyu ba. A watan Afrilun 2020, wata mata mai juna biyu mai shekaru 27 da haihuwa a cikin makonni 30 ta mutu a Iran Mutuwar ta na iya kasancewa COVID-19 ne ya haddasa ta. RCOG ta ba da shawarar a farkon Afrilu 2020 cewa saboda ciki yanayi ne na hypercoagulable kuma mutanen da aka kwantar da su a asibiti tare da COVID-19 suma suna da karfin jini, kamuwa da cutar COVID-19 na iya ƙara haɗarin thromboembolism mai jijiya kuma wannan haɗarin na iya haɓaka ta hanyar rage motsi. saboda ware kai. Sharuɗɗan nasu don haka suna ba da shawarar cewa duk mace mai ciki da aka shigar da ita asibiti tare da kamuwa da cuta ta COVID-19 ya kamata ta sami aƙalla kwanaki 10 na heparin mai ƙarancin nauyi na prophylactic bayan an sallame ta daga asibiti. Kwanan nan, an ƙaddamar da Rijistar International ta Coronavirus Exposure in Pregnancy (IRCEP) a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Pregistry da Harvard TH Chan Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a. Tasiri akan aiki Akwai ƙayyadaddun bayanai game da illolin cututtukan COVID-19 ga aiki. Al-kuraishy et al. An ba da rahoton cewa COVID-19 a cikin ciki na iya ƙara haɗarin haihuwa kafin haihuwa. Ana ɗaukar haihuwa da wuri a matsayin babban sakamako na COVID-19 ciwon huhu yayin daukar ciki. Binciken UKOSS ya gano cewa matsakaicin shekarun haihuwa a lokacin haihuwa shine makonni 38 kuma kashi 27% na matan da aka yi nazari sun haihu kafin haihuwa. Daga cikin wadannan, kashi 47% an yi musu maganin ne saboda hadarin da ke tattare da lafiyar uwa kuma kashi 15% na faruwa ne saboda hadarin da tayi. Tasiri kan tayin A halin yanzu babu wani bayani da zai nuna ƙarin haɗarin zubar da ciki ko asarar ciki da wuri dangane da COVID-19. Watsawa Nazarin farko ya nuna babu wata shaida don watsa COVID-19 a tsaye daga uwa zuwa yaro a ƙarshen ciki amma ƙarin rahotannin kwanan nan sun nuna cewa watsa a tsaye na iya faruwa a wasu lokuta. Binciken farko ya gano wasu yara biyu da suka kamu da COVID-19 amma an yi la'akari da cewa yiwuwar watsawa ya faru a lokacin haihuwa. Hakanan ana iya lura cewa mahaifar ɗan adam tana bayyana abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci a cikin cututtukan COVID-19. Ƙarin ƙananan binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa ana iya yiwuwa watsawa a tsaye. Yarinya yarinya da aka haifa ga uwa tare da COVID-19 ta haɓaka matakan IgM sa'o'i biyu bayan haihuwa, yana nuna cewa ta kamu da cutar a cikin mahaifa kuma tana tallafawa yuwuwar watsawa a tsaye a wasu lokuta. Wani ɗan ƙaramin binciken da ya ƙunshi 6 ya tabbatar da cewa iyayen COVID-19 sun nuna babu alamun SARS-CoV-2 a cikin makogwaron jariransu ko maganin jini amma ƙwayoyin rigakafi sun kasance a cikin samfuran sera na jini na jarirai, gami da IgM a cikin jarirai biyu. Ba a saba ba da wannan daga uwa zuwa tayin don haka ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don sanin ko kwayar cutar ta ratsa mahaifa ko kuma mahaifar mata da ke cikin binciken sun lalace ko kuma sun lalace. An haifi saitin 'yan uku da wuri tare da COVID-19 a Babban Asibitin Ignacio Morones Prieto da ke San Luis Potosí, Mexico, a ranar 17 ga Yuni, 2020. Duk iyaye biyu sun gwada rashin lafiya kuma an ba da rahoton cewa yaran sun kwanta. Hasashe Tunda COVID-19 yana nuna kamanceceniya da SARS-CoV da MERS-CoV, da alama tasirinsu akan ciki yayi kama. A lokacin cutar ta 2002-03, an yi nazarin mata 12 da suka kamu da cutar ta SARS-CoV. Hudu daga cikin bakwai sun sami zubar da ciki na farkon trimester, biyu daga cikin biyar sun sami ƙuntatawa girma tayi a cikin na biyu trimester, kuma hudu daga cikin biyar sun sami haihuwa kafin haihuwa. Mata uku sun mutu yayin da suke da juna biyu. Babu daya daga cikin jariran da ya kamu da cutar SARS-CoV. Wani rahoto na lokuta goma na kamuwa da cutar MERS-CoV a cikin ciki a Saudi Arabiya ya nuna cewa gabatarwar asibiti yana canzawa, daga kamuwa da cuta mai laushi zuwa mai tsanani. Sakamakon ya yi kyau a mafi yawan lokuta, amma adadin mutuwar jarirai ya kasance kashi 27%. Wani bita ya nuna cewa COVID-19 da alama ba shi da kisa ga iyaye mata da jarirai fiye da SARS da MERS amma ana iya samun ƙarin haɗarin haihuwa kafin haihuwa bayan makonni 28 na ciki. Mata miliyan 47 a cikin kasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaitan kasashe 114 UNFPA sun yi hasashen ba za su iya amfani da magungunan hana haihuwa na zamani ba idan matsakaita na kulle-kulle, ko rikice-rikicen da ke da alaka da COVID-19, ya ci gaba har na tsawon watanni 6 tare da manyan cikas ga ayyuka: A kowane watanni 3. Ana ci gaba da kulle-kulle, ana zaton an samu tartsatsi, har zuwa karin mata miliyan biyu ba za su iya amfani da maganin hana haihuwa na zamani ba. Idan aka ci gaba da kulle-kullen na tsawon watanni 6 kuma akwai manyan cikas na sabis saboda COVID-19, ana sa ran ƙarin ciki miliyan 7 da ba a yi niyya ba ta UNFPA. Adadin cikin da ba a yi niyya ba zai karu yayin da ake ci gaba da kulle-kullen da kuma tsawaita ayyukansu. Shawarwari Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya da Cibiyar Yaki da Cututtuka ta Amurka ta shawarci mata masu juna biyu da su rika yin abubuwa iri daya da sauran jama'a don gujewa kamuwa da cutar, kamar su rufe tari, guje wa cudanya da marasa lafiya, tsaftace hannu da sabulu da ruwa ko kuma tsabtace muhalli. Magungunan rigakafin cutar covid-19 CDC yanzu tana ƙarfafa mata masu juna biyu su sami rigakafin COVID-19 Gabaɗaya shawarwari Asusun kula da yawan jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNFPA) ya ba da shawarar matakan gabaɗaya guda bakwai don duk lokacin saduwa da majinyata da ke fuskantar kulawa: Tabbatar da ma'aikata da majiyyata samun dama ga wuraren wanke hannu masu tsabta kafin shigar da kayan aiki. Samun sabulu na yau da kullun a kowane wurin wanki na wurin kiwon lafiya tare da tsaftataccen kyalle ko tawul ɗin da za a iya zubarwa don busar da hannu. Idan ungozoma suna ba da kulawar marasa lafiya kai tsaye, dole ne su yawaita wanke hannayensu da sabulu da ruwa na akalla daƙiƙa 20 kowane lokaci. Wannan dole ne ya faru kafin a ga kowace sabuwar mace da kuma sake kafin gwajin jiki. Ungozoma su sake wankewa nan da nan bayan jarrabawar sannan kuma da zarar majiyyaci ya fita. Hakanan ya kamata a yi wanka bayan tsaftace saman da tari ko atishawa. Hakanan ana iya amfani da tsabtace hannu musamman idan babu ruwa mai tsafta. Ka guji taɓa baki, hanci ko idanu. Yakamata a shawarci ma'aikata da marasa lafiya su yi tari a cikin nama ko gwiwar hannu su wanke hannu daga baya. Ungozoma yakamata su kiyaye nisan zamantakewa na akalla tsawon hannaye 2 yayin kowace ziyarar asibiti. Matukar ana yin wankin hannu kafin da bayan gwajin jiki mata ba tare da an yi zargin ko an tabbatar da COVID-19 ba, gwajin jiki da tuntubar majiyyaci ya kamata a ci gaba kamar yadda aka saba, idan an wanke hannu kafin da bayan. Fesa saman da marasa lafiya da ma'aikata ke amfani da su tare da bleach ko wani. Tabbatar goge saman saman tare da tawul na takarda ko zane mai tsabta a tsakanin marasa lafiya da wanke hannu. Ungozoma ne ke gudanar da haihuwa, kulawa da haihuwa da haihuwa kuma suna wakiltar wasu muhimman ayyukan kula da lafiya a bangaren kiwon lafiyar mata kuma suna da alaka kai tsaye da yawan mace-mace da cututtuka. Yana da mahimmanci cewa ma'aikatan SRMNAH, ciki har da ungozoma, an haɗa su a cikin gaggawa da tsare-tsaren rarraba don karɓar isasshen PPE da kuma daidaitawa yadda ake amfani da PPE daidai. Tunda kulawar ungozoma tana ci gaba da zama muhimmin sabis da mata dole ne su samu damar shiga yana da matukar muhimmanci ga ungozoma su sami tallafi, nasiha da kuma sanin yadda za su sake tsara ayyuka don ci gaba da ba da kulawa mai inganci (watau mutunta shawarwarin kiwon lafiyar jama'a na akalla. 2m tsakanin mata, kadan ne mai yiwuwa ungozoma masu kula da mace daya (kadan ma'aikata a dakin), tsaftar hannu). Dole ne ungozoma su sami bayanan tushen shaida waɗanda za su iya kare kansu daga yin kwangilar COVID-19 yayin da suke kula da mace mai alama, ko kuma daga macen da ta kamu da cutar ta COVID-19. Ungozoma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rage kyama da yaƙi da yada imanin cewa ya kamata a guji wuraren kiwon lafiya don kasancewa cikin koshin lafiya/ba kwangilar COVID-19. Ana iya tsammanin sake tsarawa/ cire kudade daga sassan da ungozoma ke aiki a kai, za a danganta shi kai tsaye da haɓakar cututtuka na mata da jarirai da mace-mace da ke ingiza ƙasashe nesa da manufar SDG. Kulawar haihuwa RCOG da RCM suna ba da shawarar sosai cewa ya kamata a dauki kulawar haihuwa da na haihuwa a matsayin mahimmanci, kuma "mata masu ciki za su ci gaba da buƙatar aƙalla tallafi, shawara, kulawa da jagoranci dangane da ciki, haihuwa da haihuwa da wuri kamar da". A watan Mayun 2020, mai magana da yawun kungiyar RCOG ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi gargadin bakar fata da sauran kananan kabilun mata cewa za su iya samun babbar hadarin kamuwa da cutar kuma a shawarce su da su nemi taimako da wuri idan sun damu. Bugu da ƙari, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya ya kamata su san haɗarin haɓakar haɗari kuma suna da ƙaramin ƙofa don yin bita, yarda da haɓaka kulawa da aka ba wa matan BAME. Don rage haɗarin kamuwa da cuta, RCOG da RCM suna ba da shawarar cewa ana iya gudanar da wasu alƙawura daga nesa ta hanyar tarho ko taron bidiyo. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a birnin Shanghai a tsakanin mata masu juna biyu a cikin watanni uku daban-daban na ciki ya nuna cewa akwai bukatar samun bayanai da ayyukan lafiya ta yanar gizo. Matan da ke tsammanin jariri na farko sun fi son samun shawarwari da jagora akan layi fiye da waɗanda suka haifa a baya. RCOG da RCM sun ba da shawarar cewa a jinkirta alƙawura na cikin mutum da kwanaki 7 bayan fara alamun COVID-19 ko kwanaki 14 idan wani a gidan yana da alamun cutar. Inda ake buƙatar alƙawura a cikin mutum, ana ba marasa lafiya masu juna biyu da alamun COVID-19 da aka tabbatar waɗanda ke buƙatar kulawar haihuwa su sanar da asibiti ko asibitin kafin su isa don a sanya maganin kamuwa da cuta. Binciken duniya a Asibitin Presbyterian Allen na New York-Presbyterian Allen da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Columbia ta Irving sun gano cewa daga cikin marasa lafiya 215 masu juna biyu, hudu (1.9%) suna da alamun cutar kuma suna da alamun COVID-19 da 29 (13.7%) sun kasance asymptomatic amma an gwada inganci don wayar cutar. Zazzabi daga baya ya tashi a cikin marasa lafiya uku masu asymptomatic. Ɗaya daga cikin majiyyaci da ya gwada rashin lafiya daga baya ya zama alamun bayyanar cututtuka kuma ya gwada inganci kwanaki uku bayan gwajin mara kyau na farko. Likitocin da ke gudanar da gwajin sun ba da shawarar cewa don rage kamuwa da cuta da kuma ware PPE, saboda yawan adadin marasa lafiya da ke nuna alamun asymptomatic, ya kamata a gudanar da aikin tantance masu juna biyu a duniya. Lokacin aiki A cikin Burtaniya, ƙa'idodin hukuma sun nuna cewa ya kamata a ba wa mata izini kuma a ƙarfafa su su sami abokiyar haihuwa ɗaya mai asymptomatic tare da su yayin aikinsu da haihuwa. Babu wata shaida dangane da idan akwai zubar da kwayar cutar a cikin farji, don haka yanayin haihuwa (farji ko caesarean) yakamata a tattauna da matar da ke naƙuda kuma a yi la'akari da abubuwan da take so idan babu wasu abubuwan da suka dace. Idan majiyyaci yana da shirin haihuwar caesarean ko shirin ƙaddamar da naƙuda, yakamata mutum ya tantance ko yana da lafiya a jinkirta aikin don rage haɗarin kamuwa da wasu. Samfuran ciki, irin su mahaifa, amnion da sauransu. Ba a nuna su suna da kamuwa da cutar coronavirus na haihuwa ko kamuwa da cuta ba, kuma ba sa haifar da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar coronavirus. RCOG da RCM sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a ba da shawarar epidural ga marasa lafiya da aka tabbatar ko ake zargi da COVID-19 a cikin naƙuda don a rage buƙatar maganin saƙar gabaɗaya idan ana buƙatar sa baki na gaggawa don haihuwa. Hakanan suna ba da shawarar cewa matan da ake zargi ko waɗanda aka tabbatar da COVID-19 yakamata su ci gaba da sa ido kan tayin ta lantarki. Ba a ba da shawarar yin amfani da wuraren tafkunan haihuwa ba ga waɗanda ake zargi ko tabbatar da lamuran COVID-19 saboda haɗarin kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar najasa. Kulawar bayan haihuwa A Burtaniya, shawarwarin hukuma sun nuna cewa bai kamata a yi taka-tsantsan na raba uwa da jariri mai lafiya da wasa ba kuma a ajiye su tare a lokacin haihuwa inda ba a bukatar kulawar jarirai. A cewar asusun kula da yawan jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ana karfafa wa mata gwiwa da su shayar da nonon uwa kamar yadda aka saba gwargwadon yadda zai yiwu tare da tuntubar masu ba da lafiya. Littattafai daga kasar Sin sun ba da shawarar raba iyaye mata masu kamuwa da jarirai na tsawon kwanaki 14. A Amurka akwai kuma shawarar cewa dole ne a raba jarirai da iyaye mata na wani dan lokaci har sai an daina yin taka-tsantsan da ake yadawa, kuma inda hakan ba zai yiwu ba a ajiye jarirai tazarar mita 2 daga uwa. Bayan haka, wasu jagororin yanzu sun haɗa da cewa ya kamata a ƙarfafa iyaye mata masu COVID-19 su shayar da nono idan za su iya, amma su sa kayan kariya na sirri don yin hakan. An ba da wannan shawarar, ganin cewa kamuwa da ciwon jarirai gabaɗaya yana da sauƙi kuma galibi yana da asymptomatic, kuma amfanin shayarwa na iya wuce haɗarin watsawa. UNFPA ta ba da shawarar cewa yana da matukar muhimmanci duk mata su sami damar haihuwa lafiya, ci gaba da kula da mata masu juna biyu da haihuwa, gami da gwaje-gwajen tantancewa bisa ga ka'idoji da ka'idoji na kasa, musamman a wuraren barkewar cutar, inda samun damar yin hidima ga mata masu juna biyu, mata masu nakuda. da haihuwa, da kuma masu shayarwa mata suna da mummunar tasiri. Tasirin cutar ta COVID-19 ga mata masu juna biyu A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Women, da shagala da hankali da kuma m albarkatun daga lafiyar mata wajen haihuwa iya exacerbate masu juna biyu mace-mace da kuma wajen kisa da kuma kara kudi na matashi ciki. Asusun kula da yawan jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ba da shawarar cewa samun damar haihuwa lafiya, kulawar haihuwa, kulawar bayan haihuwa da gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje bisa ka'idojin kasa yana da matukar muhimmanci, musamman a wuraren da cutar ta mamaye asibitoci, ta yadda lafiyar haihuwa ta yi tasiri sosai. Duba kuma Tasirin jinsi na cutar COVID-19 Tasirin cutar ta COVID-19 akan zubar da ciki a Amurka Manazarta Covid-19 Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba

28011

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabid

Zabid

Zabid (Larabci: (wanda kuma aka fi sani da Zabīd, Zabeed da Zebid) birni ne, da ke da mazaunan birane kusan mutane 52,590 a gabar tekun Yaman ta yamma. Yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin garuruwa a Yemen, kuma ya kasance cibiyar UNESCO ta Duniya tun 1993; ko da yake, a cikin 2000, an sanya wurin a cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na duniya a cikin haɗari. Babban Masallacin Zabid, wanda aka fi sani da Masallacin Asha'ir, wanda daya daga cikin mabiyan Muhammad Abu Musa Ashari ya gina a shekara ta 628 miladiyya. Garin shi ne babban birnin kasar Yemen daga karni na 13 zuwa na 15. Tarihi Garin, mai suna Wadi Zabid, wadi (ko kwari) a kudu, yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin garuruwa a Yemen. Abu Musa Ashari, daya daga cikin Sahabban Annabi Muhammad, ya fito ne daga Zabid, kuma an gina babban masallacin garin a shekara ta 628 miladiyya, wanda kuma har yanzu a zamanin Annabi. A bisa al'ada, wannan shi ne masallaci na 5 da aka gina a tarihin Musulunci. Wani sahabi; Shi ma Amru bin Ma’adi Yakrib ya fito daga Zabid kuma ya fito daga gidan Zubaid, kabilar Larabawa mai suna wannan gari. Zabid ta kasance hedkwatar kasar Yemen tun daga karni na 13 zuwa na 15, kuma cibiya ce ta kasashen larabawa da musulmi, saboda shahararriyar jami'ar Zabid da ta kasance cibiyar koyar da ilimin addinin musulunci. Ita ce babban birnin daular Ziyadid daga 819-1018 da kuma daular Najahid daga 1022-1158. A shekara ta 1067, a lokacin aikin hajji a Makka, dangin Banu Najah karkashin Sa'id Ibn Najah, yarima Zabid, suka far wa tawagar Ali da Asma bint Shihab, suka kashe Ali, suka kama Asmau. An tsare ta ne a wani gidan yari na sirri da ke Zabid, kuma rahotanni sun ce an dasa kan matar nata da aka yanke a kan wani sandar da ake gani a dakin da take ciki. Bayan daurin shekara daya a gidan yari ta samu sakon danta da angonta dake garin Sa'ana, dan itama ya afkawa Zabid ya sako ta. Wani Balarabe mai suna Ali ibn Mahdi al-Himyari, dan asalin tsaunukan Yaman ne ya kafa daular Mahdid a Tihama. Ibn Mahdi da mabiyansa sun kona gundumomi da dama a arewacin Zabid. Ya yi rantsuwa cewa zai mayar da Abyssiniyawa cikin bauta, ya kuma umarci mutanensa da su kashe kowa da kowa har da nakasassu. Saboda tsananin firgita mutanen Zabid suka nemi taimako daga Imam Zaidi Ahmed bn Sulayman akan al-Himyari. Limamin Zaidi ya ba da umarnin a kashe Fatiq III saboda zarginsa da luwadi. Imam Fatiq III ko dai Imam ne ya kashe shi, ko Mahdiya ko kuma sojojinsa. Da wannan waki’a ne daular bayi ta zo karshe kuma Mahdid suka karbe Zabid a shekara ta 1158. Dakarun yarima Ayyubid Turan Shah sun mamaye mafi yawan kasar Yemen cikin sauri suka kwace Zabid a ranar 13 ga Mayu 1174. Hadım Suleiman Pasha ya kara wa Ottoman ikon hada da Zabid a 1539. Zabid ya zama hedkwatar gudanarwa na Yemen Eyalet. Dawoodi Bohra dai Syedna Mohammad Ezzuddin shi ma ya isa Zabeed da niyyar zuwa aikin Hajji amma Zaidi ya sanya guba a cikin jirgin ruwa wanda hakan ya shafi Syedna Ezzuddin. Da ya san haka sai ya koma Zabid nan take ya rasu bayan ‘yan kwanaki. Kabarinsa kuma yana cikin Zabid. A yau, duk da haka, Zabid yana kan iyakar ilimi da tattalin arziki na Yemen ta zamani. Labarin kasa Zabid tana da yawan jama'a a birane kusan mutane 52,590 a gabar tekun Yaman ta yamma. Hotunan Hotunan Zabid Gidan Tarihi na Duniya UNESCO ta ayyana Zabid a matsayin Cibiyar Tarihi ta Duniya tun 1993. Babban Masallacin Zabid ya mamaye wani babban wuri a garin. Hakanan ana iya ziyartar wuraren jami'ar ta. A cikin 2000, Zabid yana cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na duniya a cikin haɗari; An yi jerin sunayen ne bisa umarnin gwamnatin Yaman saboda rashin kulawa da kiyayewa. A cewar wani rahoto na UNESCO, kusan "kusan 40% na gidajen birni an maye gurbinsu da gine-ginen siminti, kuma sauran gidaje da tsohuwar souk suna cikin lalacewa. Rubutun a matsayin wurin Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO, yana fuskantar yiwuwar asarar wannan babban matsayi. Tattalin Arziki Tun daga 1920, Zabid yana ɗaya daga cikin wurare biyu a cikin Arab wanda ke girma indigo. Zabid kuma yana noma da samar da auduga. Birtaniyya ta ambaci rigingimun kabilanci a matsayin dagula tattalin arzikin kasar a Zabid a farkon karni na 20. Hotuna

24040

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibatullah%20Akhundzada

Hibatullah Akhundzada

Mawlawi Hibatullah Akhundzada Pashto an haife shi a shekarar 1961), shi ne shugaban siyasa da addini wanda shi ne Babban Kwamandan Taliban na uku. An ba shi lambar girmamawa ta Emir-al-Mumineen (Amirul Muminin) ta Taliban wanda kuma shi ne taken da magabata biyu suka ɗauka. An ruwaito Akhundzada ya bayar da mafi yawan fatawowin Taliban, kuma shi ne shugaban kotunan musulunci na Taliban. Ba kamar shugabannin Taliban da yawa ba, Akhundzada an yi imanin ya kasance a cikin ƙasar yayin Yaƙin Afghanistan. Ya zama shugaban ƙungiyar masu fafutuka a watan Mayun shekarar 2016 bayan kashe shugaban da ya gabata, Akhtar Mansour, a wani harin jirgi mara matuƙi. Rayuwar farko An haifi Akhundzada a shekarar 1961 a gundumar Panjwayi da ke lardin Kandahar a masarautar Afghanistan Pashtun, yana cikin dangin Noorzai ko ƙabila. Sunansa na farko, Hibatullah, na nufin “baiwar Allah a harshen Larabci Mahaifinsa, Mullah Mohammad Akhund, malamin addini ne kuma limamin masallacin ƙauyensu. Kasancewa ba su mallaki kowace ƙasa ko gonakin nasu ba, dangin ya dogara da abin da ikilisiya ta biya mahaifinsa da tsabar kuɗi ko kuma wani ɓangare na amfanin gona. Akhundzada ya yi karatu a gaban mahaifinsa. Iyalin sun yi ƙaura zuwa Quetta bayan mamayar Soviet kuma Akhundzada ya ci gaba da karatunsa a ɗayan manyan makarantun da aka kafa a unguwar Sarnan. Yin gwagwarmaya da harkar siyasa Farkon aiki A cikin shekarun 1980, Akhundzada ya kasance cikin gwagwarmaya kan yaƙin Soviet a Afghanistan. A shekarun 1990, Akhunzada na ɗaya daga cikin membobi na farko da suka shiga Taliban Bayan da 'yan Taliban suka ƙwace lardin Farah, aka sanya Akhundzada a matsayin mai kula da yaki da miyagun laifuka a yankin. Lokacin da 'yan Taliban suka kwace babban birnin Kabul a 1996, an nada Akhundzada a matsayin memba na Sashen Inganci nagarta da Rigakafin Mataimakin Daga baya ya koma Kandahar kuma an mai da shi malami a Madrasa, makarantar hauza ta dalibai kusan 100,000. Bayan ƙawance da Amurka ke jagoranta a shekarar 2001, Akhundzada ya zama shugaban majalisar malaman kungiyar. Daga baya aka nada Mawlawi Akhundzada a matsayin Babban Jojin Kotunan Shari'a na Masarautar Musulunci ta Afghanistan Maimakon sarkin yaki ko kwamandan soji, yana da suna a matsayin jagoran addini wanda ke da alhakin fitar da mafi yawan fatawowin Taliban da daidaita batutuwan addini tsakanin membobin Taliban. Dukansu Mullah Omar da Mullah Mansour an san sun tuntubi Akhundzada a kan al'amuran fatwa. Ba kamar magabatansa da suka yi karatu a Pakistan ba waɗanda kuma aka yi imanin sun ƙaura zuwa gabas gaba ɗaya bayan Durand Line bayan mamayar Amurka a 2001 da kuma lokacin yaƙin da ya haifar An yi imanin cewa Akundzada ya rayu a Afghanistan a cikin shekarun 2001-2016 tare da babu rikodin tafiye -tafiye, duk da cewa yana da alaƙa ta kut -da -kut da Shura mai tushen Quetta. Bayan ƙarin girma ga mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Taliban a shekarar 2015, Akhundzada ya sanya tsari wanda a karkashinsa za a kafa kwamiti karkashin gwamnan inuwa a kowane lardin da zai iya bincikar kwamandoji ko mayaka masu cin zarafi, a cewar Mullah Abdul Bari, kwamandan Taliban a Helmand Shugaban Taliban An naɗa Akhundzada a matsayin babban kwamandan Taliban a ranar 25 ga watan Mayun shekarar 2016 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Mullah Akhtar Mansour. Mansour da ɗan bindiga na biyu sun mutu lokacin da harsasai da aka harbo daga jirgi mara matuki suka afkawa motar da suke ciki. Shugaban Amurka Barack Obama ne ya amince da yajin aikin. A baya Akhundzada ya kasance mataimakin Mansour. A cewar majiyoyin Taliban, Mansour ya riga ya sanya Akhundzada a matsayin wanda zai gaje shi a cikin wasiyyarsa Mai magana da yawun ƙungiyar ta Taliban ya bayyana cewa an nada Sirajuddin Haqqani a matsayin mataimaki na farko sannan kuma an nada Mullah Mohammad Yaqoob, dan tsohon shugaban Taliban Mullah Omar a matsayin mataimaki na biyu. Mawlawi Akhundzada kaiwa wani yawan makarantu, ko addini makarantu, a Pakistan 's kudu maso yammacin Baluchistan lardin Masu sharhi na ganin akwai saɓani tsakanin 'yan Taliban kan wanda ya kamata a nada sabon shugaban. Sunayen da aka ba da shawarar sune Mullah Yaqoob da Sirajuddin Haqqani, na ƙarshen shine babban memba da ke da alaƙa da Haqqani Network Akhundzada, duk da haka, ya ci gaba da kasancewa tsaka tsaki tsakanin manyan 'yan Taliban. Don gujewa rikici yayin zaɓar Akhundzada a matsayin shugaba, Taliban sun yarda cewa Yaqoob da Sirajuddin Haqqani za su yi aiki a matsayin mataimakansa. Mullahs Abdul Razaq Akhund da Abdul Sata Akhund sun yi alƙawarin tallafawa Sarkin Akhundzada a watan Disambar 2016. Yousef Ahmadi, ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu magana da yawun Taliban, ya bayyana a ranar 20 ga Yuli 2017 cewa an kashe ɗan Akhundzada Abdur Rahman yayin da yake kai harin ƙunar baƙin wake kan sansanin sojojin Afghanistan da ke Gereshk a lardin Helmand Wani jami'in gwamnatin Afghanistan ya ce suna binciken lamarin amma ba su iya tabbatar da ko an kashe Rahman ba. A watan Mayu 2021, Akhundzada ya gayyaci mutanen Afganistan don ficewar sojojin Amurka da kuma ci gaban daular Musulunci. A watan Agustan 2021, sojojin da ke ƙarƙashin umarnin Akhundzada sun fara kai farmaki na neman samun nasara ta ƙarshe a yakin Bayan Janye Sojojin Amurka, kungiyar Taliban ta sami nasarar iko da Kabul, babban birnin ƙasar. Yunkurin kashe shi Yunƙurin kisa na shekarar 2012 A cewar Mullah Ibrahim, dalibin Akhundzada wanda The New York Times ta yi hira da shi, Akhundzada ya kasance batun yunkurin kisan gilla a Quetta wanda Taliban ta zargi Kwamitin Tsaro na Kasa, hukumar leken asirin Afghanistan. "'A lokacin daya gabatar da laccarsa a Quetta wata rana kimanin shekaru hudu da suka gabata, wani mutum ya tsaya a tsakanin daliban ya nuna Mawlawi Akhundzada bindiga daga nesa, amma bindigar ta makale,' 'Mullah Ibrahim ya tuno. "Yana kokarin harbe shi, amma ya kasa, kuma 'yan Taliban sun gaggauta tunkarar mutumin," in ji shi, ya kara da cewa Mawlawi Akhundzada bai motsa cikin tashin hankali ba. Saboda yunƙurin kisan da aka ruwaito ya faru a Quetta, ya sabawa rahotannin cewa Akhundzada bai yi tafiya a wajen Afghanistan ba bayan Satumba 2001. Yunƙurin kisa na shekarar 2019 A lokacin sallar Juma'a a ranar 16 ga Agusta, 2019, wani fashewa mai ƙarfin gaske ya ratsa wani babban masallaci a Balochistan, lardin Pakistan. Harin da aka kai a masallacin, ya kashe dan uwan Akhundzada Hafiz Ahmadullah kuma mahaifin Akhundzada. Ahmadullah ya gaji Akhundzada a matsayin jagoran Masallacin Khair Ul Madarais, wanda ya kasance babban wurin taro na Quetta Shura, bayan da aka nada Akhundzada a matsayin sarkin Taliban. An tabbatar da ƙarin dangin Akhundzada sun mutu a fashewar. Babbar Majalisar Masarautar Musulunci ta Afganistan ta dauki alhakin kai harin, ta kara da cewa babban abin da aka kai wa hari shi ne Akhundzada. Rubututtuka A matsayinsa na malamin addini, ya rubuta littattafai da labarai da yawa, gami da sakin Mujahedino ta de Amir ul-Mumenin Larshowene na Mayu 2017 (Umarni ga Mujahedeen daga Amirul Muminin). Nassoshi Mutanen Afghanistan Yan Taliban Pages with unreviewed

22062

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica%20Hellmann

Jessica Hellmann

Jessica Hellmann wata farfesa ce a fannin Ilimin Lafiyar Qasa da kuma darakta a Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli a Jami'ar Minnesota An yarda da ita a matsayin "ɗayan manyan masu bincike kan al'adun duniya da sauyin yanayi". Hellmann ta kasance daya daga cikin na farko da ya gano cewa rayuwa tare da canjin yanayi "yana da matukar mahimmanci ga makomar bil'adama da kuma halittun duniya kamar yadda suke tafiyar hawainiya da dakatar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli". Lab nata yana amfani da tsarin lissafi, dabarun tsarin halittar mutum don gano tasirin canjin yanayi akan yanayin halittu da halittu. Jessica Hellmann kuma tana da mata, Larry LaTarte (47) da 'ya mace, Ada LaTarte (14). Rayuwar farko da ilimi Hellmann asalinta Ba'indiyace da Detroit ne, Michigan Hellmann ta ce ta zabi aiki ne a fannin ilimin halittu bayan ilham daga sansanin sararin samaniya, gonar kakanta da mahaifinta wanda ya yi aikin injiniyan injiniya a kamfanin General Motors Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin ilmin halittu a jami’ar Michigan a shekara ta 1996. Ta yi karatun digiri na uku a fannin Biology daga Stanford Mai ba ta shawara a fannin digirgir, kuma abar koyi, ita ce Paul R. Ehrlich Ta kuma kasance abokiyar karatun digiri na biyu a Cibiyar Tsaro da Hadin Kai ta Duniya, inda ta yi iƙirarin cewa mahalli wani muhimmin ɓangare ne na tsaro. A Jami'ar Stanford, tana daga cikin Leopold Leadership Program Hellmann ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin abokiyar karatun digiri na biyu a Sashen Nazarin dabbobi a Jami'ar British Columbia Ayyuka Hellmann ta shiga Jami'ar Notre Dame a shekara ta 2003, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin memba a Sashen Kimiyyar Halittu. Ta karɓi Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation a shekara ta 2006. Ta yi bincike kan tasirin asarar muhalli da rarrabuwa kan rarraba kwari da shuke-shuke da suke karbar su. Ta mai da hankali kan nau'ikan itacen oak na Garry, da yadda za su iya yaɗuwa a cikin wani yanayi na gaba. Ta kafa ƙaramin dalibi na Notre Dame shine ci gaba. A cikin shekara ta 2011 an ba ta lambar zama ta zama daga Jami'ar Notre Dame Institute for Advanced Study. A shekara ta 2012, ta wallafa littafin "Inganta Karbuwa A Cikin Garin Chicago". Ta gabatar da Lakca ta shekara ta 2012 Reilly Forum, "Gyara duk duniya: abin da dan Adam zai iya kuma ya kamata ya yi don taimakawa yanayi rayuwa da ci gaba ta hanyar canjin yanayi". A cikin shekara ta 2013, Hellmann ta taimaka wa Cibiyar Haɓakawa ta Duniya ta ƙaura zuwa Jami'ar Notre Dame A shekara ta 2015, ta zama Daraktan Bincike na shirin Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (ND-GAIN), wanda ke auna barazanar kasada da kuma shiri don daidaitawa da barazanar yanayi ga kasashen duniya. Ta damu matuka game da yi mata lakabi da "mutumin malam buɗe ido", yayin da take nazarin su sosai a matsayin wakilcin yadda canjin yanayi ke shafar kwari gaba ɗaya. An bayyana ta a matsayin "murya mai tasiri game da sauyin yanayi da yanayin". A shekara ta 2015, Hellmann ta shiga Jami'ar Minnesota a matsayin darektan Cibiyar kan Muhalli inda ta gabatar da wani muhimmin jawabi, "Shin za mu iya tseratar da halittu masu yawa daga canjin yanayi?" Ita ce kuma Russell M. da Elizabeth M. Bennett Kujera a Kwarewa a Sashen Ilimin Lafiyar Jama'a, Juyin Halitta da Halayya. Ta buga littafinta na biyu, "A Review Of The Landscape Conservation Cooperatives a shekara ta 2016. Ita ce mataimakiyar shugaban Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Jami'ar Minnesota. Ta ci gaba da haɗin gwiwa tare da ND-GAIN a matsayinta na babban memba mai bincike da kuma ba da shawara ga wasu masu bincike na ND-GAIN. Ta rinjayi gwamnatoci da hukumomi, tana ƙarfafa su don saka hannun jari ta hanyar sauyin yanayi A cikin 2013 da 2014 ta yi rubuce-rubuce tare da theimar Canjin Yanayi ta Nationalasa. Tana cikin Kwamitin Daraktoci na Babban Filin Jirgin Sama, Majalisar Shawara kan Kimiyyar Kimiyyar Muhalli da Cibiyar Manufa da kuma kwamiti mai mulki na Tsarin Sararin Samaniya. Ta ba da gudummawa ga CNN, NPR, Fox News, The Telegraph da kuma Chicago Tribune Ta rubuta don Tattaunawa (gidan yanar gizo) A cikin 2017 an sanar da ita a matsayin Americanungiyar (asar Amirka don Ci gaban Kimiyyar Leshner Fellow. Hellman yana ba da gudummawa a kai a kai ga mujallolin kimiyya masu zuwa: Ci gaba na Makarantun Kimiyya na Kasa, Frontiers a cikin Lafiyar Qasa da Muhalli, BioScience da KASHE DAYA Tana aiki a kwamitin edita na mujallar Aikace-aikacen Juyin Halitta kuma babban edita ce tare da Conservation Biology da Elementa. Ta hidima a kwamitoci domin th e Muhalli Society of America, cikin College Board, da kuma National Academy of Sciences Ayyukan da aka zaɓa Wannan Abubuwan masu zuwa shahararrun labarai ne waɗanda Hellman ya rubuta sune kamar haka: 2019: "Zaɓaɓɓu amma ƙasashe daban-daban suna rage raunin yanayi da hayaƙin CO2" 2018: "Tallafi biyar na kudi don farfado da Yankin Yankin Tekun Mexico da Missasashen Basin Mississippi" 2018: "An bayyana motsin yanki mai matsakaiciyar matsakaiciyar yanayi tare da kwayoyin halittar mutum, tarin kayan tarihin, da kuma samfurin kwaikwaiyo" 2018: "Kwatanta tsarin tafiyar da mutane da ba mutane ba a karkashin canjin yanayi." 2017: "Misalan rarrabuwar kawuna a duk fadin kasa da yanayin halittar gado na wani yanki mai hade da malam buɗe ido wanda ke da alaƙa da yanayin ɗan tudu" 2017: "Al'umma sun shirya tsaf don wani sabon nau'in ilimin kimiyya shine makarantar koyon ilimi?" 2016: "Canjin Yanayi a Yankin Birane: Cigaba, Ma'auni da Samun Natsuwa." 2016: "Rufi mai sanyi da sanyi don rage tasirin tsibirin zafi a cikin biranen Chicago: kimantawa tare da yanayin yanayin yanki" 2015: "Fahimta daga ilimin kimiyyar halittu na al'umma game da rawar da sakin makiya yake haifar da nasarar mamayewa: mahimmancin tasirin makiya na asali" 2013: "Ta amfani da taimakon mulkin mallaka don kiyaye halittu da kuma dawo da yanayin halittu karkashin canjin yanayi" 2011: "Sa hannun dan adam a gaba cikin halittu da muhimmiyar rawar halittar juyin halitta" Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Masana Ilimi Mata Marubuta Ƴancin muhalli Ƴancin ɗan adam Pages with unreviewed

23177

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogin%20Ogoou%C3%A9

Kogin Ogooué

Kogin Ogooué (ko Ogowe), wanda kuma aka fi sani da kogin Nazarat, kimanin kilomita 1,200 (tsawon mi mil 750), shine babban kogin Gabon da ke yammacin Afirka ta tsakiya kuma shine kogi na biyar mafi girma a Afirka ta hanyar yawan ruwa, wanda ke bin Kongo kawai, Kasai, Niger da Zambezi. Ruwan ruwanta ya malale kusan duk ƙasar Gabon, tare da wasu mashigan ruwa zuwa Jamhuriyar Kongo, Kamaru, da Equatorial Guinea. Hanya Kogin Ogooué ya hau arewa maso yamma na Bateke Plateaux kusa da Kengue, Jamhuriyar Kongo. Yana gudana arewa maso yamma, kuma ya shiga Gabon kusa da Boumango. Poubara Falls na kusa da Maulongo. Daga Lastoursville har zuwa Ndjole, Ogooué ba mai iya kewaya shi saboda saurin gudu. Daga garin na ƙarshe, ya yi yamma, kuma ya shiga Tekun Gini kusa da Ozouri, kudu da Port Gentil. Yankin Ogowe Delta yana da girma sosai, kusan tsawon kilomita 100 kuma faɗi kilomita 100. Basin Kogin Ogooué yana da murabba'in kilomita 223,856 (sq mi 86,000), wanda daga ciki murabba'in kilomita 173,000 (67,000 sq mi) ko kuma kashi 73 cikin 100 yana cikin Gabon. Yawanci ya ƙunshi dazuzzuka mara dadi tare da wasu ciyawar savanna inda rani na tsakiyar shekara ya fi tsawo. Gida ne na manyan halittu masu yawa. Misali, dukkan nau'o'in kada guda uku na Afirka, alal misali, suna faruwa ne a cikin kogin: kada da Nile, dodanni, kada, da siririn kada. Hakanan yanki ne irin na kifin kifi na Synodontis acanthoperca. Kogin Mpassa yanki ne na Kogin Ogooué. Kogin Ndjoumou shi ne babban rafin kogin Mpassa. Tattalin arziki Jirgin Ogooué yana iya tafiya daga Ndjole zuwa teku. Ana kuma amfani da shi don kawo itace zuwa Port Gentil Harbor. Kogin Ogowe ya hada da manyan wuraren adana abubuwa, gami da Filin shakatawa na Lope. Yankin kamawa yana da matsakaicin yawan mutane 4 a kowace Garuruwan da ke bakin kogin sun hada da Ayem, Adané, Loanda, Lambaréné, Ndjole, Booué, Kankan, Maulongo, Mboungou-Mbadouma, Ndoro, Lastoursville, Moanda, da Franceville kusa da iyakar Kongo. Garuruwa a Kongo sun hada da Zanaga. Bature mai bincike na farko da ya gano asalin kogin zuwa asalin sa shine Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza, wanda yayi tafiya a yankin a cikin shekarun 1870. Igiyoyin ruwa Kogin Ogowe yana karɓar ruwa mai yawa daga rafuka ciki har da: Abanga, wanda ya tashi a cikin tsaunukan Cristal, kusa da Medouneu Baniaka Dilo Iyinda, mafi mahimmancin haraji Letili Lassio Lebombi Lekabi Lekedi Lekoni, wanda ke gudana a fadin Akieni da Leconi Letili Leyou Lolo Mbine Ngolo Ngounie Nke Offoue Okano wanda babban harajin sa shine Kogin Lara Mpassa, wanda ke gudana ko'ina cikin Faransaville Sebe, wanda ke ratsa Okondja Wagny Manazarta Perusset André. 1983. Oro-Hydrographie (Le Relief) in Geographie et Cartographie du Gabon, Atlas Illustré led by The Ministère de l'Education Nationale de la Republique Gabonaise. Pg 10-13. Paris, France: Edicef. Petringa, Maria. Brazza, A Life for Africa. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2006. ISBN 9781-4259-11980. Describes Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza's extensive explorations of the Ogoué River basin. National Geographic. 2003. African Adventure Atlas Pg 24,72. led by Sean Fraser. Gardinier David. 1994. Historical Dictionary of Gabon 2nd Edition. USA: The Scarercrow Press, Inc. Direction General de L'Environnement.1999. Stratégie nationale et Plan D'action sur la biodiversité biologique du Gabon. The Atlas of Africa. Pg 201. by Regine Van Chi-Bonnardel. Jeune Afrique Editions. Lerique Jacques. 1983. Hydrographie-Hydrologie. in Geographie et Cartographie du Gabon, Atlas Illustré led by The Ministère de l'Education Nationale de la Republique Gabonaise. Pg 14-15. Paris, France:

57463

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20Accord

Honda Accord

Gabatarwa Honda Accord kuma aka sani da Honda Inspire China ga wasu tsararraki, jerin motoci ne da Honda ke ƙerawa tun 1976, wanda aka fi sani da bambance bambancen sedan mai kofa huɗu, wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun siyarwar motoci a Amurka tun 1989. An yi amfani da farantin sunan Yarjejeniyar a kan motoci iri-iri a duk duniya, ciki har da coupes, kekunan tasha, hatchbacks da Honda Crosstour crossover. Tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da shi, Honda ya ba da nau'ikan nau'ikan jikin mota daban-daban da nau'ikan yarjejeniyar, kuma galibi motocin da ake siyar da su a ƙarƙashin sunan Yarjejeniyar a lokaci guda a yankuna daban-daban sun bambanta sosai. An yi muhawara a cikin 1976, a matsayin ɗan ƙaramin hatchback, kodayake wannan salon ya ƙare har zuwa 1989, yayin da aka faɗaɗa layin don haɗawa da sedan, coupe, da wagon. Ta hanyar yarjejeniyar ƙarni na shida a ƙarshen 1990s, ta samo asali zuwa matsakaicin abin hawa, tare da dandamali guda ɗaya amma tare da jiki daban-daban da ma'auni don ƙara fafatawa da abokan hamayyarta a kasuwannin duniya daban-daban. Don Yarjejeniyar ƙarni na takwas da aka fitar don kasuwar Arewacin Amurka a cikin 2007, Honda ta sake zaɓar don matsar da ƙirar ta ƙara girma da haɓaka girmansa. Wannan ya tura sedan na Accord daga saman iyakar abin da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta ayyana a matsayin mota mai matsakaicin girma zuwa sama da ƙananan iyaka na cikakkiyar girman mota, tare da coupe har yanzu ana ƙididdige shi a matsayin tsakiyar. girman mota. A cikin 2012, sedan na ƙarni na tara, tare da ƙarami na waje, an sake rarraba shi azaman tsakiyar girman mota a faɗuwa kawai don jin kunyar "Babban Mota". Koyaya, sedan na ƙarni na goma, tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan na waje iri ɗaya, ya dawo zuwa cikakkiyar girman mota tare da haɗin sararin ciki na An dakatar da juyin mulkin a cikin 2017. A cikin 1982, Yarjejeniyar ta zama mota ta farko daga wani masana'anta na Japan da aka kera a Amurka lokacin da aka fara samarwa a Marysville, Ohio a Gidan Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kaya na Honda's Marysville Yarjejeniyar ta samu gagarumar nasara, musamman a Amurka, inda ita ce motar Japan da ta fi siyar da ita tsawon shekaru goma sha shida (1982-97), wacce ta kai matsayinta a cikin tallace-tallace a 1991 da 2001 tare da sayar da motoci kusan miliyan goma. Gwaje-gwajen tituna da yawa, na baya da na yanzu, suna ƙididdige Yarjejeniyar a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan ababen hawa na duniya. Yarjejeniyar ta kasance akan <i id="mwLw">Mota da Direba</i> 10 Mafi kyawun rikodin rikodin sau 37. A cikin 1989, Yarjejeniyar ita ce motar farko da aka sayar a ƙarƙashin alamar shigo da kaya don zama mafi kyawun siyarwa a Amurka. Ya zuwa 2020, Yarjejeniyar ta sayar da fiye da raka'a miliyan 18. Fage Honda, bayan kafa kanta a matsayin babbar masana'antar babura a shekarun 1950, ta fara kera motoci a 1963. Honda ya gabatar da karamin motar sa N360, wanda ya dace da ƙayyadaddun motar Kei don kasuwar Japan, na shekara ta 1967. Motar tana da injin gaba mai juye-juye, shimfidar motar gaba (FF), wanda za a karbe shi don ƙirar N600 (1969), H1300 (1970) da Civic (1972). Matsakaicin girman alkuki tsakanin minicars da ƙananan sedans, Civic ya ba da haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki da aiki tare da ƙirar sararin samaniya wanda ke da jan hankali nan da nan. Civic ya ba Honda nasarar kasuwa ta farko ta yin fafatawa tare da masu kera daidaitattun ƙananan motoci, waɗanda su ne ɓangaren haɓaka kamar yadda tallace-tallacen ƙananan motoci ya ragu kuma ya ragu a farkon 1970s, kuma babban tasirin su na farko a kasuwar fitarwa. Injin Injiniya CVCC na Honda, wanda aka haɓaka tun 1970, an ƙara shi cikin Civic a cikin Disamba 1973. Yana da fa'idodin rashin buƙatar mai canza mai ko mai mara guba don biyan buƙatun fitar da hayaki na shekarun 1970s da farkon 1980s. Bayan da aka samu ƙaddamar da Civic, Honda ya fara kan haɓaka samfurin abokin tarayya mafi girma. Asalin manufar Honda don babbar mota, mafi shuru, mafi ƙarfi da kwanciyar hankali ita ce sedan mai kofa huɗu da injin layi-shida na 2000cc, wanda aka tsara Project 653. An fassara bayanin akan wannan aikin azaman zayyana mai yin gasa mai ƙarfi na V6 zuwa Ford Mustang, duk da haka wanda ya bayyana ya zama fassarar ruɗani na ra'ayin ƙirar Project 653. Domin dalilai ciki har da sarrafa ci gaban halin kaka, leveraging da fasaha na su Civic, da kuma ikon daidaita samar da wuraren zuwa sabon model, Honda canza mayar da hankali ga gina a kan Civic ta nasara dabara a cikin wani ya fi girma kunshin, tsara Project 671. An kammala ƙirar jikin sabon ƙirar a cikin faɗuwar 1973, kamar yadda aka ruwaito a cikin fitowar Disamba 1975 na mujallar Mota Trend, wanda ke nuna cewa aiki a ƙarƙashin Project 671 ya kasance yana ci gaba a cikin watannin da suka gabata. Duk da haka, ɗaya asusun na lokaci ya ba da rahoton cewa injiniyan injiniya a ƙarƙashin Project 671 ya fara aiki a 1974. Har sai an samar da sabon samfurin, an yi ƙoƙarin injiniya mai zurfi don sanya injin CVCC ya yi shuru kuma ya fi dacewa da saurin tafiye-tafiye mafi girma, don tsaftace dakatarwa don ingantacciyar tafiya da kulawa, don haɓaka tsarin sarrafa wutar lantarki wanda ya dace da ƙaramin mota mai nauyi, da kuma inganta amo damping a cikin jiki da firam. An gudanar da gwaje-gwaje mai yawa kafin samarwa a ƙarƙashin yanayi iri-iri, don tabbatar da dacewar Yarjejeniyar don amfani iri-iri za a yi amfani da samfurin fitarwa. Don sabon samfurin, Honda ya zaɓi sunan "Accord", yana nuna "sha'awar Honda don daidaituwa da jituwa tsakanin mutane, jama'a da mota." Kamfanin Opel na Jamus ya yi rashin nasara ya kai karar Honda, yana mai cewa sunan ya yi kama da na Rekord Siffar ƙarshe ta Yarjejeniyar, tare da dogon hanci da kuma shimfiɗar gidan coupe tare da gangaren hatchback na baya, ya kasance mai ma'ana da aka samo asali na ƙirar hatchback na Civic kuma ya ba da isasshen sarari don amfani da abubuwan da aka samu na Civic. Ya nuna kama da Volkswagen Scirocco, wanda aka gabatar a cikin Janairu 1974, wanda ya haifar da hasashe cewa an kwafi nau'in Yarjejeniyar daga Scirocco. Koyaya, an kammala fam ɗin yarjejeniyar watanni kafin gabatarwar Scirocco. Zamanin farko (1976) An ƙaddamar da tsarin Honda Accord na farko a ranar 7 ga Mayu 1976, azaman hatchback mai kofa uku tare da a 2,380 mm (93.7 a) wheelbase, da nauyin kusan 898–945 kg (1,980-2,083 lb) ku. Motocin kasuwar Japan sun kai 80 PS (59 kW) JIS (mai kama da SAE Gross), yayin da Turai da sauran kasuwannin fitarwa suka sami samfurin ba tare da kayan sarrafa hayaki ba; ya bayyana 80 PS (59 kW) kuma amma bisa ga ka'idar DIN mai tsanani. Ya kasance fadada dandamali na farko na Honda Civic a dogo. Don bin ka'idodin tsauraran hayaki da aka kafa a Japan, an saka injin ɗin tare da fasahar CVCC ta Honda. Yarjejeniyar ta sayar da kyau saboda matsakaicin girmanta da kuma tattalin arzikin mai. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin sedan na Japan na farko da ke da fasali kamar kujerun zane, na'urar tachometer, masu goge baki, da rediyon AM/FM a matsayin kayan aiki na yau da kullun. A cikin 1978 an ƙara wani nau'in LX na hatchback wanda ya zo tare da kwandishan, agogon dijital, da tuƙin wuta. Har sai da Yarjejeniyar, da Prelude mai alaƙa, ba a samun tuƙin wutar lantarki ga motoci ƙasa da lita biyu. Masu saye na Jafananci suna da alhakin ƙarin harajin hanya na shekara-shekara akan ƙaramin Civic, wanda ke da ƙaramin injin. A ranar 14 ga Oktoba 1977 (shekara ɗaya daga baya a kasuwar Amurka), an ƙara sedan mai kofa huɗu a cikin jeri, kuma ƙarfin ya kai lokacin da An ƙara injin EF1 kuma a wasu kasuwanni an maye gurbinsu da rukunin EK1, yana samar da tare da GK-5 5-gudun transaxle, ko tare da 2-gudun Hondamatic. A fasaha, sedan ba a canza daga hatchback, kuma wheelbase ya kasance iri ɗaya. Wannan ya haifar da tsayin daka na baya don dacewa da cikakken takalmin. Rufin ya ɗan ɗan tsayi don samar da ƙarin kwanciyar hankali na cikin gida, kuma Accord Sedan ita ce Honda ta farko a Japan da aka ba da ita tare da ƙarin kayan tsakiya na Jafananci kamar ƙayatattun riguna da murfin kujera. A cikin kasuwar Amurka, ana samun sedan mai launuka uku: Livorno Beige mai rigar beige na ciki, Azurfa tare da rigar maroon ciki, ko ja mai duhu mai launin shuɗi. A cikin 1980 zaɓin zaɓi na zaɓi biyu na Semi-atomatik "Hondamatic" na shekarun baya ya zama akwatin gear mai sauri mai sauri ta atomatik (ba a yi amfani da transaxle mai sauri guda huɗu a cikin Yarjejeniyar ba har sai shekarar 1983). Sigar Arewacin Amurka sun ɗan sake fasalin datsa. Sauran canje-canjen sun haɗa da sababbin grilles da taillamps da madubai masu nisa waɗanda aka ƙara akan ƙirar kofa huɗu (chrome) da LX (baƙin filastik). An share alamun CVCC, amma tsarin shigar da CVCC ya kasance. A lokaci guda, injunan ƙayyadaddun bayanai na California sun sami shugaban bawul ɗin shaye-shaye mai tashar jiragen ruwa huɗu da na'urar juyawa. Wannan sigar injin EK1 ya yi daidai da injin High Altitude na jihar 1981 49, yana barin na'urar sarrafa jet ɗin iska wanda ya taimaka wajen kula da ingantaccen cakuda a mafi tsayi (sama da ƙafa 4000). Ƙarfin dawakai ya karu daga don motoci masu sauri 5 da don motoci na atomatik tare da tashar jiragen ruwa guda biyu na 49-jihar zuwa kamar sigar 1981-83. A Arewacin Amurka, shekarar ƙirar 1981 kawai ta kawo sauye-sauye dalla-dalla kamar sabbin yadudduka da wasu sabbin haɗin launi. An maye gurbin Livorno Beige (lambar No. Y-39) ta Oslo Ivory (No. YR-43). An daina launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, kamar yadda ƙarfen tagulla ya kasance. A bit daga baya a cikin 1981, kuma SE 4-kofa model aka kara a karon farko, tare da Novillo fata kujerun da iko windows. Launin fenti shine NH-77M Glacier Gray tare da ciki mai launin toka. Hatchbacks samfurin tushe, tare da kofa huɗu, LX, da SE huɗu kofa, duk sun sami ƙaramin madubi na nesa na filastik baƙar fata iri ɗaya. An sake bitar tarin kayan aikin da galibin hotuna waɗanda suka maye gurbin fitilun faɗakarwa da alamun ma'auni. An sake fasalin mai canjin don samun ingantacciyar bazara don hana haɗin kai na baya da gangan, wanda ya maye gurbin kullin canjin bazara na motocin shekara ta 1976 zuwa 1980. Hakanan an gajarta ledar motsi da inci biyu, tare da diamita mafi girma, yana ba da damar amfani da kullin motsi na Honda daga baya, gami da kullin rectangular da aka yi amfani da shi akan duk 1986 da sabbin

22141

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-cola

Coca-cola

Kamfanin Coca-Cola wani kamfanin kayan ruwa na shaye-shaye ne na kasashe daban daban na Amurka wanda aka kafa a karkashin Dokar Janar ta Kamfanin Delaware kuma tana da hedkwata a Atlanta, Georgia. Kamfanin Coca-Cola yana da bukatu a cikin masana'antu, sayarwa, da tallan abubuwan sha da giya da ruwan sha. Kamfanin ya samar da Coca-Cola, wanda aka kirkira a cikin shekara ta 1886 daga masanin magunguna John Stith Pemberton. A cikin shekara ta 1889, an siyar da dabara da alama 2,300 (kimanin dala 67,000 a yau) ga Asa Griggs Candler, Fortune 500 Companies 2018: Who Made the List". ya kafa Kamfanin Coca-Cola a Atlanta a shekara ta 1892. Kamfanin ya yi amfani da tsarin rarraba kamfani tun shekara ta 1889. Kamfanin yafi samar da ruwan sanyi, wanda daga nan ake sayar dashi ga wasu kwalban kwalba a duk fadin duniya wadanda ke rike da yankuna na musamman. Kamfanin yana da man gorar kwalba a Arewacin Amurka, Coca-Cola Refreshments. An kuma lissafa hajojin kamfanin a kan NYSE kuma wani bangare ne na DJIA da alamun S&P 500 da S&P 100. Kamfanin Coca-Cola shine kamfanin samar da shara na roba a duniya. Mazarta==Fortune 500 Companies 2018: Who Made the List". Tarihi A watan Yulin shekarata alif 1886, masanin harhada magunguna John Stith Pemberton daga Columbus, Georgia ya kirkiri ainihin abin shan Coca-Cola, wanda aka tallata a matsayin taimako ga saukin ciwon kai, don sanya shi da farko sayarwa a shagunan sayar da magani a matsayin abin sha na magani, Pemberton ya ci gaba da haduwa da gwaje-gwaje kuma ya isa Burinsa a cikin watan Mayu, sabon samfurin wanda har yanzu ba a ambata sunansa ba ko abin sha mai kanshi, an shirya shi don kasuwa kuma an samar dashi don sayarwa. An yaba wa marubucin littafin Pemberton, Frank M. Robinson da sanya sunan samfurin da kuma kirkirar tambarinsa. Robinson ya zabi sunan Coca-Cola ne saboda manyan abubuwan hada shi guda biyu (ganyen coca da goro kola) kuma saboda yana kama da hadin baki. John Pemberton ya huta kuma ya bar Robinson don yinwa da hadaka, tare da sayar da Coca-Cola shi kadai. Ya inganta abin sha tare da iyakantaccen kasafin kudin da yake dashi, kuma yayi nasara. A cikin shekara ta alif dubu daya da Dari takwas da tamanin da Tara (1889), wani Ba'amurke dan kasuwa Asa Griggs Candler ya kammala siyan samfurin Coca-Cola da alama daga magadan Pemberton. Zuwa shekara ta alif dubu daya da Dari takwas casa'in da biyar (1895), ana sayar da Coca-Cola a kowace jiha a cikin gungiyar. A cikin shekara ta 1919, an siyar da kamfanin ga Ernest Woodruff's Trust Company of Georgia. Tallan farko na Coca-Cola ya karanta "Coca Cola. Mai dadi! Mai wartsakewa! Hiarfafawa! Varfafawa!" Candler na daya daga cikin businessan kasuwar da suka fara amfani da fataucin mutane a cikin dabarun tallata shi. kimanin kashi 60% na kasuwar sa. Zuwa shekara ta alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da tamanin da hudu(1984), Kamfanin Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya ragu zuwa 21.8% saboda sabbin masu fafatawa, watau Pepsi Samu Coca-Cola ta sami Minute Maid a shekara ta 1960 akan adadin da ba a bayyana ba. A cikin shekarata dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da biyu (1982), ta sami gidan kallon fina-finai na Columbia Hotuna kan dala miliyan 692. An sayar da Columbia ga Sony kan dala biliyan 3 a shekara ta 1989. Kamfanin ya sayi kamfanin Cola na Indiya mai suna Thums Up a cikin shekara ta 1993, da Barq a shekara ta 1995. A shekara ta 1999, Coca-Cola ta sayi kashi 50% na hannun jarin Inca Kola akan dala miliyan 200, daga baya ta mallaki kasuwancin kasashen ketare da kuma samar da ita. A shekara ta dubu biyu da daya (2001), ta sayi nau'ikan ruwan 'ya'yan itace, santsu, da sanduna na Odwalla na dala miliyan 181. Ya ba da sanarwar dakatar da Odwalla a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin (2020). A cikin shekara ta 2007, ta samo Fuze Beverage daga wanda ya kafa Lance Collins da Castanea Partners na kimanin dala miliyan 250. Kokarin da kamfanin ya yi a shekara ta 2009 na sayen kamfanin samar da ruwan 'yan kasar Sin Huiyuan Juice Group ya kare lokacin da China ta ki amincewa da tayin dala biliyan biyu da miliyan dari hudu, a bisa dalilin kamfanin da ya haifar zai zama mallakinta ne kawai. Hakanan an yi tunanin kishin kasa a matsayin dalili na soke yarjejeniyar. A shekara ta 2011, ta sami ragowar hannun jarin a cikin Shayi na Gaskiya, bayan da ta sayi kashi arbain (40%) a shekara ta 2008 akan dala miliyan 43. A shekara ta 2013, ta kammala sayen ZICO, kamfanin ruwan kwakwa. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, ta sami kashi 16.7% (a halin yanzu kashi 19.36% saboda hannun jarin sayen jari) hannun jarin Monster Beverage na dala biliyan 2.15 tare da zaki don hadaka shi zuwa 25%, a matsayin wani bangare na hadin gwiwar dabarun dogon lokaci wanda ya hada da kasuwanci da rarrabawa kawance, da kuma sauya layin samfur. A shekarar 2015, kamfanin ya dauki karamin hannun jari a kamfanin kera ruwan sanyi, Suja Life LLC. A watan Disambar 2016, ta sayi yawancin ayyukan SABMiller na Coca-Cola. Kamfanin Coca-Cola yana da hannun jari na kashi 68.3% a cikin Kamfanin kwalba na Coca-Cola na Afirka. Hedkwatar Coca-Cola ta kwalba ta Afirka da ke Port Elizabeth Afirka ta Kudu. Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya sami kashi 40% na hannun jari a Chi Ltd a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 2016. Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya sami ragowar kashi 60% na kamfanin na Chi Ltd a ranar 30 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2019. A shekarar 2017, Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya sayi ruwan sha mai haske na kasar Mexico mai suna Topo Chico. A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2018, ta amince ta sayi Kofin Kofi daga Whitbread kan 3.9bn. Samun ya rufe a ranar 3 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2019. A watan Agusta na shekara ta 2018, Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya sayi Moxie kan wani adadin da ba a bayyana ba. A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2018, Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya sanar da sha'awar tsiraru game da Jikin Jiki. A ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2018, Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya sami Organic Raw Trading Co. Pty Ltd wanda ya kera MOJO Kombucha a Willunga, Ostiraliya. A ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 2018, Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya sami kaso 22.5% a MADE Group daga masu kafa kamfanin guda uku: Luke Marget, Matt Dennis, da Brad Wilson. Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya mallaki kaso 30.8% a Coca-Cola Amatil Ltd; saboda haka, Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya mallaki karin hannun jari na 6.93% a cikin MADE Group ta hannun jarin mallakarsa a Coca-Cola Amatil Ltd. Haraji da Sayarwa Dangane da rahoton shekara-shekara na Kamfanin Coca-Cola na 2005, ya sayar da kayayyakin sha a fiye da kasashe 200 a wannan shekaran Rahoton na 2005 ya ci gaba da cewa daga cikin abubuwan sha fiye da biliyan 50 na kowane nau'in da ake ci a duk duniya, yau da kullun, abubuwan sha masu alamar kasuwanci mallakar ko lasisi ga asusun Coca-Cola na kusan dala biliyan 1.5. Daga cikin wadannan, abubuwan sha masu alamar kasuwanci "Coca-Cola" ko "Coke" sun kai kusan kashi 78% na jiyawan galan da aka a sayar. A cikin 2010, an ba da sanarwar cewa Coca-Cola ta zama alama ta farko da ta kai sama da fam biliyan 1 a siyar da kayan masarufi na Burtaniya na shekara-shekara. A cikin 2017, tallace-tallace na Coca-Cola ya ragu da kashi 11% daga shekarar da ta gabata saboda dandanon dandano na canzawa daga abubuwan sha. Hannun Jari Tun daga 1919, Coca-Cola kamfani ne na kasuwanci da jama'a. An jera hannun jarinsa a Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta New York a karkashin alamar “KO”. Shareaya daga cikin hannun jarin da aka saya a 1919 akan $40, tare da duk ribar da aka sake samu, zai kai dala miliyan 9.8 a cikin 2012, an sami karuwar kashi 10.7% na shekara -shekara don hauhawar farashin kayayyaki. Wani bankin da ya gada na SunTrust ya karbi 100,000 don yin rubutacciyar sadaukarwar jama'a ta Coca-Cola ta 1919; bankin ya sayar da hannun jarin sama da dala biliyan biyu a 2012. A cikin 1987, Coca-Cola ya sake zama daya daga cikin hannun jari 30 wanda ya gunshi Matsayin Masana'antar Dow Jones, wanda galibi ana ambaton shi azaman wakili don aikin kasuwar hannun jari; a baya ta kasance hannun jari na Dow daga 1932 zuwa 1935. Coca-Cola ta biya rabon kudi tun daga 1920 kuma, kamar na 2019, yana hadaka ta kowace shekara tsawon shekaru 57 kai tsaye. Ma'aikata da Masu Gudanarwa Wadannan sunaye masu zuwa sune mahimman masu gudanarwa tun daga Yuli 2021 (ban da mukaman VP da shugabannin yanki) James Quincey (Shugaban Hukumar kuma babban jami'in zartarwa) Brian Smith (shugaban kasa da babban jami'in aiki) Manuel Arroyo (babban jami'in talla) Alfredo Rivera (Shugaban gungiya ta Arewacin Amirka) Lisa Chang (babban jami'in jama'a) Marcelo Boffi (shugaban, Kamfanin Bottling Investments Group) Monica Howard Douglas (babban lauya) Nancy Quan (babban jami'in fasaha) Barry Simpson (babban jami'in watsa labarai) Beatriz Perez (shugaban sadarwa, dorewa hadin gwiwa dabarun) John Murphy (babban jami'in kudi) Giles Leclerc (Shugaban, The McDonald's Division) Wadannan sunaye masu zuwa duk daraktoci tunda daga watan Nuwamba 2016: Muhtar Kent Herbert A. Allen Jr. Ronald W. Allen Marc Bolland Ana Botin Howard G. Buffett Richard M. Daley Barry Diller Helene D. Gayle Alexis M. Herman Bobby Kotick Mariya Elena Lagomasino Sam Nuni David B. Weinberg Kayan Sha na Kwalba Gabadaya, Kamfanin Coca-Cola da rassansa kawai suna samar da ruwan syrup, wanda daga nan ake sayar da shi ga kwalba daban-daban a duk duniya wadanda ke rike da ikon mallakar Coca-Cola na gida. Masu shaye-shayen Coca-Cola, wadanda ke rike da kwangilolin kebabbu na yanki tare da kamfanin, suna samar da samfuran da aka gama a cikin gwangwani da kwalabe daga mai da hankali, a hade tare da tsaftataccen ruwa da kayan zaki. Daga nan sai kwalaben su sayar, rarraba, da sayar da kayan Coca-Cola ga shagunan sayar da kayayyaki, injinan siyarwa, gidajen abinci, da masu rarraba sabis na abinci. A wajen Amurka, wadannan kwalaben kuma suna sarrafa kasuwancin kayan marmari. Tun daga shekarun 1980, kamfanin ya ba da himma sosai wajen karfafa dunkulewar kwalba, tare da kamfanin galibi yana da hannun jari na wadannan "kwalaben anga." Wajen Arewacin Amurka Manyan kayan kwalba na kamfanin da suke a wajen Arewacin Amurka sune: Coca-Cola Europacific Partners PLC, based in the United Kingdom (western Europe) (Company owns 19.36%) National Beverage Company Sal, basedin Beirut, Lebanon International Beverages Pvt. Ltd., based in Bangladesh (Fully owned subsidiary of The Coca-Cola Company) Coca-Cola Bottling Shqipëria, based in Albania Coca-Cola Beverages Philippines, based in the Philippines (fully owned subsidiary of The Coca-Cola Company) Coca-Cola FEMSA, based in Mexico (Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama, Uruguay and Venezuela) (Company owns 27.8%) Arca Continental, also based in Mexico (parts of Mexico and Latin America and in US under Coca-Cola Southwest Beverages LLC in the state of Texas and parts of New Mexico, Oklahoma and Arkansas (independent) Embotelladora Andina S.A, based in Chile (southern South America) (Company owns 14.7% of series A common stock outstanding 14.7% of series B common stock outstanding) Coca-Cola Beverages Africa, based in Port Elizabeth, South Africa (southern and eastern Africa) (company owns 68.3%) Coca-Cola Beverages Korea, based in South Korea (independent; owned by LG Household Health Care) Coca-Cola HBC AG, originally based in Greece but now located in Switzerland (Greece, Ireland, Eastern Europe, Russia, and Nigeria) (Company owns 23.2%) Coca-Cola Icecek Based in Turkey (Turkey, South West Asia, Arabia) (Company owns 20.1%) Swire, based in Hong Kong (China, Taiwan, Hong Kong) (independent) Kirin Company, based in Japan (independent) Coca-Cola Bottlers Japan (through a holding company, Company owns 16.3%) PT Coca-Cola Bottling Indonesia (Company owns 29.4%) (Coca-Cola Amatil ltd owns 70.6%) Coca-Cola Bottlers Uzbekistan (Company owns 42.9%) Acikin Kasar Amurka A cikin Amurka, kamfanin yana tsallake kwalba ta hanyar kera da siyar da ruwan sihirin kai tsaye ga dillalan kayan marmari da aka ba da izini da wasu dillalan kayan marmari. Tun daga shekarar 2014, bayan siyan kadarorin Arewacin Amurka na Coca-Cola Enterprises, kamfanin kai tsaye ya mallaki 100% na Coca-Cola Refreshments, jigon kwalba na samfuran Coca-Cola a Arewacin Amurka, wanda ke wakiltar kusan 90% na Canada da 80% na kasar Amirka. Sauran manyan masu kayan kwalba a Amurka sune: Coca-Cola Consolidated, based in Charlotte, North Carolina (company owns 34.8%) Coca-Cola Beverages Northeast based in Bedford, New Hampshire, and owned by Kirin Company Coca-Cola Bottling Company United, based in Birmingham, Alabama (independent) Swire Coca-Cola USA, based in Salt Lake City, Utah and owned by Swire Group A watan Satumba na 2015, kamfanin ya ba da sanarwar sayar da tsirrai da yankuna da dama ga Swire, Consolidated, da United, da ƙirƙirar Coca-Cola National Supply System wanda ke sarrafa 95% na yankin a Amurka. Dangantakar abokin ciniki da sa hannun jama'a Bayan Martin Luther King, Jr. ya lashe lambar yabo ta Nobel ta zaman l(afiya ta 1964, shirye-shiryen bukin cin abinci na kabilanci a cikin Atlanta da har yanzu ba a raba shi ba da farko mashahuran 'yan kasuwa na birnin sun tallafa sosai har Coca-Cola ta shiga tsakani. J. Paul Austin, shugaban kuma Shugaba na Coca-Cola, da Magajin gari Ivan Allen ya kira manyan shugabannin kasuwancin Atlanta zuwa ɗakin cin abinci na bene na goma sha takwas, inda Austin ya gaya musu dalla-dalla, 'Abin kunya ne a sami Coca-Cola a garin da ya ki karrama wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel. Mu kasuwanci ne na duniya. Kamfanin Coca-Cola baya buƙatar Atlanta. Duk kuna buƙatar yanke shawara ko Atlanta tana buƙatar Kamfanin Coca-Cola. A cikin awanni biyu na ƙarshen wannan taron, an sayar da kowane tikitin cin abincin dare. -Andrew Young. A cikin 2012 duka, Coca-Cola ya ba da gudummawar $1,700,500 zuwa wani kamfen na siyasa na dala miliyan 46 da aka sani da "The Coalition Against The Costed Food Labeling Producation, wanda Manoma da Masu Samar da Abinci suka dauki nauyinsa". An kafa wannan ƙungiya don adawa da yunƙurin ɗan ƙasa, wanda aka sani da Shawara ta 37, yana buƙatar laƙabin laƙabin abinci mai ɗauke da abubuwan da aka gyara na asali. A cikin 2012, an jera Coca-Cola a matsayin abokin kamfen na (RED), tare da wasu samfura kamar Nike, Girl, American Express, da Converse. Manufar kamfen ɗin ita ce hana watsa kwayar cutar kanjamau daga uwa zuwa yaro kafin shekarar 2015 (jigon kamfen ɗin shine "Yaƙi don Samar da Cutar Kanjamau"). Samar da filastik da sharar gida Kamfanin Coca-Cola shine babban mai samar da dattin filastik a duniya, tsawon shekaru biyu a jere yana samar da fiye da tan miliyan 3 na kunshin filastik a kowace shekara gami da kwalaben filastik biliyan 110. Babban jami’in kamfanin na duniya ya yarda cewa Coca-Cola ba ta da niyyar rage amfani da kwalaben roba; a zahiri, kamfanin ya yi "kokari cikin nutsuwa" don rage adadin dattin filastik da yake samarwa, wani bangare ta hanyar adawa da dokar lissafin kwalba. Shugaban dindindin Bea Perez ya ce za su ci gaba da amfani da filastik, suna masu cewa "abokan ciniki kamar su saboda sun real kuma suna da nauyi Masu suka Tun farkon shekarun 2000, sukar da ake yi kan amfani da kayayyakin Coca-Cola gami da kamfanin da kanta, ya karu tare da damuwa kan illolin kiwon lafiya, lamuran muhalli, gwajin dabbobi, ayyukan kasuwanci na tattalin arziki da batutuwan ma'aikata. Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya fuskanci shari'o'i da yawa game da waɗannan sukar daban-daban. Tallace-Tallace Tallace-tallace na Coca-Cola ya kasance "cikin mafi ƙima a cikin tarihin tallan tallace-tallace," tare da sananne kuma babban tasiri akan shahararrun al'adu da al'umma gaba ɗaya. Coca-Cola tana talla ta hanyar tallan kai tsaye, kafofin watsa labarai na yanar gizo, kafofin watsa labarun, saƙon rubutu, da tallan tallace-tallace. Kamfanin yana kuma yin tallace -tallace ta hanyar tallan wayar salula a cikin sakonnin rubutu, misali. kamfen na hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri. Haɗin fan ya kai miliyan 86 a duk duniya a duk tashoshin kafofin watsa labarun: hulɗar kan layi, da abubuwan zamantakewa, al'adu, ko wasanni. A cikin wurin siyarwar, manyan motocin isar da kayan shaye -shaye kai tsaye (tallan wayar hannu) da wurin masu sanyaya siyarwa da injinan siyarwa suna da tambarin ja mai haske. Dangane da hidimar abinci, Coca-Cola shawara ce ta haɗa abinci wanda yanzu ya zama tushen abinci, alal misali, don popcorn, burgers, soyayyen, da karen kare mai zafi. Samfura da Bugawa Tun daga shekarar 2020, Kamfanin Coca-Cola yana ba da samfura sama da 500 a cikin ƙasashe sama da 200. A watan Satumba na 2020, kamfanin ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai yanke fiye da rabin samfuran sa, sakamakon tasirin tattalin arziƙin da cutar ta COVID-19 ta haifar. Kadarorin da ba abinci ba Hotunan Columbia Coca-Cola ya sayi Hotunan Columbia a cikin 1982, saboda ƙarancin darajar ɗakin ɗakin studio. Kamfanin fina-finai shi ne studio na farko kuma kaɗai da Coca-Cola ta mallaka. A lokacin mallakar ɗakin, Columbia ta saki shahararrun fina -finai da suka haɗa da Ghostbusters, Stripes, The Karate Kid, da wasu wasu. Koyaya, shekaru biyu bayan gazawa da gazawar kasuwanci na fim ɗin Ishtar na 1987, Columbia ta ɓace sannan aka sayar da ita ga Sony a Tokyo a 1989. Duniyar Coca-Cola Coca-Cola tana aiki da abin sha mai taushi mai jan hankali na yawon shakatawa a Atlanta, Jojiya; Duniyar Coca-Cola baje kolin abubuwa da yawa. Yana nuna samfuran dandano da gidan kayan tarihi, tare da wurare a Las Vegas, Nevada, da Lake Buena Vista, Florida. Alamu Sauran abubuwan sha Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya kuma samar da wasu sauran abubuwan sha masu taushi ciki har da Fanta (wanda aka gabatar da shi kusan 1941) da Sprite. Asalin Fanta ya samo asali ne tun lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a lokacin takunkumin kasuwanci kan Jamus akan ruwan sila, wanda hakan yasa ba zai yiwu a sayar da Coca-Cola a Jamus ba. Max Keith, shugaban ofishin Jamus na Coca-Cola a lokacin yaƙin, ya yanke shawarar ƙirƙirar sabon samfuri don kasuwar Jamus, wanda aka yi kawai daga samfuran da ke cikin Jamus a lokacin, wanda suka sanya wa suna Fanta. Abin sha ya zama abin bugawa, kuma lokacin da Coke ya sake komawa bayan yaƙin, ya karɓi alamar Fanta. Fanta asalinsa abin sha ne mai ɗanɗano mai ruwan lemu wanda zai iya zuwa cikin kwalaben filastik ko gwangwani. Ya kasance yana samuwa a cikin dandano daban -daban yanzu kamar innabi, peach, innabi, apple, abarba, da strawberry. A cikin 1961, Coca-Cola ya gabatar da Sprite, abin sha mai laushi na lemun tsami, wani daga cikin masu siyar da kamfani da martanin sa zuwa 7 Up. Tab shine ƙoƙarin Coca-Cola na farko don haɓaka abin sha mai laushi, ta amfani da saccharin azaman madadin sukari. An gabatar da shi a 1963, an sayar da samfurin har zuwa faduwar 2020, kodayake tallace -tallace ya ragu tun lokacin gabatar da Diet Coke. Coca-Cola Afirka ta Kudu kuma ta saki Valpre Bottled "har yanzu" da "Mai kyalkyali" ruwa. A cikin 1969, kamfanin ya fitar da Simba, wanda shine abin shan Mountain Dew, kuma yana da fakiti wanda ke da hamada na Afirka, cike da Zakin Afirka a matsayin alamar alama. Alamar taken ita ce "Simba Tana Kayar da Ƙishirwar Afirka." Hakanan a cikin 1969, kamfanin ya fitar da layin samfura a ƙarƙashin sunan Santiba, wanda aka yi niyya don haɗa hadaddiyar giyar da amfani da ƙungiya, samfuran da suka haɗa da ruwan Quinine da Ginger Ale. Kamar Simba da aka ambata a sama, layin Santiba na samfuran bai daɗe ba a kasuwa. Abokin-Kari Ba a ƙera shi ba, Coca-Cola BreakMate ya kasance mai ɗanɗano ɗanɗano uku da Coca-Cola da Siemens suka gabatar a 1988. An yi niyyar amfani da shi a ofisoshi tare da mutane biyar zuwa hamsin, sashinsa mai sanyi ya riƙe kwantena filastik guda uku guda ɗaya. na soda syrup da tankin CO2. Kamar maɓuɓɓugar soda, ya gauraye syrup a cikin rabo 1: 5 tare da ruwan carbonated. A Arewacin Amurka, Coca-Cola ta dakatar da sassan BreakMate a 2007 kuma ta daina rarraba syrup a 2010. Abin sha mai kara lafiya A cikin shekarun 1990s, kamfanin ya mayar da martani ga karuwar masu amfani da shaye-shaye masu lafiya ta hanyar gabatar da sabbin samfuran abubuwan sha marasa carbonated. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Minute Maid Juices to Go, Powerade sports sports, Nestea shayi mai ɗanɗano (a cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Nestlé), Fruitopia abin sha, da ruwan Dasani, da sauransu. A cikin 2001, ƙungiyar Minute Maid ta ƙaddamar da Simply Orange iri na juices ciki har da ruwan lemu. A cikin 2016, Coca-Cola Indiya ta gabatar da Vio don shiga cikin rukunin madara mai ƙima. Samfurin yana kafa harsashin sabon sashin Coca-Cola bayan abubuwan sha, ruwa da juices. A cikin 2004, wataƙila don mayar da martani ga ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan abinci mai ƙarancin carbohydrate kamar abincin Atkins, Coca-Cola ta ba da sanarwar niyyarta ta haɓaka da siyar da madaidaicin carbohydrate zuwa Coke Classic, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da C2 Cola. C2 ya ƙunshi cakuda babban fructose masara syrup, aspartame, sucralose, da potassium Acesulfame. An tsara C2 don yin kwaikwayon ɗanɗano na Coca-Cola Classic. Ko da tare da ƙasa da rabin kuzarin abinci da carbohydrates na madaidaicin abin sha mai laushi, C2 ba shine maye gurbin abin sha mai kalori mai ƙima kamar Diet Coke. C2 ya ci gaba da siyarwa a Amurka a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2004, kuma a Kanada a watan Agusta 2004; an maye gurbinsa a 2013 ta Coca-Cola Life. Farawa daga 2009, Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya saka hannun jari a Innocent Drinks, da farko tare da ƙaramin gungumen azaba, yana ƙaruwa zuwa 90% a farkon kwata na 2013. A cikin Mayu 2014 lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da Finley, abin sha mai daɗin ɗanɗano mai 'ya'yan itace, a Faransa. An ƙaddamar da shi a wasu ƙasashe daga baya, ciki har da Belgium da Luxembourg a cikin Satumba 2014. Coca-Cola ya fara haɓaka abin sha a Belgium a 2001. Tun daga 2014, abin sha an yi niyya ne ga manya, kuma yana da ƙarancin sukari tare da dandano huɗu. Siyarwan da yafi kyau Coca-Cola shine abin sha mafi siyarwa a cikin yawancin ƙasashe, kuma an gane shi a matsayin lamba ta ɗaya a duniya a 2010. Yayin da Gabas ta Tsakiya ke ɗaya daga cikin yankuna kaɗan na duniya inda Coca-Cola ba shine abin sha na farko ba, Coca-Cola tana riƙe kusan kashi 25% na kasuwar (zuwa kashi 75% na Pepsi) kuma tana da ci gaba mai lamba biyu a 2003. Hakazalika, a Scotland, inda Irn-Bru da ake samarwa a cikin gida ya kasance mafi shahara, alkaluman 2005 sun nuna cewa duka Coca-Cola da Diet Coke sun fi Irn-Bru girma. A Peru, Inca Kola na asali ya shahara fiye da Coca-Cola, wanda hakan ya sa Coca-Cola ta shiga tattaunawa da kamfanin abin sha mai laushi kuma ta sayi kashi 50% na hannun jarin ta. A Japan, mafi kyawun sayar da abin sha mai taushi ba cola bane, kamar yadda (gwangwani) shayi da kofi suka fi shahara. Don haka, mafi kyawun alamar Kamfanin Coca-Cola babu Coca-Cola, amma Georgia. A watan Mayun 2016, Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya dakatar da samar da abin sa hannu a Venezuela saboda karancin sukari. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Kamfanin Coca-Cola yana amfani da "ƙaramin ƙera albarkatun ƙasa" don yin sa hannunsu a shaye-shaye guda biyu a Venezuela. Bayani A ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2006, an kama wani ma'aikacin Coca-Cola da wasu mutane biyu da tuhuma kan kokarin sayar da bayanan sirrin kasuwanci ga mai yin gasa abin sha mai laushi PepsiCo kan dala miliyan 1.5. Girke-girke na Coca-Cola, wataƙila sirrin da kamfanin ya fi kula da shi, bai taɓa yin haɗari ba; a maimakon haka, bayanin yana da alaƙa da sabon abin sha a cikin ci gaba. Shugabannin Coca-Cola sun tabbatar da cewa takardun sirrin cinikayyar da ake magana da su gaskiya ne kuma mallakar kamfanin ne. Takardun kotun sun ce an bayar da akalla gilashin gilashi guda daya dauke da samfurin sabon abin sha. Kamfanin PepsiCo ne ya tona asirin wannan makirci, wanda ya sanar da hukumomi lokacin da maharan suka tunkare shi. Green tea Kamfanin ya ba da sanarwar sabon "kalori mara kyau" abin sha na koren shayi, Enviga, a cikin 2006, tare da ƙoƙarin dabarun sayar da kofi Far Coast da Chaqwa. Glaceau A ranar 25 ga Mayu, 2007, Coca-Cola ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta sayi Glaceau, mai kera abubuwan sha masu haɓaka bitamin (ruwan bitamin), ruwan daɗaɗɗa, da abubuwan ƙona makamashi, akan dala biliyan 4.1 a tsabar kuɗi. Huiyuan Juice A ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2008, Coca-Cola ta sanar da aniyarta ta yin tayin kuɗi don siyan China Huiyuan Juice Group Limited (wanda ke da kashi 42% na kasuwar ruwan 'ya'yan itace mai tsami) na 2.4bn (HK 12.20 a kowane rabon). Ma'aikatar cinikayya ta kasar Sin ta toshe yarjejeniyar a ranar 18 ga Maris, 2009, tana mai cewa yarjejeniyar za ta cutar da kananan kamfanonin ruwan 'ya'yan itace na cikin gida, da za ta iya kara farashin kasuwar ruwan' ya'yan itace, da takaita zabin masu amfani. Coke na Karamin Gwangwanin A watan Oktoban 2009, Coca-Cola ya bayyana sabon ƙaramin kalori mai kalori 90 wanda ke ɗauke da oza na ruwa 7.5. Ana iya siyar da ƙaramin ƙarami a cikin fakiti 8. Duk da kashe kusan kashi 30 cikin ɗari na kowane oda, ƙaramin gwangwani ya sadu da adadi mai kyau na tallace -tallace. Gwangwanin zuwa Hutu A watan Nuwamba na 2011, Coca-Cola ya bayyana wani tsari na yanayi don gwangwani na Coke na yau da kullun a zaman wani haɗin gwiwa tare da Asusun Kula da namun daji na Duniya. Koyaya, an cire shi wata ɗaya kacal bayan sakin saboda korafin mabukaci game da irin wannan kallon na gwangwani na azurfa da aka saba amfani da su don Diet Coke. Akwai kuma korafi game da karkacewa daga jajaye na gargajiya kamar launi na gwangwani na Coca-Cola a baya. Dama a cikin abin sha mai suna Monster An ba da sanarwar a ranar 14 ga Agusta, 2014, cewa Coca-Cola Co tana biyan kuɗin dalar Amurka biliyan 2.15 don hannun jarin kashi 16.7 na kamfanin Monster Beverage Corp don faɗaɗa kasuwa don shaye-shayen makamashi. Mallakar Coke a cikin Full Throttle and Burn za a canza shi zuwa Monster. Maimakon haka, Monster zai canza ikon mallakar sa a cikin Hansen's Natural Sodas da Peace Iced Tea da Blue Sky Soda zuwa Kamfanin Coca-Cola. Muhtar Kent, tsohon babban jami'in gudanarwa na Coke, ya bayyana cewa kamfanin yana da zabin kara hannun jarinsa zuwa kashi 25 amma ba zai iya wuce wannan kaso a cikin shekaru hudu masu zuwa ba. Sakamakon raba hannun jarin da kwamitin daraktocin kamfanin Monster Beverage Corporation ya yi, hannun jarin Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya karu zuwa kashi 19.36% 102121602. Abin sha mai Bugarwa A cikin 2021, Coca-Cola Co ta yi amfani da alamar ruwan ma'adinai na Mexico mai suna Topo Chico don ƙaddamar da kewayon masu siyar da kayan maye masu ƙarfi a cikin Ingila da Amurka. Daukan Nauyi Kudin talla na Coca-Cola ya kai dala biliyan 3.256 a shekarar 2011. Wasanni Coca-Cola ta dauki nauyin gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Ingila daga farkon kakar 2004-05 (farkon Agusta 2004) zuwa farkon kakar 2010/11, lokacin da Kungiyar Kwallon kafa ta maye gurbin ta da NPower. Cola ya ɗauki nauyin sansanin ƙwallon ƙafa na Coca-Cola, wanda ya gudana a Pretoria, Afirka ta Kudu yayin gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2010, lokacin da ɗaruruwan matasa daga ko'ina cikin duniya suka sami damar haɗuwa tare da raba kaunar wasan, wani ɓangare saboda Mafi kyawun Sayi ƙoƙarin ta hanyar shirin su na @15. Sauran manyan tallafin sun haɗa da AFL, NHRA, NASCAR, PGA Tour, NCAA Championships, Wasannin Olympics, NRL, FIFA World Cup, Premier League da UEFA European Championships. Kamfanin ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Panini don samar da kundin kwali na kwatankwacin kwatankwacin gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2006, kuma sun yi haɗin gwiwa don kowane Kofin Duniya tun. Kowace faɗuwa, Coca-Cola shine mai tallafawa Gasar TOUR ta Coca-Cola da aka gudanar a Gabashin Golf Golf Club a Atlanta, Georgia. Gasar yawon shakatawa ita ce lokacin ƙare gasar PGA Tour. A cikin Filipinas, tana da ƙungiya a cikin Ƙungiyar Kwando ta Philippine, Powerade Tigers A cikin 2017, Major League Baseball ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru da yawa tare da Coca-Cola don zama abin sha mai laushi, wanda ya maye gurbin Pepsi. Ƙungiyoyin MLB goma sha takwas (Los Angeles Angels, Houston Astros, Toronto Blue Jays, Atlanta Braves, St. Louis Cardinals, Los Angeles Dodgers, San Francisco Giants, New York Mets, Washington Nationals, San Diego Padres, Philadelphia Phillies, Pittsburgh Pirates, Texas Rangers Tampa Bay Rays, Cincinnati Reds, Boston Red Sox, Rockies na Colorado da Chicago White Sox) suna da kayayyakin Coca-Cola da aka sayar a wuraren wasanninsu. Tun lokacin kakar 2019 shine mai tallafawa taken Uzbekistan Super League a ƙwallon ƙafa, kuma a hukumance ana kiran wannan gasar Coca-Cola Uzbekistan Super League. Coca-Cola ta kuma dauki nauyin gasar Overwatch league tun kakar wasa ta biyu. Sun kuma tallafawa duk manyan wasannin gasa na Overwatch kamar gasar cin kofin duniya. A watan Fabrairu 2020, Coca-Cola ta zama mai tallafawa taken jerin eNASCAR iRacing. A watan Oktoba 2018, Coca-Cola ya fara ɗaukar nauyin ƙungiyar Formula 1 McLaren tare da sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara 1 da yawa tun daga lokacin. Talabijin Kamfanin ya ɗauki nauyin shahararren jerin waƙoƙin-gasar Fox Id American Idol daga 2002 zuwa 2014. Coca-Cola ya kasance mai daukar nauyin wasan kwaikwayo na dare a PBS, Charlie Rose a Amurka. Coca-Cola kuma babban mai samarwa ne na Coke Studio (Pakistan). Fassara ce ta fara a Brazil, MTV Brasil ta watsa shi kuma akwai gyare -gyare iri -iri na Coke Studio kamar Coke Studio (Indiya) da Coke Studio (Afirka). Gidajen shakatawa Duk da cewa ba lallai bane yana da haƙƙin suna ga kowane abu a duk wuraren, kamfanin yana tallafawa kuma yana ba da abubuwan sha a wuraren shakatawa da yawa, galibi cikin iyawa ta musamman. Wannan ya haɗa da Walt Disney Parks da Resorts, Merlin Entertainment, Universal Parks Resorts, Tutoci shida, Cedar Fair, da SeaWorld Entertainment waɗanda shida ne daga cikin manyan mashahuran wuraren shakatawa na duniya guda tara (ba a sani ba ko OCT Parks China, the Rukunin Chimelong, ko Fantawild, na huɗu, na bakwai, da na takwas mafi girman masu gudanar da filin shakatawa bi da bi, suna amfani da Coca-Cola). Har ila yau kamfanin yana tallafawa kai tsaye, tare da haƙƙin suna, Coca-Cola London Eye da Coca-Cola Orlando Eye. Har ila yau kamfanin yana gudanar da cibiyoyin baƙi na "Coca-Cola" a Isra'ila, Belgium da Turkiyya. Manazarta </https://www.worldofcoca-cola.com/> </https://www.theglobalfund.org/en/private-ngo-partners/delivery-innovation/coca-cola/\> </https://www.coca-colacompany.com\>

30560

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanayin%20gudanar%20da%20muhalli%20a%20Brazil

Yanayin gudanar da muhalli a Brazil

Gudanar da muhalli ra'ayi ne a manufofin muhalli wanda ke jagorantar kasuwanni, fasaha da al'umma don cimma burin dorewa Yana la'akari da al'amuran zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da muhalli a cikin yanke shawara na manufofinsa. A halin yanzu ƙasar Brazil tana tasowa cikin saurin gaske, kasashe irin su China da Indiya ne kawai ke aiwatar da su, duka ta fuskar cigaban tattalin arziki da farfadowa bayan rikicin kudi na duniya a ƙarshen shekarata 2000s. Maganar cewa "Brazil ita ce kasa a gaba kuma za ta kasance" ta cikin Brazil a shekaru da yawa. Amma sauye-sauyen manufofin tattalin arziki na baya-bayan nan, da aka yi tun kafuwar sabuwar jamhuriyar, sun baiwa Brazil damar fara samun amincewar kasashen duniya. An kwatanta hakan ne lokacin da shugaban Amurka Barack Obama ya bayyana cewa "Ya kamata jama'ar Brazil su san cewa gaba ta zo" a ziyarar da ya kai Rio de Janeiro a watan Maris na 2011. Har ila yau, ba a kiran Brazil a m shekarata atsayin ƙasa mai tasowa, amma a matsayin ƙasa mai tasowa, sabuwar ƙasa mai masana'antu (NIC) kuma a matsayin memba na tattalin arzikin BRIC Sanna kuma Amma tare da wannan saurin haɓakar tattalin arziƙin yana da nauyi mai yawa ta fuskar dorewa. Ci gaban tattalin arzikin Brazil yana samun goyon bayan babban bukatar albarkatun kasa daga kasar Sin, albarkatun da Brazil ke da su. Kuma A halin yanzu Brazil na samun nasarar daidaita bukatun masana'antun kasar Sin, kuma a halin yanzu ana zuba jari mai yawa don dorewar wannan bukatu daga kasar Sin, Brazil na gina sabbin tashoshin jiragen ruwa da filayen jiragen sama, tare da kara karfin na yanzu. Duk da haka, wannan ɗimbin hakar albarkatun ƙasa yana zuwa a kan farashi ga yanayin yanayi. Tsohuwar Ministar Muhalli Marina Silva ta yi murabus a shekara ta 2008 saboda tana jin gwamnatin Brazil tana ba da fifiko ga muradun manyan ‘yan kasuwa da tattalin arziki, kuma tana jin cewa tana fafutukar rashin nasara wajen kare yawancin mahalli na Brazil, gami da dajin Amazon Rainforest. Duk da wadannan ikirari, an yaba wa Brazil saboda kokarin da take yi na dorewar muhalli da kuma yunƙurin rage hayakin da take fitarwa Gwamnatin Brazil ta kirkiro Ma'aikatar Muhalli (MMA) a cikin shakarar 1985 kuma bayan haka, an ƙirƙiri ƙungiyoyi, kamar IBAMA a cikin shekarata 1989, da nufin kare yanayin yanayi. Har ila yau, Brazil ta hau kujerar na gaba dangane da harkokin gudanar da muhalli ta duniya ta hanyar samar da hadin gwiwa tare da jagorantar kungiyar kasashe masu ra'ayi na Megadiverse, wanda ya hada da kashi 70% na rayayyun halittu na duniya da kashi 45% na al'ummar duniya. Manufar Muhalli ta Kasa A cikin 1981, gwamnatin Brazil ta aiwatar da Dokar Muhalli ta Kasa (NEP), ta hanyar Dokar No. 6938. Babban makasudin wannan manufar ita ce kafa ka'idojin da ke ba da damar ci gaba mai dorewa, ta hanyar amfani da dabaru da kayan aikin da ke da ikon tabbatar da kariya ga muhalli. NEP ta ƙunshi batutuwan muhalli da yawa, gami da ma'anar ma'auni, lasisi, kimanta tasirin muhalli, wurare na musamman don adanawa, abubuwan ƙarfafawa don samarwa mai tsabta, da yanki na muhalli. An haɓaka ƙa'idodin wannan manufar ta hanyar ƙa'idodi da tsare-tsare don jagorantar ƙungiyoyin jama'a na tarayyar Brazil, daidai da ƙa'idodi goma da aka bayyana a cikin labarin. 2 na Shari'a 6938. Wadannan ka’idoji sune kamar haka: Matakin gwamnati na kiyaye daidaiton muhalli, la'akari da muhalli a matsayin kadarorin jama'a da ya kamata a tabbatar da shi kuma a kiyaye shi, bisa la'akarin amfani da hadin gwiwa; Amfani mai ma'ana na ƙasa, ƙasa, ruwa da iska; Tsara da kulawa da amfani da albarkatun muhalli; Kariyar yanayin muhalli, adana wuraren wakilci; Sarrafa da rarraba ayyukan gurɓatawa ko yuwuwar gurbatawa; Ƙarfafawa don nazari da fasaha na bincike don amfani da hankali da kare albarkatun muhalli; Kula da yanayin ingancin muhalli; Maido da wuraren da suka lalace; Kare wuraren da aka yi barazanar lalacewa; Ilimin muhalli a duk matakan ilimi, gami da ilimin al'umma, an yi niyya don ba su damar shiga tsakani a cikin kare muhalli An gabatar da kayan aiki goma sha biyu na Dokar Muhalli ta ƙasa da ake amfani da su don haɓaka kariyar muhalli a cikin labarin 9 na Shari'a, kuma sune kamar haka: Kafa ka'idojin ingancin muhalli; Tsarin muhalli; Ƙimar tasirin muhalli Ba da lasisi da bitar ayyuka masu tasiri ko masu yuwuwar gurɓatawa; Abubuwan ƙarfafawa don samarwa da shigar da kayan aiki da ƙirƙira ko ɗaukar fasahar da aka tsara don haɓaka ingancin muhalli; Ƙirƙirar yankuna masu kariya ta musamman ta tarayya, gwamnatocin jihohi da na gundumomi, kamar wuraren kare muhalli masu mahimmancin sha'awar muhalli da tanadin cirewa; (Rubutun da aka gyara ta Doka Lamba 7804 na 18.07.89) Tsarin ƙasa na bayanan muhalli; Rijistar Fasaha ta Tarayya na Ayyuka da Kayayyakin Tsaron Muhalli; Hukunce-hukuncen ladabtarwa ga gazawar sanya matakan da suka dace don rigakafi da gyara lalata muhalli. Ƙaddamar da Rahoton Ingantattun Muhalli, wanda IBAMA za ta buga kowace shekara (Abin da aka ƙara da Dokar Lamba 7.804 na 18.07.89) Don tabbatar da samar da bayanan da suka shafi muhalli, da kuma tabbatar da gwamnati ta samar da su a lokacin da ba su nan; (Abin da aka ƙara ta Doka Lamba 7.804 na 18.07.89) Rijistar Fasaha ta Tarayya na ayyuka masu yuwuwar gurbatawa da/ko waɗanda ke amfani da albarkatun muhalli. (Abin da aka ƙara ta Doka Lamba 7.804 na 18.07.89) Tsarin Muhalli na Kasa Brazil ita ce kasa ta biyar a duniya don haka ta tabbatar da cewa an samu cigaban tattalin arziki ta hanyar da ta dace kuma ba ta haifar da gurbacewar muhalli wani babban aiki ne. Kuma Don magance wannan, NEP ta kirkiro tsarin kula da muhalli na kasa (SISNAMA), wanda ya hada hukumomi da cibiyoyin kula da muhalli na kungiyar, jahohi, kananan hukumomi da gundumomi na tarayya, wanda babban manufarsa shi ne samar da ka'idoji da ka'idoji da suka dace. Kundin tsarin mulki ne ya sanya shi. Shugaban tsarin wannan tsarin shine Majalisar Gwamnatin Kasa, wacce ita ce babbar hukumar ba da shawara, ta shugaban kasar Brazil, don tsara ka'idoji da manufofin muhalli na kasa. Kuma A ƙasan wannan akwai Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Ƙasa (CONAMA), wacce ita ce hukumar da ke ba da shawara ga gwamnatin ƙasa da kuma yin shawarwari kan dokoki da ka'idojin da suka dace don kare muhalli, wanda dole ne gwamnatocin jihohi da na kananan hukumomi su bi. Bayan haka kuma Ma’aikatar Muhalli (MMA) ta zo, wacce ke tsarawa, daidaitawa, kulawa da kuma kula da manufofin muhalli na kasa da ka’idojin da aka kafa don muhalli, tare da gudanar da aikin hada kan hukumomi da hukumomi daban-daban da suka hada da SISNAMA. An ɗaure shi da MMA ita ce Cibiyar Muhalli da Sabunta Albarkatun Ƙasa ta Brazil (IBAMA), wacce ke tsarawa, daidaitawa, kulawa, kulawa, haɓakawa da aiwatar da NEP da adanawa da adana albarkatun ƙasa. Sannan Kuma a karshe, a kasan tsarin SISNAMA akwai hukumomin kananan hukumomi da na jihohi da ke da alhakin duba ayyukan lalata muhalli da aiwatar da shirye-shirye, ayyuka da sa ido kan ayyukan da ke cutar da muhalli. Kalubale Har yanzu yanayin yanayin Brazil yana fama da sakamakon mummunar manufar ma'amalar jama'a da ci gaban tattalin arziki da aka kirkira ta hanyar dabarun hadewar yanki, wanda aka aiwatar a lokacin gwamnatin soja daga shekarata 1964 zuwa 1985. Manufar hakan ita ce a sassauta matsin lambar da jama'a ke fuskanta a yankin kudu maso gabashin Brazil mai yawan jama'a, don samar da ayyukan yi da kuma amfani da dimbin albarkatun kasa na Brazil. Wannan ya kawo yawancin ƙaura zuwa Basin Amazon (musamman a cikin jihohin Rondônia, Mato Grosso, da Pará da kuma kayan aikin gine-gine da kuma fadada garin da suka zo tare da wannan ƙaura ya sanya matsin lamba a kan gandun daji na Amazon, wanda ya sha wahala sosai. sare itatuwa. Mayar da wannan matsala aiki ne mai wuyar gaske domin ya hada da kawar da al'ummar da a halin yanzu ta samu kanta a cikin wadannan wurare da kuma karfafa karancin zuba jari da ci gaban da ake samu a wadannan wurare, domin kare muhalli. Ƙirƙirar NEP, a lokacin mulkin gwamnatin soja, mai yiyuwa ne martani ga ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na muhalli na ci gaba da matsin lamba ba kawai ga gwamnatin ƙasa ba, har ma da masu ba da lamuni na duniya, kuma a wani yunƙuri na rage ci gaba da lalata muhalli, a wannan lokaci na ma'aikata. Bukatu na sirri da matsin tattalin arziki sune manyan shingaye ga cin nasarar gudanar da mulkin muhalli kuma kawar da son zuciya daga yanke shawara yana da matuƙar mahimmanci don kiyaye dorewa. Tushen samar da manufofin muhalli a Brazil shine ilimin kimiyya. Duk da haka, bincike ya nuna cewa, sannan a wasu lokuta, masu tsara manufofi a Brazil suna da sha'awar yin amfani da shaidar kimiyya da ke goyan bayan shawararsu, maimakon yin shawarwari kan duk ilimin kimiyyar da ke akwai. Matsayin ISO 14000 Wani muhimmin sashi na tabbatar da gasa ta Brazil a kasuwannin duniya shine ta kasancewa daidai da bukatun kasuwannin duniya. Sannna kuma Yawancin wuraren sinadarai na Brazil sun sami takaddun shaida na ISO 14000 kuma wasu da yawa suna kusa da samun takaddun shaida. Abin da ya sa hakan shi ne muradin Brazil na bunkasa martabarta a kasuwannin duniya da kuma kara yin cinikayya da abokan huldar kasashen waje. Brazil kuma tana shiga cikin kwamitin fasaha na ka'idojin ISO 14000. Gudanar da ruwa Yankin ruwa da na bakin teku Gudanar da muhalli a Brazil ana son aiwatar da shi ta hanyar sama-sama, ta yadda gwamnati ta sanya dokar da ya kamata kasuwanni su bi. Wannan tsari na oda da sarrafa shi yakan haifar da tashe-tashen hankula a wasu lokutan tsakanin gwamnatoci da ‘yan kasuwa da kuma al’ummomin yankin. Misalin wannan shi ne kafa wuraren kariya na ruwa da bakin teku a Brazil. Kuma Sau da yawa ana sanya takunkumi kan sana’ar kamun kifi ba tare da sa hannun al’ummomin yankin ba wajen yanke shawara, kuma mummunan tasirin rayuwar waɗannan al’ummomin ya haifar da rikice-rikice da dama. Har ila yau, an ce yanayin kamun kifi na bakin teku yana da tasiri ta hanyar sama da ƙasa na samar da tanadi. Rashin shiga cikin gida, sa hannun jama'a da gudanar da haɗin gwiwa ana tsammanin zai iyakance juriyar yanayin muhalli da rage tasirin gaɓar teku wajen kare lambobin namun daji. Manufar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa Brazil tana da wadataccen ruwa mai yawa tare da wasu manyan kogin kogi a duniya Kogin Amazon, kogin Paraná da kogin São Francisco Kare wannan albarkatun ba wai kawai yana da mahimmancin yanayin muhalli ba, har ma da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, saboda yawancin birane da yankunan Brazil sun dogara da su a matsayin tushen ruwa mai tsabta. Wani zaɓi na mulkin ruwa a Brazil don gudanar da wannan batu shine National Water Resource Policy (NWRP), wanda aka kafa a cikin shekarata 1997 bayan fiye da shekaru goma na tattaunawar majalisa. NWRP na da nufin haɓaka ruwa a matsayin albarkatu tare da ƙimar tattalin arziƙi kuma "yana ƙirƙira tsare-tsare don haɗin gwiwar gudanar da duk wani amfani da ruwa a matakin ruwan ruwa majalissar rafukan ruwa (RBCs) waɗanda ke aiki tare da ƙarin sarrafa al'adun gargajiya kamar gundumomi da gundumomi. hukumomin ruwa da muhalli na jihar”. Duk da haka, an yi iƙirarin cewa wannan manufar ta fi mayar da hankali kan dabarun sama-sama, kamar gabatar da farashin ruwa da kuma cajin muhalli, maimakon magance tarurrukan jama'a, maido da kogi da tabbatar da muhalli Gudanar da gandun daji Duk da babban tsarin kula da muhalli a Brazil, akwai lokuta inda ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, kamfanoni, gwamnatoci, da cibiyoyin bincike suka haɗa kai don haɓaka maido da muhalli. Yarjejeniyar Maido da dajin Atlantika (AFRP) misali ne na wannan. AFRP na da niyyar maido da kadada miliyan 15 na gurbatacciyar dajin Atlantika nan da shekara ta 2050 ta hanyar haɓaka: kiyaye halittu, da haɓaka ayyukan yi ta hanyar maido da samar da kayayyaki, da kuma kafa abubuwan ƙarfafawa ga masu mallakar ƙasa don bin dokar daji. Wannan yana nuna yadda ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na muhalli suka yi amfani da dokokin ƙasa (musamman yankin muhalli) don haɓaka kariyar muhalli da dorewa a Brazil. Gudanar da canjin yanayi Babban arzikin masana'antu da tattalin arzikin Brazil, tare da kasancewar ta na da manyan albarkatun kasa a duniya, ya sa ta zama babban jigo a harkokin tafiyar da sauyin yanayi a duniya. A ƙarshen shekarar 2009, Carlos Minc, Ministan Muhalli na Brazil, ya sanar da shirye-shiryen rage sare dazuzzuka a Brazil da 80% nan da shekarata 2020, wanda yayi daidai da raguwar 40% na gurɓataccen iskar gas. Brazil ta yi amfani da karfin tasirinta na kasa da kasa don tabbatar da cewa kasashen da suka ci gaba sun cika alkawuran da suka dauka na mika fasahohin zamani da samar da kudaden raya kasa, da nufin kare muhalli da samar da dorewa. Fasaha Injiniya Zagayen Rayuwa (LCE) An sami shawarwarin aiwatar da LCE don rage yiwuwar tasirin muhalli da haɗari ga rayuwar ɗan adam, Kuma yayin da har yanzu ana ba da damar tattalin arziki da daidaiton zamantakewa Wannan dabara tana amfani da kayan aikin injiniya da dabaru don haɓaka dorewar tattalin arziki mafi girma. Kuma Waɗannan kayan aikin sun haɗa da ƙirar ƙirar yanayi da ƙima na rayuwa, dabarun samarwa mai tsabta, kayan aikin baya, rarrabuwa, sake yin amfani da su, sake yin amfani da su, sake amfani da tsarin bayanan ƙasa (GIS). Biofuels Ana yin man biofuels na ƙarni na farko ta hanyar amfani da kayan abinci da aka noma a sarari don samar da mai (misali ethanol da aka yi daga rake mai sukari) kuma ba a ɗaukarsa a matsayin amfanin muhalli. Advanced biofuels (2nd generation and sama) duk da haka ana ganin su a matsayin muhimmiyar hanya zuwa ci gaba mai dorewa Ministar Muhalli ta ƙasar Brazil Izabella Teixeira ta yi iƙirarin cewa "haɓakar albarkatun mai a Brazil yana gudana ne ta hanyar manufofin jama'a da ke neman haɓaka haƙarsa a cikin "tsayi mai dorewa", kiyaye yanayi, samar da ayyukan yi da raba fa'ida tsakanin al'umma. Dorewar samar da man biofuel ya ƙunshi ayyukan noma mai ƙarfi don haka dole ne a tsara shi da sarrafa a hankali. Brazil na daya daga cikin kan gaba a duniya masu samar da man fetur da shigo da su. Sannan Kuma Ministan muhalli ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa "dabarun haɓaka samar da ethanol da biodiesel sun samo asali ne akan haɗakar muhimman kayan aikin gudanarwa guda biyu da tsarin aikin gona da muhalli: Tsarin Muhalli da Tattalin Arziki da Agro-Ecological Zoning". An tsara waɗannan dabarun ta hanyar NEP kuma shari'ar da ke tattare da biofuels ta nuna yadda za a iya amfani da kayan aikin NEP cikin nasara ga tattalin arzikin, yayin da a lokaci guda inganta dorewa. Duba wasu abubuwan Cibiyar Muhalli na Brazil da Albarkatun Halitta masu Sabunta (IBAMA) sare itatuwa a Brazil Yanke dazuzzuka na Amazon Muhalli na Brazil Matsalolin muhalli a Brazil Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

50887

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzette%20Holten

Suzette Holten

Articles with hCards Suzette Catherine Holten (née Skovgaard, 29 Janairu 1863 11 Fabrairu 1937) yar wasan Danish ce kuma mai zane-zane wacce ke cikin dangin Skovgaard na masu fasaha. Baya ga shimfidar wurare,zane-zanen furanni da hotuna,ta ƙirƙira da ƙawata yumbu kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai sana'a. A matsayinta na mace,ba ta iya samun yabo irin na mahaifinta ko yayyenta. Rayuwar farko da iyali An haife ta a Copenhagen a ranar 29 ga Janairu 1863, Holten itace 'ya na uku na PC Skovgaard da matarsa Georgia. Kamar 'yan'uwanta Joakim da Niels,ta zama mai zane. Bayan mahaifiyarta ta rasu tana 'yar shekara biyar kacal, mahaifinta ya rene Holten a gundumar Østerbro mai wadata na Copenhagen. Ya kula da ita sosai,yana gabatar da ita ga ayyukan masu zane-zane na Danish Golden Age, godiya ga abokantaka da Lundbye, Marstrand da Constantin Hansen.Shi ne kuma ya fara karfafa mata gwiwa ta yi zane.Bayan ya mutu a shekara ta 1875,ta koma gidan mai zane Thorald Læssøe inda ta ci gaba da yin hulɗa da jama'ar fasaha. A cikin 1894,ta auri ɗan kasuwa Hans Nicolai Holten (1871-1937). Suna da ɗa Aage Holten (1897-1968) Ci gaban fasaha Holten ta yi karatun zane a karkashin Carl Thomsen, Laurits Tuxen da Frans Schwartz amma a matsayinta na mai zane da gaske ta koyar da kanta. Ta ci gaba da karatunta a Paris tare da abokanta Elise Konstantin-Hansen, Edma Frølich da Sofie Holten. Ta kuma kulla abota ta kud da kud tare da sculptor Anne Marie Brodersen wanda daga baya ta auri Carl Nielsen. Ta zama ɗaya daga cikin masu fasahar avant-garde da ke da alaƙa da Kunstnernes Frie Studieskoler wanda aka kafa don samar da madadin hanyoyin gargajiya na Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts. Daga 1883 da kuma lokacin 1890s,ta yi aiki a matsayin mai sana'a tare da masu fasaha irin su Thorvald Bindesbøll da Theodor Philipsen a tukwane na Johan Wallmann a Utterslev da kuma a G. Eifrig's workshop a Valby Ƙirƙirar ta sun sami wahayi ne ta hanyar sassaka na gargajiya kuma,kamar na kawarta Konstantin-Hansen,ta fasahar Japan amma ita ma ta zana da kanta.An nuna wasu daga cikin sassanta a Nunin Nordic na Copenhagen na 1888. Holten ta fara baje kolin a bikin baje kolin bazara na Charlottenborg a 1885 tare da aikinta na pastel (Yarinya Budurwa).A cikin 1891, tare da JF Willumsen, Vilhelm Hammershøi da Agnes da Harald Slott-Møller,ta kasance wanda ta kafa Den Frie Udstilling (The Free Exhibition) wanda ta ba da wani zaɓi ga abubuwan nunin Kwalejin a Charlottenborg .Ta taka rawar gani sosai wajen kafa cibiyar kuma akai-akai tana nuna zane-zane a wurin. Bayan mutuwarta a shekara ta 1937, Den Frie Udstilling ta gudanar da baje kolin ayyukanta na tunawa. A cikin 1895, Holten ita ce darektan fasaha na sabuwar kafa <i id="mwUQ">Kvindernes Udstilling</i> (Banin Nunin Mata) inda ta baje kolin tukwane da zane-zane da yawa. Ta tsara ɗaya daga cikin ɗakuna,ta shigar da kayan kore wanda yanzu ana iya gani a Michael da Anna Ancher's House a Skagen kuma wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na zanenta (1904). Bayan tsawaita zama a Amurka, Holten ta koma Denmark a cikin 1910 don yin aiki tare da yumbu a masana'antar Royal Porcelain Factory (1910-1914) da Bing &amp; Grøndahl (1915-1918). Salon ƙirƙira Holten ta yi fentin galibin shimfidar wurare amma kuma ta ƙirƙiri zane-zanen adadi,hotuna da kuma zanen furanni, duk tare da tsarin ado. Ayyukanta sun kasance sun fi na zamanin Golden Age, suna nuna haɗuwa da launin shuɗi da zinariya.Ta zana wahayi daga art nouveau da Japan art. Karl Madsen, wanda ya yaba da zanenta,ta yi sharhi cewa babu wani abu a cikin ayyukanta da ke nuna cewa mace ce ta halicce su. Ta kuma yi wasu fasahohin fasaha da yawa da suka haɗa da zane-zane,kayan ado da kayan ado.Ɗaya daga cikin zanen bagadi da aka yi wa ado a cikin Cathedral na Roskilde shine aikinta. Tafiya Holten ta shafe yawancin rayuwarta a Copenhagen. Duk da haka ta yi tafiya sosai.Lokacin da take matashiya,ta ziyarci Jamus, Austria, Switzerland, Italiya da Paris,kuma a cikin 1886 ta tafi Masar. Bayan ta ci gaba da zama a Paris,daga 1889 zuwa 1893 ta yi lokacin bazara a Norway.A cikin 1900s,ta tafi London da Netherlands. Daga 1906-1910,tare da mijinta,ta zauna a San Francisco da Seattle a 1906,ta dawo Denmark a 1910.Ƙarin tafiye-tafiye na Turai da arewacin Norway ya biyo baya. nune-nunen A matsayinta na mace, Holten bata taba samun nasara ko ci gaban 'yan uwanta ba. Ana iya ganin misalan aikinta a gidan tarihi na Skovgaard a Viborg. Ana baje kolin samfuran ƙirar yumbunta a cikin Gidan kayan tarihi na fasaha da ƙira na Danish An gudanar da babban nunin aikinta a Viborg Art Museum a 2013. Suzette Holten ta mutu a Copenhagen a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu 1937 kuma an binne ta a makabartar Solbjerg. Teresa Nielsen da Anne-Mette Villumsen sun buga kasida ta nuni mai suna ('Susette Nielsen née Skovgaard 'yar'uwar da aka manta') a cikin 2013. Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Misalai na ayyukan Holten daga Vejen Art Museum Source Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

40326

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Nwaoboshi

Peter Nwaoboshi

Peter Onyeluka Nwaoboshi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958 a jihar Delta, Najeriya ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne Shi ne sanata mai wakiltar yankin Delta ta Arewa a majalisar dattawan Najeriya. Dan majalisar dattawa ne na majalisar wakilai ta 8 da ta 9. An sauke shi ne jim kadan bayan da wata babbar kotun tarayya da ke Abuja ta sanar da zama zababben Sanata a zaɓen 2019 a matsayin zaɓaɓɓen Sanata bisa zargin cewa jam’iyyarsa ta siyasa ba ta zaɓe shi ba. Kotun daukaka kara da ke Abuja ta soke hukuncin a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2019. Alkalin kotun ya ce babbar kotun tarayya da ta soke zaɓensa ba ta da hurumin shari’ar. Rayuwa ta sirri da ilimi An haifi Peter Nwaoboshi a shekarar 1958 a jihar Delta ta Najeriya Kwalejin Malamai ta St.Thomas inda ya samu takardar shedar Makaranta ta Yammacin Afirka a 1976. 1986, ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Benin inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a. Har ila yau yana da digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Jihar Delta Sana'a Nwaoboshi ya fara aikinsa ne a shekarar 1979 a matsayin mataimaki ga Samuel Ogbemudia, gwamnan rusasshiyar jihar Bendel Bayan haka, an naɗa shi Shugaban Kamfanin Jiragen Ruwa na Najeriya A 1999, ya kasance mai ba Gwamna James Ibori shawara kan harkokin siyasa. A shekarar 2000 aka naɗa shi kwamishinan noma da ayyuka na musamman a jihar Delta inda ya rike mukamin har zuwa 2006. A shekarar 2008, an nada shi shugaban jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party a jihar Delta Ya yi wa’adi na biyu a matsayin shugaban jiha a shekarar 2012 sannan a shekarar 2014 ya yi murabus ya tsaya takarar majalisar dattawa. A shekarar 2015, an zaɓe shi a matsayin Sanata mai wakiltar Delta ta Arewa a majalisar dattawa Daga nan aka naɗa shi shugaban kwamitin majalisar dattawa kan yankin Neja Delta. A 2019, an sake zabe shi a majalisar dattawa a karkashin jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party A ranar 23 ga watan Yuni, 2021, jam'iyyar PDP ta jihar Delta ta dakatar da Nwaoboshi saboda "ayyukan cin mutuncin jam'iyya bayan wata takun saka tsakanin Nwaoboshi da Gwamna Ifeanyi Okowa Nwaoboshi ya kira dakatarwar “abin dariya ne” kuma “ba bisa ka’ida ba” kafin ya fice daga PDP bayan kwanaki biyu ya koma APC a wata ganawa da shugaba Buhari da Sanatan Delta ta tsakiya Ovie Omo-Agege Jaridar Punch ta ruwaito cewa Nwaoboshi ya sauya sheka ne a shirye-shiryen tsayawa takarar mataimakin gwamnan jihar Delta. Rikicin zabe A ranar 3 ga Afrilu, 2019 wata babbar kotun tarayya da ke Abuja ta kori Nwaoboshi a matsayin zaɓaɓɓen sanata mai wakiltar mazabar Delta ta Arewa bisa hujjar cewa ba shi da inganci a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam’iyyar da jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party ta gudanar a jihar Delta Haka kuma mai shari’a Ahmed Mohammed ya umarce shi da ya daina bayyana kansa a matsayin zaɓaɓɓen Sanata. A cewar sammacin da abokin hamayyar sa a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam’iyyar Prince Nwoko ya aike masa ya bayyana cewa ba bisa ka’ida ba jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party ta sanar da shi wanda ya lashe zaɓen bayan da ya sha kaye a zaɓen fidda gwani, an kuma yi zargin cewa Nwoboshi ya dauki ƴan baranda ne domin ya haifar da firgici. ya fashe a lokacin da ya sami labarin shan kayen da ya sha. A ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 2019, Nwaoboshi ya daukaka kara kan hukuncin tsige shi a matsayin zaɓaɓɓen Sanata. A ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2019, wata babbar kotun tarayya da ke Abuja ta ki amincewa da karar Nwaoboshi na bayar da umarnin dakatar da hukumar zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta kasa cewa ba ta da hurumin ta domin kotun daukaka kara ta riga ta yanke hukunci kan karar, saboda haka mai shari’a Mahmud Mohammed ya ba da umarnin cewa Yakamata hukumar zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta janye takardar shaidar cin zabe da aka baiwa Nwaoboshi sannan ta sake baiwa Prince Ned Nwoko sabon satifiket. Ko da yake yanzu shi ne Sanatan Delta ta Arewa A ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2019, Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa ta janye takardar shaidar cin zaɓe da ta ba Nwaoboshi. An dawo da takardar shaidar lokacin da aka soke hukuncin kotu. Kudi ya dauki nauyin A cikin 2016, Peter Nwaoboshi ya ɗauki nauyin lissafin Dokar da'a ta Cap C15 LFN 2004 (gyara) Bill, 2016 (SB 248) Kudirin ya tsallake karatu na farko amma ba a taba sanya hannu ba ko aiwatar da shi ya zama doka. Zargin cin hanci da rashawa A watan Afrilun 2018, Hukumar Yaki da Yiwa Tattalin Arzikin Kasa Ta’annati ta gurfanar da Nwaoboshi a gaban kuliya bisa zargin zamba da karkatar da kudade. Masu gabatar da kara sun ce kamfanonin Nwaoboshi sun sayi wani gini a Legas a kan kudi Naira miliyan 805 a shekarar 2014 tare da sanin cewa za a yi amfani da miliyan 322 na kudin da aka biya ba bisa ka'ida ba; Nwaoboshi ya musanta zargin kuma ya shigar da karar ba da laifi ba. A watan Yunin 2021, an wanke Nwaoboshi daga tuhume-tuhume na zamba da kuma karkatar da kudade bayan da alkalin kotun mai shari’a Chukwujekwu Aneke ya ce EFCC ta gaza tabbatar da tuhumar da ake yi mata, kuma ta dogara ne da jita-jita. Hukumar EFCC ta ce za ta daukaka kara kan hukuncin. Bayanin Kadari na Ƙarya A watan Afrilun 2016, labarin da Sahara Reporters ya wallafa ya zargi Nwaoboshi da samunsa a cikin yanayi na tuhuma sannan kuma ya kasa bayyana wata kadara ta Legas da ya mallaka. Gidan mallakin gwamnatin jihar Delta ne kafin a sayar wa Nwaoboshi kan farashi mai rahusa kuma Nwaoboshi bai bayyana mallakar sa ba kamar yadda doka ta tanada. Rahoton ya zo ne a daidai lokacin da Nwaoboshi ya dauki nauyin gyara da nufin raunana dokokin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, kuma labarin ya yi ikirarin cewa goyon bayansa na iya kasancewa a yunkurin hana hukumar da'ar ma'aikata ta yi masa shari'a. A watan Yunin 2019, an gurfanar da Nwaoboshi bisa laifin kin bayyana hakikanin kadarorinsa bayan wani bincike da kwamitin binciken shugaban kasa na musamman kan kwato dukiyar jama’a (SPIP) ya yi wanda ya zargi Nwaoboshi da kin bayyana mallakin asusun bankin Sterling guda uku. A watan Yulin 2018, SPIP ta rufe wasu kadarorin Nwaoboshi na wani dan lokaci da suka hada har zuwa kadarori 14 da asusun banki 22. Badakalar kwangilar NDDC A watan Yunin 2020, Hukumar Raya Yankin Neja Delta ta zargi Nwaoboshi da yin amfani da wasu kamfanoni 11 na gaba wajen damfarar Hukumar daga cikin kwangilolin da suka kai Naira biliyan 3.6 a watan Satumban 2016. Zargin ya zo ne ba da dadewa ba Nwaoboshi ya zargi ministan Neja Delta Godswill Akpabio da laifin samun kudaden ayyukan da bai dace ba a lokacin da Akpabio ke shugaban marasa rinjaye na majalisar dattawa. Yayin da zargin wani bangare ne na takun saka tsakanin Akpabio da majalisar dokokin kasar, zargin da ake yi wa Nwaoboshi an kira shi da "babban shari'a guda daya na wawure dukiyar hukumar" da kakakin NDDC, Charles Odili ya yi. Hukunci Kotun daukaka kara a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2022, ta samu Nwaoboshi da laifin karkatar da kudade sannan ta yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru bakwai a gidan yari tare da wasu kamfanonin sa guda biyu Golden Touch Construction Project Ltd da Suiming Electrical Ltd. Hukuncin ya biyo bayan daukaka karar hukuncin da wata babbar kotun tarayya ta yanke a baya na yin watsi da karar da hukumar yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa ta yi Kotun daukaka kara ta yanke hukuncin cewa akwai cancanta a shigar da hukumar EFCC kuma Nwaoboshi ya kasa gamsar da kotun cewa bai aikata laifin ba. Manazarta Haihuwan 1958 Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

52082

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Bahbah

Sarah Bahbah

Sarah Bahbah 'yar Australiya ce mai zane-zane 'yar asalin Falasdinu da Jordan. Ta yi karatun tallace-tallacen kirkire-kirkire a jami'a, sannan ta fara daukar hotunan bukukuwan kiɗa,ciki har da Firefly,bayan shekara ta farko. Bahbah ta fara daukar hankalin duniya tare da shirye-shiryenta na daukar hoto mai suna "Sex and Takeout,;wasan batsa na abinci da shagaltuwa babu kakkautawa. Elite Daily da Nylon suna mata suna mafi kyawun Instagrammer a 2016. A wannan shekarar, haɗin gwiwar Bahbah da Butter,wani gidan cin abinci mai soyayyen kaji a Sydney,ya jawo suka game da yadda Bahbah ya nuna hotunan mata tsirara a duk wurin cin abinci da kuma gidan yanar gizon gidan abincin. Ta gudanar da nunin solo dinta na farko,Fuck Me,Fuck You,a birnin New York a cikin 2018. Baje kolin solo ya biyo baya a London. VICE ta bayyana hotunan Bahbah a matsayin "an inganta su don Intanet". Sau da yawa Bahbah ta kan rubuta hotunan nata ta hanyar amfani da rubutun ra'ayi,wanda sakamakonsa ya yi kama da fim har yanzu. A cikin 2018 an zargi Selena Gomez da yin kwafin salon gani na Bahbah ba tare da yabo ba a cikin bidiyon waƙar ta Baya zuwa gare ku Amsar da Bahbah ta bayar a hukumance ta yi iƙirarin cewa "ta yi farin ciki da cewa da yawa sun ambace ni a cikin sabon aikin Selena". A cikin Yuli 2020,Bahbah ta ba da umarnin bidiyon kiɗa don remix na Kygo na waƙar What's Love Got To Do with It "tare da Laura Harrier Salo da tasiri Hotunan Bahbah da ake gane su nan take,waɗanda ke amfani da yin amfani da rubutun kalmomi, sun sanya ta zama "go-to" a cikin masana'antar don wannan salon aikin. A cikin hirarrakin da aka yi a farkon aikinta na fasaha,Bahbah ta bayyana kwarin gwiwa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryenta na "Summer Without A Pool",salon da ya ci gaba a cikin aikinta na gaba:Ya kasance a raina don amfani da Instagram a wata sabuwar hanya na wani lokaci.Na ci gaba da tambayar kaina,me ya sa na tsaya in yi tunanin,"Eh, wannan,"lokacin da nake yawo a dandalin. Nan da nan na damu da hotunan kariyar fina-finai na kasashen waje da ke da juzu'i.Ina son ra'ayin samun hoto mai ƙarfi,wanda aka cika shi da kwafi mai ƙarfi.Ina so in ɗauke shi zuwa mataki na gaba kuma in ƙirƙiri serial,labari mai ma'ana. Kowane yanki yana ba da labari da kansa,amma lokacin da kuka haɗa aikin tare,akwai labari mai zurfi da ke buɗewa don fassarawa, barin masu kallo su zana nasu ra'ayi bisa ga abubuwan da suka faru. Alamar alama Shirin Bahbah mai suna "Ba zan iya Kare ta ba" aikin multimedia ne da ke ƙalubalantar raunin da mai zane ya fuskanta daga cin zarafin yara. Sashin hoto na jerin yana gabatar da ra'ayoyi masu karo da juna da batun;subtitles isar da sha'awar yarda lokaci guda daga mai zagi da tsananin kyama ga ayyukansa. A karshen wannan silsilar mai suna “Ba zan iya Kare ta ba- Wakar”,bidiyon wata mata da aka yi shiru ba tare da bata lokaci ba,ta yi cikakken bayani kan tafiyar ta ta hanyar cin zarafi da ci gaba da ayyukan da mai zagin ya yi wa ‘yar uwarta ba tare da la’akari da shi ba; "Ba zan iya kare ta ba, Don na kasa kare kaina." A cikin wata hira bayan ƙaddamar da wannan jerin tare da Teen Vogue,Bahbah yayi magana game da yadda ake yin shiru yayin da yarinya ke sanar da aikinta na yanzu:Sa’ad da nake yaro,ana kore ni koyaushe. Rashin kula da rayuwata ya sa na zama babban mutum wanda ba ya son zuciya- wanda ya rabu da motsin raina. Sai da ciwona ya sake tashi na fahimci cewa aikina ya zama hasashe na yarinta. Ta hanyar fasaha na na fara nuna 'yanci.Burina kawai a cikin aikina da zamana shine in aiwatar da nuna gaskiya a cikin motsin raina,da bayyanawa, bayyanawa, bayyanawa, tunda har tsawon lokaci ba ni da murya.Ta hanyar fasaha na,ina ƙirƙirar wuri mai aminci don faɗar kaina,kuma a yin haka,ina fatan in ƙarfafa wasu su yi haka. Rayayyun

23299

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhalli

Muhalli

Muhalli ko haƙƙin muhalli wani babban falsafa ne, akida, da harkar zamantakewa game da damuwa dan kare muhalli da inganta lafiyar muhalli, musamman kamar yadda ma'auni na wannan kiwon lafiya ke neman hada tasirin canje-canje ga muhalli akan mutane, dabbobi, tsire-tsire da abubuwan da ba su da rai. Yayin da muhalli ya fi mayar da hankali kan yanayin muhalli da yanayin da ke da alaka da akidar kore da siyasa, ilimin kimiyya ya haɗu da akidar zamantakewar zamantakewa da muhalli. An fi amfani da ilimin ilimin halitta a cikin harsunan nahiyar Turai, yayin da ake amfani da muhalli a cikin Ingilishi amma kalmomin suna da ma'anoni daban-daban. Muhalli yana ba da shawarar kiyayewa, maidowa da haɓaka yanayin yanayi da mahimman tsarin ƙasa abubuwa ko matakai kamar yanayin yanayi, kuma ana iya kiransa motsi don sarrafa gurɓatawa ko kare nau'ikan tsirrai da dabbobi. Saboda wannan dalili, ra'ayoyi kamar ƙa'idar ƙasa, ɗa'a na muhalli, bambancin halittu, ilimin halittu, da hasashen biophilia adadi galibi. A mahimmin sa, muhalli wani yunƙuri ne na daidaita dangantaka tsakanin ɗan adam da tsarin halitta daban-daban waɗanda suka dogara da su ta yadda za a ba da dukkan abubuwan da suka dace daidai gwargwado. Matsakaicin ma'auni da sakamakon wannan ma'auni yana da rigima kuma akwai hanyoyi daban-daban don matsalolin muhalli da za a bayyana a aikace. Muhalli da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli galibi ana wakilta su da launin kore, amma masana'antun tallace-tallace sun tsara wannan ƙungiyar don dabarar da aka fi sani da greenwashing. Muhall,i yana adawa da rashin muhalli, wanda ya ce duniya ba ta da rauni fiye da yadda wasu masana muhalli ke kula da su, kuma ta nuna yanayin muhalli a matsayin wuce gona da iri ga gudummawar ɗan adam ga canjin yanayi ko adawa da ci gaban ɗan adam. Ma'anoni Muhalli yana nuni da harkar zamantakewa wanda ke neman yin tasiri a tsarin siyasa ta hanyar fafutuka, fafutuka, da ilimi don kare albarkatun ƙasa da muhalli. Masanin muhalli shine mutum wanda zai iya yin magana game da yanayin mu na halitta da kuma kula da albarkatunsa mai dorewa ta hanyar canje-canje a manufofin jama'a ko halayen mutum. Wannan na iya haɗawa da ayyuka masu goyan baya kamar bayanan amfani, ayyukan kiyayewa, saka hannun jari a cikin albarkatu masu sabuntawa, ingantattun inganci a cikin tattalin arzikin kayan, canzawa zuwa sabon tsarin lissafin kamar tattalin arzikin muhalli, sabuntawa da sake farfado da haɗin gwiwarmu tare da rayuwar da ba ɗan adam ba ko ma zaɓi don samun. daya kasa yaro don rage amfani da matsa lamba a kan albarkatun. Ta hanyoyi daban-daban (misali, fafutuka da zanga-zanga), masu rajin kare muhalli da kungiyoyin kare muhalli suna neman baiwa duniyar halitta babbar murya a cikin harkokin dan adam. Gabaɗaya, masana muhalli suna ba da shawarar kula da albarkatun ƙasa mai dorewa, da kariya (da maidowa, idan ya cancanta) na yanayin yanayi ta hanyar canje-canjen manufofin jama'a da halayen mutum. A cikin amincewa da ɗan adam a matsayin mai shiga cikin tsarin halittu, motsi ya dogara ne akan ilimin halitta, lafiya, da 'yancin ɗan adam. Tarihi Damuwa game da kare muhalli ya sake faruwa a nau'i daban-daban, a sassa daban-daban na duniya, cikin tarihi. Ana iya samun farkon ra'ayoyin kare muhalli a cikin Jainism, addini daga tsohuwar Indiya wanda Mahavira ya farfado a karni na 6 BC. Jainism yana ba da ra'ayi da ke cikin hanyoyi da yawa masu jituwa tare da ainihin dabi'un da ke da alaƙa da gwagwarmayar muhalli, kamar kariyar rayuwa ta rashin tashin hankali, wanda kuma zai iya samar da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin muhalli don kare muhalli na duniya. Koyarwar Mahavira a kan fahimtar juna tsakanin dukkan masu rai—da kuma abubuwa biyar na duniya, ruwa, iska, wuta, da sararin samaniya—sune tushen tunanin muhalli a yau. A Gabas ta Tsakiya, Halifa Abubakar a shekara ta 630 miladiyya ya umurci sojojinsa da cewa "Kada ku cutar da itatuwa, kuma kada ku kona su da wuta," kuma "Kada ku kashe ko daya daga cikin garken abokan gaba, sai dai abincinku." Litattafan likitanci na Larabci daban-daban a cikin ƙarni na 9 zuwa 13 sun yi magana game da muhalli da kimiyyar muhalli, gami da batun ƙazantawa. Marubutan irin wadannan littafai sun hada da Al-Kindi, Qusta ibn Luqa, Al-Razi, Ibn Al-Jazzar, al-Tamimi, al-Masihi, Avicenna, Ali ibn Ridwan, Ibn Jumay, Isaac Israel ben Solomon, Abd-el-latif, Ibn al-Quff, da Ibn al-Nafis. Ayyukansu sun shafi batutuwa da dama da suka shafi gurɓata yanayi, kamar gurɓataccen iska, gurɓataccen ruwa, gurɓataccen ƙasa, da kuma yadda ake sarrafa ƙazamin ƙazamin gari. Sun kuma haɗa da kididdigar tasirin wasu yankuna na tasirin muhalli. A Turai, Sarki Edward I na Ingila ya haramta kona da sayar da "kwal-kwal" a cikin 1272 ta hanyar shela a Landan, bayan hayakinsa ya zama abin bacin rai a ko'ina cikin birnin. Wannan man da aka saba yi a birnin Landan saboda karancin itacen da ake yi a yankin, an sanya masa suna na farko ne saboda ana iya samunsa da aka wanke a wasu gabar ruwa, inda aka kwashe shi a kan keken keke. Dokokin muhalli na farko Asalin motsin muhalli ya kasance a cikin martani ga karuwar gurɓataccen hayaki a cikin yanayi a lokacin juyin juya halin masana'antu. Fitowar manyan masana'antu da ci gaban ci gaban da ake samu a cikin kwal ya haifar da gurɓacewar iska da ba a taɓa gani ba a cibiyoyin masana'antu; bayan shekara ta 1900 babban adadin fitar da sinadarai na masana'antu ya kara karuwa na sharar dan adam da ba a kula da su ba. Na farko manyan-sikelin, dokokin muhalli na zamani sun zo a cikin nau'i na Biritaniya's Alkali Ayyukan Manzanni, wuce a 1863, don tsara deleterious iska gurbatawa (gaseous hydrochloric acid) bayar kashe ta hanyar Leblanc tsari, amfani da su samar da soda ash. An nada wani sifeton Alkali da wasu kananan sifetoci hudu domin dakile wannan gurbatar yanayi. A hankali an faɗaɗa nauyin da hukumar ke ɗauka, wanda ya ƙare a cikin Dokar Alkali ta 1958 wanda ya sanya dukkan manyan masana'antu masu nauyi waɗanda ke fitar da hayaki, ƙura, ƙura da hayaƙi ƙarƙashin kulawa. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

61172

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua%20Dobbs

Joshua Dobbs

Robert Joshua Dobbs (an haife shi a watan Janairu 26, 1995) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Amurka don Cardinal Arizona na National Football League (NFL). Ya buga wasan kwallon kafa na kwaleji a Tennessee, kuma Pittsburgh Steelers ya zabe shi a zagaye na hudu na 2017 NFL Draft Shekarun farko Dobbs an haife shi kuma ya girma a Alpharetta, Jojiya, ɗan Stephanie da Robert Dobbs. Mahaifiyarsa ta yi ritaya daga United Parcel Service (UPS) a matsayin mai sarrafa yanki a cikin albarkatun jama'a, kuma mahaifinsa babban mataimakin shugaban ƙasa ne na Wells Fargo Dobbs yana da alopecia areata, cutar da ke haifar da asarar gashi, wanda ya fara tasowa lokacin da yake sauyawa daga makarantar firamare zuwa ƙaramar sakandare. Dobbs ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ɗan shekara biyar. Ya halarci Makarantar Wesleyan sannan ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Alpharetta A matsayinsa na babba tare da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Alpharetta Raiders, ya yi jifa don yadudduka 3,625 tare da taɓawa 29. Dobbs ya kasance mai ɗaukar taurari uku ta Rivals.com da tauraro hudu ta Scout.com Da farko ya himmatu ga Jami'ar Jihar Arizona don buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji, amma a cikin Fabrairu 2013, ya canza alƙawarinsa zuwa Jami'ar Tennessee Dobbs ya ƙware a fannin injiniyan sararin samaniya a lokacinsa a Jami'ar Tennessee.Jami'ar ta ba shi lambar yabo ta shekarar 2017 Torchbearer Award, lambar yabo mafi girma ga ɗalibi mai digiri, wanda ya gane nasarori a cikin al'umma da kuma ilimi. An sanar da Dobbs a matsayin yana da cikakkiyar maƙasudin maki 4.0 kuma ana sa masa suna zuwa Tsarin Daraja na Ilimi na Kudu maso Gabas. Aikin koleji kakar 2013 A matsayin ɗan wasa na gaskiya a Jami'ar Tennessee a cikin shekarar 2013, Dobbs ya buga wasanni biyar tare da farawa huɗu bayan farawa Justin Worley ya ji rauni a asarar 45–10 akan #1 Alabama Crimson Tide a filin wasa na Bryant Denny Dobbs ya shiga wasan a kan hanya a No. 1 Alabama kuma ya kammala 5-of-12 passes for 75 yards. Ya fara wasan sa na farko a kan #10 Missouri Tigers a Faurot Field Ya kammala 26-of-42 wucewa don yadudduka 240 a cikin asarar 31-3, wanda shine mafi yawan yadudduka masu wucewa a farkon farkon farkon tun daga 2004; Erik Ainge (118) da Brent Schaefer (123) a kan yan tawayen UNLV Bayan asarar 55-23 zuwa #7 Auburn Tigers da kuma asarar 14-10 ga Vanderbilt Commodores, Dobbs sun haɗu da ingantaccen aiki a kan Kentucky Wildcats a filin wasa na Commonwealth A cikin nasarar 27–14, Dobbs ya jefa ƙetare biyu na farko na aikin taɓawa kuma yana da saurin yadi 40. Gabaɗaya, ya kammala wucewar 72-na-121 don yadudduka 695 tare da taɓawa biyu da tsangwama guda shida sannan kuma ya garzaya don yadudduka 189 da taɓawa a lokacin sa na gaskiya. kakar 2014 Dobbs ya yi gasa tare da Worley (babba) da Nathan Peterman (mai matsayi na biyu), don zama farkon Tennessee na kakar shekarar 2014. An sanar da Worley mai farawa, amma Dobbs ya ɗauki matsayin mai farawa a cikin watan Nuwamba bayan Worley ya ji rauni a cikin asarar 34-3 zuwa 3 Ole Miss Rebels a filin wasa na Vaught-Hemingway Ko da yake Dobbs ba a tura shi cikin aiki nan da nan bayan raunin da ya faru, a cikin mako mai zuwa a kan #4 Alabama Crimson Tide, an kira Peterman a matsayin mai farawa, amma Dobbs ya sauke shi da sauri. Dobbs ya yi kyau sosai a cikin shan kashi 34 20 ta hanyar yin rikodin yadi 192 da ke wucewa da sauri guda biyu a kan Crimson Tide. A kan South Carolina, Dobbs ya yi nasara a kan Gamecocks a filin wasa na Williams Brice A cikin nasarar dawowar 45–42 a cikin karin lokaci, Dobbs yana da yadudduka masu wucewa 301, abubuwan wucewa guda biyu, yadudduka 166 masu saurin gudu, da saurin saurin gudu uku. A kan Kentucky Wildcats a filin wasa na Neyland, Dobbs yana da 297 wucewa yadudduka, uku masu wucewa ta hanyar wucewa, 48 yadudduka masu sauri, da kuma hanzari guda ɗaya a cikin nasarar 50-16. Dobbs da tawagar sun taimaka wa Tennessee su kai ga wasan kwano na farko tun lokacin shekarar 2010. An naɗa Dobbs MVP na TaxSlayer Bowl na shekarar 2015 a nasarar 45–28 ta Tennessee akan Iowa A cikin wasan, Dobbs ya wuce yadi 129 da saukowa guda ɗaya kuma ya yi gaggawar yadi 76 da bugun ƙafa biyu. Dobbs ya jefa don yadudduka 1,206 tare da taɓawa tara da tsangwama shida yayin kakar sa ta biyu. Ya gama kakar 2014 tare da yadudduka 469 da sauri da sauri guda takwas a cikin wasanni shida kawai. Dobbs ya sami lambar yabo guda biyu mai banƙyama na Makon daga Babban Taron Kudu maso Gabas, dukansu biyu sun fito ne daga haɗuwar wucewar sa da sauri don fiye da yadudduka 400 a kowane wasa. kakar 2015 Dobbs ya shiga a lokacin shekarar 2015 a zaman farkon kwata-kwata na Tennessee. Ya fara kuma ya bayyana a duk wasanni na 12 na yau da kullum da wasan kwano. Don buɗe lokacin Tennessee a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, Dobbs ya rubuta yadi 205 masu wucewa, abubuwan wucewa guda biyu, yadudduka 89 masu saurin gudu, da guda ɗaya mai saurin zazzagewa a kan Bowling Green Falcons a nasarar 59 30 a filin wasa na Nissan a Nashville, Tennessee A cikin asarar 2OT 31 24 zuwa #19 Oklahoma Sooners a cikin mabuɗin gida na Tennessee ɗin shekarar 2015, Dobbs yana da yadi 125 masu wucewa, taɓawa ɗaya wucewa, yadudduka 12 masu gaugawa, da saurin taɓawa guda ɗaya. A cikin asarar 28-27 zuwa SEC East kishiya Florida a filin wasa na Ben Hill Griffin, Dobbs yana da yadudduka masu tsalle-tsalle na 136 na kakar wasa kuma yana da 58-yard yana karɓar ƙwanƙwasa wanda abokin aikin Jauan Jennings ya jefa a kan wasan kwaikwayo. liyafar tabarbarewar Dobbs da Florida ita ce liyafar farko ta wani dan wasan baya na Tennessee tun lokacin da Peyton Manning ya kama tsallaken yadi 10 daga baya Jamal Lewis a 1997 da Arkansas A kan abokin hamayyar #19 Georgia Bulldogs, Dobbs yana da yanayi mai girma na yadudduka 312 da ke wucewa da kuma sau uku don tafiya tare da 118 yadudduka masu sauri da biyu.Ƙoƙarin da ya yi a wasan ya jagoranci Tennessee zuwa nasarar farko a kan Bulldogs tun a shekarar 2009. A kan #8 Alabama Crimson Tide a wasan hamayyarsu na shekara-shekara, Dobbs yana da yadudduka 171 da ke wucewa da wucewa ɗaya a cikin kunkuntar asarar 19 14 a filin wasa na Bryant Denny. A kan abokiyar hamayyarta South Carolina, Dobbs ya wuce yadi 255 da taɓo biyu a nasarar gida 27–24. Dobbs ya jagoranci Tennessee zuwa rikodin 9 4, wanda shine mafi yawan nasara ga shirin Tennessee tun a shekarar 2007. An kammala kakar shekarar 2015 tare da nasara 45–6 akan #12 Northwest Wildcats a cikin 2016 Outback Bowl A cikin wasan kwano, Dobbs yana da saurin taɓawa guda biyu. kakar 2016 Dobbs ya shiga lokacin shekarar 2016 a matsayin farkon kwata-kwata na Tennessee a kakarsa ta ƙarshe ta cancantar koli. Ya fara kuma ya bayyana a duk wasanni na 12 na yau da kullum da wasan kwano. Dobbs ya fara kakar wasa tare da m aiki a cikin gida game da Appalachian State A cikin nasara na 20-13 na lokaci-lokaci, Dobbs yana da yadi 192 yana wucewa amma ya yi tsalle a kan layin burin; Abokin wasan ya dawo da kwallon da gudu Jalen Hurd ya baiwa Tennessee nasara. A cikin shekarar 2016 Pilot Flying J Battle a Bristol, Dobbs uku wucewa ta taɓawa don tafiya tare da sautunan gaggawa guda biyu.A cikin nasarar dawowar 38-28 a kan #19 Florida Gators, Dobbs yana da yadudduka 319 da suka wuce, huɗu masu wucewa, 80 yadudduka masu sauri, da kuma saurin gudu don jagorantar 'yan agaji zuwa nasarar farko a kan Gators tun 2004 A kan #25 Georgia, Dobbs yana da yadudduka 230 da ke wucewa, saukowa uku masu wucewa, da sauri don cin nasara 34-31. Ƙarshe na Dobbs shine jefar da Hail Mary ga mai karɓar Jauan Jennings yayin da lokaci ya ƙare. Wasan da ya ci nasara mutane da yawa suna kiransa da "Dobbs-Nail Boot". Tare da nasarar, Tennessee ta kasance 5 0 tare da Dobbs a matsayin kwata-kwata kuma suna matsayi na sama a saman 10 a wasu zaɓen. A cikin asarar 2OT 45-38 zuwa #8 Texas A &amp; M Aggies a Kyle Field, Dobbs yana da yanayi mai girma na 398 wucewa da yadudduka guda ɗaya. Bugu da ƙari, ya kama karban tabawa daga Jauan Jennings, aikinsa na biyu yana karbar tabawa. Dobbs ya ci gaba da taka rawar gani a sauran kakar wasa: yana da yadudduka biyar, 223 yadudduka wucewa da yadudduka 190 a cikin nasara 63–37 akan Missouri da 340 wucewar yadudduka a cikin asarar 45 34 akan Vanderbilt a filin wasa na Vanderbilt .Duk da wasansa, Tennessee ya dushe daga farkon su 5-0 zuwa gama 8–4. A wasan ƙarshe na aikinsa na Tennessee, Dobbs ya jagoranci masu sa kai bayan #24 Nebraska Cornhuskers da maki 38–28 a cikin shekarar 2016 Music City Bowl a Nissan Stadium a Nashville. Yana da yadi 291 da ke wucewa, ɗaya taɓo ƙasa, 11 gaggãwa don yadudduka 118, da ƙwanƙwasa guda uku. An naɗa Dobbs MVP na wasan. Dobbs ya jagoranci Tennessee zuwa rikodin 9–4 na biyu a jere. Nasarar 18 da Tennessee ta samu tare da Dobbs a helm sune mafi yawa ga makarantar sama da shekaru biyu tun daga shekarar 2006–2007. An shigar da Dobbs zuwa Omicron Delta Kappa a Tennessee a cikin shekarar 2016. Ƙididdigar ƙwallon ƙafa ta kwaleji Ɓangaren Aiki Dobbs ya sami gayyata zuwa Babban Bowl kuma an sanya masa suna farkon kwata-kwata na Kudu. Ya kammala wasan yana kammala yunkurin wucewa na 12-na-15 na yadi 102 na wucewa da tsaka-tsaki, yayin da Kudu ta doke Arewa da ci 16–15. Yawancin kwararrun daftarin NFL da manazarta sun yi hasashen zai zama zagaye na hudu zuwa na biyar. Manazarcin NFL Mike Mayock ya yi hasashen za a zabe shi a zagaye na biyu kuma NFL.com ya yi hasashen za a tsara shi a zagaye na uku. Bayan halartar NFL Scouting Combine, an sanya shi matsayi na bakwai mafi kyawun kwata-kwata a cikin daftarin ta ESPN, na tara mafi kyawun kwata-kwata ta Sports Illustrated, kuma NFLDraftScout.com ya ba shi matsayi na takwas mafi kyawun kwata a cikin daftarin. Ya halarci Ranar Pro na Tennessee kuma ya rubuta nasa tsarin wasan kwaikwayo; Sauran abokan wasan 19 kuma sun halarci Ranar Pro na Tennessee. Ya gudanar da motsa jiki don ƙungiyoyi shida: Shugabannin Kansas City, Tennessee Titans, Carolina Panthers, San Diego Chargers, Pittsburgh Steelers, da New Orleans Saints Pittsburgh Steelers sun zaɓi Dobbs a zagaye na huɗu (135th gabaɗaya) na 2017 NFL Draft Shi ne wanda aka zaba na kwata-kwata na bakwai, kuma Steelers kuma sun tsara tsohon abokin wasansa na Tennessee da Babban Bowl, kusurwa Cameron Sutton Ya maye gurbin Zach Mettenberger bayan daftarin. Pittsburgh Steelers A ranar 22 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2017, Pittsburgh Steelers sun sanya hannu kan Dobbs zuwa shekaru huɗu, 2.95. kwangilar miliyan tare da lamunin sa hannu na $554,295. An naɗa Dobbs mafarin farkon farkon kakar wasan Steelers a kan New York Giants Bayan farawa biyu da bayyanar huɗu a lokacin pre-season, Dobbs ya ciyar da dukan kakarsa a baya Ben Roethlisberger da kuma dogon lokaci madadin Landry Jones Dobbs ya fara buga wasan sa na NFL na yau da kullum a ranar 7 ga watan Oktobar 2018, a cikin 41 17 Steelers nasara akan Atlanta Falcons, kamar yadda a wasan karshe na wasan, ya durkusa don asarar yadi 3. A ranar 4 ga watan Nuwambar 2018, a cikin 23-16 Steelers Week 9 nasara a kan Baltimore Ravens, Dobbs ya kammala 22-yard wucewa zuwa JuJu Smith-Schuster, bayan ya shiga Ben Roethlisberger, wanda ya ji rauni a wasan da ya gabata. A cikin mako 14, a kan Oakland Raiders, Dobbs ya sake shiga cikin Roethlisberger, wanda ya sha wahala daga haƙarƙari. Ya gama 4-of-9 don yadi 24 da tsangwama ɗaya a cikin asarar 24 21. Gabaɗaya, a cikin lokacin shekarar 2018, ya bayyana a cikin wasanni biyar kuma ya tafi 6-of-12 don yadi 43 da tsangwama ɗaya. Jacksonville Jaguars A ranar 9 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2019, an siyar da Dobbs zuwa Jacksonville Jaguars don zaɓar zagaye na biyar a cikin 2020 NFL Draft An siyar da Dobbs bayan Mason Rudolph ya ci aikin madadin kuma dan wasan Jaguars Nick Foles ya samu rauni a lokacin bude gasar kuma daga baya aka sanya shi a wurin da ya ji rauni. Yayin da yake Jacksonville, Dobbs ya halarci horon horo a Cibiyar Sararin Samaniya ta NASA ta Kennedy. A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2020, Jaguars sun yi watsi da Dobbs. Pittsburgh Steelers (lokaci na biyu) A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2020, Pittsburgh Steelers, tsohuwar tawagarsa ta yi ikirarin soke Dobbs.Ya sake sanya hannu tare da Steelers akan kwangilar shekara guda akan Afrilu 19, 2021. A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2021, an sanya Dobbs a ajiyar da ya ji rauni.. Cleveland Browns A ranar 9 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2022, Dobbs ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda, dala miliyan 1 tare da Cleveland Browns An yi watsi da shi a ranar 28 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2022, bayan Deshaun Watson ya dawo daga dakatarwar. Detroit Lions A ranar 5 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2022, an rattaba hannu kan Dobbs zuwa ƙungiyar horarwa ta Detroit Lions Tennessee Titans A ranar 21 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2022, Tennessee Titans sun rattaba hannu akan Dobbs daga ƙungiyar Lions. A ranar 29 ga watan Disamba, tare da Ryan Tannehill ya fita don kakar wasa tare da rauni da kuma rookie Malik Willis wanda bai yi nasara ba, Dobbs ya kasance mai suna Starter don Titans Week 17 matchup da Dallas Cowboys A cikin farkon NFL na farko, Dobbs ya kammala wucewar 20-na-39 don yadudduka 232, fasfon aikin sa na farko,da tsangwama a cikin asarar 27 13. A ranar 2 ga watan Janairu, babban kocin Mike Vrabel ya sanar da cewa Dobbs zai fara wasan mako na 18 da Jacksonville Jaguars Bukatar nasara don cin nasara rabon, Dobbs ya kammala 20-of-29 wucewa don yadudduka 179 don tafiya tare da taɓawa da tsangwama. Duk da yake jagorantar mafi yawan wasan, Dobbs ya kori Dobbs daga baya ta hanyar kare lafiyar Jaguars Rayshawn Jenkins kuma ya zura kwallon, tare da Jaguars sun mayar da shi yadi 37 don ci gaba da tafiya a kasa da mintuna uku. Titans sun yi asarar 20 16, a ƙarshe ya ba su damar buga wasan. Cleveland Browns (lokaci na biyu) A ranar 23 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2023, Dobbs ya rattaba hannu tare da Cleveland Browns Cardinals Arizona A ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2023, an siyar da Dobbs zuwa Cardinal na Arizona tare da zaɓe na zagaye na bakwai a cikin 2024 NFL Draft, a musayar zaɓe na zagaye na biyar a cikin 2024 NFL Draft Dobbs ya shiga lokacin 2023 NFL a matsayin farkon kwata-kwata na Cardinals, kamar yadda Kyler Murray ya fara kakar wasa akan ajiyar da ya ji rauni. A ranar 24 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2023, Dobbs ya jagoranci Cardinal zuwa nasarar farko ta kakar wasan cikin fushi akan Dallas Cowboys 28–16. A lokacin, an yi rashin nasara akan Cowboys da ci 2-0. Ƙididdigar aikin NFL Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Arizona Cardinals bio Tennessee Volunteers bio Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1995 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

40340

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armaan%20Malik

Armaan Malik

Articles with hCards Armaan Malik (an Haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Yuli shekarata alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da casa'in da Tara (1995) mawaƙin Indiya ne, marubucin waƙa, mai yin rikodin murya, mai yin murya, mai yin rawa, ɗan wasa kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. An san shi da rera waƙa a cikin yaruka da yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da Hindi, Telugu, Ingilishi, Bengali, Kannada, Marathi, Tamil, Gujarati, Punjabi, Urdu da Malayalam. A cikin shekararta 2006, ya shiga cikin Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs amma an cire shi bayan ya kammala a matsayi na 8. Dan uwa ne ga mawaki Amaal Mallik A baya can ya wakilta ta Universal Music India da T-Series, yanzu Warner Music India da Arista Records suna wakilta. Fitowarsa ta farko akan allo shine a cikin fim ɗin Kaccha Limboo a shekarata 2011. Rayuwar farko An haifi Armaan Malik a Mumbai a ranar 22 ga watan Yuli 1995. Sana'a Malik ya fara waka tun yana dan shekara 4. Ya yi takara a kan Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs a cikin shekarar 2006, daga ƙarshe ya ƙare na 8th. Daga baya ya koyi kiɗan gargajiya na Indiya na tsawon shekaru 10. Malik ya fara fitowa a lokacin yana yaro mawaki a Bollywood a 2007 tare da "Bum Bum Bole" a Taare Zameen Par, karkashin jagorancin kiɗa na Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy. Malik ya yi wa yaron Ingilishi lakabi da sunana Is Khan kuma ya ba da lambar yabo ga jarumi Salim a cikin rediyon Slumdog Millionaire na BBC Radio 1. A cikin 2014, ya fara fitowa a matsayin mawaƙin sake kunnawa yana rera "Tumko Toh Aana Hi Tha" a cikin fim ɗin Hindi na Jai Ho Fim ɗin ya ƙunshi ƙarin waƙoƙi guda biyu, "Love You Har The End (Gidan Gida)" da kuma waƙar taken "Jai Ho" shi ma ya rera shi. Baya ga waka, Malik da mawakinsa Amaal Mallik sun fito a farkon wakar Jai Ho a cikin wakar "Soyayya Har Karshe". A wannan shekarar, ya rera "Naina" tare da Sona Mohapatra don fim din Khobsurat da "Auliya" na Ungli A cikin 2015, ya rera waƙar "Main Hoon Hero Tera" don Jarumi, "Kwahishein" don 'Yan Matan Kalanda da kuma "Tumhe Aapna Banane Ka" don Labari na Hate 3 wanda ɗan'uwansa Amaal Malik ya haɗa. Na karshen ya rera tare da Neeti Mohan Ya kuma rera wata waka don Hate Story 3 mai suna "Wajah Tum Ho" karkashin tsarin Baman. Ya rera "Yaar Indha Muyalkutti" na D Imaan. Ya kuma rera wakar Main Rahoon Ya Na Rahoon a karkashin shirin Amaal. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Filmfare RD Burman Award don Sabbin Halayen Kiɗa a waccan shekarar. A cikin 2016, Malik ya rera waƙa don fina-finai Mastizaade, Sanam Re, Kapoor &amp; Sons, Azhar, Do Lafzon Ki Kahani da "Sab Tera" tare da Shraddha Kapoor don Baaghi a ƙarƙashin tsarin Amaal. Ya rera wakar "Foolishq" tare da Shreya Ghoshal na Ki &amp; Ka, ya yi aiki tare da Jeet Gannguli don wakar "Mujhko Barsaat Bana Lo" na Junooniyat sannan kuma ya rera wakarsa ta Bengali ta farko "Dhitang Dhitang" don Love Express a karkashin tsarin Jeet. Shi ne jagoran mawaƙin fim ɗin MS Dhoni: Labarin da ba a taɓa gani ba Ya rera wakoki hudu don sautin sautin Hindi da kuma wakoki uku don sautin Tamil na wancan fim a karkashin tsarin Amaal. Ya rera "Sau Asmaan" tare da Neeti Mohan na Baar Baar Dekho da "Ishaara" don Force 2 a ƙarƙashin tsarin Amaal. Ya rera "Tum Jo Mille" don Saansein, "Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas Reprise" da "Dil Mein Chupa Lunga Remake" don Wajah Tum Ho Haɗuwa Bros ne ya tsara na ƙarshe kuma waƙoƙi biyu na ƙarshe, ya rera tare da Tulsi Kumar Ya rera waƙar "Pyaar Manga Hain Remake tare da Neeti Mohan. Ya kuma rera taken taken Star Paarivar Awards 2016 tare da Palak Muchhal da Meet Bros a ƙarƙashin Haɗin Bros. A shekarar 2019, ya ba da aron muryarsa don wakoki guda biyu da suka hada da "Jab Se Mera Dil" tare da Palak Muchhal na fim din Amavas, "Dil Me Ho Tum" na fim din Why Cheat India, "Kyun Rabba" na fim din Badla Malik ya kuma samu fitowa a matsayin koci a cikin sigar Indiya na wasan kwaikwayo na gaskiya The Voice ya zama matashin mawakin Indiya da ya zama koci a shirin. Ya rera "Chale Aana" a cikin De De Pyaar De wanda Amaal ya tsara kuma Kunaal Verma ya rubuta. Wakar dai ta samu karbuwa daga wajen masu sauraro gaba daya. Malik ya bayyana halin da ake ciki a cikin fassarar Hindi na Disney's <i id="mwig">Aladdin</i>, wani aikin sake yin fim na 1992, <i id="mwjA">Aladdin</i> Malik ya kuma bayyana Mena Massoud a matsayin Aladdin, a cikin sigar Hindi na fantasy na kidan Amurka Aladdin Bugu da kari, ya kuma rera wakokin cikin harshen Hindi na fim din The Lion King Ya kuma yi wa fim din Kabir Singh waka, a karkashin mawaki Vishal Mishra na wakar "Pehla Pyaar". A cikin wannan shekarar, ya rera waƙa guda biyu don Yeh Saali Aashiqui, ɗaya don fina-finai kamar labarin 15, Pranaam, Pati Patni Aur Woh da kiɗan Hindi na Pailwaan Malik ya rattaba hannu tare da Arista Records a ranar 12 ga Maris, 2020, wanda a karkashinta ya fito da wakarsa ta farko a harshen Ingilishi, "Control" a ranar 20 ga Maris na wannan shekarar. "Control" ya lashe Mafi kyawun Dokar Indiya a 2020 MTV Europe Music Awards, kuma daga baya an ba da takardar shaidar platinum a Indiya. A cikin 2020, Malik ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na farko da ya buga lamba na 1 akan Top Triller Global Billboard Charts sau biyu. Bayan 'yan makonni kadan, ya saki waƙarsa ta biyu ta Turanci, "Nawa," wanda ke murnar gadonsa ta hanyar amfani da tabla ta Indiya akan bugun. Ya ce abu ne mai matukar wahala a sake gabatar da kanshi a masana’antar waka ta duniya yayin da ya fara yin wakoki cikin Ingilishi, kuma ya yi imanin cewa karin masu fasahar Indiya za su ingiza kansu ga samun nasara a duniya a nan gaba. A cikin 2020, ya rera waƙa ɗaya don sautin Hindi na Darbar, Gunjan Saxena: Yarinyar Kargil da Khuda Haafiz A cikin 2021, ya ba da muryarsa don waƙa ɗaya na Saina, Koi Jaane Na, Waƙoƙi 99, Bell Bottom, Thalaivii Bhoot Police da Velle An nuna shi a waƙar AR Rahman mai suna "Meri Pukaar Suno", wanda aka saki a watan Yuni 2021, wanda wani gungu wanda ya haɗa da KSChithra, Sadhana Sargam, Shreya Ghoshal, Asees Kaur, Shaasha Tirupati da Alka Yagnik suka rera. A cikin Satumba 2021, Malik ya haɗu tare da Daboo Malik, Amaal Mallik da Kunaal Vermaa don sabon waƙar "Barsaat". A cikin 2022, Malik ya haɗu tare da Arista Records don sabuwar waƙarsa ta Turanci "Kai". Ya ba da muryarsa don fina-finai kamar Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2, <i id="mw3g">Major</i>, Ardh Ya saki wakarsa ta Hindi "Nakhrey Nakhrey" da "Rehna Tere Paas". An kuma nuna shi akan remix na waƙar Ed Sheeran 2step (waƙar), wacce aka saki a ranar 7 ga Yuni, 2022. Malik ya lashe Mafi kyawun Dokar Indiya a MTV Europe Music Awards na 2022 don waƙarsa mai suna "You". Talabijin 2006: Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs, a matsayin mai takara. 2012: The Suite Life of Karan &amp; Kabir (Season-1 Episode-22), as Zafar Ali 2015: Indian Idol Junior 2 a matsayin bako. 2016: Nunin Kapil Sharma (Season 1, episode-15), a matsayin bako 2016: Sa Re Ga Ma Pa, a matsayin bako. 2017: Kamfanin Wasan kwaikwayo (wato na 23rd), a matsayin bako. 2019: No. 1 Yaari Jam (episode-2), a matsayin bako. 2019: Muryar, a matsayin alkali. 2019: Ta gayyata kawai kashi na 42) a matsayin baƙo. 2019: Nunin Kapil Sharma (Season 2, episode-56), a matsayin bako 2020: Jammin kakar 3 a matsayin bako. 2020: The Love Dariya Live Show S2 a matsayin bako. 2021: UncademyUnwind tare da MTV a matsayin bako. Kyaututtuka da zaɓe Hotuna Albums na Studio Armaan (2014) MTV Unplugged Season 7 (2018) Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1995 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

29636

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinimar%20kasar%20Ukrain%20tun%20daga%20samun%20%27yancin%20kai

Sinimar kasar Ukrain tun daga samun 'yancin kai

Cinema na Ukrain a zamanin samun 'yancin kai yana da alaƙa da durkushewar masana'antar fim a cikin shekara ta 1990s da ƙoƙarin sake gina ta a cikin shekarun 2000s da 2010s tun bayan ayyana 'yancin kai na Ukraine bayan ƙuri'ar raba gardama ta 'yancin kai na 1991. Duk da cewa masana'antar fina-finai ta tsakiya tana raguwa, ɗakunan fina -finai masu zaman kansu, kamfanonin rarrabawa da kuma hanyar sadarwar silima suna haɓaka. A cikin 2010s, adadin gajeren fina-finai a Ukraine yana girma da sauri saboda haɓaka fasahar dijital da rage farashin samarwa. Ko da yake masana’antar fina-finai ta yi asara a wancan lokacin, fina-finan Ukraine da dama sun yi nasara a bukukuwan fina-finai na duniya. Manufofin jihar na Ukraine a fagen shirye-shiryen sinima A ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, 1988, Verkhovna Rada na Ukrainian SSR ya rushe kwamitin Jiha don shirye-shiryen sinima, wanda ya bar Ukraine ba tare da wata hukuma mai alhakin ci gaban cinema ba. Bayan da Ukraine ta sami 'yancin kai, Yuriy Illyenko yayi ƙoƙari ya maido da irin wannan tsarin ta hanyar ƙirƙirar Asusun Jiha na Cinematography na Ukrainian a watan Agusta 1991, wanda ya yi aiki har zuwa Mayu 1993. Derzhkino ya ci gaba da ayyukansa ne kawai a cikin 2005 bayan umarnin majalisar ministocin Ukraine na 22 ga Nuwamba 2005. Hanna Chmil ta zama shugaban farko na sabon Derzhkino An amince da tsarin manufofin jihar na Ukraine a kan batun sinima a ranar 13 ga Janairu 1998, lokacin da Verkhovna Rada na Ukraine ya karbi Dokar Ukraine "A Cinematography". A cikin Maris 2017, sabuwar Dokar Ukraine "A kan goyon bayan jihar don cinematography a Ukraine" da aka karɓa, bisa ga abin da Ukrainian takardun shaida, ilimi, mai rai, yara, auteur da na farko fina-finai na iya neman cikakken jihar kudade na samarwa. Tarihi na sinimar Ukrain a lokacin samun 'yancin kai Siniman Ukrain a 1990s A cikin 1990s, saboda rushewar Tarayyar Soviet da rikicin tattalin arziki, Ukrainian cinema ya fara raguwa. Yawan ’yan kallo a sinima ya ragu daga miliyan 552 a shekara ta 1990 zuwa 5. miliyan a 1999. A lokaci guda kuma, masu sauraron tashoshin TV suna karuwa a hankali. Adadin masu zanga-zangar ya ragu daga 27 a 1990 zuwa 8 a 1999. Yawan fina-finan da aka yi a Ukraine a kowace shekara ya ragu daga 45 a 1992 zuwa 4 a 2000. Daga cikin fina-finai 136 da aka yi a Ukraine a cikin 1990s, 82 an yi su cikin Rashanci A cikin 1990s, an yi ƙoƙarin sayar da sinimar Ukrainian. Ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci ne suka ba da izini da daukar nauyin shirya fina-finai. Wannan al'amari ya shafi abubuwan da ke cikin fina-finai kuma ya sa su zama mafi kyawun hali. Wasan kwaikwayo na laifuka, kasada da fina-finan batsa sun samu karbuwa. Manyan daraktoci na 1990s sun hada da Radomyr Vasylevsky, Mykola Zasieiev-Rudenko, Anatoliy Ivanov, Hryhoriy Kokhan, Oleksandr Muratov, Borys Nebiieridze, Alexander Polynnikov, da Dmytro Tomashpolskyi. Kira Muratova ya samar da kusan fina-finai biyar a cikin 1990s. A farkon shekarun 1990s, TV jerin aka rayayye yin fim don Ukrainian talabijin. (Ukrainian: wanda Borys Nebiieridze ya jagoranta, (Ukrainian: tr.: Ostriv Liubovi wanda Oleh Biyma ya jagoranta na daga cikin shahararrun mutane. Sinimar Ukrain a 2000s A farkon shekarun 2000, fim ɗin With Fire and Sword (Yaren mutanen Poland Ogniem i mieczem» na darektan Poland Jerzy Hoffman, wanda ɗan wasan Ukraine Bohdan Stupka ya taka rawar Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, ya kasance babbar nasara. Bohdan Stupka ya zama babban hetman na Ukrainian allo ya kuma yi rawar a cikin tarihi jerin Black Council Ukrainian by Mykola Zasieiev-Rudenko (2000) da Yurii Illienko's fim A addu'a ga Hetman Mazepa (Ukrainian: (2001). Jigogi na tarihi kuma sun zama jagora a cikin aikin darekta Oles Yanchuk. A cikin 1990s da farkon tsakiyar shekarun 2000s, ya yi irin fina-finai kamar Famine-33 (Ukrainian: -33» (1991) game da mummunan makoma na dangin Ukrainian a lokacin Holodomor, Kisa. Kisan kaka a Munich Ukrainian: (1995), The Undefeated (Ukrainian: (2000) da kuma The Company na Hroini (2000 (2004). Sun kasance yunƙuri ne don isar da ga mai kallo wani imani na sirri game da abin da ya faru da kuma yaƙin Sojojin Tawayen Ukraine daga idanun wani kwararren darekta, suna gabatar da labarin akida bisa ga hanyoyin Soviet. Tun daga shekara ta 2004, an yi fina-finai da yawa game da juyin juya halin Orange An rufe wannan lokacin a cikin fina-finai da yawa, musamman: The Orange Sky (Ukrainian: (2006, wanda Oleksandr Kyryenko ya jagoranta), Stop Revolution/Prorvemos! (Ukrainian: (2006, directed by Ivan Kravchyshyn), Orangelove (Ukrainian: (2006, ta Alan Badoev Daga cikin fina-finan da ke da mafi yawan kasafin kuɗi na farkon shekarun 2000s shine Sappho Ukrainian 1.95 miliyan). Sinimar Ukrain a 2010s Cigaba wajen samar da fina-finai ya sama karuwa a hankali a Ukraine ya kasance a cikin 2010s. Saboda ci gaban fasaha, rage farashin da kuma masu sauraro da ake bukata na kayayyakin fina-finai na gida (musamman bayan juyin juya halin mutunci yawan fina-finai yana karuwa sosai. Wani sabon ƙarni na masu yin fina-finai sun zo fim ɗin Ukrainian. Ayyukan gama kai na masu gudanarwa na Ukraine suna bayyana: Assholes. Arabesques (Ukrainian: Ukraine, Barka da zuwa! (Ukrainian: ban kwana» Babila'13 Ukrainian: '13» Bikin fina-finai na Ukrain, musamman Molodist Odessa International Film Festival, Docudays UA, Wiz-Art, "Open Night", da "86" sun zama mahalarta masu mahimmanci a cikin tsarin cinematographic. Watsa fina-finai na Ukrainian yana samun karuwar nasara. Mafi nasara fina-finai a cikin Ukrainian cinemas ne Haramtacciyar daular Viy (Ukrainian: (akwatin ofishin a Ukraine 4.9 miliyan), Love a cikin Big City 3 (Ukrainian: 3» 3.1 miliyan). 8 Mafi kyawun Kwanan Wata (Ukrainian: 8 3.1 miliyan). Wani muhimmin al'amari dangane da ayyukan sinima na Ukrainian shine sabuwar Dokar "A kan Tallafin Jiha don harkokin sinima" da aka karɓa a cikin Maris 2017, bisa ga abin da takardun shaida na Ukrainian, ilimi, mai rai, yara, mawallafi da fina-finai na farko na iya amfani da su. don cikakken tallafin jihar don samarwa. Yawan fina-finan Ukrain da aka saki Kididdigar fina-finan Ukrain masu tsawo da aka saki (zanuka masu motsi) sun hada da 2006 4 2007 5 2008 5 2009 2 2010 0 2011 1 2012 6 2013 12 2014 16 2015 24 2016 30 2017 34 2018 35 2019-33 Nasarar sinimar Ukrain a bukukuwan fina-finai na duniya A cikin shekara ta 2001 Taras Tomenko ya lashe kyautar sashen Panorama na bikin Fim na Berlin Film Festival. A cikin shekara ta 2003 a Babban Gasa na Berlinale guda ɗaya (bikin fina-finai na Berlin), ɗan gajeren fim ɗin Tram No.9 (Ukrainian: 9» na Ukrainian animator Stepan Koval an ba shi kyautar Silver Bear A cikin 2005 fim din Wayfarers (na Ukrain: ta matashin darektan Ukrainian Ihor Strembitsky ya karbi Palme d'Or na Cannes Film Festival A cikin shekara ta 2008, Ihor Podolchak ya fara halartar bikin fina-finai na duniya na Rotterdam tare da fim ɗin Las Meninas Daga baya, fim din ya shiga cikin bukukuwan fina-finai na duniya 27, shirye-shiryen gasa 10 da zaɓi na hukuma. A cikin 2013 an fitar da fim dinsa mai cikakken tsayi na biyu Delirium Dukansu fina-finan Podolchak ana ɗaukar su a matsayin misalan zane-zane a cikin sinimar Ukraine ta masu suka. A cikin 2011 Maryna Vroda ta sami Palme d'Or a bikin Cannes Film Festival don gajeren fim ɗin Cross-Country Run (Ukrainian: A cikin 2009 ɗan gajeren fim na biyu na Myroslav Slaboshpytskyi, Diagnosis (Ukrainian: an zaɓe shi don bikin Fim na Berlin A cikin Fabrairu 2010, Slaboshpytskyi sabon ɗan gajeren aiki Deafness (Ukrainian: ya shiga cikin shirin gasa na Berlinale (Berlin Film Festival). A cikin 2012, fim ɗin Myroslav Slaboshpytskyi na 23-minute film Nuclear Waste (Ukrainian: wanda aka dauka a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ukraine, Barka da zuwa! aikin (Ukrainian: ban kwana ya lashe damisa Azurfa a cikin damisa na gaba shirin gasar a Locarno International Film Festival A cikin shekara ta 2014, fim ɗin fasalin Myroslav Slaboshpytskyi The Tribe (Ukrainian: ya shiga gasar Cannes Film Festival Critics' Week kuma ya sami lambobin yabo guda uku a lokaci ɗaya Kyautar Gidauniyar Gan, Kyautar Ganowa da Grand Prix. A cikin shekara ta 2017 a cikin shirin Generation 14plus layi daya sashe na Berlinale fim din School No. 3 (Ukrainian: №3» directed by Georg Geno da Lisa Smith lashe Grand Prix. Kuma darektan Slovak Peter Bebiak ya sami lambar yabo ga mafi kyawun Daraktan fim ɗin Ukrainian-Slovak Borde r (Ukrainian: a Karlovy Vary Film Festival A cikin 2018 Serhiy Loznytsia 's Donbas (Ukrainian: ya lashe lambar yabo don mafi kyawun aikin gudanarwa a cikin shirin na musamman na Cannes Film Festival. A cikin 2019, Fim ɗin Antonio Lukich My Tunani Shiru ne (Ukrainian: ya lashe Kyautar Jury na Musamman a Bikin Fim na 54th Karlovy Vary International. A cikin shekara ta 2020 cikakken cikakken shirin shirin Duniya Yana Shuɗi a matsayin Orange (Ukrainian: wanda Iryna Tsilyk ya jagoranta ya sami lambar yabo ga mafi kyawun darakta a bikin Fim na Sundance Fina-Finan kasar Ukrain a lokacin samun 'yancin kai Fina-finai masu isasshen-tsawo na shekarun 1990s-2010s Duba kuma Cinema na Ukraine Duk-Ukrainian Photo Cinema Administration Tushen labari 1896—1995», 2005. 2006. 2003. ISBN 966-505-043-5 1992-1996. 1996-112 1997-2000. 2000-214 shekara. 2001-2004. 2005-282 shekara. 2005-2008. 2009-284 shekara. 2009-2012. 2013-100 Fina-finan Ukrainian 2008-09. Ukrainian Cinema Foundation Jagoran Fim na Ukrainian. 2011-2012. Berlinale, 2012. 2012-2013. Hukumar Fim ta Jihar Ukraine Documentary Films 2013-2015. 2015/2016 Jagoran Fina-Finan Duniya. 2009. Bugu na 45. London New York: Wallflower Press 2009, Jagoran Fina-Finan Duniya. 2010. Bugu na 46. London New York: Wallflower Press, 2010, Cinema of Sensations Newcastle a kan Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Press, 2015, Manazarta Tarihin sinimar kasar Ukraine Fina-fina 2020 a Ukraine Fina-fina 2010 a Ukraine Fina-fina 1990 a Ukraine Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

2610

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musulunci

Musulunci

Addinin Musulunci Shine Addinin gaskiya shine Wanda ba a bautawa kog sai Allah Kuma Annabi Muhammad (SAW) manzon sa ne Kuma Shi dan sako ne daga Allah (SWA) An Nabbii Muhammad (S. A. W), tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gareshi, shi ne manzo wanda Allah ya aiko shi zuwa ga mutane baki ɗaya kuma na karshen/cikamakin annabawa a duniya domin ya sake jaddada addinin Allah, a yi imani da Allah wanda ya halicci kowa da komai. Addinin musulunci na da mabiya a duk fadin duniya kuma mafiya yawan su na zaune ne a yankin gabas ta tsakiya da yankin Afirika ta Arewa wadanda mafi yawansu Larabawa ne masu bin addinin musulunci, sai dai akwai dunbin mabiya addinin musulunci a ko'ina a fadin duniya. Ma'anar Addinin Musulunci shi ne yarda da mika wuya ga kadaituwan Allah Madaukakin Sarki, wato shaidawa babu abin bautawa da gaskiya sai Allah kuma annabi Muhammad Manzonsa ne (Ma'aikinsa ne), bayan haka ka/ki yarda da dukkan abubuwan da ya umarci al'umarsa haka kuma da wadanda ya kebanta da su, da mika wuya ga umarnin Allah Ubangijin talikai, tare da tsarkaka daga kafirci (sanya kishiya wa Allah) da kafirai"Allah Madaukakin Sarki shi ya aiko Manzonsa Annabi Muhammadu (tsira da Amincin Allah su tabbata a gare shi) da Al Kur'ani Mai Girma domin ya zamo shiriya da rahama ga halittu baki daya, an kuma bayyana musulunci a matsayin addinin dake da saurin karin yawa a duniya a kullum wanda ke da Adadin musulmai na Duniya sun kai kusan kashi 24.1% na dukkan mutanen Duniya, wato fiye da Musulmai Biliyan Daya da Miliyan dubu dari takwas (1,800,000,000) a fadin duniya. Tarihin Addinin Musulunci Asalin addini a duniya shi ne musulunci. Mutum na farko da Allah ya halitta, Annabi Adam (alaihis salam), ya rayu ne bisa tafarkin musulunci. Dukkanin manzanni tun daga Annabi Nuhu (alaihis salam), zuwa Annabi Ibrahim, da Annabi Musa, da Annabi Isa, (alaihimus salam), musulmai ne masu kadaita Allah. Sai dai gaba dayansu Allah ya aiko su ne zuwa ga al'ummominsu kadai. Annabi na karshe kuma cikamakin annabawa shi ne Annabi Muhammadu (yabo da amincin Allah su tabbata a gareshi). Allah ya aiko Annabi Muhammadu (SAW) da sako zuwa ga daukacin al'ummar duniya mutane da aljannu baki daya. An haifeshi a birnin Makkah da a yanzu ke kasar Saudi Arebiya. Annabi Muhammadu (SAW), bakureshe ne, dan Abdullahi da Amina daga tsatson Annabi Isma'ila (AS) dan Annabi Ibrahim (AS). Rukunnan Musulunci Hakika addinin musulunci an gina shi a bisa wadansu rukunai (Shika-shikai) guda biyar (5) ne kamar haka: Tauhidi Sallah Azumi Zakka Hajji (ga wanda ke da iko da guzirin zuwa) Kalmar Shahada Ma'anarta shi ne, shaidawa babu abin bauta bisa chanchanta da gaskiya sai ALLAH madaukakin sarki (SWT), sa'annan, Annabi Muhammad (SAW) tsira da amincin Allah su kara tabbata a gare shi Manzon Allah ne kuma bawansa ne. Sallah Hakika Sallah ita ce ibada mafi girma a cikin addinin musulunci bayan kalmar shahada. Ita ce ibadar da mutum yake tsayawa a gaban ubangijinsa domin bautamashi, cikakken musulmi dole ne ya kasance mai yin Salloli guda biyar a Kowa ce rana, sune kamar haka: Sallar Asubahi Sallar Azahar Sallar La'asar Sallar Magriba Sallar Isha'i shi ne kashin na farko na farillah, sai kashi na biyu salloli na Sunnah, bayan rana ta fito sai raka'a biyu bayan sallar magriba sai witiri bayan shafa'i sai sallar idi qarama da sallar idi babbah su ne salloli na sunnah, sai kashi na uku sallolin nafiloli su ne suka shiga har asham ko tarawihi qiyaman-laili da dai sauransu, sune rukuni na (3) Sallah tana daya daga cikin shika-shikan Musulunci mafiya girman daraja matuka bayan Tauhidi, ana bukatar kowanne musulmi ya yi Sallah sau biyar a rana, yana mai fuskantar Ka'aba da ke kasar Saudiya. A kasashen Musulmai, za'a ke jin Kiran Sallah daga Masallaci mafi kusa a yayin da lokacin Sallah ya yi. Sallah ana yinta ne cikin Natsuwa, domin a samu kyakkyawan lada.samun natsuwa na daga cikin sashe guda 6 da suke kawo cikar sallah (1)tsarki shi ne tsarkake ko wanke tufafinka da wanke jikinka da ruwa mai tsarki da kuma wanka zuchiyarka, da imani (2)daura al wallah, niyyarta da addu'o'inta, farillinta, da sunnouninta, da mustahabanta, sashe na (3)tsayuwa aguri mai kyau ko masallaci da tada iqama da kuma kudirta niyya (4)takbiri Allahu Akbar sannan kawo bissimillah da karatun fatihatil kitabi ita ce Alhamdu lillahi rabbil alamin zuwa qarshe da wata sura ko ayar da ta sauwaqa a gareka (5)ruku'u da sharuddansa tasowa daga ruku'u zuwa sujjada da sharuddanta tasowa daga sujjada zuwa zaman farko da sharruddansu sai na (6)kowane zama akwai sharadinsa har qarshe attahiyyatu lillahhi azzakiyatu lillahi zuwa qarshe))wannan ita ce sallar farillah abin da ya banbanta ta da nafila sune ababe 2 abu na farko shi ne (iqama) babu a nafila abu na biyu nafila raka a biyu(2).ninh ai Masallaci wani wuri ne da ake bautar Allah kuma ba wata al umar musulunci da zatai rayuwa batare da masallaci ba kuma shi masallaci dakin Allah ne. Azumi azumi wani abu ne da musulmi ke yi daga fitowar Alfijir zuwa faɗuwar rana, ta hanyar kiyaye Cin Abinci da kuma shan Ruwa da Jima'i. Da suke yi a cikin watan ramadana shi ne azumin farillah guda 29 ko 30 cikin watan9 wato watan Ramadan kuma farilla ne ga kowanne musulmi baligi, mai hankali sannan kuma mai lafiya sannan mazauni ba matafiyi ba. kuma akwai azumin sunnah kamar azumin ranar alhamis da litinin ko kuma ka yi yau gobe ka huta wato azumin Annabi Dawud har shekara ta kewayo ko kuma azumin Tasu'ah da Ashurah a wannan shi ne ne azumin farillah da sunnah) Azumi: Wani rukuni ne wanda ake nufin barin ci, da sha, da yin jima'i daga fitowan alfijir har zuwa faduwan rana. Dukkan musulmi tilas ne da ya/ta azimci watan Ramadana (watau wata na tara a lissafin kalandar musulunci). Zakka ita kuma zakkak wajibi ce ga wanda ya mallaki dukiyar da ake fitar mata da Zakka ta hanyar halal sannan ita kuma dukiyar ta kai adadi na wani lokaci da shari'a ta kayyade daga nan sai a bayar da ita ga wadansu kebantattun mutane da shari'a ta yarda da a basu. Daga cikin wadannan dukkan wanda yafidda wani abu yabayar dasunan zakkah inba halak a ciki ka jefar a tsinta ya fi lada sama da ka bada zakkah da abinda ba halak a ciki) Shi ne cire wani kayyadadden kaso, daga cikin wasu kayyadaddun dukiyoyi, a cikin wani kayyadadden lokaci ga wasu kayyadaddun mutane, domin Allah Tabaraka wa Ta'ala(SWT). maganannan guda (1) a game dagurwarwe 3 aduniyya ALLAH yahalittah dakin ka aba atsakiyyar duniyya da tsakiyyar qassai bakwai datsakiyyar sammai7 tunkafin ahalicchi kou ina maganar baitul maqaddissi gurine kamar kache gida inda annabawan allah masuyawa suka baiyyana sai dutsin durisiyniyna inda annabi musa da haruna suka baiyana sannan yadda da Allah da annabawan Allah da littattafen Allah da alqifloulin Allah sune guda 3 adukkan inda tunaninka yakai da indabaikaiba na farko (1) dakin ka aba amakkah na 2 annabi muhammadu rasulullahi na 3 alqura anil kariymu wadannan sune 1,1,1,harqarshen duniyya dukkanwani abinda zaibiyobaya zaijiggina da dakin ka aba da alqura ani da mahammadu ma aikin Allah). Hajji An Umarci musulmai da suje aikin hajji da ummara ita kalmar hajji alarabci kalmace tabaqo zuwa dakin Allah ko masallacin ma aikin Allah muhammadu wanda yazo daga wata qasa ko wani gari wanda ba makkah bane inzai shigo makkah akwai gurare guda 5 inda zai dauko niyyarsa dukta indaya bulloma makkah zaisamu wadannan gurare na dauko niyyar aikin hajji ko aikin ummara niyyar itache yin wanka daruwa yin alwallah yin sallah raka a 2,2,2 inkana dahali inbaka dahali raka'a 2 saikai niyyar ummarakayi ko ta hajji sannan kanemi abin hawa kashigou makkah zuwa ka aba inniyyar ummara kazo da ita saikai sallah raka'a 2 saikai dawafi kewaya 7 indahali sallah raka'a 2 sai safa da marwa suma 7 safa 4 marwa 3 kashiga marwa kagama safa sannan sai sallah raka' a 2 saikayi aski kafidda ihiramin jikinka kashiga irinkaya dakasabasawa kasauke ummara kenan akwai niyar hajji da ummara kuma ahade to yanzu kazo mitai kwanakun 6 gawatan 12 7 gawatan 12 niyyarka ko niyyarki ummara da hajji kashigo makkah ayyamin hajji da ummara kazo ka aba kayi raka atini kayi dawafi kayi safa damarwa kayi raka atiyni bazakai askiba bazaka fadda ihhiramba saka wuche aikinhajji da ihiramin dakai ummara ajikinka amman inka shigo kafin watan 12 zakayi ummara kacire ihhirami kasa kayan gida harzuwa ayyamin hajji. Shine zuwa ziyartan dakin Allah Mai Alfarma a makkah ga wanda keda iko da nufin Ibada.ko masallacin ma'aikin Allah muhammadu. Imani shine mutun ya yarda da cewa babu wani abun bauta koma bayan (ALLAH) wanda ba a shirka dashi Ma'ana ba a hada shi da wani la'(ilaha illallahu wa hadahu lasharika lahu sashen ibada sashen sunayensa sashen siffofinsa, sashen kalamansa sashen hukuncinsa sashen kamalarsa sashen isarsa sashen matsayinsa da inda yake dukkansu basakama dana halittansa na duniya da abinda ke cikinta mutum da abinda mutum keso da wanda baya so da abinda mutum yasani da wanda bai sani ba damu da ababen da Allah ne ya haliccemu da aljannu da mala'ikunsa naso ko naqi wanda suka sani da wanda basu saniba akarbesu dukkansu haliittar Allah ne sai dabbobi nagida dana jeji na tudu dana ruwa itatuwa ko ciyayi duwarwatsu ko kuma arzikin qarqashin qasa ko nawajenta ma anar duniya da abin dake cikinta halittan Allah ne mai imani da Allah to Allah muke bautawa) karkaji ance Allah yana dakai kai masasuffar kai irin na abinda ya halitta a a karkaji ance Allah yana magana kasuffanta masa baki irin na abin daya halitta a a kokuma kasuffanta masa jiki irin na abinda ya halitta a a qaddara yanada hannu ba irin na abin daya halittaba a a ko yanada kujera ko abin zaman kujeran ba irin na halittunsa bane harzuwa al arshinsa allahhu wahidin ahadun (1)imani da mala'iku, Allah ne ya haliccesu ibadar Allah sukeyi hukuncin Allah sukebi ma ana sallah azzumi karatun qur'ani yin imani da halittun Allah imani da annabawan Allah imani da littattafan Allah sannan basa karya alqawarin da Allah ya dorasu akai su mala'iku tsakaninsu da mahaliccimmu Allah karmukusanci yimusu kamannu su dukkansu mazane ko dukkansu Mata ne ko dukkansa maza da matane Allah ne yabarwa kansa sani illah kawai su bayin Allah ne kuma ma'aikan Allah bayan bautan Allah da sukeyi su Allah yake aika tundaga sama ta 7 har ta daya 1 har cikin duniya har qasa ta 1 zuwa ta bakwai 7 mala'iku su Allah yake aike zuwa ko wace halitta wadda mukasani da wadda bamu santaba) sai yin imani da littattafan Allah littafin da Allah yaba mala'ika zuwa annabi ibrahima kalilillahi baban annabi isma'ila shi isma'ila daga gareshine harshen larabci yasamo asali sai littafin da Allah ya aiko mala'ika zuwa annabi dauda baban annabi sulemana da zabura sai littafin da Allah ya aiko mala'ika zuwa annabi musa da haruna attaura sai littafin da Allah ya aiko mala'ika zuwa annabi isa masihu dan nana maryama da injila sai littafin da Allah ya aiko mala'ika zuwa muhammadu dan abdullahi da alqur'ani qarshen aiken littattafan Allah zuwa duniya amman akwai wasu littattafan masu yawa wadanda Allah ne masani game dasu dawadanda aka aiko) sai annabawan Allah ko ma aikan Allah mutane daga annabi adamu mutum nafarko a duniya zuwa muhammadu rasulullahi an masu sunan annabi ko rasulu wasu malaman suce sunkai su dubu 8 wasu sunce sunkai dubu 6 Allah ne mafi sani game dasu abinda zamukama murike shine amba annabi wane hukunci daga Allah lokaci kaza yayi wafati loukaci kaza yabar hukuncin Allah a hannun mutanensa amatsayin amana masu mulki da masu kudi da daidaikun mutane basa buqatar wannan annabin da abinda yazo dashi sai anemi kashe wannan ilmin gabadaya kafin wadansu shekaru qa idajju sai Allah yasake aiko mala'ika dawani saban aiken zuwa wani mutum daga cikin mutane domin tunatar da sakon Allah tahakane wannan yazo ya wuce wannan yazo yawuce har annabawa dubu 8 daga annabi adamu zuwa muhammadu) sai yin imani da ranar qiyama itace ranar sakamako musulmi munyi imani da Allah muce la ilaha illallahu wahadahu lasharikalahu bamu da zabi sai abinda Allah yazaba mana sannan muce mahammadu rasulullah munyadda muhammadu ma aikin Allah ne munyadda dakin ka aba alqiblar Allah ce yadda dawadannan ababe 3 murayu acikinsu rayuwarmu taqare acikin su shine jindadin fuskantar ranar qiyama) sai alqadar ma ana kaso dadi yasame ka ko kaqi dadi yasa meka ko kuma kaqi wuya tasameka ko kaso wuya tasa meka mu qaddara daga Allah ne)kullu shai in min indillahi \faqat) Ma'anan Imani shine abun da zuciya ta kudurta, harce yayi furuci da shi, sa'annan gabban jiki suka yi aiki da shi. Imani yana da shika-shikai guda shida (6) kamar haka Imani da Allah, da Mala'ikunsa, da littafansa, da Manzanninsa, da Ranar karshe, da Imani da kaddara mai dadi ko marar dadi. maganar datarufe wadannan manufar addinin islama shi yakan zauna kashi 2 ajikin mutane dawanda ya zamo daga shi zuwa mahaifansa da kakanninsa kakannin kakanninsa a musulunci sukatashi dawanda mahaifansane ko kakanninsa suka shiga suka shigardashi da wanda yashiga dakansa yana qarami ko yana babba Allah yana amfanine damai kyakkyawan aiki da zuciya mai kyau tayaya zamu fahimceta dahaka karmu yadda mu maida addinin Musulunci kamar tufafi kayan sawa muyi koqari mujajirce mumai dashi jinin jikinmu inmukadaukeshi tufafi musani wuya ko dadi na iyashiga tsakaninmu da addininmu yarabamu dashi inkuwa muka maidashi jinin jikinmu bamai iya rabamu shi abadan. Manazarta

40122

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic

Arctic

Arctic rtɪk/ or r ktɪk/) yanki ne na polar da ke arewa maso yammacin Duniya. Arctic ya ƙunshi Tekun Arctic, tekun da ke kusa, da kuma sassan Kanada (Yukon, Yankunan Arewa maso Yamma, Nunavut), Daular Danish (Greenland), arewacin Finland (Lapland), Iceland, arewacin Norway (Finnmark da Svalbard), Rasha (Murmansk, Siberiya, Nenets Okrug, Novaya Zemlya), arewacin Sweden da Amurka (Alaska). Ƙasar da ke cikin yankin Arctic tana da nau'ikan dusar ƙanƙara da murfin ƙanƙara na lokaci-lokaci, tare da permafrost wanda ba shi da bishiya (mai daskararriya ƙanƙara ta dindindin) mai ɗauke da tundra. Tekun Arctic suna ɗauke da ƙanƙara na yanayi a wurare da yawa. Yankin Arctic yanki ne na musamman tsakanin halittun duniya. Al'adu a yankin da 'yan asalin Arctic sun dace da yanayin sanyi da matsananciyar yanayi. Rayuwa a cikin Arctic ta haɗa da zooplankton da phytoplankton, kifi da dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa, tsuntsaye, dabbobin ƙasa, tsirrai da al'ummomin ɗan adam. Ƙasar Arctic tana da iyaka da yankin subarctic. Definition and etymology Kalmar Arctic ta fito daga kalmar Helenanci (arkticos), "kusa da Bear, arewa" kuma daga kalmar (arktos), ma'ana bear. Sunan yana nufin ko dai ga ƙungiyar taurari Ursa Major, "Babban Bear", wanda ya shahara a yankin arewa na sararin samaniya, ko kuma ƙungiyar taurarin Ursa Minor, "Little Bear", wanda ya ƙunshi sandar arewa na sama (a halin yanzu sosai). kusa da Polaris, Tauraruwar Pole ta Arewa ta yanzu, ko Tauraruwar Arewa). Akwai ma'anoni da dama na abin da yanki ke ƙunshe a cikin Arctic. Ana iya ayyana yankin a matsayin arewacin Arctic Circle (kimanin 66° 34'N), madaidaicin iyakar kudu na tsakar dare da kuma daren iyakacin duniya. Wani ma'anar Arctic, wanda ya shahara tare da masu ilimin halitta, shine yanki a Arewacin Hemisphere inda matsakaicin zafin jiki na watanni mafi zafi (Yuli) ya kasance ƙasa da Layin bishiyar arewa mafi kusa yana bin isotherm a iyakar wannan yanki. Yanayi Yankin Arctic yana da yanayin sanyi mai sanyi da lokacin rani mai sanyi. Hazo galibi yana zuwa ne a cikin nau'in dusar ƙanƙara kuma yana da ƙasa, tare da yawancin yankin yana karɓar ƙasa da Iska mai ƙarfi yakan tayar da dusar ƙanƙara, yana haifar da ruɗi na ci gaba da dusar ƙanƙara. Matsakaicin yanayin hunturu na iya yin ƙasa da ƙasa kuma mafi yawan zafin jiki da aka rubuta shine kusan Sauyin yanayi na Tekun Arctic ana daidaita su ta hanyar tasirin teku, suna da yanayin zafi gabaɗaya da ruwan dusar ƙanƙara fiye da wuraren da suka fi sanyi da bushewa. Arctic tana fama da dumamar yanayi a halin yanzu, yana haifar da raguwar ƙanƙara a tekun Arctic, raguwar ƙanƙara a cikin kankara na Greenland, da sakin methane na Arctic yayin da permafrost ya narke. Narkewar kankara na Greenland yana da alaƙa da haɓakar polar. Sakamakon ƙaura na isotherms na duniya (kimanin a cikin shekaru goma a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata sakamakon dumamar yanayi, yankin Arctic (kamar yadda aka ayyana ta layin bishiya da zafin jiki) a halin yanzu yana raguwa. Wataƙila mafi girman sakamakon wannan shine raguwar ƙanƙarar tekun Arctic. Akwai babban bambance-bambance a cikin tsinkaya na asarar kankara na Arctic, tare da samfurori da ke nuna kusan cikakke don kammala hasara a watan Satumba daga 2035 zuwa wani lokaci a kusa da 2067. Flora da fauna Rayuwar Arctic tana da halin karbuwa ga gajerun yanayi na girma tare da dogon lokacin hasken rana, da sanyi, duhu, yanayin hunturu da dusar ƙanƙara ta lulluɓe. Tsire-tsire Tsire-tsire na Arctic sun ƙunshi tsire-tsire irin su dwarf shrubs, graminoids, ganye, lichens, da mosses, waɗanda duk suna girma kusa da ƙasa, suna kafa tundra. Misali na dwarf shrub shine bearberry. Yayin da mutum ya matsa zuwa arewa, yawan zafin da ake samu don tsiron tsiro yana raguwa sosai. A cikin yankunan arewaci, tsire-tsire suna kan iyakokin su na rayuwa, kuma ƙananan bambance-bambance a cikin yawan adadin zafi na rani yana haifar da babban bambance-bambance a cikin adadin kuzarin da ake samu don kulawa, girma da haifuwa. Yanayin zafi mai sanyi yana haifar da girma, yalwa, yawan aiki da iri-iri na tsire-tsire su ragu. Bishiyoyi ba za su iya girma a cikin Arctic ba, amma a cikin sassansa mafi zafi, shrubs suna da yawa kuma suna iya kaiwa tsayi; sedges, mosses da lichens na iya samar da yadudduka masu kauri. A cikin mafi tsananin sanyi na Arctic, yawancin ƙasa ba komai bane; shuke-shuke da ba na jijiyoyin jini irin su lichens da mosses sun fi rinjaye, tare da wasu ciyayi masu tarwatsewa da ciyayi (kamar Arctic poppy). Dabbobi Herbivores a kan tundra sun haɗa da kuren Arctic, lemming, muskox, da caribou. Mujiya mai dusar ƙanƙara, Arctic fox, Bear Grizzly, da Kerkeci na Arctic ne suka cinye su. Polar bear shima mafarauci ne, kodayake ya fi son farautar rayuwar ruwa daga kankara. Har ila yau, akwai tsuntsaye da nau'o'in ruwa da yawa da suka mamaye yankuna masu sanyi. Sauran dabbobin ƙasa sun haɗa da wolverines, moose, tumaki dall, ermines, da squirrels na Arctic. Dabbobin ruwa na ruwa sun haɗa da hatimi, walrus, da nau'ikan nau'ikan cetacean-baleen whales da narwhals, orcas, da belugas. Kyakkyawan misali kuma sanannen nau'in zobe ya wanzu kuma an kwatanta shi a kusa da Arctic Circle a cikin nau'i na gulls na Larus. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

32382

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikin%20Gologo

Bikin Gologo

Bikin Gologo, wanda aka fi sani da Bikin Golib, ana yin shi ne a cikin watan Maris a karshen lokacin rani kafin a dinka gero na farko (Ansah, 1997; Allman Parker, 2005). Bikin Gologo yana daga cikin manyan bukukuwa a Ghana kuma sarakuna da al'ummar Talensi, Tong-Zuf, na yankin Gabas ta Gabas na kasar ne suke gudanar da bikin, yana yin hidima "don karfafa imanin al'umma ga wurin bautar Nnoo ko kuma gunkin Golib", wanda Allah ya tsara rayuwar Talensi ta noma. Biki ne kafin girbi da ake yi a watannin Maris da Afrilu, tare da sadaukarwa don neman kariya da kuma tabbatar da yawan ruwan sama da kuma girbi mai kyau a lokacin da ke tafe daga alloli na duniya. Bikin yana da shirin kwanaki uku a kauyuka uku daban-daban. Kashi na farko yana gudana ne a Gorogo, na biyu a Yinduri, sannan na karshe kuma mafi girma a Teng-Zug (Tong-Zuf). An zuba Libation a wurin ibadar Teng-Zug don gode wa alloli don bikin nasara. Wanda ke cikin Maris ana kiransa Gol-diema, wanda ke nufin koyawa. Ana gudanar da babban bikin Gologo a mako na biyu na watan Afrilu. Dattawan kowace al’umma ne ke tsara wakokin gargajiya don yin bukin kuma jama’a na rawa da waqoqin da aka yi. A wannan lokacin, an haramta yin hayaniya kuma ba wanda yake baƙin ciki ga matattu. Bikin Gologo wanda aka fi sani da Golib ana gudanar da shi ne a cikin watan Maris a karshen lokacin rani kafin a dinka gero na farko (Ansah, 1997; Allman Parker, 2005). Tengzug, Santeng, Wakii, Gbeogo, Yinduri/Zandoya, Shia, Gorogo da Spart su ne al'ummomin da ke murnar bikin. Akwai riga ta musamman wacce maza ke sanya guntun wando da tawul a ƙirji. Ana kuma sa ran mata su daure dogon tawul daga kirjin su har zuwa kafafun su sannan su rufe kawunansu da wani kyalle na musamman na gida. Kayayyakin da ake amfani da su a bikin Gologo Al'ummar Talensi na birnin Tenzug na yankin Gabas ta Gabas na bikin daya daga cikin bukukuwan da ba a saba gani ba a kasar Ghana. Wataƙila ita ce kawai bikin inda mahalarta ke kiyaye ƙaƙƙarfan yarda da sanya wani nau'in sutura. Saboda yanayin wannan al'ada, masu bincike suna warwarewa don gano nau'in fasahar da ke tattare da kayan ado da muhimmancin su na addini ko aikin. Binciken ya yi amfani da kallo da hirarraki na mahalarta don rubuta bukukuwan kafin, lokacin da kuma bayan bikin. Fitattun abubuwan da ke cikin kayan sun haɗa da tawul masu girma da launi daban-daban, wukake masu girma dabam da kuma sanye da atamfa mai siffar uku. Binciken ya kammala da cewa, akwai bukatar a yi tallar bikin a daukacin kasar Ghana da ma kasashen waje domin ƙara buɗe kofa ga masu yawon bude ido da masu zuba jari a yankin Tengzug. Shirye-shiryen bikin A cikin watan Fabreru mai zuwa ne gabanin bikin, al'ummomi suna koyon sabbin wakoki don bikin har ila yau, ana sayo ko shirya sabbin kayayyaki da kayayyaki. Ranar bikin ya dogara ne da bayyanar wata na uku a kowace shekara. Kuma wannan na iya bayyana a cikin Maris ko farkon Afrilu. A cikin 2016, sabon wata ya bayyana a ranar 9 ga Maris. A ranar farko da wata ta bayyana, Hakimai da Tindaana suka cire tufafinsu (musamman riga da wando, sannan suka sanya kayan gargajiya da ake nufi da bikin). Mutanen da ke cikin al'ummar kuma sun cire nasu kwana guda bayan da sarki da Tindaana suka yi. Ga 'yan uwa, cirewar ya hada da duk wani suturar da ke rufe saman saman jiki, cire duk wani wando da sanya wando kawai, wando ko gajeren wando wanda babu aljihu a kansu, ko sanya kpalang ko kpalang peto. Wannan cirewar na tsawon wata daya ne. A wannan lokacin, ba za a yi hayaniya a cikin al'umma ba. Don haka kuka ga matattu, rufin gidaje, kade-kade da kade-kade da sauran ayyuka an haramta a wannan lokacin. Daga nan sai al'ummomin suka fara jerin kananan bukukuwan bukukuwa a garuruwan da ke kewaye da tsaunin Tongo wadanda suka hada da raye-raye da yin nishadi. A rana ta 16 bayan cire riguna (a cikin 2016, ranar ta kasance ranar 24 ga Maris), duk al'ummomin za su taru a Tengzug don bikin na ƙarshe. Dacewar bikin An yi bikin ne don tabbatar da "nasara a cikin duk kasuwancin samun abinci, tsaro daga haɗari, cuta da mutuwa" (Insoll, et al., 2013). A cikin bikin an yi addu'o'i ga gunkin Golib wanda gidan ibada na Nnoo ke jagoranta. A cewar Joffroy (2005), an yi bikin ne don ƙarfafa imanin al’ummar da ke wurin.

23843

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Beginning%20of%20the%20End%20%28Lost%29

The Beginning of the End (Lost)

"A farkon karshen" ne karo na hudu a kakar farko, kuma 73rd(saba'in da uku) episode overall, na American Broadcasting Company 's talabijin drama jerin Lost An watsa shi ne a ABC a Amurka da CTV a Kanada ranar (Talatin da daya)31 ga Janairu, 2008. Abokin haɗin gwiwa/mai gabatarwa Damon Lindelof da mai gabatar da shirye-shirye Carlton Cuse sun rubuta wasan farko a ƙarshen Yuli shekara ta dubu biyu da bakwai (2007), tare da mafi yawan abubuwan da aka tsara akan wuri a Oahu, Hawaii, a watan Agusta da Satumba ta hannun mai gabatarwa Jack Bender Tare da wannan farkon, Jeff Pinkner baya aiki a matsayin babban mai samarwa da marubucin ma'aikata. Amurkawa miliyan sha takwas (18) ne suka kalli wasan, yana kawo mafi kyawun ƙima don Lost a cikin shirye -shirye sha bakwai (17). A cewar Metacritic, "Farkon Ƙarshe" ya sami "yabo na duniya". Labarin ya faru ne sama da kwanaki 90 bayan faduwar jirgin ruwan Oceanic 815, a ranar Ashirin da Uku (23) ga watan Disamba, shekara ta dubu biyu da hudu (2004). Wadanda suka tsira daga hadarin sun tuntubi abokan aikin Naomi Dorrit (wanda Marshall Thomason ya buga a kan jirgin dakon kaya kusa, amma wadanda suka tsira sun rarrabu lokacin da suka ji cewa wadanda ke kan jirgin ba za su zo don ceton wadanda suka tsira ba. Flashforwards yana nuna rayuwar tsibirin bayan Hugo "Hurley" Reyes Jorge Garcia da Jack Shephard Matthew Fox Suna yi wa jama'a ƙarya game da lokacinsu a tsibirin. A cikin walƙiya, Hurley yana da wahayi na abokinsa da ya mutu Charlie Pace Dominic Monaghan a halin yanzu, Hurley yana bakin cikin mutuwar Charlie a tsibirin. Daniel Faraday Jeremy Davies ya fara fitowa a cikin "Farkon Ƙarshe". Bayan da John Locke Terry O'Quinn ya ɗaure shi a bayan sa a wasan ƙarshe na uku, Na'omi ta yi amfani da wayar tauraron dan adam don kiran George Minkowski Fisher Stevens akan jirgin dakon kaya ko jigilar kaya. Kafin ta mutu, ta gaya masa cewa raunin da ta samu hatsari ne kuma don ba da ƙaunarta ga 'yar uwarta. A halin yanzu, Hurley ya sami ɗakin Yakubu. Yana dubawa ta taga sai ya ga wani mutum da ba a san ko wanene ba a cikin kujerar da ke juyawa, kafin wani ya hau kan gilashin, ana ganin idon hagu kawai ake gani. Hurley ya gudu, amma ya sake samun gidan a wani wuri na daban. Ya matse idanunsa ko kuma ya rufe idanuwansa a kuma lokacin da ya buɗe su, ginin ya ɓace kuma Locke ya bayyana. Desmond Hume Henry Ian Cusick ya dawo daga Kallon Gilashi, yana ɗauke da saƙo na ƙarshe na Charlie cewa Penny Widmore Sonya Walger ba mallakar jirgin ruwan ba. Wadanda suka tsira sun sake haduwa a kwale -kwalen 815. Jack ya bugi Locke a ƙasa, ya ɗauki bindigarsa ya ja abin da ya jawo, amma ya gano cewa ba a ɗora bindigar ba saboda Locke bai yi niyyar kashe Jack ba a farkon wannan ranar Locke ya gaya wa masu ba da labari cewa suna cikin haɗari kuma suna barin Barracks tare da Hurley, James "Sawyer" Ford Josh Holloway Claire Littleton Emilie de Ravin da jaririnta Haruna, Danielle Rousseau Mira Furlan da Ben da ta kama. Linus Michael Emerson Alex Tania Raymonde da saurayinta Karl Blake Bashoff Vincent kare (Pono) da sauran mutane hudu da suka tsira. Ba da daɗewa ba, Jack da Kate sun ga helikwafta kuma sun sadu da Daniel. Flashforwards ya nuna cewa Hurley ya shahara a matsayin ɗayan Oceanic Six bayan tserewarsa daga tsibirin kuma yana yin shiru game da lokacin sa ko kuma zamansa a can. Hurley ya ci karo da bayyanar Charlie. A gigice, ya gudu a cikin Camaro kuma 'yan sandan Los Angeles sun kama shi. Ana Lucia Cortez 's Michelle Rodriguez tsohon abokin binciken Detective "Big" Mike Walton Michael Cudlitz ya yiwa Hurley tambayoyi kuma ya yi ƙarya cewa ba shi da masaniya game da Ana Lucia. Hurley, yana kallon gilashin madubin ɗakin tambayoyin, yana tunanin ganin Charlie yana iyo cikin ruwa har sai ya fasa gilashin ya mamaye ɗakin. Hurley da son rai ya koma Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Santa Rosa inda Matthew Abaddon Lance Reddick wanda ya yi ikirarin zama lauya na Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Oceanic ya ziyarce shi. Lokacin da Abaddon kasa samar da wani katin kasuwanci, ya tambaye idan har yanzu suna da rai kafin stealthily exiting. Bayyanar Charlie ya bayyana wanda ke gaya wa Hurley cewa "suna" buƙatarsa. A ƙarshe, Jack ya ziyarci Hurley, wanda ke tunanin haɓaka gemu Jack ya tabbatar da cewa Hurley ba zai tona asirin Oceanic Six ba. Hurley ya nemi afuwa don tafiya tare da Locke kuma ya nace cewa su koma tsibirin, amma Jack ya ƙi (wanda ke nuna cewa waɗannan walƙiya suna faruwa kafin walƙiya ta Jack). A lokacin simintin, an sanya sunayen karya, sana'o'i da fannoni na ɗan lokaci don iyakance ɓarkewar ɓarna An gaya wa Lance Reddick cewa yana binciken wani bangare na "Arthur Stevens", "ma'aikaci mara kamfani", maimakon Matthew Abaddon. "Matta" da "Abaddon" an bayyana su azaman kalmomin alamar kakar 4 a cikin wasan gaskiya na ainihi Nemo 815 Marubutan sun zaɓi sunan mahallin bayan sun karanta labarin Wikipedia akan Abaddon, wanda ke nuna cewa yana nufin "wurin lalata". Marubutan-marubutan da farko suna da sha'awar samun Reddick ya yi wasa da Mr. Eko a kakar wasa ta biyu, duk da haka, ya shagala da tauraro akan HBO 's The Wire Jeremy Davies an jefa shi a matsayin Daniyel saboda yana ɗaya daga cikin yan wasan da marubutan marubutan suka fi so, kuma suna tunanin cewa "ingancin sa mai canzawa [da] babban hikimar da ke fitowa daga gare shi. da alama cikakke ne ga [ɓangaren] wanda da farko an shirya shi don zama rawar maimaitawa Lokacin da Davies ya sadu da mai ƙera kayan ƙira Roland Sanchez, yana sanye da siririn baƙar fata. Sanchez ya haɗu da wannan "kyakkyawa, kyakykyawar kallo" tare da ra'ayin sa na tufafin halayen: rigar rigar da aka saƙa daga J.Crew An gabatar da taken daban -daban don wasan. Babban taken shine nuni ga layi a cikin labarin da ya gabata lokacin da Ben ya gargadi Jack cewa tuntuɓar mai jigilar kaya "shine farkon ƙarshen". An fara yin fim a ranar 17 ga Agusta kuma ya ƙare ko bayan bakwai (7) ga Satumba, shekara ta dubu biyu da bakwai 2007. Garcia ya ji "ɗan ƙaramin matsin lamba" saboda yana da rawar jagoranci a cikin wasan, amma "ya yi matukar farin ciki, shi ma [saboda] wata hanya ce ta daban don fara kakar wasa [wanda ya ji] mai yiwuwa magoya baya su tono". A cikin cibiyar tabin hankali, ana ganin Hurley yana zana hoton wani Inuit da igloo. Garcia ne ya zana wannan. Lokacin da aka watsa labarin, Kirista ya bayyana a cikin gidan Yakubu; duk da haka, an harbe wurin tare da wani Hurley a ciki. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da Garcia ke yin fim ɗin tambayoyinsa a cikin akwatin kifaye, bai san cewa Charlie zai yi iyo a waje ya fasa gilashin a cikin samfurin da aka gama ba. An yi fim ɗin iyo na Charlie na makwanni bayan an harbi sauran abubuwan, tare da samar da Haɗu da Kevin Johnson da Lobis: Missis Pieces mobisodes a ƙarshen Nuwamba 2007. An yi fim ɗin tare da Jake Kilfoyle stunt ninki biyu a saitin Gilashin Gilashin da aka yi amfani da shi a baya don wasannin yanayi na uku mai taken Mafi Girma Hits da Ta Gilashin Gani Mai Lost aukuwa ƙunshi crossovers da kuma Easter qwai -intentionally boye alamu da nassoshi da show ta mythology -and "The farkon karshen" ba bare bane. Duk da cewa ya mutu, Kirista ya bayyana na 'yan dakikoki a cikin gidan Yakubu ba tare da tattaunawa ba. Big Mike, wanda ke fitowa a cikin abubuwan haskakawa Ana Lucia a cikin wasan na karo na biyu Hadari ya dawo cikin haske na Hurley. Randy Nations Billy Ray Gallion ya bayyana a cikin 'yan dakikoki ba tare da tattaunawa ba, tare da ɗaukar hoton kama Hurley. Lokacin da Hurley ya nuna cewa Charlie yana iyo a wajen ɗakin tambayoyi, Charlie ya rubuta "suna buƙatar ku" a hannunsa. Wannan shine abin da Charlie ya gaya wa Hurley daga baya a cikin labarin. Saboda samar da yanayi na huɗu da aka dakatar saboda yajin aikin dubu biyu da bakwai 2007-2008 Marubutan Guild of America, masu tseren wasan kwaikwayon sun so su riƙe shirye -shiryen takwas da aka kammala har suka sami damar yin ƙarin lokacin. ABC ta yanke hukunci kan hakan kuma ta sanar da cewa "Farawar Ƙarshe" za a fara watsa shi a ƙarshen Janairu 2008, ba tare da la'akari da lokacin da yajin aikin zai ƙare ba. Wannan shi ne farkon Lost episode da za a watsa a ranar Alhamis da 9:00 pm ET, gasa mai fa'ida da babbar gasa wanda Grey's Anatomy ya saba yi abubuwan da suka gabata an watsa su ranar Laraba. Kamar wasannin farko na Lost na farko, an fara "Farkon Ƙarshe" don farawa na farko a Sunset on the Beach a Waikiki, Honolulu, inda ake nuna fina-finai akai-akai akan ƙafa 30. m) allo kyauta ga jama'a, amma an soke shi saboda yajin aikin marubutan. An fara watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na asali na shirin nan da nan ta wani shirin bidiyo mai taken "Lost: Past, Present Future". Don Williams na BuddyTV wanda aka yiwa lakabi da "Farkon Ƙarshe" "farkon farkon kakar shekara". An duba shi kimanin 16.137 miliyoyin masu kallo Amurkawa suna rayuwa ko cikin sa'o'i shida tare da 6.7/17 a cikin manyan manya 18-49 alƙaluma, suna kawo mafi kyawun ƙimar Nielsen don Lost a cikin shafuka goma sha bakwai da matsayi Lost takwas a cikin sigogi na mako -mako. An kalli wasan a jimlar 17.766 miliyoyin masu kallo suna rayuwa ko yin rikodi kuma suna kallo cikin kwanaki bakwai na watsa shirye-shirye kuma wannan lambar ta tafi zuwa ƙarshen ƙarshen shekara. A Kanada, an fara “Farkon Ƙarshe” da 1.855 miliyoyin masu kallo, suna yin Lost shirin na shida mafi yawan kallon mako. Ya kawo masu sauraro kusan ninki biyu na abin da ya gabata kuma ya fi kowane juzu'i na uku, ban da farkon lokacin Fim ɗin farko na kakar ya yi nasara a cikin Burtaniya tare da 1.1 miliyan masu kallo. A Ostiraliya, Lost shine wasan sha biyar mafi yawan kallon dare tare da masu kallo 912 000, wanda David Dale na The Sun-Herald ya ɗauka. An aika masu sukar Amurka DVDs na "Farkon Ƙarshe" da "Tabbatattun Matattu" a ranar ashirin da takwai (28) ga Janairu, shekara ta dubu daya da takwas (2008). Metacritic ya ba da labarin Metascore matsakaicin matsakaici wanda ya danganci abubuwan da aka zaɓa na zaɓaɓɓu sake dubawa masu mahimmanci -na 87. Robert Bianco na USA Today ya rubuta cewa "dawowa tare da tsayayyar zuciya, cikakken tsari Lost wuri ne na hamada a cikin hamada ta TV da aka buge. Mary McNamara na Jaridar Los Angeles Times ta bayyana "Farkon Ƙarshe" a matsayin "juzu'in sunadarai mai ɗaci a cikin tsohuwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa-tsoro, tashin hankali, nadama, adrenaline da menene zai faru a gaba? Adam Buckman na New York Post ya ba da labarin kashi huɗu daga cikin taurari huɗu. Maureen Ryan na Chicago Tribune "yana jin daɗin kowane minti" kuma ya lura cewa "babu wani kuskure". Diane Werts na Newsday ta ɗauki labarin a matsayin "na kwarai" da "nishaɗin nishaɗi" kuma ta kammala bita da Lost da alama ta sami kanta". Tim Goodman na San Francisco Chronicle ya baiyana cewa shi da Tabbatar da Matattu "su ne masu aikin motsa jiki na gaggawa da wahayi [waɗanda] suna da kyau a gani". Matthew Gilbert na The Boston Globe yayi nuni da cewa Lost har yanzu yana iya yin tseren bugun jini da ƙwaƙwalwa [kuma] ya kasance mafi girman jerin shirye -shiryen TV Alan Sepinwall na The Star-Ledger bai da tabbas "idan Lost zai taɓa ba da gamsassun amsoshi ga dimbin asirin da suka rage. amma idan yana da matsayin da ban tsoro da kuma ban dariya da kuma motsi, kuma m kamar yadda wadannan biyu aukuwa, ina lafiya tare da cewa. A cikin sake dubawa mara kyau, Rodney Ho na The Atlanta Journal-Constitution ya kira shi "wani lamari mai gamsarwa mai dawowa tare da rabon wasan kwaikwayo da cuta. [hakan] yana ba da isassun wahayi don ci gaba da jin yunwa ga masu sha'awar yunwa kuma David Hinckley na Daily News ya ƙaddara labarin tare da taurari uku daga cikin biyar mai yiwuwa. Brian Lowry na Iri-iri ce cewa "Lost 's sama ke sauka kamar barka da tonic kamar yadda scripted TV fades to black yana ba da jadawalin kyauta mai ban sha'awa na lokutan m don babban kuma, a wasu lokuta, sakaci simintin Mark Medley na National Post ya kira shi "kyakkyawan lokacin farawa" tare da "lokutan faduwa da yawa". Jeff Jensen na Makon Nishaɗi na mako-mako yana jin cewa farkon wasan yana da ban sha'awa kuma Garcia ya nuna kyakkyawan aiki. Frazier Moore na Associated Press ya rubuta cewa Lost yana ƙara haɓaka ante, da haɓaka matsin lamba a kan mu yayin da babban tarihin wasan kwaikwayon ke ci gaba da haɓaka." Kristin Dos Santos na E! an kira shi "da kyau an rubuta, aka samar, aka yi aiki kuma aka nuna shi kamar fim". Michael Ausiello na Jagoran TV ya bayyana shi a matsayin "cikin sauƙi ɗayan mafi kyawun sa'o'i na TV har zuwa wannan kakar." Bruce Fretts na Jagoran TV ya amsa da kyau ga aikin Reddick. Chris Carabott na IGN ya ba da labarin 9.1/10, yana mai cewa "babban farawa ne ga abin da ya yi alkawarin zama mai ban sha'awa kakar 4. Ƙarfafawa da tafiya daidai yake da wasan ƙarshe na kakar bara LTG na Gidan Talabijan Ba tare da Tausayi ya kimanta shi a matsayin "A–". Jon Lachonis na UGO ya ba da labarin "A+", yana kiran shi "abin tausayi, mai cike da aiki [wanda ke tabbatar da hakan] Lost 's gawurtaccen protean form har yanzu yana da yalwa da makantar da hanyoyi zuwa sha'awa da kuma nishadantar a hanyar da cewa shi ne amma duk da haka musamman ga kansa. Oscar Dahl na BuddyTV ya rubuta cewa "labarin ya yi fice sosai". Daniel na TMZ ya zana shi a matsayin "A", yana mai cewa cikakke ne kuma ya kafa sauran kakar da kyau. Nassoshi 0 Hanyoyin waje Pages with unreviewed

30145

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr%20Sheiko

Volodymyr Sheiko

Articles with hCards Volodymyr Oleksandrovych Sheiko (an haife shi a watan Janairu 11, 1962, Kharkiv jagora ne na shirye-shiryen Ukraine, Mawaƙi mai daraja na kasar, Mawaƙin Jama'a na Ukraine, darektan Ƙungiyar "Waka," kuma babban mai gudanarwa na Orchestra na Rediyon Symphony na Ukrainian. Tarihin Rayuwa An haife shi a Kharkiv. Ilimi Ya kammala karatunsa a 1981 daga Poltava State Music School mai suna bayan MV Lysenko a matsayin mawaƙi da kuma music theorist. A 1988 ya kammala karatunsa daga Tchaikovsky Kyiv State Conservatory tare da digiri a opera da kuma gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo (Prof. Stefan Turchak da kuma mawaƙa (Prof. Lev Venediktov A cikin 1989-1991 ya kasance mai horarwa a Bolshoi Opera da Ballet Theatre Moscow wanda Fuat Mansurov yake jagoranta. Ayyukan ƙirƙira Tun a shekara ta 1988 ya kasance shugaba-producer na Kyiv Academic Operetta Theater. A watan Oktoba 1990, ya kirkiri wakar sauti na kasar sa na farko wanda ba gwamnati mawakan sauti na "Ukraine", wanda daga 1991 zuwa 2002 ya gudanar da m concert da yawon shakatawa ayyuka (Ukraine, Rasha, Italiya, Faransa, Portugal, Poland, Croatia, Switzerland), sanya. rikodi masu yawa. a kan rediyo da talabijin na Ukrainian, ya buga CD mai yawa (Rasha, Italiya, Birtaniya, Switzerland), shirya bukukuwan fasaha na kasa da kasa "Taro don Easter" (Kyiv, Ukraine 2000, 2001, 2002) da "Tenoratorio" Solothurn, Switzerland 1999, 2000, 2001), ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu shirya kuma darektan buɗaɗɗen VERDIANO-2001 Busseto, Italiya 2001). Daga 1995 zuwa 2005 shi ne babban jagoran gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kyiv Academic Operetta, inda ya shirya wasanni 15, ciki har da George Gershwin 's Porgy and Bess Johann Strauss II 's Gypsy Baron da "Night in Venice," Emmerich Kálmán 's "Maritza," "Count of Luxembourg" na Franz Lehár da sauran su. A watan Agustan 2005, ya jagoranci ƙungiyar mawaƙa na Ma'aikatan Rediyon Ƙasar ta Ukraine. Ya gudanar da ayyuka masu yawa na ƙirƙira, ciki har da "Tuba na Dauda" na Mozart, A. Karamanov's "Linjila Symphonic," Shostakovich's "Kisa na Stepan Razin," Verdi's "Requiem," da Rossini's Stabat Mater. Carmina Burana by Carl Orff (nasa mataki version), "Fantasies a jazz sautunan" by O. Saratsky, jerin hadin gwiwa TV da rediyo ayyukan na National Radio Company da National TV Company na Ukraine "Art Labarun" da sauran su. Sheiko yana shiga cikin bukukuwan kasa da kasa na shekara-shekara na Kyiv Music Fest da kuma Music Premieres of the Season" Kyiv, Ukraine). Karkashin jagorancin Volodymyr Sheiko, Mawakan Rediyon Sauti na kasar Ukraine sun rubuta fitattun kade-kade 300 na duniya da kidan Ukrain don Gidauniyar Rediyo ta Kasa. Ana yin babban rikodin rikodin a cikin Gidan Rikodi na Rediyon Ukrainian A cikin shekaru shida da suka gabata, ya zagaya tare da kungiyar mawaka zuwa kasashe 17, da suka hada da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, Koriya ta Kudu, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, Iran, Algeria, Tunisia, Spain, Italiya, Faransa, Portugal, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, Romania, Poland, da Belarus. Ya gudanar a kan matakai kamar Glinka Chapel Hall Saint Petersburg, Rasha); Gidan wasan kwaikwayo Vienna, Austria); Concertgebouw Amsterdam, Netherlands); Sarauniya Elisabeth Hall Antwerp, Belgium); Sferisterio di Macerata (Italiya), Teatro Carlo Felice Genoa, Italiya), Teatro Petruzzelli Bari, Italiya), Teatro Comunale Ponchielli Cremona, Italiya), Teatro Luciano Pavarotti Modena, Italiya), Roman gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ascoli Piceno (Italiya), Teatro Politeama, Palermo (Italiya); Auditorio Nacional de Musica da Teatro Monumental Madrid, Spain); Grand Teatre del Liceu da Palau de la Musica Barcelona, Spain Coliseo, Casa da Música Porto, Portugal), Coliseu dos Recreios Lisbon, Portugal); Colosseum Nimes, Faransa), Teatro Romano Vienne, Faransa); Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Opera da Ballet (Timisoara, Romania); Aljeriya National Theatre Algiers, Algeria Mufdi Zakaria Palace El Madania, Algeria City Hall Seoul, Koriya ta Kudu Colosseum El Jem, Tunisia Amphitheater Carthage, Tunisia City Hall (Hong Kong, PRC da kuma Filharmonic na kasa (Beijing, China). Tunanin “hangen nesa” na sautin waka na matukar burge shi. Bambance-bambance A shekara ta 2003 ya aka bayar da lambar yabo take na "girmama Artist na Ukraine" domin gagarumin na sirri taimako ga zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da kuma al'adu ci gaban babban birnin kasar Ukraine birnin Kyiv. A 2005 ya aka bayar da Order of Saint Vladimir III digiri A 2005 ya aka bayar da Diploma na Verkhovna Rada na Ukraine A 2012 ya aka bayar da Diploma na majalisar ministocin na Ukraine Girmama lambar yabo na Ma'aikatar Al'adu na Ukraine "Badge of Honor" na Kyiv City Council A shekara ta 2015, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Mutanen Artist na Ukraine A cikin 2019, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Shevchenko a cikin nau'in "Musical Art" don rikodin ayyukan da mawaƙan Ukrainian suka yi a Gidauniyar Rediyo ta Ukrainian, da shirye-shiryen kide-kide daga 2013 zuwa 2018. A cikin 2020 ya sami lambar yabo ta Order of Merit (Ukraine), aji na III A 2021 ya zama daidai memba na National Academy of Arts na Ukraine Gabatarwa don kyauta Taras Shevchenko National Prize na Ukraine 2015. Shirye-shiryen kide-kide na 2009-2014 an gabatar da su don kyautar na Concert and Performing Arts nomination: wakoki 160, wanda kowannensu ya zama sananne na ruhaniya da ilimi, ya nuna matsayi na fasaha da zamantakewa na mai fasaha kuma ya sami amsa mai kyau na jama'a. Musamman, wasu daga cikin manyan zagayowar kide-kide na mawaƙin sune ayyukan watsa labarai na kiɗa "Labarun Fasaha" da "RadioSymphony_UA," inda Volodymyr Sheiko ya shiga a matsayin darektan fasaha, jagoran aikin, mai haɓaka aikin, da darekta. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 27 ga Satumba, 2012 Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1962 Jagororin waka a

18969

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar%20al-Awlaki

Anwar al-Awlaki

Anwar al-Awlaki (kuma rattaba kalma al-Aulaqi, al-Awlaqi; Anwar al-'Awlaqī Afrilu 21/22, 1971 Satumban Shekarar 30, 2011) ɗan Yemeni- Amerikaimam Ya kuma kasance sanannen mai ɗaukar ma'aikata kuma mai ba da ƙwarin gwiwa mai wakiltar al-Qaeda Al-Awlaki ya zama ba’amurke na farko da wani jirgi mara matuki na Amurka ya yi niyya da kashe shi ba tare da haƙƙin shari’a ba. Shugaba Barack Obama ne ya ba da umarnin yin yajin aikin. A ranar 29 ga Janairun shekarar 2017, 'yar al-Awlaki mai shekaru 8, Nawar Al-Awlaki, an kashe shi a wani harin kwamandan Amurka a Yemen wanda Shugaba Donald Trump ya ba da umarnin. An san shi da bin Laden na Intanet" don yin jawabai na nuna al-Qaeda a kan intanet. Bayan nema daga Majalisar Dokokin Amurka, a cikin Nuwamban shekarata 2010, Google ya cire yawancin bidiyon al-Awlaki daga shafukansa na intanet. A cewar The New York Times, maganganun da al-Awlaki ya yi a bainar jama'a da kuma faya-fayen bidiyo sun fi tasiri wajen karfafa ayyukan ta'addanci bayan kisan nasa fiye da kafin mutuwarsa. Rayuwar farko An haifi Al-Awlaki a Las Cruces, New Mexico, a shekarar 1971 ga iyaye daga Yemen, yayin da mahaifinsa, Nasser al-Awlaki, ke yin aikin digiri a jami'o'in Amurka. Mahaifinsa Malami ne na Fulbright. wanda ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin aikin gona a Jami'ar Jihar New Mexico a shekarar 1971, ya sami digiri na uku a Jami'ar Nebraska, kuma ya yi aiki a Jami'ar Minnesota daga 1975 zuwa 1977. Nasser al-Awlaki ya zama Ministan Noma a gwamnatin Ali Abdullah Saleh. Ya kuma kasance shugaban jami’ar Sana’a. Praministan Yemen daga 2007 zuwa 2011, Ali Mohammed Mujur, dangi ne. Iyalin sun koma Yemen a shekarar 1978, lokacin al-Awlaki yana ɗan shekara bakwai. Ya zauna a can tsawon shekaru 11, kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar Azal ta zamani. Ilimi A cikin shekarar 1991, al-Awlaki ya koma Amurka don halartar kwaleji. Ya yi karatun B.S. a Civil Engineering daga Jami'ar Jihar Colorado (1994), inda ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar ɗaliban Musulmai. Ya halarci jami’ar kan bizar dalibin kasashen waje da tallafin karatu daga gwamnati daga Yemen, yana mai cewa an haife shi a wannan kasar, a cewar wani tsohon wakilin tsaron Amurka. A cikin shekarar 1993, yayin da yake ɗalibin kwaleji a cikin shirin injiniyan farar hula na jihar Colorado, al-Awlaki ya ziyarci Afganistan bayan mamayar Soviet. Ya ɗan jima yana horo tare da mujahidai waɗanda ke yaƙin Soviet. Talaucin kasar da yunwa ya sa shi bakin ciki, kuma "da ba zai tafi tare da al-Qaeda ba," a cewar abokai daga jihar Colorado, wadanda suka ce tafiyarsa ta shafe shi sosai. Mullah Mohammed Omar bai kafa kungiyar Taliban ba sai a 1994. Lokacin da Al-Awlaki ya koma harabar jami'a, ya nuna sha'awar addini da siyasa. Al-Awlaki ya yi karatun Shugabancin Ilimi a Jami’ar Jihar San Diego, amma bai kammala digirinsa ba. Ya kuma yi aiki a kan digirin digirgir a Ci gaban Albarkatun Dan Adam a Makarantar Ilimi da Ci gaban Dan Adam ta Jami'ar George Washington daga Janairu zuwa Disamban shekarata 2001. Rasuwa A ranar 30 ga Satumban shekarar 2011, an kashe al-Awlaki a wani hari da jiragen yakin Amurka suka kai a Al Jawf Governorate, Yemen, a cewar majiyoyin Amurka, Kwamandan Ayyuka na Musamman, karkashin jagorancin CIA. Wani ganau ya ce kungiyar ta tsaya cin abincin karin kumallo yayin tafiya zuwa Ma'rib Governorate. Mazauna cikin motar sun hango jirgi mara matuki kuma sun yi ƙoƙarin tserewa a cikin motar kafin a harba makamai masu linzami na wuta Ma'aikatar tsaron Yemen ta sanar da cewa an kashe al-Awlaki. Haka kuma an kashe Samir Khan, Ba'amurke wanda aka haifa a Saudi Arabiya, wanda ake tunanin yana bayan mujallar yanar gizo ta Ingilishi Inspire. Gada Seth Jones, wanda a matsayinsa na masanin kimiyyar siyasa ya ƙware a al-Qaida, yana ganin cewa ci gaba da dacewa da al-Awlaki ya kasance saboda ƙwarewarsa cikin yaren Ingilishi har ma da kwarjininsa, yana mai tabbatar da cewa "yana da aura mai ɗauke da makamai da rashin amincewa, da murmushi mai sauƙi da annashuwa, murya mai kaifin baki.Ya tsaya tsayin ƙafa shida, tsayin inch ɗaya, nauyin kilo 160, kuma yana da gemun baki mai kauri, hanci mai kaifi, da tabarau na waya. Ya yi magana a sarari, kusan muryar hypnotic." Bidiyoyin Awlaki da rubuce -rubucensa sun ci gaba da shahara a yanar gizo, inda ake ci gaba da samun su cikin sauƙi. Wadanda suka kalli kuma har yanzu suna kallon bidiyonsa dan jarida Scott Shane ya kiyasta adadin su a cikin daruruwan dubbai, yayin da mahaifinsa Dokta Nasser Awlaqi ke cewa "an sayar da kaset na wa'azi na Anwar Awlaqi miliyan biyar a Yammacin Turai." Kuma ta haka ne, ko da bayan mutuwarsa, Awlaki ya ci gaba da ba da himma ga masu bautar sa don kai hare -haren ta’addanci, da suka haɗa da harin Boston na Marathon na 2013, harin San Bernardino na 2015, da harbin gidan rawa na Orlando na 2016. Dangane da Tsarin Tsattsauran ra'ayi (CEP), Awlaki ya yi tasiri 88 "masu tsattsauran ra'ayi," 54 a Amurka da 34 a Turai. Saboda "aikinsa ya yi wahayi zuwa ga makirci da hare-hare marasa iyaka," CEP ta yi kira "a YouTube da sauran dandamali don dakatar da Mr. Abubuwan Awlaki, gami da farkon laccocinsa." Tarbiyyar Musulunci Ilimin addinin Islama na Al-Awlaki ya kasance na yau da kullun ne, kuma ya ƙunshi watanni na tsaka-tsaki tare da malamai daban-daban suna karantawa da yin tunani game da ayyukan ilimin addinin Musulunci. Wasu malaman musulmai sun ce ba su fahimci shahararen al-Awlaki ba, saboda yayin da yake magana da Ingilishi sosai kuma saboda haka zai iya isa ga masu sauraron da ba na Larabci ba, bai sami horo da karatu na Musulunci ba. Ayyuka Ayyukan rubutu 44 Ways to Support Jihad: Essay (Janairu 2009). A ciki, al-Awlaki ya bayyana cewa "ƙin kuffar shine babban jigon aqidar sojan mu" kuma ya zama tilas dukkan musulmai su shiga jihadi, ko ta hanyar aikata ayyukan da kansu ko tallafawa wasu masu yin hakan. Ya ce dole ne dukkan musulmai su kasance cikin koshin lafiya don su kasance cikin shiri don rikici. A cewar jami’an na Amurka, ana daukar ta a matsayin babban rubutu ga membobin al-Qaeda. Al-Awlaki wrote for Jihad Recollections, wallafe-wallafen kan layi na Ingilishi wanda Media Al-Fursan ta buga. Allah is Preparing Us for Victory gajeren littafi (2009). Darussa Lectures on the book Constants on the Path of Jihad by Yusef al-Ayeri— ya shafi jihadi mara jagora. A cikin 2009, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta sami bidiyon 1,910 da aka sanya a YouTube. An kalli ɗayansu sau 164,420. The Battle of Hearts and Minds The Dust Will Never Settle Down Dreams Interpretations The Hereafter—16 CDs—Al Basheer Productions Life of Muhammad: Makkan Period—16 CDs—Al Basheer Productions Life of Muhammad: Medinan Period—Lecture in 2 Parts—18 CDs—Al Basheer Productions Lives of the Prophets (AS)—16 CDs—Al Basheer Productions Abu Bakr as-Siddiq (RA): His Life Times—15 CDs—Al Basheer Productions Umar ibn al-Khattāb (RA): His Life Times—18 CDs—Al Basheer Productions 25 Promises from Allah to the Believer—2 CDs—Noor Productions Companions of the Ditch Lessons from the Life of Musa (AS)—2 CDs—Noor Productions Remembrance of Allah the Greatest Ayah—2 CDs—Noor Productions Stories from Hadith—4 CDs—Center for Islamic Information and Education ("CIIE") Hellfire The Day of Judgment—CD—CIIE Quest for Truth: The Story of Salman Al-Farsi (RA)—CD—CIIE Trials Lessons for Muslim Minorities—CD—CIIE Young Ayesha (RA) Mothers of the Believers (RA)—CD—CIIE Understanding the Quran—CD—CIIE Lessons from the Companions (RA) Living as a Minority—CD—CIIE Virtues of the Sahabah— jerin laccar bidiyo da Gidauniyar al-Wasatiyyah ta inganta Manazarta Ƴan Ta'adda Ta'adanci

26655

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadisin%20alkalami%20da%20takarda

Hadisin alkalami da takarda

Hadisin Alkalami da Takarda: yana nuni ne da wani lamari da Annabi Muhammad (S A W) ya bayyana fatansa na fitar da sanarwa jim kadan kafin rasuwarsa, amma aka hana shi yin hakan. Abin da bayanin ya kunsa, da yadda aka yi rigakafin da kuma yadda Annabi Muhammad (SAW) ya mayar da martani game da ita, abubuwa ne da ke da sabani a tsakanin majiyoyi daban-daban. Ana kuma kiran wannan waki’ar da musibar ranar alhamis (Larabci: romanized: Raziyat Yawm al-Khamis), in ba haka ba, da tsarin tarihi ya bambanta. Labari Annabi Muhammad ya yi rashin lafiya a shekara ta 11 bayan hijira (632 Miladiyya) kuma lafiyarsa ta yi tsanani a ranar Alhamis, inda ya nemi a ba shi abin rubutu: "Ina bukatan rubuta wani abu don kada ku bace idan na tafi." An ruwaito Omar, wani sahabi Muhammad, ya shiga tsakani, inda ya shaida wa wadanda suke wurin cewa Muhammadu yana ta zage-zage, ya kuma kara da cewa, “Kuna da Alkur’ani, littafin Allah ya ishe mu." Hayaniyar da alama ta ɓaci Muhammadu, wanda ya tsawatar wa waɗanda ke gefen gadonsa: "Ku tafi ku rabu da ni." Wasu rahotanni sun kara da cewa Muhammad daga baya ya bar umarni uku ga musulmi. A cikin Tabaqat al-Kubra, ibn Sa’ad ya rubuta cewa, guda biyu daga cikin waxannan umarni sune a kori mushrikai daga larabawa, da karvar tawaga kamar yadda ya yi. Nasiha ta uku ba ta nan wadda a cewar ibn Sa’ad mai yiwuwa majiyarsa ta manta da ita. Haka nan sauran marubuta irin su al-Tabari da ibn Kathir, su ma sun yi bayanin abin da ya faru. A madadin haka, wata ruwaya a cikin littafin ibn Sa’ad ta lissafo hukunce-hukuncen guda uku kamar sallah, zakka da [tausasawa] ma malakat aymanukum (bayi). Wannan sigar ta ƙare da mutuwar Annabi Muhammadu (S) akan cinyar Ali. Haka nan ruwayoyi daban-daban na wannan hadisi sun sha bamban wajen tantance wadanda suke wurin, inda aka sanya wasu adadi, kamar su Zainab bint Jahsh, Ummu Salama da Abdullahi bn Abi Bakr, an sanya su ko kuma a cire su gwargwadon fifikon maruwaita. A cewar malamin Shi'a Tabarsi, umarni na uku (bace) game da Ahlul-baiti (iyalan Muhammad). A cikin fassarar Tabarsi na abubuwan da suka faru, lokacin da aka tambayi Muhammad daga baya ko yana son rubuta wani abu, sai ya amsa da cewa: Tattaunawa Maluman Sunnah galibi suna kallon damuwa game da wuce gona da iri kan Muhammadu mara lafiya a matsayin dalilin faruwar wannan lamari. Wasu kamar su al-Baladhuri, kuma suna da'awar cewa Muhammadu yana nufin ya ayyana Abubakar a matsayin magajinsa. A madadin, marubucin L. Hazleton, ya nuna cewa mai yiwuwa Annabi Muhammad (S) ya so ya faɗa nufinsa, kuma "idan Ali ya zama magajin da aka naɗa, babu wani mutum a cikin ɗakin da ya so a rubuta shi." Ana kallon kin biyan bukatar Annabi Muhammadu (S) a matsayin sabawa koyarwar addini na Alkur’ani, wanda ya hada da nassosi kamar: “Duk abin da Manzo (Muhammad) ya ba ku, ku karba, abin da ya hane ku ku bar shi”. ko kuma "Ma'abcinku (Muhammad) bai ɓata ba, kuma bai ɓata ba, kuma bã ya yin magana daga son rai." A madadin, a cewar marubuci G. Miskinzoda, wannan taron na iya ba da shawarar cewa Annabi Muhammadu (S) ya yarda da yadda al'ummar musulmi za su yi aiki idan babu shi. Har ila yau Miskinzoda ya danganta wannan lamari da bullowar maganar da aka jingina wa Muhammad cewa, “Al’ummata ba za ta taba yarda da kuskure ba”, ra’ayin da malaman tauhidi irin su ibn Hazm da ibn Sayyid al-Nās suka dawwama. Wannan ra'ayin na zamani yana kama da ya saba wa koyarwar Kur'ani wanda, alal misali, "shawarar da masu aminci su warware wasu batutuwa ta hanyar shawarwari, amma ba maye gurbin annabawa ba. Cewa, bisa ga Kur'ani, an daidaita shi ta hanyar zaɓin Allah," kamar yadda aka lura. da W. Madelung. A cewar Miskinzoda, ainihin jigon labarin, tambaya ce ta ikon addinin Muhammad, wanda aka misalta shi da furucin Omar: "Kana da Al-Qur'ani, littafin Allah ya ishe mu." Hazleton, duk da haka, ya karyata wannan da'awar kuma ya nuna cewa, "[Qur'ani] ba zai wadatar ba," ya ci gaba da cewa, "Alqur'ani za a kara masa (bayan mutuwar Muhammad) ta hanyar Muhammad, misalinsa a cikin komai daga mafi girman al'amura. zuwa ga mafi ƙanƙantar bayanan rayuwar yau da kullun, kamar yadda na kusa da shi suka danganta. Wani hadisi ingantacce ya nakalto Muhammad cewa, “Na bar muku abubuwa biyu masu nauyi, Littafin Allah da zuriyata, su biyun ba za su taba rabuwa da juna ba har sai sun dawo gare ni a bakin tafkin [Kausar a sama]." A cewar ‘yan Shi’a, wannan hadisi ya nuna cewa wasu daga cikin zuriyar Muhammad da aka fi sani da limaman ‘yan Shi’a, Allah ya ba su ikon fassara Alqur’ani daidai. H. Mavani ya rubuta cewa, “Shi [limamin Shi’a] shi ne rayayyun siffar Alqur’ani, mai tafsirinsa kuma mai zartar da shi. Mahdi, na karshen wadannan limaman Shi'a 'yan Shi'a da Ahlus-Sunnah ne suke jira don ya cika duniya da adalci da zaman lafiya.

22764

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abimbola%20Fernandez

Abimbola Fernandez

Darnel Abimbọla "Bim" Olumegbon Fernandez (an haife shi ne a ranar 25 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1989), magaji ne kuma mawaƙi Ba-Amurke haifaffen Faransa. Ita 'yar Antonio Deinde Fernandez, jakadan hamshakin mai kudin Najeriya ne. A cikin 2014, ta yi waƙa tare da ƙungiyar Pink Grenade, kuma ta saki bidiyo mai rikitarwa biyu waɗanda suka ɗauki miliyoyin ra'ayoyin kan layi. Ta bar tambarinta a waccan shekarar. Rayuwar farko Abimbola Fernandez an haife shi ne a Asibitin Amurka na Paris a Neuilly-sur-Seine, wani yanki ne a yammacin karkarar Paris, Faransa Mahaifinta ya kasance biloniya Antonio Deinde Fernandez daga Jihar Legas a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, wanda ya koma Amurka tun yana saurayi. Danginsa Fernandez sun fito ne daga wani dan kasuwar Fotigal-dan kasar Brazil wanda ya yi iyali tare da matar Afirka a Legas a farkon ƙarni na 19. Mahaifin Fernandez yana da ƙungiyoyi huɗu da suka gabata; matarsa ta uku farar fata Ba’amurkiya Barbara Joyce wacce ta aure shi a 1961 yayin da suke zaune a Virginia, ta haifa masa yara uku a Amurka, suka rabu da shi a 1984 ko farkon 1985, sannan suka nemi a sake su a 1987 Abokin zama na hudu shi ne Gimbiya Abiola Dosunmu, wacce ta aure shi a Najeriya a watan Afrilun 1973 a wani biki da aka samu halarta. Ungiyar ta haifar da 'ya mace kuma ta kasance har zuwa 1987-1988. Abokinsa na biyar, mahaifiyar Fernandez Ba-Amurke, an haife shi Sandra Inett Price. Ta dauki sunan Aduke Fernandez ne a haduwar tasu, wacce ta ce ta fara ne a shekarar 1982 tare da bikin aure a Najeriya, duk da cewa daga baya ya ce ba su taba yin aure ba. Thea na farko da ma'auratan suka haifa shine 'yar Atinuke a cikin 1984, sannan Abimbola ya bi ta 1989. Takardar shaidar haihuwa ta kasar Faransa ta bayyana sunan ta kamar Darnel Abimbola Olumegbon Fernandez da kuma sunan mahaifiyar ta Aduke Olufunmilola Olumegbon Price Fernandez. Sunan da aka raba na Olumegbon ya fito ne daga layin Olumegbon mai daraja na Isale-Eko, Lagos; mahaifinta dan gidan wannan mulki ne ta hanyar mahaifiyarsa. Bayan haihuwar Fernandez, dangin sun ɗan zauna na wani ɗan lokaci a Hotel Ritz Paris, sannan suka koma Chateau de Bois-Feuillette a cikin Pontpoint. Wani motsi ya dauke ta zuwa New York, mahaifinta ya sayi gidan tarihi mai tsoka All View Estate a kudancin kudu na Premium Point, New Rochelle Fernandez ya fara koyon violin yana ɗan shekara huɗu. Tana da shekara shida, ta halarci Makarantar Rye Country Day, sannan daga baya Convent of the Sacred Heart a Connecticut. A shekara 10, ta ƙaura tare da dangin zuwa Edinburgh, inda ta halarci Kwalejin Fettes. A 13, ta fara kunna guitar.Fernandez ya kammala karatunsa daga Fettes yana da shekara 18. Ta dauki darasi a cikin samar da bidiyo a Art Art Institute na Birnin New York, sannan a cikin 2009, ta shiga Jami'ar Oxford Brookes a Oxford. Lokacin da ta daina karatu bayan wata ɗaya don bin salon waƙa, mahaifinta bai yarda ba. A lokacin yarinta, Fernandez ta yi rayuwa irin ta 'yar attajira, tana yawo a duniya cikin jirgin sa, musamman zuwa kasashen Afirka, da kuma hutu a lokacin bazara a jirgin ruwan sa mai kafa 150, Yemoja Ta samu horo ne a kan dawaki, tana fafatawa a wasannin dawakai shida na kasa. Mahaifinta ya damu da cewa watakila a sace ta kuma a biya ta fansa. Mutane da yawa a duniya sun ziyarci gidanta a kan kasuwanci tare da mahaifinta, ciki har da Paparoma John Paul II, George HW Bush, Kofi Annan, Nelson Mandela da Mobutu Sese Seko. A watan Mayu 2003 lokacin da take makaranta a Scotland, mahaifinta ya tashi daga gidansu Edinburgh, kuma mahaifiyarta ta fara aiwatar da kisan aure, tana neman 300 miliyan, wanda aka ruwaito a lokacin a matsayin ɗayan mafi girman girman saurin saki. An yanke hukunci a ƙarshe don biyan kuɗi na 36 na monthly 30,000 jimlar ing 1,080,000. Fashion A cikin samartakanta, Fernandez ya yi fasali sau ɗaya don Vivienne Westwood a lokacin Makon Edinburgh. Da take zaune ita kadai a New York, kayan tufafinta sun haɗa da tufafi masu zane kamar su kayan kwalliya na Carmen Marc Valvo, da kuma Gasparee caftan na Gillian Harding. Ta gaji kayan mahaifiyarta ne na suttura da suka hada da caftans da yawa, daya ta Jean-Paul Gaultier, da sauran abubuwa ta Givenchy, Chanel, Oscar de la Renta da ƙari. Waƙa Fernandez ta fara rubuta waƙoƙi a kan guitar a lokacin yarinta. Ta je kide kide da wake-wake kuma ta san membobin kungiyar fandare har abada yara masu ciwo, da kuma Gabe Saporta, shugaba da mawaƙa na ƙungiyar pop-pop band Cobra Starship A cikin 2009, Fernandez ya raira waƙa don goyan bayan waƙa a cikin waƙar "Nice Guys Finish Last", kuma ta yi kwalliya don murfin kundin kundin Hot Mess, wanda ya kai lamba 4 a kan Billboard 200 don zama kundin waƙoƙin da ya fi nasara a Cobra Starship. Fernandez kuma ya yi samfuri don murfin waƙoƙin waƙar, Girlsan mata masu kyau sun tafi mummunan Daukar sunan matakin Madame Luxe, Fernandez ya fara hada kai da mawaka daban-daban. EdM mai zane Draper, shima tsoffin ɗalibai ne na Jami'ar Oxford Brookes, ya nuna Madame Luxe tana rera waka a kan waƙarsa ta dubstep "Painting the Sky", wanda aka loda zuwa SoundCloud a watan Yunin 2011. An saka waƙar a kan EP mai taken Draper, wanda aka fitar a watan Fabrairun 2012 a kan Drop Dead lakabin da Ku kawo min Horizon na gaba Oliver Sykes. Fernandez ya yi aiki tare da deejay trio Cash Cash, yana raira waƙa tare da goyan baya a kan waƙoƙin "Tongue Twister" da "Ba Mu Barci a Dare", duka an sake su ne a cikin kundin tsarin Japan na kawai Cash Cash The Beat Goes On in Satumba 2012. Fernandez shima ya fito a Cash Cash's Crime" Ba laifi bane laifi wanda aka loda zuwa SoundCloud a 2013. A watan Nuwamba 2013, Fernandez ya rattaba hannu ga SMH Records, wanda Jonathan Hay da Mike Smith suka kafa, waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar Pink Grenade a kusa da Fernandez. An ba shi matsayin Bim Fernandez, ta buga guitar da raira waƙa a kan waƙoƙin "Lets Take It tsirara" da "Lipstick", tare da raba waƙar ta ƙarshe tare da Hay da Cash Cash. An fitar da waƙar pop ɗin "Bari mu ɗauka tsirara" don yawo a kan layi a cikin Janairu 2014. A ranar 1 ga watan Yulin 2014, an loda bidiyon “Bari Mu Itauke shi a tsirara” zuwa Vevo da WorldStarHipHop, sun tara 7.5 miliyoyin ra'ayoyi a cikin makon farko. Bidiyon ya bambanta wasan kwaikwayo, kidan poppy tare da almara mai ban mamaki na Fernandez tare da yara maza da hodar iblis, girkin meth, da yin wasan Roulette Roulette, wanda aka saka da ciki mai ciki kamar tana cikin watannin ƙarshe na ciki. Jaridar The Herald a Najeriya ta kira bidiyon "abin kunya, mai tayar da hankali da hargitsi." Vevo da WorldStarHipHop ne suka saukar da bidiyon amma har yanzu ana iya kallon Tidal. Bidiyo na waƙar hip-hop "Lipstick", an sake shi a ranar 23 ga Yulin, 2014, tare da wuraren wasan kwaikwayon Fernandez, suna musanyawa da wuraren wasan mata masu wasa da jan leshi da fenti. Waƙar "da ake zargi da lalata" tana da waƙoƙin da ke ba da shawarar fellatio, kuma a ƙarshen muryar namiji "ta raba" Kim Kardashian da iyalinta. An saka waƙoƙin a ƙarshen Yuli a kan albam ɗin Grenade na Pink, Tsoron Planawon Ruwa mai ruwan hoda, wanda aka rarraba ta Caroline Records. Fernandez ya bar Rakodin SMH a cikin Nuwamba Nuwamba 2014. Rayuwar mutum Mahaifiyar Fernandez ta mutu sakamakon cutar kansa ta hanjin ciki a watan Mayu 2013. Asarar ta sa Fernandez ya sake kimanta aikinta, kuma ya sa gaba a cikin kade-kade, kamar yadda mahaifiyarta ta so,sabanin mahaifinta wanda ya yanke mata alawus na fewan shekaru saboda bai yarda da hanyar waƙarta ba Bayan mahaifinta ya mutu a watan Satumbar 2015, Fernandez ya aika da sakonnin girmamawa da hotunan dangi a shafin ta na Instagram, wanda ke nuna mahaifinta tare da ita. Tare da mahaifinta ya mutu, Fernandez da mahaifiyarsa mahaifiya Halima, abokin mahaifinta na shida na dogon lokaci, sun shiga cikin mummunan rikici game da rabon gado. Halima ba ta dauki Fernandez a matsayin halattaccen magajin mahaifinta ba, yayin da Fernandez ya ce Halima ba ta taba auren mahaifinta ba. Fernandez ya rubuta cewa Halima ba ta kula da burin mahaifin a binne shi a Najeriya ba tare da jana'izar kasa, ta binne shi a maimakon Beljiyam inda ya mutu, da kuma shirya wani karamin hidimar jana'iza, wanda aka gudanar tare da maganganun batanci ga mahaifin Fernandez da ya mutu. Rikicin ya bazu cikin jabs na kan layi. Manazarta Haifaffun 1989 Rayayyun mutane Yarbawa Pages with unreviewed

25208

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dots%20%28candy%29

Dots (candy)

Dots, ko Mason Dots (alamar DOTS mai alamar kasuwanci), alama ce ta ɗanɗano ɗanɗano da Kamfanin Tootsie Roll Industries ya sayar, wanda ke iƙirarin cewa "tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da shi acikin shekara ta1945," alewar ta zama "Amurka ...#1 sayar da alamar gumdrop." Dangane da tallace -tallace, sama da digo biliyan huɗu ake samarwa daga masana'antar Tootsie Roll Industries Chicago kowace shekara. A cewar PETA, Dots vegan ne, kuma bisa ga gidan yanar gizon Masana'antu na Tootsie, ba su da yalwar abinci, ba su da gyada, ba su da gyada, kuma kosher (Kungiyar Orthodox ta tabbatar da kosher a hukumance har zuwa Disamba 1, acikin shekara ta 2009). Tarihi An gabatar da digo a cikin shekara ta 1945 ta Mason kuma alamar kasuwanci ce a waccan shekarar. A cikin shekara ta1972, Masana'antu na Tootsie Roll sun sami alamar Dots ta hanyar siyan Sashin Mason na Kamfanin Candy Corporation na Amurka Kafin wannan siyan Mason, AU da Magenheimer Confectionery Manufacturing Company na Brooklyn kuma daga baya Mineola, New York Crows sune tsofaffin alewa a cikin dangin Dots, wanda aka fara halitta a ƙarshen karni na 19. Dots na asali sun koma acikin shekara ta1945, Dropical Dots zuwa shekarar ta 2003, da Yogurt Dots zuwa shekara ta 2007. An gabatar da Dots a cikin shekara ta 2009 zuwa shekara ta2010. Dadi da iri Dandano Dandano na yanzu don "Dots na asali" sun haɗa da ceri (ja), lemo (rawaya), lemun tsami (kore), orange (orange), da strawberry (ruwan hoda). Dots masu ɗaci suna da ɗanɗano biyar, amma an halicce su da citric acid: ceri, lemo, lemu, innabi, da koren apple. Dandano don Dots na Tropical sun haɗa da Nectar Island, Mangoro na daji, Mai sanyaya Inabi, Carambola Melon, da Aljanna Punch; kuma ga Yogurt Dots, Ayaba, Orange, Blackberry, da Lemon-Lime. Crows, black licorice flavored gum gum drop, kuma ana ɗaukarsu wani ɓangare ne na dangin Dots, waɗanda masu shayarwa Ernest Von Au da Joseph Maison suka kirkira a cikin 1890s. Akwai labarin almara na birni wanda yakamata a kira Crows "Black Rose", amma firintar ta ɓata sunan a matsayin "Black Crows" da buga masu kunshe da sunan da ba daidai ba a kansu. Koyaya, bincike gami da gaskiyar cewa sunan yana da haƙƙin mallaka kafin alewar ta taɓa zuwa tare da masu rufewa ta bayyana cewa wannan labarin ba gaskiya bane. Iri -iri Baya ga nau'ikan Dots na asali (wanda kuma aka sani da Dots na Mason), Dots Tropical, Yogurt Dots, Sour Dots, da Crows, nau'ikan da suka gabata (gami da sadaukarwa na gajeren lokaci na musamman) sun haɗa da: Fasahar Halloween An sayar da nau'ikan Dots ɗin Halloween na musamman guda uku: Dots ɗin fatalwa sune koren haske mai haske, tare da dandano iri ɗaya na Dots na asali, amma ba tare da launuka daban -daban don nuna wane dandano kowane ɗigon ɗanɗano zai iya samu ba. Dots na Jemage Dots ne masu launin baƙar fata waɗanda ke da ɗanɗano ruwan lemu. Dots ɗin Masarar alewa ƙanshin masara ne kuma suna kama da masara. Sauran fannonin biki Sauran fannonin biki sun haɗa da: Dots na Kirsimeti, waɗanda ke da saman Vanilla (fari) tare da tushen Cherry (ja) ko lemun tsami (kore) Dots na Valentine, waɗanda ke da tushe na Vanilla (farar fata) tare da saman Cherry (ja) ko Farin Ciki (ruwan hoda). Dots na Ista a Blueberry (shuɗi), Lemon (rawaya), Lemun tsami (kore), Cherry (ja), da Orange (orange) (wanda aka gabatar a 2010) Wasu iri da dandano Wasu nau'ikan da dandano sun haɗa da: An gabatar da Dots na Berry a cikin 2000. Dots na daji na Berry suna da daɗi, ƙyallen gumdrops mai rufi tare da ƙamshi, mai ruɓi. An katse Dots na Berry a 2007. Dots Elements a rumman (ƙasa, shunayya), kirfa (wuta, ja), koren shayi (ruwa, kore), da hunturu (iska, shayi) (wanda aka gabatar a 2008; ba a ƙara samar da shi ba) Hot Dots (aka Cinnamon Dots) an sake su a 2004, amma an dakatar da su a 2006. Dots masu kishin ƙasa, waɗanda ke da saman vanilla (fari) tare da tushe strawberry (ja) ko tushe na blueberry (blue) A cikin shekarun 1980, akwai Dots iri -iri da ake kira Dice Spice. Fakiti na ɗanɗano na musamman irin su Pink Grapefruit, Peach, da kankana. Tallace -tallace a matsayin "yankakken tsami", suna kula da sifar gumdrop na duk sauran Dots. Sinadaran Dots sun ƙunshi: Ruwan masara, sukari, sitaci abinci -modified, malic acid, dandano na halitta da na wucin gadi, sodium citrate, da launuka na wucin gadi. Duba kuma Jerin samfuran kayan zaki Hanyoyin waje

47920

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27idar%20Cartagena%20akan%20Biosafety

Ka'idar Cartagena akan Biosafety

Yarjejeniyar Cartagena kan Tsaron Tsirrai zuwa Yarjejeniyar kan Bambancin Halitta yarjejeniya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa kan tsaron Halitta a matsayin kari ga Yarjejeniyar Wanzuwar Halittu (CBD) wanda ya fara aiki tun daga shekara ta 2003. Yarjejeniyar Biosafety tana neman kare wanzuwar halittu daga yiwuwar haɗarin da ƙwayoyin halitta suka haifar da ƙwayoyin da suka samo asali daga fasahar zamani. Yarjejeniyar Biosafety ta bayyana a fili cewa samfuran daga sabbin fasahohi dole ne su dogara ne akan ƙa'idar kariya kuma su ba kasashe masu tasowa damar daidaita lafiyar jama'a da fa'idodin tattalin arziki. Misali zai bar ƙasashe su hana shigo da kwayoyin halitta idan sun ji cewa babu isasshen shaidar kimiyya cewa samfurin yana da aminci kuma yana buƙatar masu fitarwa su lakafta jigilar kayayyaki da ke ɗauke da kayan da aka canza su kamar masara ko auduga. An kai adadin kayan aiki 50 da ake buƙata na tabbatarwa shiga amincewa karɓa ta ƙasashe a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2003. Dangane da tanadin Mataki na 37, Yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki a ranar 11 ga Satumba 2003. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2020, Yarjejeniyar tana da jam'iyyu 173, wanda ya hada da kasashe 170 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Jihar Falasdinu, Niue, da Tarayyar Turai. Tarihi An karɓi Yarjejeniyar Cartagena a kan Tsaron Tsirrai, wanda aka fi sani da Yarjejeniyar Biosafity, a watan Janairun 2000, bayan ƙungiyar aiki ta CBD Open-ended Ad Hoc Working Group on Biosafury ta haɗu sau shida tsakanin Yuli 1996 da Fabrairu 1999. Kungiyar Aiki ta gabatar da rubutun Yarjejeniyar, don la'akari da Taron Jam'iyyun a taron farko na musamman, wanda aka taru don manufar karɓar yarjejeniya kan tsaron halittu ga CBD. Bayan 'yan jinkiri, an karɓi Yarjejeniyar Cartagena a ranar 29 ga Janairun 2000 Yarjejeniyar Biosafety tana neman kare bambancin halittu daga haɗarin da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta masu canzawa waɗanda suka haifar da fasahar halittu ta zamani. Manufar Dangane da tsarin kariya, wanda ke cikin Ka'idar 15 na Sanarwar Rio kan Muhalli da Ci gaba, manufar Yarjejeniyar ita ce ta ba da gudummawa don tabbatar da isasshen matakin kariya a fagen canja wurin lafiya, sarrafawa da amfani da 'kayan da aka gyara da suka samo asali daga fasahar halittu ta zamani' wanda zai iya samun mummunar tasiri kan kiyayewa da amfani mai ɗorewa na bambancin halittu, tare da la'akari da haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam, kuma mayar da hankali kan motsi na iyaka (Mataki na 1 na Yarjejeniyar, SCBD 2000). Rayayyun ƙwayoyin halitta (LMOs) Yarjejeniyar ta bayyana 'matsalolin da aka gyara mai rai' a matsayin kowane abu mai rai wanda ke da sabon haɗuwa na kayan kwayar halitta da aka samu ta hanyar amfani da fasahar kimiyyar zamani, kuma 'matsayyar halitta' tana nufin kowane bangare na halitta wanda zai iya canja ko kwafin kayan kwayar cuta, gami da kwayoyin halitta, ƙwayoyin cuta da viroids. 'An bayyana 'Fasahar kimiyyar zamani' a cikin Yarjejeniyar don nufin aikace-aikacen dabarun in vitro nucleic acid, ko haɗuwa da sel fiye da dangin taxonomic, waɗanda suka shawo kan shingen haihuwar jiki ko sake haɗuwa kuma ba dabarun da aka yi amfani da su a cikin kiwo da zabin gargajiya ba. 'Living modified organism (LMO) Products' an bayyana su azaman kayan sarrafawa waɗanda suka fito ne daga asalin kwayoyin halitta mai canzawa, wanda ke dauke da sababbin abubuwan da za a iya ganowa na kayan kwayar halitta da aka samo ta hanyar amfani da fasahar halittu ta zamani. LMOs na yau da kullun sun haɗa da amfanin gona waɗanda aka canza su don ƙarin yawan aiki ko don juriya ga kwari ko cututtuka. Misalan amfanin gona da aka gyara sun hada da tumatir, cassava, masara, auduga da soya. 'Jami'ar da aka gyara don amfani kai tsaye a matsayin abinci ko abinci, ko don sarrafawa (LMO-FFP)' kayan aikin gona ne daga amfanin GM. Gabaɗaya kalmar 'kayan halitta masu rai' daidai take da kwayoyin halitta da aka canza su ta hanyar kwayar halitta. Yarjejeniyar ba ta nuna bambanci tsakanin waɗannan kalmomin ba kuma ba ta amfani da kalmar 'kwayar halitta da aka gyara ta hanyar kwaya ba. Hanyar kariya Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli da Ci gaba (wanda aka fi sani da Taron Duniya) wanda aka gudanar a Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, a watan Yunin 1992, shine karɓar Sanarwar Rio kan Muhalli Da Ci gaba, wanda ya ƙunshi ka'idoji 27 don tallafawa ci gaba mai ɗorewa. An san shi da ka'idar kariya, Ka'idar 15 ta bayyana cewa "Domin kare muhalli, Jihohi za su yi amfani da tsarin kariya bisa ga iyawarsu. Inda akwai barazanar mummunar lalacewa ko lalacewa ba za a iya dawo da ita ba, ba za a yi amfani da rashin cikakken tabbacin kimiyya a matsayin dalilin jinkirta matakan da suka dace don hana lalacewar muhalli ba. Abubuwa na tsarin kariya suna nunawa a cikin tanadi da yawa na Yarjejeniyar, kamar: Gabatarwa, ta sake tabbatar da "tsarin kariya da ke cikin Ka'idar 15 na Sanarwar Rio game da muhalli da Ci gaba"; Mataki na 1, yana nuna cewa manufar Yarjejeniyar ita ce "bisa ga tsarin kariya da ke cikin Ka'idar 15 na Sanarwar Rio kan Muhalli da Ci gaba"; Mataki na 10.6 da 11.8, wanda ya bayyana cewa "Rashin tabbacin kimiyya saboda rashin isasshen bayanan kimiyya da ilimi game da girman tasirin tasirin LMO akan bambancin halittu, la'akari da haɗarin lafiyar ɗan adam, ba zai hana Jam'iyyar shigowa ta yanke shawara ba, kamar yadda ya dace, game da shigo da LMO da ake tambaya, don kauce ko rage irin wannan tasirin mummunan sakamako ba. Ƙaddamarwa ta III game da kimanta haɗari, wanda ya lura cewa "Rashin ilimin kimiyya ko yarjejeniyar kimiyya bai kamata a fassara shi ba kamar yadda yake nuna wani matakin haɗari, rashin haɗari, ko haɗari mai karɓa. Aikace-aikacen Yarjejeniyar ta shafi motsi na iyaka, wucewa, sarrafawa da amfani da dukkan ƙwayoyin da aka gyara masu rai waɗanda zasu iya haifar da mummunar tasiri akan kiyayewa da amfani mai ɗorewa na bambancin halittu, tare da la'akari da haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam (Mataki na 4 na Yarjejeniyar, SCBD 2000). Jam'iyyun da wadanda ba jam'iyyun ba Ƙungiyar da ke kula da Yarjejeniyar ana kiranta Taron Jam'iyyun da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar da ke aiki a matsayin taron Jam'iyyu da ke cikin yarjejeniyar (kuma COP-MOP). Babban aikin wannan kungiya shine sake duba aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar da kuma yanke shawara da suka dace don inganta ingantaccen aikinta. Shawarwari a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar ne kawai ɓangarorin da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar za su iya ɗauka. Jam'iyyun da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar da ba Jam'iyyu ba za su iya shiga cikin yarjejeniyar ne kawai a matsayin masu sa ido a cikin ayyukan tarurrukan COP-MOP. Yarjejeniyar tana magance wajibai na bangarorin dangane da motsi na LMOs zuwa da kuma daga wadanda ba bangarorin ba zuwa Yarjejeniyar. Dole ne a gudanar da motsi tsakanin bangarorin da wadanda ba bangarorin ba a hanyar da ta dace da manufar Yarjejeniyar. Ana buƙatar jam'iyyun don ƙarfafa wadanda ba jam'iyyu ba su bi Yarjejeniyar da kuma ba da gudummawa ga Bayar da Bayani ga Gidan Tsaro na Biosafety. Dangantaka da WTO Yarjejeniyoyi da yawa a ƙarƙashin Ƙungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya (WTO), kamar Yarjejeniyar kan Aikace-aikacen Sanitary da Phytosanitary Matches (SPS Yarjejeniyar) da Yarjejeniyar Kan Harkokin Fasaha ga Ciniki (Tattalin Arziki na TBT), da Yarjejeniya kan Al'amuran Ciniki na Hakkin Kwarewa (TRIPs), sun ƙunshi tanadi da suka dace da Yarjejeniyarsa. Wannan Yarjejeniyar ta bayyana a cikin gabatarwa cewa jam'iyyun: Ku fahimci cewa yarjejeniyar kasuwanci da muhalli ya kamata ta kasance mai tallafa wa juna; Yi jaddada cewa ba a fassara Yarjejeniyar ba kamar yadda take nuna canji a cikin haƙƙoƙi da wajibai a ƙarƙashin duk wata yarjejeniyar da ke akwai; da kuma Fahimtar cewa ba a nufin karatun da ke sama don sanya Yarjejeniyar ga wasu yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa ba. Babban fasalulluka Bayani game da siffofi Yarjejeniyar tana inganta tsaron halittu ta hanyar kafa dokoki da hanyoyin don canja wurin lafiya, sarrafawa, da amfani da LMOs, tare da takamaiman mayar da hankali kan motsi na LMOs. Yana da saiti na hanyoyin ciki har da ɗaya don LMOs waɗanda za a gabatar da su da gangan a cikin mahalli da ake kira tsarin yarjejeniyar da aka sanar da shi, da ɗaya donLMOs waɗanda aka nufa a yi amfani da su kai tsaye azaman abinci ko abinci ko don sarrafawa. Dole ne bangarorin da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar su tabbatar da cewa ana sarrafa LMOs, an shirya su kuma ana jigilar su a ƙarƙashin yanayin aminci. Bugu da ƙari, jigilar LMOs da ke ƙarƙashin motsi na ƙetare dole ne ya kasance tare da takardun da suka dace waɗanda ke ƙayyade, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, asalin LMOs kuma wurin tuntuɓar don ƙarin bayani. Wadannan hanyoyin da buƙatu an tsara su ne don samar da ɓangarorin shigo da su tare da bayanan da ake buƙata don yin yanke shawara mai kyau game da ko a yarda da shigo da LMO da kuma sarrafa su cikin aminci. Jam'iyyar shigo da kayayyaki tana yanke shawara daidai da kimantawar haɗarin kimiyya. Yarjejeniyar ta tsara ka'idoji da hanyoyin kan yadda za a gudanar da kimantawar haɗari. Idan ba su da isasshen bayanai da ilimin kimiyya masu dacewa, Jam'iyyar shigowa na iya amfani da kariya wajen yanke shawara game da shigowa. Jam'iyyun na iya la'akari da, daidai da wajibai na kasa da kasa, la'akari na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki wajen cimma shawarwari game da shigo da LMOs. Dole ne jam'iyyun su dauki matakai don sarrafa duk wani haɗari da aka gano ta hanyar kimanta haɗari, kuma dole ne su ɗauki matakai masu mahimmanci idan aka saki LMOs ba da gangan ba. Don sauƙaƙe aiwatarwa, Yarjejeniyar ta kafa Gidan Bayar da Tsaro na Biosafety don Kasashe don musayar bayanai, kuma ya ƙunshi wasu muhimman tanadi, gami da haɓaka iyawa, tsarin kuɗi, hanyoyin bin doka, da buƙatu don wayar da kan jama'a da shiga. Hanyoyi don motsa LMOs a fadin iyakoki Yarjejeniyar Bayani ta Gabatarwa Hanyar "An sanar da Yarjejeniyar Ci gaba" (AIA) ta shafi cigaba na farko na LMOs don gabatar da gangan a cikin yanayin Jam'iyyar shigo da kaya. Ya haɗa da abubuwa huɗu: sanarwa daga Jam'iyyar fitarwa ko mai fitarwa, amincewa da karɓar sanarwa daga jam'iyyar shigowa, hanyar yanke shawara, da kuma damar sake duba yanke shawara. Manufar wannan hanya ita ce tabbatar da cewa ƙasashe masu shigowa suna da damar da kuma damar tantance haɗarin da za a iya danganta da LMO kafin su amince da shigo da ita. Jam'iyyar shigo da kayayyaki dole ne ta nuna dalilan da suka sa aka yanke shawara (sai dai idan yardar ba ta da iyaka). Jam'iyyar shigowa na iya, a kowane lokaci, dangane da sabon bayanan kimiyya, sake dubawa da canza yanke shawara. Jam'iyyar fitarwa ko mai sanarwar na iya neman Jam'iyyar shigowa don sake duba shawarwarinta. Koyaya, tsarin AIA na Yarjejeniyar ba ya aiki ga wasu nau'ikan LMOs: LMOs a cikin tafiya; LMOs da aka ƙaddara don amfani da ƙunshe; LMOs da aka nufa don amfani kai tsaye azaman abinci ko abinci ko don sarrafawa Duk da yake tsarin AIA na Yarjejeniyar ba ya aiki ga wasu nau'ikan LMOs, Jam'iyyun suna da damar tsara shigo da kayayyaki bisa ga dokokin cikin gida. Har ila yau, akwai izini a cikin Yarjejeniyar don bayyana wasu LMOs da aka keɓe daga aikace-aikacen hanyar AIA. LMOs da aka yi niyya don abinci ko abinci, ko don sarrafawa LMOs da aka nufa don amfani kai tsaye a matsayin abinci ko abinci, ko aiki (LMOs-FFP) suna wakiltar babban rukuni na kayan aikin gona. Yarjejeniyar, maimakon amfani da hanyar AIA, ta kafa hanyar da ta fi sauƙi don motsi na LMOs-FFP. A karkashin wannan tsari, Jam'iyya dole ne ta sanar da wasu Jam'iyyun ta hanyar Biosafety Clearing-House, a cikin kwanaki 15, game da shawarar da ta yanke game da amfani da LMOs na cikin gida wanda zai iya kasancewa ƙarƙashin motsi na ƙetare. Shawarwari da Jam'iyyar shigo da kaya ta yanke kan ko karɓar shigo da LMOs-FFP ana ɗaukar su a ƙarƙashin tsarin tsarin tsarin cikin gida wanda ya dace da manufar Yarjejeniyar. Jam'iyyar kasashe masu tasowa ko Jam'iyyar da ke da tattalin arziki a cikin canji na iya, ba tare da tsarin tsarin cikin gida ba, ya bayyana ta hanyar Biosafety Clearing-House cewa za a yanke shawara game da shigo da LMOs-FFP na farko daidai da kimantawar haɗari kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Yarjejeniyar da kuma lokacin yanke shawara. Gudanarwa, sufuri, marufi da ganewa Yarjejeniyar ta samar da buƙatun da ake buƙata waɗanda ake ɗauka don ba da gudummawa ga motsi mai aminci na LMOs. Ana buƙatar jam'iyyun su dauki matakai don sarrafawa mai aminci, marufi da sufuri na LMOs waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin motsi na ƙetare. Yarjejeniyar ta ƙayyade buƙatu game da ganewa ta hanyar tsara abin da dole ne a bayar da bayanai a cikin takardun da ya kamata su kasance tare da jigilar LMOs. Har ila yau, yana barin wuri don yiwuwar ci gaba na gaba na ka'idoji don sarrafawa, marufi, sufuri da kuma gano LMOs ta hanyar taron bangarorin zuwa Yarjejeniyar. Kowace jam'iyya ana buƙatar ɗaukar matakai don tabbatar da cewa LMOs da ke ƙarƙashin motsi na ƙetare da gangan suna tare da takardun da ke gano LMOs kuma suna ba da cikakkun bayanai game da mutanen da ke da alhakin irin wannan motsi. Bayanan waɗannan buƙatu sun bambanta bisa ga amfani da aka nufa na LMOs, kuma, game da LMOs don abinci, abinci ko don sarrafawa, ya kamata a kara magance su ta hanyar hukumar da ke kula da Yarjejeniyar. (Mataki na 18 na Yarjejeniyar, SCBD 2000). Taron farko na Jam'iyyun sun karɓi yanke shawara da ke tsara buƙatun tantancewa don nau'o'i daban-daban na LMOs (Sakamako BS-I/6, SCBD 2004). Koyaya, taron na biyu na Jam'iyyun ya kasa cimma yarjejeniya game da cikakkun buƙatu don gano LMOs da aka nufa don amfani kai tsaye a matsayin abinci, abinci ko don sarrafawa kuma zai buƙaci sake la'akari da wannan batun a taron na uku a watan Maris na shekara ta 2006. Gidan Tsaro na Biosafety Yarjejeniyar ta kafa Gidan Tsaro na Biosafety (BCH), don sauƙaƙe musayar bayanan kimiyya, fasaha, muhalli da shari'a akan, da gogewa tare da, kwayoyin da aka gyara; da kuma taimakawa bangarorin don aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar (Mataki na 20 na Yarjejeniyar, SCBD 2000). An kafa shi a cikin tsari, kuma taron farko na bangarorin ya amince da sauyawa daga matakin matukin jirgi zuwa matakin aiki cikakke, kuma ya karɓi hanyoyin don ayyukansa (Sakamako BS-I 3, SCBD 2004). Bayani Sakatariyar Yarjejeniyar kan Bambancin Halitta (2000) Yarjejeniyar Cartagena kan Tsaro zuwa Yarjejeniyar Bambancin Hlutta: rubutu da abubuwan haɗe-haɗe. Montreal, Quebec, Kanada. ISBN 92-807-1924-6 Sakatariyar Yarjejeniyar kan Bambancin Halitta (2004) Tsaro na Duniya Daga ra'ayoyi zuwa aiki: Shawarwarin da aka karɓa ta taron farko na Taron Jam'iyyun zuwa Yarjejeniyar Bambancin Hlutsa da ke aiki a matsayin taron Jam'iyyu zuwa Yarjejeniya ta Cartagena kan Tsaro. Montreal, Quebec, Kanada. Haɗin waje Shafin yanar gizo na Biosafety Protocol Tabbatar da ajiya Biosafety Clearing-House Central Portal Rubutun Yarjejeniyar Taswirar da ke nuna yanayin tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Cartagena akan Tsaro. Bayani na gabatarwa na Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, bayanin tarihin tsari da kayan bidiyo akan Yarjejeniyar Cartagena kan Biosafety zuwa Yarjejeniyar Biological Diversity a cikin Tarihin Tarihi na Tarihin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Audiovisual Library of International Law Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

50257

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvy%20Kalep

Elvy Kalep

Alviine-Johanna Kalep (26 Yuni 1899 15 Agusta 1989), wanda aka fi sani ta Elvy Kalep, 'yar Estoniya ne kuma matukiyar jirgi na farko na ƙasar,kuma mai fasaha,mai zanen wasan yara da marubuciyar yara sau ɗaya. Kalep ta girma a Estonia da Rasha,kuma daga baya ta koma China don tserewa yakin basasa na Rasha.Ta yi aiki a ɗan gajeren lokaci a matsayin mai fassara ga jami'an soja a China kafin ta zauna a Paris don nazarin fasaha tare da Alexandre Jacovleff.A cikin 1931,ta cancanci zama matukiyar jirgi a Jamus,inda ta zama matukiyar jirgi mace ta farko ta Estoniya. tayi abokantaka da ma'aikaciyar jirgin Amurka Amelia Earhart,ta shiga cikin 999 kuma ta ɗauki aikin ƙarfafa wasu mata su shiga jirgin sama. Ta rubuta kuma ta kwatanta littafin yara game da tashi,Air Babies,wanda aka fara bugawa a 1936. Bayan ta zauna a Amurka, Kalep taa kafa kasuwancin kera kayan wasa a New York.Duk da cewa an tilasta mata rufe kasuwancin a 1946 saboda rashin lafiyarta,ta sami rayuwa a cikin shekarun 1950 ta hanyar sayar da haƙƙin mallaka ga ƙirar wasan yara ga manyan ƴan kasuwa.A cikin shekarun baya bayan nan,ta ƙirƙira zane-zane daga fata, waɗanda ta baje kolin a duk faɗin Amurka.Ta mutu a Florida a 1989. Kuruciya An haifi Kalep a ranar 26 ga Yuni 1899 a ƙauyen Taali a Tori Parish, gundumar Pärnu.Ita kaɗai ce 'yar Joanna (née Liidemann) da maƙalla Aksel Emil, waɗanda dukansu suka mutu lokacin da take ƙarama. Ta halarci Tallinna Tütarlaste Kommertsgümnaasium, makarantar sakandaren 'yan mata a Tallinn. lokacin da take matashi, Kalep ta ƙaura zuwa Rasha don ta zauna da wata inna a Saint Petersburg. Ta shaida abubuwan da suka haifar da juyin juya halin Fabrairu a 1917,kuma ta kwana a tsare 'yan sanda a matsayin mai shaida. Ta yi yunkurin guduwa ne a farkon juyin juya halin Musulunci wanda bai yi nasara ba, inda ta shaida yadda aka harbe wasu maza shida a lokacin da suke kan layi don sayen tikitin jirgin kasa daga kasar. Ita da mahaifiyarta sun koma Vladivostok, inda ta auri wani janar na Rasha,Count Slastšov, kuma ta haifi ɗa.Ta zauna a Vladivostok na tsawon shekaru takwas,a lokacin ta yi ƙoƙarin tserewa da yawa,kafin sabon danginta su sami nasarar tserewa zuwa China, mafakar da suka zaɓa saboda alakar Slastšov da Zhang Zuolin. A cikin shekara guda da isa Harbin, China,ɗan Kalep ya mutu kuma mijinta ya ɓace. Kalep ta sami damar tallafawa kanta ta yin aiki a matsayin mai fassara—ta yi magana da Rashanci, Jamusanci, Ingilishi da Sinanci—ga wani janar na Burtaniya a Shenyang. Har ila yau, Zhang Zuolin da ɗansa, Zhang Xueliang suka yi mata aiki, amma ta yanke shawarar komawa Estonia a 1925.Ta bi ta Indonesia, Italiya da Faransa kafin daga bisani ta isa Tallinn a 1926. Ba da daɗewa ba ta zauna a birnin Paris,inda ta yi nazarin fasahar zanen mai tare da mai zanen Rasha Alexandre Jacovleff. Ta auri Rolf Baron von Hoeningen-Bergendorff, wanda dan asalin Jamus ne ko Austriya. Aikin jirgin sama Kalep ta fara shawagi a ƙarshen 1920s,lokacin da ta haɗu da wani ɗan ƙasar Holland Anthony Fokker a lokacin hutu a St. Moritz kuma ta tambaye shi ya koya mata tukin jirgin sama. Ta kammala jirgin sama na sa'o'i biyar tare da Fokker kuma,bayan karya hannunta yayin wani hatsarin sledding a cikin hunturu na 1931,ta ɗauki gwajin matukinta a Jamus a ranar 1 ga Agusta 1931.Ta ci nasara,inda ta zama mace ta farko da ta cancanta daga Estonia, kuma mace ta bakwai da ta ci jarrabawar a Jammus. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan samun lasisinta, Kalep da Valter Mayer, wani makaniki na Jamus, sun haɗu da wani ƙaramin jirgin Klemm daga Berlin ta yankin Baltic, ya tsaya a Szczecin, Gdańsk, Kaunas, Jelgava da Riga,a ƙarshe ya sauka a Tallinn a ranar 18 ga Agusta. Lokacin da ta isa Tallinn, Kalep ta samu tarba daga taron 'yan jarida da jami'an rundunar sojojin saman Estoniya ;Ta ɗan ziyarci dangi a Nõmme kafin ta fara tafiya ta komawa Amsterdam. A cikin Mayu 1932,Kalep ta yi tafiya daga Faransa zuwa New York a kan jirgin ruwa na SS Paris da niyyar komawa Turai ta ƙetare Tekun Atlantika a lokacin,babu wata mace da ta yi wani jirgin sama na transatlantic solo.Ta yi abokantaka da majagaba na jirgin Amurka Amelia Earhart, wanda,ba tare da sanin Kalep ba, tana shirin irin wannan aikin. Bayan nasarar jirgin Earhart daga Kanada zuwa Ireland a ranar 20 ga Mayu,Kalep ta yanke shawarar cewa bai dace ta yi nata yunƙurin shawagi a tekun Atlantika ba, tunda ba za ta ƙara zama mace ta farko da za ta yi hakan ba.Ta ci gaba da karfafa wa sauran mata gwiwa su shiga fagen zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, duk da haka, kuma ta zama mamba a kungiyar mata matukan jirgi ta kasa da kasa ta tarawadda Earhart da wasu mata 98 suka kafa. A cikin watan Agustan 1932, Kalep ta shirya tashi tare da Roger Q. Williams daga Los Angeles zuwa Athens don bikin tsohon birnin na karbar bakuncin gasar Olympics ta lokacin bazara na 1932,amma an soke jirginsu.Ba da daɗewa ba, an ba da rahoton cewa Kalep ta sake yin aure da WE Hutton-Miller,wani ɗan kasuwa na Amurka. A cikin 1936, Kalep ta buga na farko na Air Babies, littafin yara wanda ta rubuta kuma ta kwatanta don koya wa yara game da tashi.Labarin ya biyo bayan jirage matasa biyu,Happy Wings da Speedy, da kuma sake buga 1938 sun haɗa da kalmar daga Earhart, wacce ta hau jirginta na ƙarshe bayan kwanaki uku bayan rubuta wannan yanki; ta bace a lokacin da take tashi a 1937. Daga baya Kalep ta ce game da bacewar Earhart: “Na yi kewarta sosai.Da na ji cewa Amelia ta bace,da kyau,sai na rabu.” Ta ziyarci Baje kolin Duniya na New York na 1939 don haɓaka Air Babies akan talabijin da kuma yin magana a wurin cin abincin rana na Jam'iyyar Mata ta Ƙasa Aikin fasaha da zane Bayan barkewar yakin duniya na biyu a shekara ta 1939,da kuma rabuwar aurenta na uku,Kalep ta fara wani sabon harka ta kasuwanci a kasuwar wasan yara ta Amurka.Ta kera wata ‘yar tsana mai suna Patsie Parachute wadda idan aka jefa ta cikin iska,sai ta fado a hankali kamar yadda mai parachuti zai yi.An samar da ’yan tsana ne a wata masana’anta ta New York inda Kalep da kanta aka tilasta mata yin aiki don ci gaba da kasuwancin. Amma lafiyarta ta tabarbare, kuma ribar da take samu daga wannan sana’ar ta kashe kusan kuxin magani; An tilasta mata rufe masana'antar a 1946. Ta murmure a shekara ta 1950 kuma ta sami rayuwa ta hanyar siyar da haƙƙin mallaka don ƙirar wasan yara ga manyan ƴan kasuwa.Ɗaya daga cikin ƙirar da ta yi nasara ita ce Scribbles Dolls ƴan tsana tare da fuskoki mara kyau waɗanda yara za su iya ƙawata su daban-daban wanda ta sami wahayi daga shugabannin tsana 50,000 da ta bari daga rufe masana'antar Patsie Parachute. A cikin 1960s, yayin da take zaune a Palm Beach,Florida, Kalep ta fara ƙirƙirar zane-zane na fata wanda ta sayar wa makwabta don yin rayuwa. Ta ƙirƙiri zane-zane masu girma uku da aka yi da ƙananan fata masu launi waɗanda aka shigo da su daga Faransa. A cikin 1970s ta nuna fasaharta a cikin nune-nunen a fadin Amurka kuma ta sayar da ayyuka ga manyan abokan ciniki ciki har da Eugene Ormandy. Mutuwa Kalep ta mutu a kan 15 Agusta 1989, tana da shekaru 90,a cikin Regency Health Care Center na Lake Worth, Florida .Ta kasance a wurin tun 1986. Ta yi aure sau uku amma ba ta da iyali a lokacin mutuwarta. An buga Obituaries na Kalep a cikin jaridar Florida Sun-Sentinel da Vaba Eesti Sõna, jaridar Estoniya da aka buga a New York. Nassoshi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

57895

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat-Kohen

Bat-Kohen

Kohen bat ko kohen bat ’yar wani firist ce (firist na Yahudawa), wanda ke da matsayi na musamman a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci da nassosin rabbi Tana da haƙƙin haƙƙoƙi da yawa kuma ana ƙarfafa ta ta bi ƙayyadaddun bukatu, alal misali, haƙƙin cinye wasu kyaututtukan firist, da ƙarin ƙimar ketubah Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci A cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki, Yusufu da Musa sun auri ’ya’ya mata na firistoci waɗanda ba Bayahude ba (Masar da Madayanawa). Amma, a cikin littattafan rabbi, kalmar firist jemage tana nufin ’ya’ya mata na firistoci Yahudawa kaɗai, zuriyar Haruna Idan 'yar firist ta yi zina ta haram, sai a ƙone ta. ya bambanta da hukuncin da aka saba da shi wanda ya kasance shaƙuwa. An ƙyale ’ya’ya mata na firistoci su ci tsarkakakkun kyautai ga firistoci terumot hakodashim kamar yadda ’ya’yan firistoci, da firistoci da kansu, aka ƙyale su. Majiyoyin Rabbi sun kwatanta Tamar a matsayin ’yar Shem, kuma sun yi la’akari da cewa Shem ya kasance firist kafin a ba wa Haruna alkawari na firist Wannan ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa Yahuda ya ba da shawarar a ƙone ta har lahira saboda zarginta da ta yi na jima'i, domin kona wani nau'i ne na hukunci wanda Attaura gabaɗaya ke tanadi ga 'ya'yan firistoci. A cikin adabin rabbi Abubuwan son aure Ko da yake ainihin dokar Attaura ta ba da izinin bawan jemage ya auri wani ɗan ƙawa, mai tuba kuma ya ’yantu bawa (Ibrananci eved me shukhrar Midrash da Talmud sun faɗi ra’ayin Rabbi Yochanan cewa ’yar firist ita ce ta fi dacewa ta auri firist. Rabbi Yochanan ya ci gaba da cewa idan wani malamin jemage ya auri wanda ba Kohen ba, akwai yuwuwar samun sakamakon da ba a so ga ango, kamar talauci ko mutuwar ango. Banda wannan haramun shine idan angon Talmid Chacham ne. Talmud ya ba da labarin yadda Tanna Rabbi Yehoshua ya auri matar da ba ta kohen ba, sannan ya koka da cewa ta raunana shi. Rashi ya bayyana cewa auren lafin jemage da mutumin da ba malami ba, ko Talmid Chacham, ana daukarsa a matsayin zage-zage ne ga darajar Haruna, kuma shi kansa Haruna yana jin haushin rage zuriyarsa, wanda ke haifar da mummunan sakamako. Babban malamin Burtaniya Nathan Marcus Adler ya yi mulki a shekara ta 1863 cewa 'yar Cohen na iya auren wanda ba Cohen ba. Amfani da kyaututtukan firist Nau'in hadayu na firist ɗin ya hada da nono, da cinyar hadaya ta salama, da malmallu huɗu na hadaya ta godiya, da maƙarƙashiyar ragon na Nazirite Bat-kohen na iya ba wa ma'aikatanta damar cin abinci a cikin tarumah A fasaha, za ta iya ƙetare mahaifinta (ko mijinta) kuma da farko ta ba ta zakka da hadayar kullu, amma Menachem Meiri ya hana hakan na damuwa cewa mutum zai iya ba da waɗannan kyaututtukan cikin kuskure ga matar wani Kohen da farko ’yar Ba’isra’ile ce. post dinta, irin wannan bayar da kyaututtuka ga mutumin da ba shi da hakkin samun kyauta. ’Yar firist ma an yarda ta cinye ɗan fari Game da ƙafar ƙafa, kunci da maw, akwai jayayya ta Tannaitic (tsakanin makarantun Rabbi Isma'ilu da Rabbi Eliezer Ben Yakov game da ko Ba'isra'ile yana yin mitzvah ta hanyar ba da su ga bat-kohen. Ketubah Kotun firist (kafin 70 CE) ya kafa cewa budurwa bat-kohen za ta karɓi ketubah na Zuz 400 (maimakon ma'auni na 200 Zuz na budurwa Bayahude). (Duk da haka, Talmud Yerushalmi ya yi nuni da cewa bat-kohen da ya auri wanda ba Kohen ba ya karɓi wannan ma'auni na 200 Zuz, a matsayin hukunci na rashin yin aure a cikin firist. Bat-kohen da ya mutu zai karɓi daidaitaccen Zuz 100 na gwauraye, kodayake a wani lokaci an ƙara wannan adadin zuwa 200 Zuz. Rabbeinu Tam ya fayyace cewa kalmomin da ke cikin Ketuboth "abin da ya dace da ku" (Aramaic d'chazi l'chi shi ne ya nuna cewa yawan adadin ba a matsayin kari ba (Aramaic tosefet kethuba amma ainihin adadin (Aramaic ikkar kethuba Hakanan, Asher ben Jehiel ya bayyana cewa cikakken adadin 400 Zuz yana iya tattarawa ko da a cikin ainihin takaddar ketubah ta ɓace, kuma ko da mafi girman adadin zuz 400 ba a rubuta a ketubah ba, duk wannan tare da niyyar bayyana mahimmancin 'ya'yan Kohanim. Shneur Zalman na Liadi ya bayyana cewa bikin daurin aure da bukin liman jemage ga wanda ba kohen ba ba a daukarsa a matsayin seudat mitzvah, tunda auren na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako. An yi ketubah 400-Zuz ketubah a lokacin amoric, amma daga nan gaba, ba a sami adadin adadin da aka samu a tushen rabbin ba. Hujja Jonathan na Lunel ya kwatanta adadin da ya wuce kima da aka bai wa shugaban jemage a matsayin abin da ya dace da ita da danginta don kiyaye dokokin Attaura da hani da suka shafi iyalan firistoci da kuma kiyaye gadon yukhsin na zuriyar firist. Ya ki yarda da ra'ayin cewa irin wannan wuce gona da iri zai haifar da hassada da kishi daga iyalan da ba firistoci ba (waɗanda ba su da haƙƙin haƙƙin wuce gona da iri). Yusuf bn Habib ya kafa hujja da wannan abin da ya wuce gona da iri da cewa babban abin kunya ne ga wani malami idan aka saki ‘yarsa, kuma mafi girman kimar ketubah yana hana mazaje su saki mata ’yan jemage. Sauran Sa’ad da ’yar firist ta yi zina, ba kawai ta fuskanci hukunci na musamman na ƙonawa ba (maimakon shaƙewa), amma an rage wa mahaifinta daraja daga tsarkakar da firistoci suka ba ta Jemage-kohen yana karɓar ƙayyadaddun bayanai masu sassaucin ra'ayi a cikin shirye-shiryenta na nutsewa Ba za a fanshi ɗan fari na 'yar firist ko Balawe a kwana talatin ba. Wani marubuci ya ce ya kamata kohen jemage ya kasance yana da fifiko wajen jagorantar zimmun na mata kamar yadda liman ke yi wa zimmun na maza. A cikin Yahudanci na zamani A zamanin yau, Orthodox da yawancin malamai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suna riƙe da matsayin cewa mutum ne kaɗai zai iya zama liman, kuma an san ɗiyar firist a matsayin kohen jemage ne kawai ta waɗannan ƙayyadaddun hanyoyin da aka gano a baya. Saboda haka, a cikin addinin Yahudanci na Orthodox maza ne kawai za su iya yin Albarkar Firist kuma su karɓi aliya ta farko yayin karatun Attaura na jama'a, kuma galibi ba a ba mata izinin yin hidima a bikin Pidyon HaBen ba. Hakazalika, kwamitin halakha mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a Isra'ila ya yanke hukuncin cewa mata ba sa karɓar irin wannan aliyot kuma ba za su iya yin irin waɗannan ayyuka daidai ba, kuma yawancin majami'un Conservative na gargajiya sun riƙe matsayin jinsi na gargajiya kuma ba sa barin mata su yi waɗannan ayyukan kwata-kwata. Sauran malamai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, tare da wasu malamai na Reformist da Reconstructionist, an shirya su ba da matsayin malami daidai ga ɗiyar firist. Ƙungiyar Conservative ta Amurka, wanda ya yi daidai da ra'ayin cewa ba za a maido da sadaukarwa a cikin Haikali ba kuma bisa la'akari da sadaukarwar ikilisiyoyi da yawa game da jinsi (amma ba kabilanci) ba, ta fassara sassan da suka dace na Talmudic don ba da izinin kawar da mafi yawan bambance-bambance tsakanin namiji da mace. kohanim a cikin ikilisiyoyi waɗanda ke riƙe matsayin ƙabilanci yayin da suke canza matsayin jinsi na gargajiya. Sun kafa wannan sassaucin bisa ra'ayin cewa gatan firist ba ya zuwa daga miƙa hadayun Haikali amma kawai daga tsattsarkan layi, kuma bikin kamar Albarkar Firist yakamata ya samo asali daga tushensu na Haikali. (Hujjar shigar mata a cikin Blessing na Firist ya yarda cewa kohanim namiji ne kawai zai iya yin wannan al'ada a zamanin Haikali, amma cewa bikin ba ya da tushe a cikin Haikali; haɗin gwiwa tare da Haikali ta wurin umarnin rabbi; da malamai don haka suna da ikon ba da izinin yin aikin ya samo asali daga tushensa na Haikali). A sakamakon haka, wasu majami'u masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun ba wa liman jemage damar yin Albarkar Firist da bikin Pidyon HaBen, kuma ya karɓi aliya ta farko yayin karatun Attaura. Yawancin majami'u masu ra'ayin mazan jiya masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun soke ayyukan kabilanci na gargajiya kuma ba sa yin bukukuwan da suka shafi malamai (kamar albarkar Firist ko kiran firist zuwa ga aliya ta farko). Yawancin haikalin Reform da Reconstructionist sun ɗauki irin wannan matsayi. Wasu kungiyoyin addu’o’in mata da suke gudanar da ayyukansu karkashin jagorancin halakiyya na malaman addini wadanda ba mabiya addinin Islama ba, wadanda kuma suke gudanar da karatun Attaura ga mata kawai, sun daidaita al’adar kiran lafin jemage ga aliya ta farko, da kuma lefi na biyu. In Kabbalah Isaac Luria ya bayyana mummunan al'amari na kohen bat ba ya auri kohen daga ra'ayin Kabbalistic, ta amfani da gematria cewa tun da haruffan Ibrananci KHN waɗanda ke rubuta "kohen") ba su da daidaito ta amfani da dabarar Ayak Becher, don haka yana da kyau liman ya auri firist. Tsarin, in ji Luria, ya nuna cewa irin wannan aure tsakanin iyalan Kohanic yana aiki da kyau. A cikin adabi Abubuwan da ake tsammani a kan 'yar Kohen a cikin Julian Stryjkowski 's Muryar a cikin Duhu. Duba kuma Bat Lewi Halakha da aka ba Musa a kan Sinai Kara karantawa Bat Kohen Auren Jemage Kohen Zuwa Kohen Igud HaKohanim, Published 2019 Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

25214

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch%20Taylor

Scotch Taylor

Alistair Innes 'Scotch' Taylor (1925 7 Fabrairu, shekara ta 2004 a birnin Johannesburg) ya Afrika ta Kudu wasa da suka buga na farko-aji wasan kurket da hockey for Transvaal, da kuma kyaftin din da Transvaal wasan kurket tawagar for hudu yanayi. Taylor ya wakilci Afirka ta Kudu a gwajin Cricket daya a shekara ta 1956. Ya kasance tsohon dalibin Makarantar King Edward VII, ya kafa sashin squash a cikin kulob din Old Edwardians, kuma an zabe shi shugaban kungiyar Hockey ta Afirka ta Kudu Taylor ya mutu sakamakon bugun jini yana da shekaru 78 a rayuwa. Sana'ar wasan kurket Haihuwar 25 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta 1925 a Johannesburg, Taylor babban jemage ne, kuma ya fara buga gasar cin kofin Currie a matsayin mai buɗe ido da Rhodesia a 1950-51 Ya ci karni na farko a wasan da ya biyo baya, yayin da Griqualand West ta sha kashi da ci 332 kuma Taylor ya kara 204 don bugun farko tare da gogaggen dan Afirka ta Kudu Eric Rowan, wanda ya karya tarihin rikodin Currie Cup na baya yayin wasan. Transvaal ya lashe Kofin Currie na 1950 51, ya buga wasa ɗaya kacal, kuma tare da gudanar da 368 Taylor ya gama na goma a gasar Currie Cup yana da ƙima, kawai a bayan Rowan don Transvaal. A cikin kakar 1951 52, Taylor ya fita daga cikin ƙungiyar kuma Transvaal ya koma zuwa Sashe na B, amma ya dawo tare da wickets ɗari da huɗu a wasan share fage na farko da Natal a watan Nuwamban shekara ta 1952. Kuma duk da cewa ya faɗi a matsayi na 25 a cikin wasannin da ake yi na kakar wasa, ya buga 164 a cikin nasarar da aka samu a kan iyaka, inda ya ƙara 274 tare da Rowan a farkon wicket. Ya yi, duk da haka, ya yi rikodin maki shida a ƙasa da 20, kuma an jefa shi a wasan dawo da iyaka, inda Transvaal ya yi rashin nasara. Hakanan an yi amfani da ƙwallonsa, yayin da ya ɗauki wickets 10 a matsakaicin ƙwallon ƙafa na 32.30 a kakar. Babu Kofin Currie a kakar wasa mai zuwa, amma har yanzu Taylor ya buga wasanni na aji uku na farko, duk da cewa an sake shi. A kan yawon shakatawa na 'yan New Zealand Taylor ya yi fama da lamba bakwai; a cikin wasan da ruwan sama ya shafa a Ellis Park, Transvaal ya buga 145 don takwas a cikin 29 over, tare da Taylor ya mari Tony MacGibbon, Bob Blair da John Richard Reid don tsere 64, 40 fiye da kowane dan wasan Transvaal. Transvaal ya baiyana cikin dare, yana biye da gudu 71, amma New Zealand ta ci ranar don yin canjaras. Ba tare da Taylor ba, Transvaal ya ci wasan su na farko na 1954-55, amma Taylor ya taka leda a wasan da ke kare Yankin Yammacin Yammacin Turai, yana yin babban matsayi mafi girma na 180 kamar yadda Transvaal ya ci nasara ta hanyar innings da gudu 306. Mako mai zuwa a kan Natal, shi da Ken Funston sun ɗauki Transvaal a cikin tsere 32 na farko na Natal duka tare da wickets takwas a hannu, amma Hugh Tayfield da Ian Smith, sannan Tayfield ya ɗora ta don tara yayin da Transvaal ya yi 99 don neman burin 246 don cin nasara. Kamar yadda Trevor Goddard '55 ya taimaki Natal ya fitar da ƙwallo 46 a fafatawar da aka yi, inda Taylor ya ci 61 daga cikin ƙungiyarsa ta 423 da ke gudana cikin innings biyu, kuma Transvaal kuma ya kasa doke lardin Yammacin Turai, dole ne su gamsu da matsayi na biyu. tare da tsere 461, mafi yawan Taylor da ya yi a lokacin gasar cin kofin Currie, Taylor ya gama na bakwai a jerin gwanon amma ya kai matsakaicin matsakaicin bugun. Taylor ya sami matsayin kaftin dinsa a kakar wasa mai zuwa, inda ya jagoranci tawagarsa zuwa nasara 52 a lardin Gabas da jagorantar gasar, amma ya biyo baya ta hanyar samun nasara daga Hugh Roy (mai matsakaicin matsakaici tare da matsakaicin aikin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na 42) a matsayin Transvaal ya bi 272 don nasarar su ta uku. Duk da rashin nasara na 91 Endean, Transvaal ya sha kashi, kuma Lardin Yammacin ya fara daga farkon wanda zai kai ga lashe Kofin Currie. Har ila yau Transvaal ya rasa sauran fafatawar da suka yi da Lardin Yammacin Turai, yayin da suka fatattaki 120 tare da kwallaye takwas a kan wicket da ruwan sama ya shafa. Taylor ya zira kwallaye mafi yawa bayan an saka shi a bude. Koyaya, ya samu hamsin kawai a cikin kakar, kuma tare da gudu 235 ya gama na 34 akan teburin wasannin Currie Cup. Babu wasan kurket na Currie a kakar wasa mai zuwa, yayin da Ingila ta zagaya kuma ta buga wasanni 20 na matakin farko. Koyaya, akwai wasan aji na farko tsakanin Transvaal da Natal, kuma bayan ƙarewa a cikin innings na farko Taylor ya buga 85 yayin da Transvaal ya murmure daga raunin innings na farko na 145 don cin wasan da wickets uku. Taylor ya buga wasanni biyu na Transvaal da XI na Afirka ta Kudu a kan masu yawon buɗe ido, kuma tare da kyaftin Jackie McGlew daga cikin tawagar Gwajin da raunin da ya sa aka ɗauke shi don gwajin farko da aka fara a Hauwa'u Kirsimeti. Ya ƙare tare da 12 da 6 a cikin ƙirarsa biyu, yayin da Ingila ta ci Jarabawa ta gudu 131. McGlew ya dawo don Gwaji na biyu, amma bai sami damar sake yin wasa ba, amma a yanzu an fi son mai buɗe Rhodesia Tony Pithey a kan Taylor, wanda ya ƙare kakar tare da matsakaicin matakin aji na 22. Lokaci na gaba ya ɗan fi kyau. Kodayake Transvaal ya sake doke Natal, Taylor ya sake fitowa cikin adadi ɗaya, kuma a cikin wasanninsa biyu da ya yi da Australiya masu yawon buɗe ido ya kasa yin hamsin koda sau ɗaya, don haka ya kasa wuce 50 a karon farko tun lokacin wasansa ɗaya a 1949- 50. Shekaru hamsin da hamsin a kakar da ta biyo baya sun taimaka masa ya kai matsakaicin adadin batutuwan zuwa 24.92 kamar yadda aka sake buga gasar Currie Cup, kuma a lokacin ruwan sama ya gama na 20 a cikin ƙidaya kuma Transvaal ya lashe Kofin bayan cin nasara akan Lardin Yammacin da kuma yi kunnen doki da Natal a wasanni biyu na ƙarshe. Taylor ya kasance kyaftin a wasanni hudu daga cikin shida. Adadinsa na ƙarshe ya zo a kakar wasa mai zuwa, a cikin tsere na 197 tare da Russell Endean yayin da Innings da 44 suka ci nasara, tare da Transvaal ya rasa wickets biyu kawai. Taylor ya yi tsere 353, na goma a gasar Currie, amma kawai ya yi 15 da 0 a matsayin mai yanke hukunci kan Natal, wanda Natal ya zana don lashe taken bayan sanya Transvaal ya biyo baya. Ya yi wasansa na ƙarshe da ƙungiyar Cavaliers ta Duniya wacce ta zagaya Afirka ta Kudu a farkon watanni na kakar 1960-61, inda ya yi 7 da 41 a kan ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Fred Trueman da Brian Statham. Mutuwa Ya mutu ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2004 a Johannesburg. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Scotch Taylor a Takaitaccen lissafi daga CricketArchive Mutuwan

26002

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA

FA

FA, Fa ko fa na iya nufin to: Mutane Fa na Xia (Emperor Fa, Sarkin China 1747 1728 BC FA Davis (1850–1917), babban jami’in buga littattafai wanda ya kafa birnin Pinellas Park FA Dry (an haife shi 1931), tsohon kocin ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka FA Forbes (1869-1936), sunan mahaifiyar Frances Alice Monica Forbes, marubucin addini FA Harper (1905-1973), masanin Amurka, masanin tattalin arziki kuma marubuci, wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Dan Adam. FA Hayek (1899-1992), masanin tattalin arziki wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel FA Henninger (1865 1944), babban masanin gine -gine na Omaha, Nebraska FA Heydtmann (ya mutu a shekara ta 1858), kyaftin na mai tuƙi Austria FA Mitchell-Hedges (1882–1959), mawaƙin turanchi matafiyi kuma marubuci FA Nettelbeck (1950 2011), mawaƙin Amurka FA Turner (1858 1923), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka na lokacin shiru, wani lokacin ana kiransa Fred Turner Wurare Fa, Aude, wani ƙungiya daga Aude a Faransa Falmouth Academy, makarantar shirye-shiryen kwaleji mai zaman kanta a Falmouth, Massachusetts, Amurka Foxcroft Academy, makarantar sakandare mai zaman kanta a Dover-Foxcroft, Maine, Amurka Kwalejin Abokai, makarantar share fage ta kwaleji ta Quaker a Locust Valley, New York, Amurka Fryeburg Academy, makaranta ce mai zaman kanta a Fryeburg, Maine, Amurka Zane-zane da nishaɗi Fa (bayanin kiɗa), sunan F a cikin madaidaicin-do solfège Fa Yuiry, halin almara a cikin Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam Fantasy Advertiser, daga baya ya gajarta zuwa FA, mujallar wasan barkwanci ta Burtaniya <i id="mwQQ">Makamai</i> (wasan bidiyo), canjin Half-Life na 1998 wanda aka taƙaice a matsayin FA Gwamnati, doka da siyasa Fa (ra'ayi), falsafar falsafa ta China wacce ke rufe doka, da'a, da dabaru Falange Auténtica (Autan Firist Phalanx), wata ƙungiya ce ta Falangist a Spain Hukumar Kifi, kamfani ne na gwamnati a Taiwan Math, kimiyya, da fasaha Binciken factor, hanyar ƙididdiga Fanconi anemia, cuta ce mai ƙarancin gaske Fatty acid, acid carboxylic tare da dogon sarkar aliphatic Fayalite, memba na ƙarshen ƙarfe mai wadataccen ƙarfe a cikin jerin mahimman ma'adinai na olivine Femtoampere (fA), siginar SI na wutar lantarki daidai da 10 −15 A Fluorescein angiography, dabara ce don bincika zagayarwar kwayar ido da choroid na ido Folic acid, daya daga cikin bitamin B. Folinic acid, magani Anisotropy fractional, ƙimar da ke bayyana anisotropy na tsarin watsawa Ataxia na Friedreich, cuta ce ta gado wanda ke haifar da lalacewar ci gaba ga tsarin mai juyayi Nikon FA, mai shekara 35 mm SLR kyamara Soja Focke-Achgelis, wani tsohon kamfanin kera jirgi mai saukar ungulu Forschungsamt (Ofishin Bincike na Ma'aikatar Jirgin sama ta Reich), siginar bayanan sirri da hukumar cryptanalytic na Jam'iyyar Nazi ta Jamus Frankford Arsenal, tsohuwar masana'antar harsasai ta Sojojin Amurka a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Jirgin Sama na Farko (Frontovaya Aviatsiya ko "FA"), wani reshe na Sojojin Sojojin Soviet sun mai da hankali kan tsaron iska a fagen fama. Janar Aviation XFA, jirgin gwaji na Sojojin Amurka Wasanni Hukumar Kwallon Kafa, hukumar da ke tsara kwallon kafa a Ingila Hawan farko, a hawa Sufuri ALCO FA, wani locomotive na Amurka wanda ALCO ya yi Hasashen yanki, a cikin jirgin sama Ferrocarriles Argentinos, hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa na Argentina Safair (IATA airline designator FA), wani kamfanin jiragen sama na Afirka ta Kudu NZR F <sup id="mwhQ">A</sup> Class, aclass na locomotive tururi da aka yi amfani da shi akan layin dogo na New Zealand Sauran amfani FA ko Intermediate of Arts, difloma na ilimi Fa (alama), alama ce don samfuran kulawa na sirri Fa (harafi), harafi na goma sha bakwai na abjad na larabci Fa ko Fall (naúrar), tsohuwar ma'aunin Scottish na tsawon Farsi (Harshen Farisanci; ISO 639-1 code FA) Fat admirer, mutum ya ja hankalin mata masu kiba Mai ba da shawara na kuɗi, ƙwararre wanda ke ba da sabis na kuɗi ga abokan ciniki Abincin Abinci a cikin Maimaitawar Maidowa (FA), shirin murmurewa wanda ya dogara da Matakai Goma sha Biyu na Alcoholics Anonymous Sweet FA, jumlar lafazin Burtaniya mai ma'ana 'babu

39896

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf%20Ali%20Kenadid

Yusuf Ali Kenadid

Yusuf Ali Kenadid Somali 1837 14 ga Agusta shekarar 1911) wani Sarkin Somaliya ne. Shi ne wanda ya kafa daular Sarkin Musulmi a watan Afrilun shekara ta alif 1878. Shi ne ɗansa Ali Yusuf Kenadid ya gaje shi a kan karagar mulki. Danginsa Yusuf Ali Kenadid an haife shi a cikin Bah Yaaqub (bangaren babban Bah Dirooble) ahalin Osman Mahamuud, dangin Majeerteen Darod. Shi ne mahaifin Osman Yusuf Kenadid, wanda zai ci gaba da ƙirƙirar rubutun Osmanya don harshen Somaliya. Jikan Yusuf Ali, Yasin Osman Kenadid, daga baya zai taimaka wajen samar da Jama'a don Harshe da kuma Adabin Somaliya Yusuf Ali bai da alaka ga zuriyar daular da ta gabata da ta yi mulkin arewa maso gabashin Somaliya. Ya tara dukiyarsa da kansa, kuma daga baya zai ya zama ƙwararren shugaban soji wanda ke ba da umarnin ƙarin manyan sojoji. "Kenadid" ba sunan sa ba ne, amma sunan da abokan hamayya suka ba shi ne. Kamar yadda aka saba a tsakanin fitattun ‘yan kasuwa a birane na wannan lokacin, don tabbatar da samun nasarar kasuwanci a cikin gida, Kenadid ya auri wata mata ‘yar gida. Yayin da yake tafiya bakin teku a matsayinsa na ɗan kasuwa, zai danka al'amuran kasuwancinsa ga matarsa ta biyu, Khadija. Ayyukan da ta yi a lokacin da mijinta ba ya nan sun haɗa da kula da harkokin kasuwanci na yau da kullun da jama'ar yankin, karɓar bashi, samun lamuni, da kiyaye hajojin da aka samu a tafiye-tafiyen da suka gabata. Dan Yusf Ali Ali Yusuf ya gaje shi a matsayin Sarkin Hobyo. Majeerteen da Hobyo Sultanates Da farko dai burin Kenadid shi ne ya karɓe iko da Majeerteen Sultanate (Migiurtinia) da ke makwabtaka da shi, wanda dan uwansa Sarki Osman Mahamuud ya mulki. Duk da haka, bai yi nasara a wannan aikin ba, kuma a ƙarshe an tilasta masa yin hijira zuwa Yemen. Shekaru goma bayan haka, a cikin shekarar 1870s, Kenadid ya dawo daga yankin Larabawa tare da ƙungiyar musketeers Hadhrami da gungun laftanar masu sadaukarwa. Yarjejeniyar kariyar ta Hobyo da Italiya Bayan ya ƙarfafa ikonsa a Hobyo, don kare kansa daga baya, ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta kariya da Italiya, har yanzu mai iko ne kawai. A haƙiƙa, neman kariya daga Turawa. Yusuf Ali da kansa ya sanar da hukumomin Italiya daga tuntuɓar farko don kafa kariyar. Duk da haka, babu wani shiga tsakani kai tsaye kuma wannan shine mai yiwuwa nunin cewa zaɓin Italiya a matsayin mai tsaro zai iya zama mafi dacewa daidai saboda ya kasa tsoma baki a cikin harkokin cikin gidan Sarkin Musulmi. Kuma watakila wannan shine dalilin da ya sa Kenadiid ya iya daga baya ya shawo kan Sarki Osman ya amince da laima na Italiya a kan masarautar Sultanate a Bari. Kariyar Italiya za ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen faɗaɗa Sultanate zuwa ciki. A cikin shekarar 1889, lokacin da aka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kariyar, ikon sultan kawai ya ƙarfafa a kan iyakacin iyaka na bakin teku: yarjejeniyar, a gefe guda, ta amince da shi a matsayin mai mulki tsakanin Ras Awath (Cabaad), zuwa arewa, har zuwa cikin Mereeg da tsakar rana, sannan gaba ɗayan hanyar zuwa tekun yankin Habar Gidir. A maimakon haka, tun da farko an cire yankin arewacin Mudug, Umar Maxamuud, daga cikin yarjejeniyar, ciki har da yankin Abgaal-Waceesle na Mereeg wanda kamar yadda za mu gani shi ne tushen tashe-tashen hankula. Wannan laima mai kariya ta kasance garanti daga tsoma bakin sauran ƙasashen waje a tsakanin su Jamus amma faɗaɗa ikon mulkin Sarkin Musulmi a ciki wani shiri ne na Sarkin Musulmi. Sharuɗɗan kowace yarjejeniya ta bayyana cewa Italiya za ta kawar da duk wani tsoma baki a cikin gwamnatocin sarakunan. Domin samun makamai na Italiya da tallafin shekara-shekara, Sultans sun amince da mafi ƙarancin kulawa da rangwamen tattalin arziki. Italiyawa kuma sun amince da aikewa da wasu jakadu kaɗan don inganta duka sarakunan da bukatunsu. Ƙaura Sai dai alakar da ke tsakanin Obbia Sultanate da Italiya ta yi tsami ne a lokacin da Sultan Kenadid ya ki amincewa da shawarar da Italiyawa suka yi na ba wa tawagar sojojin Birtaniya damar sauka a cikin masarautarsa domin su ci gaba da yaƙin su da Diriye Guure da Sarkinsa Mohammed Abdullah Hassan 's Sojojin Dervish. Da yake kallon barazanar da Italiyawa ke yi, Sultan Kenadid daga karshe an kai shi gudun hijira zuwa Aden a Yemen sannan zuwa Eritrea, kamar yadda ɗansa Ali Yusuf, magajin gadon sarauta ya yi. Sai dai ba kamar yankunan kudanci ba, sarakunan arewa ba su kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin kai tsaye ba saboda yarjejeniyar da suka kulla da Italiya a baya. Ali Suji A cewar Angus Hamilton, Cali Xaaji Axmed Aaden Suji shi ne babban kwamanda a cikin darajojin Dervish a cikin 1903, yana kiran Ali Suji dervish "laftanar na farko". Angus ya kuma bayyana cewa, saboda girman darajar ALi Suji, Yusuf Ali Kenadid ya kai wa Ali Suji hari maimakon Mullah: Ko da yake a farkon shekara ta 1903 Ali Suji ya jagoranci sojojin dawaki, kafin yakin Ruuga ya jagoranci sojojin dawakai na Derwish: Duba kuma Osman Mahamuud Burhaan Osman Yusuf Kenadid Mohamoud Ali Shire Manazarta Bayanan kula The Majeerteen Sultanates Hanyoyin haɗin waje The Majeerteen Sultanates Ethnic Somali people Somali sultans 19th-century Somalian

59541

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin%20ruwa

Turin ruwa

Turin ruwa, tururin ruwa ko tururin ruwa shine yanayin gas na ruwa Yana daya daga cikin yanayin ruwa a cikin hydrosphere. Za a iya samar da tururin ruwa daga tafasar ruwa ko kuma dagaƙanƙara Turin ruwa a bayyane yake, kamar yawancin abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi. A ƙarƙashin yanayin yanayi na yau da kullun, tururi na ruwa yana ci gaba da haifar da ƙashin ruwa kuma ana cire shi ta hanyar tari Ba shi da yawa fiye da yawancin sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da iska kuma yana haifar da igiyar ruwa wanda zai iya haifar da gajimare da hazo. Kasancewa wani bangare na tsarin hydrosphere na duniya da sake zagayowar ruwa, yana da yawa musamman a cikin yanayin duniya, inda yake aiki azaman iskar gas da ɗumamar ra'ayi, yana ba da gudummawa ga jimlar tasirin greenhouse fiye da iskar gas ɗin da ba za a iya jurewa ba kamar carbon dioxide da methane Amfani da tururin ruwa, azaman tururi, yana da mahimmanci don dafa abinci, kuma a matsayin babban sashi a cikin samar da makamashi da tsarin sufuri tun juyin juya halin masana'antu Turin ruwa wani nau'in yanayi ne na yau da kullun, yana samuwa ko da a cikin yanayin hasken rana da kuma kowace duniyar da ke cikin Tsarin Rana da abubuwa da yawa na taurari da suka hada da tauraron dan adam na halitta, tauraron dan adam har ma da manyan taurari Haka kuma gano tururin ruwa daga hasken rana zai nuna irin wannan rarraba a cikin sauran tsarin duniya. Har ila yau, tururin ruwa na iya zama shaida ta kai tsaye da ke goyan bayan kasancewar ruwan ruwa na waje a cikin yanayin wasu abubuwa masu tarin yawa. Kayayyaki Evaporation A duk lokacin da kwayoyin ruwa ya bar sama ya watsa zuwa wani iskar da ke kewaye, an ce ya kwashe Kowane ɗayan kwayoyin halittar ruwa wanda ke canzawa tsakanin mafi alaƙa (ruwa) da ƙasa mai alaƙa tururi iskar gas) yana yin haka ta hanyar sha ko sakin makamashin motsa jiki Ma'auni na jimlar wannan canjin makamashin motsa jiki ana bayyana shi azaman makamashin thermal kuma yana faruwa ne kawai lokacin da aka sami bambanci a yanayin zafin kwayoyin ruwa. Ruwan ruwa wanda ya zama tururin ruwa yana ɗaukar wani yanki na zafi da shi, a cikin wani tsari da ake kira evaporative cooling Adadin tururin ruwa a cikin iska yana ƙayyade yadda akai-akai kwayoyin zasu dawo saman. Lokacin da ƙawancen gidan yanar gizon ya faru, jikin ruwa zai sha ruwan sanyi kai tsaye da ke da alaƙa da asarar ruwa. A cikin Amurka, Ma'aikatar Yanayi ta Ƙasa tana auna ainihin ƙimar ƙawancewar ruwa daga daidaitaccen "kwandon" buɗaɗɗen ruwa a waje, a wurare daban-daban a cikin ƙasa. Wasu kuma suna yin haka a duniya. Ana tattara bayanan Amurka kuma ana haɗa su cikin taswirar ƙafe na shekara-shekara. Ma'auni sun bambanta daga ƙasa da 30 zuwa sama da 120 inci a kowace shekara. Ana iya amfani da fomula don ƙididdige ƙimar ƙawancen ruwa daga saman ruwa kamar wurin iyo. A wasu ƙasashe, ƙimar ƙawancen ya zarce yawan hazo An iyakance sanyayawar iska ta yanayin yanayi Humidity shine adadin tururin ruwa a cikin iska. Ana auna abun cikin tururi da na'urori da aka sani da hygrometers Yawanci ana bayyana ma'aunin azaman ƙayyadaddun zafi ko yanayin zafi na dangi Yanayin yanayin yanayi da saman ruwa suna ƙayyade ma'aunin tururin matsa lamba; 100% dangi zafi yana faruwa lokacin da ɓangaren ɓangaren tururin ruwa yayi daidai da ma'aunin tururin ma'auni. Ana kiran wannan yanayin a matsayin cikakken jikewa. Danshi ya tashi daga 0 gram a kowace mita cubic a bushewar iska zuwa 30 gram a kowace mita mai siffar sukari (0.03 ounce kowace ƙafar cubic) lokacin da tururi ya cika a 30 °C. Sublimation Sublimation shine tsarin da kwayoyin ruwa ke barin saman kankara kai tsaye ba tare da fara zama ruwan ruwa ba. Sublimation yana haifar da jinkirin bacewar kankara da dusar ƙanƙara a yanayin zafi da ƙasa don haifar da narkewa. Antarctica tana nuna wannan tasirin zuwa wani mataki na musamman domin ita ce nahiyar da ke da mafi ƙarancin hazo a duniya. A sakamakon haka, akwai manyan wuraren da dusar ƙanƙara ta shekara dubu ta yi ta zubewa, ta bar duk wani kayan da ba su da ƙarfi da suke da su. Wannan yana da matukar mahimmanci ga wasu fannonin kimiyya, misali mai ban mamaki shine tarin meteorites waɗanda aka bar su a cikin lambobi marasa misaltuwa da kyawawan yanayin kiyayewa. Sublimation yana da mahimmanci a cikin shirye-shiryen wasu nau'ikan samfurori na halitta don bincika microscopy na lantarki. Yawanci ana shirya samfurori ta hanyar cryofixation da daskarewa-karye, bayan haka an yi daskarewa, ana lalata shi ta hanyar fallasawa har sai ya nuna matakin da ake buƙata. Wannan dabarar na iya nuna kwayoyin furotin, tsarin organelle da lipid bilayers tare da ƙananan digiri na karkatarwa. Condensation Rashin ruwa zai taru ne kawai a kan wani wuri lokacin da wannan wuri ya fi sanyi fiye da zafin raɓa, ko kuma lokacin da aka wuce ma'aunin tururin ruwa a cikin iska. Lokacin da tururi na ruwa ya taru a kan farfajiyar, ana samun zafi a kan wannan farfajilar. Kwayar ruwa tana kawo wutar lantarki tare da ita. Hakanan, zafin jiki na yanayi yana raguwa dan kadan. A cikin yanayi, condensation yana samar da girgije, hazo da hazo (yawanci kawai lokacin da aka sauƙaƙe ta ji hanyar girgije). Matsayin raɓa na ɓangaren iska shine zafin jiki wanda dole ne ya sanyaya kafin tururin ruwa a cikin iska ya fara tarwatsawa. Condensation a cikin yanayi yana samar da ɗigon girgije. Har ila yau, tarin tururi na ruwa yana faruwa a saman lokacin da zafin jiki na farfajiyar ya kasance a ko ƙasa da zafin raɓa na yanayi. Kashewa wani canji ne na lokaci daban daga kwantar da hankali wanda ke haifar da samar da kankara kai tsaye daga tururin ruwa. Frost da dusar ƙanƙara misalai ne na saukowa. Akwai hanyoyi da yawa na sanyaya wanda ke faruwa: Ana iya ɗaga iska ta duwatsu, wanda ke karkatar da iska sama, ta hanyar convection, da kuma sanyi da dumi. Muhimmancin da Amfani Yana samar da ruwa ga shuke-shuke da dabbobi: Rashin ruwa yana canzawa zuwa ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara wanda ke aiki a matsayin tushen ruwa na halitta ga shuke'u da dabbobi. Halayen sinadarai Yawancin halayen sunadarai suna da ruwa a matsayin samfurin. Idan halayen sun faru a yanayin zafi mafi girma fiye da raɓa na iska da ke kewaye da ruwa za a kafa shi azaman tururi kuma ya kara yawan danshi na gida, idan a ƙasa da raɓa za a sami tarwatsawa na gida. Halin da ke haifar da samar da ruwa shine ƙone hydrogen ko hydrocarbons a cikin iska ko wasu iskar oxygen da ke dauke da cakuda gas, ko kuma sakamakon halayen tare da oxidizers. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba