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48735 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20Dan%20Adam%20a%20Slovakia | Hakkin Dan Adam a Slovakia | Dokokin Slovakia ne ke tafiyar da haƙƙin ɗan adam a Slovakia kuma ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar Majalisar Turai ke kula da su Tushen doka Babi na biyu na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Slovakia ya zayyana hakkoki da yancin da doka ta tanadar. Waɗannan sun haɗa da haƙƙoƙin rayuwa, keɓantawa, tsari, mutunci, dukiya, addini, yancin motsi, yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, ‘yancin yin jarida, koke, ƙungiya, da jefa ƙuri’a, da ’yanci daga azabtarwa, azaba mai zafi, da bauta. Kundin tsarin mulki ya kuma ba da tabbacin cewa ba za a iya kare haƙƙin ta hanyar nuna wariya ba.
Ƴancin siyasa Ofishin mai kare hakkin jama'a da Cibiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Slovak ne ke da alhakin kare hakki a Slovakia. Hukumar tsaro da hadin gwiwa a Turai ta gano cewa zabe a Slovakia yana da 'yanci da adalci. Dokar ta tanadi bayyana matakin da gwamnati ta dauka, sannan ana bayyana kwangilolin gwamnati ga jama'a. Cin hanci da rashawa da jami'an gwamnati ke yi wani laifi ne a karkashin dokar Slovak, kuma an gano wasu kebabbun al'amura na cin hanci da rashawa a cikin gwamnati. Gwamnatin Slovakia ta aiwatar da matakan yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. ‘Yan sanda sun gudanar da samame na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, kuma an tuhumi jami’an jihar da dama da laifukan almundahana da laifuka tsakanin shekarar 2020 zuwa 2021. Mata da kungiyoyin LGBT ba su da wakilci a siyasa.
Indexididdigar Demokraɗiyya ta ƙididdige Slovakia a matsayin "Demokraɗiyya mara kyau" a 2021 da maki 7.03 cikin 10, wanda ya sanya ta 45 a cikin ƙasashe 167. Freedom House ya kima Slovakia a matsayin "Yanci" a 2022 tare da maki 90 cikin 100.
Fataucin mutane Ya zuwa shekarar 2021, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta kebe rigakafin fataucin bil adama na Slovakia a matsayin "Tier 2", ma'ana "ba ta cika cikakkiyar ma'auni na kawar da fataucin ba amma tana yin gagarumin kokarin yin hakan". Sashi na 179 na kundin laifuffuka ya aikata laifin fataucin mutane, tare da hukuncin dauri daga shekaru hudu zuwa goma. A cikin 2021, Slovakia ta ƙaddamar da bincike 15 game da fataucin jima'i, huɗu don aikin tilastawa, uku don barace-barace. Gwamnatin Slovakia kuma tana ba da tallafi ga wata kungiya mai zaman kanta don tallafawa wadanda fataucin bil adama ya shafa.
Haƙƙoƙin jama'a
Tsarin tsari tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba, hana rayuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba, da azabtarwa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne kuma ba a yin su a Slovakia. Ana mutunta dokokin da suka shafi hukumci na rashin mutuntaka ko wulakanci, kodayake ana samun rahotannin cin zarafin 'yan sanda na lokaci-lokaci. An ba wa wadanda ake tuhuma damar yin shari’a ta gaskiya, da shari’a mai zaman kanta, da zaton ba su da laifi, da kuma lauyan lauya. Amincewa da hukumar shari'a mai zaman kanta ta yi rauni a Slovakia saboda zargin cin hanci da rashawa da rashin aiki. A cewar Tarayyar Turai, kawai 28% na 'yan ƙasar Slovak sun amince da sashin shari'a kamar na 2021.
Magana ‘Yancin fadin albarkacin baki da ‘yancin ‘yan jarida suna da tabbacin a karkashin dokar Slovakia. Ana ɗaukar dokokin cin mutunci a matsayin laifuffuka masu laifi kuma an yi amfani da su don taƙaita rahotanni daga kafafen yada labarai da kuma murkushe sukar 'yan siyasa da sauran fitattun mutane. Kalaman ƙiyayya da musun Holocaust laifuffuka ne. Kisan gillar da aka yi wa Ján Kuciak a shekara ta 2018 a matsayin mayar da martani ga bincikensa kan cin hanci da rashawa ya nuna babban hari kan 'yancin 'yan jarida a Slovakia.
Wariya
LGBT Wariya kan yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi haramun ne, amma ba a aiwatar da wannan doka akai-akai. Wakilan siyasa na mutanen LGBT a Slovakia yana da iyaka. 'Yan siyasa ba kasafai ake gane su a matsayin LGBT ba kuma maganganun jama'a na tozarta al'ummar LGBT abu ne gama gari. Gwamnati na buƙatar mutanen da ke neman amincewar jinsi ta doka da a lalata su Kabilanci da kabilanci Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya tabbatar da daidaito a kan kabila, kasa, kabila, da kowane matsayi. An fi hukunta laifukan ƙiyayya a Slovakia. Ana aiwatar da dokokin hana wariya ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba, musamman mutanen Romawa suna fuskantar wariya, tsangwama, da zaluncin 'yan sanda Mutanen Romani galibi ana keɓance su daga wasu ƙungiyoyi a Slovakia, kuma ba a cika bincikar laifuffukan da ake yi wa Romani ba. Gwamnatin Slovakia ta amince da rawar da ta taka a tilastawa dubunnan matan Romani haifuwa.
Addini Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya bayyana cewa babu wani addini a kasar Slovakia kuma an tabbatar da daidaito a kan addini. Amincewa da gwamnati na kungiyoyin addini yana ba da gata na musamman kamar hidima a gidajen yari, yin bukukuwan aure, da karɓar tallafi. Don a ba da izini, ana buƙatar ƙungiyoyin addini su gabatar da sa hannun mabiya 50,000. Ana buƙatar ɗalibai su halarci koyarwar addini a makaranta, kodayake akwai sauran zaɓuɓɓuka. Abubuwan da ke ba da shawarar nuna wariya ko ƙiyayya ga ƙungiyar addini haramun ne kuma hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru takwas a kurkuku. Duk da haka, kyamar kyamar baki da kyamar Islama sun zama ruwan dare a Slovakia, kuma duka biyun sun zama ruwan dare a yakin neman zabe na jam'iyyun masu tsattsauran ra'ayi.
Mata Kundin tsarin mulki ya tabbatar da daidaito a kan jima'i. An bai wa mata cikakken ‘yancin siyasa a Slovakia, kuma a shekarar 2019 kasar ta zabi mace ta farko a matsayin shugabar kasa. Mata ba su da yawa a majalisa, wanda ke da kusan kashi 21% na majalisar a shekarar 2020. Rikicin cikin gida a Slovakia ya zama ruwan dare, kuma isar da sako ga wadanda rikicin cikin gida ya shafa ya yi kadan. Slovakia ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Istanbul kan cin zarafin mata amma ba ta amince da shi ba har zuwa 2021. Nassoshi Hakki
Slofakiya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
50439 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny%20Crawford | Johnny Crawford | Articles with hCards
John Ernest Crawford (Maris 26, 1946 Afrilu 29, 2021) ɗan wasan kasar Amurka ne, mawaƙi. Ya fara yi a gaban masu sauraro na ƙasa a matsayin Mouseketeer A lokacin da yake da shekaru 12, Crawford ya tashi ya zama sanannen dan wasa Mark McCain a cikin jerin The Rifleman, wanda aka zabe shi don Kyautar Emmy Award wadda kyautar kwarewa ce a wasasn kwaikwayo yana da shekaru 13.
Crawford yayi da ɗan gajeren aiki a matsayin mai yin rikodi a cikin 1950s da 1960s. Ya ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo a talabijin da fim tun yana balagagge. Tun daga shekara ta 1992, Crawford ya jagoranci kungiyar kade-kade ta Johnny Crawford na California, wata kungiyar kade-kade ta raye-raye wacce ta yi a wasu abubuwa na musamman
Rayuwar farko An haifi Crawford a Los Angeles, California, Amurka, ɗan Betty (née Megerlin) da Robert Lawrence Crawford Sr. Kakannin mahaifiyarsa 'yan Belgium ne; Kakansa na uwa shi ne dan wasan violin Alfred Eugene Megerlin A cikin 1959, Johnny, ɗan'uwansa Robert L. Crawford Jr., abokin haɗin gwiwa na jerin Laramie, da mahaifinsu Robert Sr. duk an zabi su don Emmy Awards ('yan'uwa don yin aiki, da mahaifinsu don gyaran fim).Ya Rasha-Yahudu, Jamusanci, da Ingilishi.
Sana'a Crawford ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na yara. Ɗaya daga cikin ainihin Mouseketeers na Kamfanin Walt Disney a cikin 1955, ya yi aiki a mataki, a cikin fina-finai, da kuma a talabijin. Disney ya fara da Mouseketeers 24 na asali, amma a ƙarshen kakar farko, ɗakin studio ya rage lambar zuwa 12, kuma an yanke Crawford. Mahimmancin hutunsa na farko a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ya biyo baya tare da rawar take a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Lux Video Theatre na "Little Boy Lost", watsa shirye-shirye kai tsaye a ranar 15 ga Maris, 1956. Ya kuma fito a cikin shahararrun jerin Yammacin Yamma The Lone Ranger a cikin 1956 a cikin ɗayan fewan sassan launi na wannan jerin.Bayan matashin ɗan wasan ya yi aiki tare da ƙwararrun ƴan wasan kwaikwayo da daraktoci da yawa. Freelancing na tsawon shekaru biyu da rabi, ya tattara kusan lambobin talabijin na 60, gami da rawar da ya taka a cikin sassa uku na NBC's The Loretta Young Show da bayyanar Manuel a cikin "Ni Ba'amurke ne", wani yanki na wasan kwaikwayo na laifi The Sheriff na Kochise Ya yi tauraro a cikin 1958 Season 1 final na The Restless Gun Ya yi tauraro a matsayin Bobby Adams a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na 1958 Ƙarfin Ƙauna na Black Beauty Ya bayyana a matsayin Tommy Peel a cikin 1958 episode "The Dila" a cikin Tales of Wells Fargo A lokacin bazara na 1958, ya yi ayyuka 14 masu buƙata a cikin shirye-shiryen telebijin na NBC Matinee Theatre ya bayyana a kan sitcom na CBS Mista Adams da Hauwa'u, a cikin Wagon Train episode "The Sally Potter Story", da kuma a kan syndicated jerin Crossroads, The Sheriff na Cochise, da Whirlybirds, kuma ya sanya uku matukan jirgi na talabijin jerin. Matukin jirgi na uku, wanda aka yi a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo na Dick Powell's Zane Gray Theater, ABC ne ya dauko shi, kuma farkon lokacin The Rifleman ya fara yin fim a watan Yuli 1958.
An zabi Crawford don lambar yabo ta Emmy a matsayin Mafi kyawun Jarumin Taimakawa a cikin 1959, yana ɗan shekara 13. Ya karɓi nadin don matsayinsa na Mark McCain (ɗan Lucas McCain, wanda Chuck Connors ya buga) a cikin The Rifleman Crawford kuma ya buga wani saurayi mai suna Clay Holden, wanda ya yi abota da Connors a cikin wani taron 1965 na Branded Connors da Crawford sun kasance abokai na kud da kud lokacin da Connors ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1992, kuma Crawford ya ba da yabo a wurin tunawa da Connors. A ƙarshen 1950s da farkon 1960s, Crawford yana da farin jini sosai tare da matasan Amurka da kuma yin rikodi akan Del-Fi Records wanda ya haifar da hits guda huɗu na Billboard Top 40, gami da "Birthday na Cindy", wanda ya kai lamba takwas a 1962. Sauran abubuwan da ya buga sun hada da "jita-jita" (lamba 12, 1962), "Hancinka Zai Girma" (lamba 14, 1962), da "Alfahari" (lamba 29, 1963). A ƙarshen 1961, Crawford ya bayyana a matsayin Victor a cikin shirin "Yaro Mai Haskakawa" akan Nunin Donna Reed kasance tauraro mai baƙo akan Nunin Donna Reed A cikin 1964 da 1965, Crawford ya fito a wasan kwaikwayo na ilimi na NBC Mr. Novak yana wasa JoJo Rizzo.
Crawford ya buga Jeff, maƙwabcin Wilbur a Mister Ed, wanda ya fi sha'awar kiɗan pop fiye da algebra. A cikin fina-finansa, Crawford ya buga wani Ba'amurke Ba'amurke a cikin fim ɗin ban mamaki na musamman na Indiya Paint (1965). Ya buga wani hali tare da yarinyar da Kim Darby ta buga a cikin The Restless Ones (1965), kuma ya buga wani hali wanda halin John Wayne ya harba a cikin El Dorado (1966). Ya buga mataimakin matashi Billy Norris a cikin Babban Valley episode "Sauran Fuskar Adalci" a cikin 1969.
Yayin da aka shiga cikin Sojan Amurka na tsawon shekaru biyu, Crawford ya yi aiki a kan fina-finai na horo a matsayin mai gudanarwa na samarwa, mataimakin darekta, mai kula da rubutun, da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na lokaci-lokaci. Matsayinsa shine Sajan a lokacin da aka sauke shi mai girma a cikin Disamba 1967.
Manazarta Matattun 2021
Haifaffun |
50236 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide%20Johnson | Adelaide Johnson | Adelaide Johnson (an haife shi a shekara ta 1859 1955) wata sculptor Ba’amurkiya ce wanda aikinta ke nunawa a cikin Capitol na Amurka kuma ’yar mata wacce ta sadaukar da kai ga daidaiton mata.An san ta a matsayin "mai sassaka motsin mata".
Tarihin Rayuwa Haihuwar Sarah Adeline Johnson zuwa gidan gona mai girman kai a Plymouth, Illinois,ta halarci makarantar karkara sannan ta dauki darasi a Makarantar Zane ta St. Louis. A cikin 1878, ta canza daga Sarah Adeline zuwa Adelaide, sunan da take tunanin ya fi ban mamaki. Ta koma Chicago kuma ta tallafa wa kanta da fasaharta.A cikin Janairu 1882,tana sauri don isa ɗakinta,ta zame ta faɗi ƙafa ashirin a ƙasan rijiyar lif mara tsaro. Mummunan rauni,ta kai kara don biyan diyya kuma an ba ta adadin dala 15,000. Wannan rauni da lambar yabo ya ba ta 'yancin kuɗi don tafiya Turai don nazarin zane-zane da sassaka, damar da ba za ta samu ba idan ba tare da hadarin ba. Ta yi amfani da damar yin karatu a Dresden da Rome,tana karatu tare da Giulio Monteverde a Rome inda ta ajiye ɗakin studio har zuwa 1920.
Johnson ta baje kolin aikinta,The Portrait Monument da bust na Caroline B. Winslow a Ginin Mata a 1893 World's Columbian Exposition a Chicago, Illinois. Babban abin da ta yi fice a sana'arta shi ne ta kammala wani abin tunawa a Washington DC don girmama gwagwarmayar zaɓen mata.Alva Belmont ya taimaka wajen samar da kudade don yanki,hoto ga Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, da Susan B. Anthony, wanda aka bayyana a cikin 1921. An fara nuna wannan yanki a cikin crypt na US Capitol, amma an matsar da shi zuwa wurin da yake yanzu kuma an nuna shi sosai a cikin rotunda a cikin 1997. A shekara ta 1896 ta auri Frederick Jenkins,wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan Biritaniya kuma ɗan'uwanta mai cin ganyayyaki wanda ya girme ta da shekara goma sha ɗaya.Ya ɗauki sunan danginta na Johnson a matsayin "ƙaunar haraji ga hazaka." Wata mata minista ce ta auro su,kuma ’yan matan aurenta su ne bust din da ta sassaka Susan B. Anthony da Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Anyi aure bayan shekara goma sha biyu.
Aikinta ya ragu bayan shekarun 1930,kuma matsalolin kudi sun mamaye ta. Ta dogara ga wasu don tallafin kuɗi kuma sau da yawa ba ta son sayar da sassakakkunta don tana jin farashin da aka bayar bai gane aikinta ba.Yayin da take fuskantar korar ta saboda rashin biyan haraji,a cikin 1939 ta gayyaci manema labarai don shaida yadda ta yanke sassakakikanta a matsayin wata zanga-zangar adawa da yanayinta, da kuma rashin cimma burinta na gidan kayan tarihi na bikin tunawa da 'yan takara da sauran masu fafutukar mata.Ta koma tare da abokai a cikin 1947 kuma ta fito a shirye-shiryen tambayoyin TV suna ƙoƙarin samun kuɗi don siyan gida. Halayenta na hazaka ya sa ta yi karya game da shekarunta a rayuwarta.Ta yi bikin cika shekaru 100 da haihuwa tana da shekaru 88, da sanin cewa hakan ya sa jama'a su yi kyau.Bayan mutuwarta,an rawaito shekarunta sun kai 108, ko da yake ta kasance "kawai" 96.An binne ta a Washington, DC a makabartar Majalisa.
Rayuwa ta sirri Johnson ta zama mai cin ganyayyaki a lokacin ƙuruciyarta. Ta kasance mai cin ganyayyaki domin ta yi imanin cewa ba daidai ba ne a ɗabi'a a ɗauki ran kowace halitta. A cikin 1893, Johnson ta kasance mai magana a taron masu cin ganyayyaki na duniya na uku a Chicago. Johnson bata rungumi wani addini ba amma tayi sha'awar Kimiyyar Kiristanci, Ruhaniya da Tauhidi. Ta kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Ruhaniya ta Ƙasa ta Coci. 'Yarta, Alathena Johnson Smith,ta zama sanan niyar masaniyar ilimin halayyar yara.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Jagora ga Takardun Adelaide Johnson, 1884-1945, Rubenstein Library, Jami'ar Duke
Kara karantawa Makabartar Majalisa, Washington |
19475 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azikiwe%20Peter%20Onwualu | Azikiwe Peter Onwualu | Azikiwe Peter Onwualu (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilun, shekara ta 1959) ne a Nijeriya farfesa aikin gona aikin injiniya da kuma Darakta Janar da kuma Cif Babban Jami'in na Raw Materials Research and Development Council (RMRDC) na Najeriya daga shekara ta 2010 zuwa ritaya a shekara ta 2014.
Rayuwa da aiki An haifeshi ne a jihar Anambara, gabashin kasar Najeriya cikin dangin marigayi Mr. John Onwualu. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta St. George kafin ya zarce zuwa makarantar 'Merchants of Light' a cikin jihar Anambra inda ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar Afirka ta Yamma (WASC) a shekara ta (1977) Sannan ya halarci Jami'ar Nijeriya, Nsukka inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Injiniyan Noma a shekara ta (1982) Daga baya ya sami digiri na biyu da digirin digirgir a fannin Injiniyan Noma daga Jami’ar Najeriya, Nsukka da Dalhousie University bi da bi. Ya shiga aikin Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka a matsayin malami na 1 inda ya zama farfesa a fannin Injiniyan Noma a shekara ta (1994) Ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga injiniyan Noma a Nijeriya tare da sha'awa ta musamman kan Fasahar sarrafa kayan gona da ikon Noma. Farfesa Onwualu ya kasance Mataimakin Digiri a shekara ta (1983) a UNN, kuma ya samu daukaka zuwa matsayin Farfesa a shekara ta (1999) Ya kasance Shugaban, Sashen Injiniyan Noma, UNN a shekara ta (2000 zuwa 2003), Darakta, Injiniyan Hukumar Kula da Kimiyya da Injiniya ta kasa, NASENI, Abuja a shekara ta (2003 zuwa 2005) da Darakta Janar, Majalisar Bincike da Raya Kayayyaki (RMRDC), Abuja a shekara ta (2005 zuwa 2013). Ya kasance Farfesan Ziyara a Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa, Abuja kuma a yanzu haka Ko'odinetan, Kimiyyar Kayan Kimiyya da Injiniya, a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Afirka (AUST), Abuja. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Cibiyar Cibiyar Noma ta Kasa (NCAM), Ilorin, Kungiyar Abinci da Noma (FAO), Kungiyar Ci gaban Masana'antu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNIDO), kungiyar Raya masana'ntu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP), Asusun Amintaccen Man Fetur (PTF), da sauransu. Ya kasance Mai Gudanarwa, Kimiyyar kere-kere da Innovation (STI) na rukuni na hangen nesa na shekara ta (20 zuwa 2020) Shugaban, Kwamitin Daraktocin Cibiyar Nazarin Nijeriya (CODRI) a shekara ta (2010 zuwa 2013) da kuma Shugaban, Kwamitin Gudanarwa, Africanungiyar Gasar Afirka ta Pan (PACF), Fasalin Najeriya (2008 zuwa 2013) da Focal Point (Afirka), Worldungiyar Duniya ta Associationungiyoyin Masana'antu da Kimiyyar Fasaha (WAITRO) a shekara ta (2010 zuwa 2013) Kwararren Injiniyan Noma (COREN Reg), Prof. Manyan fannoni na musamman na Onwualu sune: Iko da Aikin Noma; Abubuwan Injiniya; Sarrafa kayan Noma da Abinci; Fasaha, Innovation, Gasa da Masana'antu Masana'antu da Sabunta Aikace-aikacen Tsarin Makamashi. Shima gwani ne a cikin ƙwarewar mashin ɗin ƙasa inda ya haɓaka kayan bincike na zamani Wurin Gwajin Sosa na Kwamfuta mai sarrafawa don nazarin ƙarfi da buƙatun wutar lantarki na kayan aikin noma da na'urori na gogewa. Ya ƙaddamar da ƙirar kwamfuta ta ƙira don ƙarfin injina na ƙasa. Sauran ayyukan masana’antu da aka kammala a karkashin kulawarsa sun hada da zane da bunkasa masu shuka, ciyawa, masu yada taki, masu feshi da injina don sarrafa rogo, shinkafa, masara, dankalin turawa, ‘ya’yan itace, waken soya, cashew, ginger, biofuel, busassun, mai mai mai, kayan yaji na itace kiln, man shanu, Zogale Olifera, man kayan lambu, gishiri, talc, kaolin, dutse mai daraja, dutse da sauran ma'adanai. SMEs suna amfani da wasu sakamakon waɗannan ayyukan a halin yanzu don samar da kasuwanci. Shi ne mai kirkiro kuma tsohon Mai Gudanarwa na Ward Cluster Project na Ma’aikatar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya. An tsara aikin ne don amfani da theabi'ar Triple Helix don ƙaddamar da Compwarewa a cikin SMEs ta hanyar kafa Kungiyoyin Kirkira a kowane yanki a Najeriya. Dole ne ya yaba wa wallafe-wallafen kimiyya guda ɗari biyu 200 gami da littattafai guda ashirin 20.Ya kasance Babban Edita a shekara ta (2003 zuwa 2014) na Jaridar Injiniyan Noma da Fasaha ta Najeriya, wanda Cibiyar Injiniyan Noma ta Najeriya (NIAE) ta buga. Farfesa Onwualu ya samu lambar yabo ta Tarayya, a shekara ta (1978 zuwa 1982) da Engr. (Prof. EU Odigboh ta ba da lambar yabo ga ɗalibin farko na Injiniyan Noma don samun Daraja ta Farko da Kungiyar Ci Gaban ta Kanada (CIDA) PhD Sama da kungiyoyi guda 60 ne suka karrama shi da lambobin yabo da suka hada da: lambar yabo ta cancantar Shugaban Kasa, Kungiyar Injiniyoyin Nijeriya (NSE); Lambar girmamawa ta mutum, Kungiyar Injiniyoyin Nijeriya, reshen Abuja; Kyautar ta Cibiyar Ilimin Kimiyyar lissafi ta Najeriya, Mafi Ingantaccen Injiniyan Noma na Shekarar ta NIAE da lambar yabo ta Kwararru ta Rotary Club ta Gwarimpa. A karkashin jagorancinsa, RMRDC ya sami lambar yabo ta lambar yabo ta kasa a shekara ta (2009) da kuma Mafificin Kwarewar Cibiyoyin Gwamnati a Bayar da Hidima, a shekara ta (2012) ta wata Kungiyar Sa Ido mai zaman kanta. Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyoyi masu sana'a 12, waɗanda suka haɗa da, Cibiyar Polymer ta Nijeriya, Agricungiyar Noma ta Nijeriya, Kungiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Nijeriya, Kungiyar Injiniyoyi ta Nijeriya, Kwalejin Injiniya ta Nijeriya, Cibiyar Gudanar da Nijeriya da Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Nijeriya. Ya auri Mrs. Blessing Onwualu kuma suna da yara hudu, Zimuzor, Chimobi, Chimdalu da Onyedika. A halin yanzu, ya zama shugaban sashen Kimiyyar Kimiyya da Injiniya kuma Daraktan Ilimi a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Afirka (AUST), Abuja Nijeriya.
Manazarta
Duba kuma Jami'ar Nijeriya, Nsukka
Injiniyoyin Najeriya
Jami'o'in Nijeriya
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1959
Pages with unreviewed |
42465 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djamel%20Abdoun | Djamel Abdoun | Djamel Abdoun (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1986), ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Aljeriya mai ritaya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin winger.
A lokacin rani na shekarar 2011, Abdoun ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da Olympiacos, akan canja wuri kyauta daga Kavala, saboda komawar su zuwa rukuni na hudu. Tun daga lokacin ya ci nasara sau biyu tare da Olympiacos, inda ya lashe Gasar Superleague na shekarar 2011 zuwa 2012 da kuma gasar cin kofin Girka ta shekarar 2012 A lokacin rani na shekarar 2013, Abdoun ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku tare da kulob din Nottingham Forest na gasar zakarun kwallon kafa.
Abdoun tsohon matashin Faransa ne na kasa da kasa kuma yana cikin tawagar da ta lashe Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Turai ta shekarar 2005, wadda aka gudanar a Ireland ta Arewa da Gasar Toulon ta shekarar 2007. A watan Satumban shekara ta 2009 ne ya zabi buga wa Algeria wasa a babban mataki, inda ya yi amfani da sabon hukuncin da FIFA ta yanke, wanda ya ba shi damar sauya sheka a kasar duk da cewa ya girmi shekaru 21 a duniya. Ya buga wasansa na farko a Algeria a wasan rukuni 0-0 a gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar 2010 a ranar 18 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2010, da Angola Ya wakilci Aljeriya a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka da aka yi a Angola a shekarar 2010, inda Algeria ta zo ta hudu, da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya da aka yi a Afrika ta Kudu a shekarar 2010 Na sirri An haife shi a Faransa ga iyayen Aljeriya, Abdoun ya girma a gabashin gabashin Paris a cikin gundumar Montreuil Iyayensa sun fito ne daga kauyukan Tifrit da Biziou a cikin gundumar Akbou, Béjaïa, a yankin Petite Kabylie na Aljeriya.
Aikin kulob Abdoun ya fara taka leda a matsayin matashin dan wasa a kungiyar Paris Saint-Germain a shekara ta shekarar 2002, inda aka sake shi a karshen kakar wasa ta bana. A shekarar 2003, ya rattaba hannu a Ajaccio inda ya buga wasanni 12 kawai a cikin yanayi hudu, inda ya zira kwallaye biyu.
Abdoun ya rattaba hannu a matsayin aro a Manchester City a watan Janairun shekarar 2007. Ya buga wasa daya kacal a kulob din, inda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2007 a wasan cin kofin FA da Southampton da ci 3-1. Ya koma Ajaccio a karshen kakar wasa ta bana bayan da Manchester City ta zabi ba ta zabin mai da shi na dindindin ba.
Kavala A ranar 24 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2010, Abdoun ya shiga kungiyar Kavala ta Girka daga Nantes, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku tare da kulob din. Ba a bayyana bayanan canja wurin ba. A kakarsa ta farko tare da Kavala, Abdoun ya kammala a matsayin babban mai taimakawa a gasar Super League ta Girka tare da taimakawa takwas a wasanni 26. Ya kuma zura kwallaye uku kuma an nada shi a matsayin dan wasa na biyu mafi kyau a gasar bayan Ariel Ibagaza na Olympiacos A ranar 23 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2011, wakilin Abdoun, Karim Aklil, ya sanar da cewa dan wasan yana kusa da shiga tare da Panathinaikos Koyaya, a ranar 25 ga Watan Agusta shekara ta 2011, ya fara horo tare da Olympiacos kuma ya wuce ziyarar likitancin gargajiya.
Olympiacos A ranar 31 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2011, Abdoun ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku tare da Olympiacos, tare da shiga su kyauta daga Kavala bayan sun koma mataki na hudu. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ragar PAOK sannan ya zura ta biyu a ragar Panathinaikos. Ya buga wasanni 29 kuma ya zura kwallaye hudu gaba daya a kakarsa ta farko a Olympiacos.
Abdoun ya samu nasarar zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai a gasar zakarun Turai, a wasan da suka yi rashin gida da ci 2-1 a hannun Schalke 04 na Jamus. Ya kuma zira kwallaye daga azãba tabo da Aris Thessaloniki Kwallaye biyun da ya ci na gaba sun sake dawowa daga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida; da AEK Athens tafi da Platanias a gida. Ya ci kwallonsa ta gaba a kan PAS Giannina a ci 2-0 a gida, wanda Ariel Ibagaza ya taimaka. Kwanaki bayan haka, ya zura kwallo a ragar Atromitos daga bugun fanareti a rashin gida da ci 3-2. A ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu, Abdoun ya ci kwallo ta bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da suka yi waje da PAS Giannina a gasar cin kofin Girka Kwallon da ya ci ta gaba ta zo ne da AEK Athens a ci 3-0 a gida. Kwallonsa ta ƙarshe a kakar wasa ta zo ne da Platanias a ci 4-0 a waje.
Nottingham Forest A ranar 25 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2013, Shugaban Nottingham Forest, Fawaz Al-Hasawi, ya sanar da rattaba hannu kan Abdoun kan kwantiragin shekaru 3. Djamel Abdoun ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar cin kofin FA a gida da suka tashi kunnen doki na uku da West Ham United Maƙasudin ya zo daga azaba bayar da kalubale a kan Jamie Paterson Abdoun ya dage cewa yana cin fenariti, har ma ya yi jayayya da takwarorinsa a filin wasa, kuma dagewar da ya yi ya biya, yayin da ya zura kwallo a ragar ta. Forest ta ci gaba da cin wasan da ci 5-0. A ranar 10 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2014, an sanar da Abdoun cewa yana da 'yancin neman sabon kulob kuma cewa "ba shi da makoma a Forest". Tun daga wannan lokacin bai buga wa Forest wasa ba.
Yayin da Abdoun ya kasa samun tawagar, an ba shi aro ga Lokeren An soke kwangilar Abdoun tare a ranar 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2015.
Veria A ranar 20 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2015, bangaren Superleague, Veria da shugabanta, Theodoros Karipidis, sun tuntubi Abdoun, domin su rattaba hannu a kwantiragi a kulob din. Ko da yake, dan wasan yana da kyau yana taka leda a Veria, amma tayin da aka yi masa bai yi nasara ba saboda bai gamsar da dan wasan ba, an ba shi kusan 250,000. Bayan mako guda, Veria ta dawo tare da sabon ingantaccen tayin. Bayan kwana guda, a ranar 28 ga Watan Yulin shekara ta 2015, Abdoun ya shiga yarjejeniya ta baka da kulob din Macedonia. Abdoun ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiraginsa a hukumance a ranar 8 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2015. Abdoun ya fafata a ranar 23 ga wata Agustan shekara ta 2015 inda ya taimaka wa Veria ta rama kwallon da suka tashi 1-1 gida a farkon kakar wasa da PAS Giannina da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. A ranar 29 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2015, Abdoun ya ci wa Veria kwallonsa ta farko a wasan waje da Panthrakkos bayan doguwar kwallon Thomas Nazlidis Ya zura kwallonsa ta biyu da bugun fanariti a wasa daya. Ya nada gwarzon dan wasan. A ranar 4 ga watan Oktobar shekara ta 2015, ya zira kwallaye daga bugun fanareti, inda ya ba da nasara da ci 1-0 a wasan da suka yi waje da Kalloni An saki Abdoun akan canja wuri kyauta daga Veria a ranar 31 ga watan Agustan shekarata 2016.
Duba kuma Al'ummar Maghrebian na Paris
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Djamel Abdoun at Soccerbase Djamel Abdoun French league stats at LFP also available in French
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Aljeriya
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan |
28246 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsohon%20Birnin%20Damascus | Tsohon Birnin Damascus | Tsohon Birnin Damascus (Larabci: romanized: Dimašq al-Qadīmah) birni ne mai tarihi na Damascus, Siriya. Tsohon birnin wanda yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin biranen da ake cigaba da zama a duniya, ya kunshi wuraren binciken kayan tarihi da dama da suka hada da wasu majami'u da masallatai na tarihi. Al'adu da yawa sun bar tarihi, musamman na Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine da Musulunci. A cikin 1979, cibiyar tarihi na birnin, wanda ke kewaye da ganuwar zamanin Roman, UNESCO ta ayyana shi a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Duniya. A cikin watan Yunin 2013, UNESCO ta sanya dukkan wuraren Siriya a cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na duniya da ke cikin haɗari don yin gargadi game da haɗarin da ke tattare da su saboda yakin basasar Siriya.
Asalin da kafuwar Yana kwance a gefen kudu na kogin Barada, an kafa tsohon birnin a cikin karni na 3 BC. Diamita a kwance na oval yana da kusan kilomita 1.5 (0.9 mi) wanda aka sani da Damascus Straight Street, yayin da diamita na tsaye (Latin: Cardus Maximus) ya kai kusan 1 km (0.6 mi). Tare da kusan kadada 86.12 (kadada 212.8; 0.86 km2), tsohon birnin an rufe shi a cikin wani katangar tarihi mai nisan kilomita 4.5 (2.8 mi) a kewaye wacce Romawa suka gina ta, sannan Ayyubids da Mamluk suka gina shi.
Ambaton Damascus na farko shine "Ta-ms-qu" a cikin karni na biyu BC, yana cikin yankin Amoriyawa a tsakiyar yankin rikici tsakanin Hittiyawa da Masarawa. Garin ya yi amfani da tafsiri har zuwa bullar mutanen Teku a shekara ta 1200 BC waɗanda hare-harensu ya taimaka wajen raunana manyan abokan hamayya. Saboda haka, Semitic Arameans sun sami nasarar kafa ƙasar Aram-Damascus mai cin gashin kanta (ƙarni na 11 733 BC), suna kiran babban birni a matsayin 'Dimashqu' ko 'Darmeseq'.
Tsarin lokaci na tarihi A cikin tarihinta, Damascus na cikin jihohi masu zuwa:
c. 2500-15th karni BC, Kan'aniyawa
Karni na 15 BC-karshen karni na 12 BC, Sabuwar Masarautar Masar
karni na 12 BC-732 KZ, Aram-Damascus
732 BC-609 BC, Assuriya
609 BC-539 BC, Babila
539 BC-332 BC, Daular Achaemenid ta Farisa
332 BC-323 BC, Daular Makidoniya
323 BC-301 BC, Daular Antigonid
301 BC-198 BC, Masarautar Ptolemaic
198 BC-167 BC, Daular Seleucid
167 BC-110 BC, Ituraea (Semi mai cin gashin kansa daga Seleucids)
110 BC-85 BC, Decapolis (Semi mai cin gashin kansa daga Seleucids)
85 BC-64 BC, Nabataea
64 BC-27 BC, Jamhuriyar Rum
27 BC-395 AD, Daular Rum
476–608, Daular Byzantine
608-622, Sassanid Farisa
622–634, Daular Byzantine (an maidowa)
529-634, Ghassanids
634–661, Khalifancin Rashidun
661–750, Khalifancin Umayyad *750-885.
Halifancin Abbasid
885-905, Tulunids
905–935, Halifancin Abbasiyawa (an dawo dasu)
935–969, Daular Ikhshidid
970–973, Halifancin Fatimid
973–983, Qarmatians
983–1076, Halifancin Fatimid (an maidowa)
1076-1104, Daular Seljuq
1104–1154, Daular Burid
1154–1174, daular Zengid
1174-1260, [[Daular Ayyubid
1260 Maris-Satumba, Mongol Empire
1260–1521, Mamluk Sultanate (Alkahira)
1516-1918, Daular Usmaniyya
1918-1920, Gudanar da Yankin Maƙiyi Mamaya
1920 Maris-Yuli, Larabawa Masarautar Syria
1920–1924, Jihar Damascus karkashin ikon Faransa
1924-1946, Wajen Faransawa na Siriya da Labanon
1946-1958, Jamhuriyar Siriya (1946-1963)
1958-1960, United Arab Republic
1960-Yanzu, Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Siriya
Babban abubuwan gani Damascus tana da ɗimbin wuraren tarihi tun daga lokuta daban-daban na tarihin birnin. Tunda aka gina birnin da duk wani mamaya na wucewa, ya zama kusan ba za a iya tono duk tarkacen Damascus da ke da tsayin mita 2.4 (ft) kasa da matakin zamani. Kagara na Damascus yana arewa maso yammacin tsohon birnin. Damascus Straight Street (wanda ake magana a kai a cikin tubar St. Paul a cikin Ayyukan Manzanni 9:11), kuma aka sani da Via Recta, ita ce decumanus (babban titin gabas-yamma) na Damascus na Roman Dimashƙu, kuma ya yi sama da 1,500 m (4,900) ft). A yau, ya ƙunshi titin Bab Sharqi da Souk Medhat Pasha, kasuwar da aka rufe. Titin Bab Sharqi cike yake da kananun shaguna kuma yana kaiwa tsohuwar kwata ta Bab Tuma (Kofar St. Thomas). Medhat Pasha Souq ita ma babbar kasuwa ce a Damascus kuma an yi mata suna Midhat Pasha, gwamnan Daular Usmaniyya na Syria wanda ya gyara Souk. A karshen titin Bab Sharqi, mutum ya isa gidan Ananias, wani dakin ibada na karkashin kasa wanda shi ne rumbun gidan Ananiyas. Masallacin Umayyawa wanda aka fi sani da babban masallacin birnin Damascus na daya daga cikin manya-manyan masallatai a duniya, kuma daya ne daga cikin tsofaffin wuraren da ake ci gaba da yin addu'a tun bayan hawan Musulunci. An ce wani wurin ibada a cikin masallacin yana dauke da gawar St. Makabartar da aka binne Salahuddin tana cikin lambuna da ke wajen masallacin. Haka nan masallacin Sayyidah Ruqayya haramin ‘yar Husaini bn Ali, ana iya samunsa a kusa da masallacin Umayyawa. Tsohuwar gundumar Amara ita ma tana cikin tazarar tafiya daga waɗannan wuraren. Wani wurin da aka fi ziyarta shi ne masallacin Sayyidah Zainab, inda kabarin Zainab bint Ali yake.
Souqs da Khans Al-Hamidiyah Souq, wanda aka gina (1780-1884) a lokacin mulkin Sultan Abdul Hamid I, mafi girma kuma mafi girma a cikin kasar Siriya, wanda ke cikin tsohon birnin Damascus mai katanga kusa da Kagara. Tsawon Souq ya kai kimanin mita 600 da fadin mita 15, kuma an lullube shi da wani katon karfe mai tsayin mita 10.
Midhat Pasha Souq, mai suna bayan gwamnan Ottoman na Syria (kuma daga baya Grand Vizier) Midhat Pasha.
Al-Buzuriyah Souq, 152 m (499 ft) tsayi.
Khan al-Harir, ya kammala a 1574.
Khan Jaqmaq, ya kammala a 1420.
Khan As'ad Pasha, wanda aka kammala a shekara ta 1752, wanda ya mamaye fili mai girman murabba'in mita 2,500 (sq 27,000). Tana kusa da Al-Buzuriyah Souq, an gina ta kuma an sanya mata suna As'ad Pasha al-Azm.
Khan Sulayman Pasha, wanda aka kammala a shekara ta 1736, mai suna Sulayman Pasha al-Azm.
Gine-ginen tarihi Haikali na Jupiter, wanda Romawa suka gina, ya fara a lokacin mulkin Augustus kuma an kammala shi a lokacin mulkin Constantius II, a baya haikalin da aka keɓe ga Hadad-Ramman, allahn tsawa da ruwan sama.
Damascus Straight Street (Latin: Via Recta), titin Roman (Decumanus Maximus) wanda ke tafiya daga gabas zuwa yamma a cikin tsohon birni, tsawon mita 1,500.
Babban birnin Damascus, wanda aka gina (1076-1078) da (1203-1216) na Turkman warloran Atsiz ibn Uvaq, da Al-Adil I.
Nur al-Din Bimaristan, wani babban bimaristan na tsaka-tsaki ("asibiti"), wanda aka gina kuma aka sanya masa suna bayan Zengid Sultan Nur ad-Din a shekara ta 1154.
Mausoleum na Saladin, wanda aka gina a shekara ta 1196, wurin hutawa da kabari na musulmi na zamanin da Ayyubid Sultan Saladin.
Fadar Azm, wacce aka gina a shekara ta 1750 a matsayin wurin zama na gwamnan Ottoman na Damascus As'ad Pasha al-Azm.
Maktab Anbar, wani katafaren gida mai zaman kansa na ƙarni na 19 na Yahudawa, wanda Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta mayar da shi a cikin 1976 don zama ɗakin karatu, cibiyar baje koli, kayan tarihi da bita na fasaha.
Beit al-Mamlouka, gidan Damascene na ƙarni na 17, wanda ke aiki a matsayin otal ɗin otal na alfarma a cikin tsohon birni tun 2005.
Madrasas Madrasa Al-Adiliyah, Madrasah na ƙarni na 13.
Madrasa Al-Fathiyah, wanda wani jami'in Ottoman mai suna Fethi Al-Defterdar ya gina a shekara ta 1743.
Madrasa Al-Mujahidiyah, wanda gwamnan Burid Mujahid al-Din bin Bazan bin Yammin al-kurdu ya gina a shekara ta 1141.
Madrasa Al-Qilijiyah, wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 1254.
Madrasa Al-Salimiyah, madrasah na ƙarni na 16.
Madrasa Al-Sibaiyah, wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 1515.
Laburaren Al-Zahiriyah, wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 1277, yana karɓar sunansa daga wanda ya kafa shi Sultan Baibars.
Madrasa Nur al-Din, wanda Nūr ad-Dīn Zangi ya gina a shekara ta 1167.
Wuraren ibada
Masallatai Masallacin Sayyidah Ruqayya yana dauke da kabarin Sukayna bint Husayn, wacce aka fi sani da Ruqayyah, karamar ‘yar Al-Husayn bn ‘Ali.
Masallacin Tekkiye, wani katafaren masallaci da Suleiman I ya gina a tsakanin shekara ta 1544 zuwa 1558, wanda Selim II ya fadada shi.
Masallacin Umayyad, masallacin da aka gina a wurin Haikali na Jupiter, da kuma Basilica na Kirista wanda aka keɓe ga Yahaya Maibaftisma (Yahya).
Masallacin Nabi Habeel
Masallacin Sinan Pasha
Masallacin Darwish Pasha
Masallacin Aqsab
Masallacin Yalbugha
Masallacin Hanabila
Masallacin Sayyidah Zainab
Ikklisiya Gidan Saint Ananiyas, wani tsohon ginin ƙasa ne a Damascus, Siriya, wanda ake zargin ya zama gawar gidan Hananiya na Dimashƙu, inda Ananiyas ya yi wa Shawulu baftisma (wanda ya zama Bulus Manzo).
Cathedral na Dormition of Our Lady, wanda kuma ake kira "Greek-Melkite Patriarchal Cathedral na Dormition of Our Lady", cocin Katolika na Melkite Greek Church.
Mariamite Cathedral na Damascus, wurin zama na Cocin Orthodox na Girka na Antakiya. Bayan mamayar da musulmi suka yi a Damascus an rufe cocin har zuwa shekara ta 706 miladiyya lokacin da al-Walid ya bada umarnin mayar da ita ga Kiristoci a matsayin diyya ga Cocin Yahaya Maibaftisma da aka mayar da shi masallacin Umayyawa.
Chapel na Saint Paul
Cathedral na Saint George
Syriac Katolika Cathedral na Saint Paul
Kofofi An kewaye tsohon yankin da katanga mai tsawon kilomita 4.5 (mile 2.8), da kofofin tarihi guda bakwai suka huda, kofa ta takwas kuma musulmi ne suka kara da shi. Waɗannan su ne, ta gefen agogo daga gefen arewa-maso-gabas:
Bab Tuma (Ƙofar Thomas), sadaukarwa ga Venus.
Bab Sharqi (Ƙofar Gabas), sadaukarwa ga Rana.
Bab Kisan (Kofar Kisan), sadaukarwa ga Saturn.
Bab al-Saghir (kuma ana kiransa "Goristan-e-Ghariban"), sadaukarwa ga Jupiter.
Bab al-Jabiyah (Kofar Ruwan Ruwa), sadaukarwa ga Mars.
Bab al-Faradis (Kofar Aljanna), sadaukarwa ga Mercury.
Bab al-Salam (Ƙofar Aminci), sadaukarwa ga wata.
Bab al-Faraj (Ƙofar Ceto), Ƙofar da aka gina ta gaba ɗaya bayan cin nasarar Musulmi.
Hammam Kasancewar baho (Hammam) na jama'a a Damascus ya faro ne a zamanin Banu Umayyawa, yayin da wasu masana tarihi suka ce sun koma zamanin Rum. Wasu masana tarihi na Damascus sun ambace su da wankan wanka na Damascus, irin su Ibn 'Asakir (1106-1175 AD) a cikin shahararren littafinsa "The History of Damascus". A cikin littafinsa Ibn Asakir ya bayyana sunayen wanka guda 77 da suke aiki a wannan lokacin a cikin garin. Masanin tarihi Ibn Shaddad ya kirga baho 114 dake Damascus a shekara ta 1250 miladiyya.
Adadin wadannan wankan ya karu zuwa 365 a lokacin mulkin Ottoman, sannan ya ragu sosai har ya kai ga wanka 60 a karshen karni na sha tara miladiyya. Amma a yau adadin wankan da ke ci gaba da aiki bai kai 20 ba, wanda ya fi shahara a cikinsu shi ne wankan "Nourul-Dinul Shahid" da ke cikin Al-Buzuriyah Souq.
Gundumomi da yankuna Al-Qaymariyya
Al-Amarah Al-Jouwaniyah
Al-Amin
kwata Yahudawa
Bab Tuma
Al-Jourah
Al-Hariqa
Ma'azanat ash-Shahm
Shaghour al-Juwani
Kiyaye tsohon birni
Barazana ga makomar tsohon birnin Saboda saurin raguwar yawan jama'ar tsohon Damascus (tsakanin 1995 zuwa 2009 kimanin mutane 30,000 sun ƙaura daga tsohon birnin don ƙarin masauki na zamani), yawan gine-ginen da ake watsi da su ko kuma suna fadawa cikin lalacewa. A cikin Maris 2007, karamar hukumar ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta ruguza Tsoffin gine-gine tare da shimfidar katanga mai tsayin mita 1,400 (4,600 600) a matsayin wani bangare na tsarin sake ginawa. Wadannan abubuwan sun haifar da Asusun Duniya na Monuments na Duniya ya sanya Tsohon Garin a cikin Jerin Kallon sa na 2008 na wurare 100 da ke cikin haɗari a duniya. Ana fatan shigar da shi cikin jerin zai jawo karin wayar da kan jama'a game da wadannan muhimman barazana ga makomar tsohon birnin Damascus mai dimbin tarihi.
Tsohuwar jihar Damascus na yanzu Duk da shawarwarin Cibiyar Tarihi ta Duniya ta UNESCO:
An lalata yankin Souq al-Atiq a cikin kwanaki uku a watan Nuwamba 2006;
Titin King Faysal, wani yanki na sana'ar hannu na gargajiya a wani yanki mai kariya kusa da bangon Old Damascus tsakanin Citadel da Bab Touma, yana fuskantar barazanar wata babbar hanya.
A shekara ta 2007, Tsohuwar birnin Damascus da kuma gundumar Bab Tuma, Asusun Tunawa na Duniya ya amince da shi a matsayin daya daga cikin wuraren da ke cikin hatsari a duniya.
A cikin Oktoban 2010, Asusun Kayayyakin Kaya na Duniya ya sanyawa Damascus daya daga cikin wuraren tarihi na al'adu 12 da suka fi "daf da" asarar da ba za a iya gyarawa ba.
Tsohon birnin da ke wajen bangon zamanin Romawa, ana kuma la'akari da shi a cikin tsohon Damascus, duk da haka, ba a ba shi fifikon tarihi iri ɗaya ba. A lokacin wa'adin Faransanci, Michel Écochard, masanin Faransanci, ya tsara tsarin birni don birnin, wanda ya ba da shawarar a ajiye sassan tsohon birnin kawai a cikin katangar Romawa. Daga baya gwamnatocin Syria da ke mulkin kasar suka dauki wannan hanya, wadanda suka ba da gudummawa wajen ruguza wasu sassan tsohuwar unguwanninta. An maye gurbin tsoffin gidaje a Sarouja, Al Midan, da Shagour Barrani da sabbin gine-gine don kasuwanci musamman.
Manazarta
Littafi Mai |
22490 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar%20Climate | Ƙungiyar Climate | Ƙungiyar Sauyin Yanayi (TCM) ƙungiya ce mai ba da shawara ga muhalli da ke aiki don aiwatar da manyan matakan siyasa game da ɗumamar yanayi Ta yi imanin cewa rikicin canjin yanayi yana buƙatar ƙoƙarin tattalin arziƙin ƙasa a kan girman tattarawar Amurkawa na gaban gida yayin Yaƙin Duniya na II don sauya tattalin arzikin Amurka cikin sauri. Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam Margaret Klein Salamon ne ya kafa ta don fuskantar musun canjin yanayi da gina manufar siyasa da ake bukata don cimma nasarar sauyi na adalci na tattalin arzikin zahiri da kuma al'umma gaba daya, yana isar da wani hadadden tsari na mafita don sake haifar da gurbataccen iska, da kuma tattalin arziki mai cike da tsaro, wanda ya karkata ga canjin yanayin dumamar yanayi da kuma gushewar nau'in 6 na jinsin cikin sauri.
Tarihi Tun aƙalla a shekara ta 2008, mutane kamar masu nazarin muhalli Lester Brown, tsohon mataimakin shugaban ƙasa Al Gore, marubuci kuma masanin makamashi Joseph J. Romm, marubucin jaridar New York Times Thomas Friedman, marubuciya Naomi Klein, kuma mai rajin kare yanayin sauyin yanayi Bill McKibben sun yi kira da a dauki matakin gwamnati na sauyin yanayi kan girman yaƙin duniya na II don hanzarta rage hayaki mai gurbata yanayi. A shekarar 2011, shugabannin manyan kungiyoyin kare muhalli wadanda suka hada da 350.org, Sierra Club, Greenpeace, Abokan Duniya, da kuma Rainforest Action Network sun sanya hannu a wasika zuwa ga shugabannin Barack Obama da Hu Jintao suna kira da a "hada kai kamar lokacin yaki" daga gwamnatoci na Amurka da China don yanke hayakin carbon 80% (bisa ga matakai a shekarar 2006) nan da shekara ta 2020. Koyaya, ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli a Amurka basu taba shirya siyasa don wannan babban burin ba.
An ƙaddamar da Tattalin Yanayi a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2014, kafin Maris na Yanayin Jama'a a cikin Birnin New York, musamman don tsara siyasa game da batun hanzari, haɗakar gwamnati ta yakin duniya na biyu game da canjin yanayi. Margaret Klein Salamon, Ezra Silk da kawayenta sun kirkiro dabarun gina motsi wanda masu sa hannu suka amince da jefa kuri'a ga 'yan takarar siyasa wadanda suka sanya hannu kan alkawarin kan wadanda ba su ba. Yunkurin Tattalin Yanayi na Alkawarin Yunkuri ya yi kira ga gwamnatin Amurka da ta fara wani shiri na yakin duniya na biyu kan sauyin yanayi domin rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli 100% nan da shekara ta 2025, ta sanya tsarin cire iskar gas (GHG) daga yanayi tare da saurin lokacin yaƙi, da sanya rage GHGs ɗari bisa ɗari a duniya, tare da irin wannan saurin, babban fifiko na siyasa. A cikin shekara ta 2015 duka, 'yan gwagwarmaya na ƙasa a California, Iowa da sauran wurare a Amurka sun fara yin taro don yakin duniya na II na girman yanayin ƙasa, da kuma yada alƙawarin Climate zuwa ga' yan takarar siyasa na cikin gida. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2016, Climate Mobilisation ta dauki nauyin "Taron Gaggawar Yanayi" a cikin Des Moines kafin taron kungiyar Iowa, wanda yayi kwatankwacin taron farko na zaben shugaban kasa na shekara ta 2016 na jihar. Tsohon dan majalisar dattijan Amurka Tom Harkin ya yi magana a madadin ‘yar takara Hillary Clinton, kuma masu rajin kare yanayi Jane Kleeb, wanda ya kafa Bold Nebraska, da dan siyasar Iowa kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo Ed Fallon sun yi magana a madadin dan takarar Bernie Sanders Sanders ya lashe kashi 67% na kuri’un, wanda ya karfafa tunanin cewa masu kada kuri’a da suke matukar damuwa da sauyin yanayi sun fi son Sanders a kan Clinton, kuma masu jefa kuri’ar yanayi sun kasance babbar kungiyar masu kada kuri’a da ke ba da gudummawa ga fafatawarsa a Iowa da kuma daga baya jihohin farko. A duk lokacin yakin neman zabensa na shugaban kasa, Bernie Sanders ya tattauna batun yaki da canjin yanayi "ta fuskar soja", yana fada a wani lokaci yayin muhawara kan Hillary Clinton cewa "idan muka tunkari wannan kamar muna yaki", Amurka na iya zuwa kalubalen, kamar yadda yake a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II. A cikin watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2016, ƙungiyar Climate Mobilization ta shirya mutu-in a wajen ginin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a birnin New York yayin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar COP 21 Paris, nufin nuna rashin amincewa da abin da kungiyar ta kira rashin dacewar yarjejeniyar dangane da girman barazanar sauyin yanayi. Mataimakin darektan TCM Ezra Silk ya kira yarjejeniyar "mai dimbin tarihi ta yadda yarjejeniyar ta Munich ta kasance mai dimbin tarihi wani mummunan aiki ne na neman sassauci da nufin kula da harkokin kasuwanci yadda aka saba." Ya bayyana: "An yarda da kowa cewa wannan yarjejeniyar ba ta ma kusa da abin da ake buƙata ba. Da gaske baya kawo ma'anar gaggawa [don haka) muna son rarraba wasu abubuwa cikin tattaunawar. Muna buƙatar ci gaba da sahun yaƙi na gaggawa kamar yanzu haka Yanayin ya riga ya zama mai haɗari, mun riga mun shiga cikin gaggawa. An fahimci a cikin motsi na yanayi cewa wannan ita ce irin tsarin da ake buƙata. Kawai ana la'akari da shi ne a siyasance mara gaskiya. Burinmu shi ne sauya yiwuwar siyasa. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2016, kwamitin dandamali na kasa na Jam'iyyar Demokrat ta Amurka ya amince da kwaskwarimar da mai rajin kawo sauyin yanayi Russell Greene gabatar wa jam'iyyar zuwa ga yakin duniya na biyu game da canjin yanayi: "Mun yi imanin United din Dole ne kasashe su jagoranci samar da ingantacciyar hanyar magance matsalar sauyin yanayi a duniya Mun dukufa ga tattara kan kasa, da kuma jagorantar wani kokarin na duniya, na tattara kasashe don magance wannan barazanar a wani matakin da ba a gani ba tun yakin duniya na II. A cikin kwanaki 100 na farkon gwamnati mai zuwa, Shugaban zai kira taron koli na kwararrun injiniyoyi a duniya, masana kimiyyar yanayi, masana harkokin siyasa, ‘yan gwagwarmaya, da kuma‘ yan asalin yankin don tsara hanyar da za a magance matsalar yanayi. ‘Yan siyasar da suka sanya hannu kan alkawarin kawo canjin yanayi sun hada da magajin garin San Luis Obispo Heidi Harmon, magajin garin Des Moines Frank Cownie Dan majalisar jihar Iowa Dan Kelley Sanatan jihar Iowa kuma dan takarar majalisar dattijan Amurka Rob Hogg ‘Yar takarar majalisar dattijan jihar New York Debbie Medina; da ‘yan takarar majalisar Amurka Peter Jacob na New Jersey, da Tim Canova, Darren Soto, da Alina Valdes na Florida.
Kwamitin ba da shawara Kwamitin ba da shawara na TCM ya haɗa da: Laura Dawn, tsohon daraktan kirkirar MoveOn.org
Paul Gilding, tsohon darektan Greenpeace na Duniya
Richard Heinberg, ɗan jarida da kuma babban jami'in Cibiyar Post Carbon
Marshall Herskovitz, mai shirya fim
Dr. Michael E. Mann, masanin kimiyyar yanayi
Adam McKay, furodusa, darakta, marubucin fim na fina-finai kamar The Big Short
Jamila Raqib, darekta a Cibiyar Albert Einstein
Gus Speth, lauyan muhalli
David Spratt da Philip Sutton, masu ba da umarni na Red Code na Red
Lise Van Susteren, mai tabin hankali da kuma mai rajin kare muhalli
Rev. Lennox Yearwood Jr na uungiyar Hip Hop.
Duba kuma Tattalin arziki
Yawan kayan aiki yayin Yaƙin Duniya na 2
Yaɗuwa mai girma-shuka
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje TheClimateMobilization.org
Yanayi
Muhalli
Ƴancin Ɗan Adam
Pages with unreviewed |
14693 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karuwanci%20a%20Ghana | Karuwanci a Ghana | Yin karuwanci a cikin Ghana haramtacce ne amma ya zama gama gari, ta yadda yawancin 'yan Ghana ba su san cewa an hana shi ba. Akwai yawon shakatawa na jima'i, karuwancin yara da fataucin mutane.. Yawan rashin aikin yi da talauci a Ghana ana tsammanin sune suka haifar da haɓaka cikin masana'antar jima'i.rk. A high percentage of sex workers are vulnerable to HIV. Rashin aikin yi shine dalilin da yasa matasa ke aikin jima'i. Yawancin masu yin jima'i suna da saukin kamuwa da cutar kanjamau.
Wasu karuwai a Ghana suna kamfen don a halatta cinikin karuwanci, kuma an tattauna.
Tsohon Firayim Minista na Ghana, Dokta Kofi Abrefa Busia, masanin kimiyyar zamantakewar jama'a na Oxford, ya rubuta labarin kan karuwanci "Rahoton bincike kan zamantakewar jama'a na Sekondi-Takoradi."
Dubawa An san karuwai a Ghana a cikin gida kamar "ashawo", "toutou" (wanda aka samo daga 'shillings biyu, pence biyu'; karuwar da ba ta da lada mai yawa) ko "maame-i-dey". Akwai gidajen karuwai a yawancin garuruwa, birane da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ghana. Sau da yawa waɗannan suna cikin ɗakunan ajiya na wucin gadi ko tsofaffin ɗakunan ajiya, wasu kuma suna haɗe da sanduna. An san karuwai da ba sa aiki a gidajen karuwai ko ''mazauna'' ko ''masu yawo''. Mazaunan suna aiki daga gida, suna zaune a ƙofar kuma suna kiran abokan ciniki. Idan suna tare da abokin ciniki sai su rage labule a ƙofar. Kujeru gabaɗaya suna aiki a wani yanki na gari, suna ƙirƙirar ƙaramar gundumar haske. Gabaɗaya sun kasance tsoffin mata ko zawarawa.
Masu yawo sun zama mata matasa kuma suna aiki akan tituna, sanduna da otal-otal. "Matukan jirgi", galibi direbobin tasi, suna aiki a matsayin masu shiga tsakani tsakanin mata da kwastomomi a otal-otal. Yawancin lokaci suna samun kuɗi daga ɓangarorin biyu. Suna kuma taimaka wa mata su shiga otal-otal saboda yawancinsu babu matan da ke mulki. Hakanan ma'aikatan otal ɗin na iya karɓar rashawa don barin matan su shiga. Matan suna fuskantar tashin hankali lokaci-lokaci daga kwastomomin, ko yawanci ƙi biya. Ma'aikatan otal na iya yin amfani da su.
Tun da aka fara aikin hakar mai a shekarar 2011, karuwanci a tashar jirgin ruwa ta Takoradi ya karu sosai saboda shigowar ma'aikatan mai.
UNAIDS ta kiyasta akwai karuwai 52,000 a cikin kasar.
Karuwancin namiji Yawaitar yawan karuwanci a cikin Ghana ya tashi a hankali tsawon shekaru amma ba a faɗi abubuwa da yawa game da shi ba saboda yanayin da yake ɗauka. Yin karuwanci ya fi yawa a cikin yankuna masu zuwa kamar su Tesano, Adabraka, Osu, Accra da Paloma a Accra. Karuwai maza suna yin asirin a matsayin mata saboda luwadi ba laifi bane a Ghana kamar yadda tsarin mulki ya tanada. Ayyukan waɗannan karuwai galibi maza ne ke tallata su a cikin manyan aji waɗanda ke da isassun kayan aiki don yin hankali game da ayyukan jima'i. Wannan yana haifar da ƙarin haɓaka mai dacewa cikin farashin yin luwadi da 'yan luwaɗi idan aka ba da wadataccen wadatar waɗannan karuwai.
Aiwatarwan Doka Aiwatarwan doka tana da sauyi, kuma akwai wasu lokuta da ake takaita karuwai. Jami’an tsaro suna cin zarafin karuwai. A cikin binciken da aka yi a duk gari da birane 26, sulusin karuwai sun ba da labarin matsalolin 'yan sanda. Waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoratarwa, kwace, barazanar da hare-hare. Da yawa sun ba da rahoton cewa dole ne su yi lalata da jami'an don kauce wa hukunci.
A cikin binciken da aka gudanar a 2007 na jami'an tsaro 251, 15% sun yarda cewa sun nemi yin jima'i saboda rashin gurfanar da karuwai da aka kama.
'Yan sanda da' yan siyasa wani lokacin ana ba su cin hanci ko sanya baki don rufe ido.
Yawon shakatawa na Jima'i Ghana ta kafa kanta a matsayin matattarar yawon shakatawa ta jima'i daga yawon bude ido na yamma. Irin wannan yawon bude ido ya jawo hankulan mutane ta hanyar laulayi dokokin kasar game da kiyaye yara da kuma rashin bin doka. Karuwanci yara yana ƙaruwa matsala ce da girlsan mata ke da rauni da yara maza kaɗan.
Cinikin Jima'i An sami karuwai 'yan Vietnam a Ghana a biranen Tema da Takoradi da ke gabar teku. Wani dan jaridar Ghana mai bincike Anas Aremeyaw Anas ya gano cewa an yi fataucin matan Vietnam ne zuwa Ghana da nufin karuwanci. Wata mace ‘yar Vietnam wacce ake kira Hanh ce ta dauki karuwai‘ yan Vietnam karuwai a cikin watan Yulin 2013. Kudin da kwastomominsu suka biya a Ghana ya kai dalar Amurka 100 a cikin awa daya. Karuwai sun yi aiki daga gidan karuwai a cikin gidan baƙuwar Jang Mi a Takoradi. Shekarun matan sun kasance daga 25 zuwa 35.
Mata da 'yan mata daga China, Najeriya, Cote d'Ivoire da Burkina Faso suma ana fataucin su zuwa Ghana don karuwanci.
Ofishin Gwamnatin Amurka na Kula da Yaki da Fataucin Mutane ya sanya Ghana a matsayin kasa ta 'Tier 2'.
Duba kuma
Karuwanci a Afirka
Manazarta
Ghana
Ghanaian society
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31073 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%20Boushaki | Ali Boushaki | Ali Boushaki Ali bn Mohamed al-Boushaki) (1855 CE 1271 AH 1965 CE 1385 AH Shehin Malamin kasar Aljeriya, Imam, haka kuma Sufi Sheikh. An haife shi a ƙauyen Soumâa kusa da garin Thénia, 53 km gabas da Algiers. Ya tashi cikin yanayin ruhaniya tsakanin Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki tare da kyawawan dabi'u da ɗabi'a na Islama. Ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa gaba daya ga hidimar Musulunci da Aljeriya kamar yadda aka rubuta a Musuluncin Aljeriya.
Ilimi An haifi Boushaki a shekara ta 1855 a pueblo na Soumâa al sur de la ainihin ciudad de Thénia, mai tazarar kilomita 50 gabas da gran ciudad de Algiers, y su familia desciende del teólogo malikita Sidi Boushaki (1394-1453), quien fundó the Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki a cikin 1440 lokacin el siglo XV.
Su padre es Cheikh Mohamed Boushaki (1835-1893), conocido por el seudónimo de Moh Ouali, Muqaddam de Tariqa Rahmaniyyah in the Baja Cabilia, mientras que su madre es Lallahoum Ishak Boushaki, zuriyar como su marido del theologo en ladi Boushaki del pueblo de Meraldene.
Luego recibió una addini ilimi según la referencia Islámica argina En las tres escuelas místicas de Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki, Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi y Zawiyet Sidi Amar Cherif, además de una conciencia política según la ideología del nacionalismo tiidependent de su tío baba Mohamed Seghir Boushaki (1869-1959).
Baya ga aikinsa na ilimi a cikin wannan isasshiyar muhalli, ya yi aiki a aikin noma da noma a kusa da pueblos na alrededores na Meraldene, Tabrahimt, Gueddara, Azela da Mahrane.
Mamayar Faransa a Aljeriya Kakansa Cheikh Ali Boushaki (1809-1846) shi ne shugaban Kabyles a yankin Thenia a ranar 17 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 1837 a lokacin yakin Col des Beni Aïcha (1837), lokacin da Janar Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont ya aika da ayarin sojoji na ƙasa wanda Kyaftin Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg ya umarta don murkushewa da hukunta Kabyles na Beni Aïcha da abokansu daga Greater Kabylia bayan sun kai hari kan Reghaïa (1837) tare da haɗin gwiwar sojojin Emir Mustapha ya zo daga Titteri kuma kafin Sarki Abdelkader ya kusa kammala yarjejeniyar Tafna da Janar Thomas Robert Bugeaud a ranar 30 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 1837.
Wannan karo na farko na Sojojin Mulkin Mallaka a Kabylia da ke gabashin Mitidja cikin sauri ya hada da Sheikh Ali Boushaki da mazaunan daruruwan kauyuka a yankin Lower Kabylia a cikin farin jini na Aljeriya a kan mamayar Faransa da sojoji mamaye sojojin Faransa da daular Faransa a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe masu yawa kafin yin shahada a lokacin Yaƙin Col des Beni Aïcha (1846).
Kafin rasuwarsa a matsayin Shahid a shekara ta 1846, Sheikh Ali Boushaki ya auri Aïcha Dekkiche daga ƙauyen Gueraïchene da ke yammacin birnin Souk El Had na yanzu bai da nisa da ƙauyen Soumâa, kuma ita ce ta haihu a shekara ta 1835. yaron Mohamed Boushaki, wanda ake yi wa lakabi da Moh Ouali, wanda daga baya ya zama mahaifin Muqaddam Ali Boushaki a shekara ta 1855.
Wannan shi ne yadda gwauruwar Aïcha ta kwashe danta maraya Ali zuwa ƙauyen Gueraïchene bayan Faransawa sun lalata ƙauyukan Soumâa, Gueddara, Meraldene da Tabrahimt, kuma suka rene shi tare da kawun mahaifiyarsa har ya kai shekaru 18 a lokacin da ta dawo da shi. Garin sa na Soumâa a cikin shekarar alif 1853 inda ya auri 'yar uwansa Fettouma Ishak Boushaki daga garin Meraldene da ke kusa.
Faransa Algeria An haifi Ali Boushaki a shekara ta 1855 a ƙauyen Soumâa lokacin da sojojin Kabylia ke ci gaba da samun ci gaba kuma Lalla Fadhma N'Soumer (1830-1863) ke yaƙin yaƙin da ta yi na ƙarshe da mamayar turawan mulkin mallaka. A halin da ake ciki kuma na kwantar da tarzoma da sanannen tsagaita wuta a Kabylia wanda ya baiwa mahaifinsa Moh Ouali da 'yan uwansa daga Beni Aïcha damar sake gina Zawiya na Sidi Boushaki tare da sake farfado da dangantaka da sauran Zawiya a Aljeriya na Tariqa Rahmaniyya har ma a Zawiya del Hamel. Wannan yanayi mai kama da natsuwa ya karfafa girkawa daular Faransa ta biyu mai alaka da gwamnatin Aljeriya karkashin Napoleon III Bonaparte wanda ya yi aiki don mayar da mamayar sojojin Faransa na wucin gadi a Aljeriya zuwa matsugunin ‘yan mulkin mallaka na dindindin na filayen noma masu tarin yawa. sannan aka danne tare da yiwa zaluncin mulkin mallaka.
Tun yana karami Ali Boushaki ya karanci karatu a Zawiya ta Sidi Boushaki a fannin ilmin asali da ilmin addinin Musulunci da na harshe a lokacin da yake gudanar da ayyukan noma da kiwo na al'ummarsa a cikin kwazazzabo da gangaren yankin Khachna da kuma kusa da gabar tekun Oued. Meraldene, Oued Arbia, Oued Boumerdès da Oued Isser.
Tawayen Mokrani Zuwan shekara ta 1871 ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar Ali Boushaki wanda yake matashi yana dan shekara 17 a lokacin da Sheikh Mokrani ya yanke hukunci tare da kaddamar da tawaye ga Faransawa a Aljeriya, wanda kuma ya tayar da Kabylia da Gabashin Aljeriya don yin maci tare da Aljeriya. 'Yan tawaye sun nufi Algiers babban birnin kasar ta Thenia da Boudouaou.
A lokacin da 'yan tawayen Aljeriya suka isa Col des Béni Aïcha a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 1871, mahaifinsa, Sheikh Mohamed Boushaki, sannan ya tattara muridu da mazauna yankin don tallafawa da kuma karfafa tattakin 'yantar da kasar Algiers, don haka matashin ya shiga Ali. A yakin da ya ci gaba har zuwa ranar 9 ga Mayu, 1837, lokacin da Kyaftin Alexandre Fourchault da Janar Orphis Léon Lallemand suka ba da umarnin mayar da martani mai kauri da kakkausar murya kan 'yan tawayen Aljeriya, tare da kwato Boudouaou da Thénia yayin da suke azabtar da mutanen kauyen tare da kame jagororin marabo daga yankin, ciki har da Cheikh. Boushaki da Cheikh Boumerdassi.
Yayin da aka kashe 'yan tawayen Aljeriya da dama, Ali Boushaki ya tsallake rijiya da baya sakamakon fatattakar 'yan tawayen Mokrani Revolt, an kama mahaifinsa Moh Ouali aka daure shi, yayin da Sheikh Boumerdassi ya kai shi New Caledonia tare da Boumezrag Mokrani.
Mutuwa El Muqaddam Ali ya rasu a shekara ta 1965 a gidan dansa Abderrahmane Boushaki dake kan titin Slimane Ambar, kusa da garuruwan Soumâa, Gueddara da Meraldene.
Daga nan aka binne shi tare da dansa, Kofur Abderrahamne, da dan uwansa Mohamed Seghir Boushaki a makabartar musulmi ta Thénia da ake kira Djebbana El Ghorba.
Hotuna
Duba wasu abubuwan Malikiyya
Sufiyya
Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki
Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi Zawiyet Sidi Amar Cherif
Algerian Islamic reference Sufism in Algeria Rahmaniyya
Zawiyas in Algeria Mosques in Algeria
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Yanar Gizo "www.thenia.net" game da Thénia Shafin Yanar Gizo na farko "http://menerville.free.fr" game da "Ménerville da Thénia" kafin 1962
Yanar Gizo na Biyu "http://menerville2.free.fr" game da "Ménerville da Thénia" kafin 1962
Littafi Mai Tsarki
Bidiyo
Manazarta Haihuwan 1855
Mutuwan 1965
Iyalin Boushaki
Musulunci
Musulmai
Rahmaniyya
Sufiyya
'Yan siyasa
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13115 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewaye%20da%20Uthman | Kewaye da Uthman | An kashe Uthman dan Affan, na uku Rashidun caliph, a ƙarshen harin da aka kaiwa gidan sa. Tun da farko zanga-zangar, an kewaye ta ta karu ne sakamakon wata barazanar da aka ce ba ta dace ba har da mutuwar mai zanga-zangar. Masu zanga-zangar sun juya ‘yan tawaye sun bukaci sabon khalifa, Uthman ya ki kuma a ranar 17 ga Yuni, 656 (35 AH), yayin da aka killace gidansa, wasu (kusan 3) masu zanga-zangar sun sami damar tsalle zuwa bayan gidansa, a inda suke ya same shi yana karatun Alqur’ani. Suka yi masa d himka a kansa kuma suka d himka shi. Mutuwar Uthman tana da tasirin gaske a duniyar Musulmi a lokacin. Ba a gabatar da tambayoyi ba game da halinsa da manufofinsa kawai ba, har ma da alaƙar da ke tsakanin Musulmi da jihar, da abubuwan da suka shafi addini game da tawaye da shugabanci, da kuma cancantar yin mulki a cikin Islama.
Bango Masu adawa da Uthman sun kewaye shi da dalilai da yawa, manyan wadannan sune nadin danginsa Banu Umayya, a matsayin gwamnonin manyan lardunan musulinci. Rashin gamsuwa da tsarin mulkinsa da gwamnatocin da ya nada ba su takaita ga lardunan da ke wajen Arabiya ba. Lokacin da dan uwan Uthman, musamman Marwan, ya sami galaba a kansa, Uthman ya rasa ikonsa na khalifanci da sahabbai da dama, ciki har da mafi yawan membobin majalisar zaba, sun janye goyon bayansu gare shi.
Tawaye Rashin yarda a karshe ya haifar da tawaye a Misira, Kufa da Basra. Lokacin da yan tawayen Masar suka taru kusa da Madina, Uthman ya nemi Ali ya yi magana da su. Wakilan hijirar da Ali ya jagotanta tare da wakilan Ansar karkashin jagorancin Muhammad dan Maslamah sun gamu da gamsassu da komawarsu ta hanyar yi musu alkawarin da sunan bada tallafi ga duk damuwar su da amincewa dasu a matsayin masu bada garantin. Saboda sasantawa da Uthman ya yi, 'yan tawayen sun koma baya. Yayin da yan tawayen suka koma Masar, wani jami'in leda ya same su daga Madina, wanda suka iske wata wasikar wacce ake zargin tana dauke da tambarin wakilcin Halifa Uthman. Wasikar ta umarci gwamnan na Masar ya kashe bangaren 'yan tawayen da zarar ta dawo gida. Masana tarihi yanzu suna ganin wasikar ba Uthman ne ya kawo ta ba, amma sakatarenta, Marwan dan Al-Hakam. Koyaya, da gano abin da wasikar ta kunsa, nan da nan sai partyyan tawayen suka fara kewaye sojojin.
Farkon Kewaye Lokacin da 'yan tawayen Masar suka koma Madina, abin haushi da wasikar hukuma da ke ba da umarnin hukunta shugabanninsu, babban alkalin alkawaran Uthman ya nemi ya yi magana da' yan tawayen kai tsaye. Uthman ya karyata duk wani ilimi game da wasikar kuma Ali da Muhammad dan Maslamah sun tabbatar da hakan. Amma a wannan lokacin zabin da 'yan tawayen suka gabatar sun nuna murabus ne ko kuma watsi da Uthman da kuma zabi wani halifa. Yayin da rikici ya barke Ali ya bar su. Ali da alama ya fashe da Uthman cikin bacin rai saboda gazawarsa ta karya tasirin Marwan akan kalifa. Ali ya shiga tsakani ne kawai bayan an sanar da shi cewa ‘yan tawayen suna hana isar da ruwa ga kalifa. Yayi kokarin rage tsananin karfin siegin daga nacewa cewa a bar Uthman ya sami ruwa. Ali ya je har ma da tura 'ya'yan nasa don kare gidan Uthman lokacin da yake cikin hatsarin za a kai masa hari. 'Yan tawayen sun yi zanga-zangar adawa da hakan kuma sun keta alfarma sakamakon hakan.
Adireshin Uthman a Masallacin Annabi A ranar juma'ar farko bayan da aka kewaye shi, Uthman yayi jawabi ga ikilisiya a masallacin. Bayan yabon Allah da albarka da fatan aminci ga Muhammad, Uthman ya gayyato hankalin mutane zuwa ga umarni a cikin Alqur’ani da ke bukatar mutane su yi biyayya ga Allah da ManzonSa, da wadanda ke da iko a cikinsu. Ya lura cewa an umarci musulmai da su sasanta dukkan al'amura ta hanyar yin shawarwari da juna. Ya ce ya bude kofofin yin shawarwari a bude. Dukkanin zarge-zargen da aka yi a kansa an yi bayanin shi sosai kuma ya nuna ba shi da gaskiya. Ya bayyana a shirye yake don magance korafin mutane na gaskiya, in da akwai. Ya lura cewa a karkashin yanayin da wasu mutane ba su sassaka ba don su haifar da hargitsi a cikin Makka. Ya ce baya tsoron mutuwa, amma baya son musulmai da laifin zubar da jini. A gareshi hadin kan al'ummar musulmin yayi matukar kauna kuma domin a sami sabani tsakanin musulmai ya umarci magoya bayan sa da su guji tashin hankali. Ya so mutane su ji tsoron Allah kuma kada su sanya hannu cikin ayyukan tauyin addinin Islama. Ya yi nuni da cewa kasashen ketare da suke yin fatali da su a karkashin nasarar da suka samu daga hannun musulmai sun tallafawa wasu makirci don murkushe addinin Musulunci. Ya gargadi mutane da kar su yi wasa a hannun makiya Musulunci. Ya yi kira ga ‘yan tawayen da su yi ritaya daga Madina. Ya so mutanen Madina su goyi bayan gaskiya da adalci da kuma hana goyon bayansu ga rebelsyan tawayen da suka lafazin barna. Da tafiyar mahajjata daga Madina zuwa Makka, an kara karfafa hannun 'yan tawayen kuma a sakamakon hakan rikicin ya kara ta'azzara. 'Yan tawayen sun san cewa bayan aikin hajji, musulmai suka taru a Makka, daga kowane bangare na duniyar musulmi, za su yi tafiya zuwa Madina don tallafawa Halifa. Don haka suka yanke shawarar daukar mataki a kan Uthman kafin aikin hajjin ya kare. Yana da alaƙa da cewa yayin juyin juya halin Mugheera bin Shu'ba ya tafi Uthman kuma ya sanya darussan matakai guda uku a gabansa, da farko, don fita don yaƙi da 'yan tawayen, na biyu, hawa raƙumi kuma zuwa Makka da na uku don zuwa Siriya Uthman ya ƙi duk shawarwarin ukun. Ya yi watsi da shawara ta farko yana cewa ba ya son ya zama halifa na farko a lokacin wanda aka zubar da jininsa lokaci. Ya ki gabatar da shawara ta biyu don tserewa zuwa Makka a doron da ya ji daga Muhammad cewa za a binne wani mutumin Quraishawa a Makka wanda zai kasance rabin azabar duniya, kuma baya son ya zama mutumin. Ya ƙi amincewa da shawara ta uku a ƙasa cewa ba zai iya barin Madina ba. Abdullah dan Salam, abokin Muhammad ya ziyarci gidan Uthman kuma an ruwaito cewa ya yi magana da maharan kamar haka: "Kada ku kashe shi. Na rantse da Allah, ba wani mutum daga cikinku zai kashe shi, amma zai sadu da Ubangiji da rauni ba tare da hannu ba, kuma lalle takobin Allah ya ci gaba da nasara, kuma lalle ne da Allah idan kuka kashe shi, to, lalle ne, Allah Ya sami abin da yake, kuma ba za ta taba fitar da ita daga gare ku. Ba a taba kashe wani Annabi ba, amma an kashe mutane sabili da shi mutum dubu 70, kuma ba a taba kashe Halifa ba, amma an kashe mutum dubu 35 a asusunsa.” Wani abokin Nayyar dan Ayyad Aslami wanda ya shiga cikin 'yan tawayen ya gargade su da shiga cikin gidan tare da kashe Uthman. Lokacin da 'yan tawayen karkashin jagorancin Nayyar dan Ayyad suka yi gaba zuwa cikin gidan, Kathir dan Salat Kundi, mai goyon bayan Uthman, ya harba kibiya wacce ta kashe Nayyar. Wannan ya fusata 'yan tawayen. Sun bukaci Kathir dan Salat Kundi a hannunsu. Uthman ya ce ba zai iya cin amanar mutumin da ya harba kibiya a cikin tsaron sa ba. Wannan ya haifar da batutuwan. Uthman ya rufe ƙofofin gidan. Hasan, Hussein, Abdullah dan Az-Zubair, Abdullah dan Umar, Muhammad ibn Talha, Marwan da kuma wasu mutane kalilan an tsare shi. Yanzu haka an fara fada a tsakanin ‘yan tawayen da magoya bayan Uthman. An samu wasu asarar rayuka a tsakanin ‘yan tawayen. Daga cikin magoya bayan Hasan, Marwan da wasu mutane da suka ji rauni.
Kashe Uthman 'Yan tawayen sun kara matsa lamba har suka isa kofar gidan Uthman suka kunna wuta. Wasu 'yan tawayen sun hau gidan maƙwabta sannan suka tsallaka zuwa gidan Uthman. A ranar 17 ga Yuli ne, 656 AZ kuma Uthman yana azumin wannan ranar. A daren jiya da ya gabata ya ga Muhammadu a cikin mafarki. Muhammad ya ce, "Idan kana so taimako za a iya aiko zuwa gare ku, kuma idan kana so za ka iya karya azuminku tare da mu a wannan maraice. Muna maraba da ku".. Uthman ya zaɓi na biyu. Wannan ya sa Uthman yasan cewa rana ce ta ƙarshe ta rayuwa. An kashe shi yayin karatun Alqurani, Aya ta Surat Baqarah "137. To, idan sun yi imani da abin da kuka yi imani da shi, to, waɗannan shiryayyu ne, kuma idan sun j ,ya, to, wadannan kawai suke a kan sabanin sihiri. Allah Ya ishe ka a kansu. Kuma Shi ne Mai ji, Masani." A cewar wasu hadisai, Alqur'anin da ya ke karantawa yana ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin kayan tarihi a Tashkent a yau. Sauran nau'ikan Alqurani, wadanda aka kiyaye su a wasu garuruwa, su ma an yi iƙirarin su ne "Al-Kur'an Uthman". A shekara ta 656, an kashe Uthman dan al-Affan. An ce wadannan mutanen suna cikin wadanda suka kashe Uthman: Muhammd dan Hazif, Dan Hazm, Kanane dan boshr Tajibi, Ummar dan Hamq Khazai, Abdul Rahman dan Udais al-Balawi da Sudan dan Hamran.
Labarin Wasanni
Manazarta
Mukaloli marasa |
58537 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makarantar%20Ibadan | Makarantar Ibadan | Makarantar tarihi ta Ibadan ita ce ta farko,kuma tsawon shekaru da yawa tana da rinjaye,al'adar hankali a cikin nazarin tarihin Najeriya .Ya samo asali ne a Jami'ar Ibadan,a Ibadan,Nigeria,a cikin 1950s,kuma ya kasance mai rinjaye har zuwa 1970s.Jami'ar Ibadan ita ce jami'a ta farko da aka bude a Najeriya,kuma malamanta sun kafa sassan tarihi a mafi yawan sauran jami'o'in Najeriya,inda suka yada tarihin tarihin Ibadan.Malamanta sun kuma rubuta litattafan da aka yi amfani da su a kowane mataki na tsarin ilimin Najeriya shekaru da yawa.Yawancin abubuwan da makarantar ta fitar ana ganin sun fi fitowa fili a cikin “Serial History Series”.
Nwaubani yayi gardamar cewa Kenneth Dike(1917–83)shine farkon masanin zamani mai goyon bayan tarihin Afirka.Littattafansa sun kasance ruwan sha a tarihin Afirka.Tare da PhD daga London a cikin 1940,Dike ya zama ɗan Afirka na farko da ya kammala horar da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun tarihi na Yammacin Turai.A Kwalejin Jami’ar Ibadan,ya zama Farfesa na farko a Afirka a fannin tarihi kuma shugaban sashen tarihi.Ya taimaka wajen kafa Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta Najeriya da kuma Taskar Tarihi ta Najeriya.Littafinsa Trade and Politics in Niger Delta 1830-1885 ya yi bayani ne akan siyasar tattalin arziki na karni na 19 a yankin Neja Delta. Ya mai da hankali kan al'amuran cikin gida na Afirka,musamman matakan kariya da al'ummomin delta suka dauka na hana shigar daular mulkin mallaka.Dike ya taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar makarantar Ibadan na tarihin Afirka kuma ya haɓaka amfani da shaidar baka ta masana tarihin Afirka.
Sauran manyan malaman makarantar Ibadan sun hada da Saburi Biobaku,Jacob Ade Ajayi, Adiele Afigbo,EA Ayandele,O.Ikime da Tekena Tamuno .Yawancin malaman kasashen waje,wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu sun zo koyarwa a Najeriya,kuma galibi ana danganta su da makarantar,ciki har da Michael Crowder,Abdullahi Smith,JB Webster,RJ Gavin,Robert Smith,da John D. Omer-Cooper.
Makarantar dai tana da kishin kasa a Najeriya a sarari kuma an yi ta ne don samar da asalin Najeriya ta hanyar bayyana daukakar tarihin kafin mulkin mallaka.Makarantar ta kasance al'ada sosai a cikin batunta,kasancewar ta keɓe ga tarihin siyasa wanda abokan aiki a Turai da Arewacin Amurka ke ƙi.Ya kasance na zamani sosai,duk da haka,a cikin hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su.An yi amfani da yawa ta tarihin baka kuma a duk makarantar ta ɗauki tsauraran matakan tsaka-tsaki don tattara bayanai.Hakan ya faru ne musamman bayan kafuwar Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka wadda ta tattaro masana daga bangarori da dama.
An samu rashin jituwa tsakanin Makarantar Ibadan da 'yan Afirka a Biritaniya da Amurka.‘Yan Afirka sun ga cewa ya kamata malaman Najeriya su kasance masu kishin kasa kuma su kasa shiga harkokin siyasar yanzu. Duk da haka,ba a taba tambayar ingancin tsari da karatun malaman Ibadan ba.Akasin haka,malaman Afirka na makarantar Ibadan suna ganin jami'o'in Amurka da na Burtaniya a matsayin tushen mulkin mallaka.A sakamakon haka,masu kishin kasa sun yi watsi da Jaridar Tarihin Afirka ta Yamma don goyon bayan Mujallar cikin gida na kungiyar Tarihi ta Najeriya.
Makarantar Ibadan ta fara raguwa a cikin mahimmanci a shekarun 1970s. Yakin basasar Najeriya ya sa wasu ke tambayar ko a gaskiya Najeriya kasa ce dunkulalliyar kasa mai tarihin kasa.A lokaci guda kuma,makarantun kishiyoyi sun bunkasa. A Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya a Najeriya, an samu wata makarantar shari’a ta Musulunci wadda ta yi watsi da tsarin Turawan Yamma,inda ta amince da al’adar malamai ta Khalifancin Sakkwato da duniyar Musulunci.Daga wasu sassan Afirka, makarantar Neo-Marxist ta isa kuma ta sami magoya baya da yawa. Tarihin zamantakewa, tattalin arziki,da al'adu su ma sun fara girma cikin shahara.
A cikin 1980s guraben karatu na Najeriya gabaɗaya ya fara raguwa,kuma makarantar Ibadan ta yi tasiri sosai.Sarakunan sojan sun kalli jami’o’in da tsantsar shakku,kuma hakan ya sa ba a basu kudade ba.Yawancin manyan masu hankali sun kasance tare da ayyukan plum a cikin gudanarwa kuma sun bar makarantar kimiyya.Wasu kuma sun bar kasar gaba daya don samun ayyukan yi a jami’o’in kasashen Yamma.Tabarbarewar tattalin arzikin da aka samu a shekarun 1980 ma ya yi wa al’ummar masana illa matuka,musamman yadda aka yi tabarbarewar darajar kudin Najeriya.Wannan ya sanya gayyata malaman kasashen waje, biyan kuɗin mujallu, da halartar taron ƙasashen waje sun fi tsada.Yawancin mujallun cikin gida,ciki har da Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria,sun rushe kuma ba a buga su ba kawai,idan ma.
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29738 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Yancin%20Tunani | 'Yancin Tunani | Ƴancin tunani (wanda kuma ake kira ƴancin ra'ayi) shine 'yancin mutum wajen amincewa ko kuma yarda da wata ra'ayi, hujja, ko kuma tunani, nasa na kansa ba tare da ra'ayoyin wasu ba.
Bayani Kowane mutum na ƙoƙarin samun ƙwarewar fahimta ta hanyar haɓaka ilimi, ra'ayoyi, ƙa'idoji da tantance su dangane da muhallin sa. Wannan ƙwarewar fahimta yana ba da jin daɗi kuma yana maye gurbin jin rashin taimako. Baya ga kawo sauƙi ga kishin mutum, sabon ilimi da tunani kuma suna kawo sa rai a na gaba.
'Yancin ra'ayi shine mafari kuma magabanci don haka yana da alaƙa da wasu 'yanci, game da 'yancin addini, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, da 'yancin nuna ra'ayi. Ko da yake 'yancin ra'ayi tsayayye ne dangane da sauran 'yanci da yawa, ba a buƙatar su ta wata hanya don aiki da wanzuwar su. Ka'idar 'yanci ko hakki baya bada damar haɗa shi, halalcinsa, ko kariya ta hanyar faɗakarwa ta falsafa. Haƙƙi ne mai matukar muhimmanci a yammacin duniya kuma kusan dukkanin kundin tsarin mulkin damokuradiyya suna kare wadannan haƙƙoƙi.
Misali, Kudirin Haƙƙoƙin ya ƙunshi sanannen dama a cikin Gyara na Farko da akayi mai cewa ba za a sanya dokokin da zasu katsalandan ga addini "ko haramta 'yanci ba." Alkalin Kotun Kolin Amurka Benjamin Cardozo ya yi bayani a Palko v. Connecticut (1937) cewa: 'Yancin ra'ayii shine mafi inganci daga mutane kuma hakki ne wanda ba'a iya kauce masa kuma wani muhimmin sashi ne na dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam a duniya. Ba tare da wani gyaran fuska ba, alamomin da zasu tabbatar da gaskiyan wannan bayani na nan kunshe cikin tarihinmu, tsarin mulkinmu da kuma shari'ar mu.
An lissafo 'Yancin tunani a a karkashin Mataki na 18; a wajen Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Bil Adama ta Duniya (UDHR), wacce ta ke daure bisa ka'ida kan kasashe membobi na yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa (ICCPR) cewa: Kowani mutum yana da 'yancin yin tunani da fadin ra'ayoyinsa da yin addininsa daya hada da 'yancin canja addini yayi hakan shi kadai ko acikin mutane da 'yancin bayyana addininsa da karantarwarsa da bayyana ibadarsa. Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ce wannan, “yana bambanta ‘yancin tunani, addini ko imani da ’yancin bayyana addini ko imani." Ba ya ƙyale kowane iyaka ko mene ne kan yancin tunani da lamiri ko kan ƴancin samun ko ɗaukar addini ko imani na zaɓin da mutum ya zaɓa. Ana kiyaye waɗannan 'yanci ba tare da wani sharadi ba." Hakazalika, Mataki na 19 na UDHR ya ba da tabbacin cewa "Kowanne mutum yana da 'yancin fadin albarkacin bakinsa, wannan hakkin ya hada da 'yancin rike ra'ayi ba tare da tsangwama ba."
Tarihin ci gaba da danniya Yana da wuyan gaske a tabbatar da abinda wani mutum yake tunani, hakan na sanya danniya mawuyaci. An bunƙasa manufar a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki, a cikin littafin Bulus na Tarsus (misali, “Mai yasa ra'ayin wani zai rika takure nawa ra'ayin sunaideseos 1 Korinthiyawa 10:29). Duk da cewa masana falsafa na Girka Plato da Socrates sun tattauna 'Yancin Tunani a takaice, har wayau dokokin Sarki Ashoka (ƙarni na 3 BC) an kiran dokar na farko da 'Yancin ra'ayi ko tunani. A cikin al'adar Turawa, baya ga dokar yarda da addini ta Constantine I a Milan a shekara ta 313, masana falsafa Themistus, Michel de Montaigne, Baruch Spinoza, John Locke, Voltaire, Alexandre Vinet, da John Stuart Mill da masana tauhidi Roger Williams da Samuel Rutherford an dauke su manyan magoya bayan ra'ayin 'Yancin Tunani (ko 'yanci na ruhi a cikin kalmomin Roger Williams). Sarauniya Elizabeth ta I ta soke dokar tauye tunani a ƙarshen karni na goma sha shida, domin, a cewar Sir Francis Bacon, ba ta son bada wata kafa a cikin rayukan maza da tunaninsu na sirri. A lokacin mulkinta, masanin falsafa, masanin lissafi, falaki, kuma masanin ilimin taurari "Giordano Bruno" ya sami mafaka a Ingila daga dokar yanke haddi na Italiya, inda ya buga littattafansa da yawa game da sararin samaniya da dama har ma da darussan da Cocin Katolika ta hana. Bayan ya fita daga kariyar Ingila, an ƙone a raye Bruno a Roma a matsayin wanda ya kafurce don ya ƙi yin watsi da ra'ayoyinsa. Don haka ne wasu ke ganin shi a matsayin shahidi na 'yancin tunani ko ra'ayi. Ignaz von Döllinger ya bayyana Oliver Cromwell a matsayin “mutum na farko daga cikin shahararrun mutanen duniya da suka kafa ƙa’idar addini guda ɗaya ta musamman, kuma ya tilasta ta har zuw aiya rayuwar sa: Ka’idar ‘yancin kai da qin tilastawa acikin addini.” Haka zaika, ana iya iyakance 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ta hanyar watsi da ra'ayi, tsare mutum, ko kona littattafai, ko farfaganda, kuma wannan yana hana 'yancin ra'ayi. Misalai masu tasiri na yakar 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki su ne yunkurin Soviet na binciken kwayoyin halitta don goyon bayan ka'idar da aka sani da Lysenkoism, wani gangami na kona littafi da mutanen Nazi na Jamus suka yi, da tsattsauran ra'ayi da aka yi a Cambodia a karkashin Pol Pot, iyakacin iyaka akan 'yancin furuci da gwamnatocin gurguzu na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin da Cuba ko kuma na kama-karya irin na Augusto Pinochet na Chile da Francisco Franco a Spain suka kafa.
Hasashen Sapir-Whorf, wanda ya bayyana cewa tunani yana cikin harshe, zai goyi bayan da'awar cewa ƙoƙari na iyakance amfani da kalmomin harshe shine ainihin nau'i na ƙuntata 'yancin tunani.An bincika wannan a cikin littafin George Orwell na 1984, tare da ra'ayin nau'i na yaren Ingilishi da aka yi wanda ake zargi da rashin ikon kwatanta iyakance bayyana ra'ayoyin asali.
Haɓaka fasahohin neuroimaging na kwanan nan sun kara tayar da damuwa game da ƙungiyoyin da za su iya karantawa da kuma tauye tunani. Ko da yake batun yana da rikitarwa dangane da lamarin jiki da zuciya, waɗannan damuwowin sun zama sashin bincike da ke tasowa na neuroethics da neuroprivacy.
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
57668 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlef | Chlef | Chlef yana kwance a wani kwari a tsayin tsakanin jeri biyu na tsaunuka zuwa arewa da yamma. Garin yana kewaye da filayen noma; Akwai watsewar itatuwa duka a cikin kwari da kuma a kan tuddai.
Tarihi
Tsohon Castellum Tingitii Kagaran Romawa,Castellum Tingitanum, birni ne na lardin Romawa na Mauretania Caesariensis.An san wurin da Al-Asnam (Larabci don "sculptures")a lokacin Khalifancin Umayyawa.Ya rufe wani yanki na kuma ya ƙunshi mutum-mutumi da yawa.
Tsohon bishop An gano wani Basilica na Kirista tun daga zamanin Sarkin sarakuna Constantine a nan,tare da ƙayyadaddun mosaic.Wannan ita ce coci mafi tsufa da ake samu a Afirka.YaBishop Felix(Italiyanci:Felice), yana cikin shugabannin Katolika da Arian Vandal sarki Huneric ya kira zuwa Majalisar Carthage(484)kafin a kore shi. Ba a san wasu cikakkun bayanai game da tsohon bishopric ba.
An sake farfado da shi a matsayin mai suna Roman Katolika gani a cikin 1965, kuma ana cika shi akai-akai tun.
Titular bishops Agustín Rodríguez(1965.12.07 1968.12.25)
Antonino Nepomuceno, Oblate OMI (1969.07.11-1997.02.14)
Ireneusz Józef Pękalski,Mataimakin Bishop na Archdiocese na Roman Katolika na Łódź(Poland) (1999.12.11-yanzu)
Al-Asnam and the Ouled Kosseir Chellif Valley ya kasance daga karni na 15 ne yankin Badouin Ouled Kosseir,wanda ya zauna a can karkashin jagorancin Hamou El Kosseir(H'ammü'l-Quçayri) bayan da 'yan kabilar Berber na asali suka raba. Wannan kabilar Djouadi ce(babban soja).Idan har suna kiran kansu zuriyar Beni Makhzum(Ko dai Khaled Ibn El Walid).sun yi imanin cewa yana cikin ƙungiyar Ibn Suwayd Zoghba na Beni Hillal don haka 'yan uwan Mehal,sauran manyan sojoji.
Takardu na sojojin Faransa da sauran masana tarihi sunyi magana akan "mafi iko da kabilu masu arziki"a cikin Chellif Valley a 1830, da hekta 500,000 na ƙasa mai albarka da sojoji fiye da 19,000.Ouled Kosseir ya halarci moubayâa na sarki Abdelkader, kuma an ba da yankinsu a karkashin yarjejeniyar Tafna.
Bayan cin nasara da sarki da abokansa suka yi,an kwace filaye da yawa tare da rarrabawa ga mazauna da sauran ’yan asalin kasar,ciki har da Medjadja,masu fafutuka da ke tallafa wa sojojin Faransa a lokacin da suka isa.
Gwamnatin Faransa Napoleon III, a ƙarƙashin"Daular Larabawa",ta yi ƙoƙarin girmama shugabannin Ouled Kosseir tare da Djouadi..Don haka,an yi wa wasu ado da Legion of Honor (ko Med Foudad Kharoubi Ben Ben Bia.).
Kaid na ƙarshe(shugaban kabilanci) bayan isowar sojojin Faransa shine Foudad Ben Adda,wanda yayi aiki a lokacin 1867 a majalisar birni na gundumar Orleansville.Ya kasance memba na Babban Majalisar Algiers har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1869.
Orléansville A cikin 1843 Maréchal Bugeaud ya kafa birnin Orléansville a wurin zamani na Chlef.
Garin ya kasance a mahadar kogin Chlef da kogin Tsighaout.Garin ya ci gaba ne saboda tsananin yanayi,daya daga cikin mafi zafi a arewacin Aljeriya.
M Girgizar kasa ta Chlef ta afku a arewacin Aljeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumbar 1954 tare da iyakar Mercalli na XI( Extreme ).Akalla mutane 1,243 aka kashe sannan wasu 5,000 suka jikkata.
A lokacin garin yana da mazaunan 44,400. ne na kungiyar masu fasaha ta Lettrist International( LI), wasu daga cikinsu sun mutu a girgizar kasa.Mohamed Dahou ya tsira kuma ya ci gaba da shiga cikin halin da ake ciki na kasa da kasa.LI ta bayyana garin a matsayin"birni mafi kyawu a duniya".
Yawan jama'a A cikin ƙidayar 2018 lardin Chlef yana da mazauna sama da miliyan 1,waɗanda 178,616 ke zaune a babban birnin lardin Chlef.
Sufuri Chlef yana da tasha akan layin dogo na Algiers-Oran.Filin jirgin sama na Chlef na kasa da kasa yana hidimar birnin.
Yanayi Chlef yana da yanayin Bahar Rum Köppen weather classification Csa),tare da zafi mai zafi,bushewar lokacin rani da sanyi mai laushi.
Nassoshi
ToHanyoyin haɗi na waje A website about colonial Chlef
GigaCatholic the Catholic titular episcopal see
Biranen |
61993 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olumide%20Idowu | Olumide Idowu | Olumide Idowu (an haifeshi a shekarar 1987) wanda aka fi sani da Mista Climate, matashi ne ɗan Najeriya mai fafutukar sauyin yanayi. Shi ne wanda ya kafa wata kungiya mai suna International Climate Change Development Initiative (ICCDI Africa), da Climate Wednesday and Nigerian Youth Climate Coalition. Olumide ɗan'uwan Atlas Corps ne, tsofaffin ɗalibai na Shirin Jagorancin Baƙi na Jiha (IVLP), kafofin watsa labarun da jami'in sadarwa na Ƙungiyar Cigaban Ilimi a Afirka, Triennale 2017 a Senegal, kuma babban darektan sadarwa na Ƙaddamarwar Matasan Afirka akan Canjin Yanayi AYICC). Ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Shirya 7th Global Platform on Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) a Mexico, African Youth Champion for the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) kuma ya karɓi lambar yabo ta Save the Children Award na shekarar 2015 da Gudunmawarsa ga Ci gaba mai dorewa (Sustainable Development) a Najeriya. Olumide shi ne Cibiyar Matasa a Najeriya UNDP Small Grant Program, marubucin matasa na Global Environment Outlook (GEO) na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Muhalli da Babban Kodineta na Matasan Afirka kan Sauyin Yanayi (AYICC). Shi ma memba ne na kungiyoyi daban-daban na cikin gida da na waje. Babban abin da ya fi mayar da hankali ya haɗa da ƙarfafa matasa, Muhalli, Canjin yanayi, Sadarwa, Kulawa da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Idowu mahaifinsa wani masanin noma ne a Najeriya. Ya karanta Statistics a Jami'ar Abuja, Nigeria inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya (B.Sc.) a shekarar 2010.
Sana'a Olumide ya zama memba na hukumar zartarwa kuma daraktan yankin Afirka na Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Duniya (IYF) a cikin shekarar 2016. A cikin shekarar 2018, Olumide ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan ƙasar Najeriya na Climate Scorecard, wani yunƙuri na Global Citizens' Initiative, (TGCI) da EarthAction. A cikin wannan rawar, ya samar da Brief na kasa na wata-wata mai suna Action Alert yana bayyana ayyukan da suka kawo cikas ga aiwatar da yarjejeniyar Paris, mafita da masu ruwa da tsaki don aiwatar da ayyukan da ake buƙata. A cikin wannan shekarar, ya yi aiki akan aikace-aikacen wayar hannu don ba da rahoto ga ɗan ƙasa game da Gudanar da Sharar gida da Rage Hadarin Bala'i. Shi ne babban darektan sadarwa, na Initiative Youth Africa on Climate Change (AYICC) kuma ya zama babban jami’in gudanarwa a watan Janairu, 2022. Bugu da ƙari, ya kasance ƙwararren mai ba da shawara da yaƙin neman zaɓe na Save the Children Nigeria, kodinetan ayyuka na TUNZA Nigeria, kuma Manazarcin Bincike da Rahoto na Ƙungiyar Sana'a ta Yammacin Afirka. Olumide shi ne cibiyar Matasa a Najeriya don shirin UNDP Small Grant, kuma Jagoran Matasa Marubuci Global Environmental Outlook (GEO6).
Fafutuka Olumide Idowu ya fara tafiyar sa na fafutukar ganin an samu sauyin yanayi tare da kungiyar AIESEC da haɗin gwiwar matasan Najeriya a lokacin karatun digirinsa na farko wanda hakan ya sa ya halarci buɗaɗɗiyar taron majalisar dokokin Najeriya (Najeriya). A shekara ta 2013, ya kafa shirin da ake yi a ranar Laraba don ilimantar da mutane game da sauyin yanayi da dabarun daidaita shi. Ya kafa shirin bunƙasa sauyin yanayi na ƙasa da ƙasa (ICCDI Africa) a shekarar 2016 da nufin gina tsarar yanayi mai mai kyau ta hanyar tattaunawa da sabbin abubuwa. Ya yi aiki a kan shirye-shiryen da za su jagoranta da suka mayar da hankali kan yin bayan gida a fili, kiwon lafiyar mata, sarrafa shara, da tsaftace malalar mai da sauransu a jihohin Legas da Rivers Najeriya.
Kyaututtuka da zaɓe An karrama Olumide da lambar yabo ta Save the Children Award na Gudunmawa ga Ci gaba mai dorewa a Najeriya na 2015. Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Najeriya ne ya zaɓe shi a matsayin Shirin Shugabancin Baƙi na Jiha (IVLP), da kuma Zakaran Matasan Afirka na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Dabarun Rage Bala'i (UNISDR). Olumide ya lashe Asusun Ƙirƙirar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru a Nijeriya. Olumide ya fito a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mutane takwas da suka samu lambar yabo ta Tod'Aérs Global Network (TGN) ga shugabannin matasa daga ko'ina cikin duniya da aka amince da su da lambar yabo ta "2022 Global Young Leader of the Year" saboda gagarumin aikin da suka yi.
Wallafe-wallafe Matsayin da matasa ke takawa wajen tabbatar da manufarsu ta kawo sauyi.
Tushen buƙatun Najeriya a cikin ajandar ci gaban bayan 2015.
Tasirin Sauyin Yanayi akan Noma da Abinci.
Noma da Ci gaban Matasa a Afirka.
Manazarta Haihuwan 1987
Rayayyun |
49997 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisha%20Bowe | Aisha Bowe | Articles with hCards
Aisha Bowe injiniya ce wato injiniyan sararin samaniya ce Bahamian-Amurka, wacce ta kafa, kuma Shugaba na kamfanin STEMBoard, kamfanin fasaha.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi Aisha Bowe ta girma a Amurka a cikin dangi mai aiki. Mahaifinta ya yi hijira daga Bahamas Mahaifinta direban tasi ne a Ann Arbor, Michigan Ko da yake mai ba ta jagorar makarantar sakandare ta ba ta shawarar ta zama ƙwararriyar kayan kwalliya, mahaifin Aisha Bowe ya bukace ta da ta yi karatun lissafi a makaranta kwalejin al'umma ta yankin, wanda ta yi sauri. Wannan tushe a cikin ilimin lissafi sannan ya ba Bowe damar canzawa zuwa shirye-shiryen injiniya a Jami'ar Michigan daga Washtenaw Community College Bowe ta kammala karatun digirinta na farko a injiniyan sararin samaniya a Shekarar ta 2008, da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin injiniyan sararin samaniya a Shekarar ta 2009, duka a Jami'ar Michigan Ta ce ta zabi injiniyan sararin samaniya saboda sha'awar almara kimiyya Ɗaya daga cikin malamanta na digiri, Thomas Zurbuchen, yana aiki a kana kan Manzon Mercury Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai horarwa a Cibiyar Nazarin Ames a Shekarar ta 2008, kafin ta shiga aikin injiniya.
Sana'a Bowe ya yi aiki a Cibiyar Bincike ta Ames, a cikin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Jirgin Sama da Harkokin Gudanarwa na Sashen Harkokin Jirgin Sama. A shekarar ta 2012 ta sami lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Injiniyan Baƙar fata ta Ƙasa don Ba da Gudunmawar Fasaha ta Musamman don takardarta mai suna "Kimanin Jirgin Jirgin Sama Mai Ingantacciyar Man Fetur don Magance Rikici". Ta shiga ƙungiyar AST Flight da Fluid Mechanics a cikin shekarar ta 2009, tana taimakawa haɓakawa da algorithms don tallafawa Gudanar da zirga-zirgar Jiragen Sama. A matsayin Bahamiyya-Ba-Amurke, Bowe yana son "ya ƙara ganin Bahamiyawa a fagen kimiyya da fasaha." Yayin da take NASA, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwa ga Shirin Lissafi, Injiniya, Nasarar Kimiyya (MESA). A cikin wannan rawar, ta kuma jagoranci ɗalibai, ta gudanar da taron tattaunawa kuma ta jagoranci wasu rangadin wuraren NASA A cikin shekarar 2019, Bowe ya ziyarci Johannesburg, Bloemfontein, da Pretoria a Afirka ta Kudu don jerin tattaunawa da aka gayyata daga watan Oktoba ranar 7 da 18 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Kakakin Amurka. Ta kuma yi lacca a wasu ƙasashe da dama, ciki har da kasar Isra'ila da Kuwait Aisha Bowe memba ne na Ƙungiyar Injiniya na Baƙar fata ta ƙasa kuma ƙwararren Gudanar da Shirye-shiryen ta PMI Ita kuma ƙwararriyar ƙwararriyar SSI ce wacce ta gama nutsewa a Yankin Afirka ta Kudu, Bahamas, binin California, da Tsibirin Cayman. Ita ma mai hawan dutse ce kuma ta hau Dutsen Kilimanjaro a dake shekarar ta 2016.
STEMBoard Aisha Bowe ita ce ta kafa kuma Shugaba na STEMBoard, kamfani da ke magance kalubalen fasaha ga gwamnati da abokan ciniki masu zaman kansu. STEMBoard ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Kasuwanci ne na Mata Masu Rasa Tattalin Arziki wanda Ƙungiyar Kasuwancin Mata ta Amurka ke tallafawa. Suna aiki don rufe gibin nasarar ilimi na ƙananan kabilu, ta hanyar sansanonin STEM, haɗin gwiwa tare da kwalejoji da jami'o'i na baƙar fata na tarihi da kuma damar yin aiki ga matasa matasa. STEMBoard yana matsayi na dubu biyu da Dari biyu da tamanun da hudu 2,284 akan Inc. Magazine 's Inc. 5000 jerin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu mafi girma cikin sauri a cikin shekarar ta 2020.
Kit ɗin "LINGO". Aisha Bowe ce ta kirkiro LINGO codeing kit. Kit ɗin coding na LINGO yana koyar da kayan masarufi da ƙirar software. Darussan suna tafiya da kansu. Kit ɗin yana da kayan kayan masarufi, jagorar koyarwa da bidiyoyin koyarwa. Ana kiran kit na farko "A cikin Kujerar Direba." A wurin zama na Direba yana ba da umarni yadda ake ƙirƙira da da ƙididdige firikwensin bayanzuba don mota mai cin gashin kanta.
Ayyukan da aka buga Wasu daga cikin zaɓaɓɓun zababbun wallafe-wallafen na Aisha Bowe sune:
Mai jarida Mukala
Yadda Wannan Tsohon Injiniyan NASA Ke So Ya Samar da Ilimin Matasa na STEM
Kit ɗin lambar koyo daga nesa yana ƙarfafa baƙar fata matasa su shiga STEM
Me yasa Masanin Kimiyyar Roka Ya Bar NASA don Taimakawa Matasa Codes
Haɗu da tsohon injiniyan NASA wanda ke taimakawa don aika ayyuka zuwa sararin samaniya
Haɗu da Aisha Bowe, Masanin Kimiyyar Rocket kuma ɗan kasuwa ya himmatu don jagorantar Black Tech na gaba na gaba.
STEM a gida: Jami'ar Michigan tsofaffin ɗalibai suna ƙirƙirar kayan koyo yayin bala'i
Waɗannan Baƙaƙen Founders sun yi Nasara Duk da Silicon Valley
Gabatar da Gwamnati mai sauri, bincike na kirkire-kirkire da hazaka a cikin hidimar jama'a
Injiniya Aerospace Aisha Bowe ta Gabatar da Kayan Aiki A Gida
Tsohuwar UM Aerospace Aisha Bowe ta koma makarantar sakandaren Pioneer don gabatarwa da Kwamitin Tambaya A. Tattaunawa
Nicole Riche's Pearl xChange (2016)
LCL Season 4 EP10: Yadda Ake Cire Shakkun Kai Tare da Aisha Bowe Gerard Adams
Aisha Bowe tana magana a taron Platform 2015
Mata Bakar Fata a Tarihi AMC Network NAACP PSA
Podcasts
Aisha Bowe: Kimiyyar Roka da Farawa
Memos Mentor: Aisha Bowe da Claire Luce
Mata Masu Kasuwanci, Kashi na 3: Aisha Bowe, Mujallar Farawa: 'Yar kasuwan hatsi
Techstination STEMboard Lingo CEO Aisha Bowe
Talabijin
Injiniyan Jirgin Sama Na NASA Yana Ba Mutane Da Ba Su Wakilta Ba Don Yin Aikin Injiniya Afrilu 18, 2021. Kelly Clarkson Show Wannan Masanin kimiyyar roka an taɓa gaya mata ba za ta yi kyau a STEM ba, ba ta bari ya hana ta ba Afrilu 12, 2021. Tamron Hall Show Mars Rover Landing Fabrairu 18, 2021. NBCLX.
Kyautittika An gane Bowe saboda gudunmawarta ga aikin injiniya, bambancin, da dama daidai ta Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama da Sararin Samaniya, Ƙungiyar Injiniya ta Baƙar fata, da Cibiyar Kasuwancin Mata ta Amurka Wasu zababbun kyaututtuka kamar haka.
A shekarar2020 Mafi kyawun Dan kasuwa na Shekara ta Black Data Processing Associates (BDPA) na Washington, DC
2020 Fitaccen Kyautar Alumna, Sashen Injiniya Aerospace, Jami'ar Michigan 2020 INC 5000 2020 Jerin Kamfanonin Haɓaka Mafi Sauri A shekarar2015 Kyautar Rukunin Kasuwancin Mata na Amurka “Tauraro masu tasowa” 2014 Silicon Valley 's National Coalition of 100 Black Women's Women in Technology of the Year Award A shekarar2012 lambar yabo ta Injiniya ta NASA 2012 NASA Daidaitaccen Samar da Damar Aiki
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Aisha Bowe na sirri
Gidan yanar gizon STEMboard
STEMLingo
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
22580 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Bada%20Shawara%20ta%20Yahudawa | Kungiyar Bada Shawara ta Yahudawa | CCJO RenéCassin ne mai kare hakkin dan adam NGO cewa ayyukan da ya inganta da kuma kare hakkin dan adam a duniya, jawo a kan Yahudawa abubuwan da dabi'u. Kungiyar tana yin hakan ta hanyar kamfen don canji a cikin fannonin haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka ayyana ta hanyar haɗakarwa da ba da shawara, nazarin manufofi, kamfen ɗin jama'a da ilimi da haɓaka ƙarfin masu fafutuka da lauyoyi don haɓaka da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. Kungiyar tana aiki a cikin yankuna na haƙƙin ɗan adam waɗanda ke da alaƙa da kwarewar yahudawa, kamar wariya, mafaka, da kisan kare dangi Kungiyar tana riƙe da matsayi na musamman na shawarwari tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin ƙungiyar Ba da Shawara ta Yahudawa (CCJO). Shugaban CCJO na farko shi ne René Cassin, babban mai tsara dokar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Hakkokin Dan-Adam, wanda aka ba shi lambar yabo ta Nobel a shekarar 1968 don yaba da aikinsa na kare hakkin dan Adam a matsayinsa na masanin shari’a, masani kuma dan kasa. CCJO ya kasance mai ba da goyon baya ga ƙoƙari don haɓaka tasirin yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma tsarin hukumomi a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Daga shekara ta 1940 zuwa 1970s ta shiga cikin ƙirƙirar kayan kare haƙƙin bil'adama na Majalisar Duniya, waɗanda suka zama tushen ayyukan Majalisar rightsinkin Duniya na 'yancin ɗan adam a yau.
CCJO René Cassin kwanan nan yayi shawarwari game da tunannin farko game da haƙƙin ƙungiya haɗin kai a cikin kayan aikin Majalisar Nationsinkin Duniya (Ka'idodin Asali kan Hakki ga Waɗanda Aka Ci zarafi). Ka'idodin sun amince da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a watan Nuwamba shekarata 2005. Kungiyar ta kuma gudanar da kamfe kan hakkin ‘yan gudun hijira, rigakafin kisan kare dangi, yancin addini, daidaito tsakanin kabilu da kuma batun maido da kasashen duniya. CCJO René Cassin kuma yana ba da shirye-shiryen ilimantar da ɗan adam da zaman horo.
Kungiyar ta fi mayar da hankali ne a Burtaniya, amma tana da magoya baya a duk Turai, musamman a Faransa Danny Silverstone shine shugaban kungiyar na yanzu, kuma Mia Hasenson-Gross Daraktan ta shekarar (2018).
Tun da farko Alexander Goldberg ne ya shugabanci kungiyar wanda ya kasance a matsayin babban wakili a kwamitin kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma Daniel Kingsley.
Manufa Yin aiki tare da ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta ƙasa da ƙasa don haɓaka haƙƙin ɗan adam na dukkan mutane da al'ummomin duniya.
Don ciyar da wannan ajanda a gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran matakan da suka dace.
Yin aiki tare da sauran kungiyoyin yahudawa don kara wayar da kan yan adam da karfafa himma a tsakanin al'ummomin yahudawa a madadin wadanda aka fatattaka da wadanda ake zalunta a duniya.
Tarihi A cikin shekarata 2000, Clemens Nathan da wasu mutanen da ke da ƙwarewa game da aikin haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin Majalisar Shawara na Organiungiyoyin Yahudawa (CCJO) suka ɗauki ƙungiyar matasa ƙwararru zuwa tsohuwar Hukumar Majalisar Nationsinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam (wanda tuni aka sauya shi zuwa Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam. a Geneva inda aka nuna musu yanayin muryoyin yahudawa da ke akwai kan 'yancin ɗan adam na duniya. An yi wahayi zuwa gare su don kafa CCJO René Cassin (RC), da nufin samar da muryoyin yahudawa game da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa a matakan ƙasa da ƙasa. Nathan ya ci gaba da tallafawa da kuma ƙarfafa aikinsu na ci gaba, yana neman jawo sabbin ƙwarewar ƙwarewa a cikin aikin da CCJO ya yi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma sauran ayyukan haƙƙin ɗan adam.
Tun da kafa tushen sa a cikin Burtaniya a wannan lokacin, RC ya girma kuma ya ƙware. A cikin shekarata 2003, RC ya fara yin hulɗa tare da jama'ar yahudawa a cikin Burtaniya don haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a game da haƙƙin ɗan adam da ƙarfafa gwagwarmaya, ta hanyar karɓar jerin manyan al'amuran jama'a, kuma gami da mahawara da taro. Masu magana a waɗannan abubuwan sun hada da Dame Ruth Deech, Dr Indarjit Singh da Peter Tatchell A cikin shekarar 2005, RC ta ƙaddamar da shirin ilimi don makarantun sakandare a cikin Burtaniya game da kisan kare dangi, ƙaura da kuma haƙƙin yaro. A cikin shekarata 2005 kawai, wannan shirin ya kai sama da yaran makarantar sakandare na yahudawa 3000. Continuedungiyar ta ci gaba da ba da fifiko ga ilimi, samar da kayan ilimi ga malamai, tare da yin aiki tare da manyan makarantun sakandaren yahudawa biyar don ilimantar da kan halin da ake ciki a Darfur, Sudan RC ta cigaba da ɗaukar wakilai zuwa Majalisar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tare da goyon bayan CCJO. A cikin shekarar 2005 a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen don sake biyan waɗanda ke fama da kisan kare dangi, wakilan RC sun tattauna tattaunawar farko game da haƙƙin rukuni a cikin wani kayan aikin Majalisar Unitedinkin Duniya (Ka'idodin Aiki kan 'Yancin Waɗanda Aka Ci zarafinsu).
RC na ci gaba da kamfe kan batutuwan da suka hada da shige da fice, ta'addanci da azabtarwa a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
A shekara ta shekarata 2007, RC ta ƙaddamar da Networkungiyar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta Yahudawa a Burtaniya don ta haɗu da yahudawa don yin magana game da 'yancin ɗan adam, tare da goyon bayan Babban Rabbi na Kingdomasar Ingila, Babban Lauyan Burtaniya da wakilai daga ko'ina cikin Burtaniya Jewishungiyar yahudawa da haƙƙin ɗan adam.
A farkon shekarunsa, RC wasu matasa lauyoyi ne suka jagoranta, Alexander Goldberg da kuma Daniel Kingsley. Employedungiyar ta yi amfani da Darakta na cikakken lokaci na farko, Clive Gabay a cikin 2005, wanda Sarah Kaiser ta gaji a shekarata 2006. Kaiser ya ci gaba da ba da fifiko ga aikin ilimantarwa, haɓaka albarkatu da yawa da shirye-shiryen ilimin da ke mai da hankali kan addinin Yahudanci da 'yancin ɗan adam, da gudanar da al'amuran. A cikin watan Oktoba na shekarata 2010, Simone Abel, wani lauya tare da gogewa a Human Rights Watch, New York, da wasu manyan kamfanonin lauyoyi biyu na duniya suka gaje Kaiser. A ƙarshen shekarar 2011, Shauna Leven, shi ma lauya ne, ya shiga RC a matsayin Manajan Shirye-shirye a 2011 kuma aka naɗa Darakta a shekarata 2013. Leven ya bar René Cassin a cikin Disamba shekarar 2014 kuma an maye gurbinsa a matsayin Darakta a Yuni shekarata 2015 ta Mia Hasenson-Gross.
Tun lokacin da aka nada Abel, kungiyar ta fi mai da hankali kan aikin bayar da shawarwari baya ga abubuwan bayar da ilimi. Beganungiyar ta fara aiki a kan batutuwan da suka shafi nuna wariya ga Gypsies, Matafiya da Roma a Burtaniya da Turai a shekarar 2010, da bautar zamani da tallafi na humanancin Burtaniya na cikin gida a cikin shekarata 2011, samar da takardu na siyasa, dabarun neman shawarwari da kayan ilimi. Tun shekara ta 2010, kungiyar ta ƙara yin aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar sauran ƙungiyoyi don cimma burinta na ba da shawarwari ta hanya mafi inganci da inganci.
RC ta ci gaba da aikin ba da shawarwari na ƙasashen duniya kuma, shiga cikin zaman ciki har da Sashen Babban Mataki na ECOSOC, da Nazarin Lokutan Duniya da Majalisar Rightsancin Dan Adam.
Batutuwa da kamfen Genocide and Crimes against Humanity: Darfur RC has called for a peaceful resolution to the crisis in Darfur. More specifically, they have called for United Nations peace-keeping forces to be sent to the area, a no-fly zone to be enforced over Darfur and support from the international community to pursue convictions for the perpetrations of the crimes against humanity at the International Criminal Court. In keeping with this, RC has repeatedly highlighted the situation in Darfur via interventions delivered to the United Nations Human Rights Council. In 2012, RC began research into the conflict South Kordofan state, Sudan.
Asylum and Detention RC is concerned that the United Kingdom's policy and practice of detention infringes the human rights of many asylum seekers. The organisation frames the detention of asylum seekers as a human rights issue and campaigns against indefinite detention, the detention of vulnerable people and the Detained Fast Track system as violations of human rights standards and the inherent dignity of the individual.
The Chronically Excluded In 2011 RC launched a campaign against discrimination facing Gypsy and Traveller communities, titled 'The Chronically Excluded.' In April 2011 RC highlighted inequalities facing the Gypsy and Traveller communities in the UK and Europe at the European Union Fundamental Rights Platform in Vienna. Following this, in May 2012 the organisation presented an oral submission for the UN Commission on Social Development on the social exclusion of Gypsies and Travellers.
Slavery and human trafficking RC seeks to end modern slavery through education and advocacy. In 2011 it published a Haggadah Companion highlighting the ongoing issue of modern-day slavery and engaging supporters in positive activities to: raise awareness, change consumer behaviour and join their advocacy work. RC also advised various corporations as to what steps they could take in order to ensure that they avoid indirectly contributing to modern-day slavery or increasing the likelihood of the exploitation of human beings during the 2012 London Olympics.
Working to protect and promote the Human Rights Act RC supports and advocates for the retention of the Act. In 2012 it hosted a panel discussion with guest speakers Professor Francesca Klug OBE and Sir Vernon Bogdanor CBE about the importance of retaining the Act and also prepared a submission to the Commission on the Bill of Rights Consultation.
Children's Rights RC aims to end child slavery and sexual servitude, protect the rights of child asylum seekers and end child detention, end discrimination on the basis of sexuality and promote the right to education and end discrimination in schools.
Ilimi RC ta himmatu wajen samar da ilimin haƙƙin ɗan adam mai kawo canji tun a shekarar 2003, kuma da farko ta haɓaka wadatattun kayan aiki da nufin yara yan makarantar sakandare. A shekara ta 2008, a ranar duniya ta Darfur, kungiyar ta gudanar da taronta na cikakken yini na farko mai taken 'Menene Bayahude game da' Yancin Dan Adam? kuma taron ya zama tsayayyen shekara-shekara.
Kwanan baya, kungiyar ta mai da hankali kan ilimin haƙƙin ɗan adam don ƙwararrun ƙwararrun matasa, yahudawa gabaɗaya, da ci gaba da haɓaka ƙwararrun lauyoyi.
RC tana gudanar da shirin ilimantarwa na shekara-shekara mai taken Kaddamar da Ingantaccen Activan gwagwarmaya, wanda ke haɓaka ƙungiyoyin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru zuwa masu himma da himma da ɗaukar su zuwa Geneva, Strasbourg da Hague don yin kamfen a gaban ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa. Kungiyar ta gudanar da wannan shirin cikin nasara tun shekara ta 2008 kuma tana da kimantawa na ilimi mai zaman kanta wanda ya kammala cewa shirin yana ƙara ƙimar gaske ga ba da shawara-horar da matasa ƙwararru.
Har ila yau, kungiyar ta gudanar da Shirin René Cassin Fellowship Program, (RCFP) wanda ke tattare da matasa kwararrun yahudawa daga Turai, Isra’ila da Amurka don bincika batutuwan da suka shafi hakkin dan Adam ta hanyar tabarau na musamman na yahudawa. Tana ba wa ƙwararrun yahudawa ilimi, ƙwarewa da tuntuɓar da ake buƙata don haɓaka gwagwarmayar su a fagen adalci na zamantakewar al'umma, haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya ko fannoni masu alaƙa. A cikin shekarata 2013, Shirin Fellowship na tsawon shekara ya gudanar da taron karawa juna sani a kowane wata tare da babban memba a kan tsarin karatun da aka tsara musamman don haɗin gwiwa. Hakanan abokan aikin suna halartar ziyarar lokaci zuwa lokaci ta manyan lauyoyi na 'yancin ɗan adam, masana, masu gwagwarmaya, da shugabannin gari. RCFP ta ƙunshi manyan tafiye-tafiye biyu a watan Yuni, san uwan sun shiga yawon bincikensu zuwa Isra’ila, kuma a lokacin bazara akwai tafiya zuwa Geneva don wakilan Turai da na Isra’ila.
kungiyar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta Yahudawa A watan Mayun shekarata 2008 RenéCassin ya ƙaddamar da Networkungiyar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta yahudawa da nufin haɗuwa da manyan ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na yahudawa don ƙarfafa muryar yahudawa a cikin al'ummomin duniya. Kungiyar tana buɗewa ga kowace ƙungiya ko ɗayan mutane waɗanda suka yi rajista game da Sanarwa game da 'Yancin Dan Adam da Yahudanci. Sanarwar ta sami sa hannun wasu mashahuran mutane a cikin yahudawa da ma duniya baki daya 'yancin dan adam wadanda suka hada da shugaban kwamitin wakilai na yahudawan Birtaniyya, Babban Lauyan kasar, Francesca Klug OBE da Babban Rabbi Ya zuwa na shekarar 2013, JHRN ba ya aiki.
Duba kuma Cibiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya
Manazarta
Majiya CCJO René Cassin Shafin Farko
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15671 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ola%20Brown | Ola Brown | Olamide Brown, ana kuma kiranta da née Orekunrin, ta kasance likita ce Mai zama a kasar Biritaniya, Amman yar asalin kasar Najeriya ce, tana aikin likitanci ne tare da kula da kiwon lafiya, kuma wacce aka kafa kungiyar Flying Doctors Healthcare Investment Group da ita, kuma Darakta ce na Greentree Investment Company, a kungiyar ta Flying Doctors ta ba da gudummawa sosai da aiki a cikin sarkar ƙimar kiwon lafiya a cikin sabis na motar asibiti da dabaru, tuntuba fasahar kiwon lafiya, asibiti ginin asibiti, bincike da kayan aiki, kula da wuraren kiwon lafiya da kuma sayar da magunguna. An yi zargin ta a kotu akan cewa Olamide tana aikin likita a Najeriya ba tare da lasisi ba. An kuma yi zargin cewa a wani lokaci Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Burtaniya ta dakatar da ita saboda mummunan halin rashin da'akayi kuma a halin yanzu ba ta da rajistar yin aiki a Ingila. Wani magidanci ne ya shigar da kara a gabanta inda ta zarge ta da bayyana kuskurenta game da N1.1 billion
Farkon rayuwa da ilimi An haifi Ola Brown a Landan, Ingila, kuma ta halarci Makarantar Koyon Aikin Likitanci Mai suna Hull York, Bayan ta kammala karatun ta, ta yi aiki a Ciwon Magunguna a cikin Kingdomasar Ingila sannan daga nan aka ci gaba da ba ta lambar yabo ta Japan MEXT wanda ya ba ta damar ci gaba da karatunta a Tokyo, Japan, ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar da aka mai da hankali kan binciken bincike na lab tare da ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙarfi. A yanzu haka tana kammala karatunta na digiri na biyu a fannin hada-hadar kudi da tattalin arziki a jami'ar London sannan kuma tana da takardar shedar ta, ta kammala manufofin tattalin arziki daga makarantar kasuwanci ta IE, Spain da kuma satifiket a lissafin yanke shawara daga Jami'ar Michigan a United Jihohi.
Aikin likitancia Bayan kammala karatu, Ola tayi aiki na ɗan gajeren lokaci a Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta kasar Ingila Tare da samun ƙwarewa na musamman a fannin ilimi, ta fara ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya na gaggawa a yankin Yammacin Afirka a Legas, Najeriya, a karkashin kungiyar Flying Doctors Nigeria Ltd, Olala memba ce na Kwalejin Koyarwar da Likitocin Gaggawa ta Amurka. An saka ta cikin shugabannin Matasan Duniya ta Tattalin Arzikin Duniya a cikin 2013.
Likitancin yawo Ola ta himmatu ne don fara Likitocin Flying bayan sun gamu da rashin yar uwarta a karkashin mawuyacin yanayi kuma ta inganta aiyukan likitanci a Najeriya Ta samu nasarar kafa Likitocin Flying a Lagos, Najeriya a 2007.
A cikin 2018, an gabatar da karar akan Flying Doctors da Olamide daga dangin marigayi mai haƙuri Hanga, dangi ne ya cire wannan karar bisa radin kansa. Likitocin Flying duk da haka suna kula da ita koyaushe kuma tana ci gaba da aiki a ɓangaren kamfanoni na kasuwanci, a fannin dabaru, tallatawa, saka hannun jari da haɓaka.
Zuna kudi da hannun jari Baya ga aikinta a Likitocin Flying, Dakta Ola, Olabode Agusto da Abasiama Idaresit suna gudanar da kamfani ne na farko, Greentree Investment Company wanda ke samar da jarin bunkasa wasu daga cikin kere-kere na fasahar Afirka.Kamfanin Greentree Investment yana aiki da Labarin farawa wanda ke tallafawa entreprenean kasuwa don haɓaka kasuwancin ci gaba sannan kuma saka hannun jari a cikin wasu sanannun farawa na Afirka da suka haɗa da Paystack, Precurio da Big Cabal Media da dai sauransu da kuma fayil na 80m wanda ya yanke a sassa daban-daban ciki har da fasahar Kiwon Lafiya, Fintech, Media, SaaS, Agri-tech, Manufacturing da e-commerce, da Edutech. A cikin 2019, ta kafa Kamfanin Flying Doctors Healthcare Investment Company, wani kamfani mai kula da harkokin kiwon lafiya da walwala wanda ya haɗu da saka hannun jari da ayyukanta na aiki da ƙungiyarta ke gudanarwa a cikin yanayin lafiya da walwala. Kamfanin Flying Doctors na Kamfanin Kula da Lafiya na Lafiya yana saka hannun jari kuma yana aiki a tsakanin sashin ƙimar kiwon lafiya a cikin sabis na motar asibiti kayan aiki, shawarwari fasahar kiwon lafiya, asibitin ginin asibiti, bincikowa da kayan aiki, gudanar da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da sayar da magunguna kuma a halin yanzu an saka hannun jari a Koniku, masana'antar kimiyya da fasaha kamfanin kera magunguna; Lifestores sarkar kantin magunguna masu araha, Mdass kamfanin bincike ne a kasuwannin da ba su da tsaro wadanda ke samar da kiwon lafiya mai sauki; Chisco express kamfani ne mai cikakken kayan aiki wanda yake jigilar kayayyaki gami da magunguna a fadin Afirka ta Yamma da Helium Health dandamali na telemedicine da na Electronic Medical Records. A tsayi na Corona Virus Pandemic, Ola da ƙungiyarta ta FDHIC sun ƙaddamar da akwatin gwaji ta hannu ta COVID-19 kuma wanda ya rage buƙatar PPE da yawa da rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar ma'aikacin lafiya ta hanyar samar da shamaki tsakanin mai haƙuri da ke da cutar.t
A watan Yulin 2020, Ola ya karbi bakuncin Ministan Masana'antu, Kasuwanci da Zuba Jari na Najeriya, Otunba Adebayo a bugun farko na 'The Conversation' tare da Flying Doctors Healthcare Investment Company, tare da tattaunawa wanda ya shafi ci gaban saka hannun jari da dama a bangaren kiwon lafiya.
Bayyyanar ta da wallafe-wallafe Ta yi magana a dandamali daban-daban a duniya ciki har da Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya TED Global Conference Social Media Week Lagos, Tarayyar Turai, Taron Tattalin Arzikin Switzerland, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Bankin Duniya, Tattalin Arzikin Duniya Tattaunawa, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts, Jami'ar Cambridge da Bukin Aspen Ideas.
An nuna Dr Ola da aikinta a dandamali daban-daban na kafafen yada labarai. Ita edita ce ta International Journal of Emergency Services kuma ta buga littattafai guda uku EMQ a fannin likitan yara, Kula da Asibiti kafin Afirka da Gyara Kiwon Lafiya a Najeriya; Jagora ga Manufofin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a. Ta kuma yi rubuce-rubuce a cikin Jaridar Likita ta Biritaniya, da Journal of Medical Medical Services, da Niger Delta Medical Journal, da New York Times da kuma Huffington Post.
Gyara Nigeria kiwon lafiya
Banki, Kuɗi Tattalin Arziki a cikin Kasuwa Masu Fitowa: tarin makala
Daraja Ta samu lambobin yabo da dama.
7TED Global Fellow 2012
Wannan Ranar Ta Karrama 2012 Gudummawa ga Kiwon Lafiya a Afirka
Kyautar Kyautar Kyautar Kyautar Kyautar Kyauta ta Afirka ta Gabas ga Kasuwancin 2012
Taron Tattalin Arzikin Duniya (WEF) Jagoran Matasa na Duniya Forbes 20 Matasa masu iko a Afirka 2013
Cibiyar Aspen Sabuwar Muryar Abokan 2013
NewsDirect Awards 'Fitacciyar mace Shugaba a shekarar 2013'.
'Yan Forbes na Afirka 30' yan kasa da shekaru 30 na shekarar 2015
YWomen YNaija Mata 100 Da Suka Fi Tasiri A Nijeriya 2015
Birungiyar birwararren Groupwararren Businesswararren Groupungiyar Silverbird A bikin karramawa na kungiyar Silverbird da ake yi duk shekara a watan Fabrairun 2018 a Lagas, Najeriya ta zama mafi karancin shekaru da ta taba samun lambar girma a shekaru 30 kuma ita ce mace tilo a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata.
Jerin Kasuwancin YNaija 2020
Manazarta
Diddigin bayanai na waje Dr Ola Brown Yanar Gizo
Flying Doctors Yanar Gizo
Ƴan Najeriya
Mata
Likitoci
Likitocin Najeriya
Mutane
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1980
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21626 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modeste%20M%27bami | Modeste M'bami | Modeste M'bami (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 1982 Le Havre Fassara, 7 ga Janairu, 2023) shi ne ɗan ƙasar Kamaru tsohon ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda ya yi wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya Klub din Haihuwar Yaoundé, M'Bami ya fara wasan sa ne a kasar sa ta asali inda yake wasa a kungiyar Dynamo Douala amma sai kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na kasashen waje suka hange shi da sauri.
Ya shiga CS Sedan Ardennes a lokacin bazara na shekarar 2000. Duk da karancin shekarunsa, M'bami ya buga wasanni goma a kakarsa ta farko a rukunin farko na Faransa kuma ya taimakawa kulob dinsa ya zo na biyar. Cikin hanzari ya zama ƙungiyar yau da kullun kuma ya buga wasanni 60 a cikin yanayi biyu masu zuwa. A shekarar 2003, kungiyar ta koma matakin rukuni na biyu na Faransa kuma M'Bami ya yanke shawarar sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar tare da Paris Saint-Germain kan fam miliyan 5 bayan da wakilinsa Willie McKay ya dakatar da tattaunawar gaba da Wolverhampton Wanderers.
A lokacin kakarsa ta farko tare da Paris Saint-Germain, M'bami ya kasance tare da wani matashin dan wasan baya mai tsaron baya, Lorik Cana Duk da rashin kwarewa, sun taka rawar gani a kakar wasa mai kyau ta kungiyar, inda Paris Saint-Germain ta zama ta biyu a rukunin farko na Faransa kuma ta lashe Kofin Faransa Kungiyar ta 2004-05 ta kungiyar ba ta yi nasara sosai ba, inda M'bami ke fama da rauni. Lokacin shekarar 2005 06 ya ga M'Bami ya taimakawa Paris Saint-Germain wajen sake daukar Kofin Faransa, yayin da kulob din ya kare na 9 a gasar.
A watan Agusta shekarar 2006, bayan shekaru uku a Paris Saint-Germain, M'Bami ya koma hannun babbar abokiyar hamayyar ta Marseille, inda ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku, don haka ya sabunta hadin gwiwarsa ta tsakiya tare da Lorik Cana, wanda ya sanya hannu a Marseille a kakar da ta gabata.
Ya bar Marseille bayan kwantiraginsa ta kare a bazarar na shekarar 2009 kuma tun daga wannan lokacin ya fara fuskantar gwaji a kungiyoyin Premier na Ingila Portsmouth, Bolton Wanderers, Wolverhampton Wanderers da Wigan Athletic Bayan kwantiraginsa ta kare da kulob din Marseille na Faransa sai ya koma 30 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2009 don gwaji tare da kulob din Spain na UD Almería, daga baya Almería ya kammala sayan dan wasan na tsakiya, dan wasan Kamaru ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da kungiyar ta Sipaniya.
A watan Yulin shekarar 2011, aka saki M'bami da Juanito daga Almería Daga nan ya koma kungiyar Dalian Aerbin ta China League One kuma aka ba shi lamuni ga kungiyar Changchun Yatai ta kasar China M'bami ya koma Dalian Aerbin a cikin 2012. Koyaya, bai iya bugawa Dalian Aerbin wasa ba a kakar wasanni ta 2012 saboda 'yan wasan kasashen waje sun takaita doka. M'bami ya koma kungiyar Al-Ittihad ta Premier a watan Yulin 2012.
A cikin shekarar 2014 ya koma Colombia tare da Millonarios FC, daga babban birni Bogotá An dauki M'bami don taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya mai tsaron baya kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara ta 2014-15.
Ayyukan duniya M'bami showed his talent on the international scene at a very young age. He won the Olympic football games with his country in 2000 in Sydney, also scoring the Golden goal against Brazil during the quarter-finals. He was also in the team when Cameroon reached the finals of the FIFA Confederations Cup in 2003 and was part of the 2004 African Cup of Nations team, who finished top of their group in the first round of competition, before failing to secure qualification for the semi-finals. M'bami was also in the Cameroonian national football team that disappointingly failed to qualify for the 2006 German World Cup as they finished second in their qualification group behind the Côte d'Ivoire.
Kocin aiki A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2019 ya yi watsi da aikin horar da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Kamaru.
Kididdigar aiki
Manufofin duniya Sakamako da sakamako sun lissafa yawan kwallayen da Kamaru ta zira a farko, rukunin maki yana nuna kwallaye bayan kowane burin M'bami Daraja
Kulab Paris Saint-Germain
Coupe de France 2004, 2006 Ittihad FC
Kofin Sarakuna (Saudi Arabia) 2013
Na duniya Kamaru
Wasannin Olympics 2000
Kofin Confederations 2003 Runner Up
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Kameru
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21882 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimania | Wikimania | Wikimania Wato ya kasan ce wani babban taron shekara-shekara ne na Gidauniyar Wikimedia. Tattaunawa Batutuwan da aka gabatar sun hada da ayyukan Wikimedia kamar su Wikipedia, da kuma sauran wikis, software mai budewa, ilmi kyauta da abun ciki kyauta, da kuma zamantakewar jama'a da fasahar da suka shafi wadannan batutuwa.
Kuma Tun daga shekarar 2011, aka sanar da wanda ya lashe kyautar Wikimedian na Shekara (wanda aka fi sani da "Wikipedian of the Year" har zuwa 2017) a Wikimania.
Wikimania na gaba za a gudanar da ita azaman abin aukuwa daga ranar 13 zuwa 17 ga watan Agusta, 2021. An tsara asali don faruwa a Bangkok, Thailand, a watan Agusta 2020, an dakatar da taron sannan an soke shi saboda cutar COVID-19.
Bayani
Taruka
2005 Wikimania 2005, taron Wikimania na farko, an yi shi ne daga ranar 4 zuwa 8 ga watan Agusta 2005 a Haus der Jugend da ke Frankfurt, Jamus, wanda ya sami halartar kusan 380.
Makon taron ya hada da "Ranakun Kutse" guda hudu, daga ranar 1 zuwa 4 ga watan Agusta, lokacin da wasu masu ci gaba 25 suka taru don yin aiki a kan lamba da kuma tattauna bangarorin fasaha na MediaWiki da na gudanar da ayyukan Wikimedia. Manyan ranakun taron, duk da cewa an biya ta "August 4-8", sun kasance Juma'a zuwa Lahadi na wancan makon, daga ranar 5 zuwa 7 ga watan Agusta. An shirya zaman gabatarwa duk rana a cikin waɗannan kwanaki ukun.
Wadanda suka gabatar da jawabai sun hada da Jimmy Wales, Ross Mayfield, Ward Cunningham, da Richard Stallman (wadanda suka yi magana a kan "Hakkin mallaka da al'umma a zamanin sadarwar kwamfuta"). Yawancin zama da tattaunawa sun kasance cikin Ingilishi, kodayake kaɗan sun kasance cikin Jamusanci.
Masu daukar nauyin taron sun hada da Answers.com, SocialText, Sun Microsystems, da Rukunin tambari.
2006 Wikimania 2006, taron Wikimania na biyu, an gudanar dashi ne daga ranar 6 zuwa 8 ga watan Agusta 2006 a Harvard Law School 's Berkman Center for Internet Society a Cambridge a Massachusetts, Amurka, tare da kusan mahalarta 400 –500
Wadanda suka yi jawaban sun hada da Jimmy Wales, Lawrence Lessig, Yochai Benkler, Mitch Kapor, Ward Cunningham, da David Weinberger Dan Gillmor gudanar da wani dan kasa jarida unconference da rana bayan.
Wakilin Associated Press ya rufe da cikakken jawabin na Wales, kuma an buga shi a jaridu da yawa na duniya. Ya kawo labarin yadda Gidauniyar ta samo asali daga gareshi "yana zaune a cikin rigar barcin sa" zuwa tsarin kamfani wanda ya balaga da yadda yake yanzu; da turawa akai-akai don inganci akan yawa; Wikipedia za ta kasance cikin kwamfutocin da aka rarraba ta Laptop na daya ga kowane Yaro duka Wikiversity da ƙirƙirar kwamitin ba da shawara sun sami amincewar kwamitin Foundation; kuma cewa Wiki-WYG yana cikin ci gaba albarkacin saka hannun jari na kamfani na Wikia, Inc. da Socialtext Answers.com ta kasan ce mai daukar nauyin Wikimania 2006, yayin da Amazon.com, da Berkman Center for Internet & Society a Harvard Law School, Nokia, WikiHow su ne masu tallata matakin-Benefactors, Wetpaint, Ask.com, Yahoo!, da kuma Socialtext sune masu daukar matakin matakin abokai, kuma IBM, FAQ Farm, Abokan Abokan Hulɗa, Laptop daya ga kowane yaro, da kuma Sunlight Foundation sune masu daukar matakin matakin Magoya bayan taron. Wasu kungiyoyisu uku sun gabatar da tayin karbar bakunci, na biranen Landan, Milan, Boston da Toronto da Boston ne kawai aka tsara zuwa zagaye na biyu na la'akari da masu shirya Wikimania. A cikin batun Toronto da an shirya taron a cikin Cibiyar Bahen ta Jami'ar Toronto 2007 Kamar yadda aka sanar ranar 25 ga watan Satumban 2006, Wikimania 2007, taro na uku na Wikimania, an gudanar da shi ne daga ranar 3 zuwa 5 ga Agusta 2007 a Taipei, Taiwan Shi ne taron Wikimania na farko da aka gudanar da kwasa-kwasan horar da masu sa kai. Wasu kungiyoyin uku sun gabatar da tayin karbar bakuncin, biranen Landan, Alexandria, da Turin Batun na Hong Kong, Singapore, Istanbul, da Orlando sun kasa shiga cikin jerin sunayen. An sanar da wanda ya lashe kyautar ne a ranar 25 ga watan Satumbar 2006. A ranar 3 ga watan Agustan 2007, Noam Cohen dan rahoton New York Times ya ba da rahoto: "Taron ya samu halartar mahalarta kusan 440, wanda ya fi rabin mutanen Taiwan din, wadanda ke son nutsar da kansu na tsawon kwanaki uku a cikin ra'ayoyi da batutuwan da suka zo don samar da mai sa kai gaba daya -wani kundin sani. Taron bita ya shafi batutuwa masu amfani kamar yadda za'a hada kai cikin lumana; abin da muhimmancin ba 'gwaninta' a wani aiki da aka yi bikin na ƙyale kowa ya taimaka, ciki har da m Editocin.
2008 Wikimania 2008, taro na hudu na Wikimania, an gudanar da shi ne daga ranar 17 zuwa 19 ga watan Yulin 2008 a Bibliotheca Alexandrina a Alexandria, Egypt, tare da mahalarta 650 daga kasashe 45. Alexandria ita ce wurin da tsohon dakin karatu na Alexandria yake Uku biranen da aka gabatar suna cikin gudana a ƙarshen, ɗayan biyun sune Atlanta da Cape Town An kuma gabatar da shawarwari don Karlsruhe, London da Toronto, amma daga baya ya janye. An yi ta cece-kuce game da taron, har ma da kira don kaurace wa Wikimania 2008 saboda zargin da ake yi wa Masar na yin bita da kulli ga masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo a zamanin Mubarak. Mohamed Ibrahim, wanda ya kammala karatunsa a jami'ar Alexandria wanda ya yi aiki don kawo taron a Alexandria, ya shaida wa BBC "Ina ganin muna da 'yancin ci gaba da kuma samar da' yancin fadin albarkacin baki a wani mataki mafi girma." Daya daga cikin burin shi shine ya taimaka ya bunkasa Wikipedia na larabci wanda yake bada gudummawa tun farkon 2005. Wani minista a Masar ya yi magana a wajen bikin bude madadin Mubarak.
2009 Wikimania 2009, taro na biyar na Wikimania, an gudanar da shi daga ranar 26 zuwa 28 ga watan Agustan 2009 a Buenos Aires, Argentina, tare da mahalarta 559. An yi zaɓin ƙarshe tsakanin Buenos Aires, Toronto, Brisbane da Karlsruhe, tare da zaɓin ƙarshe ya sauko zuwa Buenos Aires da Toronto.
2010 Wikimania 2010, taro na shida na Wikimania, an gudanar da shi ne daga ranar 9 zuwa 11 ga watan Yulin a Fadar Baltic Philharmonic a Gdańsk, Poland. Ranar farawa a ranar 9 ga watan yuli ta kasance tare da ƙarshen taron ilimi na WikiSym. Takaddun neman Amsterdam da Oxford na Wikimania 2010 sun sha kashi da karamar tazara. Taro ne na farko wanda ya hada da mai da hankali sosai kan al'adun kasar da ke karbar bakuncin, musamman kide kide da wake-wake na kungiyar mawaka da ake kira philharmonic, suna bikin cika shekaru goma da rasuwar mawakin nan dan kasar Poland Władysław Szpilman na farko kuma farkon fim din Truth in Numbers?..A wurin taron, Sue Gardner, babban darakta na Gidauniyar Wikimedia, ta ce manufar gidauniyar ita ce bunkasa adadin masu ziyarar shafukan Wikimedia daga miliyan 371 zuwa miliyan 680 a wata, cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa.
2011 Wikimania 2011, taro na bakwai na Wikimania, an gudanar da shi ne daga ranar 4 zuwa 7 ga watan Agustan 2011 a Haifa, Isra'ila. Wurin taron shi ne Babban dakin taro na Haifa da ke kusa da cibiyar al'adun Beit Hecht a kan Dutsen Karmel Wadanda suka gabatar da jawabai a wajen taron sun hada da Yochai Benkler, wani dan’uwa ne a Cibiyar Berkman ta Intanet da Jama’a a Jami’ar Harvard da Joseph M. Reagle Jr. na MIT, marubucin Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia Shima Shugaban Kwamitin Kimiyya da Fasaha a Knesset, Meir Sheetrit, shi ma ya yi jawabi a taron, kamar yadda Yonah Yahav, Magajin Garin Haifa Daya daga cikin wadanda suka dauki nauyin taron shine Jami'ar Haifa Taron ya gabatar da zama 125 a cikin waƙoƙi guda biyar a lokaci guda kuma ya sami halartar Wikimedians daga ƙasashe daban-daban 56, gami da wasu waɗanda ba su da wata alaƙar diflomasiyya da Isra'ila.
A wata hira da Haaretz, wanda ya kirkiro Wikipedia Jimmy Wales ya lura cewa akwai kiraye-kiraye na kauracewa taron a Isra'ila, kamar yadda aka saba yi a Misira a 2008. Ya ce duk da rikice-rikice tsakanin editoci kan rikicin Isra’ila da Falasdinu, da kuma kokarin da wata kungiyar da ke goyon bayan Isra’ila ta yi don neman karin editocin Wikipedia, ya yi imanin kasidun Wikipedia sun kasan ce galibi sun kasan ce tsaka-tsaki kan batun; ya bayyana NPOV ba mai sassauci bane."
Babban daraktan Gidauniyar Wikimedia Sue Gardner ya yi magana a taron game da Yammacin duniya, tsarin tunanin maza da ke nuna Wikipedia. A ƙarshen bikin rufe ranar 7 ga watan Agusta, an gabatar da Jimmy Wales tare da murfin rana ta farko na hatimin gidan waya da ke da alaƙa da Wikimedia, wanda ofishin gidan waya na Isra’ila ya bayar don girmama taron. Daga cikin sabbin ayyukan da aka tattauna sun hada da hada kai da cibiyoyin al'adu kamar gidajen kallo, dakunan karatu, wuraren adana kayan tarihi da gidajen tarihi.
Bayan taron, an ba mahalarta rangadin kyauta na Haifa, Urushalima, Nazarat ko Acre Shay Yakir, shugaban Wikimedia Israel mai barin gado, ya ce ga Isra’ila, gudanar da taron a Haifa kamar daukar bakuncin wasannin Olympics ne.
2012 Wikimania 2012, taro na takwas na Wikimania, an gudanar da shi ne daga ranar 12 zuwa 15 ga watan Yulin 2012 a Jami'ar George Washington da ke Washington, DC, Amurka, tare da mahalarta sama da 1400 daga kasashe 87. Bugu da kari, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, tare da hadin gwiwar Wikimania 2012, sun shirya wani taro mai taken Tech State Wiki. Gwamnati wacce ta mai da hankali kan "Ilimin haɗin gwiwa da kuma amfani da wikis a ɓangaren gwamnati". Fitattun jigogin taron sune bukatar sabunta tsoho da "dowdy" tare da sabbin kayan aikin Wikimedia don jan hankali da adana wasu editoci da kuma sanya shafukan Wikimedia su zama masu gayyata da abokantaka ga masu amfani, gami da mata. Tekun Atlantika ya nuna jadawalin da aka nuna a taron wanda ya nuna yadda yawan sabbin masu gudanarwa ya ragu cikin sauri a overan shekarun nan.
A lokacin bude taron wanda ya kirkiro Jimmy Wales ya yi sharhi kan Wikipedia Blackout na Janairu 2012, yana mai cewa "Lokacin da na je na ziyarci jami'an gwamnati a yanzu, suna dan jin tsoro." Duk da haka ya sake jaddada alƙawarin Wikimedia na tsaka tsaki a siyasa ban da game da "mahimman abubuwan da suka shafi aikinmu kai tsaye" Wales ta amince da babban mai jawabi Mary Gardiner, wacce ta kirkiro shirin Ada Initiative, cewa Wikimedia dole ne ta yi aiki don kara yawan editocin mata. Ta ce: "A matsayin wani aiki na canjin zamantakewar, koda kuwa ba aikin gwagwarmaya ba ne, al'ummar Wikipedia suna da nauyi a kan manufofinsu da kuma mutanen da ke can a duk duniya su kasance cikin tafiya koyaushe zuwa bambance-bambancen girman laima na duniya. 2013 Wikimania 2013, taro na tara na Wikimania, an gudanar da shi ne daga ranar 7 zuwa 11 ga watan Agustan 2013 a Jami'ar Hong Kong Polytechnic, tare da mahalarta 700 daga ƙasashe 88. Garuruwan da suka yi takarar sun hada da London (UK), Bristol (UK), Naples (Italia) da Surakarta Indonesia daya daga cikin ɓangarorin bikin an gudanar da shi a cikin mafi tsayi gini a Hongkong, Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya An yi taron rufewa a Shek O Beach Batutuwan da aka tattauna sun hada da bambancin jinsi na Wikipedia da kuma wanda ya kirkiro Wikipedia Jimmy Wales na shawarar Wikipedia da za ta fara amfani da Secure Sockets Layer don rufa shafinta.
2014 Wikimania 2014, taron Wikimania na goma, an gudanar da shi ne daga 8 zuwa 10 ga Agusta 2014 a Cibiyar Barbican da ke London, Ingila, United Kingdom. An fara yin sayayya a hukumance a cikin Disamba 2012. An zaɓi Landan a cikin Mayu 2013 a matsayin mai masaukin baki tare da sauran takaddama guda da ke zuwa daga Arusha (Tanzania). Salil Shetty, Sakatare Janar na kungiyar Amnesty International ne ya gabatar da jawabin. Taron kuma shine Wikimania na farko da sabon Babban Daraktan Gidauniyar ta Wikimedia, Lila Tretikov ta gabatar Gabanin taron ya kasance da hackathon na kwana biyu, da kuma jerin abubuwan da suka faru.
Taron yana da waƙoƙi guda biyar, tare da taron shekara-shekara na 'State of the Wiki'. Waɗannan sune: Masana'antun Zamani, Makomar Ilimi, Media na Dimokiradiyya, Budaddiyar Malanta, da Buɗe Bayanan Shirye-shiryen talabijin ne suka kwashe taron na Mintuna 60 a cikin wani shiri mai taken 'Wikimania'.
2015 Wikimania 2015, taron Wikimania na sha daya, an gudanar dashi daga ranar 15 zuwa 19 ga watan Yulin 2015 a Hotel Hilton Mexico City Reforma a cikin Mexico City, Mexico An buɗe farashi a hukumance a cikin Disamba 2013.
Sauran biranen ‘yan takarar su ne: Arusha, arewacin Tanzania Bali, lardi ne a Indonesia Cape Town, a Afirka ta Kudu Dar es Salaam, a Tanzania Esino Lario, lardin Lecco, Lombardy, Italiya da Monastir, a Tunisia. Wadanda aka zaba sune Mexico City, Cape Town da Monastir. An zaɓi Mexico City a cikin Afrilu 2014.
Babban filin taron shine Hilton Mexico City Reforma hotel. kungiyar shiryawa ita ce Wikimedia México, AC, babin yankin Mexico wanda ke wakiltar buƙatu da manufofin Gidauniyar Wikimedia 2016 Wikimania 2016, taro na goma sha biyu na Wikimania, ya gudana daga ranar 24 zuwa 26 ga watan Yuni 2016, tare da abubuwan da ke kewaye daga ranar 21 zuwa 28 ga watan Yuni, a ƙauyen dutse na Esino Lario, Italiya Esino Lario ya yi siyarwa ba tare da samun nasara ba ga Wikimania 2015.
Sauran biranen 'yan takarar da suka nemi izinin karbar bakuncin 2016 sun kasan ce Manila, Philippines Wurin shi ne farkon wanda ba shi ne babban birni kuma ana yin zaman ne a filin waje. A yayin taron, an sanar cewa an nada Babban Daraktan riko na Gidauniyar Wikimedia, Katherine Maher dindindin.
2017 Wikimania 2017, taro na goma sha uku na Wikimania, an gudanar da shi a Le Center Sheraton Hotel a Montreal, Quebec, Kanada, daga ranar 9 zuwa 13 ga watan Agustan 2017. An gudanar da taron ne a Kanada yayin bikin cika shekara ɗaya kuma a Montreal yayin bikin cika shekaru 375.
Kwana biyu na farko sun hada da WikiConference Arewacin Amurka Kasancewa na ƙarshe na wannan taron shi ne 915. 144 wanda aka tallafa ta hanyar cikakken tallafin karatu. Katherine Maher, Babban Darakta na WMF da Christophe Henner, WMF Shugaban kwamitin amintattu sun gabatar da dabarun alkiblar tafiyar Wikimedia mai suna Wikimedia2030 Esra'a Al Shafei, wani dan rajin kare hakkin dan adam na kasar Bahrain, ya gabatar da kasida kan kalubalen da ke tattare da fadin albarkacin baki a Gabas ta Tsakiya Dangane da yanayin aikin Al Shafei, an tunatar da masu sauraro kar su dauki hoto, bidiyo ko yawo a yanar gizo wanda hakan na iya jefa lafiyar ta cikin hatsari.
Wannan shine Wikimania na farko inda ba a aiwatar da tsarin ba kuma an maye gurbinsa da tsarin zaɓen kwamitin gudanarwa na WMF.
2018 Wikimania 2018, taro na sha hudu na Wikimania, an gudanar da shi a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu, daga ranar 18 zuwa 22 ga watan Yulin 2018 a Cape Sun Southern Sun Hotel. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da taron ya kasan ce mai taken. Taken shi ne Bridging Gwani rabe-rabe: hanyar Ubuntu ta ci gaba tare da nufin mayar da hankali tattaunawa kan gina dabarun da aka raba domin cike gibin ilimin na bai daya.
Wannan shi ne karo na biyu da aka gudanar da taron wanda a Kudancin Hemisphere, ta kasan ce na biyu a Afirka kuma na farko a Yankin Saharar Afirka Taron ya gabatar da wani taro wanda ya tattauna kalubale da yuwuwar bugu da harshen Wikipedia a nahiyar Afirka. Nicole Ebber, mai ba da shawara kan hulda da kasashen duniya na Wikimedia Deutschland da Kaarel Vaidla, WMF Process Architect don Wikimedia Movement Strategy ne suka gabatar da kashi na biyu na Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Hikimar Wikimedia. Kashi na biyu ya mayar da hankali ne kan manyan mahimman batutuwa guda tara: Matsayi Nauyi, Rawanin Kuɗaɗen shiga, Rarraba Albarkatun, acarfin Haɓakawa, Kawance, Ba da Shawara, Banbanci, Kiwan lafiyar Jama'a, da Samfuran Fasaha.
2019 Wikimania 2019, karo na goma sha biyar na Wikimedia, an gudanar da shi ne a Stockholm, Sweden, daga ranar 14 zuwa 18 ga watan Agusta 2019, a Jami'ar Stockholm, tare da halartar sama da 800. Masu karbar tallafin karatun da ma'aikatan WMF an biya su kudi a Clarion Hotel Amaranten, ɗan gajeren tafiya daga wurin taron. Clarion Hotel Amaranten shima wurin taron ne don shirya haduwar.
Taron ya kasance kan batun taken erarfafa Tare: Wikimedia, Ilimin Kyauta da Makasudin Ci Gaban Dama. A matsayin wani ɓangare na yunƙurin ɗorewar motsi, Wikimedia Sverige da Gidauniyar Wikimedia sun yanke shawarar biyan rabin kuɗin haɓakar carbon Terrapass, ya ɗauki nauyin ɗayan rabin abin da ya rage don taron.
Emna Mizouni ne aka zaba a matsayin Wikimedian na shekara 2020, an jinkirta shi zuwa 2021 Wikimania 2020, taron Wikimedia na goma sha shida, an shirya gudanar da shi a Bangkok, Thailand, daga 5 zuwa 9 ga Agusta, 2020, wanda ya yi daidai da bikin cika shekara 15 da taron. A watan Maris na 2020, saboda annobar COVID-19, Babban Daraktan Gidauniyar Wikimedia Katherine Maher ta ba da sanarwar an dage Wikimania har zuwa ranar da za a tantance, a cikin 2021. Bayan haka a ranar 28 ga Janairu, 2021, Babban Jami'in Gudanar da Gidauniyar Wikimedia Janeen Uzzell ya sanar da Wikimania za ta koma wani abin a zo a gani a yayin da ake ci gaba da yaduwar annoba game da shirin mutum-mutum. An saita shi daga ranar 13 zuwa 17 ga watan Agusta, 2021.
Wikimedia ESEAP (Gabas, kudu maso gabashin Asiya da Pacific) ne zai dauki nauyin taron da aka shirya cikin mutum, karo na farko don hadin gwiwar yanki. Zai kasance karo na uku da za'ayi shi a Asiya kuma da farko ga Kudu maso gabashin Asiya ESEAP za a ba shi damar karɓar bakuncin Wikimania na gaba-da-mutum.
Duba kuma Taron Wiki Indaba a Afirka
Wiki taron Indiya
WikiConference Arewacin Amurka
WikiSym
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Wikimania a Meta-Wiki, wiki mai daidaita aikin aikin Wikimedia
Rahotannin labarai
"Wikimania a Duniya" Sean Dodson, The Guardian, 11 Agusta 2005
"Sake rubuta littattafan mulki" Alan Connor, BBC, 15 ga Agusta 2005
"Muryoyin Wikipedia da yawa, An Ji su a Waje Daya" Robert Levine, The New York Times, 7 ga Agusta 2006
"Kowa na iya gyara: karshen mako na Wikimania" Ian Sands da Jess McConnell, The Boston Phoenix, 11 ga Agusta 2006
"Ba a Yaba Tsakanin Wannan Mataki Ba" Katherine Mangu-Ward, Dalili, 15 ga Agusta 2006
Jaridar China Post "wanda ya kirkiro Wikipedia ya sakawa 'yan sa kai" Litinin, 6 ga Agusta, 2007 Daga Dimitri Bruyas
"Magoya bayan Wikimedia sun hadu don tattaunawa game da Wikimania" Andy Goldberg, News.com.au, 12 ga Yuli 2012 1:37 AM (an dawo da shi 2012-07-15)
"Yadda Rigar Bikin Auren Kate Middleton take Nuna Matsalar Mace ta Wikipedia" Torie Bosch, Slate din da aka buga Jumma'a, 13 ga Yulin 2012, da karfe 18:12 na dare EDT (an dawo da shi 2012-07-15)
"Wikimania ya buga DC ne yayin da Wikipedia ke fuskantar canje-canje" Hayley Tsukayama, The Washington Post, 14 Yuli 2012
Manazarta Pages with unreviewed |
26737 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buraq | Buraq | link=dftkb://xs.wikipedia.org/wiki/dike:tyxah_gcuipeuoe_from_Moneanxu_zoslimwinqs.deg|khnme|gkni zanen Mindanaoan Muslim Buraq. Siffar ta hada da asalin okir motif.
Burāq (Larabci: al-Burāq ko k/ "walƙiya" ko kuma gabaɗaya "mai haske") wata halitta ce a cikin al'adar Musulunci da aka ce safarar wasu annabawa ce. Muhimman labaran hadisi game da Isra'i da Mi'iraji sun ba da labarin cewa Buraq ya ɗauko Annabin Musulunci Muhammad daga Makka zuwa Kudus da sama da dawowa da dare.
Etymology Encyclopaedia of Islam, yana nufin rubuce-rubucen Al-Damiri (d.1405), yana ɗaukar Buraq a matsayin asalin da kuma adabin Larabci: barq "walƙiya walƙiya" ko ma'anoni daban-daban na ma'ana daga kalmar: "da katako, walƙiya, haske, haske, haske. A cewar Encyclopædia Iranica, "Boraq" nau'in Arabized ne na "Farisa ta Tsakiya *barāg ko *bārag, 'dabbar hawa, hawa' (Sabuwar Farisa bāra)".
Tafiya zuwa Sama ta Bakwai Bisa al'adar Musulunci, Tafiyar Dare ta faru ne shekaru goma bayan Muhammadu ya bayyana annabcinsa, a cikin karni na 7. Muhammadu ya kasance a Makka, a gidan kaninsa (gidan Fakhitah bint Abi Talib), lokacin da ya tafi al-Masjid al-Haram (Masallacin Al-Haram). Yayin da yake hutawa a dakin Ka'aba, Jibrilu ya bayyana gare shi yana kawo Buraq, wanda ya dauki Muhammad a cikin tawagar shugaban mala'iku, zuwa al-Masjid ,[Quran 17:1] wanda aka saba da shi a Urushalima.
A nan ne ya sauka daga Buraq, ya yi addu'a a wurin Haikali mai tsarki (Bait Al-Maqdis), sannan ya sake dora shi yayin da halittar ta hau sama bakwai inda ya hadu da Adamu da Isa da dan uwansa Yahaya Maibaftisma, Yusufu, Anuhu, Haruna, Musa da Ibrahim daya bayan daya har ya kai ga kursiyin Allah. Allah ya yi magana da shi yana ba shi kalmomi da umarni, mafi mahimmancin umarnin da aka yi wa musulmi na yin sallah, tun farko sau hamsin a rana. Dangane da roƙon Musa, Muhammadu ya koma ga Allah sau da yawa kafin daga bisani ya rage adadin zuwa biyar.
Ibrahim Ibn Ishaq ya ce, Buraq ya yi jigilar Ibrahim ne a lokacin da ya ziyarci Hajara da Isma’il. Hadisi ya nuna cewa Ibrahim ya zauna tare da Saratu a Kan'ana amma Buraq sukan kai shi Makka da safe don su ga iyalansa a can su mayar da shi da yamma.
Hadisi Duk da cewa Hadisin bai fito karara ya yi nuni da Buraq a matsayin fuskar mutum ba, kusan ko da yaushe fasahar Gabas da Farisa tana nuna hakan hoton da ya sami hanyar shiga fasahar Musulunci ta Indiya da Farisa. Wataƙila wannan ya samo asali ne daga fassarar halittar da aka siffanta da "kyakkyawan fuska" a matsayin fuskar mutum maimakon dabba.
An karbo daga fassarar Sahihul Bukhari yana siffanta Buraq cewa:
Wani guntu kuma ya yi bayanin Buraq dalla-dalla:
A cikin bayanin da suka gabata babu yarjejeniya dangane da jinsin Buraq. Yawanci namiji ne, duk da haka Ibn Sa'd yana da Jibrilu yana magana da halitta a matsayin mace, kuma masu zane-zane da kan mace sukan yi shi sau da yawa. An kuma lura da ra'ayin cewa "al-Buraq" kawai mareyin allahntaka ne a cikin littafin The Dome of the Rock, a cikin babin "Kotun Bude", da kuma a cikin taken shafi na Georg Ebers's Palestine in Picture and Word.
Bangon yamma Malamai da marubuta daban-daban, irin su ibn al-Faqih, ibn Abd Rabbih, da Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi, sun ba da shawarar wuraren da aka ce an haxe Buraq a cikin tatsuniyoyi, galibi wurare a kusa da kusurwar kudu maso yammacin Harami. Koyaya, tsawon ƙarni da yawa wurin da aka fi so shine Masallacin al-Buraq, kusa da bango a ƙarshen ƙarshen bangon Yammacin Plaza. Masallacin yana zaune a saman wata tsohuwar hanyar wucewa wacce ta taɓa fitowa ta Ƙofar Barclay da aka daɗe da rufewa wanda katon lintel ɗinsa ya kasance a bayyane a ƙasan ƙofar Maghrebi. Saboda kusancin katangar Yamma, yankin da ke kusa da bango yana da alaƙa da Buraq aƙalla tun a ƙarni na 19.
Lokacin da wani Bayahude dan Burtaniya ya nemi izinin mahukuntan Masar a shekara ta 1840 don sake shimfida kasa a gaban katangar Yamma, gwamnan Syria ya rubuta:
Carl Sandreczki, wanda ake tuhuma da hada jerin sunayen wurin Charles William Wilson's Ordnance Survey na Urushalima a 1865, ya ruwaito cewa titin da ke kaiwa ga bangon Yamma, gami da bangaren bangon, mallakar Hosh (kotu katanga) na al Burâk, "ba Obrak ba, kuma ba Obrat". A cikin 1866, Consul na Prussian kuma masanin Gabas Georg Rosen ya rubuta cewa: “Larabawa suna kiran Obrak tsayin bangon duka a wurin makoki na Yahudawa, kudu har zuwa gidan Abu Su’ud da arewa har zuwa tsarin Mechkemeh. Obrâk ba, kamar yadda aka yi iƙirari a da, lalata kalmar Ibri (Ibraniyawa) ba ne, amma kawai lafazin sabon larabci na Borâk, wanda, yayin da (Muhammad) yake addu'a a dutse mai tsarki. an ce shi ne ya hada shi a cikin bangon da aka ambata a sama."
Sunan Hosh al Buraq ya bayyana a taswirorin binciken Wilson na 1865, bugu na 1876 da 1900, da sauran taswirori a farkon karni na 20. A cikin 1922, Majalisar Pro-Jerusalem na hukuma ta ayyana shi azaman sunan titi.
Haɗin kai yankin katangar Yamma da Buraq ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tashe-tashen hankula kan wurare masu tsarki tun lokacin da Birtaniyya ta ba da izini.
Ga Musulmi, Katangar Makoki (ko Katangar Yamma) ana kiranta da "Ḥā'iṭu 'l-Burāq" (Larabci: "Bangaren Buraq", don a gefe guda (bangaren musulmi na bangon kuka a kan. Dutsen Haikali) shi ne inda Muhammadu ya daura Buraq, dabbar da ya hau da ita a cikin daren Lailatul kadari (Larabci: Mi'rāj Katangar ta hade da tsarin Masallacin Al-Buraq.
Tasirin al'adu A Turkiyya, Burak sunan namiji ne na kowa.
An sanya wa kamfanonin jiragen sama biyu suna Buraq: Buraq Air na Libya, da kuma tsohon jirgin saman Bouraq Indonesia na Indonesia (an rufe a 2006).
"el-Borak" ɗan fashi ne a cikin littafin Rafael Sabatini mai suna The Sea Hawk; "El Borak" wani hali ne a cikin gajerun labarai na Robert E. Howard. Dukansu an ba su suna saboda saurinsu da juzu'i.
An sanya wa NESCOM na Pakistan sunan Burraq.
Aceh, Indonesiya, ta ɗauki hoton Buraq rampant da ya mamaye hatimin gwamnatin lardin da aka tsara.
Ana kiran jam'iyyar Boragh APC ta Iran.
Wani kamfanin mai na Malaysia mai suna Buraq Oil.
Ana kiran wani kamfanin sufuri na Bangladesh Boraq Paribahan Al-Boraq (Larabci: babban titin jirgin kasa ne mai tsawon kilomita 323 (201 mi) tsakanin Casablanca da Tangier wanda ONCF ke gudanarwa a Maroko. Irinsa na farko a nahiyar Afirka, kuma mafi sauri.
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29760 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inganchin%20ruwa | Inganchin ruwa | Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of ruwa based on the standards of its usage. It is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards against which compliance, generally achieved through treatment of the water, can be assessed. The most common standards used to monitor and assess water quality convey the health of ecosystems, safety of human contact, extend of water pollution and condition of drinking water. Water quality has a significant impact on water supply and oftentimes determines supply options.
Categories Ana ƙayyade sigogi don ingancin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da aka yi niyya. Aiki a fannin ingancin ruwa yakan mayar da hankali ne akan ruwan da ake bi da shi don yuwuwa, masana'antu/amfani da gida, ko maidowa (na muhalli/tsarin muhalli, gabaɗaya don lafiyar ɗan adam/rayuwar ruwa).
shan mutane Gurɓatattun abubuwan da za su iya kasancewa cikin ruwan da ba a kula da su ba sun haɗa da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, protozoa da kwayoyin cuta gurɓataccen yanayi kamar gishiri da karafa gurbataccen sinadarai na kwayoyin halitta daga hanyoyin masana'antu da amfani da man fetur magungunan kashe qwari da herbicides da kuma gurɓataccen rediyo Ingancin ruwa ya dogara da yanayin ƙasa da yanayin muhalli, da kuma amfani da ɗan adam kamar watsawar najasa, gurɓataccen masana'antu, yin amfani da jikunan ruwa azaman nutsewar zafi, da yin amfani da yawa (wanda zai iya rage matakin ruwa). Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) tana iyakance adadin wasu gurɓatattun abubuwa a cikin ruwan famfo ta tsarin ruwan jama'a na Amurka. Dokar Ruwa mai Aminci ta ba da izini ga EPA don fitar da ma'auni guda biyu:
matakan farko suna daidaita abubuwan da zasu iya shafar lafiyar ɗan adam; Ma'auni na sakandare sun tsara kyawawan halaye, waɗanda ke shafar ɗanɗano, wari, ko kamanni. Dokokin Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) sun kafa iyaka ga gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin ruwan kwalba Ruwan sha, gami da ruwan kwalba, ana iya sa ran zai iya ƙunsar aƙalla kaɗan na wasu gurɓatattun abubuwa. Kasancewar waɗannan gurɓatattun ba lallai bane ya nuna cewa ruwan yana haifar da haɗarin lafiya.
A cikin biranen duniya, ana amfani da fasahar tsabtace ruwa a cikin tsarin ruwa na birni don kawar da gurɓataccen ruwa daga tushen ruwa (ruwa ko ruwan ƙasa kafin a raba shi ga gidaje, kasuwanci, makarantu da sauran masu karɓa. Ruwan da kuma aka ɗora kai tsaye daga rafi, tabki, ko magudanar ruwa wanda ba shi da magani ba zai kasance da ingancin rashin tabbas dangane da yuwuwar yuwuwa. Nauyin gurɓataccen ruwan sha yana haifar da ƙarancin wakilci da yawan jama'a. Al'ummomin da ba su da waɗannan tsaftataccen sabis na ruwan sha suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa da gurɓataccen yanayi kamar Cholera, gudawa, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid, da polio. Wadannan al'ummomi galibi suna cikin wuraren da ba su da kudin shiga, inda ake zubar da ruwan dattin dan adam zuwa wata tashar magudanar ruwa da ke kusa ko magudanar ruwa ba tare da isasshen magani ba, ko kuma ana amfani da su wajen ban ruwa.
Amfani na masana'antu da na gida Dissolved ions may affect the suitability of water for a range of industrial and domestic purposes. The most familiar of these is probably the presence of calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) that interfere with the cleaning action of soap, and can form hard sulfate and soft carbonate deposits in water heaters or boilers. Hard water may be softened to remove these ions. The softening process often substitutes sodium cations. For certain populations, hard water may be preferable to soft water because health problems have been associated with calcium deficiencies and with excess sodium. The necessity for additional calcium and magnesium in water depends on the population in question because people generally satisfy their recommended amounts through food.
ingancin ruwan muhalli Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images
Ingancin ruwan muhalli, wanda kuma ake kira ingancin ruwa na yanayi, yana da alaƙa da jikunan ruwa kamar tafkuna, koguna, da tekuna Matsayin ingancin ruwa don ruwan saman ya bambanta sosai saboda yanayin muhalli daban-daban, yanayin muhalli, da amfanin ɗan adam. Abubuwa masu guba da yawan jama'a na wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya haifar da haɗari don dalilai marasa sha kamar ban ruwa, iyo, kamun kifi, rafting, jirgin ruwa, da amfanin masana'antu. Waɗannan sharuɗɗan na iya shafar namun daji, waɗanda ke amfani da ruwan don sha ko a matsayin wurin zama. A cewar EPA, dokokin ingancin ruwa gabaɗaya sun fayyace kariyar kamun kifi da amfani da nishaɗi kuma suna buƙatar, aƙalla, riƙe ma'auni masu inganci na yanzu. Akwai wasu sha'awar a tsakanin jama'a na mayar da ruwan ruwa zuwa tsaftataccen yanayi, ko yanayin masana'antu kafin masana'antu. Yawancin dokokin muhalli na yanzu sun fi mayar da hankali kan zayyana takamaiman amfani da jikin ruwa. A wasu ƙasashe waɗannan sunaye suna ba da izinin wasu gurɓataccen ruwa muddin nau'in gurɓataccen abu ba shi da lahani ga abubuwan da aka keɓe. Idan aka yi la’akari da sauye-sauyen yanayi (misali, ci gaban ƙasa, ƙauyuka, ɓallewa a wuraren dazuzzuka) a cikin magudanar ruwa na ruwa mai yawa da yawa, komawa zuwa yanayin da ba a sani ba zai zama babban ƙalubale. A cikin waɗannan yanayi, masana kimiyyar muhalli sun fi mayar da hankali kan cimma burin kiyaye yanayin muhalli masu kyau kuma suna iya mai da hankali kan kare al'ummomin da ke cikin haɗari da kuma kare lafiyar ɗan adam.
Samfurori da aunawa
Taro samfurin Matsalolin ingancin ruwa a matsayin batun yana nunawa a cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan ma'auni na ingancin ruwa. Wasu ma'auni na ingancin ruwa an fi yin su daidai a kan wurin, saboda ruwa yana wanzuwa cikin daidaito da kewayensa Ma'auni da aka saba yi akan rukunin yanar gizon kuma a cikin hulɗar kai tsaye tare da tushen ruwa da ake tambaya sun haɗa da zafin jiki, pH, narkar da iskar oxygen, haɓakawa, yuwuwar rage iskar oxygen (ORP), turbidity, da zurfin diski na Secchi Ana iya yin samfurin ruwa don gwajin jiki ko na sinadarai ta hanyoyi da yawa, ya danganta da daidaiton da ake buƙata da halayen gurɓataccen abu. Hanyoyin samfurin sun haɗa da misali mai sauƙi bazuwar samfurin bazuwar, ƙirar ƙira, tsarin tsari da samfurin grid, Samfuran gunguni masu daidaitawa, ɗaukar samfura, saka idanu na tsaka-tsaki da ci gaba, samfurin m, sa ido mai nisa, hangen nesa mai nisa, da nazarin halittu Yin amfani da samfurori masu mahimmanci yana rage farashin da kuma buƙatar kayan aiki akan wurin samfurin.
Yawancin al'amuran gurɓatawa ana iyakance su sosai cikin lokaci, galibi dangane da abubuwan da suka faru na ruwan sama. Don haka, samfuran "ɗauka" galibi ba su isa don ƙididdige matakan gurɓataccen abu ba. Masana kimiyya suna tattara irin wannan nau'in bayanan galibi suna amfani da na'urori masu sarrafa kansa waɗanda ke fitar da ƙarin ruwa a kowane lokaci ko tazarar fitarwa Yawancin ma'auni masu rikitarwa ana yin su a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da ke buƙatar samfurin ruwa don tattarawa, adanawa, jigilar su, da tantancewa a wani wuri. Tsarin samfurin ruwa yana gabatar da manyan matsaloli guda biyu:
Matsala ta farko ita ce girman abin da samfurin zai iya zama wakilin tushen ruwa na sha'awa. Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa sun bambanta da lokaci da wuri. Ma'auni na sha'awa na iya bambanta lokaci-lokaci ko daga rana zuwa dare ko kuma a matsayin martani ga wasu ayyuka na mutum ko al'ummomin halittu na tsire -tsire na ruwa da dabbobi Ma'auni na sha'awa na iya bambanta tare da nisa daga iyakar ruwa tare da wuce gona da iri da ƙasa ko ƙasa Mai samfurin dole ne ya ƙayyade idan lokaci ɗaya da wuri guda ɗaya ya dace da bukatun binciken, ko kuma idan amfani da ruwa na sha'awa za a iya kimanta shi da gamsarwa ta hanyar ma'auni na ƙididdiga na lokaci da wuri, ko kuma idan maxima da minima mai mahimmanci suna buƙatar ma'auni na mutum akan kewayo. na lokuta, wurare ko abubuwan da suka faru. Dole ne tsarin tattara samfurin ya tabbatar da ma'aunin daidaitattun lokutan samfur na kowane mutum da wuraren da matsakaicin ya dace. Inda mafi girman ƙima ko mafi ƙarancin ƙima, dole ne a yi amfani da hanyoyin ƙididdiga don lura da bambancin don tantance isassun adadin samfuran don tantance yuwuwar wuce waɗannan mahimman ƙimar. Matsala ta biyu tana faruwa yayin da aka cire samfurin daga tushen ruwa kuma ya fara kafa daidaitattun sinadarai tare da sabon kewayensa kwandon samfurin. Dole ne a yi kwantena na samfuri da kayan aiki tare da ƙaramin aiki tare da abubuwan da za a auna; pre-tsabtace samfurin kwantena yana da mahimmanci. Samfurin ruwan na iya narkar da wani yanki na kwandon samfurin da duk wani abin da ya rage a kan wannan akwati, kuma sinadarai da aka narkar da su a cikin samfurin ruwa na iya zama cikin kwandon samfurin kuma su kasance a wurin lokacin da aka zubar da ruwan don bincike. Irin wannan mu'amala ta zahiri da sinadarai na iya faruwa tare da kowace famfo, bututu, ko na'urori masu tsaka-tsaki da aka yi amfani da su don canja wurin samfurin ruwa cikin kwandon samfurin. Ruwan da aka tattara daga zurfafan ƙasa za a gudanar da shi akai-akai a rage matsa lamba na yanayi; don haka iskar gas da aka narkar a cikin ruwa zai taru a saman kwandon. Gas na yanayi sama da ruwa na iya narke cikin samfurin ruwa. Sauran ma'aunin halayen sinadaran na iya canzawa idan samfurin ruwan ya canza yanayin zafi. Ƙaƙƙarfan ɓangarorin da aka rarrabke waɗanda a da aka dakatar da hargitsin ruwa na iya daidaitawa zuwa kasan kwandon samfurin, ko kuma ƙaƙƙarfan lokaci na iya fitowa daga haɓakar ilimin halitta ko hazo na sinadarai Ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin samfurin ruwa na iya canza yanayin halitta na oxygen, carbon dioxide, da mahadi Canza adadin carbon dioxide na iya canza pH kuma canza narkewar sinadarai masu sha'awa. Wadannan matsalolin suna da damuwa na musamman yayin auna sinadarai da ake zaton suna da mahimmanci a cikin ƙananan yawa. Ajiye samfurin na iya warware matsala ta biyu a wani yanki. Hanya ta gama gari ita ce sanya samfuran sanyi don rage ƙimar halayen sinadarai da canjin lokaci, da kuma nazarin samfurin da wuri-wuri; amma wannan yana rage sauye-sauye ne kawai maimakon hana su. Hanya mai amfani don ƙayyade tasiri na kwantena samfurin lokacin jinkiri tsakanin tarin samfurin da bincike ya haɗa da shirye-shirye don samfurori na wucin gadi guda biyu a gaba na samfurin samfurin. Akwatin samfurin ɗaya yana cike da ruwa wanda aka sani daga binciken da ya gabata don ƙunshe da adadin da za a iya ganowa na sinadaran sha'awa. Wannan samfurin, wanda ake kira "blank", ana buɗe shi don fallasa sararin samaniya lokacin da aka tattara samfurin sha'awa, sannan a sake rufe shi kuma a kai shi zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje tare da samfurin don bincike don sanin ko tarin samfurin ko hanyoyin riƙewa ya gabatar da kowane adadin da za a iya aunawa. sinadaran sha'awa. Ana tattara samfurin wucin gadi na biyu tare da samfurin sha'awa, amma sai a "spiked" tare da ƙarin adadin adadin sinadarai na sha'awa a lokacin tattarawa. Ana ɗaukar blank mara kyau iko da samfurin spiked kyakkyawan kulawa tare da samfurin sha'awa kuma ana nazarin su ta hanyoyi guda ɗaya a lokaci guda don ƙayyade duk wani canje-canje da ke nuna riba ko asara a lokacin da ya wuce tsakanin tarin da bincike.
Gwaji don mayar da martani ga bala'o'i da sauran abubuwan gaggawa Bayan abubuwan da suka faru kamar girgizar kasa da tsunami, akwai martani nan da nan daga hukumomin agaji yayin da ayyukan agaji ke ci gaba da kokarin dawo da ababen more rayuwa da samar da muhimman abubuwan da suka wajaba don rayuwa da murmurewa daga baya. Barazanar cututtuka yana ƙaruwa sosai saboda ɗimbin mutanen da ke zaune kusa da juna, sau da yawa a cikin yanayi mara kyau, kuma ba tare da tsaftar muhalli ba. Bayan bala'i na dabi'a, dangane da gwajin ingancin ruwa, akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa game da mafi kyawun matakin da za a ɗauka kuma ana iya amfani da hanyoyi iri-iri. Maɓalli na asali na ingancin ruwa waɗanda ke buƙatar magance su a cikin gaggawa sune alamun ƙwayoyin cuta na gurɓataccen fecal, ragowar chlorine kyauta, pH, turbidity da yuwuwar haɓakawa jimlar narkar da daskararru Akwai hanyoyin lalata da yawa. Bayan manyan bala'o'i, dogon lokaci mai tsawo na iya wucewa kafin ingancin ruwa ya dawo matakan kafin bala'i. Alal misali, bayan tsunami na Tekun Indiya a shekara ta 2004 Cibiyar Kula da Ruwa ta Duniya da ke Colombo (IWMI) ta lura da illolin ruwan gishiri kuma ta kammala cewa rijiyoyin sun farfaɗo zuwa ruwan sha kafin tsunami mai inganci shekaru ɗaya da rabi bayan taron. IWMI ta samar da ka'idoji don tsaftace rijiyoyin da ruwan gishiri ya gurbata; Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta amince da waɗannan a hukumance a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin ƙa'idodinta na gaggawa.
Binciken sunadarai Mafi sauƙaƙan hanyoyin bincike na sinadarai su ne waɗanda ke auna abubuwan sinadarai ba tare da mutunta nau'insu ba. Binciken abubuwa don oxygen, a matsayin misali, zai nuna nauyin 890 g L gram a kowace lita na samfurin ruwa saboda oxygen (O) yana da kashi 89% na kwayoyin ruwa (H 2 O). Hanyar da aka zaɓa don auna narkar da iskar oxygen ya kamata ta bambanta tsakanin diatomic oxygen da oxygen hade da wasu abubuwa. Sauƙaƙan kwatancen bincike na asali ya samar da adadi mai yawa na bayanan samfuri da ƙimar ingancin ruwa don abubuwan wasu lokuta ana gano su azaman ƙarfe masu nauyi Binciken ruwa don ƙananan karafa dole ne yayi la'akari da barbashin ƙasa da aka dakatar a cikin samfurin ruwa. Waɗannan ɓangarorin ƙasa da aka dakatar suna iya ƙunsar ƙarfe da za a iya aunawa. Ko da yake ba a narkar da barbashi a cikin ruwan, mutane na iya cinye su ta hanyar shan ruwan. Ƙara acid zuwa samfurin ruwa don hana asarar narkar da karafa a kan kwandon samfurin na iya narkar da ƙarin karafa daga barbashi ƙasa da aka dakatar. Tace barbashi na ƙasa daga samfurin ruwa kafin ƙara acid, duk da haka, na iya haifar da asarar narkar da karafa akan tacewa. Matsalolin bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta iri ɗaya sun fi ƙalubale.
Yin waɗannan ma'auni masu rikitarwa na iya zama tsada. Saboda ma'auni kai tsaye na ingancin ruwa na iya yin tsada, ana gudanar da shirye-shiryen sa ido na yau da kullun kuma ana fitar da sakamakon daga hukumomin gwamnati Koyaya, akwai shirye-shiryen sa kai na gida da albarkatun da ake da su don wasu ƙima na gaba ɗaya. Kayayyakin da ake samu ga jama'a sun haɗa da na'urorin gwaji a wurin, waɗanda aka saba amfani da su don tankunan kifi na gida, da hanyoyin tantance halittu.
Sa ido na ainihi Ko da yake galibi ana ƙididdige ingancin ruwa tare da yin nazari a dakunan gwaje-gwaje, tun daga ƙarshen karni na 20 an sami karuwar sha'awar jama'a game da ingancin ruwan sha da tsarin birni ke samarwa. Yawancin abubuwan amfani da ruwa sun ƙirƙira tsarin tattara bayanai na ainihin lokacin game da ingancin ruwan tushen. A farkon karni na 21st, an tura nau'ikan na'urori masu auna firikwensin da tsarin kulawa na nesa don auna pH na ruwa, turbidity, narkar da iskar oxygen da sauran sigogi. Hakanan an ƙirƙiri wasu na'urori masu nisa don lura da ingancin ruwa a cikin kogi, estuarine da gaɓar ruwa.
Manuniya
Alamomin ruwan sha Alkalinity
Launi na ruwa
pH
Ku ɗanɗani da wari geosmin, 2-Methylisoborneol (MIB), da dai sauransu. Narkar da karafa da gishiri sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, manganese, magnesium Kwayoyin halitta irin su fecal coliform kwayoyin cuta Escherichia coli Cryptosporidium, da Giardia lamblia duba nazarin ruwa na kwayoyin cuta
Narkar da karafa da metalloids gubar, mercury, arsenic, da dai sauransu. Narkar da kwayoyin halitta: launin narkar da kwayoyin halitta (CDOM), narkar da kwayoyin carbon (DOC)
Radon
Karfe masu nauyi
Magunguna
Analogs na hormone
Alamun muhalli
Alamun jiki na zahiri Water temperature
Specific conductance or electrical conductance (EC) or conductivity
Total suspended solids (TSS)
Transparency or turbidity
Total dissolved solids (TDS)
Odour of water
Color of water (such as Forel-Ule scale or Pt/Co scale)
Taste of water
pH
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
Dissolved oxygen (DO)
Total hardness (TH)
Heavy metals
Nitrate
Orthophosphates
Pesticides
Surfactants
Alamun halittu Ephemeroptera Plecoptera Mollusca
Trichoptera
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
Coliform bacteria
Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow)
Americamysis bahia (Mysid shrimp)
sea urchin
An ɓullo da ma'auni na nazarin halittu a wurare da yawa, kuma ɗayan dangin da aka yi amfani da shi na ma'auni don ruwa mai tsabta shine kasancewar da yawa na mambobi na umarni na kwari Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera da Trichoptera (EPT) (na benthic macroinvertebrates wanda sunayen gama gari ne, bi da bi, mai yiwuwafly., stonefly da caddisfly). Ma'anar EPT a zahiri za ta bambanta daga yanki zuwa yanki, amma gabaɗaya, a cikin yanki, yawan adadin haraji daga waɗannan umarni, mafi kyawun ingancin ruwa. Ƙungiyoyi a Amurka, kamar EPA. ba da jagora kan haɓaka shirin sa ido da gano membobin waɗannan da sauran umarnin kwari na ruwa. Yawancin masu fitar da ruwan sha na Amurka (misali, masana'antu, masana'antar wutar lantarki, matatun mai, ma'adinai, masana'antar kula da najasa na birni) ana buƙatar gudanar da gwaje-gwajen ƙazamin ƙazamin lokaci na lokaci-lokaci WET Mutanen da ke da sha'awar lura da ingancin ruwa waɗanda ba za su iya ba ko sarrafa nazarin sikelin lab ba kuma za su iya amfani da alamun ilimin halitta don samun cikakken karatun ingancin ruwa. Misali ɗaya shine shirin sa ido na ruwa na IOWATER na Iowa, wanda ya haɗa da maɓallin alamar EPT. Bivalve molluscs ana amfani da su sosai azaman masu nunin halitta don lura da lafiyar mahallin ruwa a cikin ruwa mai daɗi da mahallin marine. Matsayin yawan jama'a ko tsarin su, ilimin halittar jiki, hali ko matakin gurɓatawa tare da abubuwa ko mahadi na iya nuna yanayin gurɓataccen yanayin yanayin. Suna da amfani musamman tun lokacin da suke da ƙarfi don su zama wakilai na yanayin da aka zana su ko sanya su. Wani aiki na yau da kullun shine US Mussel Watch Program, amma a yau ana amfani da su a duk duniya.
Hanyar Ƙimar Ƙididdiga ta Kudancin Afirka (SASS) ita ce tsarin kula da ingancin ruwa na halitta bisa ga kasancewar benthic macroinvertebrates (EPT). An tace kayan aikin kula da ruwa na SASS a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata kuma yanzu yana kan sigar ta biyar (SASS5) wacce aka gyara ta musamman daidai da ka'idojin kasa da kasa, watau ISO/IEC 17025 yarjejeniya. Hanyar SASS5 da Sashen Harkokin Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu ke amfani da shi a matsayin daidaitacciyar hanya don Kimar Kiwon Lafiyar Kogin, wanda ke ciyar da Shirin Kiwon Lafiyar Kogin na ƙasa da kuma Database na Kogin Kogin.
Ka'idoji da rahotanni A cikin tsarin ma'auni, hukumomi suna yanke shawara na siyasa da fasaha kimiyya bisa yadda za a yi amfani da ruwan. A cikin yanayin jikunan ruwa na halitta, hukumomi kuma suna yin kiyasin ma'ana na kyawawan yanayi. Jikunan ruwa na halitta za su bambanta dangane da yanayin muhalli na yanki, wanda abin da ke tattare da tsarin ruwa yana tasiri da abubuwan da ke kewaye da yanayin yanayin ƙasa, sediments, da nau'in dutse, yanayin yanayi, ilimin ruwa, da yanayi. Masana kimiyyar muhalli da masu ilimin kimiyyar ruwa na ruwa suna aiki don fassara ma'auni da yanayin muhalli waɗanda ke tasiri ingancin ruwa na yanki, wanda hakan ke taimakawa wajen gano tushe da makomar gurɓatattun abubuwa. Lauyoyin muhalli da masu tsara manufofi suna aiki don ayyana doka tare da niyyar cewa ana kiyaye ruwa a ingantaccen ingancin amfani da shi.
Wani ra'ayi na gaba ɗaya game da ingancin ruwa shine na dukiya mai sauƙi wanda ke nuna ko ruwa ya ƙazantu ko a'a. A haƙiƙa, ingancin ruwa batu ne mai rikitarwa, a wani ɓangare saboda ruwa wani matsakaicin matsakaici ne wanda ke da alaƙa da ilimin halittu, ilimin ƙasa, da ayyukan ɗan adam na yanki. Ayyukan masana'antu da kasuwanci (misali masana'antu, hakar ma'adinai, gine-gine, sufuri sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da gurbatar ruwa kamar yadda kwararar ruwa daga wuraren noma, zubar da ruwa a birane da fitar da najasa da ba a kula da su ba.
Ƙasashen Duniya Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta buga jagororin ingancin ruwan sha (GDWQ) a cikin 2011. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) buga ƙa'ida na ingancin ruwa a cikin sashin ICS 13.060, wanda ya fito daga samfurin ruwa, ruwan sha, ruwa na masana'antu, najasa, da gwajin ruwa don sinadarai, jiki ko kayan halitta. ICS 91.140.60 yana rufe ka'idodin tsarin samar da ruwa.
Ƙididdigar ƙasa don ruwan yanayi da ruwan sha
Tarayyar Turai Tsarin ruwa na Tarayyar Turai an tsara shi da farko cikin umarni guda uku:
Umarni kan Maganin Ruwan Sharar Birane (91/271/EEC) na ranar 21 ga Mayu 1991 game da fitar da ruwa na birni da na masana'antu Umarnin Ruwan Sha (98/83/EC) na 3 Nuwamba 1998 game da ingancin ruwan sha;
Dokar Tsarin Ruwa (2000/60/EC) na 23 Oktoba 2000 game da sarrafa albarkatun ruwa Indiya Matsayin Majalisar Binciken Likitanci na Indiya (ICMR) don Ruwan Sha.
Afirka ta Kudu An haɗa jagororin ingancin ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu bisa ga yuwuwar nau'ikan masu amfani (misali na gida, masana'antu) a cikin Jagororin ingancin Ruwa na 1996. Ingancin ruwan sha yana ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar Ƙasa ta Afirka ta Kudu (SANS) 241 Ƙayyadaddun Ruwan Sha.
Ƙasar Ingila A Ingila da Wales matakan da aka yarda da su don samar da ruwan sha an jera su a cikin "Dokokin Samar da Ruwa (Ingantacciyar Ruwa) 2000."
Amurka A cikin Amurka, Hukumomin Jiha sun ayyana Ma'aunin Ingancin Ruwa don ƙungiyoyin ruwa daban-daban, waɗanda ake buƙata don amfanin ruwan (misali, mazaunin kifi, samar da ruwan sha, amfani da nishaɗi). Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa (CWA) tana buƙatar kowane ikon mulki (jihohi, yankuna, da ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci) su gabatar da jeri na rahotanni na shekara-shekara kan ingancin ruwa a yankinsu. Waɗannan rahotannin ana san su da rahoton 303(d) da 305(b) waɗanda aka sanya wa suna don tanadin CWA nasu, kuma an ƙaddamar da su, kuma sun amince da su, EPA. Ana kammala waɗannan rahotanni ta ikon hukuma, yawanci hukumar kula da muhalli ta jiha EPA ta ba da shawarar kowace jiha ta gabatar da "Rahoton Haɗe-haɗe" guda ɗaya wanda ya ƙunshi jerin gurɓatattun ruwa da kuma matsayin duk wuraren ruwa a jihar. Rahoton Ingantattun Ingantattun Ruwa na Ƙasa ga Majalisa babban rahoto ne kan ingancin ruwa, yana ba da cikakken bayani game da adadin mil na koguna da koguna da jimillar yanayin su. CWA na buƙatar jihohi su ɗauki ƙa'idodi don kowane yuwuwar amfani da aka keɓance da suka sanya wa ruwansu. Idan shaidu sun nuna ko rubuta cewa rafi, kogi ko tabki sun gaza cika ka'idojin ingancin ruwa na ɗaya ko fiye na abubuwan da aka keɓance shi, an sanya shi cikin jerin gurɓatattun ruwa. Da zarar wata jiha ta sanya jikin ruwa a cikin wannan jerin, dole ne ta samar da tsarin gudanarwa wanda zai kafa Jimlar Matsakaicin Loads na yau da kullun (TMDLs) don masu gurɓatawar ruwa da ke lalata amfani da ruwa. Waɗannan TMDLs sun kafa ragi da ake buƙata don cikakken goyan bayan abubuwan da aka keɓance. Ma'aunin ruwan sha, wanda ya dace da tsarin ruwan jama'a, EPA ne ke bayar da shi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Amintaccen Ruwan Sha Manazarta United States. Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments of 1972, Pub.L. 92–500 ("Clean Water Act"). "Definitions." Section 502(19), 33 U.S.C. 1362.
Jump up to:a b U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, D.C. "Definitions." "EPA Administered Permit Programs: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System." Code of Federal Regulations, 40 CFR 122.2.
"Definitions." CWA sec. 502(12); 33 U.S.C. 1362.
"Thermal discharges." CWA sec. 316, 33 U.S.C. 1326.
"Identification of areas with insufficient controls; maximum daily load; certain effluent limitations revision." CWA sec. 303(d), 33 U.S.C. 1313(d).
EPA. "Secondary Treatment Regulation." Code of Federal Regulations, 40 CFR 133.
United States. Safe Drinking Water Act. Pub.L. 93–523; 42 U.S.C. 300f et seq. 1974-12-16.
EPA. "National Primary Drinking Water Regulations." Code of Federal Regulations, 40 CFR Part 141.
"Effluent limitations." CWA sec. 301(b), 33 U.S.C. 1311(b); "Effluent limitation guidelines." CWA sec. 304(b), 33 U.S.C. 1314(b)
"National standards of performance." CWA sec. 306(a), 33 U.S.C. 1316(a).
EPA. "Secondary Treatment Regulation." Code of Federal Regulations, 40 CFR Part 133.
"National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System." CWA sec. 402, 33 U.S.C. 1342.
United States. Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments of 1972, Pub.L. 92–500, 33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq., as amended.
United States. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, Pub.L. 94–580. Approved October 21, 1976. 42 U.S.C. 6901 et seq., as amended.
United States. Safe Drinking Water Act, Pub.L. 93–523. Approved December 16, 1974. 42 U.S.C. 300f et seq., as amended.
United States. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, Pub.L. 75–717. Approved June 25, 1938. 21 U.S.C. 301 et seq., as |
30683 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20Ilimi | Haƙƙin Ilimi | An yarda da haƙƙin ilimi a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin wasu tarurruka na ƙasashe, gami da Yarjejeniyar Internationalasa ta Duniya kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu wanda ya amince da haƙƙin' yanci, ilimin firamare na tilas ga kowa, wajibi ne don haɓaka ilimin sakandare mai sauƙi duka, musamman ta hanyar gabatarwar cigaba da karatun sakandare kyauta, tare da wajibcin haɓaka daidaitaccen damar samun ilimi mafi girma da kyau ta hanyar gabatarwar cigaban ilimi mafi girma kyauta. A yau, kusan yara miliyan 75 a duk faɗin duniya an hana su zuwa makaranta kowace rana. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2015, jihohi 164 sun kasance ɓangarorin Yarjejeniyar. Haƙƙin neman ilimi ya haɗa da wani nauyi na bayar da ilimin boko ga mutanen da ba su kammala karatun firamare ba tun daga matakin makaranta da kwaleji. Baya ga wadannan hanyoyin samun ilimi, 'yancin neman ilimi ya kunshi wajibai na ɗalibai na kauce wa nuna bambanci a dukkan matakan tsarin ilimin, da kafa mafi ƙarancin matsayin ilimi da inganta ingancin ilimi.
Tushen shari'a na duniya 'Yancin ilimi ya bayyana a cikin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin Mataki na 26 na Sanarwar ofan Adam na Duniya da Mataki na 13 da 14 na Yarjejeniyar Internationalasa ta Duniya kan' Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu. Mataki na 26 ya ce:“Kowa na da‘ yancin ya samu ilimi. Ilimi zai zama tilas ne aƙalla a matakan farko da farko. Ilimin firamare ya zama tilas. Ilimin kere-kere da sana'oi za a gabatar da shi gabaɗaya kuma ilimin boko ya zama mai sauƙi ga kowa bisa cancanta. Ilimi ya kamata a ba shi izini zuwa ga cikakken ci gaban halaye na ɗan adam da ƙarfafa girmamawa game da haƙƙin ɗan adam da fundamentalancin walwala. Ya kamata a inganta fahimtar juna, da nuna juriya da aminci a tsakanin dukkan kasashe, ko launin fata ko bambancin addini, kuma za ta ci gaba da ayyukan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya domin wanzar da zaman lafiya. Iyaye suna da hakki na farko a kan su zabi irin ilimin da za a ba wa ‘ya’yansu” An sake tabbatar da ‘yancin samun ilimi a yarjejeniyar UNESCO ta 1960 kan yaki da nuna bambanci a cikin Ilimi, da Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wasu nau’ikan nuna wariya ga mata, na 2006 kan‘ yancin nakasassu, da Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan Hakkokin 'Yan Adam da na Jama'a A Turai Mataki na 2 na Yarjejeniyar farko ta 20 ga Maris na shekara ta 1952 zuwa Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ta ce haƙƙin ilimi an yarda da shi a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma an fahimci shi don kafa haƙƙin neman ilimi. Dangane da Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu yancin neman ilimi ya haɗa da 'yancin walwala, ilimin firamare na tilas ga kowa, wani nauyi na ci gaba da karatun sakandare ga kowa musamman ta hanyar gabatar da ci gaba da karatun sakandare kyauta, kamar yadda Hakanan wajibi ne don haɓaka madaidaiciyar damar samun ilimi mafi girma musamman ta hanyar gabatarwar ci gaba da ingantaccen ilimi kyauta. Haƙƙin neman ilimi ya hada da wani nauyi na bayar da ilimin boko ga mutanen da ba su kammala karatun firamare ba. Baya ga wadannan hanyoyin samun ilimi, 'yancin neman ilimi ya kunshi wajibcin kawar da nuna bambanci a dukkan matakan tsarin ilimin, da kafa mafi karancin mizani, da inganta inganci. Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam a Strasbourg ta yi amfani da wannan ƙa'idar misali misali a cikin shari'ar yare ta Belgium Mataki na 10 na Yarjejeniyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai ya ba da tabbaci ga haƙƙin ilimin sana'a </blockquote>, A karkashin tsarin mulkin Indiya a karkashin Dokar Kwaskwarimar 86th 2002 ta ba da 'yancin samun ilimi kyauta da tilas har zuwa shekaru 6-14.
Ma'ana Ilimi ya ƙunshi umarnin hukuma. Gabaɗaya, kayan aikin ƙasashen duniya suna amfani da kalmar a cikin wannan ma'anar da haƙƙin ilimi, kamar yadda kariya ta kayan aikin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa, ke nufin farko game da ilimi a cikin ɗan gajeren hankali. Yarjejeniyar UNESCO ta 1960 kan yaki da nuna wariya a cikin Ilimi ta bayyana ilimi a cikin Mataki na 1 (2) a matsayin: "dukkan nau'uka da matakan ilimi, (gami da irin wannan) samun ilimi, ma'auni da ingancin ilimi, da kuma yanayin da aka bayar da shi. A cikin ma'anar ilimi ilimi na iya bayyana "duk ayyukan da kungiyar mutane ke watsawa ga zuriyyarsu tarin ilimi da dabaru da ƙa'idojin dabi'a waɗanda zasu baiwa kungiyar damar rayuwa". A wannan ma'anar ilimi yana nufin watsawa ga ƙarni na gaba na waɗancan ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don aiwatar da ayyukan rayuwar yau da kullun, da kuma ci gaba da wucewa game da zamantakewar jama'a, al'adu, ruhaniya da falsafar al'ummomin musamman. An fahimci mahimmancin ma'anar ilimi a cikin Mataki na 1 (a) na shawarar UNESCO ta 1974 game da Ilimi don Fahimtar Internationalasashen Duniya, Haɗin kai da Zaman Lafiya da Ilimi game da 'Yancin Dan Adam da Fundancin amentalan Adam "duk tsarin rayuwar al'umma ta yadda mutane da kungiyoyin jama'a ke koyon ci gaba a hankali, kuma don amfanin, al'ummomin kasa da na duniya baki daya, dukkan karfin su, halayen su, kwarewar su da ilimin su." Kotun Turai ta 'Yancin Dan Adam ta ayyana ilimi a dunkule kamar yadda "koyarwa ko umarni musamman ma game da yada ilimi da ci gaban ilimi" kuma a faɗi mafi girma a matsayin "duk tsarin da, a kowace al'umma, manya yunƙurin isar da imaninsu, al'adunsu da sauran ɗabi'unsu ga matasa. Ƙa'idojin Abidjan an zartar da su a farkon 2019 kuma suna ba da cikakkun ƙa'idodin jagora kan haɗuwa tsakanin ilimin keɓaɓɓu da haƙƙin ilimi
Ofimar cikawa Ana iya kimanta cikar haƙƙin ilimi ta amfani da 4 As tsarin, wanda ke tabbatar da cewa don ilimi ya zama haƙƙi mai ma'ana dole ne ya kasance akwai, mai sauƙi, karɓa kuma mai daidaitawa. Tsarin 4 Kamar yadda tsohon mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Ilimi, Katarina Tomasevski ya inganta, amma ba lallai ne ya zama ƙa'idar da ake amfani da ita a kowane kayan aikin haƙƙin ɗan Adam na ƙasa da ƙasa ba saboda haka ba jagora ne na gari game da yadda ake bi da haƙƙin neman ilimi a ƙarƙashin ƙasa ba doka.
Mataki na 4 Kamar yadda tsarin ya ba da shawarar cewa gwamnatoci, a matsayinsu na manyan masu ɗaukar nauyi, dole ne su mutunta, karewa da kuma cika haƙƙin ilimi ta hanyar samar da ilimi, samuwa, karɓuwa da daidaitawa. Tsarin ya kuma sanya ayyuka a kan sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a harkar ilimi: yaro, wanda a matsayinsa na abin da ya dace na Haƙƙin ilimi yana da hakkin ya bi ka'idodin ilimi na wajibi, iyaye a matsayin 'masu ilimi' na farko, da kwararrun malamai, wato. malamai 4 Kamar yadda aka yi karin bayani kamar haka: Samuwar tallafi daga gwamnatoci, ilimi na duniya ne, kyauta kuma wajibi ne. Ya kamata a samar da ingantattun ababen more rayuwa da wuraren aiki tare da isassun littattafai da kayan aiki ga ɗalibai. Gine-gine ya kamata ya dace da ka'idodin aminci da tsafta, kamar samun ruwan sha mai tsafta Ma'aikata mai aiki, horarwa mai kyau da kuma hanyoyin da suka dace yakamata su tabbatar da cewa akwai isassun ƙwararrun ma'aikata a kowace makaranta. Samun dama duk yara ya kamata su sami daidaiton damar yin hidimar makaranta, ba tare da la’akari da jinsi, launin fata, addini, ƙabila ko matsayin zamantakewar tattalin arziki ba. Ya kamata a yi ƙoƙari don tabbatar da haɗa ƙungiyoyin da aka sani da su ciki har da yara 'yan gudun hijira, marasa gida ko nakasassu; a takaice kamata ya yi a samu damar samun ilimi a duk duniya wato damar kowa da kowa. Yaran da suka fada cikin talauci ya kamata a ba su damar samun ilimi saboda yana haɓaka haɓakar tunaninsu da yanayin zamantakewa. Kada a kasance wani nau'i na rarrabuwa ko hana damar shiga kowane ɗalibai. Wannan ya hada da tabbatar da cewa an kafa dokoki masu kyau a kan duk wani aiki da ake yi da yara ko kuma a yi amfani da su don hana yara samun ilimin firamare ko sakandare. Dole ne makarantu su kasance cikin tazara mai kyau ga yara a cikin al'umma, in ba haka ba ya kamata a samar da sufuri ga ɗalibai, musamman waɗanda za su iya zama a yankunan karkara, don tabbatar da hanyoyin zuwa makaranta suna da aminci da dacewa. Ilimi yakamata ya kasance mai araha ga kowa, tare da littafan karatu, kayayyaki da riguna da aka baiwa ɗalibai ba tare da ƙarin farashi ba. Yarda da yarda ingancin ilimin da aka bayar ya kamata ya kasance ba tare da nuna bambanci ba, dacewa da al'ada ga dukan dalibai. Kada a sa ran dalibai su dace da kowane takamaiman ra'ayi na addini ko akida. Ya kamata hanyoyin koyarwa su kasance na haƙiƙa da rashin son zuciya kuma abubuwan da ake da su ya kamata su nuna ra'ayoyi da imani iri-iri. Yakamata a jaddada lafiya da aminci a cikin makarantu gami da kawar da duk wani nau'i na hukuncin jiki. Ya kamata a kiyaye ƙwarewar ma'aikata da malamai. Daidaituwa shirye-shiryen ilimi yakamata su kasance masu sassauƙa da iya daidaitawa bisa ga sauye-sauyen al'umma da bukatun al'umma. Ya kamata makarantu su mutunta bukukuwan addini ko na al’ada domin daukar dalibai, tare da ba da cikakkiyar kulawa ga daliban da ke da nakasa. Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da dama na duniya suna aiki don tabbatar da 'yancin ilimi ta hanyar amfani da hanyar da ta dace don ci gaba.
Ci gaban tarihi A cikin Turai, kafin Wayewar ƙarni na goma sha takwas da sha tara, ilimi ya zama alhakin iyaye da coci Tare da Juyin Juya Halin Faransa da Amurka, an kafa ilimi kuma a matsayin aikin jama'a. An yi tunanin cewa jihar, ta hanyar ɗaukar rawar da za ta taka a fagen ilimi, na iya taimakawa wajen samar da ilimi da kuma isa ga kowa. Ilimin ya kasance ya kasance yana da farko ga azuzuwan zamantakewar sama da ilimin jama'a a matsayin hanyar fahimtar manufofin rashin daidaito da ke nuna biyun juyin. Koyaya, sanarwar Amurka game da 'Yanci (1776) ko sanarwar Faransa game da haƙƙin ɗan Adam da na enan ƙasa (1789) ba ta kare haƙƙin neman ilimi ba, kamar yadda ra'ayoyin masu sassaucin ra'ayi na yancin ɗan adam a karni na goma sha tara suka tsara cewa iyaye suna riƙe da farko aikin samarda ilimi ga yayansu. Ya zama wajibi jihohi su tabbatar da cewa iyayen sun bi wannan aikin, kuma jihohi da yawa sun kafa doka wanda ya tilasta halartar makarantu. Bugu da ƙari kuma, an sanya dokokin ƙwadago yara don taƙaita adadin awoyi a kowace rana da za a iya ɗaukar yara aiki, don tabbatar yara za su halarci makaranta. Hakanan Jihohi sun shiga cikin tsarin doka na tsarin karatun kuma sun kafa mafi ƙarancin matsayin ilimi.
Matsayin ilimi ga ɗaiɗaikun mutane, al'umma da jihar Ilimi a kowane fanni (na yau da kullun, na yau da kullun, da na yau da kullun yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da mutuncin ɗan adam na kowane ɗa. Manufofin ilimi, kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin dokar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya (IHRL), saboda haka duk ana yin su ne don tabbatar da haƙƙoƙin mutum da mutuncin sa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da, tare da waɗansu, tabbatar da mutuncin ɗan adam da cikakken ci gaba na ɗabi'ar ɗan adam; inganta ci gaban jiki da fahimi; ba da damar neman ilimi, dabaru, da baiwa; bayar da gudummawa ga fahimtar cikakken damar mutum; haɓaka girman kai da ƙara ƙarfin gwiwa; karfafa girmamawa ga ‘yancin dan adam; tsara tunanin mutum na asali da alaƙar sa da wasu; ba da damar zamantakewar jama'a da ma'amala mai ma'ana tare da wasu; ba wa mutum damar tsara duniyar da ke kewaye da shi yana ba shi damar kasancewa cikin rayuwar al'umma; bayar da gudummawa ga cikakken rayuwa mai gamsarwa tsakanin al'umma; da karfafawa tare da bada damar karin jin daɗin sauran 'yancin ɗan adam. Ilimi kuma na kawo canji ga jiha da al'umma. A matsayin ɗayan mahimman hanyoyin da ake amfani da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewar jama'a, musamman 'yan asalin ƙasa da tsiraru daga tsararraki zuwa tsara, watsa harshe, al'ada, ainihi, dabi'u, da al'adu, ilimi shima yana daga cikin manyan hanyoyin da jihohi zasu tabbatar da tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, siyasa, da al'adu. Babban aikin ilimi a tsakanin al'umma da jiha shi ne: Ba da izinin watsa al'adu, dabi'u, ainihi, harsuna, da al'adu daga tsara zuwa na gaba;
Samar da ci gaban tattalin arziki mai dorewa;
Samar da al'ummomin dimokuradiyya da zaman lafiya;
Ƙarfafa haɗin kai da haɗawa cikin matakan yanke shawara;
Ƙarfafa rayuwar al'adu masu wadata;
Taimakawa gina asalin ƙasa;
Haɓaka manufofin adalci na zamantakewa Nasarar dagewa da ƙalubale masu daurewa;
Ƙarfafa ci gaba mai dorewa, gami da mutunta muhalli.
Aiwatarwa Dokokin kasa da kasa ba su kare haƙƙin samun ilimin gaba da firamare ba kuma takaddun duniya gabaɗaya suna barin nassoshi game da ilimi a wannan matakin. Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Duniya ta bayyana cewa kowa na da ‘yancin samun ilimi, don haka Haƙƙin ya shafi kowa da kowa, ko da yake ana daukar yara a matsayin manyan masu cin gajiyar shirin. Haƙƙoƙin ilimi sun kasu kashi uku su ne kamar haka:
Ilimin Firamare (Masu Koyarwa ko Mahimmanci). Wannan zai zama wajibi kuma kyauta ga kowane yaro ba tare da la'akari da asalin ƙasarsa, jinsinsa, wurin haihuwa, ko kowane irin wariya ba. Bayan tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Haƙƙin Al'adu dole ne su ba da ilimin firamare kyauta cikin shekaru biyu.
Sakandare (ko firamare, fasaha da ƙwararru a cikin UDHR Dole ne ilimi ya kasance gabaɗaya kuma a sami dama.
A matakin Jami'a, ya kamata a ba da ilimi daidai gwargwado. Wato duk wanda ya cika ka'idojin ilimi to ya samu damar zuwa jami'a.
Dukkanin makarantun sakandare da manyan makarantu za a samu damar yin amfani da su "ta kowace hanya da ta dace, musamman ta hanyar ci gaba da gabatar da ilimi kyauta".
Ilimin dole Ana iya samun fahimtar haƙƙin ilimi a matakin ƙasa ta hanyar ilimi na wajibi, ko kuma musamman ilimin firamare na tilas kyauta, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin duka sanarwar 'yancin ɗan adam ta duniya da kuma yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu Haƙƙin samun ilimi ga yara Haƙƙoƙin dukkan yara tun daga ƙuruciyarsu sun samo asali ne daga sanarwar shekara ta 1948 ta Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam. Sanarwar da aka yi shela a cikin labarin 1: 'Dukkan' yan adam ana haifuwarsu ne cikin 'yanci kuma daidai suke da mutunci da hakkoki'. Sanarwar ta ce 'yancin ɗan adam yana farawa ne daga haihuwa kuma lokacin ƙuruciya lokaci ne da ke buƙatar kulawa ta musamman da taimako [art. 25 (2)]. Bayanin na shekara ta 1959 na Hakkokin ofan yaro ya tabbatar da cewa: ɗan adam yana bin yaro mafi kyawun abin da zai bayar gami da ilimi. Wannan ya karu ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu na shekara ta 1966 wanda ya ce:' Ilimi zai kasance zuwa cikakkiyar halayyar ɗan adam da kuma jin mutuncinsa, kuma zai ƙarfafa girmama 'yancin ɗan adam da na asali yanci. [fasaha 13 (1)] Sanarwar Duniya kan Ilimi ga Kowa (EFA) da aka zartar a 1990 a Jomtien, Thailand, a cikin labarin 5 cewa: 'Ilimi yana farawa ne daga haihuwa Wannan yana buƙatar kulawa da yara da ilimin farko Shekaru goma bayan haka, Tsarin Dakar don Aiki akan EFA ya kafa manufofi shida, na farko shine: 'faɗaɗa da inganta kulawar yara da ilimi, musamman ga yara masu rauni da marasa karfi. Kariya na yara da dukan zamanai daga amfani da ayyuka da cewa zai sa su rasa kiwon lafiya, ilimi da kuma walwala kuma an nanata ta kasa da kasa Labor Organization a yarjejeniyar No. 138 a kan Mafi qarancin Age na Employment (1973) da kuma No. 182 a kan Haramtawa da Aiki na Gaggawa don Kawar da Mummunan Siffofin Laborarfafa Yara (1999). Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ba da gudummawa ga irin wannan kokarin ta Sanarwar 'Yancin Yaran da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a shekara ta 1959. Akwai ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu daban-daban da ke aiki don haƙƙin neman ilimi. EClickKart yana ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan dandamali wanda Rohit N Shetty ya ƙaddamar wanda ya bayyana cewa Ilimi shine haƙƙin asali kuma EClickKart yana aiki zuwa gare shi.
Tasirin cinikin kamfanoni akan haƙƙin ilimi Bayar da ilimin ilimi na iya haifar da kyakkyawan sakamako ga wasu kungiyoyin zamantakewar, a cikin yanayin wadatar damar samun ilmantarwa, mafi girman zabin mahaifa da kuma tsarin karatu mai fadi. Koyaya, hakanan yana iya haifar da mummunan sakamako sakamakon ƙarancin ko rashin cikakken kulawa da ƙa'idodi daga hukumomin gwamnati (makarantu ba tare da lasisi ba, ɗaukar malamai marasa koyarwa da rashin tabbacin inganci), tare da haɗarin haɗari ga haɗin kan jama'a da haɗin kai. Abin damuwa na musamman: "Kungiyoyin da ke gefe sun kasa cin moriyar akasarin tasirinsu sannan kuma sun dauki nauyin da bai dace ba na mummunar tasirin tasirin kamfanoni." Bugu da ƙari, kuɗin da ba a sarrafawa da masu ba da agaji ke buƙata na iya lalata damar samun ilimi a duniya Gabaɗaya, wannan na iya haifar da mummunan tasiri game da jin daɗin haƙƙin samun ingantaccen ilimi da kuma kan damar dama ta ilimi iri ɗaya. Utarin koyawar masu zaman kansu, ko 'ilimin inuwa', wanda ke wakiltar yanki ɗaya na keɓancewar ilimi, yana kuma girma a duk duniya. Sau da yawa alama ce ta mummunan tsarin tsarin makaranta, koyawa masu zaman kansu, kamar sauran alamomi na ilimin masu zaman kansu, na iya samun sakamako mai kyau da mara kyau ga masu koyo da malamansu. A gefe guda, ana iya tsara koyarwa don bukatun masu koyo a hankali kuma malamai na iya haɓaka albashin makaranta. A gefe guda, kuɗaɗe don koyarwar masu zaman kansu na iya wakiltar wani kaso mai tsoka na kuɗin shiga na gida, musamman tsakanin matalauta, sabili da haka na iya haifar da rashin daidaito a cikin damar koyo. Kuma gaskiyar cewa wasu malamai na iya yin ƙoƙari sosai wajen ba da horo na sirri da rashin kulawa da ayyukansu na yau da kullun na iya shafar ingancin koyarwa da koyo a makaranta. Girman ilimin inuwa, albarkatun kuɗi da mutane da iyalai suka tattara, da damuwa game da yiwuwar rashin ɗabi'a da lalata malamai suna sa wasu ma'aikatun ilimi neman yunƙurin daidaita lamarin.
Duba kuma
Lauyoyi Mohini Jain v. Jihar Karnataka (1992 AIR 1858) ko (AIR 1992 SC 2100), a Indiya.
Manazarta
Majiya
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Hakkin Ilimi a Afirka
Hakkin Ilimi UNESCO
Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Musamman kan 'yancin neman ilimi
Ilimin Refan Gudun Hijira a cikin Hangen nesa na Duniya, wanda aka ba da labarin ta Ilimin Duniya, ƙofar Ilimin Jamusanci
'Yancin Dan Adam Na Ilimi: Ma'anarta, Bincike da Bayyana Bibliography Emory Sharhin Dokar Kasa da Kasa, Vol. 34, A'a. 3, 2020.
Ilimi
Ilimi a Najeriya
Makaranta
Makarantu
Makaranta masu zaman kansu
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
19045 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwaminisanci | Kwaminisanci | Kwaminisanci na nufin zamantakewa tattalin arziki siyasa da cigaba. Manufarta ita ce ta kafa tsarin zamantakewar jama'a inda masana'antu da gonaki ke raba mutane, kuma ba za su sami masu mulki ko kuɗi ba A cewar marubutan kwaminisanci da masu tunani, manufar kwaminisanci ita ce samar da al’umma marassa ƙasa, mara aji kuma kawo ƙarshen jari hujja Masu tunanin kwaminisanci sun yi imanin cewa hakan na iya faruwa idan mutane suka karɓi ikon masu iko (rukunin masu mulki, waɗanda ke da masana'antu da gonaki) tare da kuma kafa ikon ma'aikaci na hanyoyin samarwa (masana'antu da gonaki).
Kwaminisanci ba ya ƙin son kai. Koyaya, ya kuma ce yanke shawara ya kamata ya zama mai kyau ga yawan jama'a gaba ɗaya, maimakon kawai ya kasance mai kyau ga ƙalilan mutane a cikin ƙasar.
Tun daga shekara ta 1992, akwai sauran ƙasashe guda biyar da suka rage bisa mulki bisa aƙidar gurguzu. Huɗu daga cikin waɗannan suna bin nau'ikan salon shugabanci daban-daban Vietnam, China, Cuba da Laos Na biyar, Koriya ta Arewa, yanzu a hukumance yana bin Juche, wanda ke iƙirarin zama mafi kyawun sigar Markisanci-Leniyanci. Koriya ta Arewa ta kira kanta Marxist-Leninist kafin 1991. Yawancin al'ummomi da yawa sun watsar da Markisanci a wancan lokacin saboda yawancin mutane suna tsammanin ya gaza. A lokuta da dama akidar Karl Marx gwamnatocin fadi zuwa mulkin, salla talauci, tattalin arziki auka da kuma tashin hankali, kamar yadda shi ne yanayin da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma {asar Yugoslavia, misali.
Wasu sanannun mutane waɗanda suka kasance masu mahimmanci ga ci gaban kwaminisanci sun haɗa da Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Joseph Stalin, Mao Zedong, Vladimir Lenin, da Leon Trotsky Tarihi A cikin 1848, Karl H. Marx da Friedrich Engels ya rubuta Manifesto na Kwaminisanci Ya kasance gajeren littafi ne mai mahimman ra'ayoyin kwaminisanci. Yawancin yawancin 'yan gurguzu da' yan gurguzu a yau suna amfani da wannan littafin don taimaka musu fahimtar siyasa da tattalin arziki. Yawancin wadanda ba 'yan kwaminis ba suna karanta shi, koda kuwa ba su yarda da duk abin da ke ciki ba.
Karl Marx ya ce idan har al'umma za ta canza zuwa tsarin rayuwar kwaminisanci, dole ne a samu wani lokaci na canji. A wannan lokacin, maaikatan zasu mulki al'umma. Marx ya kasance mai matukar sha'awar gogewar taron Paris na 1870, lokacin da ma'aikatan Paris suka mamaye garin biyo bayan fatattakar Sojojin Faransa da Sojojin Prussia Ya zaci cewa wannan m gwaninta ya fi muhimmanci fiye da msar tambayar ra'ayoyi na daban-daban m kungiyoyin.
Ƙungiyoyi da mutane da yawa suna son ra'ayin Marx. A farkon ƙarni na ashirin, akwai wata kungiyar gurguzu a duniya da ake kira Social Democracy Ra'ayoyinsa ne suka rinjayi shi. Sun ce ma’aikata a ƙasashe daban-daban suna da kusanci da juna fiye da yadda ma’aikatan suke tare da shugabannin da ke cikin kasashensu. A cikin 1917, Vladimir Lenin da Leon Trotsky sun jagoranci wata ƙungiyar Rasha da ake kira Bolsheviks a cikin juyin juya halin Oktoba Sun kawar da gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Rasha, wacce aka kafa bayan Juyin Juya Hali na Fabrairu akan Tsar Sarki Sun kafa Tarayyar Soviet Socialist Republics, wanda ake kira Taraiyar Sobiyat ko USSR.
Tarayyar Sobiyat ita ce ƙasa ta farko da ke da'awar kafa ƙasar ma'aikata. A zahiri, ƙasar bata taɓa zama kwaminisanci ba kamar yadda Marx da Engels suka bayyana.
A cikin karni na 20, mutane da yawa sun yi ƙoƙarin kafa jihohin ma'aikata. A ƙarshen 1940s, China ma ta sami juyin juya hali kuma ta ƙirƙiri sabuwar gwamnati tare da Mao Zedong a matsayin shugaba. A cikin 1959, tsibirin Cuba ya sami juyin juya hali kuma ya ƙirƙiri sabuwar gwamnati tare da Fidel Castro a matsayin shugabanta. A wani lokaci, akwai irin waɗannan ƙasashe da yawa, kuma ya zama kamar kwaminisanci zai ci nasara. Amma gwamnatocin jam'iyyun kwaminisanci ba su yi amfani da dimokiradiyya a cikin gwamnatocinsu ba, wani muhimmin bangare ne na gurguzu da kwaminisanci. Saboda wannan, gwamnatoci suka rabu da mutane, ya sa kwaminisanci yake da wahala. Wannan kuma ya haifar da rashin jituwa da rabuwar kai tsakanin ƙasashe.
Ya zuwa shekarun 1960, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na duniya sun tumɓuke jari hujja kuma suna ƙoƙarin gina kwaminisanci. Yawancin waɗannan ƙasashen sun bi samfurin Tarayyar Sobiyat. Wasu sun bi samfurin China. Sauran kashi biyu cikin uku na duniya har yanzu suna rayuwa cikin tsarin jari-hujja, kuma wannan ya haifar da rarrabuwa a duniya tsakanin ƙasashe masu jari-hujja da ƙasashen kwaminisanci. Ana kiran wannan Yaƙin Cacar Baki saboda ba a yi yaƙi da makami ko sojoji ba, amma ra'ayoyi masu gasa. Koyaya, wannan na iya juyawa zuwa babban yaƙi. A lokacin 1980s, Amurka da Tarayyar Sobiyat suna fafatawa don samun babbar runduna kuma suna da makamai masu haɗari. Wannan ana kiransa "Tseren Makamai". Shugaba Ronald Reagan ya kira ƙasashen kwaminisanci kamar Taraiyar Sobiyat da Muguwar Daular saboda bai yarda da ra'ayin kwaminisanci ba.
Tun daga 1989, lokacin da katangar Berlin ta ruguje, yawancin kasashen da suka kasance masu ra'ayin gurguzu sun koma tsarin jari hujja. Kwaminisanci yanzu yana da ƙasa da tasiri a duniya. A 1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta balle Koyaya, kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na mutanen duniya har yanzu suna zaune a cikin jihohin da ƙungiyar kwaminisanci ke iko da su. Yawancin waɗannan mutanen suna cikin Sin. Sauran ƙasashen sun haɗa da Cuba, Vietnam, Laos, da Koriya ta Arewa Hakanan akwai ƙungiyoyin kwaminisanci a Latin Amurka da Afirka ta Kudu Rigima Mutane da yawa sun rubuta ra'ayoyinsu game da kwaminisanci. Vladimir Lenin na Rasha ya yi tunanin cewa dole ne a sami ƙungiyar masu neman sauyi (wanda ake kira vanguard don jagorantar juyin juya halin gurguzu a duk duniya da ƙirƙirar zamantakewar kwaminisanci a ko'ina. Leon Trotsky, shi ma daga Rasha ya yi iƙirarin cewa gurguzancin dole ne ya zama na duniya, kuma ba shi da mahimmanci a fara faruwarsa a Rasha. Hakanan baya son Joseph Stalin, wanda ya zama shugaban USSR bayan mutuwar Lenin a 1924. An sanya Trotsky ya bar Soviet Union ta Stalin a 1928, sannan a kashe shi a 1940 Wannan ya tsoratar da mutane da yawa, kuma yawancin kwaminisanci sunyi jayayya game da ko wannan yayi daidai kuma wanda za'a bi ra'ayin sa.
Mao Zedong na China ya yi tunanin cewa sauran azuzuwan za su kasance masu mahimmanci ga juyin juya halin China da sauran ƙasashe masu tasowa saboda azuzuwan aiki a waɗannan ƙasashen ba su da yawa. Mao ra'ayin Mao game da gurguzu galibi ana kiransa Maoism ko Tunanin Mao Zedong. Bayan mutuwar Stalin a 1953, Mao ya ga kansa a matsayin shugaban kwaminisanci na duniya har sai da ya mutu a 1976. A yau gwamnatin China tana karkashin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ne, amma a zahiri suna da abin da ake kira cakuda tattalin arziki. Sun ari abubuwa da yawa daga jari-hujja Gwamnati a China yau ba ta bin Maoism. Koyaya, kaɗan yan juyin juya hali a wasu ƙasashe kamar Indiya da Nepal har yanzu suna son ra'ayinsa kuma suna ƙoƙarin amfani da su a cikin ƙasashensu.
Amfani da lokaci Kalmar "kwaminisanci" ba takamaiman ƙungiiyoyin siyasa bane. Yawancin jam'iyyun siyasa da ke kiran kansu "kwaminisanci" na iya zama a zahiri sun fi masu kawo sauyi (masu goyon bayan sauye-sauye da jinkirin canji maimakon juyi) fiye da yadda wasu jam'iyyun ke kiran kansu "masu ra'ayin gurguzu". Yawancin jam'iyyun kwaminisanci a Latin Amurka sun rasa membobi da yawa saboda waɗannan jam'iyyun suna yin abubuwa daban-daban fiye da abin da suka yi alkawari da zarar sun hau mulki. A cikin Chile, tsakanin 1970-1973, a ƙarƙashin haɗin gwiwar hagu (ƙungiyoyin jam'iyyun) na ƙungiyar Haɗin Kai ƙarƙashin jagorancin Salvador Allende, Kwaminisancin Kwaminisancin na Chile yana hannun dama na Socialungiyar Socialist ta Chile. Wannan yana nufin ta fi jam'iyyar masu ra'ayin gurguzu gyara.
Yawancin jam'iyyun kwaminisanci za su yi amfani da dabarun kawo canji Sun ce mutane masu ajin aiki ba su da tsari sosai don yin canje-canje ga al'ummominsu. Sun gabatar da ‘yan takarar da za a zaba ta hanyar dimokiradiyya. Da zaran an zaɓi 'yan gurguzu a majalisa ko majalisar dattijai, to za su yi fada don ajin ma'aikata. Wannan zai ba mutane masu aiki damar canza tsarin jari hujjarsu zuwa tsarin gurguzu.
Alamu da al'adu Launin ja alama ce ta gurguzu a duniya. Jan tauraruwa guda biyar a wani lokacin shima yana wakiltar kwaminisanci. Guduma da sikila sanannen alama ce ta kwaminisanci. Ya kasance akan tutocin ƙasashe masu ra'ayin gurguzu, kamar Tarayyar Soviet (duba saman labarin). Wasu 'yan gurguzu kuma suna son amfani da hotunan shahararrun kwaminisanci daga tarihi, irin su Marx, Lenin, da Mao Zedong, a matsayin alamomin dukkanin falsafar gurguzu.
Waƙa da ake kira Internationale ita ce waƙar kwaminisanci ta duniya. Tana da kiɗa iri ɗaya a ko'ina, amma ana fassara kalmomin zuwa waƙar zuwa cikin harsuna da yawa. Harshen Rashanci shine taken ƙasa na Tarayyar Soviet daga 1922 har zuwa 1944.
Launi a cikin tutar Tarayyar Sobiyat ya nuna gwagwarmayar manoma-manoma. Guduma a tuta wakiltar gwagwarmaya ga ma'aikata. Dukkansu tsallakawa suna nuna goyon bayansu ga junan su.
Hakanan akwai nau'in fasaha da gine-gine na musamman da aka samo su a yawancin kwaminisanci da tsoffin ƙasashe masu ra'ayin gurguzu. Ana yin zane-zanen da aka yi da salon mulkin gurguzu na zahiri don farfaganda don nuna cikakkiyar sigar mutanen ƙasa da jagoran siyasa. Fasaha da aka yi cikin salon gurguzu na zahiri, kamar wasan kwaikwayo, fina-finai, littattafai, da zane-zane suna nuna aiki tuƙuru, da farin ciki, da ƙoshin ma'aikata da masana'antar masana'antu. Fina-finai, wasan kwaikwayo da litattafai a cikin wannan salon galibi suna ba da labarai ne game da ma'aikata ko sojoji waɗanda suka sadaukar da kansu don amfanin ƙasarsu. Zane-zane sukan nuna hotunan jaruntaka na shugaba, ko shimfidar wurare da ke nuna manyan filayen alkama Tsarin gine-ginen Stalin yakamata ya wakilci ƙarfi da ɗaukakar jihar da jagoran siyasa. Wasu da ba 'yan kwaminisanci ba ma suna jin daɗin wannan fasahar.
Mutane sanannu Fidel Castro
Nicolae Ceauşescu
Mikhail Gorbachev
Che Guevara
Erich Honecker
Vladimir Lenin
Karl Marx
Friedrich Engels
Joseph Stalin
Ho Chi Minh
Mao Tse-Tung
Leon Trotsky
Josip Broz Tito
Kim Jong Un
Deng Xiaoping
Manazarta
Sauran yanar gizo Siyasa
Sin
Duniya
Pages with unreviewed |
38823 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim%20Coomassie | Ibrahim Coomassie | Ibrahim Coomassie (18 Maris 1942 19 Yuli 2018) ya kasance jami'in ɗan sandan Najeriya kuma babban sufeto Janar na 'yan sandan Najeriya na 9 a tsakanin 1993 zuwa 1999, a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha da Abdulsalami Abubakar. Ya rasu ne a ranar Alhamis 19 ga Yuli 2018 bayan doguwar jinya. Yana da shekaru 76 a duniya.
Tarihi rayuwa da ilimi Ibrahim Coomassie yana cikin manyan ‘ya’yan Malam Ahmadu Coomassie, masanin ilimi kuma ɗan kasuwa wanda ya zama babban sakatare a ma’aikatar ilimi a yankin Arewa. An haifi Ibrahim Coomassie a jihar Katsina a ranar 18 ga Maris 1942. Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Lardi, Zariya, Kwalejin Barewa, Zariya, Kwalejin Koyarwa ta Detective, Wakefield, UK da Washington DC a Amurka.
Sufeto Janar na 'yan sanda A shekarar 1993 aka naɗa Ibrahim Coomassie babban sufeton ‘yan sandan Najeriya, inda ya gaji Aliyu Attah. A watan Yunin 1994, zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasa MKO Abiola ya shiga hannun jami’an ‘yan sanda ba tare da sammaci ba. An zalunce shi a gidan yari, inda aka tsare shi na tsawon shekaru huɗu kafin ya mutu a watan Yunin 1998. Kodayake shugaban 'yan sanda, Coomassie ya kaucewa alhakin tsare shi.
A cikin 1996, Coomassie ya ƙaddamar da bincike kan ayyukan 'yan sanda a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar Ibrahim Babangida (1985-1993). A cikin watan Yulin 1997, Coomassie ya ce yana so ya yi wa Jakadan Amurka tambayoyi da ma'aikatan ofishin jakadancin Amurka game da jerin hare-haren bama-bamai da aka kaiwa sojoji. Gwamnati ta zargi kungiyar National Democratic Coalition da alhakin, kuma ta fada a bainar jama'a cewa suna zargin jami'an diflomasiyyar Amurka sun san tashin bama-bamai tun da farko.
A watan Maris na shekarar 1998, Ibrahim Coomassie ya ce ‘yan jarida na yin mummunar fassara da wani jawabi da shugaban ƙasa Janar Sani Abacha ya yi a watan Nuwamba 1997. Ya ce Janar Abacha ya yi alƙawarin yin afuwa ga wasu fursunoni, amma ba zai saki fursunonin siyasa ba. A wajen bikin yaye jami’an ‘yan sanda a watan Yulin shekarar 1998, Coomassie ya gargaɗi sabbin jami’an kan ayyukan cin hanci da rashawa, kuma ya ce ya bayar da umarnin cire duk wani shingayen da ‘yan sanda suka tsare. Duk da haka, an ci gaba da tsare ’yan sandan kan hanyar. A cikin 1998, Coomassie ya lura cewa duk lokacin da ɗan ƙasa ya zama wani sananne, aikinsa na farko shi ne ya nemi jami'an tsaro da 'yan sanda su yi gadin gidansa, a matsayin alamar matsayi. Sani Abacha ya rasu ne a watan Yunin shekarar 1998, sakamakon bugun zuciya. Tawagar gwamnatin tarayya ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ibrahim Coomassie ta kai ziyarar jaje ga Mrs. Abacha. A yayin ziyarar, ta zargi wani fitaccen ɗan tawagar da alhakin mutuwar Abacha, kuma ta bukaci Coomassie da ya kama shi. A cikin Janairu 1999, Coomassie yana cikin tawagar da ta tashi zuwa Libya, duk da dokar hana zirga-zirgar jiragen sama zuwa ƙasar wadda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta saka, kuma ya tattauna da ministan harkokin wajen Libya. Ibrahim Coomassie ya yi ritaya daga aiki ya bar gwamnatin Janar Abdulsalami Abubakar a watan Mayu 1999.
Wasu ayyukan A watan Oktoban 1999, binciken da gwamnati ta yi kan cin zarafin gwamnatin Abacha, ciki har da kashe Kudirat Abiola (matar MKO Abiola) a shekarar 1996 da kuma kisan da ake zargin Shehu Musa 'Yar'adua a tsare a watan Disamba 1997, ya sa aka kama Ibrahim Coomassie. da sauran manyan mutane, ciki har da Mohammed Abacha, ɗan mulkin kama karya. An tsare Coomassie a gidan kaso. An bayyana cewa Coomassie zai gurfana a gaban kwamitin bincike na musamman na ‘yan sanda. Sai dai kuma a cikin wannan watan, Ministan Yada Labarai Dapo Sarumi ya musanta rahotannin da ke cewa Coomassie na tsare. A watan Agusta 2004, Sarkin Katsina ya naɗa shi a cikin kwamitin ci gaba da bunƙasa ayyukan Jama’atul Nasir Islam a jihar. Ya zama mamba a kwamitin amintattu na kungiyar Arewa Consultative Forum for Katsina State. Manufar dandalin ita ce kare muradun Arewacin Najeriya tare da inganta zaman lafiya mai ɗorewa wanda zai ɗore da ingancin muhalli, rayuwa, da bunƙasar tattalin arzikin yankin. A cikin watan Satumba na 2008 ya sami munanan raunuka a wani hatsarin mota, kuma ya shafe wani lokaci a cikin kulawa mai zurfi. A watan Agustan 2009, ya ba da gudummawar kayan aikin kimiyyar ɗakin gwaje-gwaje na kusan Naira miliyan ɗaya ga makarantar sakandaren ‘yan sanda maza da ke Mani a jihar Katsina.
Mutuwa
Ya rasu a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2018.
Manazarta Mutuwan 2018
Haifaffun 1946
Yan sandan Najeriya
Mutane daga Jihar |
42537 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheick%20Diallo | Cheick Diallo | Cheick Diallo (an haife shi 13 ga watan Satumba, 1996), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando kuma ƙwararren ɗan ƙasar Mali ne na Kyoto Hannaryz na B.League Diallo ya kasance mai daukar taurari biyar kuma MVP (Mafi Kyawun Dan Wasa) na shekarar 2015 McDonald's All-American Boys Game Ya buga wasan kwando guda ɗaya na kwaleji don Kansas kafin ya ba da sanarwar daftarin 2016 NBA, inda aka zaɓi shi tare da zaɓi na 33 na gaba ɗaya ta Los Angeles Clippers Rayuwar farko An haifi Diallo ne a kasar mali kuma ya girma a Kayes, Mali. An dauki kimanin sa'o'i 15 daga garinsu zuwa Bamako, babban birnin kasar. Shi ne auta a cikin iyalinsa kuma yana da 'yan'uwa biyar. Ya sha buga wasan ƙwallon kwando tare da manyan abokansa da danginsa wanda ya fitar da basirarsa. Diallo ya koma Amurka ne a watan Fabrairun 2012 don neman wasan kwallon kwando. Ba ya iya turanci a lokacin. Ya tuna lokacin, “Abin ya yi tauri. Na bar iyayena, abokaina, ’yan’uwana, komai, don kawai in zo nan.’” Diallo ya fara buga ƙwallon kwando a shekara ta 2010.
Aikin makarantar sakandare Ta hanyar shirin sa na duniya, Diallo ya fara halartar Makarantar Mai Ceton Mu Sabuwar Amurka a Centereach, New York Ya yi wasa da Chris Obekpa a kakar wasansa ta farko kuma, da farko, babban dan Afirka ne ya mamaye shi. Diallo ya ce, “Ban san abin da nake yi ba. Na kasa yin magana. [Obekpa] yana hana ni kowane lokaci." A cikin lokutan baya, ya zama mafi tasiri ga ƙungiyarsa kuma ya ja hankalin jama'a ta hanyar toshe harbi, sake dawowa, da haɓaka. An gayyaci Diallo zuwa sansanin NBPA Top 100 a shekarar 2013 kuma ya ci gaba da zama MVP na farko daga Afirka. A matsayinsa na ƙarami a cikin shekarar 2014, ya sami matsakaicin maki 18.5, 11.2 rebounds, da tubalan 4.0 a kowane wasa yayin da yake jagorantar ƙungiyarsa zuwa rikodin 28 3 da gasar rukuni-rukuni. A matsayinsa na babba, Diallo ya sami maki 17.5, 10.5 rebounds, da 2.5 tubalan kowane wasa. An nada Diallo MVP na shekarar 2015 McDonald's All-American Boys Game bayan ya zira kwallaye 18 da sake dawowa 10 wanda ya jagoranci kungiyar Gabas zuwa nasara 111–91 akan Yamma. Diallo kuma an nada shi MVP na shekarar 2015 Jordan Brand Classic, yana da maki 26 da sake dawowa 11. An tantance Diallo a matsayin tauraro biyar da ya dauki ma’aikata kuma ya zama mai lamba 7 gaba daya da kuma mai lamba 3 a gaba a aji na sakandare na 2015. A ranar 28 ga watan Afrilun 2015, Diallo ya himmatu zuwa Kansas Aikin koleji Diallo ya rasa wasanni biyar na farko na kakar sa ta farko tare da Kansas bayan NCAA ta kasa share shi ya buga saboda matsalolin cancanta. A ranar 25 ga Nuwambar 2015, an ba shi damar buga wa Jayhawks wasa a wasansu da Loyola a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba, bayan NCAA a ƙarshe ta yanke hukuncin Diallo ya sami ƙarancin fa'idodi marasa izini. A cikin lokacin shi kaɗai a Kansas, Diallo ya sami matsakaicin maki 3.0 da sake dawowa 2.5 a cikin mintuna 7.5 a kowane wasa.
A cikin Afrilun 2016, Diallo ya ayyana don daftarin NBA, yana barin shekaru uku na ƙarshe na cancantar kwaleji. A cikin Mayu 2016, a NBA Draft Combine, Diallo ya yi rajista mai tsayin ƙafa 7, -inch da tsayin ƙafa Ƙwarewar Aiki
New Orleans Pelicans (2016-2019) A watan Yuni 23, shekarar 2016, Los Angeles Clippers ya zaɓi Diallo tare da zaɓi na 33 na gaba ɗaya a cikin daftarin NBA na shekarar 2016 An sayar da Diallo zuwa New Orleans Pelicans daga baya a wannan dare. A ranar Yulin 22, 2016, ya sanya hannu tare da Pelicans bayan matsakaicin maki 10.2, 9.4 rebounds da 2.2 blocks a cikin wasanni biyar na bazara Ya yi wasan sa na farko na NBA a ranar 29 ga watan Oktobar 2016, yana yin rikodi guda ɗaya da shinge guda a cikin mintuna shida daga benci a cikin rashin nasarar Pelicans' 98–79 ga San Antonio Spurs Diallo ya buga wasanni biyu kacal na tsawon mintuna bakwai akan wasanni 23 na farko na Pelicans na kakar wasa. A ranar 10 ga Disamba, 2016, ya taka leda a cikin mintuna 31 kawai daga benci kuma ya zira kwallaye 19 a cikin rashin nasarar Pelicans' 133–105 ga Los Angeles Clippers Ya kuma yi rikodin sake kunnawa 10 kuma ya harbe 8-na-15 daga filin. A ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 2017, ya zira maki 19 a cikin asarar 108–96 ga Los Angeles Lakers Washegari, a wasan karshe na kakar Pelicans, Diallo yana da maki 12 da sake komawa 16 a cikin nasara da ci 103–100 akan Portland Trail Blazers A lokacin kakar wasansa, yana da ayyuka da yawa tare da Austin Spurs, Long Island Nets da Greensboro Swarm na NBA Development League, bisa ga ka'idar aiki mai sassauƙa. A ranar 9 ga Maris, 2018, Diallo ya ci maki 14 mafi girma a kakar wasa a cikin asarar 116–97 ga Wizards Washington A kan Maris 18, 2018, ya saita sabon yanayi mai girma tare da maki 17 a nasarar 108–89 akan Boston Celtics A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2019, Diallo ya ci maki 18 mafi girma a kakar wasa a cikin nasara 125–120 akan Chicago Bulls A ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, yana da maki 16 da babban aiki na sake komawa 18 a cikin asarar 126–111 ga Indiana Pacers Diallo ya dace da kakarsa mai maki 18 tare da cikakken harbi a cikin nasara 128–115 akan Los Angeles Lakers a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu
Phoenix Suns (2019-2020) A ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2019, Phoenix Suns sun rattaba hannu kan Diallo zuwa kwangilar shekaru biyu. A ranar Nuwamba 24, Diallo ya zira kwallaye-mafi girman maki 22 a cikin asarar 114–102 zuwa Denver Nuggets Avtodor Saratov (2021) A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2021, Diallo ya sanya hannu tare da Avtodor Saratov na VTB United League Fuenlabrada (2021) A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2021, Diallo ya rattaba hannu tare da Fuenlabrada na La Liga ACB Motoci City Cruise Detroit Pistons (2021-2022) A ranar Nuwamba 8, 2021, Diallo ya rattaba hannu tare da Jirgin Ruwa na Motoci na NBA G League A cikin wasanni 13, ya sami maki 14.4 akan 71.4% harbi da 8.5 rebounds a cikin mintuna 21.7 a kowane wasa. A ranar 23 ga Disamba, 2021, Diallo ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar kwanaki 10 tare da Detroit Pistons ta hanyar keɓewar wahala kuma bayan karewarsa, Motar City ta sake saye shi.
Cangrejeros de Santurce (2022-yanzu) A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2022, Diallo ya rattaba hannu tare da Cangrejeros de Santurce na BSN.
Kididdigar sana'a
NBA
Lokaci na yau da kullun style="text-align:left;"| style="text-align:left;"| New Orleans
17 0 11.7 .474 .714 4.3 .2 .2 .4 5.1
style="text-align:left;"| style="text-align:left;"| New Orleans
52 0 11.2 .580 .758 4.1 .4 .2 .4 4.9
style="text-align:left;"| style="text-align:left;"| New Orleans
64 1 14.0 .620 .250 .746 5.2 .5 .5 .5 6.0
style="text-align:left;"| style="text-align:left;"| Phoenix
47 2 10.2 .648 .333 .872 2.8 .5 .2 .3 4.7
style="text-align:left;"| style="text-align:left;"| Detroit
3 0 10.2 .375 .833 4.0 .0 .3 .0 3.7
class="sortbottom"
style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
183 3 11.9 .596 .286 .774 4.1 .4 .3 .4 5.2
Wasan wasa style="text-align:left;"| 2018
style="text-align:left;"| New Orleans
7 0 6.9 .417 1.3 .0 .1 .1 1.4
class="sortbottom"
style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
7 0 6.9 .417 1.3 .0 .1 .1 1.4
Kwalejin style="text-align:left;"| 2015–16
style="text-align:left;"| Kansas
27 1 7.5 .569 .556 2.5 .0 .3 .9 3.0
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Kansas Jayhawks bio
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1996
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
39026 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ina%20Go%20Dye | Ina Go Dye | Francis Agoda (an haife shi Afrilu 4, 1979), wanda aka fi sani da I Go Dye ɗan wasan barkwanci ne na Najeriya. Shi mai magana ne na azanci, marubuci kuma mai kishin al'umma. Ya shirya wasannin barkwanci da dama na duniya kamar "I go Dye Standing."
Tarihin Rayuwa
Rayuwar farko An haifi Francis Agoda a ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 1979 a Abraka, Jihar Delta, Najeriya. Tun yana karami, ya girma a gefen ruwan Okpara tare da kakarsa, Sarauniya Agnes, inda ya ga dimbin kalubalen da ke fuskantar yankunan karkara a Najeriya. Wannan fahimta ta sa ya isar dasu ta cikin hanyar barkwanci da wallafe-wallafe. Wani bita da aka yi masa ya samo asali ne tun lokacin da ya yi makarantar firamare a Makarantar Firamare ta Ighogbadu, da Kwalejin Kasuwanci, Jihar Delta. A lokacin da yake makaranta ya kasance memba a kungiyar Junior Engineering Technical Society kuma an nada shi manajan ayyukan shiyya don wakiltar jihar Delta A shekarar 1992, yana matashi, ya hadu da gwamnan zartarwa na farko na jihar Delta Olorogun Felix Ibru bayan da ya nuna wani sabon salo na kere-kere. ga wanda ya taso a kauye ya samu sabuwar fasahar kera jirgin ruwa, na’urar watsa rediyo, na’urar busar gashi, da na’ura mai daukar hoto, da fanfo mai amfani da hasken rana, da jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama yaro na farko a Afirka da ya kera jirgi mai saukar ungulu da motsi hovercraft jirgi. An ba shi tallafin karatu don yin karatun injiniyan gini a Jami'ar New York. Hankalinsa game da rayuwa da kuma gaba abu ne mai ban mamaki a cewar mahaifiyarsa, Gimbiya Emily saboda yana da'awar batutuwa game da gaba kuma yana da ruhi mai girma wanda ya sa ya tsorata. Cikin kankanin lokaci sha’awarsa ta wasan barkwanci ta kara masa karbuwa da kuma farin jini, wanda ya fahimci cewa wata hanya ce ta magance matsalolin da ke addabar kananan yara da marasa galihu da dama, bisa ga abin da ya shaida girma a kauyen tun yana karami.
Sana'a Ya fito da sunan I Go rini daga kamannin sautin sunan suna Agoda, I GO DYE wanda aka fassara zuwa ma'anar jagorar jagora kan bunkasa baiwa matasa. Mahaifiyarsa ta cire shi daga United College of Commerce zuwa Essi College, Warri, domin kawun nasa wanda malami ne a makarantar ya sa ido akan ayyukansa. Yayin da yake Kwalejin Essi, ya shiga SVC inda ya hadu da babban abokinsa na yau Otagware Onodjeyeke (Ltas) wanda a yanzu ake kira Igosave, tare suka fara gabatar da labarai na izgili a kan Delta Broadcasting Service 1994, inda suka tattauna batutuwa da dama da suka shafi al'umma. Daga baya ya samu kwangila a matsayin dan wasan barkwanci a Perst Motel da ke cikin birnin Benin inda ake biyansa Naira dubu daya a kowane wasa. Yayin da ya kuma fadada bayanansa a cikin al'amura daban-daban a Najeriya bayan shekaru da dama yana nazarin fasaharsa, ya fito a cikin babban shirin wasan barkwanci na Afirka a daren dariya (bugu na shekara ta 2000 kuma ya zama dan wasan barkwanci da aka fi sayar da shi a cewar dan kasuwar, Mista Obino. Kiɗa. Ya yi wasa na tsawon shekaru goma kuma daga karshe furodusan Nite of a Thousand Laugh, Mista Opa Williams ya karrama shi a matsayin fitaccen jarumin barkwanci da ya kasance a dandalin dariya na daren shekara goma. Ziyarar sa ta farko a Turai shine tare da Ehi Zoya Golden Entertainment (2005), wanda ya kai shi kusan kasashe 7. Daga baya kasar Faransa (NIDOE) ta ba shi kwangilar yin wasan kwaikwayo a taron makon al’adu na UNESCO da aka gudanar a birnin Paris na kasar Faransa, kuma Niddo Spain ta ba shi lambar yabo saboda gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen daukaka darajar al’adun Najeriya.
An nuna shi a cikin MTV Africa Music Awards. Har ila yau, ya yi rawar gani a cikin budawa da rufewa na fitattun mawakan da suka haɗa da Akon, Boyz II Men, 50-Cent, Rick Ross, Wasan, da Kelly Rowland.
Kyauta I Go Dye ya lashe kyaututtuka daban-daban, ciki har da:
Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan barkwanci na Afirka.
Kyautar kungiyar ‘Nigerians in Diaspora Organisation of Europe-SPAIN’ saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga al’adu da fasahar Najeriya.
Kyautar Kyautar Barkwanci Mafi Kyau (NEA AWARD). lambar yabo ta Delta Role model 2017
Kyautar mafi kyawun wasan barkwanci a Najeriya
Kyautar Niddo Spain; saboda gudunmawar da yake bayarwa ga al'adun Najeriya da fasaha.
Ukaid da youth alive foundation Ambassador Award a kan #MadACT sun kawo sauyi akan cin hanci da rashawa a yau; sadaukarwa ga yan fansho na Najeriya
Kyautar Civil Army ta Najeriya tare da hakin babban hafsan sojin kasa Laftanar Janar TY Buratai Jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Sauran Ayyuka Igodye mai suna Igodye yana tsaye a cikin 2016 Igodye ya sayar da 02 London don nuna shekaru 20 a kan mataki, kafin Igodye tsaye yawon shakatawa na duniya, Igodye ya yi a cikin abubuwan ban dariya na Afirka ciki har da MTV Africa Music Awards. Igodye a matsayinsa na ƙwararren ɗan wasan barkwanci ya kasance ɗan wasan barkwanci, yana nishadantar da gwamnoni, shugabanni, da jami'an diflomasiyya. Ya kuma yi rawar gani a taron Majalisar Sarakunan Gargajiya ta Najeriya na 2018, wanda aka gudanar a Fatakwal tare da Sarkin Musulmi, Alhaji Sa'ad Abubakar III, Ooni na Ife Adeyeye Enitan Ogunwusi, da dai sauransu.
Shi jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne na ci gaban muradun karni, yana aiki don aiwatar da manufofin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A watan Satumba na 2014, an dauki hotonsa tare da Gwamnan Cross River Liyel Imoke a bikin Carnival na Nigeria Ireland a Dublin.
Dandali na zamantakewa Ni Go Dye a matsayin wanda ya fuskanci matsalolin rikice-rikice kuma aka harbe shi, ya rasa wasu abokansa na kud da kud, wannan bala'in abin ya canza tunaninsa. A lokacin da ya yi waiwaye kan rikicin Warri na 1997 tsakanin kabilar Ijaw da Itsekiri, ya jajirce wajen gudanar da aikin, Aminci a gani. Amb Francis Agoda ya dauki fim din na tsawon mintuna 10, wani dan gajeren fim ne a shekarar 2004 don Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya don inganta zaman lafiya da kuma bayar da shawarwari ga ci gaban karkara. Ya sha ba da murya tare da samar da mafita ga shugabannin duniya da jiga-jigan Najeriya da yawancin littattafansa. Budaddiyar wasikar da ya yi na bikin ranar matasa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 2017 mai suna Logic and Reason without bindiga zuwa ga Gwamnatin Najeriya, Gwamnonin ‘yan bindiga da matasa, ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai fafutukar kare matasan Afirka, yana inganta wata sabuwar akidar siyasa da za ta hada da matasa. Ya kuma bayar da shawarar shugabancin matasa, a kasar Zimbabwe inda ya rubutawa shugaba Robert Mugabe da ya sauka daga kan karagar mulki na matasa, ya kuma ba da shawara ga matashin shugaban kasa a Laberiya wanda ya yi nasara kuma ya ci gaba da zama sabon shugabanci ga Najeriya ta hanyar sa. budaddiyar wasika zuwa ga shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari da tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa Atiku Abubakar.
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1979
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
Mukaloli marasa |
52783 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban%20Holm | Babban Holm | Steep Holm Welsh Old English kuma daga baya tsibiri ne na Ingilishi kwance a tashar Bristol Tsibirin ya rufe a babban tudu, yana faɗaɗa zuwa a ma'anar ƙananan ruwa. A mafi girman matsayi shine sama da matsakaicin matakin teku. Gudanarwa ya zama wani ɓangare na ikon yanki na North Somerset a cikin gundumar bikin Somerset tsakanin 1 Afrilun shekarar 1974 da 1 Afrilun Shekarar 1996, an kuma gudanar da shi azaman ɓangare na Avon Kusa da tsibirin Flat Holm Welsh wani yanki na Wales Tsibirin Carboniferous Limestone ya tashi zuwa kusan kuma yana aiki azaman guguwar iska da raƙuman ruwa, yana ba da kariya ta sama ta tashar Bristol. Tsibirin yanzu babu mazauna, in ban da masu gadi. An kiyaye shi azaman wurin ajiyar yanayi da Wurin Sha'awar Kimiyya ta Musamman (SSSI) tare da yawan tsuntsaye da tsirrai gami da peonies na daji Akwai tashar sigina ko hasumiya a tsibirin a zamanin Romawa, amma wataƙila an sami wurin zama na ɗan adam tun farkon zamanin ƙarfe A cikin karni na 6 gida ne ga St Gildas kuma ga ƙaramin Augustinian priory a cikin ƙarni na 12th da 13th. An gina masauki a cikin shekara ta 1832 kuma an yi amfani da shi don hutu a karni na 19. An kafa mafakar tsuntsaye a cikin 1931 kuma tun 1951 an yi hayar ga amintattun amintattu. Yanzu mallakar Kenneth Allsop Memorial Trust ne.
A cikin shekarar 1860s tsibirin ya kasance mai ƙarfi tare da masu ɗaukar makamai masu girman inci 7 guda goma a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Forts na Palmerston don tsaron bakin teku na tashar Bristol har sai an yi watsi da shi a cikin shekarar 1898. An sake amfani da kayan aikin a yakin duniya na daya da na biyu lokacin Mark<span about="#mwt43" class="nowrap" data-cx="[{"adapted":true,"targetExists":true,"mandatoryTargetParams":[],"optionalTargetParams":[]}]" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Spaces","href":"./Template:Spaces"},"params":{},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwNw" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span>VII<span about="#mwt44" class="nowrap" data-cx="[{"adapted":true,"targetExists":true,"mandatoryTargetParams":[],"optionalTargetParams":[]}]" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Spaces","href":"./Template:Spaces"},"params":{},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwOA" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span>An shigar da bindigogi masu saukar ungulu mai inci 6 da fitilun bincike. Don ba da damar motsin kayan, sojoji daga Rundunar Sojojin Indiya sun fara amfani da alfadarai sannan suka shigar da hanyar jirgin ƙasa mai juyawa da ke aiki da kebul.
Geology da muhalli An kafa tsibirin na Carboniferous Limestone kuma ana kwatanta shi sau da yawa a matsayin ci gaba da tudun Mendip a Brean Down duk da haka, tsoma yana a wani kusurwa daban zuwa wancan akan Brean Down. A kan Steep Holm tsomawa kusan digiri 30 ne zuwa arewa yayin da a Brean Down yana da digiri 30 zuwa kudu. Akwai wasu folds da karaya tare da kusurwoyi dip har zuwa digiri 75 da aka kirkira a lokutan karshe na Variscan orogeny kusa da ƙarshen lokacin Carboniferous, 300 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce. Tsibirin ya kai kusan daga tekun da ke kewaye kuma ya rufe a babban igiyar ruwa, yayin da a ƙananan igiyar ruwa ya faɗaɗa zuwa saboda kewayon tidal na na biyu kawai zuwa Bay of Fundy a Gabashin Kanada Akwai kogo da yawa a tsibirin, da ramukan tukunya har zuwa zurfi a cikin kewayen gadon teku wanda aka yi imanin cewa ragowar tsarin kogo ne. Kogon da ke kan tsaunukan tsibiran sun kasance a matakai biyu daban-daban: kogon da ke cikin yankin inter-tidal na yanzu wanda ke ƙarƙashin teburin ruwa kuma suna samar da stalactites, da sauran mutane da yawa a kan dutsen da ke kan layin ruwa da yawa. dubban shekaru da suka wuce. An kiyaye Steep Holm azaman ajiyar yanayi da kuma Shafin Sha'awar Kimiyya na Musamman (SSSI), sanarwar da ta faru a cikin 1952. Akwai babban yawan tsuntsaye, musamman na Turai herring gulls (Larus argentatus) da ƙananan gulls masu baƙar fata (Larus fuscus) Hakanan an sami ƙaramin barewa na muntjac Filin da ke saman tsibirin yana da shimfidar ƙasa tsakanin da zurfi. Yana da launin ja daga jijiyoyin ƙarfe a cikin dutsen kuma ya zo azaman yashi ƙasa da a diamita. Tsibirin ita ce kawai wurin da ke cikin Burtaniya wanda peonies daji (Paeonia mascula) ke tsiro, ko da yake waɗannan sun lalace ta hanyar botrytis naman gwari. An gabatar da peony na daji zuwa tsibirin Steep Holm, mai yiwuwa ta wurin sufaye, ko kuma Romawa suka kawo daga Bahar Rum. Alexanders Smyrnium olusatrum kuma na kowa tare da zinariya samphire, buck's-horn plantain Plantago coronopus da kuma daji leek Allium ampeloprasum Kadai dabbobi masu rarrafe a tsibirin su ne slowworms Anguis fragilis Tarihi
Prehistoric zuwa Roman Alamar farko ta ayyukan ɗan adam a tsibirin ita ce kashin baya na jajayen barewa da gano a cikin kogon biyar na Johns yayin bincike a cikin 1975 tsakanin 1977 da 1992. Ragowar Roman, mai yiwuwa tashar sigina ko hasumiya, an gano su a tsibirin ta hanyar binciken juriya na lantarki Ingantacciyar bincike da fassarar wurin yana da wahala kamar yadda magina suka sake yin amfani da shi a zamanin Victoria da lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Wani shugaban dutse da aka sassaka da aka samu a tsibirin a cikin shekarar 1991 mai yiwuwa ya zama shugaban Celtic daga zamanin Romano-British, amma yana iya kasancewa daga zamanin Iron Baya ga tukwane na tukwane daga zamanin Romawa, an gano wasu kayan alatu ciki har da Arretine ware, La Tène style brooches, da amphora da ke tsakanin 90 zuwa 140. AD wanda aka yi a kudancin Spain. Hakanan an sami shards na Castor ware An gano gutsuttsuran rufin tukwane da fale-falen bututun hayaƙi da ke nuna kasancewar tsarin dumama da yuwuwar gidan wanka. Hakanan an samo tsabar Roman daga mulkin Claudius Gothicus (268-270) da Tetricus I (271-273).
Tushen addini Bisa ga almara, wanda John Leland ya fara rubutawa a cikin karni na 16, Saint Gildas, marubucin De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae, ya rayu a Steep Holm a lokacin karni na 6. Ya isa a Steep Holm bayan ya ziyarci abokinsa Saint Cadoc, wanda ya rayu a Flat Holm a matsayin hermit. Ana tsammanin Gildas ya bar tsibirin, bayan da 'yan fashin teku daga Orkney suka kwashe baransa da kayan daki, suka zama Abbot na Glastonbury Sauran tsarkakan almara kuma suna da alaƙa da tsibirin; a cikin John Rous's Historia Regum Angliae (c. 1480), Rous yayi iƙirarin cewa Saint Dubricius, saint ya ce ya nada Arthur, ya yi ritaya zuwa wani hermitage a tsibirin 'Stepeholm' a cikin kogin Severn. Vikings sun fake a Steep Holm a lokacin bazara na 914 sannan suka kai farmaki a gabar tekun Somerset a Watchet da Porlock, a cewar Anglo-Saxon Chronicle A ƙarshen karni na 12, akwai ƙaramin fifiko na Canons Regular na St Michael a tsibirin. Ginin da aka tono cikakke kawai ya auna tsayi da fadi, tare da ƙulli da sauran gine-gine har yanzu ba a gano su ba. Ba a san kwanan wata asalin kafuwar farko ba; duk da haka, a farkon ƙarni na 13 majiɓinci shine William I de Cantilupe Iyalinsa kuma sun kasance majiɓintan Studley Priory a Warwickshire Jikansa ta auri Ubangiji Robert de Tregoz wanda ya sami 'yanci na dukan tsibirin; duk da haka, abubuwan ba da kyauta don kiyaye abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci sun ragu, wanda ya haifar da watsi da shi tsakanin 1260 zuwa 1265, sufaye sun koma Studley Priory. Wani dutse mai tunawa da Blue Lias daga abbey, wanda ke da Cross of Lorraine, an samo shi a cikin 1867 a lokacin katangar tsibirin. An shigar da shi cikin ma'ajiyar makamai da ke kaiwa ga sunan "batir dutsen kabari".
Manufofin mallaka Tsibirin da alama an gudanar da shi, tare da haɗin gwiwar gida na Uphill da Christon, ta dangin Bek, waɗanda suka ba da shi ga Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl na Lincoln Kodayake tsarin ba a san shi ba, ya wuce zuwa dangin Berkeley tare da Maurice de Berkeley, Baron Berkeley na biyu, yana riƙe da shi a cikin 1315. Warreners sun sake amfani da wurin a ƙarni na 14 da 15. Sun zauna a daya daga cikin rusassun gine-ginen da aka sake ginawa. A shekara ta 1453 James Butler, na 5th Earl na Ormond ya rike ikon mallakar tsibirin, kuma a cikin 1460 Margaret Talbot, Countess na Shrewsbury ta yi amfani da advowson Margaret Talbot (née de Beauchamp) ɗan uwan James Butler ne mai nisa kamar yadda dukansu suka fito daga 'ya'yan Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl na Warwick A wasu kalmomi, James Butler (ta hanyar mahaifiyarsa Joan Butler, Countess na Ormond (née Beauchamp) da kakansa William Beauchamp, 1st Baron Bergavenny, yayin da Margaret Talbot 'yar Elizabeth de Beauchamp (née Berkeley) da kuma jikanyar Thomas de Beauchamp., 12th Earl na Warwick A takaice, kakannin James Butler da Margaret Talbot's de Beauchamp 'yan'uwa ne. Abin lura shi ne, Margaret Talbot 'yar Elizabeth Berkeley, Countess na Warwick (da mijinta Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl na Warwick daga abin da rikici a cikin Berkeley iyali ya fito (duba ƙasa). Bugu da ƙari kuma, Elizabeth Berkeley ita ce kawai 'yar Thomas de Berkeley, Baron Berkeley na 5, yana nuna cewa ikon mallakar har yanzu yana zama a cikin dangin Berkeley tun lokacin da Maurice de Berkeley ya karbi tsibirin a 1315 Margaret Talbot ita ce babbar, babba, babbar jika. Maurice de Berkeley.
Koyaya, a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, an yi gardama kan mallakar mallakar gidaje iri-iri, gami da Norton Beauchamp, wanda Steep Holm ke tare da shi. A tsakiyar wannan shi ne takaddama daga yadda aka ba da Barony daga Thomas Berkeley, Baron na 5. Waɗannan rigingimu sun kasance a gefe ɗaya James Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley, wanda kuma aka sani da 'James the Just' (kada a ruɗe shi da sauran 1st Baron Berkeley Thomas de Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley wanda ya riga ya cika shekaru 150). Amma duk da haka ga James wanda Barony ya koma ƙarƙashin sabon halitta ta rubuce-rubuce tun daga kawunsa, wanda aka ambata Thomas de Berkeley (Baron na biyar) ba shi da magada maza duk da cewa ya sanya wa 'yarsa tilo (Elizabeth Berkeley) a matsayin magajinsa. Wannan zai zama farkon takaddamar shari'a da aka dade ana yi.
A gefe guda na takaddamar da ta samo asali ta hanyar layin James, sabon Baron na farko, ya ci gaba ta hanyar dansa (Sir) William de Berkeley, 1st Marquess na Berkeley a 1463, wanda shine batu na farko na namiji daga aurensa na 3 da Lady Isabel de. Mowbray Hakan ya biyo bayan aure biyu da aka yi a baya da ba a samu ‘ya’ya ba. A gefe guda na jayayya akwai zuriyar Elizabeth Berkeley da aka ambata (James' the 1st Baron's, 1st cousin) musamman ta hanyar 'yarta Margaret (de Beauchamp) wanda ke nuna wasu makirci masu ban sha'awa.
Ɗayan irin wannan shirin yana tare da John Talbot, 1st Earl na Shrewsbury wanda ya ɗauki Margaret de Beauchamp a matsayin matarsa ta 2. Aurensa na farko, ga Maud Neville ('yar ubansa Thomas Neville, Baron Furnivall kuma wanda ya haifar da Lady Joan Talbot, daga cikin yara 6 duk da haka sananne ne. Haka John Talbot da alama an sace shi kuma an daure su har zuwa mutuwarsu a 1452, matar James Berkeley na 3 (Baron na farko) kuma mahaifiyar Baron Berkeley na 2 da aka ambata (Sir William de Berkeley). Duk da haka, wannan James Berkeley, ya ɗauki mata ta 4, Lady Joan Talbot (watau 'yar John Talbot wanda ya sace matarsa ta 3! Wani ƙarin shirin, ko tsawaita na baya, ya sake komawa kusa da John Talbot amma wannan lokacin sakamakon aurensa da Margaret de Beauchamp. Babban ɗansu, John Talbot, 1st Baron na Lisle da 1st Viscount Lisle, shine mahaifin Thomas Talbot, Baron na 2 na Lisle da 2nd Viscount Lisle Wannan Thomas Talbot ya nemi yin da'awarsa a kan ƙasashen Baron Berkeley a kan mutuwar kakarsa Margaret de Beauchamp ('yar Elizabeth Berkeley da ba a ba da izini ba), wanda a cikin wucin gadi ya ci gaba da matsawa da'awarta ga ƙasar Baron Berkeley a kan James Berkeley Baron 1. Ya kawo shi cikin adawa kai tsaye tare da Sir William de Berkeley (Baron na biyu kuma dan James Berkeley kuma ya zo kan gaba a yakin Nibley Green (1470), biyo bayan abin da aka kwatanta da ƙalubalen da Thomas Talbot ya yi wa Sir William, wanda ya yi nasara. ya ƙare a ƙarshen rana mai zuwa tare da mutuwar Thomas Talbot da kuma korar Manor na gaba a Wotton-under-Edge A cikin karni na 16 Edward Seymour, Duke na Somerset na 1 kuma ɗan'uwan Jane Seymour (mata ta uku Henry VIII ya karɓi mulki, sannan ya ɓace, manyan gidaje ciki har da Brean, wanda Steep Holm ya haɗu. Auren 'yar uwarsa Jane da Henry na VIII a cikin 1536 ya zo daidai lokacin da aka sanya shi Viscount Beauchamp, mai yiwuwa ya danganta da auren kakanni tsakanin Sir Roger Seymour (c.1308 Kafin 1366), wanda ya auri Cicely, babbar 'yar'uwa kuma magajin John de. Beauchamp, Baron Beauchamp na 3 Wannan yana iya kasancewa da alaƙa da Barony na Hatch Beauchamp, Somerset, wanda mahaifinsa Sir John Seymour ya yi a baya.
The Seymour descendants recovered the estates, owning them into the 17th century, although the only activity on Steep Holm seems to have been the employment of gull watchers and fishermen. In 1684 the Norton Beauchamp estate (possibly in Kewstoke, Somerset, near Sand Bay, north of Weston-Super-Mare) was sold to Edward Ryder. It appears to have been auctioned by decree of the Court of Chancery 11 years later in 1695, possibly because of difficulties in maintaining sea defenses along the Somerset coast; however, this seems to have been disputed in the light of outstanding mortgages. In 1699 the estates, including Steep Holm, were sold to Philip Freke of Bristol, whose descendants held it for the next 130 years. Freke's granddaughter married into the family of John Willes, who was Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas and Member of Parliament. During their ownership, probably around 1776, a new cottage was built on Steep Holm for fishermen. It was built using stones from the ruined priory. In 1830 the island was sold again, according to some sources this was to a cousin of John Freke Willes named William Willes; however, other sources suggest it was to a solicitor in Weston-super-Mare named John Baker.
A cikin 1832 an ba da hayar tsibirin ga Kanar Tynte na Gidan Halswell, wanda ya kafa masauki don masu jirgin ruwa. Iyalin Harris ne ke tafiyar da masaukin, ta hanyar amfani da rum da taba da aka siyo daga jiragen ruwa. Sun yi iƙirarin cewa tsibirin ya kasance a waje da ikon mutanen da aka ba da izini har sai da shari'ar kotu a 1884. Bayan dangin Harris, Mr W. L. Davies, wanda ya ba da kamun kifi, harbi da hutun kwale-kwale. Domin saukakawa tsibirin cikin sauƙi, an gina wani sabon rami kusa da masauki. A cikin 1835 limamin coci John Ashley daga Clevedon ya yi hidima ga jama'ar tsibirin da makwabciyar Flat Holm. Ashley ya ƙirƙiri Ofishin Jakadancin na Bristol don yin hidima ga masu aikin teku a kan jiragen ruwa 400 waɗanda ke amfani da tashar Bristol. Daga baya aikin zai zama Ofishin Jakadancin zuwa Tekun Ruwa, wanda har yanzu yana ba da sabis na hidima ga ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa a cikin tashoshin jiragen ruwa sama da 300.
Palmerston Fort Dukansu Steep Holm da Flat Holm an ƙarfafa su a cikin 1860s azaman kariya daga mamayewa. Sun kasance wani ɓangare na layin tsaro, wanda aka sani da Palmerston Forts, wanda aka gina a fadin tashar don kare hanyoyin zuwa Bristol da Cardiff An gina tsibirin ne bayan ziyarar da Sarauniya Victoria da Yarima Albert suka kai Faransa, inda suka damu da karfin sojojin ruwan Faransa. The Royal Commission on Defence of the United Kingdom, a karkashin jagorancin Lord Palmerston, ya ba da shawarar ƙarfafa gaɓar teku, kuma tsibirin ya zama wani ɓangare na wannan tsarin tsaro na bakin teku. An fara ginin a cikin 1865 kuma an kammala shi a cikin 1869 ta John Perry na Weston-super-Mare. Aikin ya hada da samar da hanyar da ke kewaye da tudun dutsen da tulin lemun tsami don kera turmi na lemun tsami don gina bariki da wuraren ajiye bindigogi tare da shagunan harsasai. Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da bindigogin da aka yi amfani da su ana kiran su Summit Battery, Batirin Laboratory, Batirin Lambun da Batirin Kabari. Tare da bariki an sanya su a matsayin Grade II da aka jera gine-gine Wuraren da aka girka sun haɗa da gidan master-gunners, ƙaramin masauki, da tankin ruwa mai ɗauke da na ruwan sama. Tankin ruwa yana ƙarƙashin bariki yana tattara ruwan sama daga rufin sa. Tankin bulo shine tsayi, fadi da mai tsayi tare da rufaffiyar rufi. Makamai sun haɗa da masu ɗaukar makamai masu girman inci 7 goma Mk III yada tsakanin batura shida. Daga baya, an maye gurbinsu da bindigogin RML na Armstrong 6-inch. Wasu daga cikin batir na bindiga an tsara su ne abubuwan tarihi, kuma akwai ragowar rukunin rukunin shingen da aka gina tubali. A cikin 1898 gwajin harbi da HMS Arrogant, wani jirgin ruwa mai <i id="mwAYw">girman kai</i>, a kan batirin Rudder Rock ya nuna cewa tsayayyen bindigogin da aka yi amfani da su a kan Steep Holm da sauran rukunin yanar gizon sun kasance masu saurin kai hari ta jiragen ruwan yaki na zamani, kuma shafin ba ya aiki. An kiyaye ikon soja a tsibirin har zuwa 1908 lokacin da aka ba da hayar James Sleeman da danginsa. A cikin 1927 gwajin farko na RAE Larynx (daga "Long Range Gun tare da injin Lynx") wani jirgin sama mara matuki na farko, wanda za a yi amfani da shi azaman makamin yaƙin jiragen ruwa jagora, ya faru kusa da Steep Holm.
Yaƙe-yaƙe na duniya An sabunta waɗannan wurare a yakin duniya na ɗaya da na biyu Daga 1915 zuwa 1919 Admiralty ya bukaci tsibirin a matsayin tashar gadin bakin teku. Bayan yakin, Sleemans sun dawo don gudanar da aikin noma da kamun kifi kuma suna karbar bakuncin masu yawon bude ido lokaci-lokaci. A yakin duniya na biyu, an gina batura masu haske a kan Steep Holm. A cikin 1940 mai kula da tsibirin, Harry Cox, wanda ya haɓaka tsibirin ya zama wuri mai tsarki tun 1931, an nada shi a matsayin mai gadin bakin teku kuma ƴan sa kai na Local Defence daga Weston-super-Mare sun sami goyan bayansu. A cikin 1940 da 1941 sojoji daga Rundunar Sojan Indiya sun yi amfani da alfadarai don jigilar bindigogi da kayan aiki sama da tsaunin dutse. Makamin ya hada da Mark<span about="#mwt365" class="nowrap" data-cx="[{"adapted":true,"targetExists":true,"mandatoryTargetParams":[],"optionalTargetParams":[]}]" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Spaces","href":"./Template:Spaces"},"params":{},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAak" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span>VII<span about="#mwt366" class="nowrap" data-cx="[{"adapted":true,"targetExists":true,"mandatoryTargetParams":[],"optionalTargetParams":[]}]" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Spaces","href":"./Template:Spaces"},"params":{},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAao" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span>Bindigogi masu girman inci 6 da aka karbo daga jiragen ruwa na yakin duniya na daya da aka soke, kuma sun hada da bindigogi masu sarrafa kansu na Lewis a kan harin da aka kai ta sama. An gina batirin Lambun sama da na'urori biyu na dutsen Victoria. Injiniyoyin Royal Pioneer Corps sun inganta abubuwan more rayuwa ciki har da shigo da tumaki don ciyar da sojoji da kuma, bayan kamuwa da zazzabin typhoid, jigilar ruwan sha daga kudancin Wales. Don ba da damar motsi na kayan aiki, injiniyoyi sun gina sabon jetty. Wannan an haɗa shi da filin jirgin ƙasa tare da hanyar jirgin ƙasa mai jujjuyawar wutar lantarki da ke aiki da kebul ta hanyar amfani da riga-kafi layukan ma'auni waɗanda aka kama daga hannun Jamusawa a yakin duniya na 1. Hakanan an haɗa batirin Steep Holm, ta hanyar kebul na telegraph na karkashin ruwa, zuwa batir ɗin Brean Down Fort, amma an sace sassan na USB don tarkace bayan karshen yakin duniya na biyu.
Bayan yaki A cikin 1953 Steep Holm Trust ta ba da hayar tsibirin da ƙungiyoyi huɗu na gida: Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society, Bristol Naturalists Society, Mid-Somerset Naturalists da Bristol Folk House Archaeological Club. Sun gyara wasu gine-gine tare da kafa shirin ringing na tsuntsaye. A cikin 1974 hayar su ta ƙare kuma Kenneth Allsop Memorial Trust ta karɓe shi, wata ƙungiyar agaji mai rijista da aka kafa don tunawa da mai watsa shirye-shirye kuma masanin halitta Kenneth Allsop The Trust ya sayi tsibirin a cikin 1976. Sanarwar manufa ta Amintacciyar ita ce: "Don karewa, adanawa da haɓaka don amfanin jama'a shimfidar wuri, kayan tarihi, flora, fauna, kyawawan dabi'a da sha'awar kimiyya na tsibirin tsibirin. Steep Holm a cikin gundumar North Somerset da haɓaka ilimin jama'a a cikin ilimin kimiyyar halitta. Ana iya ziyartar tsibirin. Amincewar tana gudanar da tafiye-tafiyen jirgin ruwa na tsawon yini daga Weston-super-Mare. Ana amfani da shinge guda ɗaya don samar da wuraren baƙo. A cikin 1980 an shirya fim ɗin Bollywood na Shaan kuma an yi fim a wani ɓangare a tsibirin. Tsibirin ita ce wurin da aka fi sani da 2018 mai ban tsoro Arcam, na Jason Minick.
Manazarta
Littafi Mai Tsarki
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Tsibirin Steep Holm da Kenneth Allsop Memorial Trust
Bayanan Bayani na Victorian Forts
Tsibiri Holm
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
6234 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabi%27u%20Musa%20Kwankwaso | Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso | Muhammad Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso (An haifi Dr. Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso a ranar Lahadi, 21 ga watan Oktoba na shekarar alif dari tara da hamsin da shidda (1956) miladiyya, a garin Kwankwaso da ke a karamar hukumar Madobi ta jahar Kano a jamhuriyar Najeriya.
KARATU
Dr.Rabiu Musa ya halarci makarantar firamare ta garin Kwankwaso, inda daga nan ya samu ci gaba izuwa makarantar kwana ta Gwarzo, duk dai a neman ilimin firamare. Sannan sai makarantar kere-kere da ke a garin Wudil da kuma kwalejin fasaha ta Kano. Bayan daga nan ya garzaya makarantar kimiyya da fasaha ta Kaduna polytechnic da ke a garin Kaduna, a inda kuma ya samu yin difloma a fannin kimiyya da fasaha ta kasa, da babbar diploma duk a fannin kimiyya da fasaha. Ya samu yin makarantar gaba a garin London da ke kasar Ingila a kwalejin Middlesex a shekara ta alif dari tara da tamanin da biyu zuwa da uku (1982 zuwa 1983). Kwankwaso ya ci gaba da karatunsa a jami’ar fasaha da ke Loughborough a kasar Ingila a shekarar alif dari tara da tamanin da uku zuwa da biyar (1983 zuwa 1985) inda ya samu lambar babban digiri na biyu mai suna Masters degree a turance a fannin fasahar ruwa.
Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso ya kasance hazikin mutum ne a kusan dukkan lokutan karatunsa musamman ta bangaren tsayawa da ya yi domin ganin cewa ya kammala karatu cikin nasara kuma ba tare da bata lokaci ba. Ya kasance dalibi wanda kullum ya ke a sawun gaba wajen karatu da yin dukkan wani aikin aji da aka bashi.
An zabi Rabi'u Kwankwaso a matsayin shugaban dalibai a lokacin karatunsa, sannan ya kasance zababbe a kungiyar dalibai ta jihar Kano.
dan siyasar Najeriya ne.
SIYASA DA AIKI
Rabiu Musa kwankwaso ya fara aiki a shekara ta 1975, inda ya fara aiki da hukumar ruwa ta jahar Kano, wato Kano State Water Resources and Engineering Construction Agency wato WRECA ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru( 17), a bangarori daban-daban inda har ya zama shugaban ma'aikatar. A shekarar ta 1992), aka zabi Kwankwaso a matsayin dan majalisar wakilai ta taraiyar Najeriya mai wakiltar karamar hukumar Madobi. Kuma shi ne ya zama mataimakin kakakin majalisar a karkashin jamiyyar PDP A wani taro da akayi na gyaran kundin mulkin kasa, an zabi Rabi'u kwankwaso a matsayin wakilin jihar Kano. Ya shiga jam'iyyar PDP a shekara ta (1998).
Ya rike matsayin gwamna a jahar Kano har sau biyu, wato a shekara ta (1999 zuwa 2003), da kuma shekara ta (2011 zuwa 2015). Shi ne Gwamnan farko na jihar Kano a jamhuriya ta hudu kuma ya ci zabe ne duk a karkashin jam'iyyar PDP kafin daga bisani ya chanza jam'iyya ya koma jam'iyyarsa ta APC. A zaben shekara ta (2003), Alh. Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso ya yi rashin nasara ne a hannun Mal.Ibrahim Shekarau. A watan Yuli na shekarar (2003), Olusegun Obasanjo Shugaban kasar lokacin, ya naɗa shi a matsayin Ministan tsaron Najeriya bayan samun rashin nasara da ya yi a zaben. A shekara ta 2015, Rabi'u Kwankwaso ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari a zaben fidda gwani na dan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar APC, daga bisani sai ya canza sheka zuwa takarar kujerar Sanata Wanda a nan ne ya samu nasarar cin zaben a shekara ta 2018. Rabi'u Kwankwaso ya fice daga jam'iyyarsa ta (APC) inda ya sake komawa jam'iyyarsa ta da wato (PDP) da niyyar yin takarar Shugaban ƙasa, sai dai bai samu nasara a zaɓen fidda gwani ba wanda aka gudanar a garin Fatakwal. Ana masa lakabi da "kwankwansiyyah".
A ranar Talata ne tsohon gwamnan jihar Kano, Musa Rabi’u Kwankwaso ya kawo karshen cece-ku-ce game da ficewar sa daga jam’iyyar PDP a lokacin da ya fice daga jam’iyyar zuwa Sabuwar jam'iyya New Nigeria Peoples Party (NNPP) tare da yin rijistar mamba a shirye-shiryen zaben 2023.
Ya yi rajistar jam’iyyar NNPP tare da samun katin zama dan jam’iyyar a yayin wani takaitaccen biki da aka gudanar a birnin Abuja.
A cewarsa, ya fice daga PDP ne saboda gazawar shugabancinta da kuma rashin tsarin dimokuradiyya na cikin gida.
Kwankwaso a yayin wani taron manema labarai da ya kira a Abuja, ya ce a shekarar 2021 ya yi watsi da harkokin jam’iyyar PDP kuma ya jira shugabannin jam’iyyar su tattauna da shi sama da shekara guda amma bai samu amsa ba.
Ya ce ’yan Najeriya ba su gamsu da nasarorin da aka samu a karkashin Mulkin Jam'iyyar PDP da kuma Jam'iyyar APC ba, don haka suna fatan samun sauyi mai kyau a cewar sa.
Ya ce, “A yau, wadanda ba su da tabbas (game da inda na ke) za su tabbata cewa na riga na shiga NNPP".
A shekara ta 2003, bayan ya faɗi zaɓe a karo na biyu a takatar Gwamnan Jihar Kano, Shugaban Kasa Olusugun Obasanjo ya naɗa shi a matsayin babban Ministan Tsaron Najeriya wanda ya riƙe na tsawon shekaru huɗu. Sannan an sake naɗa shi a matsayin Jakadan Najeriya a Dafur dake Ƙasar Sudan a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin marigayi Umar Musa Yar’adua.
1. Mataimakin Kakakin Majalisar Tarayya a watan Janairu a shekara ta 1992) zuwa watan Nuwamba a shekara ta( 1993) 2 Gwamnan Jihar Kano 29 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta( 1999) zuwa( 29 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta (2003)
3. Ministan Tsaro na Kasa watan Yula shekara ta 2003 zuwa shekara ta 2007)
4. Babban Jakadan Najeriya a Dafur ta kasar Sudan A shekara ta 2007) zuwa shekara ta (2011)
5. Gwamnan Jahar Kano (29 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta (2011) zuwa( 29 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 2015)
6. Satanan Kano ta Tsakiya 11 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta 2015 zuwa shekara ta 2019).
Tarihin sa
Dukkan yawancin makarantun da Kwankwaso yayi karatu shi ne yake rike mukamin shugaban daliban makarantun kuma an taba zaɓarsa a matsayin shugaba.
Zamansa Gwamna
An zabi Rabiu musa Kwankwaso a matsayin gwamnan jahar Kano a shekara ta( 1999), karkashin jam'iyyar( PDP), har zuwa shekara ta( 2003), inda ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Ibrahim Shekarau. Kasantuwar sa gwamna a jahar Kano, ya zama wani babban al'amari da ya faru a jahar kano, kamar yadda Kwankwaso ya ke nuna cikakken goyon baya ga tsohon shugaban kasa Olusegun Obasanjo. Tare da yadda ya kirkiro wasu tsarurruka na musamman a gwamnatinsa da kuma yadda rashin nasarar sa ta kasance a hanun tsohon gwamna Ibrahim Shekarau. Sai dai kuma Kwankwaso ya sake nuna sha'awar tsayawa takara a zaben shekara ta( 2007), amma hakan bata yiyuba sakamakon samunshi da wasu laifuffuka da gwamnatin Ibrahim Shekarau ta jam'iyyar ANPP ta yi. Sai kwankwaso ya kawo wanda zai yi takarar a jam'iyyar PDP wato Ahmad Garba Bichi.
Kwankwaso bai yi ƙasa a gwiwa ba wajen sake tsayawa takarar gwamna a zaben shekara ta 2011 kuma ya yi nasarar kayar da jam'iyyar ANPP wanda Salihu Sagir Takai yayiwa Takara. An yi zaben ranar (26) ga watan Afrilun shekara ta (2011), kuma ya kama rantsuwar aiki a ranar (29), ga watan Mayu shekara ta( 2011). Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso na daya daga cikin Gwamnoni guda biyar wato( G-7 waɗanda suka fita daga jam'iyyar su ta PDP tare da sauya sheka zuwa jam'iyar APC.
Akidar siyasar Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso Kwankwasiyya
Manazarta Mutanen Afirka
Kano (jiha)
Jihar Kano
Mutane Jihar kano
Mutane Kano
dan siyasan Najeriya
Gwamnonin jihar Kano
Fulani yan |
25096 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safiyya%20bint%20Huyayy | Safiyya bint Huyayy | Safiyyah bint Huyayy (Larabci: c. 612–670) tana ɗaya daga cikin matan Annabi Muhammadu (S A W). Ta kasance tare da dukkan sauran matan Manzon Allah (S A W), Waɗanda aka sani da suna (Ummahatul-Mu'mineen) ko kuma Iyayen Muminai haka idan ita kadaice sai dai ace (Ummul-Mu'mineen) ko kuma Uwan Muminai.
Bayan rasuwar Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W), ta shiga cikin siyasar kasuwar al'ummar musulmin farko, kuma ta sami babban tasiri a lokacin rayuwarta.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Safiyya a garin Madina kuma diya ce ga Huyayy ibn Akhtab, shugaban kabilar Yahudawan Banu Nadir. Mahaifiyarta, Barra bint Samawal, ta fito daga kabilar Banu Qurayza. Ita jikar Samaw'al bn Adiya ce daga kabilar Banu Harith. A cewar wata majiya, an aurar da ita ga Sallam ibn Mishkam, wanda daga baya ya sake ta.
Lokacin da aka kori Banu Nadir daga Madina a shekara ta 625, iyalinta suka zauna a Khaybar, wani wurin ruwa kusa da Madina. Mahaifinta da ɗan'uwanta sun tafi daga Khaybar don shiga cikin sojojin Makka da na Badawiyya da suka kewaye Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) a Madina a lokacin Yaƙin gwalalo (yaƙin Khandaq). Lokacin da mutanen Makka suka janye Annabi Muhammad suka kewaye Banu Qurayza. Bayan shan kayen Banu Qurayza a shekara ta 627 mahaifin Safiyya, wanda ya dade yana adawa da Annabi Muhammad, Musulmai sun kama shi suka kashe shi.
A shekarar 627 ko farkon 628, Safiyya ta auri Kenana ibn al-Rabi, ma'ajin Banu Nadir; tana da kimanin shekara 17 a lokacin. A cewar majiyoyin musulmi, an ce Safiyya ta sanar da Kenana mafarkin da ta yi wanda wata ya fado daga sama zuwa cinyarta. Kenana ya fassara shi da son auren Annabi Muhammadu kuma ya buge ta a fuska, yana barin alamar da har yanzu ake iya gani lokacin da ta fara hulɗa da Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W).
Yakin Khaybar A watan Mayu na shekarar 628 AZ, Musulmai sun ci kabilun Yahudawa da yawa (gami da Banu Nadir) a Yaƙin Khaybar. Yahudawan sun mika wuya, kuma an ba su damar ci gaba da zama a Khaybar bisa tanadin da za su bayar na rabin abin da suke samarwa na shekara -shekara ga Musulmai. Wannan yarjejeniya, Stillman ya ce, bai mika ga kabilar Banu Nadir ba, wadanda ba a ba su kwata-kwata. An kashe mijin Safiyya na farko, Kenana ibn al-Rabi, bayan da aka azabtar da shi saboda kin bayyana inda taskar take.
Aurenta da Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) A cewar Muhammad al-Bukhari, Annabi Muhammad ya zauna na kwana uku tsakanin Khaybar da Madina, inda ya kammala auren sa da Safiyya. Sahabbansa sun yi mamakin ko za a ɗauke ta baiwa (Larabci: ma malakat aymanukum) ko matar aure. Na farko ya yi hasashen cewa za su dauki Safiyya a matsayin matar Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w), don haka ta shiga cikin “Uwayen Muminai”.
Annabi Muhammad ya ba da shawarar Safiyya ta musulunta, ta amince kuma ta zama matar shi. Safiyya ba ta haifa wa Annabi Muhammad ɗa ko daya ba.
Dangane da zuriyar yahudawa Safiyya, Muhammad ya taɓa faɗa wa matarsa cewa idan wasu mata suka zage ta saboda “al'adun Yahudawa” kuma suka yi kishi saboda kyawun ta, sai ta amsa da cewa, “Haruna mahaifina ne, Musa baffana ne, kuma Muhammad mijina ne."
Gada A cikin 656, Safiyya ta goyi bayan halifa Uthman ibn Affan, kuma ta kare shi a ganawarsa ta ƙarshe da Ali, Aisha, da AbdAllah ibn Az-Zubayr. A lokacin da aka yiwa khalifa ƙawanya a gidansa, Safiyya ba ta yi nasara ba ta isa wurinsa, kuma ta ba shi abinci da ruwa ta hanyar jirgin da aka sanya tsakanin gidan ta da nasa.
Safiyya ta rasu a shekara ta 670 ko 672, a lokacin mulkin Mu'awiyah, kuma aka binne ta a makabartar Jannatul Baqi. Ta bar dukiya ta dirhami 100,000 a ƙasa da kaya, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na abin da ta yi wasiyya ga ɗan ƙanwarta, wanda ya bi addinin Yahudanci. Muawiya ya sayi gidanta a Madina akan dirhami 180,000.
An fassara mafarkinta a matsayin mu'ujiza, kuma wahalar da ta sha da kuma kuka don ta sami matsayi a ayyukan Sufanci. An ambace ta a cikin duk manyan littattafan hadisi don danganta wasu al'adun gargajiya da abubuwa da yawa a rayuwarta suna zama abin koyi na doka.
Manazarta
Kara karantawa Awde, Nicholas Women in Islam: An Anthology from the Qur'an and Hadits, Routledge (UK) 2000, John Esposito and Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, Islam, Gender, and Social Change, Oxford University Press, 1997, Leila Ahmed, Women and Gender in Islam: Historical roots of a modern debate, Yale University Press, 1992
Valentine Moghadam (ed), Gender and National Identity.
Karen Armstrong, "The Battle for God: Fundamentalism in Judaism, Christianity and Islam", London, HarperCollins/Routledge, |
22384 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaron%20Mutane | Tsaron Mutane | Tsaron mutum tsarin kula da haƙƙi ne na ɗan adam, wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ɗauka a shekarar 1948. Hakanan haƙƙin ɗan adam ne wanda ya bayyana kuma tabbatacce ne ta Yarjejeniyar Turai akan 'Yancin Dan Adam, Tsarin Mulkin Kanada, Tsarin Tsarin Afirka ta Kudu da sauran dokoki a duk fadin duniya.
Gaba ɗaya, haƙƙin kiyaye lafiyar mutum yana da alaƙa da 'yanci kuma ya haɗa da haƙƙin, idan an ɗaure mutum ba bisa doka ba, don magani kamar habeas corpus Hakanan ana iya ɗaukar tsaron mutum a zaman faɗaɗa haƙƙoƙi dangane da haramcin azabtarwa da azabtarwa da azaba mai ban mamaki. Hakkin na kare lafiyar mutum sannan na iya kiyayewa daga mummunan halin lahani, kuma ana iya amfani dashi dangane da haƙƙin fursunoni.
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 'Yancin tabbatar da lafiyar mutum ya tabbata a cikin Mataki na uku 3 na Bayanin Universalan Adam na Duniya. A cikin wannan labarin, an haɗa shi da haƙƙin rayuwa da 'yanci. A cikakken labarin ya karanta, "Kowane mutum na da haƙƙin rayuwa, a cikin yanci da amincin mutum."
Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa a shekarar (1966), ta kuma yarda da' yancin tabbatar da mutum. A Mataki na uku da ya ce "Kowa na da 'yancin walwala da tsaron lafiyar sa," kuma sashin ya haramta "kamewa ko tsarewa ba da dalili ba." Sashin ya cigaba da cewa "Ba wanda za a tauye wa 'yanci sai a kan irin wadannan dalilai kuma daidai da yadda doka ta tanada."
Turai An ambaci haƙƙin kare lafiyar mutum a cikin Mataki na biyr 5 (1) na Yarjejeniyar Turai game da 'Yancin Bil'adama a ƙarƙashin taken Yancin kariya da tsaro (Kowa yana da 'yancin walwala da amincin mutum. Ba wanda za a hana wa kowa ‘yanci sai a cikin lamura masu zuwa kuma daidai da tsarin da doka ta tsara) kuma a cikin Mataki na shida 6 na Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin' Yancin Tarayyar Turai ("Kowa na da 'yancin walwala da tsaronsa Kanada An bayyana haƙƙin kare lafiyar mutum a cikin Kanada a cikin Dokar 'Yancin Kan Kanada a cikin shekara ta 1960. A Sashe na daya 1 (a) na wannan doka ya amince da "'yancin mutum na rayuwa,' yanci, amincin mutum da jin daɗin dukiya, da kuma haƙƙin hana shi sai da tsarin doka." Ko yaya, Dokar haƙƙoƙi ƙa'ida ce kuma ba ta cikin Tsarin Mulki.
A cikin shekara ta 1982, an ƙara haƙƙin kare lafiyar mutum a cikin tsarin Mulki. Ya kasance a cikin sashe na 7 na Yarjejeniyar 'Yanci da' Yanci ta Kanada, wacce ta tanadi cewa "Kowane mutum na da 'yancin rayuwa,' yanci da amincin mutum kuma yana da 'yancin a hana shi sai dai a bisa tsarin ka'idojin adalci." Tsaron mutum a sashe na bakwai 7 ya ƙunshi haƙƙoƙin sirri na jiki da lafiyarta da na haƙƙin kiyaye “mutuncin mutum” na mutum. Wato, 'yancin yana kiyaye kariya daga mummunar cutarwar gwamnati (damuwa) ga yanayin tunanin mutum. Blencoe ya v. BC (Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam), 2000)
Wannan haƙƙin ya haifar da mahimman shari'a, kamar yadda aka halatta zubar da ciki a Kanada a cikin R. v. Morgentaler a shekarata (1988) bayan Kotun Koli ta gano cewa kwamitocin zubar da ciki na warkewa sun keta dokar lafiyar mata ta hanyar yin barazana ga lafiyar su. Wasu alƙalai kuma sun ji iko da jiki haƙƙi ne a cikin amincin mutum, wanda dokar zubar da ciki ta karya. A cikin Aiwatar da Rushewa v. Sarauniya (1985) an gwada gwajin makami mai linzami wanda ya ci karo da tsaro wanda ya keta barazanar nukiliya A cikin Chaoulli v. Quebec (Babban Mai Shari'a) (2005), wasu alkalan Kotun Koli sun ma yi la’akari da haramcin da aka yi wa Quebec kan harkokin kiwon lafiya mai zaman kansa don keta amincin mutum, tunda jinkirta jinya na iya haifar da sakamako na zahiri da damuwa.
An yi tattaunawa tsakanin Kotun Koli da kuma tsakanin masana ilimi game da ko tsaron lafiyar mutum kuma ya ba da wasu haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki. A ka'ida, tsaron mutum zai lalace idan gwamnati ta takaita damar mutum na samun kudin shiga, ta hanyar hana walwala, dauke dukiyoyin da ke da muhimmanci ga sana'ar mutum, ko hana lasisi. Koyaya, sashi na bakwai 7 yafi damuwa da haƙƙin doka, don haka wannan karatun haƙƙin tattalin arziki abin tambaya ne. Yawancin batutuwan tattalin arziki na iya zama tambayoyin siyasa Afirka ta Kudu A cikin shekara ta 1996 gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta zartar da Dokar haƙƙoƙin tsarin mulki wacce ta amince da haƙƙin lafiyar mutum a cikin sashe na 12. Anan, an haɗu da "haƙƙin 'yanci" Sashe na 12 ya cigaba da bayyana tsaron mutum da haƙƙin 'yanci sosai, gami da cikinta sarrafa jiki da kula da haihuwa,' yanci daga azabtarwa da ba a saba da shi ba da kuma damar fitina. A cikakke, sashe na 12 ya karanta,
Turkiya Kundin tsarin mulki na Turkiyya ya ba da tabbacin tsaro na mutum, tare da 'yancin walwala, a cikin mataki na goma Sha tara 19, wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 1982 kuma aka gyara a 2001. Labarin ya bayyana iyakoki ga waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ta hanyar hukuncin kotuna a ƙarƙashin doka, ba da izini ga cibiyoyin ƙwaƙwalwa da cibiyoyin shan jaraba, aikawa da sauransu. Har ila yau labarin ya takaita kamewa da tsarewa zuwa shari’ar da alkali ya ba da izinin hakan, inda babu isasshen lokacin wannan, ko kuma aka ga mutum yana da alhakin aikata laifi. Daga nan za a gaya wa mutum dalilin da ya sa aka kama shi, sannan kuma za a gaya wa danginsa na kusa game da kamun. A ƙarshe, labarin ya ba da izinin biyan diyya idan an keta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin.
New Zealand Dokar 'Yancin New Zealand ta Dokar' Yanci, wacce aka zartar a 1990, ta ba da tabbacin "Rayuwa da amincin mutum" a sashe na takwas 8 zuwa na sha daya 11. Sashe na 8 ya ba da haƙƙin rayuwa sai dai lokacin da aka hana shi bisa ga adalci na asali, yayin da sashe na 9 ya haramta mummunan azaba da baƙon abu. Sashi na 10 ya hana mutum a yi masa magani ba da son ransa ba. A ƙarshe, sashe na 11 ya ba wa ɗan ƙasar New Zealand yancin ya ƙi jinya.
Gundumar kasar Ingila An ambaci tsaro na mutum a cikin Jadawalin I Mataki na biyar 5 na Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1998. Wannan sigar ita ce sabuwar shigarwar Dokar, ko da yake akwai ƙananan gyare-gyare tun lokacin. Wannan sabon aikin ya wakilci bangare guda na wa'adin da Tony Blair yayi alkawarin sake fasalin tsarin mulki.
Bayani
Duba kuma Tsaron mutum
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17721 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%20Bakr%20%28suna%29 | Abu Bakr (suna) | Abu Bakr sahabi ne, ɗaya daga cikin sahabban Muhammadu kuma halifan Musulunci na farko Shi ma surukin Muhammad ne ta hanyar A’isha Sunan sa na ainihi shine Abdullah ko Abul-Kaaba kuma Abubakar shine kunyarsa.
Sunan, ma'ana "Uban ƙaramin raƙumi" (Abu ma'ana 'Uba na' kuma Bakr ma'anar 'ƙaramin raƙumi'), Musulman Sunni suna amfani da shi sosai. Sauran fassarar sun hada da Abu Bakar, Abu Bekr, Ebubekir, Aboubacar Abubakar, da dai sauransu. Ana iya rubuta bangarori biyu na sunan tare, a sanyaya su,ko kuma daban.
Mutanen da suke da suna Mutanen da ke da sunan sun hada da:
Musulunci na farko da na zamanin da Abdullah bn Abi Bakr (ya mutu a shekara ta 633), dan khalifa Abubakar. Muhammad bn Abubakar (ya mutu a shekara ta 658), dan khalifa Abubakar.
Abu Bakr bn Ali (ya mutu a shekara ta 680) a yakin Karbala. Abu Bakr bn Hasan bn Ali (ya mutu a shekara ta 680) a yakin Karbala. Abu Bakr bn Muhammad bn Hazm (ya mutu a shekara ta 737), malamin addinin Musulunci mai bin mazhabar Madina. Abu Bakr al-Isfahani (ya mutu a shekara ta 908),malamin Persia a karatun Warsh.
Abu Bakr al-Khallal (ya mutu a shekara ta 923), masanin shari’a na Muslim. Abū Bakr Muhammad bn Zakariyyā al-Rāzī (854–925). Abu Bakr Ibn Mujāhid (c. 860-936),malamin ilmin addinin Musulunci dan kasar Iraki. Abu Bakr Muhammad (ya mutu a shekara ta 941), Muhtajid mai mulkin Chaghaniyan kuma gwamnan Samanid Khurasan. Abu Bakr al-Sajistani (ya mutu a shekara ta 941), malamin addinin Islama. Abu Bakr Shibli (861–946), Sufi dan asalin Farisa, almajirin Junayd Baghdadi. Abu Bakr bin Yahya al-Suli (880-946), dan wasan larabawa shatranj. Abu Bakr Ibn Al-Qutia (ya mutu a shekara ta 997),masanin tarih. kuma marubuci an haife shi a Córdoba, Spain. Abu Bakr Ahmed bin 'Ali bin Qays al-Wahshiyah, ko Ibn Wahshiyya (karni na 9/10 ),masanin ilimin kimiya na kasar Iraki, masanin noma,masanin ilmin toxico, masanin sihiri da tarihi.
Abu Bakr al-Alami al-Idrissi (ya mutu a ƙarni na 10), kakan Alami Sayyids na Maroko kuma shugaban ƙabilar Beni Arrous. Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi (ƙarshen ƙarni na 10),Bukhara Sufi, marubucin Kitab at-ta'arruf. Abu Bakr Muḥammad bn al-Ṭayyib al-Baqillani (930–1013), malamin addinin musulinci dan kasar Iraki, masanin tauhidi da kuma mai yawan tunani.
Abu Bakr Muhammad bn al-Hasan bn Furak (941–1015) Limamin Musulmi, masanin harshen larabci, nahawu da waka,mai iya magana, masanin shari’a, kuma masanin hadisi daga Shafi’i Madhab.
Abul-Mahāsin Abu Bakr Zaynuddin Azraqi (ya mutu a shekara ta 1072), mawaƙin Farisa.
Abu Bakr bn Umar (ya mutu a shekara ta 1087), mai mulkin Almoravid.
Syr ibn Abi Bakr (ya mutu shekara ta 1113), kwamandan sojan. Berber na daular Almoravid. Abu Bakr Muhammad at-Turtushi (1059–1127), masanin shari’a musulmi kuma masanin siyasa daga Tortosa, Spain. Abu Bakr bn al-Arabi (1076–1148), alkali kuma masanin dokar Maliki daga al-Andalus
Abu Bakr Abd al-Malik ibn Quzman (1078–1160) mawaki a cikin al-Andalus
Abû Bakr Muḥammad Ibn Yaḥyà ibn aṣ-Ṣâ'igh at-Tûjîbî Ibn Bâjja al-Tujibi, wanda aka sani da Avempace, (c. 1085–1138), Andalusian polymath: wanda rubutunsa ya shafi ilimin taurari, ilimin lissafi, ilimin halin dan adam, kiɗa, da sauransu.
Abu Bakr Muhammad bn Abd al-Malik bin Muhammad bin Tufail al-Qaisi al-Andalusi; (1105-1185), Likitan larabawan Andalusiya kuma masanin falsafa
Abu Bakr al-Hassar ko Abu Bakr bn Muhammad bin Ayyash al Hassar (karni na 12), masanin lissafi musulmi daga Maroko
al-Adil Sayf al-Din Abu-Bakr ibn Ayyub ko Al-Adil I (1145-1218), Ayyubid-janar din Masar, ɗan'uwan Saladin
Abu Bakr Ibn Sayyid al-Nās (1200-1261), masanin ilimin tauhidi na Almohad.
Saif ad-Dīn al-Malik Ādil Abū Bakr b. Nāṣir ad-Dīn Muḥammad ko Al-Adil II (1221? –1248), Ayyubid sultan na Misira
Abubakr Sa'd bn Zangy (1231-1260), mai mulkin Shiraz
Abu Bakr (mansa) (ya mutu a shekara ta 1285), Sarkin Daular Mali
Abu Bakr II (ya mutu a shekara ta 1312? Sarkin Daular Mali
Muhammad bn Abu Bakr, wanda aka sani da Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya (1292–1350), masanin shari’ar musulinci na sunni, masanin falaki, masanin ilimin kimiya, falsafa, masanin halayyar dan adam da ilimin tauhidi.
Saif ad-Din Abu-Bakr (c. 1321–1341), Mamluk sultan na Misira
Abu Bakr bn Faris (ya mutu a shekara ta 1359), Marinid Sultan
Abu Bakr Shah (ya mutu a shekara ta 1390), mai mulkin daular Tughlaq
Ali bin Abu Bakr al-Haythami (1335–1404), Sunni Shafi`i malamin addinin Islama daga Alkahira
Aboobakuru I na Maldives (ya mutu a shekara ta 1443?), Sarkin Maldives yayin 1443
Abu Bakr al-Aydarus (1447-1508), Hadhrami malamin addinin Sufanci da mawaƙi
Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat (ya mutu bayan shekara ta 1514), mai mulki a gabashin Asiya ta tsakiya, sarki ne na ƙabilar Dughlat
Abu Bakr bn Muhammad (ya mutu a shekara ta 1526), sarkin Adal
Abu Bakr Mirza (ya mutu a shekara ta 1602), ya bayyana kansa Shah na Shirvan bayan faɗuwar Kavus Mirza
Mohammed al-Hajj bn Abu Bakr al-Dila'i (ya mutu a shekara ta 1671), shugaban zawiyyar Dila, Maroko
Abu Bakr Ibn Braham Commons (ya mutu a shekara tab1691), mai tsara taswira
18th karni zuwa yanzu Fumo Madi bn Abi Bakr (ya mutu a shekara ta 1809), Sarkin Musulmi na Pate, Kenya
Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (bawa daga Timbuktu), ca. 1834
Abu Bakr Atiku (1782-1842), sultan of the Sokoto Caliphate or Fulani Fulani
Abu Bakr II ibn 'Abd al-Munan (ya mutu a shekara ta 1852), sarkin Harar
Ahmad III dan Abu Bakr (ya mutu a shekara ta 1866), sarkin Harar
Abu Bakr Effendi (1814-1880), Osmanli qadi a cikin Cape of Good Hope daga 1862 zuwa 1880
Abu Bakar na Johor (1833-1895), Sultan na Johor
Mulla Abu Bakr Effendi, ko kuma kawai Mulla Effendi (1863–1942), malamin addinin musulinci Kurdawa, masanin falsafar Islama, masanin, masanin taurari da siyasa.
Abu Bakar bin Taha (1882–1956), haifaffen Yemen malamin addinin Musulunci a Singapore
Abu Bakr Ahmad Haleem (1897–1975), masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Pakistan kuma mataimakin shugaban jami’ar Karachi na farko.
Abu Bakar na Pahang (1904–1974), Sarkin Pahang
Abu Bakr Khairat (1910-1963), ɗan ƙasar Masar mai tsara kiɗan gargajiya
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa (1912–1966), firayim minista na farko na Nijeriya mai cin gashin kanta
Abu Bakar Bashir (An haife shi a shekara ta 1938), malamin addinin Musulunci na Indonesiya
Datti Abubakar (1939–2005), Gwamnan Soja na Jihar Anambra a Nijeriya
Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas (An haife shi a shekara ta 1939), ɗan siyasar Yemen kuma wani lokaci Firayim Minista
Sheikh Abubakr Ahmad (An haife shi a shekara ta 1939), shugaban ɗayan masu bin addinin Sunni (Sufi) Musulmi (shafi) a Kerala, Indiya
Abubakar Rimi (1940–2010), ɗan siyasan Nijeriya
Abu Bakr al-Qirbi (An haife shi a shekara ta 1942), ɗan siyasan Yemen
Abdulsalami Abubakar (An haife shi a shekara ta 1942), janar kuma ɗan siyasa na Nijeriya
Abu Baker Asvat (1943–1989), ya kashe dan gwagwarmayar Afirka ta Kudu kuma likita
Aboubacar Somparé (An haife shi a shekara ta 1944), ɗan siyasan Guinea, Shugaban Majalisar Nationalasa
Abu Bakar bin Abdul Jamal (An haife shi a shekara ta 1946), babban darakta a rundunar sojojin ruwan Malaysia
Atiku Abubakar (An haife shi a shekara ta 1946), ɗan siyasan Nijeriya
Boubaker Ayadi (An haife shi a shekara ta 1949), marubucin Tunisiya
Mustafa Abubakar (An haife shi a shekara ta 1949), ɗan siyasan Indonesiya
Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr (1952–2011), Ministan Tsaron Libya a karkashin Gaddafi
Abu Bakar (1952–2019), masarautar Indonesiya ta West Bandung
Sa'adu Abubakar (An haife shi a shekara ta 1956), Sarkin Musulmi a arewacin Nijeriya
Abu Bakr, sunan da mai rajin gwagwarmayar Australiya Abdul Nacer Benbrika ya yi amfani da shi (An haife shi ne a shekara ta c. 1960)
Aboubakr Jamaï (An haife shi a shekara ta 1968), ɗan jaridar Maroko kuma ma'aikacin banki
Abu Bakker Qassim (An haife shi a shekara ta 1969), Uyghur wanda aka gudanar a Guantanamo Bay
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (1971–2019) a matsayin Ibrahim Awad Ibrahim al-Badri, shugaban kungiyar IS da ke ikirarin halifa.
Atif Abu Bakr, dan siyasan Falasdinu kuma memba na kungiyoyin gwagwarmaya, memba na kungiyar Abu Nidal da Fatah a lokuta daban-daban Abu Bakr Mansha (An haife shi a shekara ta 1983/1984), an yanke masa hukunci a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ta'addanci ta Biritaniya ta 2000
Abu Bakar (harin Dubrovka) ko Abubakar, sunan karya na Khanpasha Terkibayev, wanda ya kai harin Dubrovka a 2002
Abu Bakr Baira, dan siyasan Libya, mai rikon mukamin shugaban majalisar wakilai ta Libya
Abu-Bakr al-Mansouri, ɗan siyasan Libya, sakataren aikin gona, Arzikin dabbobi da albarkatun ruwa
Yasin Abu Bakr, shugaban kungiyar Jamaat al Muslimeen, kungiyar musulmai a Trinidad da Tobago.
Aboubacar Ibrahim Abani, jami'in diflomasiyyar Najeriya
Aboubacar Doumbia, wanda aka fi sani da Abou Nidal, mawaƙin Ivory Coast
Roqia Abubakr, daya daga cikin mata hudu na farko da aka zaba a majalisar dokoki a Afghanistan
'Yan wasa Abu Bakr Ratib (mai aiki a 1928), mai tallata Masar
Abubakar Al-Mass (An haife shi a shekara ta 1955), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Yemen
Aboubacar Cissé (An haife shi a shekara ta 1969), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ivory Coast
Aboubacar Titi Camara, (An haife shi a shekara ta 1972), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Guinea
Aboubacar Mario Bangoura (An haife shi a shekara ta 1977), alkalin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Guinea
Abubaker Tabula (An haife shi a shekara ta 1980), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Uganda
Aboubacar Guindo (An haife shi a shekara ta 1981), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙasar Mali
Abubakari Yakubu (An haife shi a shekara ta 1981), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ghana
Abubakr Al Abaidy (An haife shi a shekara ta 1981), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙasar Libya
Aboubacar Bangoura (ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa) (An haife shi a shekara ta 1982), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Guinea
Abubakari Yahuza (An haife shi a shekara ta 1983), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ghana
Aboubacar Tandia (An haife shi a shekara ta 1983), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Faransa
Aboubacar Sylla (An haife shi a shekara ta 1983), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Guinea
Abubaker Ali Kamal (An haife shi a shekara ta 1983), ɗan wasan ƙasar Qatar wanda ya ƙware a tseren mita 1500 da 3000 na tsaunuka.
Aboubacar M'Baye Camara (An haife shi a shekara ta 1985), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Guinea
Radanfah Abu Bakr (An haife shi a shekara ta 1987), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙasar Trinidiya
Abubakar Bello-Osagie (An haife shi a shekara ta 1988), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Nijeriya
Ni Aboubacar Diomande (An haife shi a shekara ta 1988), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ivory Coast
Aboubacar Camara (An haifi ɗan kwallon kafa a shekara ta 1988) (An haife shi a shekara ta 1988), ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Guinea
Abubaker Kaki Khamis (An haife shi a shekara ta 1989), ɗan tseren Sudan wanda ya ƙware a tseren mita 800
Mohd Faizal Abu Bakar (An haife shi a shekara ta 1990), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙasar Malaysia
Abou Bakr Al-Mel (An haife shi a shekara ta 1992), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙasar Labanon
Aboubacar Doumbia (An haife shi a shekara ta 1995), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙasar Mali
Sauran amfani Hazrati Abu Bakr Siddique, masallaci a Flushing, Queens, New York
Masallacin Masallacin Abu Bakar, Pahang, Malaysia
Saidina Abu Bakar As Masallacin Siddiq, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Masallacin Jahar Sultan Abu Bakar, Johor, Malaysia
Abuungiyar Sultan Abu Bakar, kwastan, ƙaura da kuma keɓe masu keɓewa, Malaysia
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria
BNS Abu Bakar (1982), jirgin yakin Bangladesh
BNS Abu Bakar (2014), jirgin yakin Bangladesh
Duba kuma Boubacar, Yammacin Afirka iri ɗaya sunan
Manazarta Mutane
Musulmai
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26904 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinima%20a%20Tunisiya | Sinima a Tunisiya | Sinima a Tunisiya na nufin masana'antar finafinai ta Tunisia ta fara ne a cikin Shekarar 1896, lokacin da 'yan'uwan Lumière suka fara nuna fina-finai masu rai a titunan Tunis.
Tarihi A cikin 1919, an yi fim ɗin farko mai tsayin fasali a Arewacin Afirka: Les Cinq gentlemen maudits The Five La'ananne Gentlemen a Tunisiya. A cikin 1924, Samama-Chikli ya ba da umarnin wani fim mai matsakaicin tsayi mai suna Ain Al-Ghazal Yarinyar daga Carthage don haka ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai na farko a Arewacin Afirka. A cikin 1966, fim ɗin farko na Tunisiya (minti 95) Al-Fajr The Dawn Omar Khlifi ne ya ba da umarni kuma ya shirya shi; an haska shi akan fim ɗin 35 mm Tunisiya kuma ta karbi bakuncin bikin fina-finai na Carthage wanda ke gudana tun 1966. Bikin dai ya ba da fifiko ga fina-finai daga kasashen Larabawa da na Afirka. Shi ne bikin fina-finai mafi daɗewa a nahiyar Afirka.
A cikin 1927, kamfanin farko na rarraba fina-finai na Tunisiya, Tunis-Film, ya fara ayyukansa. Bayan samun ƴancin kai, Société Anonyme Tunisienne de Production et d'Expansion Cinématographique (SATPEC) ne ke shirya fina-finai na musamman waɗanda ke sarrafa fina-finai da shirya fina-finai a ƙasar a lokacin. Duk da haka, a cikin shekarun 1980s, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun fito kuma suna so su mayar da Tunisiya Hollywood Hollywood. Furodusa Tarak Ben Ammar, ɗan wasila Bourguiba, ya yi nasarar jawo wasu manyan kamfanoni masu samarwa don yin harbi a cikin ɗakin studio ɗinsa a Monastir An yi fim ɗin manyan fina-finai na ƙasashen waje a Tunisia ciki har da Roman Polanski 's Pirates da Franco Zeffirelli 's Jesus of Nazareth. Bayan da ya ziyarci Tunisiya George Lucas ya yaudare shi ta hanyar kyawawan dabi'u da tsoffin gine-gine na wasu garuruwan Kudancin Tunisiya inda ya yanke shawarar yin fina-finai masu mahimmanci na Star Wars, da kuma Indiana Jones. Haka kuma, Anthony Minghella ya yi fim ɗin wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Academy The Patient a cikin yankin kudu maso yamma na ƙasar.
Shirye-shiryen cikin gida ba su da yawa: ƴan fina-finan da aka yi tun 1967 sun yi ƙoƙari su nuna sabon yanayin zamantakewa, ci gaba, bincike na ainihi, da girgizar zamani. Wasu daga cikinsu sun sami nasarar dangi a wajen Tunisiya, kamar La Goulette Halq El-Wadi 1996) wanda Ferid Boughedir ya jagoranta wanda ya nuna yanayin rayuwar al'umma a cikin ƙaramin yanki na La Goulette a lokacin da Musulmai, Yahudawa da Kirista suka zauna tare. cikin haƙuri da zaman lafiya. Halfaouine: Yaron Filaye Asfour Stah 1990), kuma na Boughedir, mai yiyuwa ne babban nasara a tarihin sinimar Tunisiya. Fim ɗin ya nuna rayuwar ɗan yaro daga yankin Halfaouine na Tunis a cikin shekarun 60s, akan neman fahimtar alaƙa, duniyar mata, da yadda ake zama namiji. A wani fim din da ya gabata mai suna Man of Toka Rih Essed 1986) Boughedir ya sake nuna al'ummar Tunisiya ba tare da tsoro ko son rai ba, wanda ya shafi karuwanci, ilimin yara, da alakar addinai tsakanin Musulmin Tunisiya da Yahudawan Tunisiya. A cikin fim din 1991 Bezness, ya yi magana game da yawon shakatawa na jima'i da ke tasowa a cikin kasar. Jakadun (As-Soufraa 1975) wanda Naceur Ktari ya jagoranta sun bayyana rayuwar baƙi Maghrebins a Faransa da kuma gwagwarmayarsu da wariyar launin fata. Fim din ya lashe lambar yabo ta Golden Tanit don mafi kyawun hoto a lokacin bikin fina-finai na Carthage a cikin 1976, kyautar juri na musamman daga Locarno International Film Festival a cikin wannan shekarar kuma an rarraba shi a cikin nau'in Un Certain Regard a lokacin 1978 Cannes Film Festival Ƴar wasan Tunisiya ta farko ita ce Haydée Chikly, wacce ta fito a cikin gajeren fim, Zohra a 1922. Fim ɗin farko da mace ta shirya shine Fatma 75 (1975) ta Selma Baccar Fina-finan da suka biyo baya kamar su Néjia Ben Mabrouk 's Sama (1988) da Moufida Tlatli 's The Silences of Palace (1994). A cikin 2007, an shirya fina-finai da yawa kuma sun ɗaukar hankalin jama'a, irin su Making Of, wanda Nouri Bouzid ya ba da umarni da VHS Kahloucha na Nejib Belkadi.
A cikin 2013, Abdellatif Keshishi shine darektan Tunisia na farko da ya lashe kyautar Palme D'Or. A fim ɗinsa mai suna Blue Is the Dumest Color ya raba kyautar da jaruman fina-finansa guda biyu.
A ranar 21 ga Maris, 2018, ƙasar ta buɗe birnin al'adu na farko, wani aiki irinsa a Afirka da ƙasashen Larabawa, dake tsakiyar birnin Tunis Rukunin ya ƙunshi gidajen wasan kwaikwayo da yawa, gidajen sinima, allo, wuraren zane-zane da tarihin tarihi, dakunan baje koli, gidan kayan gargajiya na zamani da na zamani, cibiyar littattafai ta ƙasa da cibiyar saka hannun jari na al'adu. An buɗe Cineplex na farko a Tunisiya a cikin kantin Tunis City a Tunis a cikin Disamba 2018, ya ƙunshi fuska 8 kuma Les Cinémas Gaumont Pathé ne ke sarrafa shi. Les Cinémas Gaumont Pathé an saita wasu nau'i-nau'i guda biyu don buɗewa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, wanda ke dauke da allon 8 a sabon mall na birnin Azur a Banlieu Sud na Tunis da kuma ɗayan 6 fuska a Sousse Sarkar otal La cigale ta sanar a cikin 2017, cewa tana gina otal tare da kantin sayar da kayayyaki da mahara na fuska 10 a Gammarth, Banlieue Nord na Tunis kuma an saita shi don buɗewa a cikin 2020. Tun daga Nuwamba 2019, akwai allo 41 a duk faɗin Tunisiya Zaɓen naɗin na kyauta ta Academy Award Tunisiya ta ƙaddamar da fina-finai don lambar yabo ta Academy don Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Harshen Waje ba bisa ƙa'ida ba tun 1995. Cibiyar Nazarin Hotunan Hoto da Kimiyya ta Amurka ce ke ba da lambar yabo a kowace shekara ga hoton fim mai tsayi da aka samar a wajen Amurka wanda ke kunshe da tattaunawar da ba ta Ingilishi ba. Tun daga shekarar 2021, an gabatar da fina-finan Tunisiya guda bakwai don lambar yabo ta Academy don Mafi kyawun Fim na Duniya. An zabi mutumin da ya sayar da fatarsa a matsayin lambar yabo ta Academy Award for Best International Feature Film kuma shine fim na farko na Tunisia da aka zaba don kyautar Oscar.
Manazarta
Ƙara karantawa Robert Lang, Sabon Cinema na Tunisiya: Alamomin Resistance, Jami'ar Columbia Press, 2014, Florence Martin, "Cinema da Jiha a Tunisiya" a cikin: Josef Gugler (ed. Fim a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka: Rarraba Ƙirƙira, Jami'ar Texas Press da Jami'ar Amirka a Alkahira Press, 2011, shafi 271-283
Sinima a Afrika
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51232 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise%20Giroud | Françoise Giroud | Françoise Giroud,an haife ta Lea France Gourdji (21 Satumba 1916 a Lausanne,Switzerland kuma ba a Geneva ba kamar yadda ake rubutawa akai-akai-19 Janairu 2003 a Neuilly-sur-Seine)ɗan jaridar Faransa ne,Hymarubucin allo,marubuci,kuma ɗan siyasa.
Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Giroud ga iyayen Yahudawa Yahudawa Bature Sephardi baƙi;Mahaifinta shi ne Salih Gourdji Al Baghdadi,Daraktan Agence Télégraphique Ottomane a Geneva. Ta yi karatu a Lycée Molière da Collège de Groslay. Ba ta kammala jami'a ba. Ta yi aure ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu, da namiji (wanda ya rasu kafin ta)da mace.
Sana'a Ayyukan Giroud a cinema ya fara ne tare da darekta Marc Allégret a matsayin yarinya mai rubutun a kan 1932 na Marcel Pagnol Sana''s Fanny .A cikin 1936 ta yi aiki tare da Jean Renoir akan saitin La Grande Illusion.Daga baya ta rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na allo,a ƙarshe ta kammala cikakkun littattafai guda 30 (na almara da na almara),kuma ta rubuta ginshiƙan jarida. Ita ce editan mujallar <i id="mwJA">Elle</i> daga 1946 (bayan da aka kafa ta ba da daɗewa ba) har zuwa 1953,lokacin da ita da Jean-Jacques Servan-Screiber suka kafa mujallar ta Faransa.Ta gyara har zuwa 1971,sannan ta kasance darekta har zuwa 1974,lokacin da aka nemi ta shiga cikin gwamnatin Faransa.
Daga 1984 zuwa 1988 Giroud shine shugaban Action Internationale contre la Faim. Daga 1989 zuwa 1991 ta kasance shugabar hukumar inganta siyar da tikitin sinima.Ta kasance mai sukar wallafe-wallafe akan Le Journal du Dimanche,kuma ta ba da gudummawar shafi na mako-mako zuwa Le Nouvel Observateur daga 1983 har zuwa mutuwarta.Ta rasu ne a Asibitin Amurka da ke birnin Paris yayin da ake jinyar raunin kai da ta samu a faduwa.
Sana'ar siyasa A cikin 1974,shugaban Faransa Valéry Giscard d'Estaing ya nada Giroud a matsayin Secrétaire d'État à la Condition féminine,wanda ta rike daga 16 Yuli 1974 har zuwa 27 ga Agusta 1976,lokacin da aka nada ta mukamin ministar al'adu.Ta kasance a wannan matsayi har zuwa Maris 1977,don jimlar sabis na watanni 32,tana aiki a majalisar ministocin Jacques Chirac da Raymond Barre.Ta kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Radical,kuma a kan takardun zabe ta lissafa sana'arta a matsayin "yar jarida" (ko 'yar jarida a Turanci).
Sauran ayyukan Giroud ya karbi Légion d'honneur.Ta gudanar da ACF,mai ba da agaji ta Nobel,daga 1984 zuwa 1988. Giroud sau da yawa yana bayyana burinta:don fitar da Faransa "daga cikin rudani".Ta ce Amurkawa suna da ra'ayin da ya dace;ba su shiga rudani ba.A ziyararta ta farko da ta kai birnin New York jim kaɗan bayan yaƙin duniya na biyu ya ƙare,“ƙarin fatan alheri,farin ciki” da ta samu a wurin ya burge ta.Wannan ra'ayi ya kasance tare da ita:"Akwai wani ƙarfi a Amurka wanda mu a Turai kullum muke raina."
A cikin shekarunta 80,Giroud ya bayyana a gidan talabijin na Faransa,a cikin shirin 100 Ans (wanda ke nazarin yiwuwar rayuwa ya zama dari).Ta bayyana daure fuska da hannaye daga faduwa daf da fara daukar fim.An nemi ta ba da shawarar abincin da zai samar da tsawon rai;ta amsa "yankakken nama da salati".Ta yi ƙoƙari (kuma ta kasa) ta bare apple da hannayenta masu ɗaure;bata iya ba ta fashe da dariya.
Labarun jaridu da yawa game da mutuwarta sun ambaci yadda ta kasance mai ban dariya.
Batu na musamman na ya rufe mutuwar Giroud.Ya ce:
Mata a ko'ina sun rasa wani abu.Madam Giroud ta kare su cikin basira da karfi.
Ms. Giroud ta ba da adireshin farawa a Jami'ar Michigan a ranar 1 ga Mayu,1976.
Ayyukan da aka buga Françoise Giroud tare da Tout-Paris (1953)
Hotunan Nouveaux (1954)
La Nouvelle m: hotuna de la jeunesse (1958)
Ina ba ku maganata (1973)
La comedie du pouvoir (1977)
Ce que je crois (1978)
Le Bon Plaisir (1983)
Une Femme mai daraja (1981) (an buga shi cikin Turanci azaman Marie Curie: A Life (1986))
Le Bon Plaisir (wasan kwaikwayo) (1984)
Dior (1987)
Alma Mahler, Ou l'art d'être aimée (1988)
Leçons particulières 1990)
Marie Curie, Une Femme mai daraja (jerin talabijin) (1991)
Jenny Marx da matar aure (1992)
Les Hommes et les femmes (tare da Bernard-Henri Lévy, 1993).
Jaridar Parisienne (1994)
La rumeur du monde: jarida, 1997 da 1998 (1999)
Daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru a baya: récit (2000)
Daga isowa hier: jarida 1999 (2000)
'Yar jarida mai sana'a: tattaunawa avec Martine de Rabaudy (2001)
Demain, déjà: jarida, 2000-2003 (2003)
Filmography Fantama (1946)
Ƙaunar Ƙarshe (1949)
Duba kuma L'Amour, Madame (1952, fim)
Julietta (1953, fim)
Matattun |
61092 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane%20Bret | Hurricane Bret | Guguwar Bret ita ce ta farko cikin rukuni biyar Guguwa 4 da suka taso a lokacin guguwar Atlantika a shekarar 1999 da kuma guguwar farko tun bayan guguwar Jerry a shekarar 1989 da ta yi kasa a Texas da karfin guguwa. Samuwar daga igiyar ruwa na wurare masu zafi a watan Agusta 18, Bret a hankali ya shirya cikin raƙuman tuƙi a cikin Bay na Campeche Zuwa watan Agusta Ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, guguwar ta fara zuwa arewa kuma ta yi saurin tsananta a watan Agusta 21. Bayan wannan lokaci na ƙarfafawa, Bret ya sami ƙarfin ƙarfinsa tare da iskar da kuma matsa lamba barometric na 944 mbar (hPa; Daga baya a ranar, guguwar ta yi rauni zuwa rukuni Guguwa 3 kuma ta afkawa tsibirin Padre Island, Texas. Ba da daɗewa ba, guguwar ta ƙara yin rauni, ta zama baƙin ciki na wurare masu zafi 24 sa'o'i bayan ƙaura zuwa cikin ƙasa. Ragowar guguwar daga karshe ta bace a farkon watan Agusta 26 a kan arewacin Mexico.
Tare da bakin tekun Texas, Bret ya yi barazanar birane da yawa, wanda ya haifar da 180,000 mazauna wurin su kwashe. An bude matsugunai da dama a duk fadin yankin kuma an kwashe gidajen yari. Kwanaki da yawa kafin guguwar ta iso, NHC ta ba da agogon guguwa, da kuma gargadi ga yankunan da ke kusa da iyakar Texas-Mexico. An rufe manyan tituna da dama da ke kaiwa ga garuruwan tsibirai masu shinge don hana jama'a tsallake gadoji a lokacin guguwar. A Mexico kusa, kusan 7,000 mutane sun bar yankunan bakin teku kafin guguwar. Jami'ai sun kuma kafa daruruwan matsugunai a yankunan arewacin kasar idan aka samu ambaliyar ruwa.
Bret ya yi faɗuwar ƙasa a wani yanki da ba kowa ba ne, wanda ya haifar da ƙarancin lalacewa idan aka kwatanta da ƙarfinsa. Duk da haka, mutane bakwai ne suka mutu dangane da guguwar, hudu a Texas da uku a Mexico. Galibin wadanda suka mutun dai na faruwa ne a sanadiyyar hadurran mota da suka yi sanadiyyar salwantar rayuka. Lokacin da guguwar ta yi faɗuwar ƙasa, guguwar ta haifar da matsananciyar guguwar da ta kai a tsibirin Matagorda, Texas. Ruwan sama mai nauyi da Bret ya samar ya kai a Texas kuma an kiyasta sama da a Mexico. Gidaje da dama a yankunan da abin ya shafa sun lalace ko kuma sun lalace, inda mutane kusan 150 suka rasa matsuguni. Gabaɗaya, guguwar ta haifar da dala 15 miliyan (1999 USD) a cikin lalacewa
Tarihin yanayi Bret ya samo asali ne daga igiyar ruwa mai zafi da ta tashi daga yammacin gabar tekun Afirka a watan Agusta 5. Tashin ɗin ya bi gabaɗaya zuwa yamma, yana mu'amala tare da ƙaramin matakin ƙasa a watan Agusta 15 a yammacin Tekun Caribbean, kuma ya haifar da wani yanki mara ƙarfi Ayyukan convective sun haɓaka a kusa da ƙananan, kuma zuwa Agusta 18 tsarin ya wuce Yucatán Peninsula Daga baya a wannan ranar, tashin hankali ya bayyana a cikin Bay na Campeche kuma wani bincike na Hurricane Hunter a cikin tsarin ya nuna cewa ya girma a cikin yanayin zafi a kusa da 1:00. pm CDT (18:00 UTC na uku na kakar 1999 Da farko, matsakaiciyar iska ta hana baƙin ciki daga ƙarfafawa yayin da yake motsawa a hankali da kuskure don mayar da martani ga raunin tuƙi akan tsarin. Zuwa watan Agusta 19, da iska da aka bayar, ba da izinin zama mai zurfi don ci gaba a tsakiyar; daga baya a wannan rana, Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa (NHC) ta inganta tsarin zuwa hadari mai zafi, inda aka sanya masa suna Bret. Karamin guguwa mai zafi, Bret ya kara karfi a hankali na tsawon kwanaki yayin da yake binsa zuwa arewa. Zuwa safiyar watan Agusta 20, ruwan sama ya fara yi. Zuwa yammacin watan Agusta 20, Bret an sanya shi guguwa biyo bayan rahotannin iskoki yayin aikin Hurricane Hunter. A lokaci guda, Bret ya kafa waƙar arewa-maso-maso-maso yamma ƙarƙashin tasirin tudun tsakiyar matakin. Kashegari, Bret ya fara samun saurin haɓakawa, kamar yadda ingantaccen ido ya haɓaka. A safiyar watan Agusta 22, guguwar ta kai kololuwar tsananinta a matsayin rukuni Guguwa 4 tare da iskar da kuma matsa lamba barometric na 944 mbar (hPa; Jim kadan bayan haka, wani babban tudu da ke yammacin guguwar ya fara ɓata yanayin girgijensa.
A karshen Agusta 22, Bret ya juya arewa maso yamma don mayar da martani ga tsakiyar-tropospheric tudun kan Gulf of Mexico da tsakiyar-tropospheric wurare dabam dabam a kan Rio Grande Valley Sa'o'i da yawa kafin faɗuwar ƙasa, guguwar ta yi rauni zuwa Nau'i 3 tsanani kuma motsinsa na gaba ya ragu. Da misalin karfe 7:00 pm CDT (00:00 UTC; Agusta 23), Guguwar Bret ta wuce tsibirin Padre Island, Texas, tare da iskar da kuma matsa lamba barometric na 951 mbar (hPa; wanda ke nuna alamar faɗuwar sa. Guguwar ta yi rauni da sauri yayin da take tafiya cikin ƙasa, kuma kusan sa'o'i 12 bayan faɗuwar ƙasa, Bret ya raunana zuwa guguwa mai zafi. Ya kara rikidewa zuwa cikin yanayin zafi da yammacin watan Agusta 23. Ragowar Bret ya ci gaba har zuwa Agusta 26, lokacin da suka bazu a kan tsaunukan arewacin Mexico.
Shirye-shirye A watan Agusta 21, lokacin da aka fara sa ran Bret zai kusanci Tekun Texas, NHC ta ba da agogon guguwa don yankunan bakin teku tsakanin iyakar Mexico da Baffin Bay, Texas Sa'o'i kadan bayan haka, an daga agogon zuwa gargadi yayin da guguwar ta tsananta tare da yin barazana kai tsaye ga yankin. Daga baya aka buga gargadin guguwa mai zafi da agogon guguwa daga Baffin Bay zuwa Port Aransas Kashegari, an tsawaita gargaɗin guguwa don haɗawa da wurare ta hanyar Port O'Connor kuma an ba da shawarwarin zuwa Freeport Yayin da Bret ke gab da faɗuwar ƙasa, agogon guguwa tsakanin Port O'Connor da Freeport ya daina. An dakatar da gargadin guguwa na Port Aransas zuwa Port O'Connor sa'o'i bayan Bret ya yi kasa kuma ya fara rauni. Zuwa karshen watan Agusta 23, an dakatar da duk agogo da gargadi dangane da guguwar. Zuwa watan Agusta 22, jami'an birni a Corpus Christi, Texas, sun ayyana dokar ta-baci yayin da ake ɗaukar Bret a matsayin babbar barazana ga yankin. An bukaci dubun-dubatar mazauna yankin da su kaurace wa yankunan da ke gabar tekun kuma su nemi mafaka a matsugunan yankin ko tare da 'yan uwa da ke can cikin kasa. Kimanin mutane 180,000 ne a jihar suka bar matsugunansu gabanin guguwar. An rufe filin jirgin sama na Corpus Christi da tsakar rana ranar 22 ga watan Agusta. Daga baya wannan ranar, Hanyar Jihar Texas 361 da docks a Port Aransas an rufe su. Manyan tituna a fadin yankin sun kasance cikin cunkoso saboda yawan kwashe mutane da kuma dogayen layukan iskar gas da na gaggawa da aka samar. An rufe makarantu uku, jami'o'i biyu da kwaleji a watan Agusta 23 kuma ya kasance a rufe na kwanaki da yawa. An bude matsugunai 11 a yankin San Antonio, tare da iya daukar mutane 3,525. Kimanin fursunoni 325 ne aka kwashe daga gidan yari na gundumar Nueces yayin da ake ganin ginin da suke ciki ba shi da tsaro a lokacin da guguwar ta taso. Kimanin ma'aikatan ruwa 1,000 da ke aiki a yankin an kwashe su zuwa USS Inchon kafin hadari. Da farko dai, ana nufin jirgin ne don fitar da guguwar a teku; duk da haka, rashin isasshen aikin gyara ya hana jirgin barin tashar jiragen ruwa. An ba da rahoton cewa jirgin yana da isassun kayayyaki don kula da ma’aikatan jirgin na kusan kwanaki 45. Da karfe 12:00 na dare CDT a ranar 22 ga Agusta, tsibirin Mustang da tsibirin Padre an kwashe gaba daya kuma jami'ai sun rufe hanyoyin da ke shiga da wajen tsibiran don hana kowa sake shiga su kafin a dauki yankin a cikin hadari. Jami'an birnin Corpus Christi sun sanya wani tsauraran oda a kan karin farashin Mexico A Mexico, jami'ai sun rufe tashoshin jiragen ruwa 18 a mashigin tekun Mexico zuwa kanana da matsakaitan motoci a shirye-shiryen guguwar. A arewacin Mexico, an bude matsugunai sama da 500 yayin da aka shawarci dubban mazauna garin da su kaura daga yankunan da ba su da kwari. Sojojin Mexico, Red Cross, da ma'aikatan kashe gobara sun kasance cikin shirye-shiryen tunkarar kiran gaggawa a lokacin guguwar. A watan Agusta 22, an ayyana dokar ta-baci ga Tamaulipas Washegari, an aika aƙalla ma’aikatan kashe gobara 120 zuwa Monterrey, Nuevo León, don yin gaggawar amsa ga gaggawa. Gwamnatin Mexico ta jaddada tsaron lafiyar mazauna birnin, wanda ake sa ran zai dauki nauyin guguwar. Kimanin masunta 7,000 ne suka kauracewa yankunan bakin ruwa kusa da iyakar Texas. A cikin Matamoros an buɗe ƙarin matsuguni 31. An rufe makarantu a duk arewacin Mexico na kwanaki da yawa. Kafin tasowa zuwa cikin yanayin zafi, tashin hankali ya haifar da ruwan sama mai tarwatse a cikin Yucatán Peninsula, a cikin gida ya wuce Kamar yadda tsarin ya tsaya a cikin Bay na Campeche, yankunan bakin teku sun sami ƙaramin ruwan sama daga tsaunukan tsarin. Kodayake Bret ya yi ƙasa kusa da iyakar Texas-Mexico, ƙananan girman tsarin ya haifar da iyakancewar tasiri a Mexico. A cikin Nuevo León, an kiyasta ruwan sama ya faɗi a cikin sa'o'i 24 kuma ana iya faɗi irin wannan adadin a cikin Tamaulipas na kusa. A cikin Tamaulipas, Nuevo León da Coahuila, ƙauyuka goma ne suka keɓanta saboda ambaliyar ruwa da ta wanke hanyoyi. Mutane 10, dukkansu 'yan gida daya ne suka jikkata a wata arangama da suka yi. A Nogales, ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya ya sa ruwa ya taru a kan tituna, lamarin da ya janyo cunkoson ababen hawa; Iska mai karfi kuma ya sauke layukan wutar lantarki. A lokacin ƙaura kafin Bret, an tattake mutum ɗaya har ya mutu. Bayan fadowar kasa, wutar lantarki ta kama wani mutum sakamakon rugujewar layukan wutar lantarki, wani kuma ya nutse a cikin ruwa. Akalla iyalai 150 ne suka rasa matsuguni sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa a garin Cadereyta da ta mamaye galibin garin.
Texas Bayan yin faɗuwar ƙasa, Bret ya haifar da guguwa mai ƙarfi har zuwa a tsibirin Matagorda, Texas A kusa da Galveston, an yi rikodin ƙaramar zaizayar rairayin bakin teku saboda manyan kumbura da guguwar ta haifar. An ƙirƙiri sabbin mashigai goma sha biyu akan tsibirin Padre, ɗayan wanda ya isa ya yi kuskure a matsayin Mansfield Pass Hazo mai nauyi, ya kai a tsakiyar Kenedy County, an killace shi zuwa wani ƙaramin yanki. Matsakaicin matsi na barometric mafi ƙanƙanci da aka rubuta a kan ƙasa ya kasance a filin jirgin sama na Brooks County a 976 mbar (hPa; Kogin Aransas cikin hanzari ya kai matakin ambaliya saboda ruwan sama mai yawa kuma Rio Grande ya haifar da ƙaramin ambaliya kusa da Tekun Mexico A cikin rairayin bakin teku masu kusa da Corpus Christi, sama da yashi ya ɓace. Kimanin guguwar ta lalata gonakin noma.
Bayan haka A watan Agusta Ranar 23 ga wata, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Tarayya (FEMA) ta tura ma'aikata 717, galibi daga tawagar masu ba da agajin bala'i, zuwa yankunan da abin ya shafa a Amurka. Washegari, an jibge sojoji 564 na National Guard a jihar. A kwanakin bayan guguwar, sauro da wasu kwari da dama sun yi kwan a wuraren da ke da ruwa, lamarin da ya sa adadinsu ya karu. Hukumomi sun fesa maganin kashe kwari don rage yiwuwar barkewar cututtuka. Zuwa watan Agusta 25, duk matsugunan da aka buɗe kafin Bret an rufe su yayin da aka bar mazauna gida su koma gida. A watan Agusta 26, Shugaba Bill Clinton ya kara da gundumomin Brooks, Duval, Jim Wells da Webb zuwa babban yankin sanarwar bala'i. Hakan ya baiwa mazauna waɗancan kananan hukumomin damar samun tallafin tarayya. Sake gina wuraren jama'a, tituna, da bututun ruwa sun sami ƙarin kudade a watan Satumba 3 don hanzarta shirin. Washegari, an buɗe cibiyoyin dawo da bala'i goma sha biyu a cikin ƙananan hukumomin da abin ya shafa don mazauna yankin su nemi tallafin tarayya. A watan Satumba 9, an buɗe ƙarin cibiyoyin dawo da bala'i guda biyu ga mazauna kudancin Texas. Daga baya wannan ranar, $831,593.28 (1999 USD) a cikin tallafin gidaje na bala'i an rarraba wa mazauna da abin ya shafa. A watan Satumba 15, kusan mutane 10,200 sun nemi lamunin bala'i, adadin da ya kai $3.1 miliyan (1999 USD). Jimillar 167 kuma sun sami shiga tsakani daga FEMA. A cikin Corpus Christi, iska da ruwan sama sun rufe birnin cikin tarkace da goga, wanda farashinsa ya kai $200,000 (1999). USD) don tsaftacewa.
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29923 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illar%20gurbataccen%20mai%20ga%20kifi%20a%20ruwa | Illar gurbataccen mai ga kifi a ruwa | An lura da gubar gurbataccen mai ga kifin ruwa daga malalar mai kamar bala'in Exxon Valdez, da kuma daga maɓuɓɓugar da ba su da tushe, kamar zubar da ruwa, wanda shi ne mafi girma tushen gurɓatar mai a cikin ruwan teku.
Danyen mai yana shiga magudanar ruwa daga zubewa ko zubar da ruwa ya ƙunshi polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), mafi yawan abubuwan da ke cikin mai. Hanyar shan PAH cikin kifi ya dogara da yawancin abubuwan muhalli da kaddarorin PAH. Hanyoyi na gama gari sune ciki, samun iska na gills, da ɗaukar fata. Kifin da aka fallasa wa waɗannan PAHs yana nuna nau'ikan sakamako masu guba ciki har da lalata kwayoyin halitta, nakasasshen tsarin halittar jiki, canjin girma da haɓakawa, rage girman jiki, hana damar yin iyo da mace-mace Nakasar dabi'a ta bayyanar PAH, irin su fin da muƙamuƙi na muƙamuƙi, Kuma suna haifar da raguwar rayuwa a cikin kifaye sosai saboda raguwar iya yin iyo da ciyarwa. Duk da yake ba a san ainihin tsarin guba na PAH ba, akwai hanyoyi guda huɗu da aka tsara. Wahalar gano takamaiman hanyar mai guba ya fi yawa saboda nau'ikan mahaɗan PAH iri-iri tare da kaddarorin daban-daban.
Tarihi An fara bincike kan tasirin muhallin da masana'antar man fetur ke da shi, a tsakiyar karni zuwa karshen karni na 20, yayin da masana'antar mai ta bunkasa da fadada. Babban jigilar danyen mai ya karu a sakamakon karuwar bukatar mai a duniya, wanda daga baya ya kara yawan malalar mai. Zubewar mai ta ba da damammaki ga masana kimiyya don nazarin illolin da ɗanyen mai ke haifarwa ga muhallin ruwa, da ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Hukumar Kula da Tekun Ruwa da Yanayin Sama (NOAA) da Hukumar Tsaron Tekun Amurka ta haifar da ingantacciyar ƙoƙarin mayar da martani da cikakken bincike kan mai. illar gurbacewa. Zubewar mai na Exxon Valdez a shekarar 1989, da kuma malalar mai ta Deepwater Horizon a shekarar 2010, dukkansu sun haifar da karuwar ilimin kimiyya kan takamaiman illar gurbacewar mai ga kifin ruwa.
Exxon Valdez mai ya zube Binciken da aka mayar da hankali kan gurbacewar mai ga kifaye ya fara da gaske a cikin shekarata 1989, bayan da jirgin ruwa na Exxon Valdez ya bugi wani ruwa a cikin Prince William Sound, Alaska kuma ya zubar da kusan galan miliyan 11 na danyen mai a cikin ruwan da ke kewaye. A lokacin, malalar mai na Exxon Valdez ita ce mafi girma a tarihin Amurka. Akwai illoli da yawa da malalar ta haifar ciki har da asarar biliyoyin herring na Pacific da ƙwai mai ruwan hoda Dabbobin tekun Pacific ya fara haifuwa a ƙarshen Maris lokacin da malalar ta faru, wanda ya haifar da kusan rabin ƙwai na jama'a da aka fallasa ga ɗanyen mai. Pacific herring spawn a cikin intertidal da subtidal zones, sa da m qwai cikin sauƙi fallasa ga gurɓata.
Deepwater Horizon mai zubewa Bayan 20 ga Afrilu, shekarata 2010, lokacin da fashewa a kan dandalin hako mai na Deepwater Horizon Macondo ya haifar da malalar mai mafi girma a tarihin Amurka, an gabatar da wata dama ta bincike game da gubar mai. Kimanin galan miliyan kusan 171 na danyen mai ya kwarara daga tekun teku zuwa Tekun Mexico, wanda ya fallasa yawancin halittun da ke kewaye da su Zubewar mai na Deepwater Horizon shima ya zo daidai da taga mai haɗe-haɗe na nau'ikan kifaye daban-daban na muhalli da kasuwanci, gami da yellowfin da tuna bluefin Atlantic. Zubewar mai ta shafi tuna tuna bluefin Atlantika kai tsaye, saboda kusan kashi 12% na tsutsa tuna suna cikin ruwa mai gurbataccen ruwa, kuma Gulf of Mexico shine kawai sanannen wuraren haifuwa ga yawan yammacin tuna bluefin.
Fuskantar mai Zubewar mai, da kuma kwararar mai a kullum daga yankunan birane, na iya haifar da polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) shiga yanayin yanayin ruwa. Da zarar PAHs sun shiga cikin yanayin ruwa, ana iya fallasa kifaye zuwa gare su ta hanyar sha, samun iska na gills, da kuma ɗaukar dermal. Babban hanyar da za a ɗauka zai dogara ne akan halayen nau'in kifaye da kayan aikin sinadarai na PAH na damuwa. Mazauni na iya zama babban abin yanke shawarar hanyar fallasa. Alal misali, kifayen da ke cinye kifin demersal suna da yuwuwar shigar da PAHs waɗanda suka ɓata zuwa laka, yayin da kifayen da ke iyo a saman suna cikin haɗari mafi girma don bayyanar dermal. Bayan saduwa da PAH, bioavailability zai shafi yadda ake ɗaukar PAH a hankali. Sanna Kuma EPA tana gano manyan PAHs 16 masu damuwa kuma kowane ɗayan waɗannan PAHs yana da madaidaicin digiri na bioavailability. Alal misali, PAHs masu ƙananan nauyin kwayoyin halitta sun fi samuwa saboda suna narkar da su cikin ruwa kuma don haka sun fi samuwa ga kifi a cikin ruwa. Kuma Hakazalika, PAHs na hydrophilic sun fi samuwa don ɗaukar kifi. Kuma A saboda wannan dalili, yin amfani da masu rarraba mai, kamar Corexit, don magance zubar da man fetur na iya ƙara yawan PAHs ta hanyar ƙara yawan solubility a cikin ruwa da kuma sa su zama masu samuwa don ɗauka ta hanyar gills. Da zarar an ɗauki PAH, haɓakar kifin na iya rinjayar tsawon lokaci da ƙarfin bayyanar da kyallen takarda. Kifi suna iya saurin daidaita kashi kusan 99% na PAHs zuwa ƙarin hydrophilic metabolite ta tsarin hanta-biliary. Wannan yana ba da damar fitar da PAHs. Adadin metabolism na PAHs zai dogara ne akan jima'i da girman nau'in. Ƙarfin haɓaka PAHs zuwa ƙarin nau'i na hydrophilic zai iya hana haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta da dakatar da PAHs daga watsawa ga kwayoyin halitta suna haɓaka gidan yanar gizon abinci. Domin mai zai iya dawwama a cikin muhalli tsawon lokaci bayan malalar mai ta hanyar lalata, ana iya ci gaba da fallasa kifin demersal ga PAHs shekaru da yawa bayan malalar mai. An tabbatar da wannan ta hanyar kallon biliary PAH metabolites na kifin da ke zaune a ƙasa. Misali, kifayen da ke zaune a kasa har yanzu sun nuna madaidaicin matakan ƙananan nauyin kwayoyin halitta na PAH metabolites shekaru a ƙalla 10 bayan malalar mai na Exxon Valdez Abubuwan danyen mai Danyen mai yana kunshe da mahadi sama da 17,000. Daga cikin wadannan mahadi guda 17,000 akwai PAHs, wadanda ake la'akari da mafi yawan abubuwa masu guba na mai. PAHs an kafa su ta hanyar tsarin pyrogenic da petrogen. Petrogenic PAHs ana samun su ta hanyar haɓakar matsi na kayan halitta. Sabanin haka, PAHs na pyrogenic suna samuwa ta hanyar konewar abubuwan da ba su cika ba. Danyen mai a zahiri ya ƙunshi PAHs petrogen kuma waɗannan matakan PAH suna ƙaruwa sosai ta hanyar ƙona mai wanda ke haifar da PAHs pyrogenic. Matsayin PAHs da aka samu a cikin ɗanyen mai ya bambanta da nau'in ɗanyen mai. Misali, danyen mai daga Exxon Valdez mai zubewa yana da adadin PAH na 1.47%, yayin da adadin PAH daga Tekun Arewa yana da ƙarancin PAH na 0.83%.
Tushen gurbatar danyen mai Rashin gurɓataccen mai a cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa na iya haifar da pyrogenic da PAHs na petrogenic shiga cikinn dukkan waɗannan yanayin. Petrogenic PAHs na iya shiga cikin magudanar ruwa ta hanyar mai, manyan malalar mai, magudanar ruwa da malalar mai daga yankunan birane. Madogaran Pyrogenic PAH sun ƙunshi roba soot taya na dizal da ƙurar kwal. Ko da yake akwai tushen dabi'a na PAHs kamar ayyukan volcanic da ɓarkewar ajiyar kwal, tushen ɗan adam yana haifar da mafi mahimmancin shigar da PAHs cikin yanayi. Waɗannan tushen ɗan adam sun haɗa da dumama mazaunin gida, samar da kwalta, iskar gas, da amfani da man fetur. Rashin gurɓataccen mai na PAH ya fi zama ruwan dare daga zubewar ɗanyen mai irin su Exxon Valdez, ko tsintsayen mai; duk da haka, tare da raguwar pyrogenic PAHs kuma na iya zama babba. Ko da yake manyan zubewar mai irin su Exxon Valdez na iya gabatar da wani adadi mai yawa na ɗanyen mai zuwa wani yanki a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, zubar da ruwa na yau da kullun ya ƙunshi mafi yawan gurɓataccen mai ga yanayin ruwa. Sannan Kuma Zubar da yanayin yanayi kuma na iya zama tushen PAHs cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa. Zubar da PAHs daga yanayi zuwa cikin ruwa yana tasiri sosai ta hanyar rabon gas-barbashi na PAH.
Tasiri An lura da yawancin tasirin bayyanar PAH a cikin kifin ruwa. Musamman, an gudanar da bincike akan kifin amfrayo da tsutsa, haɓakar kifin da aka fallasa ga PAHs, da ɗaukar PAH ta kifin ta hanyoyi daban-daban na fallasa. Ɗaya (1) daga cikin binciken ya gano cewa ƙwai na Pacific herring da aka fallasa ga yanayin da ke kwaikwayon "Exxon Valdez" mai ya haifar da ƙyanƙyashe ƙwai, rage girman girman kifin da balagagge da kuma tasirin teratogenic, ciki har da kwarangwal, zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, fin da kuma yolk sac malformations. Edema jakar gwaiduwa ce ke da alhakin yawancin mace-macen tsutsa na herring. An lura da lalacewar teratogenic a cikin ƙwanƙwasa dorsal da kashin baya, da kuma a cikin muƙamuƙi don rage rayuwar kifaye masu tasowa yadda ya kamata, sannan kuma ta hanyar rashin iya yin iyo da kuma ciyarwa bi da bi. Ciyarwa da nisantar ganima ta hanyar ninkaya suna da mahimmanci ga rayuwar tsutsa da kifayen yara. Duk abubuwan da aka gani a cikin ƙwai na herring a cikin binciken sun yi daidai da tasirin da aka gani a cikin kwai kifin da aka fallasa sakamakon zubewar mai na Exxon Valdez An yi la'akari da embryos na Zebrafish da aka fallasa ga mai suna da mummunar lahani na teratogenic kamar waɗanda aka gani a cikin embryos na herring, ciki har da edema, rashin aikin zuciya, da zubar da jini na ciki. A cikin wani binciken da aka mayar da hankali kan ɗaukar PAHs ta kifaye, embryos na salmon an fallasa su ga ɗanyen mai a cikin yanayi daban-daban guda uku, ciki har da ta hanyar zubar da ruwa mai rufin mai. Matsakaicin PAH a cikin embryos kai tsaye da aka fallasa ga mai da waɗanda aka fallasa su da fitar da ruwa na PAH ba su da bambanci sosai. An lura da bayyanar PAH don haifar da mutuwa, ko da lokacin da PAHs suka fallasa zuwa kifi ta hanyar ruwa. Daga sakamakon, an ƙaddara cewa embryos kifaye kusa da Exxon Valdez ya zube a cikin Yarima William Sound waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da mai kai tsaye har yanzu suna iya tara matakan mutuwa na PAHs. Yayin da yawancin gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje da na halitta sun lura da wasu mummunar tasirin PAH ga kifi, an kuma lura da rashin tasiri ga wasu mahadi na PAH, wanda zai iya zama saboda rashin haɓaka yayin da ake nunawa ga fili.
Tsarin tsari na aikin mai guba Duk da yake an tabbatar da cewa nau'o'in PAH daban-daban suna aiki ta hanyoyi daban-daban masu guba saboda bambancin nauyin kwayoyin su, shirye-shiryen zobe, da kaddarorin ruwa, sannan Kuma takamaiman hanyoyin PAH mai guba ga kifaye da ci gaban kifi har yanzu ba a san su ba. Guba ya dogara da gwargwadon irin sinadari da ke cikin mai zai haɗu da ruwa: ana kiran wannan a matsayin juzu'in ruwan da ke da alaƙa da mai. Hanyoyin da aka tsara na masu guba na PAHs sune guba ta hanyar narcosis, hulɗa tare da hanyar AhR, alkyl phenanthrene toxicity, da ƙari mai guba ta hanyoyi masu yawa. Samfurin narcosis bai iya yin hasashen daidai sakamakon tasirin PAH na fallasa herring da salmon ruwan hoda ba, a cewar wani bincike. An lura da rashin lafiyar farko na waɗannan PAH a cikin embryos na kifi don zama AhR mai zaman kanta, kuma tasirin su na zuciya ba shi da alaƙa da kunna AhR ko Cytochrome P450, iyali 1, memba A cikin endocardium An yi nazarin ƙirar alkyl phenanthrene ta hanyar fallasa herring da salmon ruwan hoda zuwa gaurayawan PAHs a ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce don fahimtar hanyoyin miyagu na PAHs. An samo samfurin gabaɗaya yana tsinkaya sakamakon fallasa mai lalacewa da mutuwa. Danniya na Oxidative da kuma tasiri akan morphogenesis na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini sune hanyoyin da aka tsara don maganin alkyl phenanthrene. Ba a san takamaiman hanyar ba.
Tun da PAHs sun ƙunshi bambance-bambance daban-daban na PAHs, ana iya bayyana guba ta hanyar amfani da wasu daga cikin hanyoyin aiki da yawa sosai.
Duba wasu abubuwan Likitan ruwa na ruwa
gurbacewar ruwa
tarkacen ruwa
Manazarta Tarihi
Ruwa
Mai
Kifi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
19597 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%27adun%20Mumbai | Al'adun Mumbai | Ana kiran mazaunin Mumbai Mumbaikar Mutane sun fi son kasancewa kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa don samun sauƙin shiga birni. Yawancin mazauna birni suna rayuwa cikin hanzari tare da ɗan lokaci kaɗan don wasu ayyuka saboda yawan lokacin da ake kashewa a kan zirga-zirgar yau da kullum.
Harshe Marathi shine ainihin harshen da ake magana da shi a Birnin Mumbai. Lingo na kudu na Bombay lingo sun haɗa da kalmomi kamar "aye" da "sanar da ni", wanda yawanci ana bi ta hanyar "Zan sanar da ku" (wanda aka fi yawan gajarta shi "lmk" da "ilyk").
Kayan abinci Babban birni yana da abinci mai sauri a gefen titi wanda ya ƙunshi Maharashtrian Pav Bhaji, Vada pavs, Dabeli, Panipuri, Bhelpuri, da dai sauransu. Abincin Indiyawan Kudu da na China suma sun shahara a cikin birni. Labanon, Koriya, Thai, Italiyanci, Meziko, Mughalai, Punjabi, Mālvani da abinci na Nahiyar duk suna shahara a Mumbai.
Mumbai tana da wasu tsoffin gidajen abinci a Ƙasar Indiya Delhi Darbar, Sindhudurg, Highway Gomantak, Samrat, Vitthal Bhelwala, Mahesh Lunch Home, Kailas Parbat, da Adarsh wasu tsofaffin gidajen cin abinci ne a cikin garin. Mumbai sananniya ce ga shagunan abinci a gefen titi, amma kuma tana da gidajen cin abinci da yawa masu ƙyama da mashaya kamar Wasabi, Indigo, The Zodiac Grill, Aer, da sauransu.
Bambancin kayan abinci na Mumbai ya jawo mutane da yawa don gogewa. Abu ne na yau da kullun mutum ya san Mumbai a matsayin matattarar abinci a titi saboda yana ba da nau'ikan dandano. Baya ga yawan abinci iri-iri daga tasirin al'adu daban-daban, Mumbai tana da Khau Galli da Chowpatty don abinci da abinci iri ɗaya. Mumbai, ta kasancewar ita ce cibiyar kuɗaɗe, tana da yawan baƙin haure. Membobin dangin da ke yin ƙaura suna aiki ba tare da wani tallafi na iyali ba, saboda haka yin odar abinci daga kusa da gidajen abinci ko yin kira ga abincin da aka riga aka shirya (dabba kamar yadda ake kira a gida) abu ne karɓaɓɓe. Wadannan 'Dabbas' galibi ana bayar dasu ne ta hanyar kungiyar bayarda agaji ta musamman wacce aka fi sani da Dabbawalas Dangane da waɗannan abubuwan kwanan nan, akwai wasu sabis na odar abinci na kan layi waɗanda suka yi tsayi.
Shayi shine mashahurin abin sha wanda kofi ke biyowa bayansa. Akwai shagunan shayi a kusan dukkanin hanyoyi da kusurwa. Sauran abubuwan shan sun hada da ruwan 'ya'yan itace da ruwan kwakwa. Kafet din Irani wani bangare ne na kayan tarihin Mumbai.
Waƙa Wakokin Marathi koli, wanda shine asalin kiɗan birni, har yanzu ana jinsa a yawancin yankuna na bakin teku a cikin asalin sa kuma har ma a cikin fom din remix pop party. Yawancin baƙin haure kuma sun kawo nasu dandano a cikin abinci, kiɗa, fina-finai, da wallafe-wallafe, na Indiya da na duniya. Kiɗan Bollywood shine mafi mashahuri nau'in da aka ji a cikin birni wanda shagunan birni, taksi, da kamfanoni ke kunnawa. Indi-pop, Marathi, kiɗan Hindi, kiɗan gargajiya na Indiya, dutsen, da kiɗan pop na duniya suna da magoya baya a cikin garin. Hakanan kiɗan gargajiya na Yamma yana da mabiya a Mumbai. Kungiyar Bombay Chamber Orchestra (BCO) an kafa ta a cikin shekara ta 1962. Itungiyar kade-kade ta Indiya ce kaɗai ke aiki kuma take aiwatarwa akai-akai tare da nuna kide kide da wake-wake. Orchestra ta Symphony Orchestra ta Indiya ta samo asali ne daga shekara ta 2006 kuma tana zaune a Mumbai. Sau da yawa yakan yi shi a Cibiyar Nazarin Wasannin Kasa Mumbai ta kuma samar da mashahuran mawaƙa na gargajiya, kamar Zubin Mehta, wanda ya ɗauki Mumbai garin mahaifarsa.
Kiɗan Ingilishi yana da masu bi kuma tushen dutsen Ingilishi na cikin gida yana da girma sosai yana da ƙungiyoyi. Kiɗan duniya daga Beyonce Knowles, Bryan Adams, Iron Maiden, Eminem, da Enrique Iglesias suna da mashahuri a nan kuma wani lokacin suna siyar da fayafayen Bollywood. Masana'antar dutsen karfe suna aiki kuma suna cikin garin Mumbai da Pune Rock Independence, wanda aka fi sani da I-Rock a Mumbai da Pune Woodstock na Pune sune manyan manyan bukukuwan dutse na da'irar dutsen Mumbai-Poona.
Bukukuwa da Bukukuwa
Na addini Mazauna Mumbai suna yin bukukuwa da bukukuwa na Yamma da Kasar Indiya Mazauna dukkanin al'ummomi da addinai suna kiyaye bukukuwa da bukukuwa. Holi, Good Friday, Dussera [Ganesh Chaturthi] da Maha Shivratri wasu daga cikin bukukuwan ne a garin.
Ganesh Chaturthi na ɗaya daga cikin manyan bukukuwa, ana yin ta a cikin gari da ɗoki. Wannan bikin ya hada da sanya gunkin Ubangiji Ganesha a cikin gidan na tsawon kwana 3,5,7 ko 11 bayan an nutsar da shi a cikin teku, bayan fareti mai launuka iri-iri da hayaniya. Bal Gangadhar Tilak ne ya fara wannan bikin a matsayin wata hanya ta hada kan dukkan mutane da kuma jaddada bukatar samun ‘yancin Indiya daga Turawan Ingila. Maharashtrians ne ke bikin wannan da farko, amma kusan duk Mumbaikars suna shiga ta wata hanyar. Anan, ana yin dukkan bukukuwan cikin farin ciki da annashuwa.
Mara Addini Bukukuwan da ba na addini ba sun hada da Queer Azaadi Mumbai bikin faretin Mumbai na shekara-shekara. Hakanan ana gudanar da bukukuwan kishin kasa gami da ranar samun ‘yancin kai.
Gine-gine A shekara ta 2004, Mumbai ta sami kyaututtuka biyu na kiyaye kayan tarihi daga UNESCO Marine Drive gida ne ga wasu kyawawan gine-ginen kayan ado (wanda kuma ake kira Indo Deco ko Bombay Deco, wanda ya bunkasa a cikin shekara ta 1920 da kuma shekara ta 1930. A zamanin Turawan ingila, gine-ginen Indo-Saracenic su ne gine-ginen birni na hukuma. Yawancin abubuwan tarihi na Indo-Gothic suma suna layi na Kudu Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Ginin BMC, wayofar Indiya wasu daga cikin wannan salon.
Mumbai tana da tsarin gidaje da aka sani da Chawl ('chaali' a Marathi Waɗannan sune ragowar masana'antun auduga da suka bunƙasa sau ɗaya waɗanda suka ba da damar aiki da kuma haifar da ƙaurawar mutane zuwa Mumbai. Chawls har yanzu suna da babban yanki na mazaunin Mumbai.
Turawan mulkin mallaka Gine-gine na zamani da manyan dogayen sararin samaniya sun mamaye sararin samaniya.
Cinema Mumbai ita ce mahaifar gidan sinima na Indiya tare da fim mafi tsufa da aka ɗauka a ƙasar a cikin shekara ta 1896 a yankin Kala Ghoda. Gidajen silima da yawa, gami da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na IMAX, wanda ke ba da babbar marathi, fina-finai na Bollywood da Hollywood sun mamaye gari. Garin yana dauke da wasu tsoffin siliman fina-finai kamar Plaza, Cinema ta New Empire (Mumbai) da New Excelsior. Saboda manufofin haraji na Gwamnatin Jiha, ya zama mafi riba don aiki da Multiplexes kuma yawancin siliman suna ba da hanya don sauran ci gaba ko gyara cikin gida. Misalin wannan shine gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Sterling a Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus A zahiri, Mumbai ta karɓi Inox Leisure Ltd babbar kyauta a Indiya gidan wasan kwaikwayo na allo na Megaplex 11 a Inorbit Mall Wannan kuma shine mafi girma da yawa na Mumbai.* Garin kuma yana dauke da wuraren daukar fina-finai. Wadannan sun hada da Film City a Goregaon, da Raj Kapoor 's RK Studios a Chembur, Filmistan, Shashadhar Mukherjee na Filmalaya da V Shantaram Rajkamal Studio Cibiyoyin al'adu Mumbai tana daukar nauyin wasannin kwaikwayo da wasannin gargajiya. Wasu gidajen wasan kwaikwayon sune gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Prithvi a Juhu, Dinanath Natyagruha a Vile Parle, Shanmukhananda Hall a Matunga, Prabhodankar Thackeray Theater a Rang Sharda a Bandra da kuma silima a National Center for Performing Arts (NCPA), Nariman Point Gidajen Tarihi da Guraren Fasaha Akwai tashoshin fasaha guda biyu na jama'a, The Jehangir Art Gallery da National Gallery of Modern Art da gidan kayan gargajiya a Kudancin Mumbai. Siungiyar Asiya ta Bombay ita ce mafi tsufa ɗakin karatu na jama'a a cikin birni, wanda aka gina a shekara ta 1833.
Akwai gidajen tarihi da yawa a cikin garin, gami da gidan tarihin Dr. Bhau Daji Lad, Cowasji Jehangir Hall da Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya Gallan kayan fasahar kasuwanci galibi suna cikin Colaba da yankin Fort na cikin gari Mumbai. Sun hada da Chemould Prescott Road, Pundole, Guild, Sakshi, Mirchandani Steinrucke, Chatterjee Lal, da Project guda 88.
Wasanni Mumbai ta karbi bakuncin wasannin duniya da yawa, ciki har da Kofin Duniya na Hockey na Duniya, a shekara ta 2004 Kabaddi Kofin Duniya, da wasanni don Kofin Duniya na Cricket na shekara ta 1987, 1996, da shekara ta 2011 Wasan Marathon na Mumbai da ake gudanarwa a kowace shekara shine ɗayan manyan abubuwan wasannin motsa jiki a Asiya.
Manazarta Al'ada
Al'adun ƙasashen
Al'adar Musulunci
Pages with unreviewed |
15690 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funmi%20Olonisakin | Funmi Olonisakin | Funmi Olonisakin (an haife ta 8 ga Fabrairun 1965) wata malaman Najeriya ce yar asalin Burtaniya, wanda Farfesa ce a fannin shugabanci, zaman lafiya da rikici a King's College London, sannan kuma Babban Malami ne a Jami’ar Pretoria Ita ce ta kafa kuma tsohuwar Darakta ta Cibiyar Shugabancin Afirka (ALC) da aka kafa bisa tushen Pan-Africanism don gina ƙarni na gaba na shugabanni da masana a kan Nahiyar Afirka tare da ƙimar canjin canji. Olonisakin shine Daraktan Shirye-shirye na shirye-shiryen Babbar Jagora na Kimiyyar Kimiyya (MSc) akan Shugabanci, zaman lafiya da tsaro. Ita abokiyar bincike ce ta Kimiyyar Siyasa a Jami'ar Pretoria, kuma ta kasance fitacciyar masaniyar Gidauniyar Andrew Mellon kuma fitacciyar 'yar cibiyar Cibiyar Tsaro ta Geneva (GCSP). A halin yanzu ta kasance memba a cikin memba na kwamitin ba da shawara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNSC). akan sake nazarin gine-ginen zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Olonisakin a halin yanzu shine Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa Shugaban (International) na Kwalejin King's London. Ta kasance mataimakiyar Dean International, Faculty of Social Science and Public Policy, King's College London, ita ce mace bakar fata ta farko kuma farfesa mace ta farko da ta fara gabatar da lacca a King's College London.
Ilimi An haife ta a Kudancin Landan a cikin dangin Najeriya, 'Funmi (Oluwafunmilayo) Olonisakin sami digirinta na farko a Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife, Najeriya, a Kimiyyar Siyasa BSc Ta ci gaba da neman digirinta na biyu a fannin Nazarin Yaƙi da kuma digirinta na uku a fannin nazarin yaƙi a King's College London.
Ayyuka A cikin aikin da ya shafe shekaru da dama, Olonisakin ya ci gaba da gina babbar kungiyar shugabannin Afirka da masana tare da dabi'u masu mahimmanci wadanda ke inganta dabi'un Afirka game da mutunci, mutunta bambance-bambance, neman kyakkyawan aiki, shiga kungiyar matasa a Afirka da tunani mai zaman kansa Tana ba da shawarar rufe gadoji tsakanin masana, manufofi da ayyuka Ta hanyar Cibiyar Shugabancin Afirka (ALC), rarraba ilimi da canja wuri musamman ta hanyar ayyukan jagoranci sun kasance daya daga cikin hanyoyin da Olonisakin ya yi amfani da su tare da hada mashahuran mashawarta da dama a cikin malamai don yin hulɗa da abokan aikin na ALC. Olonisakin kwanan nan ya sauka daga matsayin Daraktan ALC yayin da yake ci gaba da tallafawa Cibiyar ta fannoni daban-daban. Baya ga koyarwa, Olonisakin na ba da gudummawa ga zaman lafiyar Afirka da muhawara game da rikice-rikice, wanda a kan haka ne za a yaba mata da tarin littattafai Ta kasance mamba ce ta kungiyar tsaro ta Afirka (ASSN) kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da Yankin Yammacin Afirka daga 2008 zuwa 2012. Ta yi aiki a Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Tattalin Arziki na Duniya kan Statesasassun Jihohi daga 2008 zuwa 2010 tana nazari da kimanta yadda jagoranci mai canzawa zai iya samun irin wannan tasirin mai ɗorewa kan mulki da sake gina rikici. Olonisakin ta kasance ma'aikaciyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta hanyar wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Musamman na Sakatare Janar a kan Yaran da Rikicin Makamai, inda ta kula da rukunin Afirka. A lokacin da take aikin kwararru a cikin wannan rawar, "ta taimaka wajen kafa Hukumar Kula da Yaran da Yakin Yaƙin ya shafa a Saliyo da Sashin Kare Yara a Communityungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Afirka ta Yamma (ECOWAS). Ta yi aiki da wasu mukamai da yawa tare da Tarayyar Afirka da ECOWAS musamman a bangaren mata wajen gina zaman lafiya, shugabanci, yara a yankunan da ake rikici. Ta kuma kasance Daraktar Kungiyar Rikici, Tsaro da Cigaba a Kwalejin King ta Landan daga 2003 zuwa 2013. Tana kara karfi a fagen da ta zaba don yin alamu da bugu a duniya, Olonisakin a yanzu haka tana bayar da gudummawar ilminta ga Tsarin Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro na Afirka a matsayin mamba a kungiyar kwararrun masu ba da shawara kan Binciken Tsarin Zaman Lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Tana kan Thabo Mbeki Cibiyar Shugabancin Afirka (TMALI) a matsayin memba na Kwamitocin Ba da Shawarwari na Duniya; da Cibiyar Geneva don Kula da Dakarun Soja (DCAF); Taron Tana High Level a kan Tsaro a Afirka da kuma Kwamitocin Amintattun ƙasashen duniya da Cibiyar Tattaunawar Jin Kai.
Olonisakin ita ce mace bakar fata ta farko da ta kai matsayin farfesa a kwalejin King's College, London kuma an sanya ta a cikin Powerlist na Burtaniya da suka fi tasiri a cikin mutanen Afirka, ciki har da na Top 10 na matsayin 2019.
Akida Olonisakin yana tallafawa ci gaba, bambancin ra'ayi da canza rayuwa. Tana jin daɗi kan binciken da aka yi na shaida kuma tana ƙarfafa jagoranci na kawo canji Zaɓaɓɓun wallafe-wallafe
Littattafai Rikici da Rikici a Yammacin Afirka: Addini, Siyasa da Radicalization, ed. James Gow, Funmi Olonisakin Ernst Dijxhoorn. London: Routledge, 2013. Mata da Shugabancin Tsaro a Afirka, ed. Funmi Olonisakin Awino Okech Oxford: Pambazuka Latsa, 2011. ISBN 9781906387891
Mata, Aminci da Tsaro: Fassara Manufa zuwa Aiwatarwa, ed. Funmi Olonisakin, Karen Barnes Eka Ikpe. London: Routledge, 2011. ISBN 9780415587976
Canjin Tsarin Tsaro a Afirka, ed. Alan Bryden Funmi Olonisakin. Munster: Lit Verlag, 2010. ISBN 9783643800718
Kalubalen dake tattare da shugabanci a bangaren tsaro a Afirka ta Yamma, ed. Alan Bryden, Boubacar Ndiaye Funmi Olonisakin. Munster: Lit Verlag, 2008. ISBN 9783037350218
Wanzar da zaman lafiya a Saliyo: Labarin UNAMSIL Boulder da London: Lynne Reinner, 2008. ISBN 9781588265203
Ci gaban Duniya da Tsaron Dan Adam, ed. Robert Picciotto, Funmi Olonisakin Michael ClarkeNew Brunswick da London: Masu Tallace-tallace, 2007. ISBN 9781412811484
Littafin Jagora na Gudanar da Yankin Tsaro a Afirka], ed. Nicole Ball Kayode Fayemi. London: Cibiyar Demokraɗiyya da Ci Gaban, 2004.
Sake inganta aikin wanzar da zaman lafiya a Afirka: Batutuwan da suka shafi Sha'anin Shari'a a cikin Ayyukan ECOMOG Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2000. ISBN 9789041113214
Neman Saliyo London: Cibiyar Demokraɗiyya da Ci Gaban, 2000. ISBN 9781902296081
Masu wanzar da zaman lafiya, 'yan siyasa da masu fada a ji, daga Abiodun Alao, Funmi Olonisakin John Mackinlay Tokyo: Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, 1999. ISBN 9789280810318
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Cibiyar Shugabancin Afirka
Kwalejin Sarki ta London Networkungiyar Sadarwar Afirka
Mata
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55289 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche%20356 | Porsche 356 | Porsche 356 mota ce ta wasanni wadda kamfanin kasar Ostiriya Porsche Konstruktionen GesmbH (1948-1949) ya fara kera ta, sannan kuma kamfanin Jamus Dr. Ing. hc F. Porsche GmbH (1950-1965). Motar farko ce ta samar da Porsche. Motocin farko da kamfanin na Ostiriya ya kera sun hada da motar tseren tseren Cisitalia Grand Prix, da Volkswagen Beetle, da motocin Grand Prix na Auto Union 356 mai nauyi ne mai sauƙi kuma mai sauƙin sarrafawa, injin baya, motar baya, kofa biyu akwai duka biyun a cikin babban coupé da buɗewa. Sabbin abubuwan injiniya sun ci gaba a cikin shekarun da aka yi, suna ba da gudummawa ga nasarar wasannin motsa jiki da shahararsa. An fara samarwa a cikin 1948 a Gmünd, Austria, inda Porsche ya gina kusan motoci 50. A cikin 1950 masana'antar ta koma Zuffenhausen, Jamus, kuma gabaɗayan samar da 356 ya ci gaba har zuwa Afrilu 1965, da kyau bayan samfurin maye gurbin 911 ya fara halarta a watan Satumba 1964. Daga cikin 76,000 da aka samar a asali, kusan rabin sun tsira.
Tarihi Kafin yakin duniya na biyu Porsche ya tsara tare da gina motoci nau'i 64 guda uku don tseren Berlin zuwa Rome a 1939 wanda aka soke. A cikin 1948 an kammala tsakiyar injin, tubular chassis 356 samfuri mai suna No. 1 Wannan ya haifar da wasu muhawara game da motar "Porsche" ta farko. Ko da yake ainihin naúrar Porsche 356 tana da wurin tsakiyar tsakiyar injin, 356 na baya-bayan nan yana ɗaukar Porsche a matsayin samfurin samarwa na farko. 356 Ferdinand "Ferry" Porsche (ɗan Ferdinand Porsche, wanda ya kafa kamfanin Jamus), wanda ya kafa kamfanin Austrian tare da 'yar uwarsa, Louise Kamar dan uwansa, Volkswagen Beetle (wanda Ferdinand Porsche Sr. ya tsara), 356 yana da silinda hudu, mai sanyaya iska, injin baya, motar motsa jiki tare da hadaddiyar kwanon rufi da ginin jiki. Chassis sabon zane ne, kamar yadda jikin 356 yake, wanda ma'aikacin Porsche Erwin Komenda ya tsara. A lokaci guda kuma, wasu kayan aikin injina, da suka haɗa da harsashin injin da wasu abubuwan dakatarwa, an samo su ne daga Volkswagen kuma da farko. Ferry Porsche ya bayyana tunanin da ke tattare da ci gaban 356 a cikin wata hira da editan "Panorama", mujallar PCA, a cikin Satumba 1972. A koyaushe ina tuka motoci masu sauri sosai. Ina da Alfa Romeo, da BMW, da sauransu. A ƙarshen yaƙin, ina da Volkswagen Cabriolet mai injina mai caji, kuma wannan shine ainihin ra'ayin. Na ga cewa idan kana da isasshen wutar lantarki a cikin karamar mota, ya fi kyau tuƙi fiye da idan kana da babbar mota wacce ita ma ta fi ƙarfin. Kuma ya fi nishadi. A kan wannan ainihin ra'ayin, mun fara samfurin Porsche na farko. Don sanya motar ta yi haske, don samun injin da ke da ƙarfin dawakai… wannan shine wurin zama na farko da muka gina a Carinthia Gmünd Na farko 356 an tabbatar da hanya a Ostiriya a ranar 8 ga Yuni, 1948, kuma an shiga cikin tseren a Innsbruck, inda ya ci nasara a aji. Porsche ya sake sabunta motar tare da mai da hankali kan aikin. Volkswagen da Porsche sun raba ƙananan sassa yayin da shekarun 1950 suka ci gaba. Porsche ya kera motocin farko na 356 da hannu a Gmünd a cikin aluminum, amma lokacin da aka ƙaura zuwa Zuffenhausen, Jamus, a cikin 1950, samfuran da aka samar akwai nau'ikan ƙarfe. Motocin da ke jikin aluminum daga wannan ƙaramin kamfani su ne abin da a yanzu ake kira "prototypes". Porsche ya ba wa kamfanin Reutter kwangilar gina jikin karfe kuma baya ya sayi kamfanin Reutter a shekarar 1963.
Ba a lura da shi ba a farkonsa, galibi ta ƴan ƴan sha'awar tseren mota, 356 na farko da aka sayar a Austria da Jamus. Ya ɗauki Porsche shekaru biyu, farawa da samfurin farko a 1948, don kera motoci 50 na farko. A farkon shekarun 1950, 356 sun sami shahara a tsakanin masu sha'awar a bangarorin biyu na Tekun Atlantika saboda yanayin iska, kulawa, da ingantaccen ingancin gini. Nasarar aji a Le Mans a 1951 ya kasance dalili. Ya zama ruwan dare ga masu su yi tseren mota tare da tuka su a kan tituna. Sun gabatar da injin tseren cam huɗu na Carrera sabon ƙira kuma na musamman ga motocin wasanni na Porsche, a ƙarshen 1954. Ingantacciyar nasara tare da tseren motoci da motocinsa ya kawo odar Porsche sama da raka'a 10,000 a cikin 1964, kuma a lokacin da samar da 356 ya ƙare a 1965 an samar da kusan 76,000. An gina 356 a cikin jeri huɗu daban-daban, na asali ("pre-A"), sannan 356 ya biyo baya. A, 356 B, kuma a ƙarshe na 356 C. Don bambanta tsakanin manyan bita na ƙirar, 356s gabaɗaya ana rarraba su zuwa wasu manyan ƙungiyoyi. 356 coupés da "cabriolets" (mai laushi) da aka gina ta 1955 ana iya gane su da sauri ta hanyar rabuwar su (1948 zuwa 1952) ko lankwasa (tsakiyar-creased, 1953 zuwa 1955) gilashin iska. A ƙarshen 1955 356 A ya bayyana, mai lanƙwasa gilashin gilashi. Hanyar A ita ce hanya ta farko da za ta fara zuwa Porsche don ba da injin kyamara huɗu na Carrera a matsayin zaɓi. A ƙarshen 1959 T5 356 B ya bayyana; sai kuma jerin T6 da aka sake tsarawa 356 B a 1962. Sigar ƙarshe shine 356 C, kadan ya canza daga motocin marigayi T6 B amma birki na diski ya maye gurbin ganguna.
Hotuna
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21633 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izz%20al-Dawla | Izz al-Dawla | Bakhtiyar (ya rasu a shekarar 978), wanda aka fi sani da ya laqab na'Izz al-Dawla Ɗaukakar daular shine Buyid amir na Iraki (shekarar 967-978).
Articles containing Arabic-language text
Rayuwar farko An haifi Izz al-Dawla a matsayin Bakhtiyar, kuma shi ɗan Mu'izz al-Dawla ne Yana kuma da 'yan'uwa maza uku 3 masu suna Sanad al-Dawla, Marzuban da Abu Ishaq Ibrahim Bakhtiyar, a lokacin yarintarsa, ya auri ɗiyar jami'in Dailamite Lashkarwarz.
A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 955, Mu'izz al-Dawla ya kamu da rashin lafiya kuma ya yanke shawarar sanya ɗan nasa a matsayin magajinsa. Shekaru biyar bayan haka, halifa ya amince da hakan a hukumance ta hanyar baiwa Bakhtiyar taken "Izz al-Dawla". A lokacin balaguron soja na mahaifinsa, Izz al-Dawla ya yi mulki a Baghdad Mu'izz al-Dawla ya mutu a ahekarar 967, ya bar wa ɗansa nasiha da dama. Ya ba da shawarar kiyaye ayyukan kwamandan Turkiyya Sebük-Tegin, girmama bukatun Turkawa, amincewa da kawunsa Rukn al-Dawla, wanda ya mulki arewacin Farisa a matsayin babban amir, da girmama dan uwansa 'Adud al-Dawla, wanda ya yi mulki daga Fars Ya kuma ba da dabarun ma'amala da sarkin Hamdanid na Mosul, Abu Taghlib Sarauta A shekarar 970, Izz al-Dawla, domin kawo karshen rikicin tsakanin Dailamites da Turkawa a cikin rundunarsa, ya fara yin aure da yawa tare da manyan Turkawa don karfafa dangantakar Dailamite da Turkic; dansa Marzuban bn Bakhtiyar ya auri 'yar Bukhtakin Azadruwayh, sannan wani dan nasa Salar ya auri' yar Baktijur. Izz al-Dawla ya ci gaba da siyasar mahaifinsa na yakar Shahiniyawa wadanda ke mulkin filayen Iraki, amma ya kasa shawo kansu. A lokaci guda, ya yi watsi da kan iyaka da Daular Byzantine, yana kuma ganin wannan wani lamari ne da khalifa zai yi aiki da shi. Lokacin da Rumawa da ke ƙarƙashin John I Tzimisces suka mamaye arewacin Mesopotamia a cikin shekarar 971, bai ma koma Bagadaza ba. Mutumin da ya dauki nauyin kare Iraki shi ne Sebük-Tegin, wanda ya ji kansa ya kara nisanta da Buyid. Bayan shekaru biyu, Izz al-Dawla nada Ibn Baqiyya kamar yadda ya vizier Izz al-Dawla shima yana da matsalar kuɗi; a cikin shekarar 973 ya mamaye Amirat na Mosul, bisa shawarar da mahaifinsa ya ba shi. Gangamin ya kasance bala'i; Hamdaniyawa karkashin Abu Taghlib sun yi tattaki zuwa Baghdad, yayin da mai yiwuwa Sebük-Tegin yana tallafa musu a ɓoye. Daga nan amir Buyid ya yi kokarin warware matsalolinsa na kudi ta hanyar kwace kayan masarufin Baturke, galibinsu sun kasance a Khuzestan A lokaci guda, ya kori Sebük-Tegin daga mukaminsa. Baturke ya yi tawaye, ya tilasta Izz al-Dawla ya shiga cikin Wasit Ya yi watsi da tayin Sebük-Tegin na sallama Bagadaza don musaya da kudancin Iraki. Daga nan sai Baturke ya hau kan Wasit, kuma ya yiwa garin kawanya.
A wannan lokacin, Rukn al-Dawla ya umarci Adud al-Dawla da su hau kan Wasit kuma su sauƙaƙe Izz al-Dawla. Zaɓin 'Adud al-Dawla yana da ɗan son sani: tun da farko ya ba da shawarar cire Izz al-Dawla saboda rashin sanin makamar aiki, kuma ya ba da mafaka ga wani ɗan'uwan amir ɗin Iraki wanda ya ƙaddamar da tawaye da bai yi nasara ba a Basra Duk da wannan, 'Adud al-Dawla ya bi umarnin, kodayake ya yi tafiya a hankali yadda ya kamata don bai wa Sebük-Tegin damar shawo kan Wasit.
Izz al-Dawla, duk da haka, ya yi nasarar miƙawa, kuma Sebük-Tegin ya mutu yayin kawanyar. 'Adud al-Dawla saboda haka daga karshe ya yanke shawarar mayar da shi a Bagadaza. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, tawayen da sojojin haya na Izz al-Dawla na Dailamite suka ƙaddamar ya ba 'Adud al-Dawla damar hamɓarar da ɗan uwan nasa. Da ya yi haka, da ya yi mulkin Iraki kai tsaye, amma Rukn al-Dawla ya nuna adawa da wannan. Don haka Izz al-Dawla ya zama mataimakin Adud al-Dawla zuwa Iraki. Tashin tashi daga karshen zuwa Shiraz ya sanya Izz al-Dawla cire ikonsa nan take.
Yakin basasa da mutuwa Rukn al-Dawla ya mutu a cikin 976, yana jefa daular Buyid cikin rudani. Izz al-Dawla ya ki amincewa da maye gurbin 'Adud al-Dawla zuwa mukamin babban amir. Ya dauki sabbin mukamai don kansa, ya auri daya daga cikin ‘ya’yan khalifa, yana mai nuna amincewar da halifan ya yi a kan siyasarsa. 'Adud-Dawla sannan ya shirya mamaye Iraki. Duk da cewa ya shirya rundunarsa da kawayensa, an ci Izz al-Dawla a Khuzestan a cikin shekarar 977 kuma an tilasta masa komawa zuwa Wasit A can ya tayar da wata sabuwar runduna, amma sai 'yan uwan nan biyu suka shiga tattaunawa. Bayan wani lokaci mai tsawo, an kuma ba Izz al-Dawla 'yancin wucewa zuwa Siriya, a madadin alkawarin ba zai hada kai da Hamdanids ba. Lokacin da ya karya wannan yarjejeniya, an sake ci gaba da tashin hankali. Dukkanin Izz al-Dawla da Hamdanids sun sha kaye a cikin Samarra a cikin bazarar shekarar 978, kuma aka kame Buyid. An kashe shi jim kaɗan bayan yardar 'Adud al-Dawla.
Manazarta
Majiya
Hanyoyin haɗin |
13645 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20al-Amin%20al-Kanemi | Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi | Shehu al-Hajj Muhammad al-Amin dan Muhammad al-Kânemî (da larabci (1776–1837) malamin Islama ne,malamin addini da siyasa wanda ya ba da shawara kuma ya kaddamar da daular Sayfawa daga daular Kanem-Bornu.A shekara ta 1846, dan Al-Kanemi Umar I dan Muhammad al-Amin ya zama sarki daya tilo na Borno, yanayin da ya haifar da karshen sarautar daular Sayfawa na tsawon shekaru dari takwas.Shehu na Bornu na yanzu, masarautar gargajiya wacce kujerar ta ke zama a jihar Borno ta zamani, Najeriya,ta fito ne daga Al-Kanemi,yakasance dan kasar libiya,yamutu shekarar watan takwas 8 ga watan janairu alib 1837,yakasance yanada iyalai kaman haka umar mai barno,Abdur-rahman dan muhammad al-amin,Abba masta mai barno.
Tashi zuwa iko An haife shi ga mahaifi dan Kanembu kuma mahaifiyara balarabiya ce; an haife shi kusa da Murzuk a cikin abin da yake a yau Libya, Al-Kanemi ya tashi zuwa matsayinsa na memba na ƙungiyar mabiya addinan karkara a lardunan yamma na lokacin mulkin mallaka na Borno. Kungiyar masu ikirarin jihadi ta Fulani, karkashin tutar Usman dan Fodio tayi kokarin mamaye Borno a shekarar 1808.Sun ɗan yi nasara. Sun ƙone babban birnin,Ngazargamu kuma suka ci babban sojojin mai na Borno. Daga karshe ya nemi taimakon Al-Kanemi don korar abokan hamayyarsa na Fulani. Ta hanyar tsarawa, wahayinsa,da addu’a,ya jawo hankalin wasu masu zuwa, musamman daga gidajen yanar gizo na Shuwa Arab da kuma al’ummomin Kanembu da ke kan iyakokin Borno. Mai (sarki), Dunama IX Lefiami ya ba wa shugaban nasarar tare da sarrafa ikon lardin Bornu a kan Yammacin yamma. Daukar taken "Shehu" Sheikh da kuma bibiyar ofisoshin gargajiya, al-Kanemi ya tattara manyan abubuwa, ya zama muryar Bornu a tattaunawar da Sakkwato, da kuma mai mulki mai zaman kansa na yankin mai arzikin kasuwanci. tare da karfin soja. Kawun nasa ya fatattaki Dunama a cikin shekarar 1809, amma goyon bayan al-Kanemi ya dawo da shi kan mulki a shekara ta 1813.
Kariya akan Sakkwato Al Kanemi ya yi yaƙin Sakkwato ba wai kawai da makamai ba har ma da wasiƙu kamar yadda yake so ya dakile jihadin dan Fodio da makaman akida. Ya ci gaba da jerin muhawara ta tauhidi, doka da siyasa ta wasika tare da Sarkin Musulmi Usman dan Fodio, daga baya kuma tare da dansa, Muhammed Bello Yayin da aka fadada hanyar Sakkwato akan gwagwarmayar arna, ridda, da rugujewa, Al-Kanemi ya kalubalance shi akan 'yancin makwabtansa wanda yace sun kasance musulmai akalla shekaru 800. Wadannan muhawara, sau da yawa kan yanayin Jihad da mulkin Musulmai, har yanzu suna kan gaba a mahallin Najeriya Mulki akan Borno Lokacin da El-Kanemi ya hau kan mulki bayan gwagwarmayar Fulani, bai sake tsara masarautar Sayfawa ba: kawai ya yi kokarin shigar da mutanen sa ne a cikin tsarin mallakar yankin Sayfawa, chima chidibe Cohen ya bayyana cewa babbar kungiyar siyasa ta karni na goma sha tara ta Borno ya samo asali ne daga alakar mutum kuma Al-Kanemi ya fara kulla alakar abokin ciniki. Maza shida sun goyi bayan hawan al-Kanemi akan mulki a Bornu. Sun hada da abokinsa mai suna Al-Hajj Sudani, dan kasuwa dan Toubou da aboki al-Hajj Malia, surukinsa daga dangin matar shi wanda ya jagoranci Kanembu Kuburi a Kanem kamar Shettima Kuburi, da Shuwa Arabs uku: Mallam Muhammad Tirab na Baghirimi, Mallam Ibrahim Wadaima na Wadai, da kuma Mallam Ahmed Gonomi. Koyaya, kamar yadda aka ambata a ƙarshe, har yanzu muna watsi da yadda Al-Kanemi ke mamaye daukacin yankin Borno bayan gwagwarmayar Fulani Ya ya ne kawai a kai na sirri sarauta kamar yadda Last da shawarar, ko ba ya kaucewa kifar da ikon da mai? Wannan tsari wanda zai iya zama mafi tsayi fiye da shawarar Brenner ba a rubuce shi sosai ba. Labarin baka da tatsuniyoyin Turai kawai suna ba da damar Al-Kanemi ya sauka kan mulki. A wannan juzu'in farkon karni na sha tara, Al-Kanemi ya karɓi iko a cikin 1810s ba tare da wani gasa daga mai Dunama IX Lefiami ba kafin shekarar 1820. El-Kanemi, ba face fuskar ta Borno ga shuwagabannin ƙasashen waje ba, ta zama mafi mahimmanci ga mai Wasu da ke cikin coterie mai Dun Dunama an yi imanin cewa suna goyon bayan wani yunƙurin kashe Shehu a cikin 1820. A wannan ranar, Mai Dunama da sarki Burgomanda na Baguirmi sun yi niyyar kawar da El-Kanemi. Wannan waje baki a Bornuese siyasa wani gazawar da kuma mai Dunama aka maye gurbinsu mai Ibrahim. El-Kanemi, yayin da yake kan batun sabon mai, an sa masa hatimi a matsayin Shehu na duk Bornu. A shekara ta 1814, al-Kanemi ya gina sabon garin Kukawa Wannan sabon birni ya zama zahiri shine babban birnin kasar na Borno, kamar yadda al-Kanemi ya ɗauki suna Shehu. Game da shekarar 1819-20, Mai Dunama ya tashi da tawaye ga al-Kanemi, daga baya aka kashe shi a cikin yaƙi. Daga nan sai Al-Kanemi ya sanya dan uwan Dunama, Ibrahim, Mai. Sannan a cikin shekarun 1820, al-Kanemi ya kori Fulani daga Bornu, yana mai kalubalantar Khalifanci na Sakkwato, ya kuma mamaye yankin Deya- Damaturu Hakan ya biyo bayan mamaye masarautar Kotoko da ke Kusseri, Ngulfai, da Logone, bayan da suka ci Bagirmi a shekarar 1824. Sayfawa mais ya kasance shuwagabannin sarauta tun bayan mutuwar El-Kameni a 1837. A 1846 na karshe mai, a league da Ouaddai Empire, precipitated wani yakin basasa, tsayayya El-Kanemi ta dan, Umar (1837-1881). A wannan lokacin ne Umar ya zama mai ikon mallaka, don haka ya ƙare da ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin mulkokin zamanin da ke cikin tarihin Afirka.
Al-Kanemi kamar yadda Manjo Dixon Denham ke ganinsa A watan Fabrairu na shekarar 1823, jirgin balaguron Birtaniyya karkashin jagorancin Manjo Dixon Denham da Kyaftin Hugh Clapperton sun isa Borno. An gabatar da su ga Al-Kanemi. A cikin labarin tafiyarsa da aka buga a shekara ta 1826, Dixon Denham ya bayyana Al-Kanemi: Rayuwa ta samar akanshi duk wani abunda Babban jagora zai samu; wani irin baiwa, cikakken adalci, yanayi nason cigaba, da martaba na sassauci da kamun kai: kuma haka ne yasa kadan ne na laifi ya shafe shi, wanda laifin itace yaki yarda a zamar dashi amatsayin Sultan --Dixon Denham
Daular
Bayanai
Bibliography Brenner, Louis, Shehus na Kukawa: Tarihin Tarihin Daular Al-Kanemi ta Bornu, Nazarin Oxford a cikin Harkokin Afirka (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1973). Cohen, Ronald, Kanuri na Bornu, Nazarin shari a cikin ilimin al'adu na al'adu (New York: Holt, 1967). Denham, Dixon da Kyaftin Clapperton da Late Doctor Oudney, Labarun tafiye-tafiye da ganowa a Arewacin da Afirka ta Tsakiya, (Boston: Taro, Hilliards da Co., 1826). Isichei, Elizabeth, Tarihi ne na Kawancen Afirka zuwa 1870 (Cambridge: Jami'ar Cambridge, 1997), pp. 318-320, Lange, Dierk, 'Dauloli da mutanen Chadi', a cikin tarihin Afirka gaba daya, ed. wanda Djibril Tamsir Niane, IV (London: Unesco, Heinemann, 1984), pp. 238–265. Karshe, Murray, 'Le Califat De Sokoto Et Borno', a Histoire Generale De l'Afrique, Rev. ed. (Paris: Shugabancin Afirka, 1986), pp. 599- 646. Lavers, John, "Al-Kanimiyyin Shehus: Tarihin aiki" a cikin Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs, 268, Bd. 2, Frankfurt a. M. 1993: 179-186. Oliver, Roland Anthony Atmore (2005). Afirka Tun daga 1800, Juzu'i Na Biyar Cambridge: Jami'ar Cambridge. ISBN Oliver, Roland Anthony Atmore (2005). Oliver, Roland Anthony Atmore (2005). Palmer, Herbert Richmond, Bornu Sahara da Sudan (London: John Murray, 1936). Taher, Mohamed (1997). Binciken Encyclopedic na Daulolin Musulunci jerin cigaban zamani New Delhi: Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. ISBN Taher, Mohamed (1997). Taher, Mohamed (1997).
Haɗin waje Kungiyar Nazarin |
29997 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokokin%20Makamashi | Dokokin Makamashi | Dokokin makamashi suna sarrafa amfani da harajin makamashi, duka masu sabuntawa da waɗanda ba za a iya sabuntawa ba Waɗannan dokokin sune manyan hukumomi (kamar shari'ar shari'a, ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi masu alaƙa da makamashi. Sabanin haka, manufar makamashi tana nufin manufofin da siyasar makamashi.
Dokar makamashi ta haɗa da tanadin doka don mai, mai, da "harajin cirewa." Ayyukan dokar makamashi sun haɗa da kwangiloli don wurin zama, hakar, lasisi don saye da haƙƙin mallaka a cikin mai da gas duka a ƙarƙashin ƙasa kafin ganowa da bayan kama shi, da yanke hukunci game da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin.
Dokokin kasa da kasa Akwai karuwar sha'awar ilimi game da dokar makamashi ta duniya, gami da ci gaba da tarurrukan ilimin shari'a, rubuce-rubucen, bita na shari'a, da darussan karatun digiri. A sa'i daya kuma, an samu karuwar sha'awa kan batutuwan da suka shafi makamashi da dangantakarsu da cinikayyar ƙasa da ƙasa da ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa kamar ƙungiyar ciniki ta duniya.
Afirka Ma'aikatar Wutar Lantarki da Sabunta Makamashi ta Masar ce ke kula da Makamashi na Masar a Masar wacce ita ce ma'aikatar gwamnati mai kula da sarrafawa da tsara yadda ake samarwa da watsawa da rarraba wutar lantarki a Masar Hedkwatarsa tana Alkahira Ministan na yanzu kamar na shekara ta 2020 shine Mohamed Shaker An kafa ma’aikatar ne a shekara ta 1964 tare da dokar shugaban kasa mai lamba 147. na Aswan, wanda ke samar da wutar lantarki, mallakar gwamnati ne kuma ta tsara shi; Gine-ginensa ya buƙaci cire haikalin Abu Simbel da Haikali na Dendur.
Ghana tana da hukuma mai kula da makamashi, Hukumar Makamashi Gwamnatin Najeriya ce ta mallaki Kamfanin Mai na Kasa Uganda ta amince da sabuwar dokar makamashin nukiliya, wadda take fatan "zata bunƙasa hadin gwiwar fasaha tsakanin kasar da hukumar kula da makamashin nukiliya ta kasa da kasa a cewar babban jami'in hukumar daga wannan kasa ta Afirka.
Ostiraliya Makamashi babban kasuwanci ne a Ostiraliya. Ƙungiyar Haɓaka Man Fetur da Haɓaka Man Fetur ta Australiya tana wakiltar kashi 98% na masu samar da mai da iskar gas a Ostiraliya Kanada Kanada tana da babbar dokar makamashi, ta hanyar tarayya da larduna, musamman Alberta Waɗannan sun haɗa da:
Madadin Dokar Fuels (1995, c. 20) Dokar Makamashi Haɗin Kai (1980-81-82-83, c. 108) Dokar Gudanar da Makamashi (RS, 1985, c. E-6) Dokar Kula da Makamashi (RS, 1985, c. E-8) Dokar Makamashin Nukiliya (RS, 1985, c. A-16) Dokar Ayyukan Man Fetur da Gas na Kanada (RS, 1985, c. O-7) Dokar Albarkatun Man Fetur ta Kanada (1985, c. 36 (Supp. Dokar Hukumar Makamashi ta Kasa (RS, 1985, c. N-7) Dokar Binciken Wutar Lantarki da Gas (RS, 1985, c. E-4) Akwai wasu sha'awar ilimi a cikin dokar makamashi ta Kanada, tare da sabis na lokaci-lokaci looseleaf, monographs, da shawarwari tare da lauyoyin da suka kware a wannan aikin, akwai. Kotun kolin Kanada ta fitar da wasu dokar shari'ar makamashi ta Kanada. Dokokin makamashi na Kanada suna da yawa kuma suna da rikitarwa a babban bangare saboda albarkatun makamashi na gwamnati:
Kanada da lardin Quebec suma sun mallaki manyan wuraren samar da wutar lantarki na madatsar ruwa, wadanda suka haifar da ba kawai wutar lantarki ba, har ma da cece-kuce.
China
Tarayyar Turai Dokar makamashi ta Turai ta mai da hankali kan hanyoyin doka don gudanar da cikas na ɗan gajeren lokaci ga wadatar makamashin nahiyar, kamar dokar Jamus ta 1974 don tabbatar da samar da makamashi. Haɗin gwiwar aikin hydrogen na Turai aikin ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai ne don haɗa ƙa'idodin Hukumar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (ECE) da ƙirƙirar tushen tsarin ECE na motocin hydrogen da mahimman abubuwan more rayuwa waɗanda ke maye gurbin dokokin ƙasa da ƙa'idodi Manufar wannan aikin shine inganta amincin motocin hydrogen da daidaita tsarin ba su lasisi da amincewa. Ƙasashe biyar ne suka ƙirƙiro ƙungiyar makamashi ta EurObserv'ER EU ta kuma ƙirƙiri Ƙungiyar Makamashi don faɗaɗa manufofin su zuwa kudu maso gabashin Turai. Austuraiu yana karɓar bakuncin Ranakun Makamashi Mai Dorewa na Duniya na shekara.
Jamus Dokar sabunta makamashin Jamus ta tanadi yin amfani da makamashin da ake iya sabuntawa ta hanyar haraji da harajinta Yana haɓaka haɓaka hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa ta hanyar tsarin kuɗin abinci. Yana daidaita adadin kuzarin da mai samarwa ke samarwa da kuma nau'in tushen makamashi mai sabuntawa. Hakanan yana haifar da abin ƙarfafawa don ƙarfafa ci gaban fasaha da farashi. Sakamakon ya kasance mai ban mamaki: a ranar 6 ga Yuni na shekara ta 2014, fiye da rabin makamashin al'umma da aka yi amfani da su a wannan ranar sun fito ne daga hasken rana. Duk da matakan da aka tsara suna ƙara ƙarin makamashi mai sabuntawa zuwa ga haɗawar makamashi, grid ɗin lantarki na Jamus ya zama abin dogaro, ba ƙasa ba.
Gwamnatin Jamus ta ba da shawarar yin watsi da shirinta na kawar da makamashin nukiliya don taimakawa wajen farfado da hauhawar farashin wutar lantarki da kuma kare muhalli, a cewar shawarwarin da wata tawagar makamashi ƙarƙashin ministan tattalin arziki Michael Glos ta tsara." Jam'iyyar Green Party ta Jamus ta yi adawa da makamashin nukiliya, da kuma karfin kasuwa na kayan aikin Jamus, tana mai cewa "karancin makamashi" an halicce shi ta hanyar wucin gadi. Akwai gagarumin sha'awar ilimi a cikin dokar makamashi ta Jamus. Akwai ginshiƙi mai taƙaita dokokin makamashi na Jamus.
Italiya Italiya tana da albarkatun ƙasa kaɗan. rashin isasshen ma'adinan ƙarfe, gawayi, ko mai Tabbataccen tanadin iskar gas, galibi a cikin kwarin Po da Adriatic na teku, sun zama mafi mahimmancin albarkatun ma'adinai na ƙasar. Fiye da kashi 80% na albarkatun makamashin kasar ana shigo da su ne daga kasashen waje. Bangaren makamashi ya dogara sosai kan shigo da kayayyaki daga ketare: a shekara ta 2006 kasar ta shigo da sama da kashi 86% na yawan makamashin da take amfani da shi. A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, Italiya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa a duniya, matsayi a matsayin mai samar da makamashin hasken rana mafi girma na biyar a cikin 2009 kuma na shida mafi girma na samar da wutar lantarki a cikin shekara ta 2008. A cikin shekara taikin 1987, bayan bala'in Chernobyl, yawancin 'yan Italiya sun amince da kuri'ar raba gardama na neman kawar da makamashin nukiliya. Gwamnati ta mayar da martani ta hanyar rufe tashoshin nukiliyar da ake da su tare da dakatar da shirin nukiliyar kasa gaba daya. Italiya kuma tana shigo da kusan kashi 16% na bukatar wutar lantarki daga Faransa akan 6.5 GWe, wanda ya sa ta zama babbar mai shigo da wutar lantarki a duniya. Saboda dogaro da tsadar albarkatun mai da shigo da kaya, Italiyanci suna biyan kusan kashi 45% fiye da matsakaicin EU na wutar lantarki A shekara ta 2004, sabuwar dokar makamashi ta kawo yuwuwar hada gwiwa da kamfanonin kasashen waje don gina tashoshin nukiliya da shigo da wutar lantarki. A cikin 2005, kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Italiya, ENEL ya yi yarjejeniya da Electricite de France akan MWe 200 daga injin nukiliya a Faransa da yuwuwar ƙarin MWe 1,000 daga sabon gini. A matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar, ENEL ta sami kashi 12.5% a cikin aikin da kuma shiga kai tsaye a cikin ƙira, gine-gine, da kuma sarrafa tsire-tsire. A wani yunƙurin kuma, ENEL ta kuma sayi kashi 66% na wutar lantarki ta Slovak da ke sarrafa injinan nukiliya guda shida. A wani bangare na wannan yarjejeniya, ENEL za ta biya gwamnatin Slovakia Yuro biliyan 1.6 don kammala tashar samar da makamashin nukiliya a Mochovce, wanda ke da babban adadin 942 MW Tare da wadannan yarjejeniyoyi, Italiya ta yi nasarar samun damar yin amfani da makamashin nukiliya ba tare da sanya matatun mai a yankin Italiya ba.
Lithuania Ƙasar Lithuania tana da dokar makamashi, Energetikos teisė. A cikin Ukraine, ayyukan makamashi masu sabuntawa suna tallafawa ta hanyar tsarin jadawalin kuɗin fito Dokar Ukraine "A kan madadin hanyoyin samar da makamashi" tana nufin madadin hanyoyin makamashi: hasken rana, iska, geothermal, hydrothermal, marine da hydrokinetic energy, hydroelectricity, biomass, landfill biogas da sauransu. Hukumar Kula da Makamashi da Makamashi ta Kasa ta Ukrainian da Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Jiha kan Inganta Makamashi da Ajiye Makamashi na Ukraine sune manyan hukumomin daidaita makamashin da ake sabunta su. Gwamnatin Ukraine ta yi gyare-gyare a madadin makamashi. Akwai buƙatar sabis na tanadin makamashi a cikin Ukraine. Ƙimar sa ya kai kusan Yuro biliyan 5 kawai a cikin gine-gine mallakar gwamnati.
Ukraine In Ukraine, renewable energy projects are supported by a feed-in tariff system. The law of Ukraine "On alternative sources of energy"
Ukraine tana da wata hukuma ta daban don gudanar da Yankin Keɓewa na Chernobyl Sauran kasashen Turai Albaniya na da kafa Cibiyar Man Fetur da Gas ta Albaniya. Akwai gagarumin ikon geothermal a Iceland kusan kashi 80% na makamashin da al'ummar kasar ke bukata, ana samun su ne ta hanyar samar da makamashin kasa, wanda duk mallakar gwamnati ne, ko kuma ta tsara su.
Indiya
Iraki A fasahance, Iraki ba ta da dokar makamashi, amma ana shirin aiwatar da dokar kusan shekaru biyar a farkon shekara ta 2012.
Ma'aikatar mai ta Iraqi tana ba da kwangila ga kamfanoni kaɗan ne kawai Ya zuwa watan Yulin shekara ta 2014, akwai kamfanonin mai guda 23 da aka kafa, amma kamfanonin banki guda 17 ne kawai a Iraki.
Isra'ila Dokar Tushen Makamashi na Isra'ila, 5750-1989 ("Dokar Makamashi"), ta bayyana abin da ake ɗauka a matsayin "makamashi" da "tushen makamashi" kuma manufarsa ita ce tsara yadda ake amfani da makamashi yayin da ake tabbatar da ingantaccen amfani da shi. A karkashin dokar makamashi, majalisar dokokin Isra'ila ta gabatar da wasu hanyoyin auna ma'auni don daidaita ingancin amfani da makamashin. Bugu da ƙari, wace ƙungiya ce za ta cancanci bi da amfani da irin waɗannan hanyoyin.
Bugu da ƙari kuma, a cikin Isra'ila akwai wasu ƙarin dokoki da suka shafi amfani da makamashi, kamar Dokar Bangaren Gas, 5762-2002 wanda ya ba da sharuɗɗan haɓakar yanayin iskar gas a Isra'ila, da kuma Wutar Lantarki. Dokar Sashin, 5756-1996, wacce ta kafa "Hukumar Amfani da Jama'a Wutar Lantarki" wacce ke buga umarni da ka'idoji don amfani da sabbin hanyoyin wutar lantarki, gami da makamashin hasken rana da makamashin ruwa.
Japan Kafin girgizar kasa da tsunami na Maris 2011, da bala'o'in nukiliya da suka haifar da ita, Japan ta samar da kashi 30% na wutar lantarki daga injinan nukiliya kuma ta yi niyya don haɓaka wannan kaso zuwa 40%. Makamashin nukiliya shine fifikon dabarun ƙasa a Japan, amma an yi damuwa game da ƙarfin makaman nukiliya na Japan don jure ayyukan girgizar ƙasa. An rufe tashar nukiliyar Kashiwazaki-Kariwa gaba daya na tsawon watanni 21 bayan girgizar kasa a 2007. Girgizar kasa da tsunami na 2011 sun haifar da gazawar tsarin sanyaya a tashar makamashin nukiliya ta Fukushima I a ranar 11 ga Maris kuma an ayyana gaggawar nukiliya. An kwashe mazauna 140,000. Ba a fayyace adadin adadin kayan aikin rediyo da aka saki ba, yayin da rikicin ke ci gaba da gudana. A ranar 6 ga Mayun 2011, Firayim Minista Naoto Kan ya ba da umarnin rufe tashar nukiliyar Hamaoka saboda girgizar kasa mai karfin awo 8.0 ko sama da haka na iya afkuwa a yankin cikin shekaru 30 masu zuwa. Matsalolin daidaita tashar nukiliya ta Fukushima I sun taurare halayen makamashin nukiliya. Tun daga watan Yuni 2011, "fiye da kashi 80 na Jafanawa yanzu sun ce su ne anti-nukiliya da rashin amincewa da bayanan gwamnati game da radiation Ya zuwa watan Oktoba na 2011, an sami karancin wutar lantarki, amma Japan ta tsira daga lokacin bazara ba tare da an samu bakar duhu da aka yi hasashe ba. Wata takarda mai farar fata ta makamashi, wadda Majalisar Ministocin Japan ta amince da ita a watan Oktoban 2011, ta ce "amincin da jama'a ke da shi kan amincin makamashin nukiliyar ya lalace sosai" sakamakon bala'in Fukushima, tare da yin kira da a rage dogaro da al'ummar kasar kan makamashin nukiliya. An rufe da yawa daga cikin tashoshin nukiliya na Japan, ko kuma an dakatar da ayyukansu don duba lafiyarsu. Na ƙarshe na 54 reactors na Japan Tomari-3 ya tafi layi don kulawa a ranar 5 ga Mayu, 2012., ya bar Japan gaba ɗaya ba tare da samar da wutar lantarki ta nukiliya ba a karon farko tun 1970. Duk da zanga-zangar, a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2012 an sake kunna raka'a 3 na Kamfanin Wutar Nukiliya ta Ōi. Tun daga watan Satumbar 2012, raka'a na 3 da 4 ne kawai tashoshin makamashin nukiliyar Japan da ke aiki da su, duk da cewa birnin da lardin Osaka sun bukaci a rufe su. Shirin Haɗin gwiwar Makamashin Nukiliya na Amurka da Japan, yarjejeniya ce ta haɗin gwiwa da ke da nufin tsara tsarin bincike na haɗin gwiwa da haɓaka fasahar makamashin nukiliya, wanda aka rattaba hannu kan Afrilu 18, 2007. An yi imanin cewa yarjejeniyar ita ce ta farko da Amurka ta rattaba hannu don bunkasa fasahohin makamashin nukiliya tare da wata kasa, ko da yake Japan na da yarjejeniya da Australia, Canada, China, Faransa, da kuma Birtaniya A karkashin shirin, Amurka da Japan kowannensu zai gudanar da bincike kan fasahar reactor mai sauri, fasahar zagayowar man fetur, na'urar kwamfyuta ta zamani da ƙirar ƙira, ƙanana da matsakaita reactors, kariya da kariya ta jiki; da sarrafa sharar nukiliya, wanda kwamitin hadin gwiwa zai gudanar da shi. Ci gaban yerjejeniyar ya kasance cikin rudani tun lokacin da Fukushima I ta yi hatsarin nukiliya.
Kamfanin Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC) kamfani ne na gwamnati wanda ke da hannu wajen binciken makamashin burbushin mai, da dai sauransu. A cikin 2013, ma'aikatanta na kamfanoni sun fara fitar da Methane clathrate daga ma'ajin ajiyar teku. l
Malaysia Malaysia tana sarrafa sashin makamashinta sosai.
Daga shekara ta 1982 zuwa shekara ta 1992, Gwamnatin Sabah ta mallaki masana'antar iskar gas ta Sabah don gudanar da ayyukan albarkatun iskar gas na Sabah, wanda ke Labuan, Malaysia, wanda aka sanya don zama mai zaman kansa An sayar da shukar methanol ga Petronas kuma tana aiki a yau azaman Petronas Methanol (Labuan) Sdn Bhd An sayar da tashar wutar lantarki ga Sabah Electricity Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabiya tana da wasu dokoki game da makamashi, musamman dokar mai da iskar gas. Saudiyya ita ce ƙasar da ta fi kowacce ƙasa samar da mai a duniya don haka dokarta ta makamashi na da matukar tasiri a kan samar da makamashi a duniya baki ɗaya. A karkashin dokar kasar Saudiyya, duk arzikinta na mai da iskar gas na gwamnati ne: “Dukkanin dukiyar da Allah Ya yi wa kasala, ko ta kasa ko ta kasa ko ta ruwa na ƙasa, a cikin ƙasa ko na ruwa da ke ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati., sune dukiyar ƙasa kamar yadda doka ta ayyana. Shari’a ta bayyana hanyoyin da ake amfani da su, da kariya, da bunƙasa irin wannan dukiya domin amfanin ƙasa, tsaronta, da tattalin arzikinta.” Har ila yau, ana ba da izinin harajin makamashi musamman; Sashe na 20 na dokar asali ya ce, “Ana sanya haraji da kudade ne bisa adalci kuma sai lokacin da bukatar hakan ta taso. Ƙaddamarwa, gyara, sokewa, da keɓancewa kawai doka ta halatta." Ma'aikatu biyu na Masarautar Saudiyya ne ke da alhakin bangaren makamashi: Ma'aikatar Man Fetur da na Ruwa da Wutar Lantarki. Dokokin kasar kuma sun kafa wasu hukumomin da ke da wasu hurumin doka, amma ba su da ka'ida. Wadannan sun haɗa da Saudi Aramco, asali na hadin gwiwa tsakanin Masarautar da California-Arabian Standard Oil, amma yanzu gaba daya mallakar Masarautar, da Saudi Consolidated Electricity Companies.
Najeriya Najeriya ce ƙasa mafi yawan arzikin man fetur a nahiyar Afirka kuma ita ce ta 11 a duniya wajen samar da man fetur. Dokar makamashi a ƙasar ta shafi man fetur da iskar gas, da sauran hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki. Har ila yau, tana da doka da siyasa mai karfi a cikin makamashin da ake sabunta shi na samar da wutar lantarki a ƙasar. Haka kuma aikin samar da wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara ya samu gindin zama a dokar makamashi a ƙasar.
Singapore Tsohuwar Dokar Man Fetur ta Turkiyya ta shafe shekaru 70 tana aiki har zuwa shekarar 2013, inda ta kafa sabuwar dokar man fetur mai lamba 6491. Daga cikin wasu tanade-tanade, yana tsawaita shekarun da aka halatta na izinin hakowa, da rage farashi, da kuma kawar da mulkin mallaka na jiha.
Ƙasar Ingila Ƙasar Ingila ta fara shirin barin al'ummar Turai tun daga watan Janairun 2020.
Amurka Wannan sashe ya shafi dokar Amurka, da kuma jihohin da suka fi yawan jama'a ko mafi yawan samar da makamashi.
A cikin Amurka, ana sarrafa makamashi da yawa ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka, da kuma hukumomin gudanarwa na jihohi.
Kowace jiha, Gwamnatin Tarayya, da Gundumar Columbia suna karɓar wasu harajin harajin abin hawa Musamman, waɗannan harajin haraji ne akan man fetur, man dizal, da mai Yayin da yawancin jihohi a yammacin Amurka suka dogara ga haraji mai yawa (haraji akan hakar ma'adinai), yawancin jihohi suna samun ɗan ƙaramin adadin kudaden shiga daga irin waɗannan hanyoyin.
Duba kuma Sakamakon rikicin makamashi na 2000s
Gabaɗayan batutuwan makamashi Tsarin makamashi
Kiyaye makamashi
Tattalin arzikin makamashi
Kasuwannin makamashi da abubuwan haɓaka makamashi
Karyawar ruwa
Seismicity da aka jawo
Jerin batutuwan makamashi
Albarkatun makamashi na duniya da amfani
Tarihin kasuwar mai ta duniya daga 2003
Musamman dokoki da manufofi Atomic Energy Basic Law
Koyarwar hakkoki
Cuius est solum eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos
Sauƙi
Dokokin keken lantarki
Manufar makamashi na Tarayyar Turai
Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Makamashi
Tauraron Makamashi
Tsaron makamashi
Tariff ɗin ciyarwa
Amfanin man fetur da dizal da farashi
Jerin hukumomin kula da makamashi
Jerin kararrakin muhalli
Manufar makamashin nukiliya
Petrobangla Bangladesh State Energy Corporation
Tankunan tunani da ƙungiyoyi na ilimi Alliance don Ajiye Makamashi
Cibiyar Makamashi, Man Fetur da Dokokin Ma'adinai
Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli
Sabunta Makamashi da Haɗin gwiwar Haɓaka Ƙarfafa Makamashi
RETSscreen
Cibiyar Makamashi da Albarkatu
Jami'ar Laval
Jami'ar Wyoming
Sabuntawa da madadin hanyoyin makamashi Madadin motsawa
Tsabtace Makamashi Trends
Tsabtace Tech Nation
Ƙarfafa ƙarfin hasken rana
Ingantacciyar amfani da makamashi
Abin hawa lantarki
Ƙarfin geothermal
dumamar yanayi
Green banki
Hydro One
Tushen wutar lantarki mai ɗan lokaci
Taron Taro na Kasa da Kasa Kan Mai
Jerin batutuwan makamashi masu sabuntawa ta ƙasa
makamashin teku
Tsarin ginin hasken rana mai wucewa
Plug-in matasan
Kasuwancin makamashi mai sabuntawa
Zafi mai sabuntawa
Hasken rana
Zane mai dorewa
The Clean Tech Revolution
V2G
Kyaututtuka da ma'auni Ashden Awards
ISO 14001
Jagoranci a Makamashi da Tsarin Muhalli (LEED)
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu Klause Bosselmann, Ƙa'idar Dorewa (Burlington, VT: Ashland 2008) GT Goodman, WD Rowe, Gudanar da Hadarin Makamashi (New York: Academic Press 1979) An samo a Biblio
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yanar Gizon Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Amurka
Cibiyar Cibiyar Harkokin Makamashi ta yanar gizo
Sashen Muhalli, Makamashi, da Albarkatun gidan yanar gizon Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Amurka Dokar makamashi a gidan yanar gizon Cornell Law School
LLM a cikin Dokar Makamashi a Makarantar Law ta Vermont
Jaridar Dokar Makamashi
Journal of World Energy Law Business, da takwarori-bita, da hukuma jarida na Association of International Petroleum Negotiators, buga ta Oxford University Press.
Energy Law Net, gidan yanar gizo mai hulɗa don lauyoyin makamashi
Yanar Gizo na Jami'ar Pace Energy Climate Center
Dokar makamashi ta Amurka, daga gidan yanar gizon FindLaw.com
Jerin masana'antun makamashi na Amurka, daga gidan yanar gizon FindLaw.com
Yanar Gizo na Masana'antar Makamashi a Yau
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙi
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
52737 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff%20Chan%20%28kwallon%20kwando%29 | Jeff Chan (kwallon kwando) | Jeffrei Allan D. Chan (an haife shi a watan Fabrairu 11, 1983) ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ƙwararren ɗan ƙasar Philippines ne na NorthPort Batang Pier na Ƙungiyar Kwando ta Philippine (PBA). Bayan an lalata shi a cikin daftarin PBA na 2008, ya zama sananne a matsayin ɗayan mafi kyawun masu harbi uku na zamaninsa.
Rayuwar farko da aikin koleji Chan an haife shi kuma ya girma a Bacolod. Ya girma tare da mahaifiyarsa da ƙanensa ɗaya, kamar yadda mahaifinsa ya bar iyali. Ya fara buga wasan kwallon kwando a jami’ar St. La Salle (USLS) a makarantar aji inda ya yi gasar gasa daban-daban kuma ya samu lakabi da dama a makarantar. A wancan zamanin, ya taka leda a matsayin mai karfin gaba, yana kwaikwayon ikon gaba Horace Grant Hakanan ya kasance tsohon memba na ƙungiyar zakara a cikin ADIDAS Kalubalen ƙwallon ƙafa a Yammacin Visayas .A lokacin karatunsa na sakandare a USLS, ya taka leda a wasanni da yawa a Bacolod kuma an zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan Western Visayas don yin wasa a Palarong Pambansa A lokacin da yake makarantar sakandare ne ya fara aiki da harbin da ya yi a waje. Daga nan ya sami tayin wasa da yawa daga makarantu daban-daban a cikin Metro Manila inda ya zaɓi shiga sansanin horo na Kwalejin San Beda Amma tun kafin a fara makaranta, ya yanke shawarar komawa wasa ɗaya a bara tare da USLS.
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Red Bull Barako ya tsara Chan 17th gaba ɗaya a cikin daftarin PBA na 2008 Da ya shigo daftarin, ana sa ran zai zama wanda za a yi zagaye na farko, amma ya tsallake zuwa karshen zagaye na biyu. Ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu da Red Bull. Dan damfara ya zaburar da shi ya kara himma. Yana da maki 15 a cikin rashin nasara kusa da Sta. Lucia Realtors Ya biyo bayan hakan tare da maki 23 a nasara akan Alaska Aces A wasan da ya yi da Realtors, ya sake buga maki 23 don samun nasara, ko da yake tawagar ta kasa yin ta zuwa gasar cin kofin Philippine Bayan tashi daga Cyrus Baguio daga Barako Bull Energy Boosters, Chan ya zama daya daga cikin go-to-guys da zira kwallaye barazana na tawagar har 2009, lokacin da aka yi ciniki da Rain ko Shine Elasto Painters Daga nan ya koma Jami'ar Far Eastern don buga wa Tamaraws wasa. A kakar wasansa na rookie, ya zira maki tara a Wasan 2 na UAAP Finals don taimakawa FEU neman taken ta na 18th. An ba da Tamaraws gasar zakarun 2004 bayan batutuwan cancanta tare da De La Salle, kuma sun sake doke De La Salle don taken a 2005. Ya sami matsakaicin maki 18.6, 4.8 rebounds, da 3.0 yana taimakawa kowane wasa a lokacin babbar shekararsa.</link sana'a
Red Bull Barako Barako Bull
Rain kBayan kammala karatunsa, Red Bull Barako ya tsara Chan 17th gaba ɗaya a cikin daftarin PBA na 2008 Da ya shigo daftarin, ana sa ran zai zama wanda za a yi zagaye na farko, amma ya tsallake zuwa karshen zagaye na biyu. Ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu da Red Bull. Dan damfara ya zaburar da shi ya kara himma. Yana da maki 15 a cikin rashin nasara kusa da Sta. Lucia Realtors Ya biyo bayan hakan tare da maki 23 a nasara akan Alaska Aces A wasan da ya yi da Realtors, ya sake buga maki 23 don samun nasara, ko da yake tawagar ta kasa yin ta zuwa gasar cin kofin Philippine Bayan tashi daga Cyrus Baguio daga Barako Bull Energy Boosters, Chan ya zama daya daga cikin go-to-guys da zira kwallaye barazana na tawagar har 2009, lokacin da aka yi ciniki da Rain ko Shine Elasto Painters o Shine Elasto Painters
Shekaru na farko (2009-2011) Chan, tare da Mike Hrabak, an yi ciniki da shi zuwa Rain ko Shine don Rob Wainwright da Mark Andaya A gasar cin kofin Philippine na 2009–10 da tsohuwar kungiyarsa, ya hade da Hrabak don maki 27 akan maki bakwai uku. Ya kuma yi takara a cikin Shootout-Point Uku a lokacin 2010 All-Star Weekend, amma ya yi rashin nasara ga Mark Macapagal na Coca-Cola Tigers A cikin gasar cin kofin Philippine na 2010-11, Chan ya zo tare da maki 19, taimako bakwai, sake dawowa shida, sata uku, da mai nuna nasara uku a buzzer a cikin nasara akan Air21 Express Lokacin Breakout (2011-12) Don fara kakar 2011–12, Chan ya zira kwallaye 18 a nasara akan Sarakunan Barangay Ginebra Sannan ya zira kwallaye 19 yayin da Rain ko Shine suka fara kakar wasa 2-0. Yayin da suka ci gaba da yin rikodi na 4–1, ya lashe kyautar Gwarzon Dan Wasan Makon don wasansa na yau da kullun. Sannan ya zira kwallaye 20 a bugun daga kai sai 139–95 na Meralco Bolts Sannan yana da maki 28 (tare da 17 a cikin kwata na uku) don haɓaka Rain ko Shine zuwa 6–1. A lokacin, yana jagorantar gasar a cikin maki uku da aka yi da kashi uku na maki. A Wasan 1 na gasar cin kofin Philippine da suka yi da Powerade Tigers, ya ci maki 27 don ya jagoranci ruwan sama ko Shine zuwa nasara. A cikin Wasan 4, ya jagoranci ƙungiyar da maki 19 don ɗaure jerin 2–2. Koyaya, Rain ko Shine zai rasa jerin abubuwan, yana aika Powerade zuwa Ƙarshe. A lokacin 2012 PBA All-Star Weekend, Chan ya shiga cikin duka PBA Legends Game da Shootout Uku. Daga nan ne ya fara kamfen na gasar cin kofin Gwamnonin Ruwa ko Shine da maki 20 a wasan da suka doke Alaska. Tare da Gabe Norwood, sun haɗu da maki 34 a nasara akan Barako Bull. Rain ko Shine a ƙarshe sun yi fitowar su ta Ƙarshe na farko a tarihin Ƙarshe a wancan taron. A cikin Wasan 3 na Ƙarshe, ya zira kwallaye 18 (tare da 11 zuwa na uku) yayin da Rain ko Shine ya jagoranci 2-1 a cikin jerin. Rain ko Shine ƙarshe ya lashe gasarsa ta farko, tare da shi ya lashe MVP na ƙarshe, Mafi Ingantattun Playeran wasa, da kuma tabo akan Ƙungiyoyin Tafiya na Biyu Fitowar Gasar Cin Kofin Filibi na Farko da All-Star MVP (2012–13) A cikin gasar cin kofin Philippine na 2012-13, Chan yana da maki 12 na maki 25 a cikin kwata na hudu na rashin nasara ga Ginebra. Daga nan ya zira kwallaye mafi girman maki 35 (tare da wanda ya ci wasan) a kan Air21, ya rasa harbi uku kawai. A kan San Mig Coffee Mixers, ya zira kwallaye 22 (tare da wasanni biyu na hudu, tare da tying na biyu wasan) kuma ya sami nasara. Daga nan ya zira kwallaye 12 daga cikin maki 22 a cikin kwata na hudu don samun nasara a kan Alaska. A cikin wasannin farko na taron, ya sami matsakaicin maki 18.5, kusan 48% daga filin wasa da 42% daga uku. Ya zira kwallaye 25 (tare da 14 a cikin kwata na uku) yayin da Painters suka tashi daga kasa da maki 26 don cin nasara akan Meralco a cikin karin lokaci. A zagayen kwata fainal, sun fuskanci Ginebra, wacce ta doke su sau biyu a zagayen kawar da su. Ya yi gwagwarmaya duka a cikin kwata-kwata, amma Rain ko Shine ya sami damar doke Ginebra kuma ya ci gaba zuwa zagaye na gaba. A Wasan 1 na wasan kusa da na karshe da suka yi da San Mig, ya ci maki 18 yayin da Rain ko Shine suka ci 1-0. A cikin Wasan 6, ya fashe don maki 27 don aika Rain ko Shine zuwa fitowarta ta farko ta gasar cin kofin Philippine, kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta Player of the Week. A cikin Ƙarshe, Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters ya share ruwan sama ko Shine a cikin wasanni huɗu. A cikin Kofin Kwamishina na 2013, Chan ya zira kwallaye 16 a nasara a kan Alaska don ya kai matakin kwata-final na Rain ko Shine. Daga nan aka ba shi suna co-MVP na 2013 All-Star Game tare da Arwind Santos Bayan ya buga wa tawagar kasar wasa, ya yi gasar cin kofin Gwamnoni a kan GlobalPort Batang Pier Bayan ya yi fafutuka a wasanninsa na farko a baya, ya fice daga wasan harbinsa inda ya zura maki 20 akan 4-of-5 daga uku a nasara akan Barako Bull. Masu zane-zane sun sanya shi har zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe a kan Petron Blaze Boosters, inda a cikin Game 3, ya zira kwallaye 18 maki don ci gaba da fatan 'yan wasan na karshe na rayuwa. Petron duk da haka, ya ƙare waɗannan bege lokacin da suka ci Wasan 4.
Yaƙin ƙarshe da San Mig (2013–14) A lokacin gasar cin kofin Philippine na 2013-14, Chan ya zira kwallaye 34 (jin kunya na aikinsa mai girma kuma ya hada da ci gaba da maki uku tare da 8.2 seconds hagu) kamar yadda Rain ko Shine ya tsira daga dawowa daga Barako Bull. A wannan wasan, ya tafi 11-na-15 daga filin wasa kuma ya yi 7-na-10 daga cikin ukun sa. Sannan ya jagoranci tawagarsa da maki 16 da Meralco kafin abokin wasansa JR Quiñahan ya yi nasara a wasanni uku da saura dakika 7. A Wasa na 2 na wasan dab da na kusa da na karshe da suka yi da Petron, ya ci maki 20 wanda ya jagoranci kungiyarsa zuwa 2-0. Ruwan sama ko Shine wannan lokacin ya sami damar doke Petron 4–1, inda ya kafa su don sake fafatawa na ƙarshe da San Mig, wanda suka doke a 2012. A Wasan 1, ya ci maki takwas ne kawai, amma bayansa da baya uku ya taimaka wa Rain ko Shine ya jagoranci wasan, kafin abokin wasansa Paul Lee ya rufe nasarar da banki. Ya zira kwallaye 18 a Wasan 2, amma kare San Mig's Joe Devance ya zubar da kuzarinsa kuma San Mig ya daura jerin. A cikin Game 3, ya sami damar lashe wasan ga masu zane-zane, amma mummunan kisa ya haifar da shi ya ɗauki mai zurfi uku mai zurfi tare da Marc Pingris yana kare shi. Harbin bai yi nasara ba kuma Coffee Mixers sun ci 2-1. A cikin dole ne ya ci Wasan 5, ya zira kwallaye 23 daga cikin maki 24 a rabi na biyu don kiyaye Rain ko Shine a cikin jerin 3–2. San Mig ya yi nasara a wasa na gaba, inda ya ba su gasar. A wasan farko na gasar cin kofin Kwamishina na shekarar 2014, Chan ta samu maki 24, duk da haka Painters ta samu maki 16 kuma Barako Bull ya ci wasan. Ya sake zura kwallaye 24 a wasa na gaba, a wannan karon nasara akan Alaska. Bayan da kungiyar ta yi rashin nasara a wasanni biyu a jere, ya samu maki 21 da bugun fanareti hudu don samun nasara a kan Meralco da kuma kawo karshen gasar. A matsayinsa na memba na tawagar ƙasa, ya sake zama Babban Tauraro. Ya zira kwallaye 17 a Wasan All-Star Rain ko Shine sannan ta doke Meralco a wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe. Daga nan sun yi rashin nasara da Talk 'N Text a wasanni hudu a cikin wasan kusa da na karshe kamar yadda suka samu matsakaicin maki 88 kawai. Bayan sun yi rashin nasara a wasanni biyu na farko na gasar cin kofin Gwamnoni na 2014, Chan ta zira kwallaye 19 a kan GlobalPort don samun ruwan sama ko Shine nasarar farko ta taron. A karawar da Barako, shi da Rain ko Shine shigo da AZ Reid suka hadu suka ci duka sai daya daga cikin maki 11 na karshe na Elasto Painters wanda ya basu damar cin nasarar. Sannan ya harba kashi 64.7% daga filin wasa a cikin nasara biyun da suka yi a gaba, inda ya ba shi kyautar gwarzon dan wasan mako. A wasan dab da na kusa da na karshe, yana da gwiwar hannu mai tsauri, wanda ya shafi harbinsa. Har yanzu, Rain ko Shine ya mayar da shi zuwa Gasar Ƙarshe A can, San Mig ya sake doke su a cikin jerin mafi kyawun-biyar, kuma ya sami tarihi tare da Grand Slam Magance rauni (2014-15) A cikin Rain ko Shine na hudu na gasar cin kofin Philippine 2014-15, Chan ya zira kwallaye 16 (tare da kusan duka amma biyu daga cikinsu suna zuwa a cikin kwata na biyu), amma Talk 'N Text ya sami nasara a kansu. Sannan ya samu nasarar sake buga wasanni 10 tare da maki 23 a nasara akan Barako. Ya ci maki 11 kwata na hudu a kan GlobalPort don samun Rain ko Shine nasara. A karawar da Meralco ya samu maki 16 kuma ya samu nasara. A Wasan 1 na wasan kusa da na karshe da suka yi da Alaska, yana da maki 17, amma kuma sau bakwai da ya ba Alaska damar lashe wasan. Alaska ta lashe gasar a wasanni biyar masu zuwa. An ba wa Chan suna ga All-Star Game, a wannan lokacin a matsayin memba na Kudancin All-Stars. A cikin kwata-kwata na Kofin Kwamishina na 2015, ya zira maki 17, gami da mahimmin mai nuni uku da cin nasarar wasan da aka sace daga Ginebra's Michael Dunigan don wasan cin nasara. Ya rasa wasan kusa da na karshe na ruwan sama ko Shine a kan Meralco saboda fasciitis na shuka, kuma a ƙarshe an yanke shi don yawancin Rain ko Shine's Finals a kan Magana 'N Text. Ya sami damar dawowa a cikin Game 6, kuma ya zira kwallaye 11 don tilasta Wasan 7. Magana 'N Text duk da haka ya sami damar cin nasara Game 7 a cikin kari sau biyu. Chan bai buga gasar cin kofin Gwamnoni na 2015 ba domin murmurewa daga raunin da ya ji a taron da ya gabata. Shi, tare da abokin wasansa Chris Tiu, ya koma mataki kan Barako. Ya nuna cewa ya warke sarai da maki 12, sau biyar. uku sun taimaka, da biyu kuma sun yi sata a cikin mintuna 16 kacal da 123–85 a kan Blackwater Elite A karawar da ya yi da Talk 'N Text, ya ba da gudummawar maki 10 da sake dawo da tara don cin nasara. Don waɗancan wasannin, an ba shi kyautar Gwarzon ɗan wasan mako. A cikin Wasan 2 na wasan kusa da na karshe a kan San Miguel Beermen, ya buga maki uku na cin nasara tare da sauran dakika 7.6. A wasa na 6, yana da maki 21, amma har yanzu San Miguel ya kawar da shi da tawagar.
Gasar ta biyu tare da Rain ko Shine (2015-16) A cikin lokacin kashe-kashe, Chan an sanya hannu kan mafi girman yarjejeniyar da ta kai P15.12 miliyan sama da shekaru uku tare da albashin P420,000 kowane wata. Ya zira kwallaye 15 akan 50% harbi daga duka filin kuma daga uku a nasara akan Beermen. Sannan ya zura kwallaye 19 a wasan da suka doke Ginebra. A karawar da suka yi da Meralco, yana da maki 24 mai girman wasa yayin da ya ja kungiyar zuwa nasara. A matakin farko na zagayen kwata fainal, yana da maki 17 da ya jagoranci kungiyar zuwa mataki na gaba duk da cewa Carlo Lastimosa na Blackwater ya ci maki 35. Daga nan ne suka doke Talk 'N Text inda suka wuce zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe. Masu zane-zane sun rasa Wasan 1 na wasan kusa da na karshe zuwa ga Beermen yayin da aka gudanar da shi babu ci. Ya sake dawowa da maki 16 a wasan na gaba, yayin da ya ci baya-baya-baya clutch mai nuni uku don kare nasarar da suka yi a kan San Miguel da kuma tabbatar da nasarar. Beermen sun kawar da su a Wasan 6. Koci Yeng Guiao ya ce bayan rashin nasara game da tawagarsa: "Har yanzu ba mu shirya don wasan karshe ba, ba mu shirya lashe gasar zakarun Turai ba, mafi kyawun abin da za mu iya yi shi ne shirya kanmu don taron na gaba" Chan dai bai buga wasu wasanni a gasar cin kofin Kwamishina ba saboda rauni a gwiwar hannu. Daga nan sai ya zube idon sawun sa a kan Alaska amma raunin ya kasance ka'ida ba mai tsanani ba. Ya sha bakar ido a kan Mahindra Enforcer amma har yanzu ya kare da maki 18 a nasarar. Ya kuma harbi 5 daga cikin 9 daga bene ya kuma yi taho mu gama guda biyar. Bayan wasanni biyu na zura kwallaye biyu a nasara akan GlobalPort da Blackwater, an ba shi dan wasan mako. Ruwan sama ko Shine ya gama zagayen kawarwa tare da rikodin 7-4. A cikin Wasan 1 na jerin kwata-kwata da suka yi da Ginebra, yana da maki 15, gami da tsalle tsalle daga reshe na hagu wanda ya rufe nasara ga Rain ko Shine. Daga nan ya zira kwallaye mafi girman maki 22 a wasan na gaba don kawar da Ginebra kuma ya wuce zuwa matakin kusa da na karshe. A cikin Wasan 1 na wasan kusa da na karshe a kan Beermen, ya ci gaba da ci gaba da nuna maki uku yayin da Painters suka ci gaba da samun nasara. A ƙarshe Painters sun ci jerin 3–1, suna kawo ƙarshen fatan Beermen na Grand Slam. A Wasan 2 na Finals da Alaska, yana da maki 17 daga benci yayin da Rain ko Shine suka jagoranci 2-0. Rain ko Shine a ƙarshe ya lashe gasarsa ta biyu a Wasan 6. Daga baya wannan kakar, ya sake yin takara a cikin Shooting Point Uku. Ya kuma taka leda a 2016 All-Star Game don Kudu All-Stars.
Lokacin ƙarshe tare da Rain ko Shine (2016-17) A da sabon ƙungiyar Coach Guiao NLEX Road Warriors, Chan ya zira kwallaye tara daga cikin maki 16 don nasara a gasar cin kofin Philippine na 2016–17 A kan Mahindra, ya bugi mai nuni uku don hana fushi daga Mahindra. Sannan ya zira kwallaye 14 daga cikin maki 24 da ya hada da ci gaba da kuma-1 tare da saura dakika 7.7 don shawo kan gibin maki 17 a kan Phoenix Fuel Masters Saboda rawar da ya taka, an ba shi kyautar gwarzon dan wasan mako.
Phoenix Fuel Masters An siyar da Chan zuwa Masters Fuel na Phoenix a cikin 2017 don Mark Borboran da zaɓin zagaye na biyu na 2020 Shugaban kocin Phoenix Ariel Vanguardia ya so shi don kwarewarsa kuma a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga dan wasan su Matthew Wright Sana'ar ta ba wa Chan mamaki, domin a tunaninsa zai yi wasa ne kawai don Rain ko Shine har tsawon rayuwarsa. A farkon wasansa, yana da maki 27 (tare da 13 a cikin kwata na biyu), sake dawowa hudu, taimako biyar, da sata hudu. Koyaya, yana da manyan juzu'i bakwai wanda shine dalilin da yasa Meralco ya ci gaba da lashe wasan. Yana da maki 14 amma ya taru a tsakiyar kwata na uku yayin da Phoenix ya sha kashi na biyar kai tsaye. A lokacin wasan cin kofin Philippine na 2017–18 da NLEX, Chan ya zira kwallaye 18 akan harbi 8-na-11 a cikin mintuna 27 daga benci. Ya kuma kara alluna shida, uku sun taimaka, kuma ya yi sauyi daya kacal a wannan wasan, duk da rashin wasan da suka yi a baya saboda mura da ciwon ido. Bayan da Phoenix ya ci gaba da yin rashin nasara a wasanni biyu, ya buge clutch kyauta don kawo karshen wasan da suka yi da Ginebra kuma ya kammala da maki 19, ya taimaka shida da sake dawowa biyar. Ya samu damar yin nasara a wasan da Meralco, amma maki uku ya bata. Chan ya sami maki 29 a cikin 2018 All-Star Visayas Game kuma an nada shi MVP na waccan wasan. A wasansa na karshe da Phoenix, ya zura kwallaye 26 a rashin nasara a hannun Rain ko Shine.
Barangay Ginebra
Zakaran Kofin Kwamishina (2018) A ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2018, an yi cinikin Chan zuwa Barangay Ginebra don musanya 2018 na zagayowar daftarin farko Babban kocin Ginebra Tim Cone ya so shi kamar yadda Ginebra ke da burin gasar. A halin da ake ciki Phoenix ya yi cinikin kamar yadda suke son ba da mintuna ga sauran 'yan wasa. Yana da maki hudu kawai a farkonsa, amma jagorancinsa ya bayyana kamar yadda Ginebra ya ci nasara a kan Columbian Dyip A Wasan 1 na kwata fainal da suka yi da Meralco, a karshe ya buga ukun sa na farko, inda ya kare da maki takwas a nasara. A Wasan 1 na wasan kusa da na karshe, wanda aka yi da Rain ko Shine, ya fitar da maki 21 a cikin mintuna 22 kacal na wasan yayin da ya taimaka wa Ginebra ta samu nasara. A karshe Ginebra ta doke Rain ko Shine a wasan kusa da na karshe da San Miguel a Gasar Karshe ta lashe gasarsa ta 3 kuma ta farko da Ginebra. A cikin wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar cin kofin Gwamnoni na 2018, ya zama dan wasa na 91 da ya kai matakin maki 5,000.
Kofin Gwamnoni na 1st tare da Ginebra (2019) Chan ya rasa farkon kakar Ginebra saboda kawai an yi masa tiyatar motsa kashi A karshe ya buga wasansa na farko a kakar wasa a wasan da suka doke Colombian. Sun kasa lashe kofin gasar cin kofin Philippine a waccan kakar, yayin da Magnolia Hotshots ta kawar da su a Wasan 3, duk da maki 17 na hudu na kwata. A wasan da Blackwater, Chan ya sauka a kan Blackwater's James Sena An yanke hukuncin raunin ne a matsayin rauni a idon sawu kuma ya yi jinyar watanni biyu. Ya koma mataki a gasar cin kofin Kwamishina a kan TNT KaTropa A ƙarshe Ginebra ta yi rashin nasara a hannun TNT. Chan ya yi wasansa mafi kyau a kakar wasa da Dyip inda ya samu maki 10 daga cikin maki 20 a cikin kwata na hudu kuma tare da nasarar ya lashe manyan kasashe 4 a gasar. A Wasan 2 na wasan kusa da na karshe, ya zira kwallaye 12 kuma ya taimaka wajen daidaita jerin. Ya kasance mai daidaito kuma a cikin Game 3, saboda wannan lokacin yana da maki 14. A Gasar Cin Kofin Gwamnoni na 2019, ya yi masa rauni. Duk da haka, ya iya yin wasa, kuma a cikin Wasan 6, sun zama zakarun gasar cin kofin Gwamnoni.
Zakaran gasar cin kofin Philippine (2020) A lokacin gasar cin kofin Philippine na 2020, Chan ya ci maki 12 a nasara akan Blackwater. Ya sake zira kwallaye 12 a kan Meralco yayin da ya kara bugun fanareti hudu da tubalan guda biyu yayin da Ginebra ta bude kakar wasa da ci 3-0. Ya zura kwallaye tara yayin da Magnolia suka yi nasara a jere. A wasan dab da na kusa da na karshe, ya kara rauni a kafarsa kuma bai buga wasu wasanni ba. Duk da raunin da ya yi, ya sami damar ba da gudummawa a Gasar Karshe yayin da a ƙarshe ya lashe kofinsa na farko a gasar cin kofin Philippine.
Lokacin ƙarshe tare da Ginebra (2021-2022) A cikin gasar cin kofin Gwamnoni na 2021, Chan ya zube idon sa a nasara a kan Blackwater, amma ya ci gaba da wasa. Ya yi rawar gani a kan Rain ko Shine lokacin da ya zira kwallaye 12 daga cikin maki 15 a cikin rabin na biyu wanda ya taimaka wa Ginebra samun nasara. A cikin Wasan 4 na wasan kusa da nasu da NLEX, ya zira maki 20 don tallafawa Justin Brownlee's 47 yayin da Ginebra ta koma Gasar Ƙarshe A can, sun sake doke Meralco a wasanni shida. A cikin lokacin kashe-kashe, Chan ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekara guda tare da kungiyar. A zagayen kawar da NorthPort, ya ba da gudummawar maki 11, taimako biyu da sake dawowa biyu. A cikin Wasan 1 na jerin wasannin kwata fainal da suka yi da Meralco, ya ci maki 11 a cikin rashin nasara. Ginebra ya sake dawowa a cikin Game 2, amma ya rasa jerin abubuwan a cikin Game 3. Ya yi duk da haka, ya sami yin aiki na 800th mai nuni uku a cikin Game 3, ya zama ɗan wasa na 19 da ya yi hakan.
NorthPort Batang Pier A ranar 20 ga Satumba, 2022, an yi cinikin Chan zuwa NorthPort Batang Pier a cikin cinikin ƙungiyoyi uku da ya shafi NorthPort, Barangay Ginebra, da San Miguel. Ya sami maki 12 a nasara akan NLEX. A cikin Wasan 2 na jerin wasannin gasar cin kofin Kwamishina da suka yi da Ginebra, yana da maki 20, da maki biyar, da taimako shida, amma bai isa ba yayin da Ginebra ta wuce zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe.
Aikin tawagar kasa Chan ya fara shiga tawagar kwallon kwando ta maza ta Philippines a shekara ta 2007. Yana cikin tawagar da ta lashe zinare a wasannin SEA na waccan shekarar. Zai iya taka leda a Wasannin SEA na 2005 idan ba don dakatar da FIBA na Philippines a lokacin ba. A cikin 2013, an kira Chan har zuwa Gilas 2.0 bayan 'yan wasa a matsayinsa irin su James Yap, Mark Caguioa, da PJ Simon ba su iya aikatawa ba. A lokacinsa tare da Gilas, ya taimaka wa tawagar ta lashe gasar cin kofin Jones ta 2012, ta gama na biyu a gasar FIBA Asiya ta maza ta 2013, kuma ya halarci gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIBA ta farko ta Philippines a cikin 2014 bayan shekaru 36 da babu. Ya kuma kasance memba na tawagar da ta kare a matsayi na bakwai a gasar Asiya ta 2014, mafi muni a tarihin Philippine. A cikin 2015, Rain ko Shine ba a sake Chan zuwa Gilas 3.0 ba, saboda Gabe Norwood kawai ƙungiyar ta saki. Daga baya an saka shi cikin jerin gwanon Gasar cancantar Gasar Olympics ta FIBA ta 2016 Bayanin mai kunnawa An kwatanta Chan da 1990s PBA sharpshooter Allan Caidic saboda kamannin salon wasan su, da kamannin kamannin su. Yana da hannun hagu, kamar Caidic, kuma sau da yawa yana harbi daga gefen hagu na kotun. A da ana ganinsa a matsayin mai harbi ne kawai, amma bayan lokaci, sai ya zama mai sarkewa.
PBA ƙididdiga aiki Tun daga ƙarshen lokacin 2022-23
Matsakaicin lokaci-lokaci align=left align=left Red Bull Barako Bull
33 24.0 .354 .302 .804 3.2 2.0 .6 .3 9.1
align=left align=left Rain or Shine
51 21.6 .388 .370 .719 2.8 1.4 .6 .1 9.0
align=left align=left Rain or Shine
40 21.9 .320 .259 .687 2.4 1.7 .6 .2 7.6
align=left align=left Rain or Shine
53 29.2 .415 .341 .766 3.0 2.0 .8 .3 14.2
align=left align=left Rain or Shine
50 27.2 .363 .259 .745 3.6 2.6 .7 .1 11.9
align=left align=left Rain or Shine
60 25.8 .422 .347 .771 2.6 2.2 .5 .0 11.4
align=left align=left Rain or Shine
45 23.8 .386 .323 .779 2.9 2.0 .9 .0 10.3
align=left align=left Rain or Shine
54 23.9 .429 .374 .818 2.9 1.8 .6 .0 11.7
align=left rowspan=2| align=left Rain or Shine
rowspan=2|35 rowspan=2|25.2 rowspan=2|.412 rowspan=2|.297 rowspan=2|.806 rowspan=2|2.9 rowspan=2|2.3 rowspan=2|.6 rowspan=2|.1 rowspan=2|11.1
align=left Phoenix
align=left rowspan=2| align=left Phoenix
rowspan=2|51 rowspan=2|23.2 rowspan=2|.386 rowspan=2|.327 rowspan=2|.711 rowspan=2|3.0 rowspan=2|2.8 rowspan=2|.6 rowspan=2|.2 rowspan=2|8.7
align=left Barangay Ginebra
align=left align=left Barangay Ginebra
30 14.7 .364 .296 .791 1.7 1.4 .3 .1 6.1
align=left align=left Barangay Ginebra
19 14.4 .430 .415 .692 1.9 1.6 .2 .1 4.9
align=left align=left Barangay Ginebra
29 14.7 .353 .303 .727 1.5 .5 .3 .0 4.8
align=left rowspan=2| align=left Barangay Ginebra
rowspan=2|38 rowspan=2|17.5 rowspan=2|.392 rowspan=2|.280 rowspan=2|.857 rowspan=2|2.1 rowspan=2|1.7 rowspan=2|.5 rowspan=2|.1 rowspan=2|5.8
align=left NorthPort
|-class=sortbottom
align=center colspan=2 Career
588 22.9 .390 .323 .764 2.7 1.9 .6 .1 9.6
Chan tana auren 'ya'ya mata biyu. Ya sadu da matarsa ta gaba a wurin bikin auren kani. An san shi yana da himma wajen renon yaransa. 'Yar ƙaramarsa Aerin ta taka leda a Gasar Golf ta Junior ta 2022. Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1983
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
52933 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20Taqi-ud-Din%20al-Hilali | Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali | political_partyMuhammad Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali
Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din bin Abdil-Qadir Al-Hilali (Arabic: 1893-1987) ya kasance Salafi na Maroko na ƙarni na 20, wanda ya fi shahara da fassarorin Ingilishi na Sahih Bukhari kuma, tare da Muhsin Khan, Alkur'ani, mai taken Alkur'an Mai Girma
Tarihin rayuwa
Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi An haifi Hilali a Rissani, Morocco, kusa da oasis na Tafilalt a cikin kwarin kusa da Sajalmasah a cikin 1893 (1311 AH).
A cikin shekaru ashirin, Hilali ya koma Aljeriya don nazarin Shari'ar Musulmi, ya ci gaba zuwa Masar a 1922. Yayinda yake can, Hilali ya shiga Jami'ar Al-Azhar kawai don ya fita bayan ya yi takaici da tsarin karatun. Maimakon haka, Hilali ya shafe lokaci a ƙarƙashin kulawar Rashid Rida, sannan ya koma Maroko a wannan shekarar don kammala digiri na farko a Jami'ar al-Karaouine Da yake amsa kiran da ya kafa Muslim Brotherhood Hassan al-Banna ya yi wa masu ilimi Musulmi na Maroko su raba ra'ayoyi tare da waɗanda ke wasu wurare, Hilali ya rubuta wasiƙu da yawa ga mujallar kungiyar waɗanda hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka tsayar da su. An kama shi kuma an tsare shi na kwana uku ba tare da tuhuma ba, an sami sakin Hilali kuma ya tsere daga Morocco. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya tsere daga ƙasar, an yanke masa hukuncin kisa ba tare da izini ba saboda aikin tawaye da Faransa mai kare Morocco.
A Asiya da Turai Bayan yin aikin hajji zuwa Makka, Hilali ya koma Indiya don bin karatun Hadith. Yayinda yake can, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban nazarin Larabci a Darul-uloom Nadwatul Ulama a Lucknow Bayan kammala karatunsa a Indiya, Hilali ya shafe shekaru uku a Iraki kafin Sarki na farko na Saudi Arabia Ibn Saud ya gayyace shi da kansa don koyarwa a ƙasar musulmi mai tsarki. Hilali ya koyar kuma ya jagoranci addu'a a Madina a Al-Masjid an-Nabawi, wuri na biyu mafi tsarki na Islama, na tsawon shekaru biyu kuma ya koyar a Makka a Masjid al-Haram, wurin da ya fi tsarki na Islami, na tsawon shekara guda.
Bayan kammala karatunsa a Makka, Hilali ya shiga Jami'ar Baghdad; ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa yayin da yake can. Hilali ya koma Indiya a takaice a karo na biyu, kuma ya shiga Jami'ar Lucknow a matsayin dalibi da malami, wanda ya fi shahara shi ne Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi Shakib Arslan, wanda ya kasance babban aboki na Hilali, ya shiga cikin hulɗa a Ofishin Harkokin Waje na Jamus kuma ya taimaka wa Hilali ya yi rajista (kuma, a matsayin dalibi da malami) a Jami'ar Bonn. Wani almajirin Rashid Rida, masanin Salafi kuma mai fafutukar mulkin mallaka wanda ya fara koyar da Larabci a Jami'ar Bonn a 1936 kuma ya zama shugaban sashen al'adu na Cibiyar Nazarin Musulunci ta Babban Ofishin Harkokin Waje, da kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryen Rediyo Berlin a Larabci. A cikin 1942, Amin al-Husayni ya tura shi zuwa Maroko don shirya ayyukan ɓoye.
Komawa zuwa Maroko, sannan Iraki, sannan Maroko, sa'an nan Saudi Arabia, sannan Marok Kusan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II, Hilali ya bar Jamus zuwa Morocco ta Faransa, wanda ya girgiza da kira ga 'yancin kai. Ya koma Iraki a shekara ta 1947, ya sake komawa matsayin malami a jami'ar da ke Baghdad. Bayan juyin juya halin 14 ga Yuli, Hilali ya koma masarautar Maroko mai zaman kanta sau ɗaya. An nada shi a matsayin malami a Jami'ar Mohammed V da ke Rabat a 1959 sannan daga baya a reshe a Fes.
A shekara ta 1968, Babban Mufti na Saudi Arabia Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz ya rubuta wa Hilali yana neman ya dauki matsayin koyarwa a Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina, wanda Bin Baz shine shugaban. Hilali ya yarda, ya zauna a Saudi Arabia na wani lokaci tsakanin 1968 da 1974.
A shekara ta 1974, Hilali ya yi ritaya daga koyarwa har abada, ya koma Meknes da farko kuma daga baya zuwa Casablanca, inda ya mallaki gida. Hilali ya mutu a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1987 (25th na Shawal a cikin shekara ta 1408 AH). An binne shi a unguwar Sbata Karɓar baƙi Ra'ayoyi game da Hilali a cikin duniyar musulmi kanta musamman a cikin Musulunci na Sunni sun kasance masu kyau.
Jarumin kasar Aljeriya Abdelhamid Ben Badis, musamman, ya dauki Hilali a matsayin daya daga cikin Musulmai masu ilimi na zamaninsu.
Yawancin malaman musulmai da malaman Yammacin Turai sun soki Hilali saboda fassarar Alkur'ani. Dokta Ahmed Farouk Musa, masanin kimiyya a Jami'ar Monash, ya ɗauki fassarar Hilali-Khan a matsayin babban dalilin tsattsauran ra'ayi da aikin farfaganda da hukumomin addinin Saudiyya suka rarraba tare da kuɗi daga gwamnatin mai arzikin mai. Hakazalika, Imad-ad-Dean Ahmad, shugaban Cibiyar Minaret of Freedom ta Bethesda, ya yi iƙirarin ƙarya cewa fassarar Wahabi ce ta Alkur'ani kuma Musulmai a Amurka ba su yarda da ita ba.
Tun da fassarar Hilali ta dogara ne akan tafsir na gargajiya (bayani na Alkur'ani), yawancin waɗanda suka soki fassararsa suna da dalilai na baya.
Bugu da ƙari, Khaled Abou El Fadl da Khaleel Mohammed sun soki fassarar Hilali a matsayin karkatar da ma'anar Alkur'ani
Yawancin malamai sun kuma soki fassarar Hilali-Khan a kan salon da harshe. Dokta William S. Peachy, farfesa na Amurka na Turanci a Kwalejin Magunguna, Jami'ar King Saud a Qasseem ya yi la'akari da fassarar "mai banƙyama" kuma duk wanda ke waje da Saudi Arabia ya ƙi shi. Dokta Abdel-Haleem, Farfesa Larabci a SOAS, Jami'iyyar London, ya lura cewa ya sami fassarar Hilaly-Khan, Saudiyya, da kuma ya nuna rashin jin daɗi.
Ayyuka Hilali ya yi aiki tare da Muhammad Muhsin Khan a cikin fassarar Turanci na ma'anar Alkur'ani da Sahih Al-Bukhari An bayyana fassararsu ta Alkur'ani a matsayin mai girman kai, wanda ya haɗa da sharhi daga Tafsir al-Tabari, Tafsir ibn Kathir, Tafsar al-Qurtubi da Sahih al-Bukhari. An kuma soki shi saboda saka fassarorin makarantar Salafi kai tsaye a cikin fassarar Alkur'ani ta Turanci. An zarge shi da koyar da Musulmai da masu yuwuwa tare da fassarorin Musulunci ta hanyar parenthesis, a matsayin koyarwar Alkur'ani kanta.
Rayuwa ta mutum Hilali ya kasance mai bin makarantar Zahirite ta dokar Islama bisa ga 'ya'yansa da ɗalibansa. Masu gudanarwa na shafin yanar gizon sun gyara tarihin rayuwarsa don cire duk nassoshi game da bin makarantar, wanda Zahirites na zamani suka yi jayayya da shi.
Duba kuma Abd Al-Aziz Fawzan Al-Fawzan
Muhammad Muhsin Khan
Muhammad bin Jamil Zeno
Saleh Al-Fawzan
Manazarta
Haɗin waje Gidan yanar gizon Al-Hilali (Arabic)
Tarihin Al-Hilali
Dokta Muhammand Taqi-Ud-Din Al-Hilali Bibliography a kan LibraryThing
Abdessamad El Amraoui: "Authentic Islam". Bayanan addini na Taqī al-Dīn al-Hilālī (1893-1987) kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin fatwas. Rubuce-rubuce na Jami'ar Leiden, 2015
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
42228 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auvers-sur-Oise | Auvers-sur-Oise | Auvers-sur-Oise furuci da Faransanci: [Ovɛʁ syʁ waz], yana nufin Auvers on Oise gari ne a yankin Val-d'Oise, a arewa maso yammacin Paris, Faransa. Garin na da nisan kilomita daga tsakiyar Paris. Akwai shahararrun masu zane a garin da dama, mafi mashahuri shine Vincent van Gogh Wannan shine wurin da van Gogh ya mutu, ga dukkan alamu ta hanyar kashe kansa.
Yanayin kasa
Wuri Auvers na nan a bangaren daman kogin Oise Daga kudu kuwa tana haɗe da Méry-sur-Oise ta hanyar wata gada.
Yankuna Chaponval
Cordeville (daga Corbeville)
Le Montcel (daga Monsellus, ƙaramin dutse)
Les Vaissenots ko Vessenots
Le Valhermeil (daga Val Hermer, sunan mai shi a cikin karni na 12)
Les Vallées
Tarihi A cikin karni na 19, masu zan da dama sunyi rayuwa a garin kuma sun yi aiki a Auvers-sur-Oise, ciki har da Paul Cézanne, Charles-François Daubigny, Camille Pissarro, Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Norbert Goeneutte, da Vincent van Gogh Gidan Daubigny a yanzu ya zama gidan kayan gargajiya inda mutum zai iya ganin zane-zanen Van Vough, danginsa, da abokansa, irin su Honoré Daumier, da kuma ɗakunan da aka yi wa ado a cikin salo na wancan zamanin. Charles Sprague Pearce (1851-1914) shima anan ya mutu. A gefen kogin daga Auvers zuwa Pontoise akwai wurare da yawa waɗanda ke cikin zanen Pissarro.
A lokacin karni na 20 masu zane sun ci gaba da ziyartar Auvers, ciki har da Henri Rousseau Douanier Rousseau Otto Freundlich da Pierre Daboval Mai zane COBRA mai suna Corneille ya shafe shekarunsa na ƙarshe a ƙauyen kuma an binne shi a 'yan mitoci kaɗan daga Vincent van Gogh.
Yawan jama'a
Gwamnati A ranar 1 ga Agustan 1948, an cire kashi 17% na yankin Auvers-sur-Oise kuma ya zama gundumar Butry-sur-Oise Magajin garin na yanzu itace Isabelle Mézières. An fara zaben ta a shekarar 2014, sannan aka sake zabe ta a watan Maris shekara ta 2020.
Al'adu
Wuraren tarihi Gina cocin ya samo asali ne tun daga ƙarni na 11. Louis VI le Gros (1081-1137) ya mallaki manor a Auvers, inda yakan zo farauta. A shekara ta 1131 dansa Philippe, wanda shi ne yarima mai jiran gado, ya fado daga kan dokinsa ta hanyar kuma ya mutu. An gina ɗakin bauta a wurin da aka binne shi kuma wannan daga baya ya zama cocin Notre-Dame de l'Assomption: a cikin shekarar 1915 wurin ya shiga cikin abubuwan tarihi na duniya. Tare da gidan sarautar, suna wakiltar manyan yankunan tarihi na al'adun birni, inda shahararrun masu zane-zane suka zo a cikin karni na 19, kamar Daubigny, Bourges, Bernard, Pearce, Bastard, Boggio ko Wickenden.
Gidajen tarihi The musée Daubigny, wanda yake a cikin mazaunin Colombières, an ƙirƙira shi ne a cikin shekarar 1986 wanda Ofishin Yawon Bude idanu suka yi hakan. Gidan kayan tarihin ya kunshi kusan ayyuka dari na Daubigny, kamar zane-zane, fenti da sassake-sassaken sa. Musée de l'absinthe (Absinthe Museum), wanda ke unguwar rue Callé, ya kunshin kayan tarihi na abubuwan sha.
Van Gogh Dr. Paul Gachet ya yi rayuwa a Auvers-sur-Oise. Ya saba da masu zanen avant-garde na lokacin. Ta hanyar wannan alaka, Vincent van Gogh ya koma Auvers don yayi masa magani, kodayake ya iske likitan a cikin wani yanayi mafi muni fiye da yadda yake. Gachet ya yi abota da Van Gogh kuma ya zana hotonsa har sau biyu, daya daga cikinsu, Hoton Dr. Gachet, an sayar da shi a wajen wani gwanjon akan kudi sama da $80m (£48m) a shekara ya 1990. Van Gogh ya mutu ne sakamakon harbin kansa da yayi a kirji. An adanaa dakin da ya mutu saboda tarihi. Jami'ar Van Gogh ta mallaki Auberge Ravoux, kuma ita ke shirya ziyarar ɗakin Van Gogh kuma ta buɗe gidan cin abinci a dakin. Auvers-sur-Oise shine wurin hutawa na ƙarshe na duka Vincent da ɗan'uwansa Theo van Gogh, wanda ya mutu bayan watanni shida.
Sufuri Akwai tashoshin jiragen kasa guda biyu a garin Auvers-sur-Oise na Transilien Paris Nord Chaponval da Auvers-sur-Oise Tashoshin duka suna bi ya layin Pontoise Creil Tsakanin Afrilu da Oktoba, a ranakun Asabar, Lahadi da ranakun hutu, jiragen kasa kai tsaye suna tafiya daga Paris Gare du Nord zuwa Auvers.
Hakanan kuma akwai tashoshin bas guda biyu aAuvers 95 07 da 95 17.
Duba kuma Ƙungiyoyin sashen Val-d'Oise
Auvers a lokacin Vincent van Gogh
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Cikakken Ayyukan Vincent van Gogh
Bayan Vincent Van Gogh a Auvers-sur-Oise
Ƙungiyar Magajin Garin Val d'Oise Musée d'Aubigny
CS1 Faransanci-language sources (fr)
Articles with hAudio |
59216 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danshi | Danshi | Rashin zafi shine maida hankali ga tururin ruwa da ke cikin iska. Rashin ruwa, yanayin gas na ruwa, gabaɗaya ba a ganuwa ga idon mutum. Rashin zafi yana nuna yiwuwar hazo, raɓa, ko hazo ya kasance.
Rashin zafi ya dogara da zafin jiki da matsin lamba na tsarin sha'awa. Irin wannan tururin ruwa yana haifar da zafi mai yawa a cikin iska mai sanyi fiye da iska mai dumi. Wani fasalin da ya danganci shi ne raɓa. Adadin tururin ruwa da ake buƙata don cimma saturation yana ƙaruwa yayin da zafin jiki ke ƙaruwa. Yayin da zafin jiki na iska ya ragu zai kai ga saturation ba tare da ƙarawa ko rasa ruwa ba. Adadin tururin ruwa da ke cikin iska na iya bambanta sosai. Misali, wani yanki na iska kusa da saturation na iya ƙunsar 28 g na ruwa a kowace cubic mita na iska a 30 C (86 F), amma kawai 8 g na ruwa da kowace cubic metre na iska a 8 C (46 F).
Ana amfani da ma'auni uku na farko na danshi a ko'ina: cikakke, dangi, da takamaiman. Ana bayyana cikakken danshi a matsayin ma'auni na tururi na ruwa ta hanyar iska mai laushi (a cikin gram a kowace cubic mita) ko kuma a matsayin maɓallin tururi na iska mai bushe (yawanci a cikin gram a kowane kilogram). Rashin zafi, sau da yawa ana bayyana shi a matsayin kashi, yana nuna halin yanzu na cikakkiyar zafi dangane da matsakaicin zafi da aka ba da wannan zafin jiki. Takamaiman danshi shine rabo na tururi na ruwa zuwa jimlar iska mai laushi.
Rashin zafi yana taka muhimmiyar rawa ga rayuwa ta sama. Ga rayuwar dabba da ta dogara da gumi (sweating) don daidaita zafin jiki na ciki, babban danshi yana lalata ingancin musayar zafi ta hanyar rage yawan motsi daga farfajiyar fata. Ana iya lissafin wannan tasirin ta amfani da teburin ƙididdigar zafi, wanda aka fi sani da humidex.
Ma'anar iska "mai riƙe" tururi na ruwa ko kuma kasancewa "cike" da shi ana yawan ambaton shi dangane da manufar zafi. Wannan, duk da haka, yana yaudara adadin tururin ruwa wanda ke shiga (ko zai iya shiga) sararin da aka ba shi a zafin jiki da aka ba kusan yana da 'yanci daga adadin iska (nitrogen, oxygen, da dai sauransu) wanda ke nan. Lalle ne, iska tana da kusan ƙarfin daidaitawa iri ɗaya don riƙe tururin ruwa kamar yadda aka cika da iska; duka biyun an ba su ta hanyar matsin tururi na ruwa a zafin da aka ba su. Akwai ƙananan bambanci da aka bayyana a ƙarƙashin "Mahimmanci" a ƙasa, wanda za'a iya watsi da shi a cikin lissafi da yawa sai dai idan ana buƙatar daidaito mai yawa.
Ma'anar
Cikakken zafi Cikakken zafi shine jimlar tururin ruwa da ke cikin ƙarar da aka ba shi ko iska. Ba ya la'akari da zafin jiki. Cikakken zafi a cikin yanayi ya kasance daga kusa da sifili zuwa kusan 30 g (1.1 a kowace cubic mita lokacin da iska ta cika a 30 C (86 F).
Cikakken zafi shine nauyin tururin ruwa, wanda aka raba ta hanyar girman iska da cakuda tururin ruwa wanda za'a iya bayyana shi kamar haka:
Cikakken zafi yana canzawa yayin da zafin iska ko matsin lamba ke canzawa, idan ba a daidaita girman ba. Wannan ya sa bai dace da lissafin injiniyan sinadarai ba, misali a bushewa, inda zafin jiki zai iya bambanta sosai. A sakamakon haka, cikakkiyar danshi a cikin injiniyan sunadarai na iya komawa ga taro na tururi na ruwa a kowane nau'i na iska mai bushe, wanda aka fi sani da rabo na danshi ko rabo na haɗuwa da taro (duba "ƙayyadaddun danshi" a ƙasa), wanda ya fi dacewa da lissafin zafi da ma'auni. Nauyin ruwa a kowane nau'i kamar yadda yake a cikin lissafin da ke sama an kuma bayyana shi azaman zafi mai yawa. Saboda yiwuwar rikice-rikice, British Standard BS 1339 ya ba da shawarar kauce wa kalmar "cikakken zafi". Ya kamata a bincika raka'a a hankali koyaushe. Ana ba da sigogi da yawa a cikin g kg ko kg kg, amma ana iya amfani da kowane nau'in taro.
Yankin da ya shafi nazarin kayan jiki da thermodynamic na gas-vapor mixtures ana kiransa psychrometrics.
Rashin zafi An bayyana zafi na dangi ko na cakuda iska da ruwa a matsayin rabo na matsin lamba na tururi na ruwa a cikin iska zuwa matsin tururi na saturation na ruwa a wannan zafin jiki, yawanci ana bayyana shi azaman kashi:
A wasu kalmomi, yanayin zafi shine rabo na yawan tururi na ruwa a cikin iska da kuma yawan tururi da iska za ta iya ƙunshe da shi a zafin jiki da aka ba shi. Ya bambanta da zafin jiki na iska: iska mai sanyi na iya riƙe ƙaramin tururi. Don haka canza zafin jiki na iska na iya canza yanayin zafi, koda kuwa cikakkiyar zafi ta kasance daidai.
Rashin sanyi yana ƙara yawan danshi, kuma yana iya haifar da tururi na ruwa ya taru (idan danshi na dangi ya tashi sama da 100%, ma'anar raɓa). Hakazalika, iska mai dumi yana rage zafi. Warming wasu iska dauke da hazo na iya haifar da wannan hazo ya bushe, yayin da iska tsakanin ɗigon ruwa ya zama mafi iya riƙe tururi na ruwa.
Rashin zafi kawai yana la'akari da tururin ruwa marar ganuwa. Mists, girgije, hazo da aerosols na ruwa ba su ƙidaya zuwa ga ma'auni na ɗanɗano na iska ba, kodayake kasancewarsu alama ce cewa jikin iska na iya kasancewa kusa da raɓa.
Ana nuna zafi mai yawa a matsayin kashi; kashi mafi girma yana nufin cewa cakuda iska da ruwa ya fi zafi. A 100% dangi zafi, iska tana cike kuma tana cikin raɓa. Idan babu wani abu na waje wanda droplets ko lu'ulu'u zasu iya nucleate, yanayin zafi na dangi na iya wuce 100%, a wannan yanayin ana cewa iska ta cika. Gabatar da wasu barbashi ko farfajiyar zuwa jikin iska sama da 100% na zafi zai ba da damar kwantar da hankali ko kankara don samarwa a kan waɗancan ƙwayoyin, don haka cire wasu tururi da rage zafi.
Rashin zafi mai mahimmanci shine ma'auni mai mahimmanci wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin hasashen yanayi da rahotanni, saboda alama ce ta yiwuwar hazo, raɓa, ko hazo. A cikin yanayin zafi na lokacin rani, hauhawar zafi na dangi yana ƙara yawan zafin jiki ga mutane (da sauran dabbobi) ta hanyar hana yaduwar gumi daga fata. Misali, bisa ga ƙididdigar zafi, yanayin zafi na 75% a zafin iska na 80.0 F (26.7 C) zai ji kamar 83.6 F 1.3 F (28.7 C 0.7 C).
Rashin zafi kuma maɓallin maɓallin da aka yi amfani da shi don kimanta lokacin da ya dace don shigar da bene a kan dutse.
Dangantaka tsakanin cikakke, dangi-dumi, da zafin jiki A cikin yanayin duniya a matakin teku:
Takamaiman danshi Yanayi
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31110 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majalisar%20ministocin%20Najeriya | Majalisar ministocin Najeriya | Majalisar Ministocin Najeriyaani bangare ne na bangaren zartarwa na gwamnatin Najeriya. Matsayin Majalisar Ministoci, kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin Dokokin Mulki da Ayyuka na Ministoci (MISELLANEOUS PROVISIONS) Dokar ita ce ta zama hukumar ba da shawara ga shugaban Najeriya. Ana nada ‘yan majalisar zartaswa kuma masu kai rahoto ga shugaban kasa, wanda zai iya korar su idan ya ga dama. Majalisar ministocin a halin yanzu tana kula da ma'aikatun tarayya guda 24, kowannensu yana da alhakin wani al'amari na samar da ayyukan gwamnati, da kuma wasu ma'aikatu (kungiyoyin mallakar gwamnati Dangantaka da aikin gwamnati Ma’aikatu da ma’aikata suna da ma’aikatan gwamnati masu aiki. Kowanne yana karkashin jagorancin Babban Sakatare, babban ma'aikacin gwamnati wanda shugaban ma'aikata ya nada. Babban Sakatare yana da alhakin wani Minista, wanda ke zaune a cikin majalisar ministoci yana ba da rahoto ga shugaban kasa. Shugaban kasa ne ya nada Ministan bisa ga amincewar Majalisar Dattawa kuma shi ke da alhakin manufofin, kuma yayin da Sakatare na dindindin ke da alhakin aiwatar da manufofin.
Tsarin zartarwa Shugabannin ma’aikatun zartaswa ne shugaban kasa ya nada su sannan ya mika su ga majalisar dattawa. Sashe na 147 (6) yana ba Majalisar Dattawa kwanaki 21 don kammala tantancewa don tabbatarwa ko kin amincewa da rinjaye mai sauƙi. A cewar sashe na 147 (5) na kundin tsarin mulkin kasa, cancantar wanda za a nada a matsayin Minista shi ne cewa dole ne mutum ya zama "mai cancantar zabe a majalisar wakilai". Idan an amince da su, za su karɓi littafin hukumar, za a rantsar da su sannan su fara ayyukansu.
Albashi Shuwagabannin ma’aikatun zartaswa da sauran manyan jami’an gwamnatin tarayya a matakin majalisar ministoci ko kuma kananan hukumomi na karbar albashin su a karkashin wani tsayayyen tsarin albashi kamar yadda hukumar tattara kudaden shiga da kasafi (RMAFC) ta duba. Babban albashi na shekara-shekara na babban minista shine ₦2,026,400 168,866:66 a kowane wata).
Ministoci da Ministoci Bisa ga babban taron, dole ne a samu akalla mamba daya daga cikin jihohi 36 na Najeriya, duk da cewa ma’aikatu 28 ne kawai, kuma a wasu lokutan Shugaban kasa ya kan rike wata muhimmiyar ma’aikatar kamar albarkatun mai. Don tabbatar da wakilci daga kowace jiha, Minista ɗaya ko sama da haka yana taimaka wa Minista.
majalisar ministocin yanzu Current cabinet
Portfolio Minister Took office Left office Party
The Presidency
President Muhammadu Buhari[a] 29 May 2019 Incumbent APC
Vice President Yemi Osinbajo 29 May 2019 Incumbent APC
Chief of Staff to the President Abba Kyari 5 June 2019[7] 17 April 2020[b][8] APC
Ibrahim Gambari 13 May 2020[9] Incumbent APC
Secretary to the Government of the Federation Boss Mustapha 5 June 2019[7] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development Sabo Nanono 21 August 2019[10] 1 September 2021[c][11] APC
Mohammad Mahmood Abubakar 1 September 2021[11] Incumbent APC
Minister of State for Agriculture and Rural Development Mustapha Baba Shehuri 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Aviation
Minister of Aviation Hadi Sirika 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Communications and Digital Economy
Minister of Communications and Digital Economy Isa Ali Pantami 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Defence
Minister of Defence Bashir Salihi Magashi 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Education
Minister of Education Adamu Adamu 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Minister of State for Education Chukwuemeka Nwajiuba 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Environment
Minister of Environment Mohammad Mahmood Abubakar 21 August 2019[10] 10 September 2021[d][12] APC
Mohammed Hassan Abdullahi 6 April 2022[13] Incumbent APC
Minister of State for Environment Sharon Ikeazor 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Federal Capital Territory Administration
Minister of the Federal Capital Territory Mohammed Musa Bello 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Minister of State for the Federal Capital Territory Ramatu Tijani Aliyu 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Finance, Budget and National Planning
Minister of Finance, Budget and National Planning Zainab Ahmed 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent N/A
Minister of State for Budget and National Planning Clement Agba 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent N/A
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Minister of Foreign Affairs Geoffrey Onyeama 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Zubairu Dada 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent N/A
Ministry of Health
Minister of Health Osagie Ehanire 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Minister of State for Health Adeleke Mamora 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster Management and Social Development
Minister of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster Management and Social Development Sadiya Umar Farouq 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Industry, Trade and Investment
Minister of Industry, Trade and Investment Niyi Adebayo 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Minister of State for Industry, Trade and Investment Mariam Yalwaji Katagum 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent N/A
Ministry of Information and Culture
Minister of Information and Culture Lai Mohammed 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of the Interior
Minister of the Interior Rauf Aregbesola 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Justice
Minister of Justice and Attorney General of the Federation Abubakar Malami 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Labour and Employment
Minister of Labour and Employment Chris Ngige 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Minister of State for Labour and Employment Tayo Alasoadura 21 August 2019[10] 24 September 2019[e][14] APC
Festus Keyamo 24 September 2019[14] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Mines and Steel Development
Minister of Mines and Steel Development Olamilekan Adegbite 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Minister of State for Mines and Steel Development Uchechukwu Sampson Ogah 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Niger Delta Affairs
Minister of Niger Delta Affairs Godswill Akpabio 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Minister of State for Niger Delta Affairs Festus Keyamo 21 August 2019[10] 24 September 2019[f][14] APC
Tayo Alasoadura 24 September 2019[14] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Petroleum Resources
Minister of Petroleum Resources Muhammadu Buhari[a] 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Minister of State for Petroleum Resources Timipre Sylva 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Police Affairs
Minister of Police Affairs Mohammed Maigari Dingyadi 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Power
Minister of Power Saleh Mamman 21 August 2019[10] 1 September 2021[c][11] APC
Abubakar Aliyu 1 September 2021[11] Incumbent APC
Minister of State for Power Goddy Jedy Agba 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation[g]
Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation Ogbonnaya Onu 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Minister of State for Science, Technology and Innovation Mohammed Hassan Abdullahi 21 August 2019[10] 6 April 2022[h][13] APC
Ministry of Special Duties and Inter-governmental Affairs
Minister of Special Duties and Inter-governmental Affairs George Akume 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Transportation
Minister of Transportation Rotimi Amaechi 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Minister of State for Transportation Gbemisola Ruqayyah Saraki 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Water Resources
Minister of Water Resources Suleiman Adamu Kazaure 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Women Affairs
Minister of Women Affairs and Social Development Pauline Tallen 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Works and Housing
Minister of Works and Housing Babatunde Fashola 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Minister of State for Works and Housing Abubakar Aliyu 21 August 2019[10] 1 September 2021[i][11] APC
Mu'azu Sambo 24 December 2021[17] Incumbent APC
Ministry of Youth and Sports Development
Minister of Youth and Sports Development Sunday Dare 21 August 2019[10] Incumbent APC
Reference Ma'aikatan Najeriya
Ma'aikatun Tarayyar Najeriya
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25563 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima%20Meer | Fatima Meer | Fatima Meer (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Agustan shekara ta alif 1928- ta mutu a ranar 12 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2010) marubuciya ce ta Afirka ta Kudu, masanin ilimi, marubucin allo, kuma fitaccen mai fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Fatima Meer a Gray Street, Durban, Afirka ta Kudu, cikin dangi masu matsakaicin matsayi na tara, inda mahaifinta Moosa Ismail Meer, editan jaridar The Indian Views, cusa mata sanin wariyar launin fata wanda ya wanzu a kasar. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Rachel Farrell, matar Moosa Ismail Meer ta biyu. Mahaifiyarta ta kasance marayu kuma zuriyar yahudawa da Fotigal. Ta musulunta ta canza sunanta zuwa Amina.. Lokacin tana da shekaru 16 a shekarar alif 1944, ta taimaka ta tara 1 000 don agajin yunwa a Bengal, Indiya. Ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandaren 'Yan Mata ta Durban Lokacin da ta kasance ɗalibi ta tattara ɗalibai don nemo Kwamitin Tsaro na Studentalibai don tara kuɗi don Gangamin Rage Rikicin Al'ummar Indiya daga shekara ta alif 1946, zuwa shekara ta alif 1948. Kwamitin ya jagorance ta ta sadu da Yusuf Dadoo, Monty Naicker da Kesaveloo Goonam Daga baya ta halarci Jami'ar Witwatersrand na shekara guda inda ta kasance memba a ƙungiyar Trotskyism wacce ke da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Hadin Kan Turai (NEUM). Ta tafi Jami'ar Natal, inda ta kammala Digiri na Bachelor da Masters a Sociology.
Mai fafutukar siyasa Meer da Kesaveloo Goonam sun zama mata na farko da aka zaɓa a matsayin zartarwa na Majalisar Natal Indian Congress {NIC} a shekarar alif 1950. Ta taimaka wajen kafa ƙungiyar mata ta Durban da District a ranar 4 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta alif 1952 a matsayin ƙungiyar mata 70. An fara wannan ƙungiya ne domin gina ƙawance tsakanin 'yan Afirka da Indiyawa sakamakon rikicin tsere tsakanin ƙungiyoyin biyu a shekara ta alif 1949. Bertha Mkhize ta zama shugabar kuma ta zama sakatariyar kungiyar. Kungiyar ta gudanar da ayyuka kamar shirya Crèche da rarraba madara a Cato Manor Wannan rukunin kuma yana tattara asusu don waɗanda bala'in guguwa ya haddasa a Springs inda Afirka ta zama mara gida kuma ta sami nasarar tattara 4000 ga waɗanda ambaliyar ruwan Tekun Cow ta shafa. Bayan Jam’iyyar National Party ta sami iko a shekarar alif 1948 kuma ta fara aiwatar da manufofinsu na wariyar launin fata. Haƙƙin Meer ya ƙaru kuma a sakamakon fafutukarta, an fara haramta Meer a cikin shekarar alif 1952 na shekaru 3. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Tarayyar Matan Afirka ta Kudu (FEDSAW) wacce aka kafa a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta alif 1954 a Zauren Kasuwanci a Titin Rissik, a tsakiyar Johannesburg wanda ya jagoranci tarihin mata na tarihi a Ginin Union, Pretoria a ranar 9 ga watan Agustan shekara ta alif 1956. Tana ɗaya daga cikin jagororin Mata na watan Maris a shekara ta alif 1956. A wannan shekarar, ta shirya kwamiti don tara kuɗin beli da tallafawa dangi daga shugabannin siyasa na Natal wanda ke cikin shari'ar cin amanar ƙasa A cikin shekarar 1960, ta shirya matakan tsaro na dare don nuna rashin amincewa da yadda ake tsare da masu fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata ba tare da an gurfanar da su a gaban kurkukun durban ba. Fatima Meer ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu shirya shirye-shirye na tsawon mako guda a Gandhi Settlement a Phoenix Jagoran farmakin shine Sushila Gandhi A shekarar 1970s, ta fara rungumar akidar Black Consciousness tare da Kungiyar Daliban Afirka ta Kudu (SASO) karkashin jagorancin Steve Biko A shekara ta 1975, Fatima Meer ta kafa Ƙungiyar Mata Ƙasashen Baƙi (BWF) tare da Winnie Mandela Meer ya zama shugaban kungiyar na farko. Bayan shekara guda, an sake dakatar da ita na tsawon shekaru biyar. Umurnin da aka dakatar ya zo ne bayan halartar taron na Shirin Nazarin Baƙar fata inda ta kasance babbar mai magana a cikin wani jawabi mai taken, "Shekaru Ashirin da Biyar na Mulkin wariyar launin fata". A watan Yuni na shekarar alif 1976, bayan tashin hankalin Soweto, an kama mata 11 daga BWF kuma aka tsare su a karkashin sashi na 6 na Dokar Ta'addanci. An saka su a cikin kurkukun kadaici a Fort Prison a Johannesburg Da kyar ta tsira daga yunkurin kashe ta jim kadan bayan fitowar ta daga tsare a shekara ta alif 1976, lokacin da aka harbe ta a gidan danginta a Durban, amma ba a cutar da ita ba. Danta, Rashid, ya tafi gudun hijira a cikin wannan shekarar. An sake kai mata hari kuma ta ɗora alhakin harin na biyu a kan Black Consciousness Movement da Inkatha Freedom Party A cikin shekarar alif 1980, Meer ya kafa Kwamitin Gudanar da Ƙungiyoyin Masu Ba da Lamuni na Baƙi (Indiya, Mai launi, Afirka) don adawa da rashin adalcin da ke faruwa ga baƙar fata da gundumar Durban ta haifar. Ta ki bayar da kujera a majalisa a shekara ta alif 1994 sanadiyyar son aikin da ba na gwamnati ba. A watan Mayun shekarar alif 1999, Fatima ta kafa wata kungiya mai suna Concerned Citizens 'Group [CCG] don shawo kan mutanen Indiya kada su zabi fararen jam'iyyu a zabe mai zuwa. Ta kasance mai goyon bayan juyin juya halin Iran kuma ta kauracewa ziyarar Salman Rushdie zuwa Afirka ta Kudu a shekara ta 1998, tana mai ikirarin cewa shi mai sabo ne. Ta shiga cikin zanga-zangar adawa da zalunci da cin zarafin al'ummar Falasdinu da mamayar da Amurka ta yi wa Afghanistan. Ta kafa Jubilee 2000 don yin kamfen don soke bashin duniya na Uku.
Aikin sadaka Ta buga littafinta mai taken Portrait of Indian South Africa a shekarar 1969 kuma ta ba da duk kuɗin shiga daga siyar da littafin ga Gandhi Settlement don bukatun gina Gidan Gandhi da Clinic. Ta taimaka wani aiki don kubutar da mutane 10 000 da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa a Tin Town wanda ke bakin Kogin Umgeni Meer ya gina gidaje na wucin gadi a cikin tanti kuma ya shirya abinci da sutura. Daga baya, ta yi nasarar sasanta musu na dindindin a Phoenix Meer ya kuma kafa kuma ya zama jagoran Natal Education Trust wanda ke tara kuɗi daga jama'ar Indiya don gina makarantu a Umlazi, Port Shepstone da Inanda Ta kafa Kwalejin Koyarwa ta Tembalishe a gidan Gandhi na Phoenix don koyar da baƙaƙe a cikin ayyukan sakatariya a shekarar 1979. Cibiyar Crafts kuma an kafa ta a Mazaunin don koyar da bugun allo, dinki, ƙyalle da saƙa ga marasa aikin yi, An rufe duka kwalejin da Cibiyar kere -kere a cikin shekarar 1982 biyo bayan tsare Fatima da aka yi saboda karya dokar hana ta da aka yi sakamakon sa ido kan aikin a wajen iyakar Durban. A cikin shekarar 1980, ta shirya tallafin karatu don ɗalibai goma don zuwa Amurka kuma ta taimaka wa "Ajiye KWAMITIN GIDANMU" wanda al'umman masu launin Sparks Estate suka kafa don neman adalci ga waɗanda Municipality na Durban suka yi wa barazana waɗanda ke son ɗaukar gidajensu. Sun yi nasarar samun diyyar aikin. Ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da Indira Gandhi, ta shirya tallafin karatu ga ɗaliban Afirka ta Kudu don yin karatun likitanci da kimiyyar siyasa a Indiya. IBR yana yin shirye -shiryen koyawa don haɓaka ƙimar ƙarancin matric kuma an kafa Phambili High a cikin sheakarar 1986 don ɗaliban Afirka. A shekarar 1992, (2years kafin fara zaɓen dimokuraɗiyya na farko) Fatima Meer ta kafa Ƙungiyar Muhalli ta Clare Estate a matsayin martani ga bukatun mazaunan shaka da ƙaura masu ƙauyuka. Ba su da wani hakki a cikin birane kuma suna buƙatar ruwa mai tsafta, tsabtace muhalli da daidaitawa daidai. An kafa Shirin Makarantar Khanyisa a shekarar 1993 a matsayin makarantar share fage ga yaran Afirka marasa galihu kafin su tafi makarantar boko. An kuma kafa Cibiyar Horar da Kwarewar Mata ta Khanya a shekarar 1996, wanda ke koyar da Baƙaƙen mata 150 a cikin yanke-zane, dinki, karatun manya da gudanar da kasuwanci.
Rayuwar mutum Fatima Meer ta auri dan uwanta na farko a shekarar 1950, Ismail Meer Wannan ba sabon abu bane a cikin al'ummar Sunni Bhora inda ta girma. Ismail Meer fitaccen lauya ne kuma mai fafutukar wariyar launin fata. Ya kasance mamba mai aiki a majalisar dokokin lardin KwaZulu-Natal ANC. A shekarar 1960 an kama shi tare da tuhumar sa da cin amanar kasa tare da Nelson Mandela da sauran masu fafutuka. A shekarar 2000, dan Fatima Meer Rashid ya rasu a hadarin mota. Ta bar 'ya'ya mata biyu Shehnaaz, alƙalin Kotun Da'awar Ƙasa, da Shamin, mashawarcin kimiyyar zamantakewa.
Mai ilimi kuma marubuci Meer ya zama malamin ilimin zamantakewar al'umma kuma ma'aikacin Jami'ar Natal daga 1956 zuwa 1988. Ita ce mutum na farko da ba farar fata ba da ya rike wannan matsayi. Ta kuma kasance farfesa mai ziyartar jami'o'i da dama a kasashen waje. Meer ya zama abokin Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London, kuma ya karɓi digirin digirgir uku. Da farko, ta karɓi Digirin Digiri na Honourable a Falsafa daga Kwalejin Swarthmore (1984) da kuma a cikin wasiƙun Humane daga Kwalejin Bennet a Amurka (1994). Daga baya, ta karɓi Digirin Digirgir a Kimiyyar zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Natal a Afirka ta Kudu (1998). Ta kafa Cibiyar Binciken Baƙi (IBR), wanda ya zama cibiyar bincike da bugawa da NGO mai ilimi a 1972
Ayyuka
Littattafai Hoton 'yan Afirka ta Kudu na Indiya (1969)
Koyar da Mahatma (1970)
Race da kisan kai a Afirka ta Kudu (1976)
Zuwa fahimtar Iran a yau (1985)
Resistance a cikin Garuruwa (1989)
Mafi Girma fiye da Fata (1990) (tarihin rayuwar Nelson Mandela na farko da aka ba da izini, wanda aka fassara zuwa yaruka 13)
Gandhi na Afirka ta Kudu: Jawabai da Rubutun MK Gandhi (1996)
M Resistance, 1946: Zaɓin Takardu (1996)
Fatima Meer: Tuna Ƙauna da Gwagwarmaya (2010
Talabijin Mawallafin allo, Yin Mahatma, fim ɗin Shyam Benegal wanda ya dogara da littafin ta The Apprenticeship of a Mahatma Indiya da Afirka ta Kudu ne suka shirya fim ɗin.
Daraja, ado, kyaututtuka da rarrabuwa Kyautar 'Yan Jaridun Afirka ta Kudu (1975)
Imam Abdullah Haroon Kyautar Gwagwarmayar Yaki da Zalunci da Wariya (1990)
Kyautar Vishwa Gurjari don Ba da Gudummawa ga 'Yancin Dan Adam (1994)
Manyan Mata 100 da suka girgiza Afirka ta Kudu (1999)
#45 Manyan Manyan Afirka ta Kudu 100 (2004)
Dokar Ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu: Umarni don Sabis Mai Kyau (2009)
Umarnin Luthuli a Azurfa (2017)
Mutuwa da gado Fatima Meer ta rasu a Asibitin St. Augustine da ke Durban a ranar 12 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2010, tana da shekaru 81, sakamakon bugun jini da ta yi makonni biyu da suka gabata. Tarihin Fatima Meer mai taken Muryoyin 'Yanci Shireen Hassim ne ya rubuta shi kuma aka buga shi a shekarar 2019. An nuna zane -zane da zane -zane a Dutsen Tsarin Mulki tun daga watan Agusta shekarar 2017.
Duba kuma Jerin mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin haramta umarni a ƙarƙashin wariyar launin fata
Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje Tarihi a Encyclopædia Britannica
Tarihi akan Tarihin SA akan layi
Fatima Meer: the indomitable spirit of south african activism Marubuta
Marubutan Afirka
Marubutan Amurka
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40844 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra | Cleopatra | Cleopatra VII Philopator (Greek, "Cleopatra Yar' lelen babanta"; [5] 69 BC10 ga Agusta 30 BC) Ita ce sarauniyar masarautar Ptolemaic ta Masar daga 51 zuwa 30 BC, wadda tayi mulki na ƙarshe a zuriyarta. Tana cikin daular Ptolemaic, kasan cewar ta fito daga tsatson Ptolemy I Soter, wanda ya kafa daular. Janar ne na Macedonia dake Girka kuma abokin Alexander the Great. Bayan mutuwar Cleopatra, Masar ta zama lardin daular Roma, wanda ya nuna ƙarshen mulkin Hellenisanci a Bahar Rum, mulkin da ya daɗe tun zamanin Alexander (336-323 BC). Yarenta na asali shine Girkancin Koine, kuma ita kaɗai ce cikin wadanda sukayi mulki a daular Ptolemaic da ta koyi yaren Masar. A 58 BC, anyi hasashen cewa Cleopatra ta yiwa mahaifinta, Ptolemy XII Auletes, rakiya zuwa Roma lokacin da aka koreshi daga Misira sakamakon tawaye, (Misira na karkashin mulkin Roma a wancan zamanin) ya ƙyale 'yar kishiyarsa Berenice IV ta ɗauki throne dinsa. An kashe Berenice a shekara ta 55 BC sa’ad da Ptolemy ya koma Masar da taimakon sojan Roma. Lokacin da ya mutu a shekara ta 51 BC, mulkin haɗin gwiwa na Cleopatra da ɗan'uwanta Ptolemy XIII ya fara, amma faɗowa tsakanin su ya kai ga buɗe yakin basasa. Bayan ya yi rashin nasara a yakin Pharsalus na shekara ta 48 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa a Girka da abokin hamayyarsa Julius Kaisar (mai mulkin kama-karya na Roma kuma mai kula da shi) a yakin basasa na Kaisar, dan siyasar Roma Pompey ya gudu zuwa Masar. Pompey ya kasance abokin siyasa na Ptolemy XII, amma Ptolemy XIII, bisa ga roƙon eunuchs na kotu, Pompey ya yi kwanton bauna ya kashe shi kafin Kaisar ya zo ya mamaye Alexandria. Sai Kaisar ya yi ƙoƙari ya sulhunta ’yan’uwan Ptolemaic, amma babban mashawarcin Ptolemy, Potheinos, ya ɗauki sharuɗɗan Kaisar a matsayin fifita Cleopatra, don haka sojojinsa suka kewaye ta da Kaisar a fada. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da aka ɗage kewaye ta hanyar ƙarfafawa, Ptolemy XIII ya mutu a yakin Nilu na 47 BC; An kai ’yar’uwar Cleopatra Arsinoe IV zaman talala zuwa Afisa saboda rawar da ta taka wajen kai harin. Kaisar ya bayyana Cleopatra da ɗan'uwansa Ptolemy XIV masu mulkin haɗin gwiwa amma sun ci gaba da zaman sirri tare da Cleopatra wanda ya haifar da ɗa, Caesarion. Cleopatra ta yi tafiya zuwa Roma a matsayin sarauniyar abokin ciniki a cikin 46 da 44 BC, inda ta zauna a gidan Kaisar. Bayan kisan Kaisar da (a kan umarninta) Ptolemy XIV a cikin 44 BC, ta kira Kaisar co-mulkin a matsayin Ptolemy XV.
A cikin Yaƙin basasa na 43-42 BC, Cleopatra ta goyi bayan Triumvirate na Biyu na Roman wanda kakan Kaisar kuma magaji Octavian, Mark Antony, da Marcus Aemilius Lepidus suka kafa. Bayan ganawarsu a Tarsos a shekara ta 41 BC, sarauniyar ta sami sabani da Antony. Ya aiwatar da hukuncin kisa na Arsinoe bisa buƙatarta, kuma ya ƙara dogara ga Cleopatra don duka kudade da taimakon soja a lokacin da ya mamaye Daular Parthia da Masarautar Armeniya. Gudunmawar Alexandria ta ayyana 'ya'yansu Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene II, da Ptolemy Philadelphus masu mulki a kan wasu yankuna daban-daban a ƙarƙashin ikon Antony na nasara. Wannan taron, aurensu, da kisan auren Antony na 'yar'uwar Octavian Octavia Minor ya kai ga yakin karshe na Jamhuriyar Roma. Octavian ya tsunduma cikin yakin farfaganda, ya tilasta wa abokan Antony a Majalisar Dattawan Roma su gudu daga Roma a shekara ta 32 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, kuma suka shelanta yaki a kan Cleopatra. Bayan cin nasarar Antony da Cleopatra na jiragen ruwa a yakin Actium na 31 BC, sojojin Octavian sun mamaye Masar a 30 BC kuma suka ci Antony, wanda ya kai ga Antony ya kashe kansa. Lokacin da Cleopatra ya sami labarin cewa Octavian ya shirya ya kawo ta cikin jerin gwanon cin nasara na Romawa, ta kashe kanta ta hanyar guba, sabanin abin da aka sani cewa asp ya cije ta.
Gadon Cleopatra ya rayu a cikin ayyukan fasaha na zamani da na zamani. Tarihin Romawa da waƙar Latin sun haifar da ra'ayi mai mahimmanci game da sarauniya wanda ya mamaye wallafe-wallafen Medieval da Renaissance daga baya. A cikin zane-zane na gani, tsoffin hotunanta sun haɗa da busts na Romawa, zane-zane, da sassaka-tsalle, sassaƙaƙen cameo da gilashin, Ptolemaic da tsabar kudin Roman, da abubuwan walwala. A Renaissance da Baroque art, ta kasance batun ayyuka da yawa da suka hada da wasan kwaikwayo, zane-zane, wakoki, sassakaki, da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo. Ta zama alamar al'adun gargajiya na Egyptomania tun zamanin Victorian, kuma a cikin zamani na zamani, Cleopatra ya bayyana a cikin zane-zane da zane-zane, burlesque satire, fina-finai na Hollywood, da hotuna masu alama don samfuran kasuwanci.
Etymology Sigar Latinized Cleopatra ta fito ne daga tsohuwar Girkanci ma'ana "darajar mahaifinta", [6] daga "Daukaka") da "baba"). Da an rubuta sigar namiji ko dai a matsayin ko Cleopatra shine sunan 'yar'uwar Alexander the Great, da kuma Cleopatra Alcyone, matar Meleager a cikin tarihin Girkanci. Ta hanyar auren Ptolemy V Epiphanes da Cleopatra I Syra (yar sarki Seleucid sunan ya shiga daular Ptolemaic. Babban taken yana nufin "bautawa mai son mahaifinta".
Tarihin Rayuwa
Fage Ba Limamin Ptah na Masar ya naɗa wa Ptolemaic rawani a Memphis, amma suna zaune a cikin al'adu da yawa kuma galibin birnin Girkanci na Alexandria, wanda Alexander the Great na Macedon ya kafa. Suna jin Girkanci kuma suna mulkin Masar a matsayin sarakunan Hellenanci na Girka, sun ƙi koyon harshen Masar na asali. Sabanin haka, Cleopatra na iya magana da harsuna da yawa ta hanyar girma kuma itace farkon Ptolemaic mai mulkin da ya koyi harshen Masar. Plutarch yana nuna cewa ita ma tana magana da Habasha, yaren "Troglodytes", Ibrananci (ko Aramaic), Larabci, Harshen Siriya (watakila Siriyac), Median, da Parthian, kuma da alama tana iya magana da Latin, ko da yake ƴan zamaninta na Romawa sun gwammace su yi magana da ita a ƙasarta ta Koine Greek. [21] [19] [22] Baya ga Girkanci, Masarawa, da Latin, waɗannan harsuna sun nuna sha'awar Cleopatra na mayar da yankunan Arewacin Afirka da Yammacin Asiya waɗanda suka kasance na Masarautar Ptolemaic. Shisshigin Romawa a Masar ya kasance kafin zamanin Cleopatra. Lokacin da Ptolemy IX Lathyros ya mutu a ƙarshen 81 BC, 'yarsa Berenice III ta gaje shi. Duk da haka, tare da ginin 'yan adawa a gidan sarauta a kan ra'ayin sarauta na mace mai mulki, Berenice III ya yarda da mulkin haɗin gwiwa da aure tare da dan uwanta da stepson Ptolemy XI Alexander II, wani tsari da mai mulkin Roma Sulla ya yi. Ptolemy XI ya sa aka kashe matarsa ba da daɗewa ba bayan aurensu a shekara ta 80 BC, amma an lalata shi ba da daɗewa ba a sakamakon tarzoma a kan kisan. Ptolemy XI, kuma watakila kawunsa Ptolemy IX ko mahaifinsa Ptolemy X Alexander I, ya ba da Mulkin Ptolemaic zuwa Roma a matsayin lamuni don lamuni, don haka Romawa suna da dalilai na doka don karɓar Masar, abokin ciniki. jihar, bayan kashe Ptolemy XI. Romawa sun zaɓi maimakon su raba mulkin Ptolemaic a tsakanin 'ya'yan Ptolemy IX na shege, suna ba da Cyprus ga Ptolemy na Cyprus da Masar a kan Ptolemy XII Auletes.
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
57651 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai%20Ioniq | Hyundai Ioniq | Hyundai Ioniq ƙaramin ɗaga kofa biyar ne wanda Hyundai ya kera kuma yayi kasuwa. Farantin suna Ioniq hoto ne na ion kuma na musamman Ana siyar da ita azaman motar farko da za'a ba da ita ba tare da daidaitaccen injin konewa na ciki ba, amma ana siyar da ita a cikin matasan, plug-in matasan, da bambance -bambancen wutar lantarki Ioniq Hybrid ya yi muhawara a Koriya ta Kudu a cikin Janairu 2016, tare da duk bambance-bambancen guda uku da aka yi muhawara a 2016 Geneva da New York Bambancin matasan da aka ƙaddamar a cikin kasuwar gida a cikin Fabrairu 2016, sannan samfurin lantarki ya biyo baya a Yuli 2016. Nau'in nau'in nau'in toshe-in ya biyo baya a cikin Fabrairu 2017. Daga shekarar samfurin sa ta farko (2017) zuwa shekarar samfurin 2019, Ioniq Electric ta kasance mafi kyawun abin hawa na EPA tare da ƙimar tattalin arzikin mai mai nisan mil An ƙididdige sigar Ioniq Blue Hybrid a 4.1 L/100 km (58 mpg wanda ya sa ya zama motar haɗaɗɗiyar haɗaɗɗiyar mafi kyawun mai da za a kera da yawa. Bayan dakatar da shi a Koriya ta Kudu a cikin 2021, samar da Ioniq ya ƙare a watan Yuli 2022 don goyon bayan layin wutar lantarki na Ioniq -badged model wanda ya fara daga Ioniq 5 crossover da Ioniq 6 sedan tare da Ioniq 7 don bi.
Ionik Hybrid Ioniq ita ce motar farko ta Hyundai da aka gina tun daga ƙasa sama kuma ana samun ta musamman azaman haɗaɗɗiya ko wutar lantarki. Yana da alaƙa da Kia Niro crossover mai amfani abin hawa da kuma Hyundai Elantra, wanda yake da hannun jari da abubuwan dakatarwa. An saki Ioniq Hybrid a Koriya ta Kudu a cikin Fabrairu 2016. An kaddamar da matasan a Malaysia a watan Nuwamba 2016. Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan Ioniq Hybrid guda biyu, HEV da HEV Plus. An gabatar da Ioniq Hybrid a cikin Amurka don shekarar ƙirar 2017 a farkon 2017, tare da ba wa 'yan jarida damar shiga da wuri a cikin Fabrairu na wannan shekarar. An dakatar da samarwa na Ioniq Hybrid a cikin Yuli 2022.
Jirgin tuƙi Ƙididdigar haɗaɗɗen tsarin fitarwa shine 139 hp (104 kW) da 195 lb⋅ft (264 N⋅m) karfin juzu'i wanda ke da wutar lantarki ta 1.6-lita Kappa injin sake zagayowar Atkinson na Silinda hudu tare da ingantaccen yanayin zafi 40% wanda zai iya isar da 104 hp (78 kW) tare da ƙwanƙwasa 109 lb⋅ft (148 N⋅m) tare da injin lantarki yana ba da ƙarin kimanta 43 hp (32 kW) tare da ƙididdiga mafi girman karfin juzu'i na 125 lb⋅ft (169 N⋅m) akan iyakar 147 hp (110 kW) da 234 lb⋅ft (317 N⋅m) karfin juyi. Ana isar da wutar lantarki zuwa ƙafafun gaba ta hanyar watsa dual-clutch gudun shida. Ioniq Hybrid ko Lantarki bai dace da jan tirela ba, kamar yawancin matasan da lantarki. Batirin jan hankali na Ioniq Hybrid shine 240 V, 1.56kWh lithium-ion polymer baturi wanda aka sanya a ƙarƙashin kujerun fasinja na baya. Na'urorin haɗi da kayan aiki suna da ƙarfi ta ƙarami 12 Batir V, kuma yana zaune a ƙarƙashin kujerun baya. Na 12 V m baturin kuma yana amfani da sinadarai na lithium-ion, sabanin nau'ikan nau'ikan motoci da na konewa na ciki waɗanda galibi ke amfani da baturin haɗe-haɗe na gubar-acid. Tsarin sa na iska ya taimaka rage yawan ja da Ioniq zuwa 0.24. An rage nauyi mai yawa ta hanyar amfani da ƙarfe mai ƙarfi don tsari da aluminum don abubuwan da ba na tsari ba. Ioniq yana amfani da aluminium a cikin kaho da ƙofar wutsiya, yana rage nauyi da 27 lb (12 kg) idan aka kwatanta da karfe na al'ada, ba tare da lahani da za a iya aunawa a cikin surutu ko girgiza ba. Tare da mafi girman amfani da sassa masu nauyi da ƙaramin gini, murfin allon kaya yana kusan 25% haske fiye da nau'ikan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin sauran samfuran Hyundai.
The matasan version gasa da, kuma zarce a man fetur tattalin arzikin, baya nisan miloli shugaban a Toyota Prius Hyundai yana tsammanin samfurin tare da ƙafafun inci 15 don samun ƙimar EPA da aka ƙididdige tattalin arzikin mai tsakanin 57 mpg da kuma 58 mpg gaba da 2016 Toyota Prius Eco a 56 mpg Hakanan ana samun Ioniq tare da zaɓin rim alloy inch 17. Gyaran da suka haɗa da rims ɗin gami suna samar da kusan 5MPG ƙananan tattalin arzikin man fetur gabaɗaya akan babbar hanya.
Yawancin motocin Ioniq da aka faka sun bayyana a farkon farkon fim ɗin 2018 Johnny English Strikes Again, wanda ke nuna Rowan Atkinson Ioniq Electric Hyundai Ioniq Electric ƙayyadaddun nau'in nau'in wutar lantarki ne na Ioniq mai iyaka wanda ake siyarwa a cikin zaɓaɓɓun ƙasashe da jihohin Amurka. Yana da nau'i na 28kWh lithium-ion polymer baturi wanda ke ba da ƙimar ƙimar EPA na 124 mi (200 km) Motar ta sami wartsake don shekarar ƙirar 2020 tare da sabon ciki, babban baturi, da haɓaka kewayo da fitarwar injin. Da farko, Ioniq Electric yana samuwa a cikin Amurka a California kawai. Tun daga 2019, Hyundai Amurka tana siyar da Ioniq Electric kawai a cikin zaɓaɓɓun jihohi. Hyundai yana sayar da shi a wasu ƙasashe kuma, wanda sun hada da Kanada, Norway, Netherlands, Portugal da kuma Switzerland An dakatar da motar a kasuwar Amurka don shekarar samfurin 2022. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
57743 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre%20de%20Charit | Jean-Pierre de Charit | Jean-Pierre de Casamajor de Charritte (ko Charitte,Charite Satumba 1648 17 Oktoba 1723) wani mai kula da mulkin mallaka na Faransa ne wanda ya kasance gwamnan rikon kwarya na Saint-Domingue sau biyu a lokacin Yaƙin maye gurbin Mutanen Espanya (1701-1714).
Iyali Casamajor de Charritte tsohon Basque dangin Béarnaise ne.Kakansa Guicharnaud de Casamajor, wani notary wanda ya zama ma'aji kuma mai karɓar janar na Masarautar Navarre,Henry III na Navarre ya karɓe shi a cikin 1583,wanda daga baya ya zama Henry IV na Faransa Kakansa Josué de Casamajor ya auri Jeanne de Charritte a shekara ta 1608.Yana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya takwas na Isaac de Casamajor de Charritte da Marie de Maytie. Jean-Pierre de Casamajor de Charritte an haife shi a cikin château de Charritte kuma ya yi masa baftisma a ranar 10 ga Satumba 1648 a cocin cocin Charritte.
Aikin farko (1673-1705) Charritte ya shiga Gardes de la Marine yana da shekaru 25,kuma ya yi yakin neman zabe tare da su a Kanada, a gabar tekun Afirka da tsibirin Leeward.Ya zama alamar jirgin ruwa enseigne de vaisseau a cikin Janairu 1689,kuma bayan dogon lokaci a cikin teku an ci gaba da zama laftanar a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1693.A shekara ta gaba aka ba shi umarni na jirgin ruwa na sarki Lutin tare da umarnin ya yi tafiya a cikin Île d'Yeu Yayin da yake jagorantar rundunar Lutin,an umarce shi da ya raka ayarin jirgin ruwa kusan 150.Wani jirgin ruwan kasar Holland ne daga Vlissingen na cannons 22 da kuma kwarya-kwaryan sifaniya guda biyu na igwa 10-12 kowanne.Sau uku ta hanyar sauri da ƙwararrun motsa jiki Charitte ya guje wa shiga. A harin na hudu,wanda shi ma aka fatattaki,harbin falconet ya ratsa wuyan Carritte daga gefe zuwa gefe,kuma an karye masa kafada da muƙamuƙinsa da wuta daga musket.Daga wannan ranar, Charritte na iya hadiye abinci mai ruwa kawai.Sai dai ya ceci ayarin motocin.An kai labari na bajintar makamai da sauri zuwa kotun Faransa a Versailles,inda a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1697 Sarki Louis XIV na Faransa ya ba Carritte fansho na shekara-shekara na 500.
Bayan 'yan watanni Charritte aka nada shi a matsayin Laftanar sarki a tsibirin Saint Croix,kuma an ba shi umarni na Pressante,wani jirgin ruwa mai dauke da bindigogi 12 da ma'aikatan jirgin 50.Da farko an umarce shi da ya kare wani muhimmin ayari na jiragen ruwa daga La Rochelle zuwa Bordeaux. An ga jiragen ruwa guda uku suna tashi daga tutocin kasashen waje a ranar farko ta tafiyar.Charitt ta faɗi a baya don yin maganin su.Ɗayan jirgin ruwa ne mai ɗauke da igwa 22 da mutum 100,sauran biyun kuma ƴan kwarya-kwarya ne,ɗaya yana da igwa guda 8 da mutane 70,ɗayan kuma yana da igwa 6 da mutum sittin. Charitte ya yi tir da harin da aka yi wa ’yan sandan uku,duk da cewa an fi su da yawa,kuma sun kunna wuta mai tsanani lokacin da suka yi yunkurin rufewa sau uku.An tunkude su kowane lokaci, kuma a ƙarshe sun rabu.A shawarar Louis Phélypeaux,comte de Pontchartrain, Charitte an yi masa ado da Order of Saint Louis don wannan aikin sojan ruwa.
A 1698 Charritte ta auri Marie Louise de La Doubart de Beaumanoir. Suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu.Charritte ya ɗauki mukaminsa a matsayin hafsan sarki a tsibirin Saint Croix.Sa'an nan kuma aka nada shi laftanar sarki a Tortuga da Le Cap Gwamnan riko na Saint-Domingue (1705-1707) Charles Auger,gwamnan Saint-Domingue,ya mutu a Léogâne a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 1705. Charite ya karbi mulki a matsayin gwamna na wucin gadi.A cikin 1706,duk da Faransa da Spain suna yaƙi,Faransawa da Mutanen Espanya a Santo Domingo sun kasance tare cikin lumana. Ministan ya rubuta wa Charitte yana gaya masa ya daina kasuwanci tare da Mutanen Espanya ta amfani da ƙananan jiragen ruwa na Holland daga Curacao Nasarar d'Iberville da Chavagnac a cikin farmakin da suka kai a Saint Kitts da Nevis na iya sa turawa su kai hari,kuma Charitte ya kamata ya ɗauki duk matakan da ake buƙata don shirya don tsayayya da su.A wannan lokacin Charitte na fama da matsala wajen magance tashe-tashen hankula a yankin da ya biyo bayan mutuwar Auger.Charitte yana da yanayi mai ban sha'awa, kuma ya shiga cikin wasu zamba na kasuwanci,wanda ya haifar da gunaguni a kansa.
D'Iberville ya isa Léogane kuma ya sami 'yan buccaneers a can suna shirye su kai hari Jamaica,amma ya mutu a Havana a watan Yuli 1706 kafin ya sami damar aiwatar da wannan shirin.Chavitte ya iyakance kansa da wasu matakan kare gabar tekun Saint-Domingue daga turawan Ingilishi.Ya kuma karfafa masu bukatu da su kai wa turawan hari.A cikin 1706 ya ba wa mai zaman kansa mai shekaru 20 Pierre Morpain amanar umarnin Intrépide.Daga baya ya shiga rikici tare da Pierre Morpain da buccaneers lokacin da ya kama wani jirgin ruwa da Morpain ya kama kuma ya sake sayar da shi da riba mai yawa.
François-Joseph,comte de Choiseul-Beaupré an nada shi gwamna a ranar 1 ga Agusta 1706,kuma majalisar Le Cap ta karbe shi a ranar 28 ga Disamba .kimanta kudaden sannan ake amfani da su a tsibirin,wanda dole ne a mika shi ga minista don warwarewa.Ya kuma yi rigima da Charitte,wacce ta kai kara ga ministar.Wataƙila za a tuna da Choiseuil idan ba don dangantakarsa a kotu ba.
Gwamnan riko na Saint-Domingue (1711-1712) A ranar 22 ga Satumba 1710 aka tuna da Choisel kuma aka nada Laurent de Valernod gwamnan riko.An karbe shi a Le Cap ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 1711. Ya mutu a Petit-Goâve a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1711,kuma Charite ya sake zama gwamnan rikon kwarya na Saint-Domingue.A ranar 1 ga Satumba 1711 aka nada Charite gwamnan Martinique. Ya ƙi mulkin Martinique don ya iya kula da gonar sa a Saint-Domingue.A ranar 1 ga Satumba 1711 Nicolas de Gabaret (1641-1712) an nada shi gwamnan Saint-Domingue a madadin Choiseul,amma bai dauki tayin ba kuma ya mutu a Martinique a ranar 25 ga Yuni 1712.Sannan aka nada Paul-François de La Grange d'Arquien gwamnan riko a ranar 18 ga Yuni 1712 kuma majalisar Le Cap ta karbe shi a ranar 29 ga Agusta 1712.Charitte ya sami kansa ba shi da aikin yi.
A cikin 1716 an nada Charitt a matsayin mukaddashin gwamna janar na Saint-Domingue,kuma ya rike wannan mukamin har mutuwarsa. Charritte ya mutu a ranar 17 ga Oktoba 1723 yana da shekaru 75. Étienne Cochard de Chastenoye ya gaje shi a matsayin gwamnan Saint Croix da Le Cap.A cewar Médéric Louis Élie Moreau de Saint-Méry, Charritte ya kasance mai laushi kuma sananne,abokin gaba na rashin tausayi, amma halinsa ya lalace ta hanyar rashin jin dadi.
Bayanan |
48061 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan%20Root | Joan Root | Joan Root (18 Janairu 1936 13 Janairu 2006) ƴar ƙasar Kenya ce mai kiyayewa, mai fafutukar kare muhalli kuma ƴar shirin fim ɗin Oscar. Tare da mijinta mai shirya fina-finai, Alan Root ta yi jerin fina-finan namun daji waɗanda suka yi fice. Ma'auratan sun sake aure a cikin shekarar 1981 kuma Alan Root ya zauna a Nairobi daga baya.
Rayuwar farko An haife ta a Nairobi a shekarar 1936 a matsayin Joan Wells-Thorpe, Root ɗiyar Edmund Thorpe ce, wani ma'aikacin banki na ƙasar Burtaniya wanda ya yi hijira zuwa ƙasar Kenya don fara sabuwar rayuwa kuma ya zama mai shuka kofi mai nasara. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Lilian (Johnnie) Thorpe, née Walker.
Aiki Shekaru goma kafin fina-finan namun daji irin su Maris na Penguins, Joan da Alan Root sunka fara yin fim ɗin ƙaura na dabba ba tare da tsangwama daga ƴan wasan kwaikwayo na ɗan Adam ba. Fitattun ƴan wasan kwaikwayo irin su Orson Welles, David Niven, James Mason da Ian Holm ne suka ba da labarin fina-finansu. Takardun labarin Tsira na cikin shekarar 1979, Mysterious Castles of Clay an zaɓi shi don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Takardun shaida.
Tushen ta gabatar da Dian Fossey ga gorillas daga baya ta mutu tana ƙoƙarin ceto, ta ɗauki Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis a kan ƙasar Kenya a cikin ballolin su, kuma ta rufe yawancin Afirka a cikin shahararren injinsu guda ɗaya Cessna, motar su mai ƙarfi, da balloon su, a lokaci ɗaya sanye take tare da rafi don saukar ruwa. Bayan rabuwar Tushen, ta sami gonar Lake Naivasha, tare da jirginsu da kuma kuɗin fina-finan da suka yi tare.
Bayan kisan aurenta Joan Root ta shiga cikin ayyukan kariya da kewayen tafkin Naivasha, wanda ya haɗa da tallafawa masana kimiyya da masu sa kai daga Cibiyar Earthwatch waɗanda ke lura da yanayin muhalli. Ta kuma jagoranci da kuma ba da tallafin kuɗi ga wata ƙungiyar masu yaƙi da farauta ta "Task Force" a yankin. Rundunar Task Force ta tsaurara dokar hana kamun kifi a kewayen tafkin Naivasha, tare da kame masunta tare da ƙwace da ƙona tarun, a wani yunƙuri na dakatar da kifayen fiye da kifaye, musamman kama kifi marasa girma. Duk da haka wannan ya jawo cece-kuce tare da mazauna yankin da suka ga tafkin Naivasha a matsayin abin da ya dace kuma na gama gari.
Kisa A ranar 13 ga watan Janairun 2006, kwanaki biyar kafin cikarta shekaru 70, an kashe Joan Root a gidanta da ke tafkin Naivasha da wasu mutane huɗu da suka zo ƙofarta ɗauke da AK-47 Akwai mutane da yawa da ake zargi kamar tsofaffin ma’aikata da ba su ji daɗi ba, gungun masu aikata laifuka, ƙungiyoyin ƴan ta’adda, mafarauta, waɗanda fafutukan ta ke barazana ga tattalin arziƙinsu da ma ƴan Task Force. Mutanen huɗu da aka kama aka kuma tuhume su da kisan ta, sun ƙi amsa laifinsu kuma an sallame su a cikin watan Agustan 2007. Wasu da ke da hannu a cikin lamarin sun yi imanin cewa kwangila ce ta kashe, amma har yanzu ba a amsa tambayar wanda ya biya shi ba.
Tarihin Rayuwa Tarihin Mark Seal na Joan Root, Wildflower: Rayuwa mai ban mamaki da Mutuwa a Afirka an buga ta Random House a cikin shekarar 2009. Littafin ya samo asali ne daga binciken wata ƙasida don Vanity Fair a cikin shekarar 2006 lokacin da Seal ya sha'awar wani rahoto game da mutuwar jagora na namun daji. Fina-finan Taken Aiki sun zaɓi haƙƙin fim don labarin Tushen kafin a rubuta littafin.
Filmography Mizma: Hoton bazara (1972)
Baobab: Hoton Bishiya (1973)
Balloon Safari Sama da Kilimanjaro (1975)
Shekarar daji (1976)
Abubuwa na ban mamaki na Clay (1978)
Haske, Kamara, Afirka (1980)
Jinin Rose (2009) Sheffield Green Award
Duba kuma Jerin Fararen fatar Afirka
Fararen fata a Kenya
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje The Independent profile of Joan Root
The Blood of The Rose Archived 2009-11-02 at the Wayback Machine
Mutuwan |
19128 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ur%27aniyya | Ƙur'aniyya | Ƙur'aniyya al-Ƙur'āniyya, har ila yau "rubutun Alƙur'ani") ƙunshi ra'ayoyi cewa shari'ar Musulunci da jagora ya kamata su dogara ne kawai da Kur'ani, don haka gaba ɗaya ko wani ɓangare na adawa da ikon addini, amintacce, da ko amincin littattafan hadisi Masu ilimin Kur'ani sun yi imani da cewa saƙon Allah a cikin Alƙur'ani bayyananne ne kuma cikakke ne yadda yake, saboda Alƙur'ani ya faɗi haka, don haka ana iya fahimtarsa ba tare da ambaton hadisin, wanda suka yi imanin ƙirƙirarsa akayi ba. A cikin sha'anin imani, da fikihu, da shari'a, masu karatun Kur'ani sun banbanta da ahl al-Hadith wato masu bin Hadisi, ta yadda wadanda suka gabata suna ganin Hadisi ban da Alqurani a matsayin ikon zartar da hukuncin Musulunci a cikin sha'anin shari'a da akida. Kowace mazhabar Musulunci da ke yada hadisi, tana da nata tsarin na hadisi wanda musulminsu suka dogara da shi, amma sauran mazhabobin hadisi suka ki amincewa da shi, yayin da Kur'ani suka ki amincewa da dukkanin hadisai daban-daban kuma ba su da nasu.
Alƙur'ani yana kama da ƙungiyoyi a cikin sauran addinan Ibrahim kamar na Karaite a yahudanci da kuma tunanin Sola na addinin kirista na Furotesta.
Asalin Kalma Mabiya Kur'ani da Musulunci ana kira a matsayin "Ƙur'aniyyun" wani lokacin kuma ana kiransu da Ƴan Ƙala Ƙato) amma kuma a matsayin "masu neman kawo canji" ko "Musulmai masu ci gaba" ta wasu nau'ikan musulmai, kodayake galibi suna musun waɗannan sunaye. Kada masu rikodin Qur'ani su rikice da Ahle-e-Quran ("Mutanen Alƙur'ani"), wanda ƙungiya ce da Abdullah Chakralawi ya kafa. Hakanan masu karatun Kur'ani suna iya kiran kansu kawai "Musulmai" ko "Masu sallamawa".
Rukunan Masu ilimin Kur'ani sun yi imani da cewa Kur'ani shine tushen tushen dokar addini da jagoranci a cikin Islama kuma sun ƙi ikon tushen tushe a waje da Alƙur'ani kamar Hadisi da Sunna Kuma, suna ambaton ayoyin Alqur'ani kamar su 6:38, 45: 6 da 6: 112-116, sun yi imani da cewa Alqur'ani bayyananne ne, cikakke ne, kuma ana iya fahimtarsa sosai ba tare da komawa ga hadisi da sunna ba. Saboda haka, suna amfani da shi kansa Alqurani wajen fassara kur’ani: .Tsassun zahiri da cikakke game da rubutun ta mahangar zamani da amfani da tafsirin al-qur'an bi al-qur'an (bayanin Alkur'ani tare da Alkur'ani) da fikihu. qa'idar al-asl fi al-kalam al-haqiqah (babbar magana ce ta zahiri), ba tare da yin watsi da yadda Alkur'ani ya yi amfani da shi ta hanyar mahanga na tarihi da al'ada ba. Wannan Hanyar tafsirin Alqur'ani ne daban-daban daga hanyar falala a kansu daga mafi Sunni da 'yan Shi'a, da aka sani da tafsirin bi-al-ma'thur (tafsirin Alqur'ani tare da ruwayoyin, watau, hadisi). Ya bambanta da masu ilimin Kur'ani, 'yan Sunni ba su yi imani da cewa Alƙur'anin yana da cikakken bayani ba. Sun yi imani da cewa, "Kur'ani yana buƙatar Sunna fiye da yadda Sunna ke buƙatar Alkur'ani inna l-Quran ahwaju ila l-sunna mina l-sunna ila l-Quran Wannan bambance-bambancen tafarkin ya haifar da saɓani sosai tsakanin masu ilimin Kur'ani da Sunna da Shi'a a cikin sha'anin ilimin addini da shari'a.
Misali, a karnin da suka biyo bayan mutuwar Muhammadu, Musulmin da suka ƙi yarda da hadisai ba su yi imani da Naskh ba Kufa ya yarda da hadisi da masanin Kufan Dirar ibn Amr ya yi ne ya sa shi ƙin yarda da imani da Al-Masih ad-Dajjal, Uƙubar Kabari, da Shafa'ah a ƙarni na 8. Kuma da Masar masanin Muhammad Abu Zayd ta kin amincewa da hadisi tushen sharhin kai shi su da su kãfirta da imani da Isra da Mi'raj a farkon ƙarni na 20th. A cikin tafsirinsa na mai hankali wanda aka buga a 1930, Al-hidaya wa-l-'rfan fi tafsir al-Qur'an bi-l-Qur'an (Jagora da Umarni a Wajan Tafsirin Alkur'ani da Alkur'ani), wanda yana amfani da Alƙur'ani da kansa wajen fassara Alƙur'ani, ya yi iƙirarin cewa aya ta 17: 1 ishara ce ga Hegira ba Isra'i da Mi'raj ba. Syed Ahmad Khan ya bayar da hujjar cewa, yayin da Alkurani ya kasance yana da ma'amala da jama'a, dogaro da hadisi ya takaita damar da kur'ani ke da ita zuwa wani yanayin al'adu da tarihi. Matsayin da Kur'ani ke bijirewa ikon Hadisi da Sunna sun banbanta, amma kungiyoyin da suka fi karfi sun soki ikon Hadisin sosai kuma sun ki yarda da shi saboda dalilai da yawa. Mafi ra'ayin mutane shine kasancewar Kur'ani wadanda suke cewa ba a ambaci Hadisi a cikin Alqurani a matsayin tushen ilimin addinin Musulunci da aiki da shi, ba a rubuce shi a rubuce ba har sai karni ɗaya da mutuwar Muhammad, kuma suna dauke da kurakurai na ciki da saɓani. Ga Musulmin Sunni, sunnah watau sunnar (hanyar) annabi, ɗayan manyan hanyoyi biyu ne na shari'ar Musulunci, kuma yayin da Alƙur'ani ke da ayoyi yana umurtar Musulmi da yin biyayya ga Annabi, Kur'ani bai taɓa magana ba sunnah "dangane da Muhammadu ko wasu annabawa. Kalmar sunnah ta bayyana sau da yawa, gami da jumlar "sunnar Allah" (hanyar Allah), amma ba "sunnar al-nabi" ba (hanyar annabi) kalmar da masu bin hadisi suke amfani da ita.
Tarihi
Farkon Musulunci Ƙur'ani sun faɗi abubuwan da suka yi imani da su tun zamanin Muhammadu, wanda ya hana rubuta hadisai don hana hadisai su rikice da Alƙur'ani. Ɗaya daga cikin sahabban Muhammadu kuma magaji Umar, shi ma ya hana rubuta hadisi tare da rusa tarin abubuwan da ake da su a lokacin yana halifa A lokacin da Umar ya naɗa gwamna a Kufa, sai ya ce masa: "Za ku zo wurin mutanen wani gari wanda buɗa Alkur'ani a gare su kamar sautin ƙudan zuma ne. Saboda haka, kada ku shagaltar da su da Hadisai, kuma ta haka ne ku shiga su. Kuje Kur'ani ku bar labarin daga manzon Allah (tsira da aminci su tabbata a gare shi)! Matsakaicin Kur'ani a cikin rayuwar addini ta Kufanawa waɗanda Umar ya bayyana suna canzawa da sauri, duk da haka. A 'yan shekarun da suka gabata daga baya, wata wasiƙa da aka aika zuwa ga Ummayad kalifa Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan game da Kufans: "Su yi watsi da hukuncin da Ubangijinsu, kuma ya dauki rabuwa domin su addini, kuma suka yi da'awar cewa sun samu ilimi, wanin daga Alkur'ani. Sun yi imani da littafin da ba daga wurin Allah ba, wanda aka rubuta ta hannun mutane; sai suka jingina shi ga Manzon Allah. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, haramun da ake yi wa rubutu da bin hadisai ya koma baya har shugaban Ummayad Umar II ya ba da umarnin tattara Hadisi a hukumance. Abu Bakr bn Muhammad bin Hazm da Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri, suna daga cikin waɗanda suka rubuta Hadisai bisa umarnin Umar na II. Duk da Trend zuwa hadisai, da tambayoyin da su dalĩli ci gaba a lokacin da Abbasiyawa daular da kuma wanzu a lokacin da Al-Shafi'i, a lokacin da wani rukuni da aka sani da "Ahlul-Kalam" jãyayya da cewa annabci misali na Muhammad "da aka samu a bin Alqurani shi kadai maimakon Hadisi. Daga baya, irin wannan rukuni, Ahl al-Tawḥīd wa l-dAdl, "mutanen tauhidi da adalci", waɗanda abokan hamayyarsu suka fi sani da Mu'tazilaiti, suma sun kalli watsa mafi yawan Hadisai a matsayin abin da bai isa abin dogaro ba. Mafi yawan Hadisan, a cewarsu, zato ne kawai, zato, kuma bidi'a ce, alhali littafin Allah cikakke ne kuma cikakke, kuma ba ya buƙatar Hadisin ya kara ko ya cika shi. Akwai manyan malamai da suka ki hadisi kamar Dirar bn Amr. Ya rubuta wani littafi mai suna The musu a cikin Hadisi Koyaya, canjin ya canza daga karnonin da suka gabata ta yadda za a ce Dirar da ashab al-hadisi sun buge ta kuma dole ta kasance cikin buya har zuwa mutuwarsa. Kamar Dirar ibn Amr, malamin nan Abu Bakr al-Asamm shima bashi da amfani sosai ga hadisai. A lokacin daular Abassid, mawaƙi, masanin tauhidi, kuma masanin shari’a, Ibrahim an-Nazzam ya ƙi ikon hadisi kamar yadda Abu Hurayra ya ruwaito. Shahararren dalibinsa, Al-Jahiz, ya kasance mai sukar wadanda suka bi irin wannan Hadisin, yana mai cewa su al-nabita ("abin raini"). Wani zamani na An-Nazzam, Al-Shafi'i, ya yi ƙoƙari ya ƙaryata hujjojin waɗanda suka ƙi waɗannan Hadisai kuma ya kafa ikonsu a cikin littafinsa Kitab Jima'a l-'Ilm Kuma Ibn Qutaybah yayi ƙoƙarin ƙaryata hujjojin An-Nazzam akan waɗannan Hadisan na Abu Hurayra a cikin littafinsa <i id="mwvQ">Ta'wil Mukhtalif al-Hadith</i> Ƙarni na 19th A Kudancin Asiya a cikin ƙarni na 19, ƙungiyar Ahle ta Kur'ani ta ƙirƙiro wani ɓangare don mayar da martani ga Ahle Hadith wanda suke ganin suna fifita Hadisi sosai. Da yawa daga mabiya Al-Qur'ani daga Asiya ta Kudu sun kasance masu bin Ahle Hadith a da amma sun ga ba za su iya karbar wasu hadisai ba. Abdullah Chakralawi, Khwaja Ahmad Din Amritsari, Chiragh Ali, da Aslam Jairajpuri suna daga cikin mutanen da suka gabatar da imanin Kur'ani a Indiya a lokacin.
20th karni A Misra a farkon karni na 20, ra'ayoyin masu ilimin Kur'ani irin su Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi ya tashi daga ra'ayoyin masu kawo canji na Muhammad Abduh, musamman kin amincewa da taklid da kuma fifita Alqurani. Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi na Misira "ya yi riko da cewa babu wani abu daga cikin Hadis da aka rubuta har sai bayan isasshen lokaci ya ba da damar kutsawa cikin al'adun wauta ko gurbatattun al'adu." Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi ya rubuta kasida mai taken Al-Islam Huwa ul-Qur'an Wahdahu ('Musulunci shi kadai ne Alkur'ani) wanda ya bayyana a mujallar Masar ta Al-Manar, wacce ke nuna cewa Kur'ani ya isa shiriya: "menene wajibine ga mutum baya wuce littafin Allah. Idan da wani abu banda Kur'ani ya zama dole ga addini, "Sidqi ya lura," da annabi ya yi umurni da a yi rajistarsa a rubuce, kuma da Allah ya tabbatar da kiyaye shi Kamar wasu takwarorinsu na Misira kamar su Muhammad Abu Zayd da Ahmed Subhy Mansour, wasu daga cikin masana masu kawo sauyi a Iran wadanda suka dauki akidun Kur'ani sun fito ne daga manyan makarantun gargajiya. Shaykh Hadi Najmabadi, Mirza Rida Quli Shari'at-Sanglaji, Mohammad Sadeqi Tehrani, da Ayatollah Borqei sun yi karatu a jami'o'in Shi'a na gargajiya a Najaf da Qom Koyaya, sun yi imani da cewa wasu imani da ayyukan da aka koyar a waɗannan jami'o'in, kamar girmama Imamzadeh da imani da Raj'a, ba su da ma'ana kuma camfi ne kuma ba su da asali a cikin Alqurani. Kuma maimakon su fassara Alqurani ta hanyar tabarau na hadisi, sai suka fassara Kur'ani da Alqurani tafsir al-qur'an bi al-qur'an Wadtannan imani na kawo canji sun haifar da suka daga malaman shia na gargajiya kamar Ayatollah Khomeini, wanda ya yi kokarin karyata sukar da Sanglaji da sauran masu ra'ayin kawo sauyi suka yi a cikin littafinsa Kashf al-Asrar Hakanan akida-ta imani ta yada tsakanin musulmai marasa karfi kamar Ba'amurken Ba'amurken, Ali Behzadnia, wanda ya zama Mataimakin Ministan Lafiya da Jin Dadi kuma muƙaddashin Ministan Ilimi jim kadan bayan Juyin Juya Halin Iran Ya soki gwamnati a Iran da cewa ba ta bin tsarin demokradiyya kuma ba ta sabawa "Musulunci na Alkur'ani".
Zamanin zamani A cikin ƙarni na 21, akidun Alkur'ani sun yadu a kasashe daban-daban. Koyaya, a cikin ƙasashe waɗanda suka haɗa wasu fannoni na dokar Sunni, mabiya sun gamu da adawa. Misali, wani malamin masarautar Saudiyya, Hassan Farhan al-Maliki, an kame shi sau da yawa saboda karfafa kawo sauyi a siyasance da kuma komawa zuwa ga Kur'ani. Saudi Arabiya ta fara gurfanar da mai binciken a gaban Kotun Musamman ta Laifuka a Riyadh, wacce aka kafa ta musamman a watan Janairun 2009 don kula da shari'o'in "ta'addanci da tsaron kasa." A shekarar 2019, masu gabatar da ƙara, waɗanda ke da alaka kai tsaye da sarkin na Saudiyya, sun gabatar da zarge-zarge kusan gaba ɗaya da suka shafi ra'ayoyin Maliki kuma ya bukaci kotun ta yanke masa hukunci bisa "fassarar tsattsauran ra'ayi" game da Islama. Sauran masanan Saudiyya, kamar Abdul Rahman al-Ahdal, suna ci gaba da ba da fatawa kan watsi da hadisi da komawa zuwa ga Alqurani. Kuma a Misira da Sudan, an kame masu bin kur’ani saboda imaninsu. Marigayi masanin Siriya Muhammad Shahrur, ya yi iƙirarin cewa hadisai ba su da wata fa'ida ta addini kuma ya kamata Alƙur'ani ya zama musulmai madogara. Yaɗuwar imanin Al-Qur'ani a Rasha ya jawo fushin kafuwar ahlussunna. Majalisar Muftis ta Rasha ta bayar da fatawa kan Al-Kur'ani da waɗanda ta ce shugabanninsu ne a Rasha. Koyaya, daya daga cikin da'awayan jagororin Kur'ani da aka ambata a cikin fatawar, masanin Falsafa dan katsar Rasha Taufik Ibragim, ya nuna cewa imaninsa sun fi dacewa da al'adar Jadid, kodayake akwai dan wani abu tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu a Rasha. A Turkiyya, masu karatun kur'ani sun mayar da martani a kan kafofin sada zumunta kan sukar da Diyanet ta yi a kan imaninsu na Kur'ani. A Afirka ta Kudu, wani malamin Islamiyya mai ilimin Oxford, Taj Hargey, ya kafa Buɗaɗɗen Masallaci. Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, Hargey ya yi niyya ga masallacin ya kasance a bude ga al'adun jama'a wanda al'adar gargajiya da masallatan Sunni da Shi'a suke gujewa, kamar mata. Hargey ya bayyana ka'idojin masallacin da cewa, "mai kula da alkur'ani, daidaiton jinsi, ba mazhaba, mai al'adu da kuma mai zaman kansa".
Fitattun ƙungiyoyi
Ahle Qur'ani Ahle Quran ƙungiya ce da Abdullah Chakralawi ya kafa, wanda ya bayyana Alqurani a matsayin "ahsan Hadith", ma'ana mafi ingancin hadisi kuma saboda haka yayi da'awar cewa baya bukatar kari. Yunkurinsa ya dogara ne kacokam kan surori da ayoyin Alqurani. Matsayin Chakralawi shi ne cewa Kur'ani kansa shi ne mafi kyawun tushen al'adar kuma ana iya bin sa ta musamman. A cewar Chakralawi, Muhammadu zai iya karbar nau'i daya ne na wahayi wahy kuma shi ne Kur'ani. Yayi jayayya cewa Al-Qur'ani shine kawai rikodin hikimar Allah, shine kawai tushen koyarwar Muhammadu, kuma yana fifita dukkanin hadisin, wanda yazo daga baya.
Izgi Amal Wannan ƙungiya ce ta Kur'ani a Kazakhstan wacce za a iya fassara sunan ta Cyrillic, zuwa rubutun Latin a matsayin İzgi amal Tana da membobi kimanin 70 zuwa 80. Shugabanta, Aslbek Musin, ɗa ne ga tsohon Shugaban Majalisar, Aslan Musin Ƙala ato Kala Kato ƙungiya ce ta Kur'ani wacce mabiyanta ke zaune galibi arewacin Nijeriya, tare da wasu mabiyan da ke zaune a Nijar. Ƙala Ƙato na nufin “mutum ya ce” a cikin harshen Hausa, dangane da maganganu, ko hadisai, waɗanda aka jingina su ga Muhammadu. Kala Kato ya yarda da Alqurani ne kawai a matsayin mai iko kuma ya yi imani da cewa duk abin da ba Kala Allah ba, wanda ke nufin abin da "Allah ya ce" a harshen Hausa, shi ne Kala Kato.
Quranungiyar Alƙur'ani ta Malesiya Kassim Ahmad ne ya kafa kungiyar Alkur'ani ta Malesiya. Yunkurin yana rikye da muƙamai da yawa da suka banbanta shi daga Sunni da Shi'a kamar kin matsayin mata a matsayin kasancewar surar surah; saboda haka nuna annashuwa a kan kiyaye hijabi, wanda a cewar Kur'ani ba ya cikin Al-Kur'ani.
Al-Qur'ani mai kula da sunnati Ƙungiyar Sunnati ta Kur'ani ƙungiya ce ta Kur'ani a Indiya. Wannan ƙungiyar ta kasance a bayan mace ta farko da ta jagoranci addu'o'in tarawar jinsi a Indiya. Yana kula da ofishi da hedkwata a cikin Kerala. Akwai gungun jama'a masu yawa na Kur'ani a cikin Kerala. Daya daga cikin shugabanninta, Jamida Beevi, ya kuma yi magana a kan dokar talaq sau uku ta Indiya wacce galibi ta dogara ne da Dokar Aikace-aikacen Dokar Musulmai ta Musamman (Shariat) ta Sunni, 1937. Shahararren magabaci ga theungiyar natan Sunni a Indiya ya kasance daga ra'ayoyin da Ahmed Khan ya gabatar a ƙarni na 19.
Masu sallamawa Masu gabatarwa ƙungiya ce da Ba'amurke- Rashad Khalifa ya fara a Amurka. Wannan tafiyar ta yada kalmar: Alqurani, da dukkan Alqur'ani, kuma ba komai bane face Alqur'ani. Sun yi imani da cewa Al-Qur'ani yana da tsarin lissafi dangane da lamba goma sha tara. Wasu sun ƙi amincewa da waɗannan imani kuma, a cikin 1990, wani wanda ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Sunni Jamaat ul-Fuqra ya kashe Khalifa. Daga cikin waɗanda ra'ayin Khalifa ya yi tasiri a kansu sun hada da Edip Yuksel, Ahmad Rashad, da Alkalin Babbar Kotun Najeriya, Isa Othman.
Tolu-e-Islam Ghulam Ahmed Pervez ne ya fara yunƙurin. Ghulam Ahmed Pervez bai ki dukkan hadisan ba; sai dai kawai ya yarda da hadisai wadanda "sun dace da Al-Qur'ani ko kuma ba sa tozarta halayen Annabi ko sahabbansa Organizationungiyar ta wallafa da rarraba littattafai, ƙasidu, da rikodin koyarwar Pervez. Tolu-e-Islam ba ya cikin wata jam’iyyar siyasa, haka kuma ba ta wata kungiyar addini ko mazhaba Süleymaniye Vakfı Abdülaziz Bayındır, farfesa a fannin ilimin tauhidi na kasar Turkiyya ne ya fara yunƙurin. Kungiyar ta fito fili ta kalubalanci Daraktan Harkokin Addini na Turkiyya (Diyanet) Suna rike da mukamai daban daban da Ahlul Sunni na Turkawa, kamar yadda suke kin kusan dukkanin hadisai, suna masu cewa ba sa inganta, kuma basu da ikon addini. Bayanin kungiyar ya karanta "Dangane da karairayin al'ada, za mu ci gaba da bayar da fatawa ta hanyar amfani da Alqurani kawai".
Fitattun Alqurani Caner Taslaman (an haife shi a shekara ta 1968), masanin ilimin Baturke, masanin Alƙur'ani kuma marubuci wanda aka san shi da ayyukansa a kan The Big Bang theory da tsarin kimiyya na Alƙur'ani. Kassim Ahmad (1933–2017) wani malamin Malaysia, marubuci, mawaƙi kuma malami wanda aka san shi da ƙin yarda da ikon hadisi. Shine ya assasa kungiyar Qur'ani ta Malesiya. An kama shi saboda "yana da ra'ayin gurguzu" a cikin 1976 kuma an sake shi a 1981. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yana aiki da fassarar Malay na Alqurani. Gamal al-Banna (1920–2013) marubucin Misira ne, kuma ɗan ƙungiyar kwadago. Shi ne kane ga Hassan al-Banna, wanda ya kafa kungiyar 'Yan Uwa Musulmi Mustafa İslamoğlu (an haife shi a shekara ta 1960), masanin ilimin tauhidi ɗan Turkawa, mawaƙi, marubuci. An soki shi a Turkiyya kuma an yi masa barazanar kisa saboda ra'ayinsa wanda ya inganta al'adun da ke sama da al'ada da kuma musun ikon wani hadisi, wanda ya ga an ƙirƙira shi. Rashad Khalifa (1935–1990), wani Ba’amurke Ba’amurke masanin ilmin kimiyyar halittu kuma mai gyara addinin Islama. A cikin littafinsa Alqur'ani, Hadisi da Musulunci da kuma fassarar Alqur'ani da Ingilishi, Khalifa ya yi hujja da cewa Alqurani shi kaɗai ne tushen imani da aiki da addinin Islama. 'Yan gargajiya sun kashe shi a ranar 31 ga Janairu, 1990.
Hassan al-Maliki (an haife shi a shekara ta 1970), ɗan ƙasar Saudi Arabiya marubuci, mai bincike, masanin tarihin Islama da malamin addinin Islama wanda masarautar Saudiyya ta gurfanar da shi a gaban kotu saboda abin da suke ikirarin ra'ayinsa ne na addinin Musulunci. An bayyana ra'ayoyin Al-Maliki a matsayin na Kur'ani, matsakaici, mai haƙuri, kuma mai adawa da akidar ta fi karfi da takifanci. Irshad Manji (an haife shi a shekara ta 1968) malamin Kanada ne kuma marubuci.
Ahmed Subhy Mansour (an haife shi a shekara ta 1949), wani malamin addinin Musulunci Ba’amurke Ba’amurke. Ya kafa wata karamar kungiyar masu karatun kur'ani, amma an kore shi daga Masar kuma yanzu yana zaune a Amurka a matsayin dan gudun hijirar siyasa. Chekannur Maulavi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1936; ya ɓace ran 29 ga Yuli 1993), wani malamin addinin Islama mai ci gaba wanda ya rayu a Edappal a gundumar Malappuram na Kerala, Indiya. An san shi da fassarar da ba ta dace ba game da Musulunci wanda ya dogara da Kur'ani kawai. Ya ɓace a ranar 29 ga Yulin 1993 a cikin yanayi mai ban mamaki kuma yanzu ana jin ya mutu. Yaşar Nuri Öztürk (1951-2016), malamin jami’ar Turkiyya malamin addinin Musulunci, lauya, marubuci kuma tsohon memba a majalisar dokokin Turkiyya Ya gabatar da taruka da yawa game da tunanin Musulunci, 'yan adamtaka da' yancin ɗan adam a Turkiyya, Amurka, Turai, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Balkans. A cikin 1999 mambobin wata kungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da ake kira Great Eastern Islamic Raiders 'Front (wacce ake kira İBDA-C a harshen Turkawa), sun yi ikirarin cewa sun shirya wani yunkurin kisan kai da bai taba faruwa ba. Öztürk ya mutu a cikin 2016, saboda ciwon kansa na ciki. Ahmad Rashad (an haife shi a shekara ta 1949), ɗan wasan motsa jiki na Amurka (galibi yana tare da NBC Sports kuma tsohon ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. Ahmad Rashad ya karanci harshen larabci da Alqur'ani tare da malaminsa, marigayi Rashad Khalifa. Mohamed Talbi (1921–2017), masanin tarihin Tunusiya kuma farfesa. Shine ya kirikiro ƙungiyar "International Internationale des Musulmans Coraniques" (AIMC), ko kuma ƙungiyar musulman kur'ani ta duniya. Edip Yüksel (an haife shi a shekara ta 1957), Ba'amurke Ba'amurke falsafa, lauya, mai ba da fatawa game da Kur'ani, marubuci na Takwas: Sa hannun Allah a cikin Yanayi da Littattafai, Manifesto for Reform Islamic da kuma marubucin marubucin Alƙur'ani: A Reformist Translation Ya koyar da falsafa da dabaru a Kwalejin Jama'a ta Pima da koyar da da'a da likitanci da kwasa-kwasan dokokin aikata laifi a Kwalejin Brown Mackie Kara karantawa Aisha Y. Musa, Hadisi a matsayin Nassi: Tattaunawa akan Ikon Hadisan Annabta a Musulunci, New York: Palgrave, 2008. ISBN 0-230-60535-4 Ali Usman Qasmi, Tambaya ga Ikon da Ya gabata: Matsayin Ahl al-Kur'ani a cikin Punjab, Jami'ar Jami'ar Oxford, 2012. ISBN 0-195-47348-5 Daniel Brown, Tarihin Tunawa da Tunani a Tunanin Islama na Zamani, Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge, 1996. ISBN 0-521-65394-0 Addini
Musulunci
Musulmai
Pages with unreviewed |
60412 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20manyan%20sake%20gina%20yanayin%20zafin%20jiki%20na%20shekaru%202%2C000%20da%20suka%20gabata | Jerin manyan sake gina yanayin zafin jiki na shekaru 2,000 da suka gabata | Wannan jerin manyan gyare-gyaren yanayin zafi na shekaru 2,000 da suka gabata; sun haɗada sake gina yanayi wanda ya bada gudummawa sosai ga yarjejeniya ta zamani kan rikodin ɗin yanayin zafi na shekaru 2,000 da suka gabata.
Rikodin zazzabi na kayan aiki kawai ya shafi shekaru 150 da suka gabata a sikelin hemispheric ko na duniya, kuma sake gina lokutan da suka gabata sun dogara ne akan ƙa'idodin yanayi. Acikin wani yunƙuri na farko na nuna cewa yanayi ya canza, takardar Hubert Lamb ta 1965 ta ƙaru daga bayanan zafin jiki na tsakiyar Ingila tareda bayanan tarihi, na botanical, da na archeological don samar da ƙididdige ƙimar yanayin zafi a yankin Arewacin Atlantic. Sake gine-ginen ƙididdiga na gaba sunyi amfani da dabarun ƙididdiga tare da wakilai daban-daban na yanayi don samar da manyan sake ginawa. Wakilan zoben bishiya na iya bada ƙuduri na shekara-shekara na yankuna masu zafi na arewacin kogin kuma ana iya haɗa su cikin ƙididdiga tareda wasu ƙayyadaddun proxies don samar da multiproxy hemispherical ko sake gina duniya.
Sabbin gyare-gyare na ƙididdigewa sun nuna yanayin zafi a baya ƙasa da yanayin zafi da aka kai a ƙarshen karni na 20. Wannan tsari kamar yadda aka gani a cikin an sanya shi hoton hockey stick, kuma tun daga 2010 wannan faffadar ƙarshe ta sami goyan bayan sake ginawa fiye da dozin biyu, ta amfani da hanyoyin ƙididdiga daban-daban da haɗuwa da bayanan wakili, tare da bambance-bambancen yadda za a iya faɗi. kafin karni na 20 "shaft" ya bayyana.
Jerin sake ginawa a cikin tsari na bugawa “Civilization and Climate”.
"The early medieval warm epoch and its sequel".
"Simulated northern hemisphere temperature departures 1579–1880".
"Reconstructed Northern Hemisphere annual temperature since 1671 based on high-latitude tree-ring data from North America".
"Little Ice Age summer temperature variations; their nature and relevance to recent global warming trends".
"Was there a ‘medieval warm period’, and if so, where and when?".
"Global interdecadal and century-scale climate oscillations during the past five centuries".
"Arctic Environmental Change of the Last Four Centuries".
"High resolution reconstructed Northern Hemisphere temperatures for the last few centuries: using regional average tree ring, ice core and historical annual time series".
An kawo a cikin IPCC TAR Rahoton kimantawa na uku na IPCC (TAR WG1) na 2001 ya kawo abubuwan sake ginawa masu zuwa suna goyan bayan ƙarshenta cewa shekarun 1990 na iya kasancewa mafi zafi a Arewacin Hemisphere shekaru goma na shekaru 1,000:
"Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries"
"High-resolution palaeoclimatic records for the last millennium: interpretation, integration and comparison with General Circulation Model control-run temperatures".
"Climate change record in subsurface temperatures: A global perspective".
"Northern hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium: Inferences, uncertainties, and limitations".
"Annual climate variability in the Holocene: interpreting the message of ancient trees".
"How Warm Was the Medieval Warm Period?".
An kawo a cikin Rahoton NRC (Rahoton Arewa) highlighted six recent reconstructions, one of which was not cited in AR4:
"Temperature trends over the past five centuries reconstructed from borehole temperatures"
An ambata a cikin IPCC AR4 Rahoton kimantawa na huɗu na IPCC (AR4 WG1) na 2007 ya kawo waɗannan gyare-gyare masu zuwa don goyan bayan kammalawarsa cewa ƙarni na 20 zai'iya kasancewa mafi zafi a Arewacin Hemisphere na akalla shekaru 1,300:
Jones et al. (1998) [kuma a cikin TAR], wanda "Juyin Juyin Halitta Sama da Millennium Na Ƙarshe".
Mann, Bradley Hughes (1999) [kuma a cikin TAR]
Briffa (2000) [kuma a cikin TAR], wanda "Babban bayanin zafin jiki daga zoben itace: bita".
Crowley Lowery 2000 "Yaya Dumu-dumu Ya Kasance Lokacin Dumi Na Tsakanin?" [kuma in TAR]
"Bambancin yanayin zafi mai ƙarancin mitoci daga cibiyar sadarwa mai yawa na zobe na arewa".
"Signal-Ƙananan Mitar a cikin Dogon Bishiyoyi-Ring Chronologies don Sake Gina Canjin Zazzabi na Baya", recalibrated by "Saɓanin yanayin zafin ƙasa mai zafi na Arewacin Hemisphere a cikin shekaru 1000 da suka gabata".
"Zazzabi na duniya a cikin shekaru dubu biyu da suka wuce."
"Sake gina yanayi na rijiyoyin burtsatse: Tsarin sararin samaniya da matsakaicin hemispheric".
"Fitar da siginar yanayi daga 169 glacier records".
"Sake gina yanayin zafin jiki na tushen wakili na Arewacin Hemisphere: Hankali ga hanya, cibiyar sadarwa mai tsinkaya, lokacin manufa, da yankin manufa".
"Maɗaukakin yanayin zafi na Arewacin Hemisphere da aka sake ginawa daga ƙananan bayanai masu ƙima da ƙima".
"A kan mahallin dogon lokaci na ƙarshen karni na ashirin".
"Matsalar sararin samaniya na ƙarni na 20 a cikin mahallin shekaru 1200 da suka gabata".
"Hanyoyin yanayi da aka ƙuntata ta hanyar sake gina yanayin zafi a cikin ƙarni bakwai da suka gabata".
An ambata a cikin IPCC AR5 Rahoton kimantawa na biyar na IPCC (AR5 WG1) na 2013 yayi nazarin bambance-bambancen yanayin zafi acikin shekaru dubu biyu da suka gabata, kuma ya kawo abubuwan sake ginawa don tallafawa ƙarshensa cewa matsakaicin yanayin zafi na Arewacin Hemisphere na shekara-shekara,"lokacin 1983-2012 ya kasance mai yuwuwa 30 mafi zafi.-shekara na shekaru 800 na ƙarshe (babban amincewa) kuma wataƙila mafi kyawun lokacin shekaru 30 na shekaru 1400 da suka gabata (matsakaicin amincewa)":
Pollack da Smerdon (2004) [kuma a cikin AR4]
Moberg et al. (2005) [kuma a cikin AR4]
D'Arrigo, Wilson Jacoby (2006) [kuma a cikin AR4]
Frank, Esper Cook (2007) "Gyara don lambar wakili da haɗin kai a cikin babban sake gina yanayin zafi".
Hegerl et al. (2007) "Gano tasirin ɗan adam akan sabon, ingantattun 1500-shekara zazzabi sake ginawa".
"Millennial zazzabi sake ginawa intercomparison da kimantawa".
Loehle McCulloch (2008) "Gyara zuwa: 2000 na shekara ta 2000 na sake gina yanayin zafi na duniya bisa la'akari da wadanda ba bishiyoyi ba".
"Sake gina tushen wakili na hemispheric da bambancin yanayin zafi na duniya a cikin shekaru dubu biyu da suka gabata".
"Sa hannu na Duniya da Tushen Mahimmanci na Ƙarshen Zaman Kan Kankara da Anomaly na Tsakiyar Yanayi".
"Sabon Sake Gina Sauyawan Zazzabi a cikin Ƙarfafan Tsafi na Arewacin Ƙarshen Ƙarshe A Lokacin Shekaru Biyu Na Ƙarshe".
"Ƙarin-zazzabi na Arewacin Hemisphere a cikin shekaru dubu biyu da suka gabata: Sake gina ƙananan mitoci".
Leclercq Oerlemans (2012) "Sake gina yanayin zafi na duniya da na Hemispheric daga tsayin glacier".
"Sake gina zafin jiki na Arewacin Hemisphere a cikin ƙarni na ƙarshe ta amfani da wakilai na shekara-shekara da yawa".
Ƙarin sake ginawa "Reconstructing hemispheric-scale climates from multiple stalagmite records".
"Evaluation of proxy-based millennial reconstruction methods".
"A late Quaternary climate reconstruction based on borehole heat flux data, borehole temperature data, and the instrumental record"
"Recent warming reverses long-term arctic cooling".
"A Bayesian Algorithm for Reconstructing Climate Anomalies in Space and Time".
"Reconstruction of the Extratropical NH Mean Temperature over the Last Millennium with a Method that Preserves Low-Frequency Variability".
"Northern Hemisphere temperature patterns in the last 12 centuries".
"A Reconstruction of Regional and Global Temperature for the Past 11,300 Years"
(78 researchers, corresponding author Darrell S. Kaufman) "Continental-scale temperature variability during the past two millennia"
Raphael Neukom, Nathan Steiger, Juan José Gómez-Navarro, Jianghao Wang Johannes P. Werner 2019 "No evidence for globally coherent warm and cold periods over the preindustrial Common Era"
PAGES 2k Consortium 2019 "Consistent multidecadal variability in global temperature reconstructions and simulations over the Common Era"
Bayanan kula
Nassoshi a cikin jerin |
23303 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomabu | Anomabu | Anomabu, wanda kuma ya rubuta Anomabo kuma tsohon sunan Annamaboe, birni ne a gabar Tekun Mfantsiman Municipal na Yankin Tsakiyar Kudancin Gana. Anomabu yana da yawan mazauna 14,389.
Anomabu yana da nisan kilomita 12 gabas da Cape Coast a tsakiyar yankin kudancin Ghana. Tana kan babban titin zuwa Accra. Jimlar yankin Anomabu shine murabba'in kilomita 612, tare da iyakokin kilomita 21 a bakin tekun, da kilomita 13 a cikin ƙasa. Babban harshen da ake magana da shi a Anomabu shine Fante.
Dangane da al'adar baka, an fara samo asalin sunan "Anomabu" lokacin da wani mafarauci daga dangin Nsona ya fara gano yankin kuma ya yanke shawarar zama tare da danginsa, daga ƙarshe ya fara ƙauyen nasa yayin da lokaci ya wuce. Ana zargin mafarauci ya ga wasu tsuntsaye a saman dutse, ya yi shelar yankin "Obo noma," wanda ya zama sunan garin na asali. Obanoma a zahiri yana fassara zuwa “dutsen tsuntsu,” sunan da sannu a hankali ya canza zuwa Anomabu tsawon shekaru.
Tarihi Anomabu ya kasance cibiyar kasuwanci ta bakin teku kafin a kafa ta a matsayin tashar kasuwancin bayi, wanda ya sa garin ya yi fice a karni na 17. 'Yan kasuwa na Fante a can sun yi ciniki musamman da zinariya da hatsi. Bayan gayyatar Dutch don gina masana'anta a cikin garin, 'yan kasuwa sun juya zuwa kasuwancin bayi. Attajirai Fante masu hannu da shuni sun goyi bayan gina katafaren turanci don ci gaba da wannan dalilin. Duk da haka, asarar da kamfanin Royal African Company ya yi a shekarar 1698 ya sa aka rufe wannan katafaren gidan a shekarar 1730. Sakamakon matsin lamba daga karuwar sha'awar Faransa, Company of Merchants Trading to Africa ya matsa don sake gina sansanin.
Fort William, wanda aka fi sani da Castle Anomabu, injiniyan Ingila John Apperley ne ya tsara shi kuma an gina shi tsakanin 1753 zuwa 1760. A lokacin ana ɗaukar shi mafi ƙarfi a kan gabar teku. Yana da nisan kilomita 16 (10 mi) daga Castle na Cape Coast. Bayan rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1756, Anglo-Irishman Richard Brew ya karɓi Mulkin Fort kuma ya ci gaba da gininsa. Ginin Anomabu ya zama cibiyar cinikin bayi na Burtaniya tare da Tekun Zinare har sai da aka fara aikin a 1807. Kodayake rashin shaida yana da wahalar faɗi tare da cikakken tabbaci, ana tunanin yawancin mutanen da aka kama da aka sayar zuwa bauta a Anomabu wataƙila sun fito ne daga Asante da mutanen kudancin Akan.
Dangane da bincike da bincike kan tsarin sasanta ƙauyuka a Anomabu da James Sanders yayi a shekarun 1960, rarraba ƙauyuka a Anomabu ya kasance mai ɗorewa tun daga tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19. Kamar yadda Anomabu ya ƙi aikinsa a matsayin na bayi, haka ma yawan jama'arta an kafa ƙauyuka kaɗan a Anomabu da yankunan cikinta, kuma a sakamakon haka, ƙauyuka tun daga wannan lokacin har zuwa yanzu ba su canza ba.
Tun da masana'antar kasuwancin Anomabu ta dogara da tsarin bautar har zuwa wannan lokacin, Anomabu post 1807 ya ragu sosai a cikin ikonsa a matsayin filin kasuwancin tattalin arziki. A cikin wannan shekarar, ƙaramin sansanin ya sami nasarar tsayayya da dukan sojojin Ashanti, kodayake birnin ya sha wahala sosai daga harin. Harin ya haifar da asarar rayuka sama da 8,000 na mutanen Anomabu.
A ƙarshen karni na 19, an fitar da shi a cikin dabino, hauren giwa, ƙura na gwal, gyada, da hatsin Guinea don musanya shigo da kayayyaki da aka ƙera. Yawanta a cikin shekarun 1870 ya kusan 4500.
Asalin ƙaramin ƙauyen kamun kifi, Anomabu daga ƙarshe ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mahimman tashar jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci a tekun Gold Coast. Ya zuwa karni na 18, garin ya zama daya daga cikin manyan masu fitar da bayi a gabar tekun Afirka ta Yamma. A cewar jami'in mulkin mallaka na ƙarni na 19 George Macdonald, Anomabu shine "birni mafi ƙarfi a bakin teku saboda yawan 'yan asalin yankin da ke dauke da makamai: Duk ƙasar ta cika da yawan jama'a ban da kasancewa mai wadatar zinari, bayi, da masara.” Ba bayi kawai ba, amma masarar masara mai yalwa shine wani dalilin da ya sa yankin Fante da Anomabu musamman abin sha'awa ga masu fataucin bayi.
A cikin 1798, mutanen da za su bautar da kansu sun shiga jirgin Antelope wanda ya fito daga London.
Muhimmancin Kamun kifi a zamanin Anomabu Babban aikin mazaunan Anomabu shine kamun kifi, inda noma shine aiki na biyu mafi mashahuri. Sauran ayyukan da ke cikin Anomabu sun haɗa da ciniki, da kuma ayyukan fasaha daban -daban kamar yin tukwane, kafinta, ko aikin famfo. Yawancin mazaunan Anomabu suna ɗaukar wasu ayyuka yayin da lokacin kamun kifi ba ya haifar da abin da za su iya rayuwa.
Dangane da binciken ɗan adam a cikin 2016 da Patience Affua Addo ta yi, masana'antar kamun kifi a Anomabu tana da jinsi sosai kuma tana hana hawa zuwa mata saboda al'umar uban da take ƙarƙashin ta. Koyaya, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, matan Anomabu sun tashi kan madafun iko a kasuwar kamun kifi.
Kodayake matan Anomabu ba sa shiga kamun kifi da kansu, suna da mahimmanci ga kasuwa kuma suna yin yawancin kasuwancin kifin da kansa. Kodayake kafuwar kakannin al'ummar Anomabu a halin yanzu yana sanya maza a sahun gaba a masana'antar kamun kifi, mata sun fara yin fice a cikin yanayin kamun kifi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A cikin 1992, mata sun mallaki 100 daga cikin jimillar kwale -kwale 400 na Anomabu. Wannan lambar ta kasance a tsaye a cikin 2002, lokacin da kashi 38% na kwalekwalen da ke Anomabu suma an ce mata ne. Zuwan mallakar kwale -kwale yana ba mata daraja da matsayi a cikin danginsu da sauran al'umma baki ɗaya.
Yawon shakatawa A cikin zamani, Anomabu sanannen wurin yawon shakatawa ne. Har yanzu ana iya ganin ragowar Fort William.
Bukukuwa Mutanen Anomabo suna murnar bikin Okyir wanda shine bikin tsawon sati na shekara-shekara wanda aka yi biki a sati na biyu a cikin watan Oktoba. "Okyir" na nufin "abin ƙyama" kuma mutane suna yin bikin wannan bikin a matsayin tunatarwa ga munanan halayen zamantakewa.
Ilimi Akwai manyan manyan makarantun gwamnati 3 da manyan ƙananan makarantu masu zaman kansu 4 a Anomabu, da kuma babbar makarantar sakandare ɗaya.
Wutar Lantarki da Tsabta Wutar lantarki a Anomabu ta fito ne daga tashar wutar lantarki ta kasa da kuma bututun da ke ɗauke da bututu. Tsabtace muhalli bai wadatar ba a cikin alumma, kuma saboda rashin banɗaki na jama'a, yawancin mazauna yankin suna amfani da rairayin bakin teku, wanda ya haifar da gurɓatattun magudanan ruwa.
Sanannun mazauna William Ansah Sessarakoo (c. 1736–1770)
Prince Whipple (1750–1796)
Manazarta Ambato
Kara karantawa Shumway, Rebecca (2011), The Fante and the Transatlantic Slave Trade, Rochester: University of Rochester Press. ISBN 9781580463911
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29981 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gur%C9%93atar%20%C6%99asa | Gurɓatar ƙasa | Gurɓatar ƙasa, ƙazantar ƙasa, ko ƙazantar ƙasa a matsayin wani ɓangare na lalacewar ƙasa yana faruwa ne sakamakon kasancewar sinadarai na xenobiotic (wanda ɗan adam ya yi) ko wani canji a cikin yanayin ƙasa. Yawanci yana faruwa ne ta hanyar ayyukan masana'antu, sinadarai na aikin gona ko zubar da sharar da bai dace ba. Mafi yawan sinadaran da ke tattare da su sune man fetur hydrocarbons, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (kamar naphthalene da benzo (a) pyrene kaushi, magungunan kashe qwari, gubar, da sauran ƙananan karafa An haɗu da gurɓatawa tare da ƙimar masana'antu da ƙarfin abubuwan sinadarai. Damuwa game da gurɓacewar ƙasa ya samo asali ne daga haɗarin lafiya, daga hulɗar kai tsaye tare da gurɓataccen ƙasa, tururi daga gurɓataccen ƙasa, ko kuma daga gurɓacewar ruwa na biyu a cikin ƙasa da ƙasa. Taswirar wuraren gurɓataccen ƙasa da sakamakon tsaftacewa suna ɗaukar lokaci da ayyuka masu tsada, kuma suna buƙatar gwaninta a cikin ilimin geology, hydrology, sunadarai, ƙirar kwamfuta, da GIS a cikin gurɓataccen muhalli, da kuma godiya ga tarihin sunadarai na wasu masana'antu. A Arewacin kasar Amurka da Yammacin Turai an fi sanin girman gurɓataccen ƙasa, tare da kuma yawancin ƙasashe a waɗannan yankuna suna da tsarin doka don ganowa da magance wannan matsalar muhalli. Kasashe masu tasowa ba su da ka'ida sosai duk da cewa wasu daga cikinsu sun sami ci gaban masana'antu.
Dalilai Ana iya samun haifar da gurɓacewar ƙasa ta abubuwan da ke biyowa (jerin da ba ya ƙarewa)
Microplastics
Mai ya zube
Ma'adinai da ayyukan da sauran manyan masana'antu
Zubewar haɗari na iya faruwa yayin ayyuka, da sauransu.
Lalacewar tankunan ajiya na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (ciki har da bututun da ake amfani da su don watsa abubuwan da ke ciki)
Ruwan acid
Noma mai zurfi
Agrochemicals, irin su magungunan kashe qwari, herbicides da takin mai magani
Petrochemicals
Hadarin masana'antu
Barazanar hanya
Magudanar da gurbataccen ruwan saman cikin ƙasa
Harsasai, sinadarai masu guba, da sauran abubuwan yaƙi
Sharar gida
Zubar da mai da mai
Sharar da makaman nukiliya
Fitar da sharar masana'antu kai tsaye zuwa ƙasa
Zubar da najasa
Kisan shara da zubar da shara ba bisa ka'ida ba
Kwal ash
Sharar gida
An gurɓace da duwatsu masu ɗauke da adadi mai yawa na abubuwa masu guba Pb ya gurɓata saboda shaye-shayen abin hawa, Cd, da Zn wanda lalacewan taya ya haifar.
Lalacewa ta hanyar ƙarfafa gurɓataccen iska ta hanyar ƙona albarkatun burbushin halittu.
Duk wani aiki da ke haifar da wasu nau'ikan lalacewar ƙasa zaizayar ƙasa tattarawa, da dai sauransu) na iya ƙara tsananta tasirin gurɓataccen abu a kaikaice a cikin wannan gyaran ƙasa ya zama mai matuƙar wahala.
Ajiye tokar kwal a tarihi da ake amfani da shi don zama, kasuwanci, da dumama masana'antu, da kuma hanyoyin masana'antu kamar narka tama, sun kasance tushen gurɓata da yawa a wuraren da aka haɓaka masana'antu kafin kusan shekarata 1960. Coal a dabi'ance yana maida hankali da gubar da zinc yayin samuwarsa, da kuma sauran karafa masu nauyi zuwa karami. Lokacin da gawayi ya ƙone, yawancin waɗannan karafa suna taruwa a cikin toka (babban abin da ya rage shi ne mercury). Coal toka da slag na iya ƙunsar isasshiyar gubar don cancanta a matsayin sharar da ke da haɗari", wanda aka ayyana a cikin Amurka kamar yadda ya ƙunshi fiye da 5 mg/l na gubar cirewa ta amfani da hanyar TCLP Baya ga gubar, kwal ash yawanci yana ƙunshe da madaidaicin amma mahimman ma'auni na hydrocarbons na polynuclear aromatic (PAHs; misali, benzo (a) anthracene, benzo (b) fluoranthene, benzo (k) fluoranthene, benzo (a) pyrene, indeno (cd) pyrene, phenanthrene, anthracene, da sauransu). Waɗannan PAHs sanannu ne na ƙwayoyin cuta na ɗan adam kuma yawan adadin su a cikin ƙasa yawanci kusan 1 ne. mg/kg. Ana iya gane tokar kwal da slag ta kasancewar ƙwaya mara-fari a cikin ƙasa, ƙasa mai launin toka mai launin toka, ko (ƙwanƙarar kwal) mai kumfa, hatsi masu girman dutsen vesicular.
Magance sludge na najasa, wanda aka sani a masana'antu a matsayin biosolids, ya zama mai jayayya a matsayin taki Da yake shi ne sakamakon maganin najasa, gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi ƙarin gurɓatattun abubuwa kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma magungunan kashe qwari, da ƙarfe masu nauyi fiye da sauran ƙasa. A cikin Tarayyar Turai, Dokar Kula da Sharar Ruwa ta Birane ta ba da damar fesa najasa a ƙasa. Ana sa ran adadin zai ninka zuwa tan 185,000 na busassun daskararru a cikin shekarata 2005. Wannan yana da kyawawan kaddarorin noma saboda babban abun ciki na nitrogen da phosphate A cikin Shekarun 1990/1991, an fesa jika 13% akan 0.13% na ƙasar; duk da haka, ana sa ran wannan zai tashi sau 15 nan da shekarata 2005. bukatar sabuntawa Masu ba da shawara ya ce akwai buƙatar sarrafa wannan don kada ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa su shiga cikin darussan ruwa da kuma tabbatar da cewa babu tarin ƙarfe mai nauyi a saman ƙasa.
Maganin kashe kwari da ciyawa Maganin kashe qwari wani abu ne da ake amfani da shi don kashe kwaro. Maganin kashe qwari na iya zama sinadari, wakili na halitta (kamar ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta), maganin rigakafi, maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta ko na'urar da ake amfani da ita ga kowace kwaro. Ƙwararrun sun haɗa da kwari, ƙwayoyin cuta na tsire-tsire, ciyawa, mollusks, tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu shayarwa, kifi, nematodes (roundworms) da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke yin gasa da mutane don abinci, lalata dukiya, yadawa ko kuma su ne cututtukan cututtuka ko haifar da damuwa. Ko da yake ma akwai fa'idodi ga amfani da magungunan kashe qwari, akwai kuma nakasu, kamar yuwuwar cutar da mutane da sauran halittu.
Ana amfani da maganin ciyawa don kashe ciyayi, musamman a kan titina da layin dogo. Sun yi kama da auxins kuma yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa suna iya lalata su. Koyaya, rukuni ɗaya da aka samo daga trinitrotoluene (2: 4 D da 2: 4: 5 T) suna da dioxin na ƙazanta, wanda yake da guba sosai kuma yana haifar da mutuwa ko da a cikin ƙananan ƙima. Wani maganin ciyawa shine Paraquat Yana da guba sosai amma yana saurin raguwa a cikin ƙasa saboda aikin ƙwayoyin cuta kuma baya kashe namun ƙasa.
Ana amfani da maganin kashe kwari don kawar da kwari daga gonakin da ke lalata amfanin gona da aka shuka. Kwarin yana lalata ba kawai amfanin gona da ke tsaye ba har da wanda aka adana kuma a cikin wurare masu zafi an yi la'akari da cewa kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimillar abin da ake nomawa ya ɓace yayin ajiyar abinci. Kamar yadda yake tare da fungicides, magungunan kashe qwari na farko da aka yi amfani da su a ƙarni na sha tara ba su da tushe misali. Paris Green da sauran mahadi na arsenic An kuma yi amfani da nicotine tun daga ƙarshen karni na sha takwas.
Yanzu akwai manyan ƙungiyoyi biyu na maganin kwari na roba 1. Organochlorines sun haɗa da DDT, Aldrin, Dieldrin da BHC. Suna da arha don samarwa, masu ƙarfi da tsayin daka. An yi amfani da DDT akan ma'auni mai girma daga shekarun 1930, tare da kololuwar tan 72,000 da aka yi amfani da su a shekarata 1970. Sannan amfani ya faɗi yayin da aka gane illolin muhalli masu cutarwa. An samo shi a duniya a cikin kifi da tsuntsaye kuma an gano shi a cikin dusar ƙanƙara a cikin Antarctic Yana da ɗan narkewa a cikin ruwa amma yana narkewa sosai a cikin jini. Yana shafar tsarin juyayi da tsarin endocrin kuma yana haifar da kwai na tsuntsaye don rasa sinadarin calcium yana sa su zama masu saurin karyewa. Ana tunanin shine ke da alhakin raguwar adadin tsuntsayen ganima kamar ospreys da pergrine falcons a cikin shekarar 1950s yanzu suna murmurewa. Haka kuma ƙara yawan maida hankali ta hanyar sarkar abinci, an san shi yana shiga ta hanyar membranes masu lalacewa, don haka kifaye suna samun ta cikin gills. Da yake yana da ƙarancin narkewar ruwa, yana ƙoƙarin tsayawa a saman ruwa, don haka kwayoyin da ke zaune a wurin sun fi shafa. DDT da aka samu a cikin kifin da ya zama wani ɓangare na jerin abinci na ɗan adam ya haifar da damuwa, to amma kuma matakan da aka samu a cikin hanta, koda da nama na kwakwalwa bai wuce 1 ppm ba kuma a cikin mai ya kai 10 ppm, wanda ke ƙasa da matakin da zai iya haifar da lahani. Koyaya, an dakatar da DDT a cikin Burtaniya da Amurka don dakatar da haɓakar sa a cikin sarkar abinci. Masana'antun Amurka sun ci gaba da sayar da DDT ga ƙasashe masu tasowa, waɗanda ba za su iya samun tsadar sinadarai masu tsada ba kuma waɗanda ba su da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin da ke kula da amfani da magungunan kashe qwari. 2. Organophosphates, misali parathion, methyl parathion da kuma sauran 40 sauran kwari suna samuwa a cikin ƙasa. Parathion yana da guba sosai, methyl-parathion ya yi ƙasa da haka kuma ana ɗaukar Malathion gabaɗaya lafiya saboda yana da ƙarancin guba kuma yana rushewa cikin sauri a cikin hanta mammalian. Wannan rukuni yana aiki ta hanyar hana watsawar jijiya na al'ada kamar yadda aka hana cholinesterase daga rushewa mai watsawa acetylcholine, wanda ke haifar da motsin tsoka mara sarrafawa.
Wakilan yaki Zubar da alburusai, da rashin kulawa wajen kera alburusai da gaggawar kerawa ke haifarwa, na iya gurɓata ƙasa na tsawon lokaci. Amman Babu wata shaida kaɗan da aka buga akan wannan nau'in gurɓataccen abu musamman saboda takunkumin da gwamnatocin ƙasashe da yawa suka sanya akan buga abubuwan da suka shafi ƙoƙarin yaƙi. Duk da haka, gas ɗin mustard da aka adana a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ya gurɓata wasu wurare har tsawon shekaru 50 da gwajin Anthrax a matsayin makamin kwayoyin halitta ya gurɓata dukan tsibirin Gruinard Lafiyar dan Adam
Hanyoyin fallasa Gurbatacciyar ƙasa ko gurɓatacciyar ƙasa tana shafar lafiyar ɗan adam kai tsaye ta hanyar tuntuɓar ƙasa kai tsaye ko ta shakar gurɓataccen ƙasa wanda ya yi tururi; Akwai yuwuwar barazana mafi girma ta hanyar kutsawa daga cikin gurɓacewar ƙasa a cikin magudanan ruwa na ƙasa da ake amfani da su don amfanin ɗan adam, wani lokaci a wuraren da ake ganin ba su da nisa daga duk wani tushen gurɓacewar ƙasa a sama. Wannan yana haifar da haɓakar cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da gurɓatawa Yawancin bayyanar da haɗari ne, kuma fallasa na iya faruwa ta hanyar: Shigar ƙura ko ƙasa kai tsaye
Ci abinci ko kayan lambu da aka shuka a cikin ƙasa maras kyau ko tare da abincin da ke da alaƙa da gurɓataccen abu
Alamar fata tare da ƙura ko ƙasa
Tururi daga ƙasa
Shakar ƙura yayin aiki a cikin ƙasa ko yanayin iska
Duk da haka, wasu nazarin sun kiyasta cewa kashi 90% na fallasa su ta hanyar cin gurɓataccen abinci ne.
Sakamako Sakamakon lafiya daga kamuwa da gurɓacewar ƙasa ya bambanta sosai ya danganta da nau'in gurɓataccen abu, hanyar kai hari da raunin mutanen da aka fallasa. Bayyanar cututtuka na yau da kullum ga chromium, gubar da sauran karafa, man fetur, masu kaushi, da magungunan kashe qwari da Kuma magungunan herbicide da yawa na iya zama carcinogenic, na iya haifar da cututtuka na haihuwa, ko kuma zai iya haifar da wasu yanayin kiwon lafiya na yau da kullum. Abubuwan da ke faruwa a masana'antu ko na mutum, kamar nitrate da ammonia da ke da alaƙa da takin dabbobi daga ayyukan aikin gona, an kuma gano su a matsayin haɗarin lafiya a cikin ƙasa da ruwan ƙasa. Bayyanuwa na yau da kullun ga benzene a isassun yawa an san yana da alaƙa da haɓakar cutar sankarar bargo. An san Mercury da cyclodienes don haifar da mafi yawan abubuwan da ke faruwa na lalacewar koda da wasu cututtuka marasa jurewa. PCBs da cyclodienes suna da alaƙa da gubar hanta. Organophosphates da carbonates na iya haifar da sarkar martani da ke haifar da toshewar neuromuscular Yawancin chlorinated kaushi yana haifar da canje-canjen hanta, canjin koda da damuwa na tsarin juyayi na tsakiya. Akwai nau'i-nau'i na ƙarin illolin kiwon lafiya kamar ciwon kai, tashin zuciya, gajiya, ciwon ido da kurjin fata don abubuwan da aka ambata a sama da sauran sinadarai. A isassun allurai, adadin gurɓataccen ƙasa na iya haifar da mutuwa ta hanyar saduwa ta kai tsaye, shaka ko sha da gurɓatacce a cikin ruwan ƙasa da aka gurbata ta ƙasa baki daya. Gwamnatin Scotland ta umurci Cibiyar Nazarin Magungunan Ma'aikata ta gudanar da nazarin hanyoyin da za a tantance haɗarin lafiyar ɗan adam daga gurɓataccen ƙasa. Babban manufar aikin shine a samar da jagora wanda yakamata ya zama mai amfani ga Hukumomin Yankin Scotland wajen tantance ko shafuka suna wakiltar babbar yuwuwar cutarwa (SPOSH) ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Ana sa ran cewa fitowar aikin zai zama ɗan gajeren takarda da ke ba da jagora mai girma game da kimanta haɗarin lafiya tare da la'akari da jagorar da aka buga da kuma hanyoyin da aka gano a matsayin masu dacewa da taimako. Aikin zai bincika yadda aka samar da jagororin manufofi don ƙayyade yarda da haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam da kuma ba da shawarar hanyar da za a iya yin la'akari da abin da ke tattare da hadarin da ba a yarda da shi ba daidai da ka'idojin SPOSH kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin doka da Jagorar a ciki Dokokin Scotland.
Tasirin muhalli Ba zato ba tsammani, gurɓataccen ƙasa na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako ga yanayin halittu. Akwai sauye-sauyen sinadarai na ƙasa waɗanda zasu iya tasowa daga kasancewar sinadarai masu haɗari da yawa ko da a ƙarancin ƙarancin nau'in gurɓataccen yanayi. Duk Wadannan canje-canje na iya bayyanawa a cikin canjin canjin ƙwayoyin cuta na endemic microorganisms da arthropods mazauna a cikin yanayin ƙasa da aka ba. To Amman Sakamakon zai iya zama share wasu daga cikin sarkar abinci na farko, wanda hakan na iya haifar da babban sakamako ga mafarauta ko nau'in mabukaci. Ko da tasirin sinadarai kan ƙananan sifofin rayuwa kaɗan ne, ƙananan matakan pyramid na sarkar abinci na iya shigar da sinadarai na baƙon, wanda yawanci ya fi maida hankali ga kowane nau'in sarkar abinci. Yawancin waɗannan illolin yanzu an san su sosai, kamar tattara kayan DDT na dindindin ga masu amfani da jiragen ruwa, wanda ke haifar da rauni na bawo, ƙara yawan mace-macen kaji da yuwuwar bacewar nau'ikan.
Tasirin yana faruwa ga filayen noma waɗanda ke da wasu nau'ikan gurɓataccen ƙasa. Abubuwan gurɓatawa galibi suna canza canjin shuka, galibi suna haifar da raguwar amfanin gona. Wannan yana da tasiri na biyu akan kiyaye ƙasa, tunda albarkatun gona masu lalacewa ba za su iya kare ƙasan ƙasa daga zaizawar ƙasa ba To Sai Dai Wasu daga cikin waɗannan gurɓatattun sinadarai suna da tsawon rabin rayuwa kuma a wasu lokuta ana samun wasu sinadarai masu tasowa daga ruɓar gurɓataccen ƙasa na farko.
Mahimman tasirin gurɓatawa ga ayyukan ƙasa Karafa masu nauyi sosai da sauran gurɓataccen ƙasa na iya yin illa ga aiki, nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu da yawa na ƙasa, don haka suna barazanar ayyukan ƙasa kamar hawan keke na carbon da nitrogen. Koyaya, gurɓataccen ƙasa kuma na iya zama ƙasa da samuwa ta lokaci, kuma ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da tsarin halittu zasu iya dacewa da yanayin da suka canza. Kaddarorin ƙasa kamar pH, abubuwan da ke cikin kwayoyin halitta da rubutu suna da mahimmanci sosai kuma suna canza motsi, haɓakar halittu da gubar gurɓataccen ƙasa. Adadin gurɓataccen abu ɗaya na iya zama mai guba a cikin ƙasa ɗaya to amma gaba ɗaya mara lahani a wata ƙasa. Wannan yana jaddada buƙatar tantance takamaiman kasada da matakan ƙasa.
Zaɓuɓɓukan tsaftacewa Masana kimiyyar muhalli ne ke nazarin tsaftacewa ko gyaran muhalli waɗanda ke amfani da ma'aunin sinadarai na ƙasa kuma suna amfani da samfuran kwamfuta GIS in Environmental Contamination to Amman Duk DA yake don nazarin jigilar kayayyaki da makomar sinadarai na ƙasa. An ƙirƙiro fasahohi iri-iri don gyara ƙasa da gurɓataccen mai Akwai manyan dabaru da yawa don gyarawa:
Cire ƙasa kuma ɗauka zuwa wurin zubarwa daga shirye-shiryen hanyoyin don tuntuɓar yanayin muhalli ko ɗan adam. Wannan dabara kuma ta shafi ɗigon laka mai ɗauke da guba.
Iskar ƙasa a wurin da aka gurbata (tare da haɗarin haifar da gurɓataccen iska Gyaran zafin jiki ta hanyar gabatar da zafi don ɗaga yanayin zafi a ƙarƙashin ƙasa sosai don daidaita gurɓataccen sinadarai daga cikin ƙasa don hakar tururi. Fasaha sun haɗa da ISTD, wutar lantarki juriya dumama (ERH), da ET-DSP.
Bioremediation, hade da ƙwayoyin cuta narkewa na wasu kwayoyin halitta. Dabarun da aka yi amfani da su a cikin bioremediation sun haɗa da aikin gonakin ƙasa, biostimulation da bioaugmentating ƙasa biota tare da samun microflora na kasuwanci.
Cire ruwan ƙasa ko tururin ƙasa tare da tsarin lantarki mai aiki, tare da cire gurɓatattun abubuwan da aka cire daga baya.
Rashin gurɓataccen ƙasa (kamar ta hanyar rufewa ko shimfidawa a wuri).
Phytoremediation, ko amfani da tsire-tsire (kamar willow) don fitar da karafa masu nauyi.
Mycoremediation, ko amfani da naman gwari don daidaita gurɓatattun abubuwa da tara ƙarfe masu nauyi.
Gyaran gurɓataccen mai mai gurbataccen ruwa tare da ruɗewar iska mai ruɗewa Surfactant leaching
Ta ƙasa Ma'auni daban-daban na ƙasa don tattara abubuwan gurɓatawa na musamman sun haɗa da Manufofin Gyaran Farko na Yankin EPA 9 (US PRGs), Yankin EPA na ƙasar Amurka 3 Risk Based Concentrations (US EPA RBCs) da Majalisar Kare Muhalli ta ƙasa na Jagoran Ostiraliya kan Matakan Bincike a cikin ƙasa da Ruwan karkashin kasa.
Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin Babban ci gaban da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin ta samu tun daga shekarun 1970 ya haifar da tsadar farashi daga kasar sakamakon karuwar gurbatar yanayi. Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Muhalli ta yi imanin cewa barazana ce ga muhalli, ga lafiyar abinci da kuma noma mai dorewa. Wani samfurin kimiya ya nuna cewa, an gurbata muhallin mu miliyan 150 (kilomita murabba'in 100,000) na kasar Sin da aka noma, inda aka yi amfani da gurbataccen ruwa wajen ban ruwa fiye da murabba'in mu miliyan 32.5 (kilomita murabba'i 21,670) da kuma wani murabba'in mu miliyan 2 (kilomita 1,300). ko lalata ta da ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida. Gabaɗaya, yankin ya kai kashi ɗaya bisa goma na ƙasar da ake nomawa a ƙasar Sin, kuma ya fi yawa a yankunan da suka sami ci gaban tattalin arziki. Kimanin tan miliyan har 12 na hatsi na gurɓatar da karafa mai nauyi a kowace shekara, yana haifar da asarar yuan biliyan 20 kai tsaye (dalar Amurka biliyan 2.57).
Tarayyar Turai Dangane da bayanan da aka samu daga ƙasashe membobin, a cikin Tarayyar Turai adadin da aka kiyasta yiwuwar gurɓataccen wuraren ya fi miliyan 2.5 da wuraren da aka gano gurɓatattun wuraren kusan 342 dubu. Sharar gida da masana'antu suna ba da gudummawa mafi yawa ga gurɓacewar ƙasa (38%), sai kuma fannin masana'antu/kasuwanci (34%). Man ma'adinai da ƙarfe masu nauyi sosai sune manyan gurɓatattun abubuwa waɗanda ke taimakawa kusan kashi 60% ga gurɓacewar ƙasa. Ta fuskar kasafin kudi, ana kiyasin kula da gurbacewar muhallin zai kai kusan Yuro biliyan 6 duk shekara.
Ƙasar Ingila Jagorar gamayya da aka saba amfani da ita a cikin Ƙasar Ingila sune Ƙimar Jagorar ƙasa da Sashen Muhalli, Abinci da Harkokin Karkara (DEFRA) da Hukumar Muhalli suka buga. Waɗannan dabi'u ne na nunawa waɗanda ke nuna ƙaramin matakin abin karɓa. Sama da wannan ba za a iya samun tabbaci dangane da gagarumin haɗarin cutar da lafiyar ɗan adam ba. An samo waɗannan ta amfani da Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙasa (CLEA UK). Wasu sigogin shigarwa kamar Kimar Ma'aunin Lafiya, shekaru da amfani da ƙasa ana ciyar da su cikin CLEA UK don samun fitowar mai yiwuwa. Jagorar da Kwamitin Sashe na Internation na Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙasa (ICRCL) ya yi watsi da shi a hukumance ta DEFRA, don amfani da shi azaman takaddun shaida don sanin yiwuwar buƙatar gyara ko ƙarin daraja.
Samfurin CLEA da DEFRA da Hukumar Kula da Muhalli (EA) suka buga a cikin Maris 2002 ya tsara tsarin da ya dace don kimanta haɗarin lafiyar ɗan adam daga gurɓataccen ƙasa, kamar yadda Sashe na IIIA na Dokar Kare Muhalli ta 1990 ta buƙata. A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan tsarin, a halin yanzu an samo manyan Jigon Jagoran Ƙasa na Ƙimar Ƙasa (SGVs) don gurɓatawa guda goma da za a yi amfani da su azaman "ƙimar sa baki" Wadannan dabi'u bai kamata a dauki su azaman maƙasudin gyara ba amma ƙimar da ke sama da waɗanda ya kamata a yi la'akari da ƙarin ƙima; duba ka'idojin Dutch An samar da nau'ikan CLEA SGVs guda uku don amfanin ƙasa daban-daban guda uku, wato:
wurin zama (tare da kuma ba tare da ɗaukar shuka ba)
rabo
kasuwanci/masana'antu
Ana nufin SGVs su maye gurbin tsoffin ƙimar ICRCL. CLEA SGVs suna da alaƙa da tantance haɗarin na yau da kullun (dogon lokaci) ga lafiyar ɗan adam kuma ba sa amfani da kariya ga ma'aikatan ƙasa yayin gini, ko wasu yuwuwar masu karɓa kamar ruwan ƙasa, gine-gine, tsirrai ko sauran yanayin muhalli. CLEA SGVs ba su da amfani kai tsaye ga wani rukunin da aka rufe gaba ɗaya cikin tauri, saboda babu wata hanyar fallasa kai tsaye zuwa gurɓataccen ƙasa.
Har zuwa yau, an buga goma na farko na SGVs masu gurɓata guda hamsin da biyar, don masu zuwa: arsenic, cadmium, chromium, gubar, mercury inorganic, nickel, selenium ethyl benzene, phenol da toluene. An samar da Draft SGVs na benzene, naphthalene da xylene amma ana ci gaba da buga su. An buga bayanan Toxicological (Tox) ga kowane ɗayan waɗannan gurɓatattun abubuwa da kuma na benzo[a] pyrene, benzene, dioxins, furans da dioxin-kamar PCBs, naphthalene, vinyl chloride, 1,1,2,2 tetrachloroethane da 1, 1,1,2 tetrachloroethane, 1,1,1 trichloroethane, tetrachlorethene, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, trichloroethane da xylene. SGVs na ethyl benzene, phenol da toluene sun dogara ne akan abun ciki na kwayoyin halitta na ƙasa (SOM) (wanda za'a iya ƙididdige shi daga jimlar kwayoyin carbon (TOC) abun ciki). A matsayin allo na farko ana ɗaukar SGVs na 1% SOM sun dace.
Kanada As of February 2021, there are a total of 2,500 plus contaminated sites in Canada. One infamous contaminated sited is located near a nickel-copper smelting site in Sudbury, Ontario. A study investigating the heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of the smelter reveals that elevated levels of nickel and copper were found in the soil; values going as high as 5,104ppm Ni, and 2,892 ppm Cu within a 1.1 km range of the smelter location. Other metals were also found in the soil; such metals include iron, cobalt, and silver. Furthermore, upon examining the different vegetation surrounding the smelter it was evident that they too had been affected; the results show that the plants contained nickel, copper and aluminium as a result of soil contamination.
Indiya A cikin Maris shekarata 2009, batun gubar Uranium a Punjab ya ja hankalin manema labarai. An yi zargin cewa ta faru ne sakamakon tafkunan tokar kuda na tashoshin wutar lantarki, wadanda aka bayar da rahoton cewa suna haifar da lahani mai tsanani ga yara a yankunan na Faridkot da Bhatinda na Punjab Rahotannin labarai sun yi iƙirarin cewa matakan uranium sun fi ninki 60 iyakar aminci. A cikin shekarata 2012, Gwamnatin Indiya ta tabbatar da cewa ruwan ƙasa a cikin Malwa bel na Punjab yana da ƙarfe na uranium wanda ya kai kashi 50% sama da iyakokin da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta gindaya. Nazarin kimiyya, bisa sama da samfurori 1000 daga wuraren samfuri daban-daban, ba za su iya gano tushen tashi da toka ba da duk wata tushe daga masana'antar wutar lantarki ko masana'antu kamar yadda ake zargi da farko. Sannan Kuma Har ila yau binciken ya nuna cewa yawan sinadarin Uranium a cikin ruwan karkashin kasa na gundumar Malwa bai ninka adadin da WHO ta kayyade ba sau 60, amma kashi 50% ne kawai ke sama da iyakar WHO a wurare 3. Wannan mafi girman maida hankali da aka samu a cikin samfuran bai kai wanda aka samu a cikin ruwa na ƙasa a halin yanzu da ake amfani da shi don dalilai na ɗan adam a wasu wurare, kamar Finland Ana ci gaba da bincike don gano abubuwan halitta ko wasu hanyoyin samar da uranium.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Manazarta Portal don sarrafa ƙasa da ruwa a Turai Ƙofar bayanai mai zaman kanta ta asali ta samo asali daga Hukumar Turai don batutuwan da suka shafi ƙasa da ruwa, gami da gurɓataccen ƙasa, ƙasa da sarrafa ruwa.
Portal Soil Portal na Turai: Gurɓatar ƙasa A matakin EU, batun gurɓataccen wuraren gurɓatattun wurare gurɓacewar ƙasa) da gurɓataccen ƙasa (ƙasar da ke yaduwa) an yi la'akari da shi ta: Cibiyar Bayanan ƙasa ta Turai (ESDAC).
Labari kan gurbatar ƙasa a China
Arsenic a cikin ruwan karkashin kasa Littafin akan arsenic a cikin ruwan karkashin kasa ta IAH's Netherlands Chapter da Netherlands Hydrological Society
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
29990 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20mutanen%20New%20York | Ƴancin mutanen New York | Humans of New York HONY bulogi ne ya haɗa hoto da littafin hotuna da hirarraki da aka tattara akan titunan birnin New York An fara a watan Nuwamba shekarata 2010 ta mai daukar hoto Brandon Stanton, 'yan Adam na New York sun ci gaba da girma ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarun Littafin ya shafe makonni 31 akan jerin Mafi kyawun Masu siyarwa na New York Times. Daruruwan shafukan yanar gizo na "'Yan Adam" tun daga lokacin mutane a garuruwa daban-daban na duniya suka kirkiro da HONY.
A watan Maris na shekarata 2016, Stanton ya rubuta budaddiyar wasika zuwa ga Donald Trump wanda ya yadu a Facebook, inda ya samu sama da mutane miliyan 2.3 da sama da hannun jari sama da miliyan 1.1, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi rabawa a tarihin Facebook. Stanton ya tattara hotuna a kusan kasashe 20 da suka hada da Bangladesh, Iran, Iraq, da Pakistan. A cikin Janairu 2015, ya yi hira da Shugaban Amurka Barack Obama a Ofishin Oval. Har ila yau, a cikin shakarar 2015, Stanton ya rufe rikicin ƙaura na Turai tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNHCR) don kamawa da raba abubuwan da suka ji daɗi na 'yan gudun hijirar a Turai da ke tserewa yaƙe-yaƙe a Gabas ta Tsakiya A watan Satumban shekarata 2016, Stanton ya yi hira da 'yar takarar shugabancin Amurka Hillary Clinton.
Blog
Birnin New York Brandon Stanton ya fara shafin sa a watan Nuwamba shekarar 2010. Da farko, ya shirya tattara hotuna 10,000 na New York kuma ya tsara su akan taswirar birnin. Ba da daɗewa ba aikin ya samo asali, duk da haka, lokacin da Stanton ya fara tattaunawa da batutuwansa kuma ya haɗa da ƙananan maganganu da labaru tare da hotunansa. Tare da wannan sabon tsari, blog ɗin ya fara girma cikin sauri. A cikin 'yan watanni, HONY ya shahara sosai har lokacin da Stanton ya sabunta matsayinsa na Facebook da gangan da harafin "Q", sakon nasa ya sami mutane 73 a cikin minti daya. Al'ummar New York sun sami sha'awa fiye da miliyan 18 a shafin Facebook.
Wani wuri A cikin Disamba shekarata 2012, Stanton ya kwashe makonni biyu yana tattara hotunan titi a Iran.
Bayan harin bam na Marathon na Boston, Stanton ya kwashe tsawon mako yana tattara hotunan titina a Boston, Massachusetts. A lokacin taron shekarar 2014 SXSW, ya shafe mako guda a Austin, Texas, inda aka gudanar da taron, don tattara hotuna na Texans.
A cikin watan Agustan shekarar 2014, Stanton ya fara wani "Yawon shakatawa na Duniya" na kwanaki 50 tare da haɗin gwiwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da tattara hotuna da labaru a kasashe goma sha biyu: Iraki, Jordan, Isra'ila, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Kenya, Uganda, Sudan ta Kudu, Ukraine, Indiya Nepal, Vietnam, da kuma Mexico A watan Agusta Na shekarata 2015, Stanton ya tafi Pakistan don ɗaukar hoto. Ya yi amfani da aikin da ya yi wajen wayar da kan jama'a game da kokarin Syeda Ghulam Fatima na taimaka wa masu sana'ar bulo 'yan Pakistan wadanda suka zama ma'aikata Dangane da hukumar kula da ‘yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNHCR), Stanton ya je Turai ne a shekarar 2015 domin kamo bakin haure da ‘yan gudun hijira da ke neman mafaka a Turai daga kasashensu na asali, wadanda galibi wuraren yaki ne. Wannan ya haifar da tallafi da yawa, gudummawa, da wayar da kan jama'a game da rikicin ƙaura na Turai Stanton ya bayyana a cikin wata hira da BBC cewa dole ne ya yi amfani da sabon salon hirar ga wadannan batutuwa, domin bai dace a yi tambaya kan abubuwan da suka gabata ko kuma nan gaba ba.
A yayin bala'in COVID-19 Stanton ya karɓi ƙaddamarwa daga kowa a cikin duniya a karon farko, yana tambayar mabiyansa "mafi kyawun labarunsu, masu ɗaukaka" don ƙarfafa mutane yayin rikicin. Da yake ba da dalilinsa, ya ce "Ina tsammanin abin da ke da taimako shine waɗannan allurai da tunatarwa na rayuwa ta al'ada, farin ciki na yau da kullum, farin ciki na yau da kullum, soyayya ta al'ada.
Littattafai Littafin farko na Stanton dangane da hoton hoto, wanda kuma ake kira Humans of New York, an sake shi a watan Oktoba 2013. An buga ta St. Martin's Press, littafin ya sayar da kwafi 30,000 a cikin preorders kadai. An yi hira da Stanton gabanin sakin Bill Weir don labarin ABC News Nightline mai taken "'Mutane na New York': Hoton Gone Viral". Littafin ya kasance a kan <nowiki></nowiki>The New York Times</nowiki> Best Seller list for 31 weeks and was the number one Non-fiction Best Seller for one week in 2013 and again in 2014 A cikin Oktoba shekarata 2015, Stanton ya saki littafinsa na biyu, Humans of New York: Stories, wanda ya fi mayar da hankali kan labarun da aka tattara a cikin aikinsa. Littafin debuted a watan Nuwamba shekarar 2015 a lamba daya a kan kuma ya kasance lamba daya sake a wata mai zuwa.
Tallafawa Mutanen New York sun ƙaddamar da ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na taimakon agaji da dama. Bayan Hurricane Sandy, Stanton ya yi tafiya zuwa yankunan da aka fi fama da su a cikin birnin New York don daukar hotunan mazauna, masu sa kai, da masu amsawa na farko da suka rayu ta hanyar lalata. Daga nan sai Stanton ya ha]a hannu da wanda ya kafa Tumblr David Karp don kaddamar da shirin tara kudade na Indiegogo ga wadanda guguwar ta shafa. Tare da ainihin burin sun tara $86,000 a cikin sa'o'i 12 na farko kuma sun kai jimillar $318,530 a ƙarshen yakin. Duk abin da aka samu ya tafi zuwa ga Stephen Siller Tunnel to Towers Foundation, wata ƙungiyar agaji ta iyali wacce ta taka rawa sosai a ƙoƙarin Guguwar Sandy. A cikin shekarata 2013, HONY ya ƙaddamar da wani yaƙin neman zaɓe na Indiegogo don taimakawa mai daukar hoto Duane Watkins da matarsa sun ɗauki ɗa daga Habasha. Makasudin $26,000 kuma an wuce shi cikin mintuna 90 kuma yaƙin neman zaɓe ya tara jimillar $83,000. Kuɗaɗen da suka wuce gona da iri sun tafi asusu na ilimi don yaron da aka ɗauke da 'yar uwarsa. A cikin shekarar 2014, Stanton ya kafa wani kamfen na Indiegogo don aika wani yaro da ya dauki hoto tare da danginsa hutu zuwa wani wurin kiwon dabbobi a Colorado bayan ya san cewa burin yaron shine ya mallaki doki. A cikin mintuna 15 da ya wallafa wannan kudiri a shafinsa na Facebook, an cimma burin dalar Amurka 7,000 da ta tara jimlar $32,167. Bayan biyan kuɗin tafiya, Stanton ya ba da gudummawar sauran dala 20,000 ga Cibiyar Riga ta New York Therapeutic Riding, ƙungiyar da ke taimakawa wajen samar da hawan doki ga yara masu nakasa. Madogaran da ba na farko da ake buƙata A cikin Janairu shekarata 2015, Stanton ya yi hoto da hira da wani yaro mai shekaru 14 daga Brownsville, Brooklyn, Vidal Chastanet, wanda ya ce babban tasirinsa shi ne shugaban makarantarsa a Mott Hall Bridges Academy, Nadia Lopez. Stanton ya yi amfani da Indiegogo don tara sama da $1,419,509 a cikin gudummawa daga masu ba da gudummawar 51,476 waɗanda suka ba wa ɗaliban Mott Hall dama kamar ziyarar harabar kwaleji, shirye-shiryen bazara, da asusun tallafin karatu. A sakamakon yakin, Stanton, dalibi, da shugabansa an gayyaci su ziyarci Fadar White House a shekarun 2015. Daga baya a cikin 2015, Stanton ya ziyarci Pakistan da Iran don jerin hotuna masu tafiya a cikin watan Agusta. Ya kammala sashe kan Pakistan ta hanyar bayyana Syeda Ghulam Fatima, shugabar kungiyar Bonded Labour Liberation Front, kungiyar da ke aiki don 'yantar da ma'aikatan da ke da hannu a cikin ayyukan bada lamuni Tallafin Indiegogo na Stanton na gaba ya tara sama don ƙungiyar. A cikin Mayu shekarata 2016, Stanton ya raba jerin tambayoyi tare da marasa lafiya na yara a Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Memorial Sloan Kettering a Birnin New York. Bayan jerin abubuwan, ya ƙaddamar da yaƙin neman zaɓe na Indiegogo don tallafawa binciken ciwon daji na yara a Memorial Sloan Kettering da kuma ayyukan tallafi na tunani da zamantakewa ga marasa lafiya da danginsu. A cikin kwanaki uku na farko sama da mutane 10,000 sun ba da gudummawar sama da dala 350,000, kuma a cikin makonni uku yakin neman zaben ya samu sama da dala miliyan 3.8 daga mutane sama da 100,000. A cikin watan Agustan 2016, a cikin jerin hotuna mai taken, "Raunuka marasa ganuwa," Stanton ya gabatar da hirarraki da tsoffin sojojin Amurka daga yakin Iraki da Afghanistan. Jerin ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyar sa-kai, Headstrong Project, don ba da haske game da gwagwarmayar lafiyar ɗan adam. Yaƙin neman zaɓe mai alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai ya zarce burin $100,000 a cikin sa'o'i kaɗan kuma ya ci gaba da haɓaka fiye da rabin dala miliyan. Stanton ya ziyarci Rwanda a watan Satumba shekarata 2018. Tun daga ranar 16 ga Oktoba, shekarata 2018, ya fara ba da labarin kisan gillar da aka yi a shafinsa ta hanyar tattaunawa da hotuna da dama daga mutanen da abin ya shafa. A shafinsa, ya bayyana manufarsa: “A cikin makon da na yi a kasar Rwanda, na mai da hankali kan labaran mutanen da suka dauki matsayi a lokacin kisan kare dangi. Waɗannan ƴan kabilar Hutu ne da suka yi kasada da rayukansu don kare ƴan Tutsi. A Ruwanda ana kiran su da 'Masu Ceto.'" A hade tare da jerin shirye-shiryen, ya shirya wani kamfen na GoFundMe don cin gajiyar Gidan Marayu na Gisimba da ke Ruwanda da Gidan Gisimba da aka tsara amma ba a gina a Uganda ba. Ya karawa kamfen din da daga asusun Patreon na HONY, da kuma ga kowace gudummawar da ta wuce gudummawar 5,000th. Gangamin ya cimma burinsa na a cikin sa'o'i 18. Stanton ya kuma goyi bayan wani kamfen na ƙungiyar Little Hills, wanda ke shirin gina asibitin yara na farko na Rwanda.
DKNY A cikin shekarar 2013, wani fan ya lura cewa an yi amfani da hotunan HONY ba tare da izini ba a cikin nunin taga DKNY a wani shago a Bangkok Bayan samun labarin cin zarafi, Stanton a bainar jama'a ya nemi DKNY ya ba da gudummawar a cikin sunansa ga babin YMCA a unguwar Bedford-Stuyvesant na birnin New York. An raba buƙatun tallafin sama da sau 40,000 akan Facebook, kuma bayan matsananciyar matsin lamba a shafukan sada zumunta, DKNY ta ba da uzuri ga jama'a tare da amincewa da ba da gudummawar Stanton yayi amfani da Indiegogo don tara ƙarin $103,000.
Mutanen New York: Jerin A kan Agusta 29, 2017, daftarin aiki Humans of New York: The Series dangane da blog, farko a kan Facebook Watch a matsayin wani ɓangare na cewa premium abun ciki dandali ta ƙaddamar. Daga shekarar 2014 zuwa 2017, Stanton yayi hira da New Yorkers sama da 1200 akan bidiyo. Kashi na ɗaya ya ƙunshi sassa goma sha uku waɗanda suka tashi daga tsawon mintuna goma sha biyar zuwa ashirin da biyar kuma sun tabo jigogi gama gari a cikin hirarrakin. Tun daga watan Disamba na shekarata 2017, shi ne jerin abubuwan da aka fi bi akan Facebook Watch..<ref name="huffingtonpost"></ref>
Duba wasu abubuwan Mutane da sunan Bombay
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Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
18458 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsibirin%20Tanimbar | Tsibirin Tanimbar | Tsibiran Tanimbar, a na kuma kiran su Timur Laut, gungun tsibirai ne kusan 65 a cikin lardin Maluku na kasar Indonesia. Yamdena shi ne tsauni mafi girma wanda kuma yake daidai tsakiyar tsibiran; wasu sun hada da Selaru a kudu maso yamma na Yamdena, Larat da Fordata a arewa maso gabas, Maru da Molu a arewa, da Seira, Wuliaru, Selu, Wotap da Makasar zuwa yamma. Jumlar Indonesiya timur laut na nufin "gabashin teku" ko "arewa maso gabas".
A na gudanar da Tsibirin Tanimbar a matsayin Tsibirin Tsibirin Tanimbar a kasar Indonesian tsarin mulki na Maluku. Yankin Regency ya mamaye yanki mai fadin 4,465.79 sq.km, kuma tana da yawan mutane 105,341 a kidayar shekara ta 2010; sabon kiyasi na hukuma (daga watan Janairu shekara ta 2014) ya kasance 117,341. Babban gari da cibiyar gudanarwa suna Saumlaki Labarin kasa Yanayi, tsibirin arewa maso gabas har yanzu suna cikin partananan Tsibirin Sunda Tsibirin Aru da Tsibirin Kai suna kwance a arewa maso gabas, kuma tsibirin Babar da kuma Timor suna yamma da yamma. Tsibiran sun raba Tekun Banda da na Arafura Jimlar tsibirin tsibirin 5440 ne (2100 sq mi).
Mafi girman ƙungiyar ita ce Yamdena Tsibirin Yamdena yana da tsaunuka da ke dazuzzuka tare da gabar gabashinta, yayin da gabar yamma ta yi ƙasa. Saumlaki shine babban gari, wanda yake a ƙarshen kudu na Yamdena. Sauran tsibiran sun hada da Larat, Selaru, da kuma Wuliaru Yawan mutanen ya kasance 105, 341 a ƙidayar shekara ta 2010, wanda kusan kashi 94% kirista ne, da saura musulmin ko wanin su. Islanda nanan a cikin tsibirin na Tanimbarkei ba na Tanimbar ba ne, amma na Tsibirin Kai ne kuma mazaunan da ba su wuce 1000 ba na gargajiya sosai.
Tsibirin Tanimbar wani bangare ne na Tsubirin Tekun Banda wanda ke da danshi wanda ba shi da kyau Tarihi a cikin tarihin zamani, an ambaci tsibirin Tanimbar (kamar Tsibirin Aru a cikin karni na 16 na tsibirin Lázaro Luís a shekara ta(1563), Bartolomeu Velho (c. 1560), Sebastião Lopes a shekara ta (1565), a cikin taswirar shekara ta 1594 na Gabas Indies mai suna Insulce Molucoe na ɗan Dutch mai zane-zanen Petrus Plancius, kuma a cikin taswirar Nova Guinea ta shekara ta 1600 (bisa tushe na Portuguese). Tsibirin Tanimbar ya hango kuma mai yiwuwa masu binciken jirgi na Fotigal kamar su Martim Afonso de Melo Jusarte a wajajen shekara ta 1522 zuwa shekara ta 1525, wadanda suka zagaya tsibiran Aru (tare da bayanin "A nan ne Martin Afonso de Melo ya yi sanyi") da Tanimbar, kuma mai yiwuwa Gomes de Sequeira a 1526. Tsibirin Tanimbar ya kasance wani ɓangare na Dutch East Indies A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu turawan Holan suna aika da wasu sojoji 13 karkashin jagorancin sajan KNIL Julius Tahija zuwa garin Saumlaki a Tsibirin Tanimbar a watan Yulin shekara ta 1942. Jiragen ruwan Japan sun shiga bakin ruwa a Saumlaki a ranar 30 ga watan Yuli kuma an yi amfani da ƙananan jiragen ruwa don zuwa jirgin. Jafananci sun gabatar da matsayi a cikin jirgin kuma suna son yin tafiya a cikin tsari cikin Saumlaki. Risonungiyar ta buɗe wuta a kusa da kusa da bindigogi masu haske. Jafananci sun koma jirginsu sun bar matattu da yawa a cikin jirgin. Samun saukar abokan gaba daga baya, duk da haka, an yi su a wani wuri yayin da jiragen ruwan Japan suka buɗe wuta a kan matsayin masu tsaron. An kashe shida daga cikin sojojin Holan kuma an kori waɗanda suka tsira cikin daji. A ranar 31 ga watan yuli, wani jirgin ruwa dauke da ayarin sojojin Ostiraliya ya isa jirgi a Saumlaki, ba tare da sanin cewa garin ya fada hannun Jafanawa ba. An harba jirgin daga bakin tekun, kuma an kashe kwamandan kungiyar da ke sauka. 'Yan Australia sun koma Darwin Bayan haka, mambobin rundunar Holan sun shiga cikin ruwan bindiga daga Jafanawa; wannan ya haifar da wasu asara, kuma maharan da sojojin ƙafa na Jafananci suka biyo baya a kan gaba. Bakwai daga cikin mambobin rundunar suka shiga jirgin ruwa suka tsere zuwa kasar Ostiraliya.
Tattalin arziki Muhimman kayayyaki sune copra, tortoiseshell, da trepang (kokwamba mai cin abinci). Kwanan nan, kamfanin man fetur da iskar gas na Japan, Inpex ya yi niyya don haɓaka aikin toshe Masela tare da biliyoyin tan na gas ɗin da aka samar. Kasashen waje zasu kasance a tsibirin Tanimbar. Fauna Morelia nauta
Tanimbar corella
Tanimbar daji-warbler
Tanimbar megapode
Tanimbar tauraruwa
Mujiya da aka rufe ta Moluccan
Fawn-breasted tashin hankali
Blue-streaked lory
Bastilla mishanarii
Troides riedeli
Etiella chrysoporella
Duba kuma Tsibirin Indonesiya
Kei-Tanimbar harsuna
Bayanan kula
Bayani
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Harsunan Indonesiya (Maluku)
Pages with unreviewed |
29844 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinadarin%20shara | Sinadarin shara | Sinadarai sharar gida ce da ake yin ta daga sinadarai masu cutarwa (mafi yawa daga manyan masana'antu ne ke samarwa). Sharar sinadarai na iya lalata muhalli da haifar da matsalolin lafiya kuma hakan na iya faɗuwa ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodi kamar COSHH a Burtaniya ko Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa da Dokar Kare Albarkatu da Farfaɗo a ƙasar Amurka. A cikin Amurka, Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) da Hukumar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Ma'aikata (OSHA), da kuma ka'idojin jihohi da na gida kuma suna tsara amfani da sinadarai da zubar da su. Zubar da sharar rediyoaktif shine fifiko na musamman ga hukumomin gudanarwa saboda haɗarin muhalli da lafiya na radiation da ƙalubalen zubar da lafiya. Sharar sinadarai na iya ko a'a a sanya shi azaman sharar haɗari Sharar sinadari mai haɗari wani abu ne mai ƙarfi, ruwa ko gas wanda ke nuna ko dai “Halayen Haɗari” ko kuma musamman “an jera” da suna a matsayin sharar haɗari. Akwai halaye guda huɗu da za a iya ɗaukar sharar sinadarai a matsayin masu haɗari. Waɗannan su ne ignitability, lalata, reactivity, sannan da kuma guba. Irin wannan sharar mai haɗari dole ne a rarraba ta dangane da ainihin sa, abubuwan da ke tattare da shi, da kuma haɗarinsa ta yadda za a iya sarrafa shi da sarrafa shi cikin aminci. OSharar sinadarai babban lokaci ne kuma ya ƙunshi nau'ikan kayan aiki da yawa. Tuntuɓi Takardun Bayanan Tsaro na Abu (MSDS), Takaddun Bayanan Samfur ko Lakabin don jerin abubuwan da aka zaɓa. Ya kamata waɗannan kafofin su bayyana ko wannan sharar sinadarai sharar gida ce da ke buƙatar zubarwa ta musamman.
Jagora don zubar da sharar sinadarai na dakin gwaje-gwaje A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, na sharar sinadarai galibi ana kebewa a kan wurin zuwa cikin motocin da suka dace, kuma ƙwararrun ɗan kwangila suna zubar da su don biyan aminci, lafiya, da buƙatun doka.
Za a iya zubar da sharar ruwa mara lahani (kamar maganin sodium chloride a cikin magudanar ruwa. Ana wanke wasu sinadarai da ruwa mai yawa. Wannan ya hada da mayar da hankali da kuma tsarma acid da alkalis, m inorganic salts (duk bushewa jamiái), alcohols dauke da salts, hypochlorite mafita, lafiya (tlc grade) silica da alumina Ana tattara sharar ruwa mai ɗauke da sinadarai masu guba daban-daban
Za'a iya tattara ɓangarorin mercury na asali, acid da aka kashe da tushe daban don sake amfani da su.
Sharar da kaushi na halitta an raba su zuwa chlorinated da kuma wadanda ba chlorinated kaushi sharar. Sharar da sauran ƙarfi na Chlorinated yawanci ana ƙone su a babban zafin jiki don rage samuwar dioxins Za a iya kona sharar da ba ta da chlorinated don dawo da kuzari Ya bambanta da wannan, kayan sinadarai akan "Red List" Kada a ruwa. Wannan jeri ya haɗa da: mahadi tare da ƙarfe na wucin gadi, biocides, cyanides, mai ma'adinai da hydrocarbons, mahadi na organosilicon guba, phosphides na ƙarfe, sinadarin phosphorus, da fluorides da nitrites Haka kuma, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta hana zubar da wasu kayan saukar da kowane magudanar ruwa. Ciki har da ruwa mai ƙonewa, ruwa mai iya haifar da lalacewa ga wuraren sharar gida (wannan za a iya ƙaddara ta pH akan kayan daɗaɗɗen kayan da za su iya haifar da toshewa a cikin tsarin ruwan sharar gida, kayan aikin rediyo, kayan da ke da ko haifar da wari mai ƙarfi, ruwan sharar gida mai iya mahimmanci yana haɓaka yawan zafin jiki na tsarin, da magunguna ko masu rushewar endocrine Ana tattara kayan gilashin da aka karye a cikin akwatunan kwali da aka lulluɓe don yin ƙasa. Saboda gurɓatawa, yawanci ba su dace da sake amfani da su ba. Hakazalika, ana tattara allurar hypodermic da aka yi amfani da su azaman masu kaifi kuma ana ƙone su azaman sharar magani Jagorar dacewa da sinadarai Yawancin sinadarai na iya yin mummuna idan aka haɗa su. Ana ba da shawarar cewa a adana sinadarai marasa jituwa a wurare daban-daban na dakin gwaje-gwaje. Acids ya kamata a rabu da alkalis, karafa, cyanides, sulfides, azides, phosphides, da oxidizers Dalili kuwa shi ne, lokacin da acid ya haɗu tare da waɗannan nau'ikan mahadi, tashin hankali na exothermic na iya faruwa wanda zai iya haifar da iskar gas mai ƙonewa, kuma a wasu lokuta fashewa.
Oxidizers ya kamata a ware daga acid, Organic kayan, karafa, rage jamiái, da ammonia Wannan shi ne saboda lokacin da oxidizers suka haɗu tare da waɗannan nau'in mahadi, masu ƙonewa, da kuma wasu lokuta masu guba zasu iya faruwa.
Daidaituwar kwantena Lokacin zubar da sharar sinadarai masu haɗari, dole ne a yi la'akari da dacewa da sinadarai. Don amintaccen zubarwa, akwati dole ne ya dace da sinadarai tare da kayan da zai riƙe. Dole ne sinadarai ba su amsa da, raunana, ko narkar da akwati ko murfi ba. Kada a adana acid ko tushe a cikin ƙarfe Kada a adana hydrofluoric acid a cikin gilashin Kada a adana man fetur kaushi ko jigilar shi a cikin kwantena polyethylene mara nauyi kamar tulun madara. Bugu da ƙari, ya kamata a yi la'akari da Jagororin Daidaituwar Sinadarin don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai DA Ake so.
Kwantena sharar dakin gwaje-gwaje Marufi, lakabi, da ajiya sune buƙatu uku don zubar da sharar sinadarai.
Marufi Don marufi, kwantena sharar ruwa na sinadarai yakamata a cika har zuwa kusan kashi 75% kawai don ba da damar fadada tururi da rage yuwuwar zubewar da ka iya faruwa daga motsin kwantena masu cika. Dole ne kayan kwantena su dace da sharar da aka adana mai haɗari A ƙarshe, ba dole ba ne a tattara sharar gida a cikin kwantena waɗanda ba su dace da gano wasu hadurran da ba su da kyau.
Baya ga buƙatun marufi na gabaɗaya da aka ambata a sama, kayan da ba su dace ba bai kamata a haɗa su cikin akwati ɗaya ba. Dole ne a adana sharar gida a cikin kwantena masu dacewa da sinadarai da aka adana kamar yadda aka ambata a sashin dacewa da kwantena. Ya kamata a yi amfani da gwangwani na aminci don tattarawa da adana manyan kundila na ɗan lokaci (lita 10-20) na ƙauyen sharar kwayoyin flammable, hazo, daskararru ko sauran sharar da ba ruwa ba bai kamata a haɗa su cikin gwangwani aminci ba.
Lakabi Lakabi duk kwantena tare da sunan rukuni daga rukunin sharar sinadarai da ƙayyadaddun jerin abubuwan da ke ciki. Duk wasu sinadarai ko wani abu da aka gurbata da sinadarai masu haifar da haɗari mai mahimmanci. Dole ne a shirya duk sharar gida yadda ya kamata.
Adanawa Lokacin adana sharar sinadarai, kwantena dole ne su kasance cikin yanayi mai kyau kuma su kasance a rufe sai dai idan an ƙara sharar. Dole ne a adana datti mai haɗari kafin a cire shi daga dakin gwaje-gwaje kuma kada a bar shi ya taru. Akwatin ya zama mai ƙarfi kuma mai yoyo, kuma dole ne a yi masa lakabi. Duk sharar ruwa dole ne a adana su a cikin kwantena mai hana ruwa tare da dunƙule-saman ko wani amintaccen murfi. Ba a yarda da iyakoki na snap, matsakaicin iyalai, parafilm da sauran saƙon murfi masu dacewa. Idan ya cancanta, canja wurin kayan sharar gida zuwa akwati wanda za'a iya rufe shi a cikin aminci. Rufe kwantenan sharar sai dai lokacin ƙara sharar gida. Ya kamata a kasance cikin wuri na biyu don ɗaukar zubewa da zubewa daga babban akwati, ware sharar da ba su dace ba, kamar acid da tushe Sharar sinadarai a cikin dabbobin kiwo na Kanada Sharar sinadarai a cikin teku na zama babban batu ga rayuwar ruwa. An gudanar da bincike da dama don gwadawa da tabbatar da illar sinadarai a cikin tekunan mu. A Kanada, yawancin karatun sun mayar da hankali kan lardunan Atlantic, inda kamun kifi da kiwo ke zama muhimmin sashi na tattalin arziki. A birnin New Brunswick, an gudanar da wani bincike a kan magudanar ruwa a wani yunƙuri na gano illolin guba da sinadarai a rayuwar da ke ƙarƙashin teku, musamman sharar da ake samu daga gonakin salmon. An yi amfani da urchins na teku don duba matakan karafa a cikin muhalli. Yana da kyau a yi amfani da koren urchin teku Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis saboda an rarraba su sosai, suna da yawa a wurare da yawa, kuma ana iya samun su cikin sauƙi. Ta hanyar binciken yawan karafa a cikin koren urchin teku, za a iya tantance da kuma gano tasirin sinadarai daga ayyukan kiwo na kifi An dauki samfurori a tsaka-tsakin mita 25 tare da hanyar wucewa ta hanyar babban magudanar ruwa. Binciken ya gano cewa akwai tasiri zuwa aƙalla mita 75 dangane da adadin ƙarfe na hanji. Don haka, bisa ga wannan binciken, a fili yake cewa karafan suna gurɓata teku tare da yin illa ga rayuwar ruwa, da halittu.
Duba wasu abubuwan Sharar gida
Jerin nau'ikan sharar gida
Municipal m sharar gida
Sharar rediyo
Sharar gida mai guba
Gudanar da sharar gida
Gurbacewar ruwa
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Sake yin amfani da Kayayyakin Masana'antu US EPA
Ruwa
Muhalli
Shara
Gida
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
22743 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dele%20Adebola | Dele Adebola | Bamberdele Olusegun Adebola (an haife shi ne a ranar 23 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta 1975), ya kasance ɗan wasan kwallon kafa na Najeriya mai ritaya. Har da matsayin dan wasan aro, ya taka leda a kungiyoyi kwallon kafa guda 16 a rayuwarsa, ya fi dadewa a Crewe Alexandra, Birmingham City da Coventry City.
Rayuwar farko An haife shi ne a Jihar Legas, Adebola ya girma ne a Liverpool bayan ya isa Ingila a matsayin jariri tare da danginsa; a matsayinsa na dan makaranta, ya taka rawa a bangarorin kwallon kafa na wakilci tare da Robbie Fowler. Lokacin da ya samu tayi don horarwar matasa a Liverpool, ƙungiyar da yake goyon baya, yayi nazarin cewa tsayawa a matsayin dan wasan gefen hagu tare Fowler a lokaci daya ba abu bane mai sauki. Sakamakon haka, ya karɓi irin wannan tayin daga Crewe Alexandra.
Kulob
Crewe Alexandra Ya fara wasansa na farko da kungiyar a cikin shekarun 1992 zuwa 1993 kakar a Third Division lokacin yana da shekaru 17, kuma a cikin wadannan kakar sami kwarewa da wasa a matsayin aro a Bangor City a Welsh Premier League da kuma taron gefen Northwich Victoria. Ya taka rawar gani sosai ga Crewe a cikin shekara ta, 1996 zuwa shekara ta, 1997, kwallayen sa guda 16 masu mahimmanci a wajen isar da kungiyar zuwa Matakin Farkon. Ba da daɗewa ba ya nuna kwazonsa wajen zira kwallaye a wannan matakin, kuma ya jawo hankalin manyan manyan kungiyoyin kwallon kafa. Yayi bakin ciki a lokacin da Crewe ta ki amincewa da tayin da aka yi masa daga West Ham United, ya bayyana wa kulob din cewa yana son tafiya, kuma ba da son kulob din ba suka ba shi damar canja wuri ba. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta, 1998, Manajan Trevor Francis ya sanya hannu kan Adebola don kulob din na farko a Birmingham City kan kudi 1 miliyan.
Birmingham Birnin Tare da kwallaye bakwai a ragowar wancan lokacin, da zura kwallaye a cikin kowane wasa biyar na farko (a cikin dukkan gasa) a shekarar, 1998 zuwa 1999, makomarsa a Birmingham tayi kyau. A farkon kakarsa ta farko ya ci kwallaye 13, amma a shekarar, 1999 zuwa 2000 bai cika kwazo ba, ya fadi warwas, kuma a karshen kakar wasa an saka shi a jerin masu sauyawa. Las Palmas, wanda aka sabunta zuwa La liga, ya ba da sanarwar cewa sun saye shi, kawai don motsawar ta fadi ta dalilin likitoci.
Kodayake ya kasance cikin jerin canja wurin, an maido da shi zuwa ƙungiyar farko, kuma burinsa ya taimaka Birmingham ta kai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Kwallon Kafa na shekarar, 2001, Manajan ya ce ya sanya shi a cikin jerin masu canjin wurin ne don tsokanar da shi zuwa ga irin aikin da ya dace da karfinsa, saurinsa da iyawar fasaha amma wanda halinsa na "kwan-baya" zai iya hana shi.
Mummunan rauni a gwiwa, wanda aka samu daga baya a wancan lokacin lokacin da ɗan wasan ya zira kwallo a raga, ya nuna ƙarshen aikinsa na Birmingham. Lada a kan aro a Oldham Athletic zuwa ƙarshen kakar shekarar, 2001 zuwa 2002 ta taimaka masa ya dawo cikin koshin lafiya, amma sabon manajan Steve Bruce ya zaɓi ba ya sabunta kwantiraginsa.
Crystal Palace A watan Agusta, a shekara ta 2002, Adebola ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara daya da Crystal Palace, bayan ya burge tsohon manajan Trevor Francis a cikin gwaji. Ya buga kaka daya a kulob din, inda ya tabbatar da dacewarsa, inda ya buga wasanni 48 a dukkan wasannin.
Garin Coventry Sake sakewa a ƙarshen wannan lokacin, Gary McAllister ya ɗauke shi zuwa Coventry City, inda a farko ya kasa samun kowane nau'i, yana kammala kakar wasa ta aro zuwa Burnley, abin birgewa shi ne kulob ɗin da ke sha'awar siyan shi kafin rauni. A Burnley ya ci kwallaye daya a wasanni uku, burin shi ya zo akan Watford.
Wani rancen aro ya biyo baya, wannan karon a Bradford City wanda ya ci kwallaye uku don shi. Ya kasance kawai lokacin da aka tuna da shi zuwa Coventry gefe akai-akai a cikin 2004 2005, na farko a ƙarƙashin Peter Reid kuma musamman a ƙarƙashin Micky Adams, yana wasa tare da irin su Stern John da Gary McSheffrey, cewa fasalinsa ya ɗauka.
Birnin Bristol A ranar 30 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2008, Adebola ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin watanni 18 tare da Bristol City, yana matsawa kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba, duk da cewa Coventry na son sabunta yarjejeniyar tasa, wacce za ta kare a lokacin bazara. Adebola ya fara taka leda ne a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu, a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Queens Park Rangers da ci 3-0, kuma ya zira kwallaye cikin mintoci bakwai kacal a fara wasan sa don taimakawa City doke Sheffield Laraba 2-1. Wasannin da ya yi a kakar wasanni ta shekarar 2008 zuwa 09, lokacin da ya ci kwallaye 10 daga wasanni 42, ya ba shi kyautar gwarzon dan wasan shekara. ɗan wasan ya yi watsi da tayin da kungiyar ta yi na karin shekara daya a kwantiraginsa, yana mai cewa an ba shi kwantiragin shekara biyu a wani wuri.
Dajin Nottingham An sanar a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni, a shekarar 2009 cewa Adebola ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da Nottingham Forest Ya hade su tare da kyauta bayan ya ki amincewa da yarjejeniyar shekara daya a Bristol City. Adebola yayi ƙoƙari ya riƙe wuri na yau da kullun a cikin Yankin Gandun daji a cikin kakar shekara ta 2009 zuwa 2010. Yawanci an iyakance shi don sauya bayyanuwa, ya sami kansa a ƙasa da Dexter Blackstock da Robert Earnshaw a cikin umarnin ɓoye, amma ya sami ikon tilasta hanyarsa ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar Forest, musamman daga gida, zuwa ƙarshen kakar. Ya zira kwallon karshe a wasan karshe a wasan kusa dana karshe da kungiyar Blackpool Hull City Ya shiga tattaunawar kwantiragi da Hull City a ƙarshen kakar shekara ta 2010 zuwa 2011. A ranar 29 ga watan Yuni, aka tabbatar da cewa Adebola ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara daya. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a kakar wasa a ranar 5 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2011 a filin wasa na KC a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Blackpool daci 1-0. A ranar 20 ga watan Maris, a shekara ta 2012, Adebola ya koma kulob din League One na Notts County a matsayin aro don ragowar lokacin. Ya buga wasanni shida kuma ya zira kwallaye daya, minti na 89 a raga daidai wasan da ci 4-3 a waje Wycombe Wanderers.
Rochdale A ranar 7 ga watan Agusta, a shekara ta 2012, Adebola ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda tare da kulob din Rochdale na League Two. Karkashin kocin kungiyar John Coleman, Adebola ya buga wasanni 26 a kungiyar ta Rochdale, amma lokacin da Keith Hill ya fara aiki a matsayin manaja bayan korar Coleman, Hill ya bayyana karara yana son barin Adebola ya bar kungiyar.
Wrexham (lamuni) A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2013, Adebola ya rattaba hannu a kan lamuni don shugabannin taron Wrexham, gwargwadon yarda ta duniya. A ranar 2 ga watan Maris, ya yi wasan sa na farko a wasan 1-1 da aka buga a Taron taro a The Racecourse da Alfreton Town Adebola ya buga wa Wrexham wasanni 13, inda ya ci kwallaye biyu, a karawar da Lincoln City da Ebbsfleet United Wasansa na karshe ga Wrexham ya kasance a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbin minti 88, ya maye gurbin Jay Harris, a filin Wembley a wasan karshe na karawa da Newport County Wrexham ta sha kashi ci 2-0, yana mai Allah wadai da su a kakar wasanni ta shida a wasan kwallon kafa ba na lig ba Bayan dawowarsa Rochdale, an sake shi.
Gasar Olympic Adebola ya rattaba hannu a kan wata kungiya ta Rushall Olympic wacce ba ta League ba a watan Agusta, shekara ta 2013.
Ayyukan duniya A cikin watan Maris, a shekara ta 1998 sabon manajan Ireland ta Arewa Lawrie McMenemy, a kan gano Adebola ɗan asalin Burtaniya ne da aka haifa a ƙasashen waje don haka ya cancanci buga wa ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen yankin, ya zaɓe shi don wasansa na farko da zai jagoranci, wasan sada zumunci da Slovakia. Dole Adebola ya janye saboda rauni, amma ya nuna sha'awar bugawa kasar wasa. Hakanan an zabe shi a cikin rukunin wucin gadi na Najeriya don gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 1998, amma ya kasa yin hakan.
Dukkanin Arewacin Ireland da Najeriya sun ci gaba da neman dan wasan; a cikin watan Oktoban shekarar 1998 McMenemy ya ba da rahoton cewa Adebola ba ya son yin wa Najeriya wasa, kuma ba ya son sadaukar da Arewacin Ireland saboda yana da niyyar buga wa Ingila wasa. A watan Maris, na shekarar 1999, McMenemy yayi yunƙurin ɓoyewa na ƙarshe don lallashin shi ya bugawa Ireland ta Arewa wasa. Duk da rashin kwazonsa a matakin kulob, amma har yanzu 'yan wasan Najeriya sun ba shi kwarjini sosai don a sanya shi cikin rukunin farko na gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka na shekara ta 2000 kuma, bayan tattaunawa da koci Jo Bonfrere, a cikin tawagar don Wasan neman cancantar zuwa gasar Kofin Duniya a watan Yulin shekarar 2000. Koyaya, bai karɓi ɗayan waɗannan gayyata ba.
kididdigar aiki
Daraja Crewe Alexandra
Wasannin Firimiya Lig na biyu wasan karshe na shekarar 1996 zuwa 1997
Manazarta 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya
Ƴan Najeriya
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1975
Pages with unreviewed |
40488 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad%20Abu%20Laban | Ahmad Abu Laban | Ahmad Abu Laban an haife shi a shekara ta 1946 ya mutu a ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2007) limamin Danish-Palestine kuma shugaban ƙungiyar Islamic Society a Denmark Ya kasance babban jigo a cikin muhawarar zane-zanen Jyllands-Posten Muhammad Rayuwa ta sirri An haifi Ahmad Abu Laban a shekara ta 1946 a garin Jaffa na kasar Falasdinu A cikin shekara ta 1948, danginsa sun gudu zuwa Alkahira, Masar, kuma ya girma a can. A shekarar 1969, ya sauke karatu a matsayin injiniyan injiniya A shekarar 1974, ya auri babban dan uwansa Inam; ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya bakwai. Ya yi karatun tauhidi a wurin malamai a ƙasashen musulmi daban-daban. Ya yi aiki a masana'antar mai na Gulf Persian daga shekara ta 1970 zuwa shekara ta 1982 sannan ya yi aiki da wani kamfani mai kwangila a Najeriya daga 1982 zuwa 1984. Ya ba da gudummawa ga ayyukan Musulunci a fannin ilimi a jihohi daban-daban na Najeriya.
Ya yi hijira zuwa Denmark a shekara ta 1984 kuma ya zauna a can har tsawon rayuwarsa. Ya fito fili ya yi tir da ta'addanci da amfani da tashin hankali wajen ciyar da tafarkin Musulunci gaba. Bugu da ƙari, an san shi da yin gwagwarmaya don tabbatar da adalci da kuma taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin zamantakewa, ta hanyar yin wa'azin cewa Musulmin Danish yana da alhakin inganta al'ummar da suke cikin ciki. A ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2007, kungiyar Islama a Denmark ta sanar da cewa Abu Laban yana da saurin yada cutar kansa kuma mai yiwuwa kansar huhu ne. Abu Laban ya rasu a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2007 yana da shekaru 60. Soyayya da sadaukarwa da da yawa daga cikin Musulman Denmark suka nuna wa Abu Laban a wajen jana'izar sa, inda dubban Musulmi suka yi ta kwarara kan titunan Copenhagen domin gudanar da jana'izar sa na Musulunci.
A lokacin rasuwarsa, Abu Laban ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin addini a ƙungiyar Islamic Society a Denmark. A cewar shafin yanar gizon ƙungiyar, ya kasance memba na "Co-Co-ordination Council of Imams a Turai.
Rigima An ayyana Abu Laban a matsayin wanda ba grata ba a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da Masar saboda ra'ayinsa na Islama Ya kasance sananne a kafafen yaɗa labarai na Danish saboda maganganunsa masu tsaurin ra'ayi game da Musulunci da kuma shigar da baƙin haure cikin al'ummar Denmark.
Mai bincike na Sri Lanka Rohan Gunaratna, marubucin littafin Inside Al Qaeda, ya bayyana Ahmed Abu Laban a matsayin mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na Islama. Gunaratna ya kuma zargi Abu Laban da bayar da tallafin siyasa da tattalin arziki ga kungiyar Islama ta Masar al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, wacce Amurka da Tarayyar Turai ke kallon ta a matsayin ƙungiyar ta'addanci.
Muhammad cartoons rigima Abu Laban ya shiga cikin rikicin kafafen yaɗa labarai da ya barke a kasar Denmark bayan fitowar zane-zanen Muhammad a jaridar Jyllands-Posten mai ra'ayin rikau. A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2005, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin tawagar da ta zagaya yankin gabas ta tsakiya domin neman goyon bayan diflomasiyya, ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da fusata a yankin a farkon shekarar 2006. Tare da Akhmed Akkari, ya rubuta littafin Akkari-Laban wanda aka yi amfani da shi a wannan yawon shakatawa.
Karin hotuna guda uku waɗanda ake zargin an aika wa Abu Laban amma ba a buga ba an saka su cikin jerin zane-zanen zane-zane da aka buga a cikin kundin da aka raba yayin wannan rangadin. Ahmad Akkari ya bayyana cewa an kara zane-zane guda uku ne domin su ba da haske kan yadda yanayi ke nuna kyama ga musulmi.
Wasu maganganu masu rikitarwa da ambato A cikin hudubarsa ta Juma'a nan da nan bayan harin 11 ga Satumba, ya yi wa'azi cewa "[ya yi makoki] da busassun hawaye". Da yake mayar da martani ga kisan Theo van Gogh, martaninsa ya kasance a fili don sukar shi. Ba da dadewa ba, ya soki yadda Turai ke cin zarafin 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki game da batun fim mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce na Submission na dan fim din Holland da aka kashe. Lokacin da aka yankewa Amina Lawal daga Najeriya hukuncin jefe-jefe, ya ki yin Allah-wadai da hukuncin, ganin cewa shi ba alkali ba ne, kuma bai san hakikanin abin da ya faru ba.
Bayan wani kisan gilla da aka yi a Copenhagen, Abu Laban ya ba da shawarar hana duk wani kisa na ramuwar gayya ta hanyar biyan kudaden "kudin jini" da ya kai DKR. 200,000 ko kuma kwatankwacin rakuma 100, bisa lissafinsa, a kudin yau, don hana daukar fansa. "Ina kiran wadannan mutane beraye a cikin ramuka" shine halayensa na dan siyasar Danish mai sassaucin ra'ayi Naser Khader A Sallar Juma’a Abu Laban ya yi kira ga jama’ar sa da su sadaukar da rayuwarsu a wani jihadi na Falasdinawa. A wajen motocin bas-bas na masallacin suna jira su kai jama'ar wajen gudanar da zanga-zanga a dandalin majalisar, inda suka daga alamomin da ke nuna Isra'ilawa da 'yan Nazi, suka kona tutar Isra'ila Manazarta Matattun 2007
Haifaffun 1946
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42435 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed%20Ahmed%20%28mai%20gudu%29 | Mohammed Ahmed (mai gudu) | Mohammed Ahmed (An haife shi a 5 ga watan Janairun 1991), ɗan tseren nesa ne na Kanada Ɗan wasan Olympic sau uku, shi ne ɗan wasan ƙasarsa da ya fi samun nasara a tseren nesa, kasancewar shi ne na farko da ya samu lambar yabo a tseren mita 5000 a gasar cin kofin duniya (tagulla a shekarar 2019 da kuma na Olympics (azurfa a shekarar 2021).
Haka kuma shi ne wanda ya lashe lambar azurfa sau biyu a gasar Commonwealth a gasar tseren mita 5000 da 10,000 kuma ya kasance zakaran Pan American na shekarar 2015 a tseren mita 10,000 Ya rike tseren mita 5000 na goma sha daya mafi sauri a tarihi kuma ya kafa tarihin kasa da yanki da dama.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Ahmed a Mogadishu, Somalia ga Said Yusuf da Halimo Farah. Ahmed ya taso ne a garin El Afweyn da ke Somaliland, garin da kabilan Habr Je'lo na dangin Isaaq ke zaune. Iyalinsa sun koma Kenya, kuma Moh ya yi shekaru goma na farkon rayuwarsa a can. Sai danginsa suka ƙaura zuwa St. Catharines, Ontario a Kanada yana ɗan shekara 11. Ya fara guje-guje ne tun yana dan shekara 13 bayan ya kalli yadda ’yan uwansa ke gudu a makaranta.
Aikin Gudu
Matasa Kafin koleji, Mohammed Ahmed ya kasance zakaran dan wasan Canada na 5000m a lokuta hudu kuma sau biyu ya kammala a cikin manyan goma a gasar matasa ta duniya (na hudu a shekarar 2010, na tara a shekarar 2008), don tafiya tare da manyan mukamai guda biyu na Kanada a cikin taron. Ahmed kuma ya lashe kofin Pan American Junior.
Kwalejin Ahmed ya halarci St. Catharines Collegiate kafin ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Wisconsin Madison, daga nan ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar2014. A lokacin da yake kwaleji, ya tara kyaututtuka goma sha ɗaya na NCAA All-Amurka a cikin tsere da ƙetare ƙasa da kuma tseren tseren Olympics a cikin 10,000 m a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2012 a London, inda ya ƙare a matsayi na goma sha takwas. A gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2013 a Moscow, Mohammed ya zama mafi kyawun lokacin sama da 10,000 a tarihin Kanada tare da kammala matsayi na tara, kusan daidai da mafi kyawun rayuwarsa a cikin tsari da sakamako 27:35.76. Ahmed ya kasance cikin tawagar Kanada don gasar Commonwealth ta shekarar 2014, inda ya fafata a tseren mita 5000 da 10,000, inda ya kare a matsayi na biyar da shida.
Kwararren Komawa zuwa fagen ƙwararru bayan aikin jami'a, Ahmed yana cikin ƙungiyar gida a 2015 Pan American Games a Toronto Ya yi takara ne kawai a tseren mita 10,000, inda ya lashe lambar zinare. Ya ci gaba da zuwa gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2015, inda ya yi takara a tseren mita 5000 kawai kuma ya kammala a matsayi na goma sha biyu. A ranar 28 ga Mayu, 2016, Ahmed ya kafa mafi kyawun mutum da na Kanada a cikin 5000 m a Prefontaine Classic, ya ƙare a cikin lokaci na 13: 01.74 Yana fafatawa a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Olympics ta Kanada ta biyu, Ahmed ya sanya talatin da biyu. a tseren mita 10,000 a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2016 a Rio de Janeiro Bayan wannan sakamako mai ban haushi, Ahmed ya kare a matsayi na hudu a tseren mita 5000 da dakika 13:05.94, da dakika 1.5 na cin lambar tagulla. Daga baya ya ce hakan ya sa shi "zubar da hawaye na radadi da shan kashi." Ahmed ya yi tseren mita 5000 mafi sauri na cikin gida na goma sha ɗaya a tarihi a Boston a cikin 2017, ya kafa tarihin ƙasar Kanada a cikin wannan tsari. A ranar 4 ga Agusta, 2017, Ahmed ya kafa mafi kyawun mutum da rikodin ƙasar Kanada a cikin 10,000 m, inda ya sanya na takwas a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na 2017 tare da lokacin 27: 02.35 An zaɓi Ahmed don Gwarzon Mutum na Wasanni a gasar. Kyautar Somaliya ta Duniya 2018. Ya kuma lashe lambobin azurfa biyu a gasar Commonwealth a waccan shekarar, a cikin 5000 da 10000 m. Gasar a gasar wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta duniya ta 2019, Ahmed ya lashe lambar tagulla a gasar tseren mita 5000, na farko ga dan tseren Canada. Ahmed ya jagoranci gasar a makare, inda a takaice ya sauka zuwa matsayi na biyar a matakin karshe kafin ya murmure ya samu matsayi na uku. Ya kasance na shida a tseren mita 10,000 a gasar. Duk da cutar ta COVID-19 da ta haifar da soke yawancin wasannin duniya na 2020 da jinkirta wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2020 da shekara guda, Ahmed ya kafa mafi kyawun kansa da na Kanada a tseren mita 5000 na maza da lokacin 12:47.20 yayin fafatawa a Portland Intrasquad Meet II a Portland, Oregon akan Yuli 10, 2020. An nada Ahmed a cikin tawagarsa ta Olympics a shekara ta 2021. Gasar farko a gasar tseren mita 10,000 a Tokyo, Ahmed ya kare a matsayi na shida bayan da ya jagoranci tseren a takaice kuma ya yi mafi kyawun kakar wasa. Ya zo na gaba a gasar tseren mita 5000, inda ya kare na hudu a Rio shekaru biyar da suka wuce. Bayan da ya rigaya ya kwaikwayi rashin jin dadinsa na matsayi na shida a tseren mita 10,000 a gasar cin kofin duniya da ta gabata, Ahmed dole ne ya hada kansa a hankali don tsere na gaba. Ya shiga wasan karshe ne a matsayi na shida kafin ya ci gaba zuwa matsayi na biyu da mita 100 na karshe, inda ya lashe lambar azurfa. Shi ne dan kasar Kanada na farko da ya samu lambar yabo a wannan nisa a gasar Olympics kuma ya ce: "Duk tseren da ba a yi shiri ba ya sa ni nan." Abin takaici ya jira Ahmed a tseren mita 10,000 a gasar tseren guje-guje ta duniya ta 2022, inda ya sake kare matsayi na shida. Ya ce bayan haka "har yanzu ban gano 10K ba. Yana da ban takaici. Ina tsammanin na yi shiri sosai." Sannan ya zo na biyar a tseren mita 5000 da dakika 0.26 a bayan dan kasar Uganda Oscar Chelimo wanda ya samu lambar tagulla. Ahmed ya yi tsokaci game da karfin filin, inda ya ce, “maza hudu ne kawai a wannan filin ba su karya sub-13. Wannan yana gaya muku zurfin wannan taron. Dole ne in gyara wasu abubuwa, amma ba mummunan sakamako ba; mafi girma a duniya."
Sakamako
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Mohammed Ahmed at Athletics Canada (archive)
Mohammed Ahmed at the Canadian Olympic Committee Mohammed Ahmed at the Commonwealth Games Federation Mohammed Ahmed at Olympics.com Mohammed Ahmed at Olympedia Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1991
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
23812 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas%20V%C3%A1zquez | Lucas Vázquez | Lucas Vázquez Iglesias Spanish pronunciation: Lukaz ɣlesjas] [lower-greek 1] an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Yuli na shekarar 1991) ne Spanish sana'ar shi Itace kwallon kafa wanda ke taka leda a Real Madrid da kuma Spain tawagar kasar a matsayin bangaren dama winger ko dama-baya Fara wasansa a Real Madrid, ya fara buga wa kungiyarsa ta farko a shekara ta 2015 bayan kakar wasa a matsayin aro a Espanyol Ya fara buga gasar La Liga ta farko tare da na karshen. Tun bayan komawarsa Real Madrid a shekarar ta 2015 ya bayyana a wasanni sama da 200 a kungiyar kuma ya lashe manyan kofuna 12 ciki har da gasar zakarun Turai uku da kofin La Liga biyu.
Vázquez ya wakilci Spain a gasar Euro na shekarar 2016 da gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2018 Club career
Real Madrid Born in Curtis, Galicia, Vázquez arrived at Real Madrid's youth system in 2007, aged 16. He made his senior debuts in the 2010–11 season with the C-team and, the following campaign, scored four goals in 23 games to help the reserves return to the second division after a five-year absence; his first came on 25 February 2012 in a 2–2 home draw against La Roda CF.
Vázquez made his first appearance in the second level on 17 August 2012, playing six minutes in a 1–2 away loss against Villarreal CF. He scored his first professional goal on 15 October, netting the winner in a 3–2 home success over UD Las Palmas.
Espanyol On 19 August 2014, Vázquez was loaned to La Liga's RCD Espanyol, in a season-long deal. He made his debut in the competition on 30 August, coming on as a second-half substitute for Salva Sevilla in a 1–2 home loss against Sevilla FC.
Vázquez scored his first goal in the Spanish top flight on 5 October 2014, netting the first in a 2–0 home success over Real Sociedad. On 3 June of the following year, he signed a four-year permanent deal with the Pericos, for a €2 million fee.
Return to Real Madrid On 30 June 2015, Real Madrid exercised their buyback clause and Vázquez returned to the club. He made his debut on 12 September in a 6–0 away win over his former team Espanyol, and his first start came a week later, in a 1–0 home defeat of Granada CF.
Vázquez scored his first competitive goal on 30 December 2015, replacing Karim Benzema for the final 15 minutes of the league fixture against Real Sociedad and netting in a 3–1 success at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium. He contributed with seven appearances in the season's UEFA Champions League, as the tournament ended in a win; in the final against Atlético Madrid, he again came on for the Frenchman late into the second half of a 1–1 draw, and converted his attempt in the penalty shootout triumph.
Vázquez started the 2016 UEFA Super Cup against fellow Spaniards Sevilla FC, providing an assist to Sergio Ramos in injury time to take the game to extra time, where Real Madrid eventually won 3–2. He signed a new contract on 26 October 2016, running until 2021.
Vázquez appeared 33 times during 2016–17 and scored twice, helping Real Madrid to its first league in five years. He added ten matches in the campaign's Champions League, scoring once in the group stage as his team also conquered the latter tournament.
Vázquez ya buga wasanni goma a lokacin Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 2017–18 kuma ya kara kwallo daya, lokacin da Madrid ta ci nasara a karo na uku a jere da taken 13th gaba daya a gasar. In November 2019 he broke his toe after dropping a weight on it. After returning, he made 18 appearances during the league season, as Real Madrid won the 2019–20 La Liga.
Being a regular started during the 2020–21 season, he injured himself on 10 April 2021, in a 2–1 El Clásico win over FC Barcelona and was ruled out for the remainder of the season with a Posterior cruciate ligament injury in his left knee. On 3 June 2021, he signed a new three-year contract, which keeps him until 2024 at Madrid.
Aikin duniya Vázquez did not represent Spain at any youth level. On 17 May 2016 he, Saúl Ñíguez and Sergio Rico were the three uncapped players named in Vicente del Bosque's provisional squad for UEFA Euro 2016 in France, and he also made it to the final list of 23. He made his debut on 7 June, starting and playing 61 minutes in a 0–1 friendly loss to Georgia at the Coliseum Alfonso Pérez.He appeared once in the tournament, replacing Álvaro Morata in the 70th minute of a 0–2 round-of-16 defeat against Italy at the Stade de France. He was then included in the final squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. making his debut in the competition on 15 June when he replaced David Silva for the final four minutes of the 3–3 group stage draw to Portugal.
Career statistics
Club
International
Daraja Real Madrid Castilla Segunda Rarraba B 2011–12
La Liga 2016-17, 2019–20 Supercopa de España 2017, 2019–20 Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18
UEFA Super Cup 2016, 2017
FIFA Club World Cup 2016, 2017, 2018
Bayanan kula
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin waje Bayanan martabar Real Madrid
Lucas Vázquez Lucas Vázquez Pages with unreviewed |
9039 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faskari | Faskari | Faskari birni ne, da kuma ƙaramar hukuma (LGA) a cikin Jihar Katsina, a arewacin Nijeriya .Yawan jama'ar LGA ya kasance 125,181 tun daga shekarar 2003. Sarki Sarki na yanzu shi ne Eng. Aminu Tukur Saidu, sai kuma zababben ciyaman Alhaji Bala Faskari, na jam'iyyar APC.
Tarihi Duk da cewa tatsuniyoyi da dama suna da alaƙa da ɓullowar Faskari, to amma an yarda cewa asalinsa ya fito ne daga shahararrun ƴan gudun hijira Larabawa Gido da Wari da suka yi hijira daga Alkalawa Gobir zuwa Zariya waɗanda suka zo suka zauna a cikin Mafaskara (ma'ana masu saran itace, mutanen da suke. sa'an nan zuwa cikin ayyukan arna Garin Faskari yana yiwuwa ya koma 1778. Daga baya daya daga cikin zuriyar Kaura Kuren Gumaru ya gina ta zuwa wata al’umma mai wayewa, a zamanin Muhammadu Bello, Sarkin Katsina daga 1844 zuwa 1886.
Faskari ta zama karamar hukuma a watan Mayun shekarar 1989, wadda aka futar daga karamar hukumar Funtua. Yankin yana kudu maso yammacin jihar Katsina, garin Faskari ne hedkwatarsa, yana da iyaka da karamar hukumar Funtua daga gabas, karamar hukumar Tsafe ta jihar Zamfara ta yamma, Birnin Gwari, jihar Kaduna a arewa da karamar hukumar Sabuwa kudu.
Karamar hukumar ta kunshi gundumomi guda biyu, yankin Faskari da Mairuwa, tare da kauyuka da dama.
A farkon matsuguni a yankin, sarakunan sun ci karo da matsaloli, wahalhalu, fadace-fadace da kai hare-hare na kama bayi kuma a sakamakon haka suka tsira saboda kasancewar tsananin damuwa tun suna kanana wadanda suka yi fice a fagen fama kuma ta haka ne ya share hanya. zuwa ga samuwar wasu manyan masarautu wadanda daga baya suka ci gaba zuwa kauyuka da garuruwa, daga cikin wadannan wuraren da Bilbis, Yarmalamai, Tsafe, Sauri, Zagami, Ruwan Godiya, Tafoki, Daudawa, Nasarawa, Yankara, Fankama, Maigora, Mechika, Sabon Layi, Birnin Kogo and Faskari. Duk waɗannan an daidaita su ne waɗanda daga baya suka ci gaba zuwa abin da suke a halin yanzu.
A taƙaice dai, jin daɗin zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali ya ƙarfafa mutane su yi ƙaura zuwa yankin a ƙarƙashin jagorancin wasu ƙananan masarautu guda biyu waɗanda tarihin Faskari ba zai iya zama cikakke ba tare da su ba, musamman a cikin babban gudunmawar da suka bayar, dabaru da diflomasiyya a lokacin, ƙauyukan biyu. su ne na Birnin Kogo da na Faskari tun kafin zuwan Turawan mulkin mallaka. Wadannan matsugunai guda biyu sun kasance a karkashin ikon Katsina tun a tarihi a karkashin kulawar Galadanci. Shugabannin Birnin Kogo su ne Barebari, yayin da na Faskari suka fito daga Gobir. A farkon matakin ƙauyukan biyu sun kasance ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, maƙwabta da juna a kan yankuna. Daga baya ne aka hade su aka kafa Gundumar domin saukakawa da gudanar da harkokin mulki cikin sauki zuwa Katsina ta tsakiya.
Da farko an fara tuntubar masu rike da sarautar Faskari, aka nuna wa Hakimin Hakimi (a zamanin Faskari Abu da Kogo Ummaru) amma daga baya suka ki amincewa da wannan tayin na “Kogawa” sakamakon sarkar auratayya tsakanin Barebari. da Gobirawa. Bayan haka sai Faskari ya zama hedkwatar yankin.
Wanke Dan Jatau ne ya kafa Birnin Kogo a shekarar 1848 a zamanin Sarkin Katsina Muhammed Bello. Daga cikin manyan sarakunan masarautar Kogo akwai Kogo Muhammadu Yamaman, Kogo Ali, Kogo Umar, Kogo Musa II, Kogo Abdu da Kogo Ibrahim. Rasuwar Kogo Ibrahim da hawan wani sabon gidan sarauta na fulani ya kawo canjin Hakimi zuwa Sarkin Yamma a shekarar 1975.
Wanda aka fara nada da sabon mukami shi ne Sarkin Yamma Alhaji Sa’idu (Kakan Hakimin Hakimin yanzu). Kafin nada shi Sarkin Yamma shi ne Hakimin Maigora. Sarkin Yamma na yanzu, Eng. Aminu Tukur Sa'idu, ya gaji mahaifinsa a shekarar 1986.
Sauran mazauni na asalin Gobir (Gobirawa) a Faskari an kafa shi ne shekaru kadan bayan faduwar daular Gobir a 1804 lokacin da aka lalata babban birnin masarautar Alkalawa, wanda ya kai ga tarwatsa iyalan masu mulki zuwa Sabon-Birni., Isa, Tsibiri, Ilorin, Faskari, da dai sauransu. Sai ga shi Muhammadu Gido dan Bawa Jangwarzo da dansa Danyanbani suka nufi kudu har suka isa tsohuwar Faskari akan hanyarsu ta zuwa Zazzau Sun tsaya tsayin daka don ba da damar daidaita kumburin ƙafafu na matashi Danyabani. A nan ne kakannin Danboka (Maguzawa Maguzawa mazauna cikin duwatsu) suka zagaya wurin daga Daura suka hadu da Muhammadu Gido suka ba shi taimako wajen ciyar da dawakinsa, suka kuma bukaci ya zauna tare da su. Ya karbi tayin daga baya ya tambayi yanayin muhallin su.
A cikin ɗan gajeren zaman Muhammadu Gido ya yi addu'a tare da bayyana shaharran sa cewa za su zauna a nan gaba don samar da ƙaƙƙarfan al'umma da ke rayuwa ta fuskar tsaro, zamantakewa, don wadata da wadata ga wasu: "Mu faskara a nan", wanda ya zama sunan. wurin, Faskari. Cikin kankanin lokaci mutane suka fara zuwa daga wurare daban-daban kuma suka ci gaba da karuwa a karkashin jagorancin Muhammadu Gido. Ana cikin haka ne Muhammadu Gido ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da gudanar da aikin sa a Zazzau, ya bar sauran jama'a a baya.
Da isarsa Zazzau Muhammadu Gido ya samu tarba daga sarkin ya kai shi kusa da shi har ma ya nada shi kansila a masarautar. A bisa bukatar Mohammed Gido Sarkin Zazzau ya ba shi fili a arewa inda aka kafa sabuwar mazauni mai suna Giwa. Daga baya kuma sai wata tawaga daga Faskari ta zo tana neman Muhammadu Gido ya dawo, amma sai aka samu koma baya, a haka ne Danyabani ya sake komawa wani shugabancin al’ummar Faskari, zuriyarsa kuma suka ci gaba da gaje su har zuwa yau. Hakimin kauyen Faskari na yanzu shine na 15 a jerin gwano. Garin ana siffanta shi da “FASKARI TA DANYABANI TABA MAISHIGA ZUCCI” (a zahiri, Faskari na Danyabani, taba sigari da ke mamaye zuciyar masu shan taba; ma’ana idan sun gan ta sai suna shan taba) hakan yana nufin cewa da yawa kana zaune a Faskari. garin tsawon lokacin da kuke son zama.
An kafa karamar hukumar Faskari ne daga karamar hukumar Funtua a ranar 15 ga watan Mayun 1989 karkashin mulkin soja na Janar Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida. Karamar hukumar ta kunshi Gundumomi biyu, watau Faskari da Mairuwa kuma yana da yankuna da yawa. Karamar hukumar tana da fadin kasa kilomita murabba'i tana iyaka da Birin Gwari jihar Kaduna a kudu, jihar Tsafe Zamfara ta yamma, Kankara da Bakori a Arewa da kuma yamma.
Mutane Manyan kabilun su ne Hausawa da Fulani Sauran kabilun da aka samu a yankin sun hada da Igbo, Yarbawa, Nupe, da dai sauransu. A tsawon shekaru, Musulunci ya kasance babban addini a yankin tare da samun cikakkiyar zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali ba tare da kabilanci ko addini ba. Bugu da ƙari kuma, yawancin mutane masu noma ne da ƴan kasuwa.
Albarkatun Ma'adinai Yankin yana da albarkar albarkatun ma'adinai masu yawa, na ƙarfe da ma'adanai waɗanda ba a taɓa samun su ba tukuna. Ma'adanai sun haɗa da nickel, baƙin ƙarfe-oxide, chromites, magnetite, kaolin, asbestos, yashi silica, yumbu na baya, graphite, diamonds, potash, quartz.
Taimako da Magudanar ruwa Ta fada karkashin tudun tsaunin Hausa tare da birgima a hankali. Wurare mafi girma saboda gneisses da porphyroblastic granites waɗanda ke yin sirdi a yamma. Ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana ƙarƙashin ma'adini mai sauƙi mai sauƙi feldspar-biotite, Schist da Serpentimite na rukunin gida. Rafukan gabaɗaya suna da daidaitawar arewa da kudu. Hanyar ƙafar Ungwaguagwa-Alikeai-Yankara tana ƙayyadadden ƙayyadaddun rafukan da ke gudana daga arewa daga waɗanda ke gudana zuwa kudu da magudanar ruwa. Yawancin rafi ana sarrafa yajin aiki (na yanayi na yanayi) musamman kogin Gauri da magudanan ruwa da yawa, yayin da wasu ke kwarara arewa maso yamma daga Kondo wanda ake tunanin "laifi" ne ake sarrafa shi.
Yanayi Yanayin yankin na nahiya ne na wurare masu zafi, yana samun ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na 198.3mm da matsakaicin yanayi na yanayi fiye da 28c. Ruwan sama yana farawa daga Mayu kuma yana ƙare Nuwamba.
Kasa Ƙasar ƙasan ƙasa ce mai yumɓu (waɗanda ake kira "Laka") da zurfin zurfin mita biyar, kuma mai kyau a cikin rubutu. Ƙasar tana da wuyar yin aiki lokaci-lokaci, tana ƙoƙarin zama matsewar ruwa da ruwan sama mai yawa da bushewa ko tsagewa a lokacin rani. Ko da yake, a cikin garin Faskari da kewaye ƙasar ta fi takin yanayi. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su sune auduga, masara, gero, masarar Guinea, gyada, Suya Beans da dai sauransu.
Tsire-tsire Yankin yana ƙarƙashin yankin Savannah na Arewa-Guinea, tare da ciyayi mai kunshe da nau'ikan ganye masu faɗi tare da dogayen ciyayi masu tsayi na ciyayi masu alaƙa da gauraye da kyawawan ganyen bishiyu masu ƙaya tare da ci gaba da gajeriyar murfin ciyawa. ciyayi galibi mutum ne ya yi amfani da shi don itacen wuta, kiwo da noma.
Kalubalen muhalli Kamar galibin yankunan jihohin Arewa da jihar Katsina musamman karamar hukumar Faskari na fama da matsalar fari da kwararowar hamada da mamayewar kwari da zaizayar kasa.
Garuruwa da kauyuka a cikin Faskari Faskari, Mairuwa, Yankara, Daudawa, Sheme, Tafoki, Sarkin Fulani, Dakamawa, Shawu, Tudun Laki, Unguwar Barau, Unguwar Diyam, Unguwar Boka, Unguwar Ganye, Unguwar Gwanki, Unguwar Malam, 'Yar-Malamai, 'Yar-Marafa, Yan-Nasarawa, Bakarya, Bagudu, Bele, Bilbis, Birnin Kogo, Dan Baduka, Doma, Fankama, Unguwar Malam Musa, Unguwar Miko, Unguwar Namand, Unguwar Sakkai, Unguwar Wakili, Unguwar Maikanwa, Unguwar Maje, Wakataba, Kadisau, Kanon Haki, Unguwar Bika, Kogo, Kondo, Kyaburshawa, Kwai, Kwakware, Yan Turawa, Ladan, Maigora, Maisabo, Monunu, Munhaye, Ruwan Godiya, Kwai, Sabon-Layin Galadima.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Local Government Areas in Katsina |
30479 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batutuwan%20muhalli%20a%20Uruguay | Batutuwan muhalli a Uruguay | Wannan shafin yana Magana akan batutuwan muhalli a Uruguay Bayanin Ƙasar savanna ta Uruguay ta kasance tana lulluɓe da filayen ciyawa, dabino, da gandun daji na gallery tare da kogin Uruguay, Negro, Yaguarí, Queguay da Tacuarembó Abin takaici, noma da kiwo sun yi matukar canza waɗannan al'ummomi. Savannas suna cikin haɗari sosai saboda akwai ƴan guraben wuraren zama marasa kyau. Gaba dayan yankin ya sami sauyi mai tsanani ta hanyar kiwo, daya daga cikin manyan ginshikan tattalin arzikin kasa a Uruguay Ana amfani da kusan kashi 80% na yankin Uruguay don kiwo a kan savannas na halitta da na wucin gadi.
Abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu
Gurbatar Ruwan Sha Kogin Santa Lucia, zai iya zama jikin ruwa wanda ke ba da sama da 60% na Uruguay tare da ruwan famfo, ya sami raguwar inganci tun a Shekarar 2014. Ƙara yawan zubar da ruwa daga kamfanonin noma a cikin tsarin tsafta ya haifar da adadin masu guba a cikin ruwa, kuma raguwar ruwan sama ba ya ba da damar narkewar wannan sharar ta faru. Yawan yawan takin zamani, zubar da sharar gida da kuma masana'antar sarrafa ruwa da ke aiki da rabin karfinsu su ma manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da gurbatar ruwa a cikin wannan kwandon.
Yawan adadin phosphorus a cikin ruwa yana da yawa don cinyewa ta hanyar phytoplankton (waɗanda ke kiyaye yanayin muhalli daidaitacce), don haka ya ƙare ya lalata ruwa kuma yana taimakawa haɓaka cyanobacterias, wanda ke lalata ruwan sha. Sannan kuma Yawancin sharar da ake zubarwa a cikin kwanduna na taimakawa wajen samar da wannan wuce gona da iri na phosphorus.
Wani bincike ya nuna cewa yaran da ke da tace ruwa a gidajensu, suna samun sakamako mai kyau a makaranta, ba tare da la’akari da yanayin zamantakewar su ba. Sannan Kashi 30% na yara a Uruguay suna da yawan gubar dalma a tsarinsu, saboda kasancewarsu a cikin ruwan famfo.
Bayyanar gubar Mafi yawan bayyanar da gubar a cikin ƙasar ya ta'allaka ne a Montevideo inda yawancin masana'antu masu amfani da gubar suka tattara. Misali, masana'antar batir ta Radesca SA a Montevideo na ɗaya daga cikin mafi munin tushen gubar dalma a ƙasar, Kuma a wani ɓangare saboda rashin zubar da ciki. Musamman ma, gano cutar gubar a cikin unguwar La Teja daga gurɓataccen masana'antu, yana haifar da haifar da motsi na adalci na muhalli a cikin unguwar, sannan wanda aka tsara a karkashin ƙungiyar al'umma Comisión Vivir Sin Plomo (Hukumar Rayuwa ba tare da Jagoranci ba). Wani malami dan kasar Uruguay dan kasar Amurka Daniel Renfrew ya yi iƙirarin cewa al'ummar sun ƙirƙiri motsin adalci na muhalli na farko a ƙasar. ]Bayan La Teja, an kafa kwamitocin gwamnati sannan kuma saka hannun jarin jama'a ya kai ga duka biyun nazari da daidaita gubar a yawancin masana'antu da aka yi. An kafa wani asibiti a asibitin Pereira Rossell a Montevideo, wanda ake kira The Health Clinic for Environmental Chemical Contaminants, wanda ya zama cibiyar kula da gubar. Likitan da ya kafa, Elena Queirolo, Kuma zai cigaba da samun babban adadin gubar a cikin kasar.
Dabbobi da tasirinsa akan ruwa A duk duniya, noman Dabbobi na ɗaya daga cikin masana'antar noma mafi girma cikin sauri. Uruguay yana da dogon tarihi tare da samar da dabbobi, tare da 70-80% na ƙasar da aka keɓe ga makiyaya, na halitta da kuma noma; kuma tun a shekarata 1960, samar ya ninka sau biyu. Wannan yana ƙara matsa lamba akan filayen ciyawa, kuma tare da raguwar ingancin ƙasa, kuma ana buƙatar amfani da takin mai magani don yaƙar wannan fanko. To Amma wannan yana da sakamako; karuwar noman na iya sa amfanin gona ya katse ruwan da ake samu a cikin gida, saboda ana bukatarsa don noman ruwa wanda hakan ke sa sauran tsirorin ke da wuya su yi girma. Baya ga haka, an kawar da manyan dazuzzukan don samar da sabbin filayen noma, don noman abinci don ciyar da adadin shanun da ke karuwa. Yin amfani da taki da yawa na iya haifar da lalatar halittun ruwa, yayin da aka wanke takin da ya wuce gona da iri a cikin rafuka ko tafkuna, kuma yana haifar da fashewar algae, wanda a cikin kowane ruwa maras nauyi na iya haifar da raguwar iskar oxygen kuma ya sa ruwan ya zama ba za a iya rayuwa ba ga yawancin halittu. sare itatuwa Gandun daji na daya daga cikin manyan masana'antu da ake nomawa a kasar, wanda ya yi illa ga ci gaban dajin Uruguay. Sama da kashi 10% na gandun dajin Uruguay an lalata su, amma duk da haka tare da aiwatar da dokar gandun daji a shekarar 1988 an sami wasu hani kan yadda kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke iya gudanar da ayyukansu, ta hanyar hana su sare bishiyu. Uruguay had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 3.61/10, ranking it 147th globally out of 172 countries.
Pulp Mills An kafa Botnia a Fray Bentos a cikin shekarata 2006. Ya cika duk buƙatun muhalli da IFC da MIGA suka gabatar. An kuma nuna yadda Botnia a haƙiƙa za ta taimaka wa tsarin tsaftar muhalli na birnin Fray Bentos ta hanyar sanya sharar su ta cikin matatun Botnia. An sayar da Botnia zuwa UPM a cikin shekarar 2009, kuma yanzu sun dauki samar da makamashin halittu a cikin kayayyakinsu.
Gandun daji Uruguay ƙasa ce da ta ƙunshi galibin filayen gonaki, tare da kashi 3.6% kawai na gandun daji. Dashen daji shine lokacin da ake dasa bishiyoyi don ƙirƙirar sabbin wuraren daji. To Amma babbar matsalar ita ce bullo da sabbin nau’o’in da ba na asali ba a cikin wannan tsari, wadanda a wasu wuraren, suna yin takara da na gida. An mayar da manya-manyan yankunan dazuzzukan dazuzzukan dazuzzukan dazuzzukan noma, sannan ana amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da ciyayi masu tarin yawa domin kiyaye bishiyar daga qwari da ciyawa, kuma idan an girbe waxannan itatuwa sai qasar ta zama babu kowa. wanda ke haifar da hadarin gobara. An kara habaka noman dazuzzuka sakamakon bukatar itacen da masana’antun ke yi, kuma wanda ya kara barna. Gabatar da sabbin gandun daji na iya wargaza dazuzzukan na asali, don haka ya shafi bambancin kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar rabuwar allopatric Gurbacewar Karfe mai nauyi Ƙarfe mai nauyi a cikin Uruguay ana iya kwatanta shi ta hanyar gurɓataccen ruwa a tashar jiragen ruwa na Montevideo, wani yanki na Montevideo Bay, wanda ke rufe wani yanki na kusa da 12 km2, da kuma wani yanki na Rìo de la Plata estuary. Bay yana da matsakaicin zurfin mita 5 da mahalli mai raɗaɗi, tare da iskar da ke sarrafa yanayin ruwa Sharar da ba a kula da su ba daga kananan hukumomi a sama; da kuma fitar da masana'antu daga masana'antar petrochemical, da kuma wutar lantarki da wutar lantarki ta kwarara zuwa cikin bay. Har ila yau, shi ne mai karɓar ruwan Pantanoso da Miguelete, koguna biyu tare da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu a cikin su. Sannna Kuma Fitowar da ba a kayyade ba ya haifar da yawan karafa masu nauyi (Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ag da Hg) da kuma hydrocarbons da ke taruwa a cikin ruwa, kuma wadannan manyan matakan na iya haifar da mummunar illa ga muhalli, da kuma cutar da mutane. Karafa masu nauyi yawanci suna ƙarewa a ƙasa tare da laka, ko kuma ɗaukar kwayoyin ruwa. Sannan Kodayake kwayoyin halittun ruwa suna buƙatar gano adadin ion ƙarfe mai nauyi don aikin jikinsu na yau da kullun, yawan adadin karafa masu nauyi da aka samu a cikin bay da kewayen Rìo de la Plata estuary, ya haifar da haɓakar tattarawarsu a cikin tsoka, da kyallen hanta na kifi. Daga nan sai gurbatar yanayi ke tafiya sama da sarkar abinci, daga wannan kwayar halitta zuwa wata, ta haka tana shafar nau'ikan halittu masu yawa, kuma tana kara yawa sosai tare da kowane matakin trophic, a cikin tsarin da ake kira biomagnification. ’Yan Adam, ta dalilin kasancewar su na cikin sarkar abinci, za su iya samu a cikin abincinsu, Kuma yawan tarin karafa masu nauyi, ya zarce buqatarsu na dabi’a, ta hanyar girma da girma da ke haifar da kewayon tasirin bio-toxic a jiki. Duk da cewa gwamnatin kasar Uruguay ta dauki wasu matakai, domin tantance ma'aunin karafa da ke cikin ruwa; Kuma An yi watsi da tasirin tasirinsa akan kifi da sauran membobin marine biota da yawa.
Makamashi
Makamashin Iska Kashi 22% na makamashin lantarki ana samar da wutar lantarki ne ta hanyar iska. A shekara ta 2017, sun yi imanin cewa adadin zai karu zuwa 38%, wanda ke nufin na biyu a duniya zuwa Denmark kawai. A cikin shekaru 10 kacal, Uruguay ta sami damar haɓaka wutar lantarki ta hanyar taimakawa yanayin makamashin ruwa wanda ya ga kansa a koyaushe yana raguwa saboda karuwar fari a yankin. A shekara ta 2005, Uruguay ba ta da wutar lantarki da iska ke samarwa, a shekarar 2015 yawan abin da ya samar ya kai megawatt 580, kuma an yi hasashen kasar za ta samar da megawatt sama da shekara 2000, inda ta zama kan gaba a duniya a fannin makamashin iska.
Saboda shimfidar wuri mai faɗi sosai, Uruguay tana da ƙarfin iska mai tsayi da tsayi. Energyarfin iska na Uruguay yana samarwa daga kashi 40% zuwa 50% na cikakken iya aiki, wato idan injin turbin ya kasance koyaushe yana motsawa cikin cikakken iko. Kuma A gefe guda kuma, makamashin iska na Amurka yana samar da kashi 34% na cikakken ƙarfinsa.
Dukkanin aikin samar da makamashin iskar an shirya kashe dala biliyan 3.
Makamashin Solar Uruguay na da burin bunkasa makamashin hasken rana nan gaba kadan. Wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai suna Tecnova Renovables tana da tashar wutar lantarki mai amfani da hasken rana wanda a yanzu ke samar da kwatankwacin wutar lantarki na gidaje 100. Sannan Haka kuma gwamnati na samar da tsare-tsare na amfani da hasken rana. Kasancewar ba a iya hasashen shi ne dalilin da ya sa gwamnati ke ci gaba da zargin zuba makudan kudade a wannan makamashin.
Hydro Energy An yi amfani da makamashin lantarki don samar da sama da rabin makamashi mai dorewa ga Uruguay. Kuma Manyan madatsun ruwa suna kan kogin Uruguay, mafi girma shine Dam din Salto Grande Za a sake gina wasu madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Uruguay, ba tare da motsin kowane gida ko yawan jama'a ba. Duk da cewa ana gina wadannan madatsun ruwa guda biyu, kasar na da niyyar kawar da wutar lantarki saboda sauyin yanayi. Sannan kuma Fari da ake fama da shi yana shafar yankin da kuma dogaro da wadannan madatsun ruwa ya tilastawa kasar Uruguay sayen dimbin albarkatun mai daga wasu kasashe domin samar da wutar lantarki.
Biomass Energy Uruguay tana da ci gaban gandun daji, shanu da masana'antar noma. Daga kasancewa a zahiri babu shi a cikin shekarata 2004, kawai samar da 1% na makamashin lantarki na ƙasar Kudancin Amurka, ya kai kowane lokaci a cikin shekarata 2014, yana samun 13%. Manyan hukumomi guda biyu da suka kirkiro wannan hanyar samar da makamashi sune UPM da Montes del Plata, masana'antun sarrafa kayan marmari guda biyu waɗanda ke ba da himma sosai wajen kula da muhalli.
Hukumomi Babban hukumar jihar da ke kula da muhalli ita ce National Directorate for Environment Spanish DINAMA) wanda ke cikin ma'aikatar gidaje, tsare-tsare da muhalli Green jam'iyyun Siyasa kore ba ta kafa tushe a Uruguay na dogon lokaci ba. A zaben 1989 jam'iyyar Green Eto-Ecologist Party ta samu kashi 0.5% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada; gabaɗaya, ƙungiyoyin muhalli suna da ƙarancin mahimmancin siyasa, galibi a matsayin ɓangare na sauran manyan jam'iyyu.
A cikin zaɓe na shekarata2014 wata sabuwar ƙungiyar siyasa tana shiga, Jam'iyyar Ecologist Radical Intransigent Party Cesar Vega ne ke jagoranta, suna wa'azi game da adana albarkatun ƙasa kuma suna adawa da hakar ma'adinai na buɗaɗɗiya Duba wasu abubuwan Rikicin mirgine kogin Uruguay
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
51375 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah%20Arendt | Hannah Arendt | Hannah Arendt, an haifi Johanna Arendt a cikin sha huɗu ga Oktoba shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da shida, a Hanover kuma ta mutuError on the Upper West Side New York yar asalin Jamus ce, masaniyarkimiyyar siyasa, falsafa, kuma 'yar jarida, wanda aka sani da aikinta akan harkokin siyasa, kama-karya, zamani, da falsafar tarihi Ta jaddada, duk da haka, cewa aikinta ba falsafa ba ne amma ka'idar siyasa Mein Beruf shine Theorie na siyasa Shiyasa tace a masanin kimiyyar siyasa ««masanin kimiyyar siyasa maimakon masanin falsafa An ambaci kin amincewarta na falsafa a cikin Condition de l'homme moderne inda ta yi la'akari da cewa Yawancin falsafar siyasa tun lokacin da Plato za a iya fassara shi cikin sauƙi a matsayin jerin yunƙurin gano tushe na ka'idar da kuma hanyoyin da ta dace ta kuɓuta daga siyasa. [4] Ana nazarin ayyukansa a kan al'amarin kama-karya a duk duniya kuma tunaninsa na siyasa da falsafa ya mamaye wani muhimmin wuri a cikin tunani na zamani. Shahararrun litattafansa su ne The Origins of Totalitarianism (a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da daya asali take Asalin Ƙarfin Ƙarya Halin Mutum na Zamani (a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da takwas) da Rikicin Al'adu (a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da ɗaya). Kalmar kama-karya ta bayyana ra'ayin cewa mulkin kama-karya ba wai kawai ana aiwatar da shi ne a fagen siyasa ba, amma a cikin duka, ciki har da na sirri da na sirri, da ke rikitar da dukkanin al'umma da kuma fadin kasa baki daya. Littafinta Eichmann a Urushalima, wanda aka buga a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da uku bayan gwajin Adolf Eichmann a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da ɗaya, inda ta haɓaka ra'ayi na banality na mugunta, shine batun rikice-rikice na duniya.
Tarihin Rayuwar ta
Rayuwa dta a karatu nata Jamus An haifi Hannah Arendt a Hanover a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da shida. Mahaifinta injiniya ne ta horarwa kuma mahaifiyarta tana jin Faransanci da kiɗa. A ɓangarorin biyu, kakanni Yahudawa ne masu zaman kansu Mahaifin ta ya rasu a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da goma sha uku daga ciwon syphilis A goma sha biyar, a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da daya, Arendt ya karanta Psychology of Worldviews ta Karl Jaspers, darektan rubutun ta na gaba, kuma nan da nan ya zama mai sha'awar Søren Kierkegaard, marubucin mahimmanci ga falsafar Jaspers A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da hudu, bayan wucewa Jamusanci daidai da ko a matsayin dan takara na kyauta tare da shekara guda a gaba, ta yi karatun falsafar, tiyoloji da ilimin falsafa a jami'o'in Marburg, Freiburg-en-Brisgau da Heidelberg inda ta bi kwasa-kwasan Heidegger, Husserl sannan Jaspers. Ta bayyana kanta tana da hazaka mai hazaka da rashin daidaituwa har yanzu ba a saba gani ba Haɗuwa da Martin Heidegger a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da biyar wani babban al'amari ne a rayuwarsa, duka a hankali da tunani. Duk da haka, wannan taron ya sha mamaye ainihin gudunmawar Arendt kuma ya mamaye wani muhimmin wuri a fahimtar yanayin tunaninta. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da biyar, Arendt ta kasance matashi sosai kuma tana da sha'awar Heidegger, tana da shekaru goma sha bakwai. Mafarin dangantaka ce ta sirri (Heidegger tana da aure kuma mahaifin yara biyu), mai sha'awa da rashin tunani, wanda ya bar mata burbushi a tsawon rayuwarta, kodayake Karl Jaspers shine ainihin siffarta na tasirin tunani. Bayan da suka rabu, Arendt ta ci gaba da karatunta a Freiburg im Breisgau don zama almajiri na Husserl, sannan, bisa shawarar Heidegger, a Heidelberg don bin koyarwar Karl Jaspers, wanda ta rubuta karatun ta a kan ra'ayin Augustine Soyayya Duk abin da Heidegger ke da madaidaicin matsayi game da Yahudanci da Nazism, ya kasance mai aminci ga dangantakar su da kuma tunawa da rawar da Heidegger ke tunani a cikin tafiyarsa Bayan yaki da gudun hijira, ta zama mai ba da goyon baya ga masanin falsafa, wanda ya yi fice kamar yadda yake da rigima, a Amurka A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da tara sai annah Arendt ta auri Günther Stern (daga baya mai suna Günther Anders), wani matashin masanin falsafa na Jamus wanda ta hadu da shi a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da biyar a cikin jami'a kuma ya zama abokinta a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da bakwai A wannan shekarar, ta sami tallafin karatu wanda ya ba ta damar yin aiki har zuwa shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da uku akan tarihin rayuwar Rahel Varnhagen, Bayahude Bajamushe na zamanin Romantic (wannan aikin ba zai bayyana ba sai a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da takwas). Da hawan kyamar Yahudawa da hawan Nazis kan karagar mulki, ta kara sha'awar asalinta ta Yahudawa. Daga Shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da takwas, ta kasance kusa da Kurt Blumenfeld, tsohon shugaban kungiyar Sahayoniya ta Duniya, baje kolin yunkurin Sahayoniya, shugaban kungiyar Sahayoniya ta Jamus tun shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da hudu kuma aboki na iyali An tuhumi Blumenfeld don gano jigogin farfagandar kyamar Yahudawa, an kama ta a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da uku da Gestapo kuma aka sake ta godiya ga jin tausayin dan sanda Nan take ta bar Jamus Jirgin daga Jamus da gudun hijira zuwa Amurka Ta isa Faransa a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da uku, ta zama sakatariyar sirri na Baroness Germaine de Rothschild, ta yi fafutuka don ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar Yahudawa da Larabawa a Falasdinu, ta shiga cikin maraba da Yahudawa, galibi ’yan gurguzu, suna tserewa Nazism kuma suna taimakawa wajen sauƙaƙe ƙaura zuwa Falasdinu An sake aure a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da bakwai, ta sake yin aure16 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in tare da ɗaya daga cikinsu, Heinrich Blücher, ɗan gudun hijirar Jamus, tsohon Spartacist A cikin mai a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in saboda ci gaban walƙiya da Sojojin Jamus suka yi a Faransa, ta sami kanta da gwamnatin Faransa tare da wasu marasa galihu a sansanin Gurs Basses-Pyrénées Cikin rud'ani bayan sanya hannu a hannun armisticejuin a cikin yuli a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in an sake ta kuma ta sami damar gudu zuwa Montauba, inda ta sami mijinta Sa'an nan kuma ta je Marseilles inda ta samu, godiya ga Cibiyar Gaggawa ta Amurka ta Varian Fry, takardar visa ga Portugal wanda ta shiga ta jirgin kasa. Daga nan sai ta zauna na wani lokaci a Lisbon da begen zuwa Amurka, wanda ya yiwu a watan Mayun 1941, ta hanyar shiga tsakani na jami'in diflomasiyyar Amurka Hiram Bingham IV, wanda ya ba ta takardar izinin shiga Amurka ba bisa ka'ida ba tare da dubu biyu da dari biyar autres Bayan yunƙurin hayewa, ta zauna a New York A halin da ake ciki na rashin abin duniya, dole ne ta sami abin rayuwa kuma ta sami aiki a matsayin mai taimakon gida a Massachusetts Ta yi shirin zama ma'aikacin zamantakewa. A ƙarshe ta yanke shawarar komawa New York, kuma ta yi aiki a cikin jaridu da yawa, ciki har da Aufbau na mako-mako.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
26957 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onechi%20Lwenje | Onechi Lwenje | Onechi Lwenje (an haife shi a shekara ta 1985) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne a sinimar Zambia. Baya ga wasan kwaikwayo, Onechi ya kasance fitaccen marubuci, mai shirya fina-finai da furodusa. A halin yanzu yana gudanar da Kamfanin Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai mai suna 'Landmark Communications Limited'.
Rayuwa ta sirri An haifi Onechi a cikin 1985 a Lusaka, Zambia wanda mahaifin sa ɗan jarida ne kuma uwa mai ilimin tattalin arziƙi a cikin iyali mai 'yan'uwa uku.
Mahaifinsa Patson Victor Robert Lwenje ya yi hidimar diflomasiyya a birnin Beijing na kasar Sin, inda Onechi ya kasance dan shekara biyu da rabi a lokacin. Patson kuma ɗan jarida ne a cikin 1980s, mai sukar kiɗa da marubucin nishaɗi.
Onechi ya kammala karatun firamare daga makarantar International School of Beijing, Nkwazi Primary and Gospel Outreach Christian Academy. Sannan ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Boys Kabulunga don yin karatun sakandare kuma ya kammala karatunsa a 2002. Bayan haka, ya ci gaba da karatu a cikin Gudanar da Tsarin Bayanai a ZCAS. Ya kuma kasance ƙwararren Injiniya na Microsoft Systems kuma ya yi aiki da NCC Phoneix Contractors da Kamfanin jigilar kayayyaki na Mediterranean na ƴan shekaru.
Sana'a A cikin 1999, Onechi ya haɗu da wani aikin Zambia don samar da wasan kwaikwayo game da jigon maganin rigakafi da magunguna kuma ana kiran wannan wasan Kar. Ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a gundumomin da ke makwabtaka da makarantu kusan 10. A halin yanzu, ya yi asarar ƴan shekarun rayuwa ga kamfanin jigilar kaya. Sannan a shekara ta 2005 ya fara yin wakoki tare da shiga da mujallu da wallafe-wallafe da dama da suka hada da 'Nkhani Kulture' a 2010 da 'Nkwazi In-Flight' a 2013.
A lokaci guda, Onechi ya fito a cikin jerin shirye-shirye da tallace-tallace na Hukumar Zabe ta Zambiya (ECZ) da Zamtel Bayan kafa shi a matsayin shahararren marubuci, ya kafa Kamfanin Kafafen Sadarwa mai suna 'Landmark Communications Limited'. Aikinsa na farko shi ne Shift wanda ke watsawa a gidan rediyon kasar. Sannan ya yi fim dinsa na farko na Laifi a shekarar 2013. Fim din ya lashe kyautar kyautar mafi kyawun fim, mafi kyawun fina-finai da kuma mafi kyawun gyarawa a 2014 Zambia Film Television and Radio Awards Awards. A cikin 2013, ya zama Mataimakin Editan Mujallar jirgin sama na kamfanin jiragen sama na ƙasa da ƙasa, 'Proflight'. Sannan ya zama Babban Edita a takamaiman wallafe-wallafen masana'antu irin su 'Agri-Pro' 'Agri-Plus' da 'Zambian Mining'. An kuma karrama shi da manyan ayyuka kamar rubuta tarihin birnin Lusaka don bikin 'Lusaka 100' na karni. Onechi ya ci gaba da aiki manajan Fasahar Sadarwa na Kamfanin jigilar kayayyaki na kasa da kasa na tsawon shekaru goma. Bayan ya bar aikin, ya shiga tare da Hukumar Talla ta Afirka ta Kudu mai suna 'Jupiter Drawing Room' a matsayin marubucin kwafi. A cikin 2014, ya fara halartar Rotary Club na Lusaka Central, wanda ya canza rayuwarsa zuwa ga nasara. A cikin wannan shekarar, ya yi aiki a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Wasannin Ƙauna, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Afirka Magic Viewer's Choice Award. A cikin 2016, ya yi aiki a matsayin 'Fletcher' a cikin Zambezi Magic TV jerin Fever A cikin wannan shekarar, ya ƙirƙiri jerin gidan yanar gizo mai suna The Adventures of Duncan Hollywood: Rise of a Zambia Superstar Ya fito ne a matsayin mai masaukin baƙi kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen daya daga cikin shirye-shiryen Afirka tawa a tashar Afirka Sannan, ya fito a kashi na biyar na shirin My Lusaka kan shirin Afirka tawa da aka watsa a Amurka. A cikin 2017, an naɗa Onechi a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar Rotary Club na Lusaka ta tsakiya na 48 ya zama mafi karancin shekaru da ya rike mukamin har zuwa yau. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya gudanar da ayyuka masu ban sha'awa kamar gina asibitin Orthopedic na Italiya, Cibiyar Horar da Ƙwararrun Matasa ta Kabulga da aikin Vita-Nov don samar da kayan aikin likita ga asibitin Chongwe da asibitin koyarwa na Jami'ar (UTH) don kula da cututtukan zuciya da zazzabi. Sannan ya gina shingen ajujuwa a cikin karkarar gundumar Chibombo Fina-finai
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ƙirƙirar Giraffe
Zodwa: Dancer, actress, stylist
Nuna ƙarin fina-finan gida
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1985
Ƴan |
19920 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyar%20Jirgin%20Kasa%20ta%20Hejaz | Hanyar Jirgin Kasa ta Hejaz | A Hejaz (ko Hedjaz ko hijazi) Railway ya kasance babbar hanyar jirgin ƙasa mai tsayi 1,050 mm track ma'auni wanda ya tashi daga Damaskus zuwa Madina, ta yankin Hejaz na Saudiyya ta zamani, tare da layin reshe zuwa Haifa a kan Bahar Rum. Wannan wani bangare ne na layin dogo na Ottoman kuma asalin manufar ita ce ta shimfida layin daga tashar Haydarpaşa da ke Kadikoy har zuwa Damascus zuwa garin Makka mai alfarma. Ko yaya, an katse gine-gine saboda ɓarkewar Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, kuma bai kai ga Madina ba, gajere daga Makka. Yankin Damascus zuwa Madina da aka kammala ya kai Babban manufar da jirgin ya na haxi tsakanin Istanbul, babban birnin kasar na Ottoman Empire da wurin zama daga cikin Islamic Khalifanci, kuma Hejaz a Arabia, shafin na wuraren yin tsafin na Musulunci da kuma birni mai tsarki na Makka, da makõma na aikin hajji na shekara-shekara. Wani muhimmin dalili shi ne inganta tattalin arziki da siyasa hadewar lardunan larabawa masu nisa cikin kasar Ottoman, da saukaka jigilar sojojin soja.
Tarihi Layin dogo yana fuskantar haɓakar gini a ƙarshen shekara ta 1860s, kuma yankin Hejaz yana ɗaya daga cikin yankuna da yawa don hasashe. Irin wannan shawarar ta farko ta shafi hanyar jirgin ƙasa da ta tashi daga Damascus zuwa Bahar Maliya Ba da daɗewa ba aka rushe wannan shirin, amma Amir na Makka ya tayar da ƙyama game da dorewar nasa aikin jigilar raƙumi idan za a gina layi. Shiga cikin daular Usmaniyya wajen kirkirar hanyar jirgin kasa ya fara ne daga Kanal Ahmed Reshid Pasha, wanda, bayan ya binciki yankin a kan balaguron zuwa Yemen a cikin 1871-1873, ya kammala da cewa hanya daya tilo da za a iya amfani da ita ta zirga-zirga ga sojojin Ottoman da ke tafiya can ita ce ta jirgin kasa. Sauran jami'an Ottoman, kamar su Osman Nuri Pasha, suma sun ba da shawarwarin layin dogo a Hejaz, suna masu ba da hujjar wajibcin ta idan ana son a tabbatar da tsaro a yankin na Larabawa. Da yawa a duniya ba su yi imanin cewa Daular Ottoman za ta iya ɗaukar nauyin wannan aikin ba: an yi ƙididdigar cewa layin dogo zai ci kusan lira miliyan 4 na Turkiyya, yanki mai girman kasafin. Bankin Ziraat Bankasi, bankin jihar wanda ya ba da gudummawar bukatun noma a Daular Ottoman, ya ba da rancen farko na lira 100,000 a cikin shekara ta 1900. Wannan rancen na farko ya ba da izinin fara aikin daga baya a cikin shekarar. Abdulhamid na II ya yi kira ga dukkan musulmin duniya da su ba da gudummawa don aikin titin jirgin kasa na Hejaz. Aikin ya ɗauki sabon mahimmanci. Ba wai kawai layin dogo ne da za a dauka a matsayin wani muhimmin fasalin soja ga yankin ba, ya kuma kasance alama ce ta addini. Hajji, mahajjata akan hanyarsu ta zuwa Makka mai alfarma, galibi ba su isa inda suke yayin tafiya a kan hanyar Hejaz. Ba a iya gwagwarmaya da mawuyacin yanayi, yanayin tsaunuka, har zuwa 20% na hajis sun mutu a hanya. Abdulhamid ya kafe kan cewa layin dogo ya tsaya a matsayin wata alama ta karfi da hadin kan Musulmai: wannan layin dogo zai sa aikin hajji cikin sauki ba kawai ga Ottoman ba, har ma da dukkan Musulmai. A sakamakon haka, ba za a amince da saka hannun jari daga kasashen waje a cikin aikin ba. An kafa Hukumar ba da gudummawa don tsara kudaden yadda ya kamata, kuma an bayar da lambobin yabo ga masu bayarwa. Duk da kokarin farfaganda kamar katunan gaisuwa na jirgin kasa, kusan gudummawa 1 cikin 10 ne suka zo daga Musulmai a wajen Daular Ottoman. Daya daga cikin wadannan masu ba da gudummawar, shi ne Muhammad Inshaullah, attajirin editan jaridar Punjab i. Ya taimaka wajen kafa kwamitin tsakiya na Railway na Hejaz. Samun albarkatu ya kasance babban turɓaya yayin gina hanyar Railway Hejaz. Ruwa, mai, da aiki sun kasance da wahalar samu musamman a mafi nesa da Hejaz. A yankunan da babu kowa, an yi amfani da jigilar raƙumi ba kawai don ruwa ba, har ma da abinci da kayayyakin gini. An kawo mai, galibi a cikin kwal, an kawo shi daga ƙasashen da ke kewaye an adana shi a Haifa da Damascus Tabbas Labour itace babbar matsala a cikin aikin layin dogo. A cikin yankunan da suka fi yawan jama'a, yawancin aikin sun cika ne daga mazauna yankin da kuma musulmin yankin, wadanda doka ta wajabta bayar da hannayensu ga ginin. Wannan aikin tilasta shi galibi ana aiki dashi a cikin ƙoƙarin haƙa ramin haƙa wanda ke cikin aikin jirgin ƙasa. A cikin yankunan da ke nesa da hanyar jirgin kasa za ta isa, an yi amfani da ingantacciyar hanyar magance ta. Mafi yawan wannan aikin an kammala shi ne ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa na sojoji, waɗanda a madadin aikin layin jirgin, an keɓance su daga kashi ɗaya cikin uku na aikin soja. Yayin da layin dogo ya bi ta kasa mai yaudara, dole ne a gina gadoji da gadar ruwa da yawa. Tunda samun damar kankare ya iyakance, da yawa daga cikin waɗannan hanyoyin an yi su ne da dutsen dutsen kuma suna tsaye har zuwa yau.
The Emir Hussein bin Ali, Sharif Makka kyan gani, da layin dogo a matsayin barazana ga Arab suzerainty, tun da shi bayar da Ottoman da sauki damar zuwa su ƙungiyoyin sojoji a Hejaz, Asir, da kuma Yemen. Tun daga farkonta, layin dogo ya kasance abin da ƙabilar Larabawa na cikin gari ke hari. Waɗannan ba su taɓa yin nasara ba musamman, amma kuma ba Turkawa ba su iya sarrafa yankunan da ke nisan sama da mil ɗaya ko ma kowane layi na layi. Saboda al'adar mazauna yankin na jan masu bacci na katako don rura wutar wutar sansaninsu, wasu sassan waƙar an ɗora su a kan masu yin baƙin ƙarfe.
A watan Satumbar shekara ta 1907, yayin da jama'a suka yi bikin layin dogo zuwa tashar Al-'Ula, wani tawayen da ƙabilar Harb suka shirya ya yi barazanar dakatar da ci gaba. 'Yan tawayen ba su yarda da layin dogo da ya shimfida zuwa Makka ba; suna tsoron za su rasa abin da za su ci saboda safarar raƙumi ta zama ta tsufa. Daga baya Abdulhamid ya yanke shawarar cewa hanyar jirgin za ta wuce zuwa Madina ne kawai A karkashin kulawar babban injiniya Mouktar Bey, titin jirgin ya isa Madina a ranar 1 ga Satumbar shekara ta 1908, ranar tunawa da hawan Sarki. Koyaya, dole ne ayi sulhu da yawa don gamawa zuwa wannan kwanan wata, tare da sanya wasu ɓangarorin waƙa a kan shinge na wucin gadi a ƙetaren wadis A cikin shekara ta 1913 an buɗe tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Hejaz a tsakiyar Dimashƙu a matsayin farkon layin.
Yaƙin Duniya na 1 Don amfani da locomotives masu aiki akan layin dogo a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, Sojojin na Jamusawa sun samar da man shale daga ajiyar ɗanyen mai Yarmouk. Turkawan sun gina layin dogo na soja daga layin Hejaz zuwa Beersheba, wanda aka buɗe a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 1915. An sha kaiwa layin Hejaz hari kuma an lalata shi, musamman a lokacin Tawayen Larabawa lokacin da rundunar mayaƙan da Law Law ya jagoranta suka yi wa jiragen Ottoman kwanton bauna.
A ranar 26 ga Maris, 1917, TE Lawrence (wanda aka fi sani da Lawrence na Arabiya) ya jagoranci kai hari kan Tashar Aba el Naam, inda suka dauki fursunoni 30 tare da yi wa mutum 70 rauni. Ya ci gaba da cewa, “An ci gaba da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa har tsawon kwanaki uku na gyara da bincike. Don haka ba mu gaza gaba daya ba A watan Mayu 1917, 'yan Boma-bomai sun jefa bam a tashar Al-' Ula A cikin watan Yulin 1917, Stewart Newcombe, injiniyan injiniya dan Burtaniya kuma abokin tarayya na Lawrence, ya haɗa baki da sojoji daga sojojin Masar da na Indiya don ɓata jirgin. An kai hari kan tashar Al-Akhdhar inda aka kame sojojin Turkiyya 20. A cikin watan Oktoba 1917, daular Usmaniyya ta Tabuk ta fada hannun ‘yan tawayen Larabawa. An kuma kame tashar Abu-Anna'em.
A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1917, Sharif Abdullah tare da kabilar Harb sun kai hari tashar Al-Bwair inda suka lalata manyan motocin shiga biyu.
A watan Disamba na shekarar 1917, wasu gungun maza karkashin jagorancin Ibn Ghusiab sun bi hanyar jirgin kasa zuwa layin kudu da Tabuk. Tare da Tawayen Larabawa da rusa Daular Ottoman, ba a san wanda ya kamata hanyar jirgin ta kasance ba. An rarraba yankin tsakanin Birtaniyya da Faransanci, dukansu suna ɗokin karɓar iko. Koyaya, bayan shekarun kulawa da ba a kula da su, yawancin sassan hanyar sun faɗi cikin lalacewa; an yi watsi da hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta hanyar 1920. A cikin 1924, lokacin da Ibn Saud ya karbe ikon yankin teku, shirye-shiryen farfado da hanyar jirgin kasan ba su kasance kan batun ba.
Yaƙin Duniya na II A yakin duniya na biyu, layin Samakh (daga Haifa zuwa Deraa a iyakar Siriya da Dimashƙu) an yi shi ne don sojojin haɗin gwiwa ta Rukunin Jirgin Ruwa na New Zealand Rukunin 17th ROC, daga Afula (tare da bita a Deraa da Haifa). Abubuwan locomotives sune 1914 Borsig da shekara ta 1917 Hartmann samfura daga Jamus. Layin, wanda Vichy Faransanci ya sarrafa shi, ya lalace. Jiragen kasa da ke kan tsaunin tsakanin Samakh (yanzu Ma'agan) da Derea sun kai nauyin tan 230, inda aka kwashe tan 1,000 cikin awanni 24. Har ila yau, kungiyar ta yi tafiyar mil 60 (95 km) na layin reshe, gami da Afula zuwa Tulkarm.
Shekarun 1960 Jirgin kasan da ke kudu da kasar Jordan na wannan zamani Saudi Arabiya ya kasance a rufe bayan faduwar Daular Ottoman a shekara ta 1920. An yi ƙoƙari don sake gina shi a tsakiyar shekara ta 1960, amma sai aka watsar saboda Yakin kwana shida a shekara ta 1967.
Matsayin yanzu Wasu bangarorin haɗin jirgin biyu na Hejaz suna cikin sabis:
daga Amman a cikin Jordan zuwa Dimashƙu a Siriya, kamar Railway Hedjaz Jordan da Chemin de Fer de Hedjaz Syrie
daga ma'adinan phosphate kusa da Ma'an zuwa Tekun Aqaba, a matsayin Railway Railway
Ma'aikata a kan layin dogo sun dawo da da yawa daga locomotives na asali: akwai locomotive tara a Siriya yayin da bakwai a Jordan cikin aiki. Tun bayan hawan Sarki Abdullah II, dangantaka tsakanin Jordan da Syria ta inganta, wanda ya haifar da farfado da sha'awar layin dogo. Jirgin kasan ya taso ne daga tashar Qadam da ke wajen birnin Damascus, ba daga tashar Hejaz ba, wacce aka rufe a shekarar 2004, har zuwa lokacin da wani babban ci gaban kasuwanci zai kasance. A ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2009 Ministan Sufuri na Turkiyya Binali Yildirim ya ce a Riyadh game da shirin sake gina layin jirgin kasa: Sectionsananan ɓangarorin da ba sa aiki da hanyar jirgin ƙasa, gine-gine da kayayyakin da ke jujjuya har yanzu ana kiyaye su a matsayin abubuwan jan hankalin masu yawon buɗe ido a Saudi Arabia, gami da Medina Terminus, waɗanda aka maido da su a cikin 2005 tare da hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa da shimfidar locomotive. Tsohuwar gadar jirgin ƙasa da ke kan kwarin Aqiq duk da cewa an rushe ta a shekara ta 2005 saboda lalacewar ruwan sama mai yawa shekara da ta gabata. Har yanzu ana iya ganin jiragen kasa da suka lalace a lokacin tawayen Larabawa na shekara ta 1916-1918 inda suka faɗi.
Railways na Israila sun sake sake gina tsayayyen aikin Haifa, hanyar jirgin Jezreel Valley, ta amfani da ma'auni mai kyau, tare da yuwuwar wata rana ta tsawaita shi zuwa Irbid a Jordan. Layin da aka sake ginawa ya buɗe daga Haifa zuwa Beit She'an a cikin watan Oktoban shekara ta 2016.
A cikin shekara ta 2009, ma'aikatar sufuri ta Kasar Jordan ta ba da shawarar kafa hanyar jirgin kasa mai nisan mil 990 (1590-km) dala biliyan 5, wanda za a iya fara shi a farkon zangon shekara ta 2012. Hanyar sadarwar zata samar da hanyoyin jirgin kasa daga Jordan zuwa Syria, Saudi Arabia da Iraq. Ana iya fadada layukan dogo na fasinjoji zuwa Lebanon, Turkiyya da sauran wurare. Gwamnati, wacce za ta dauki nauyin wani bangare na aikin, tana gayyatar masu neman takara daga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don kara sauran kudin aikin.
A shekara ta 2008, an bude "gidan kayan tarihin kayan layin dogo na Al-Hejaz" a tashar Khadam ta Damascus bayan manyan gyare-gyare don baje kolin wuraren locomotives. Jiragen ƙasa suna tashi daga tashar Khadam akan buƙata (yawanci daga ƙungiyoyin Jamusanci, Burtaniya ko Switzerland). Yankin arewacin waƙar Zabadani ba shi da damar shiga. Akwai karamin gidan kayan gargajiya na jirgin kasa a tashar a Mada'in Saleh da kuma wani aiki mafi girma a Hejaz Railway Museum a Madina, wanda aka buɗe a shekara ta 2006. A cikin watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2018, Gabas ta Tsakiya ya bayyana shirye-shiryen hadin gwiwar Saudiyya da Isra'ila don farfado da hanyar jirgin kasa daga Haifa zuwa Riyadh Hoton hoto
Duba kuma Arab Mashreq International Railway
Haramain babban titin jirgin kasa
Makamantan ma'auni
Kai a cikin Jordan
Sufuri a cikin Kungiyar Kasashen Larabawa
Manazarta
Kara karantawa 0-905878-05-1
1-900988-81-X
Judd, Brendon Railway Rail: Theungiyar Railway ta New Zealand a Arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu (2003, 2004 Auckland, Penguin)
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Kwasfan fayiloli guda huɗu game da titin jirgin ƙasa Hejaz daga sabis na BBC na duniya
hotuna da rahoton balaguro a Sashen Saudiyya na hanyar jirgin Hejaz
BBC: "Wani yanki na tarihin layin dogo"
BBC: "Layin dogo ya dawo kan hanya"
http://www.hejaz-railroad.info/Galerie.html
Yawancin hotuna daga tashoshin jirgin ƙasa na Hidjaz daga wata tafiya ta 2008 a cikin Siriya
Shafaffen gidan yanar gizon kan hanyar jirgin Hejaz
Gadojin hanyar jirgin Yarmuk River, hotunan jirgin sama na 1933. Taswirar Hoton Jirgin Sama don Archaeology a Gabas ta Tsakiya National Archives, London.
Hejaz layin dogo akan Google Maps
Tashar jirgijin kasa
Tashar jirgin kasa ta Hejaz
Pages with unreviewed |
40894 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Edison | Thomas Edison | Thomas Alva Edison (11 ga watan Fabrairu, 1847Oktoba 18, 1931) ɗan Amurka ne kuma inventor kuma ɗan kasuwa. Ya ƙera na'urori da yawa a fannoni kamar samar da wutar lantarki, sadarwar jama'a, rikodin sauti, da hotuna masu motsi (motion pictures). Waɗannan abubuwan ƙirƙira waɗanda suka haɗa da phonograph, kyamarar hoto mai motsi, da farkon nau'ikan kwan fitilar lantarki, sun yi tasiri sosai a duniyar masana'antu ta zamani. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu ƙirƙira na farko don yin amfani da ka'idodin kimiyyar da aka tsara da haɗin gwiwa zuwa tsarin ƙirƙira, aiki tare da masu bincike da ma'aikata da yawa. Ya kafa dakin bincike na masana'antu na farko. Edison ya girma a Midwest Amurka. A farkon aikinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin telegraph, wanda ya ƙarfafa wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ya fara ƙirƙira. A cikin shekarar 1876, ya kafa dakin gwaje-gwajensa na farko a Menlo Park, New Jersey, inda aka ɓullo da yawancin abubuwan ƙirƙira na farko. Daga baya ya kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje na kayan lambu a Fort Myers, Florida, tare da haɗin gwiwar 'yan kasuwa Henry Ford da Harvey S. Firestone, da dakin gwaje-gwaje a West Orange, New Jersey, wanda ya nuna gidan wasan kwaikwayo na farko na duniya, Black Maria. Tare da haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka 1,093 a cikin sunansa, da kuma haƙƙin mallaka a wasu ƙasashe, ana ɗaukar Edison a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa ƙirƙira a tarihin Amurka. Edison ya yi aure sau biyu kuma ya haifi ‘ya’ya shida. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1931 saboda matsalolin ciwon sukari.
Ƙuruciya An haifi Thomas Edison a cikin shekarar 1847 a Milan, Ohio, amma ya girma a Port Huron, Michigan, bayan dangi ya ƙaura a 1854. Shi ne ɗa na bakwai kuma na ƙarshe na Samuel Ogden Edison Jr. (1804-1896, an haife shi a Marshalltown, Nova Scotia) da Nancy Matthews Elliott (1810-1871, an haife shi a gundumar Chenango, New York). Layin danginsa na mahaifa shine Yaren mutanen Holland ta hanyar New Jersey; sunan farko shine "Edeson". Kakansa John Edeson ya gudu daga New Jersey zuwa Nova Scotia a 1784, mahaifinsa ya koma Vienna, Ontario kuma ya gudu bayan ya shiga cikin tawayen 1837. Edison ya kasance mahaifiyarsa ce ta koya masa karatu da rubutu da lissafi. Ya yi makarantar 'yan watanni kawai. Duk da haka, wani marubucin tarihin rayuwa ya kwatanta shi a matsayin yaro mai son sani wanda ya koyi abubuwa da yawa ta wurin karatu da kansa. Lokacin yana yaro, ya zama abin sha'awar fasaha kuma ya shafe sa'o'i yana aiki a kan gwaji a gida. Edison ya sami matsala ta ji yana da shekaru 12. An alakanta dalilin kurmarsa da bullar scarlet fever a lokacin yana yaro da kuma ciwon middle ear infection da ke taruwa akai-akai. Daga baya ya shirya fitattun labarai na ƙagaggun labarai game da musabbabin kurmarsa. Yayin da ya kasance kurma gaba daya a kunne daya kuma da kyar yake ji a daya, ana zargin Edison zai saurari mai kunna kiɗa ko piano ta hanyar cusa haƙoransa a cikin itace don ɗaukar raƙuman sauti a cikin kwanyarsa. Yayin da ya girma, Edison ya yi imanin cewa rashin jinsa ya ba shi damar kauce wa damuwa kuma ya fi mayar da hankali kan aikinsa. Masana tarihi na zamani da ƙwararrun likita sun nuna cewa yana iya samun ADHD. An san cewa a farkon aikinsa ya shiga cikin kwas din sunadarai a The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art don tallafawa aikinsa akan sabon tsarin telegraphy tare da Charles Batchelor. Wannan da alama ita ce kawai rajistar da ya yi a kwasa-kwasan a wata babbar jami'a.
Farkon aiki Thomas Edison ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mahautan labarai, yana sayar da jaridu, alewa da kayan lambu a kan jiragen da ke gudana daga Port Huron zuwa Detroit. Ya juya ribar dala 50 a mako tun yana dan shekara 13, yawancinsu sun je siyan kayan aikin gwajin lantarki da na sinadarai. Yana da shekaru 15, a cikin shekarar 1862, ya ceci Jimmie MacKenzie mai shekaru 3 daga wani jirgin da ya gudu. Mahaifin Jimmie, wakilin tashar JU MacKenzie na Dutsen Clemens, Michigan, ya yi godiya sosai cewa ya horar da Edison a matsayin ma'aikacin telegraph. Aikin farko na Edison na wayar tarho daga Port Huron ya kasance a Stratford Junction, Ontario, akan Grand Trunk Railway. Ya kuma yi nazarin qualitative analysis kuma ya gudanar da gwaje-gwajen sinadarai har sai da ya bar aikin maimakon a kore shi bayan an kama shi da laifin wani karo kusa da jiragen kasa biyu. Edison ya sami keɓantaccen haƙƙin sayar da jaridu akan hanya, kuma, tare da taimakon mataimaka huɗu, ya saita nau'in kuma ya buga Grand Trunk Herald, wanda ya sayar da sauran takaddunsa. Wannan ya fara dogon zango na ayyukan kasuwanci na Edison, yayin da ya gano hazakarsa a matsayinsa na dan kasuwa. A ƙarshe, kasuwancinsa ya kasance tsakiyar kafa wasu kamfanoni 14, ciki har da General Electric, wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin kasuwanci a duniya.
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33214 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Tabom | Mutanen Tabom | Mutanen Tabom ko Aguda al’ummar Afro-Brazil ne da ke Kudancin Ghana wadanda galibinsu ‘yan kabilar Yarbawa ne. Mutanen Tabom al'ummar Afro-Brazil ne na tsoffin bayi da suka dawo. Lokacin da suka isa Jamestown, Accra, suna iya magana da Fotigal kawai, kuma suna amfani da kalmar nan “Tá bom” (“Ok”), don haka mutanen Ga-Adangbe waɗanda suka fi zama a unguwar Jamestown a Accra, South Ghana suka fara kiran su. Tabom.
Asalin al'ummar Afro-Brazil a Ghana Zuri’a da al’ummar Afro-Brazil da ke Kudancin Ghana ya samo asali ne a wani bincike da aka yi a ƙarni na 19 cewa tsakanin kiyasin bayi 3,000 zuwa 8,000 sun yanke shawarar komawa Afirka.
Har zuwa yanzu, ba a bayyana sosai ba idan Tabom da gaske sun sayi 'yancinsu kuma sun yanke shawarar dawowa nan da nan ko kuma a lokacin sun kasance ma'aikata 'yanci a Brazil waɗanda suka zo bayan tawayen Malê na 1835 a Bahia. Yawancin mutanen Afro-Brazil lokacin da aka tsananta musu sun sami hanyar komawa Ghana, Togo, Benin da Najeriya musamman wadanda suka shirya Tawayen Malê. A Ghana ana yawan samun sunayen dangi kamar de Souza, Silva, ko Cardoso. Wasu daga cikinsu sun shahara sosai a Ghana.
Afro-Brazil a Ghana A Ghana, wakilan jama'ar da suka yanke shawarar dawowa daga Brazil su ne mutanen Tabom. Sun dawo kan wani jirgin ruwa mai suna SS Salisbury, wanda gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba shi. Kimanin 'yan Afro-Brazil su saba'in ne na iyalai bakwai daban-daban sun isa Kudancin Ghana da Accra, a yankin tsohuwar tashar jiragen ruwa a James Town a shekara ta 1836. An yi liyafar da Mantse Nii Ankrah na yankin Otublohum ya yi da zafi har suka yanke shawarar zama a garin. Accra. Shugaban kungiyar Tabom a lokacin zuwan su wani Nii Azumah Nelson ne. Babban ɗan Azumah Nelson, Nii Alasha, shine magajinsa kuma babban aminin Sarkin Ga King Nii Tackie Tawiah. Tare sun taimaka wajen ci gaban al'umma gaba ɗaya a cikin kasuwanci.
A halin yanzu Tabom Mantse shine Nii Azumah V, zuriyar Nelsons. Ana kuma san Tabom a matsayin waɗanda suka kafa Gidan Scissors na Farko a 1854, kantin tela na farko a ƙasar, wanda ke da sauran ayyuka, aikin samar wa Sojojin Ghana kayan sawa. Wani fitaccen mutumi shi ne Dan Morton, dan Tabom kuma daya daga cikin shahararrun masu dinki a Accra a yau.
A Ghana, ana iya samun dangin de Souza a kusa da Osu, Kokomlemle da sauran sassan yankin Greater Accra da Ghana ta Kudu. Sekondi-Takoradi da Cape Coast suma wasu sansanoni ne. Kusan dukkansu sun kasance a yankunan gabar tekun Kudancin Ghana. Duk da haka, an saba ganin De Souza, Wellington, Benson, Josiah, Pereria, Palmares, Nelson, Azumah, Amorin, Da Costa, Santos, De Medeiros, Nunoo, Olympio, Maslieno, Maselino. (wanda aka canza na 'Maslieno' na Marigayi Rev. Canon Seth Nii Adulai Maselino ((1919 1994)) wanda iyayensa suka samo asali daga Maslieno House a Adabraka, Accra) da sauran 'yan Afro-Brazil a Ghana suna magana cikakkiyar harshen Ga-Adangbe. Wannan saboda yawancin mutanen Afro-Brazil sun auri Ga-Adangbes
Domin mutanen Ga-Adangbe sun tarbe su kuma sarakunansu sun karbe su a matsayin baƙon kansu, Tabom ɗin sun karɓi filaye a wurare masu gata, a wuraren da a zamanin yau suka shahara sosai, kamar Asylum Down, yankin da ke kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa ta tsakiya. da kewayen Kamfanin Brewery na Accra. A waɗancan yankunan, bishiyar mangwaro da suke dasa suna ba da shaidar kasancewarsu. A cikin yankin North Ridge akwai titi mai suna "Titin Tabom", wanda ke tunatar da manyan gonakin da suke da su a da. Wasu daga cikin Tabom din suna zaune ne a garin James Town, inda gidan farko da suka gina da amfani da su yayin da suka isa Kudancin Ghana yake. Ana kiransa "Gidan Brazil" kuma ana iya samunsa a wani ɗan gajeren titi mai suna "Brazil Lane". Saboda fasahar noma, sun fara noman mangwaro, rogo, wake, da sauran kayan lambu. Har ila yau, sun kawo fasahohin ban ruwa, gine-gine, aikin kafinta, maƙera, gwal, ɗinki, da dai sauransu, waɗanda tabbas sun inganta rayuwar al'umma baki ɗaya.
A zamanin yau Tabom ɗin sun haɗa baki ɗaya a cikin al'ummar Ghana kuma suna cikin al'ummar Ga-Adangbe.
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27282 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasa%20Gidan%20Yari%20a%20Najeriya | Fasa Gidan Yari a Najeriya | Fasa gidan yari haramun ne a dokar Najeriya, na wani fursuna da aka tilasta masa fita daga gidan yari Haka kuma za a iya kwatanta shi da hare-haren da ‘yan ta’adda irin su Boko Haram da ‘yan fashi da makami ke kaiwa jami’an gidan yari na Najeriya inda ake sakin fursunoni da dama. Sau da yawa idan hakan ta faru, jami’an gidajen yari na Najeriya tare da hadin gwiwar hukumomin tsaro suna yin kokari wajen damke wadanda suka tsere a mayar da su gidan yari wanda hakan na iya haifar da tsawaita zaman gidan yari. Ana iya danganta fasa gidan yari a Najeriya da cin hanci da rashawa, rashin tallafin ayyukan gidan yari, rashin isassun kayan aikin gidan yari, rashin isassun kayan aikin tsaro kamar CCTV, na'urorin motsa jiki, katanga mai tsayi da aka yi da waya mai katanga da kuma katangar wutar lantarki a wasu lokutan.
Hanyoyin Ana iya amfani da hanyoyi da yawa don sauƙaƙe fasa gidan yari. Hanyar jiki ita ce mafi yawan hanyar da masu aikata laifin fasa gidan yarin Najeriya ke bi. Wannan hanya ta ƙunshi amfani da makamai da wasu abubuwa masu fashewa irin su dynamite wajen fatattakar jami'an tsaron gidan yarin da ke dauke da makamai da sauran jami'ai wanda ke haifar da asarar rayuka.
Hukunci A Najeriya karya gidan yari laifi ne da ake hukuntawa a ƙarƙashin dokar Najeriya Hukuncin ya bambanta ya danganta da yanayin harin, waɗanda harin ya rutsa da su da kuma irin laifukan da aka ɗaure dan wasan.
Abubuwan da aka ruwaito Batun karya gidajen yari dai ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a Najeriya saboda rashin tsaro da kuma zama ruwan dare tsakanin ‘yan bindiga Barkewar gidajen yari ya yi sanadiyar tserewa fursunoni sama da guda 4000 daga gidajen yarin Najeriya tun daga shekara ta 2009.
karya gidan yarin Bauchi A ranar 7 ga watan Satumban shekara ta 2010 ne wasu ‘yan bindiga guda 50 da ake zargin ‘yan kungiyar Boko Haram ne sun kai hari a gidan yarin Bauchi da ke arewacin Najeriya Wannan harin ya yi sanadiyar tserewar fursunoni guda 721, inda mutane 5 suka mutu tare da jikkata wasu guda 6.
Hutu gidan yari Ogun A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2013, an bayyana cewa an kai hari mafi karancin gidan yari na Shagamu da ke birnin jihar Ogun a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, lamarin da ya yi sanadiyar tserewar fursunoni 20 tare da raunata wasu jami’an gidan yari da wasu fursunoni. Kimanin ‘yan gudun hijira 4 ne rundunar ‘yan sandan da ke kula da gidan yari ta sake kama su.
Hutu gidan yari Ondo A ranar 30 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2013, an ruwaito cewa wasu ‘yan bindiga 50 da ba a san ko su wanene ba, wadanda ake zargin ‘yan fashi ne sun kai hari a gidan yarin Olokuta da ke Akure, babban birnin jihar Ondo, a Najeriya. Fashewar gidan yarin ya yi sanadiyar tserewar fursunoni 175 inda mutane 2 suka mutu sannan 1 mai gadi ya samu rauni. An sake kama wasu kusan 54 da suka tsere.
fasa gidan yarin Legas A ranar 10 ga watan Oktoban 2014, an samu labarin fasa gidan yari da ke tsakiyar gidan yarin Kirikiri da ke jihar Legas a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, wanda wasu fursunonin gidan yarin suka yi. Wannan lamarin ya yi sanadin mutuwar fursunoni 20 tare da jikkata wasu 80 sannan wasu 12 suka tsere.
karya gidan yari na Kogi A ranar 2 ga watan Nuwamba, 2014, an sake samun labarin fasa gidan yari a gidan yari na Koto-Karffi a jihar Kogi, dake arewa ta tsakiyar Najeriya, inda wasu ‘yan bindiga da ake kyautata zaton ’yan Boko Haram ne. Wannan lamari dai ya yi sanadiyar tserewar fursunoni 144 daga gidan yarin inda aka sake kama fursunoni 1 da suka tsere.
Fasa gidan yarin Ekiti A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2014, an sake kai wani hari a gidan yarin gwamnatin tarayya da ke Ado Ekiti, birnin jihar Ekiti da wasu ‘yan bindiga 60 da ba a san ko su wanene ba. Wannan harin ya yi sanadin tserewar fursunoni 341 wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar jami’in gidan yari guda. Kimanin fursunoni 10 ne aka sake kama yayin harin sannan an sake kama wasu 67 da suka tsere daga baya.
karya gidan yari Minna A ranar 6 ga Disamba, 2014, kimanin mako guda bayan hutun gidan yarin na Ekiti, wasu ‘yan bindiga 3 da ba a san ko su wanene ba, wadanda ake zargin ‘yan fashi da makami ne su ka kai hari a tsakiyar gidan yarin Minna. Wannan fashewar gidan yarin ya yi sanadiyar tserewar fursunoni 270 inda jami'an tsaro 1 suka samu raunuka ba tare da an samu rahoton mutuwa ba.
Kuje prison break A ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 2016, an samu fasa gidan yari a Ma’aikatar Tsaro ta Kuje da ke Babban Birnin Tarayya Abuja inda wasu manyan fursunoni biyu Solomon Amodu da Maxwell Ajukwu da ke jiran shari’a kan kisan kai suka tsere daga gidan yari ta hanyar yin katanga. An cire shugaban gidan yarin na Kuje ne bayan wannan daurin da babban kwamandan hukumar gidan yari ta Najeriya ya yi. A ranar 29 ga watan Agustan 2016, Hukumomin gidan yari na Najeriya da ke babban birnin tarayya sun ba da rahoton wani yunkurin fasa gidan yari da bai yi nasara ba a gidan yarin na Kuje. Hukumomin kasar sun ce wasu fursunonin sun yi kokarin bijirewa binciken da aka saba yi na wayar salula wanda wani bangare ne na ka’idojin gudanar da aiki wanda ya haifar da rikici tsakanin jami’an da fursunonin. Nan da nan aka shawo kan lamarin tare da dawo da zaman lafiya domin babu wani fursuna da ya samu rauni ko wata kadara da ta lalace a cikin ginin.
karya gidan yari Owerri A ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2021, wata kungiya da ake kyautata zaton kungiyar tsaro ta Gabas ce ta kai hari gidan yarin Owerri a Owerri,Imo ESN ta shigo gidan yarin dauke da manyan bindigogi, roka da gurneti da bama-bamai. ‘Yan ta’addan sun yi amfani da bama-bamai wajen shiga rukunin gidajen yari tare da sakin fursunoni 1,844 tare da kona wasu cibiyoyin ‘yan sanda da ke kusa da gidan yarin. karya gidan yari Edo
A ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 2020, wasu gungun mutane da ke fakewa da masu zanga-zangar ENDSARs, sun kai hari a gidajen yari a garin Benin da Oko a Jihar Edo inda suka sako fursunoni 1,993 da ke tsare a gidan yari tare da kwashe makamai. Maharan sun zo da yawa dauke da muggan makamai kuma suka far wa jami’an da ke aikin gadi tare da gaggauta bude sel tare da lalata dukiyoyin da ke cikin ginin.
Manazarta Fasa gidan yari a Najeriya
Masu Laifi a Najeriya
Gidajen Yari a Najeriya
Fursunoni
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22154 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel%20N.%20Onwubiko | Emmanuel N. Onwubiko | Emmanuel Onwubiko (an haifi Emmanuel Nnadozie De Santacruz Onwubiko, a farkon shekara ta 1970) ɗan jaridar Najeriya ne na tsawon shekaru goma sha takwas a tsaye, ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru bakwai a matsayin babban ɗan rahoton Kotun shari'a a babban birnin ƙasar na The Guardian, taken Najeriya. aikin jarida, ya ci gaba da kasancewa a kowane mako mai taken "Rightswatch" a cikin Leadership, wata jaridar ƙasa da ke Abuja Shi masanin falsafa ne ta hanyar horon sana'a; dan rajin kare hakkin Dan-Adam ne na Najeriya, marubuci ne. Ya kuma kasance tsohon Kwamishinan Tarayya na Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Najeriya, nadin da Shugaban kasa na wancan lokacin Olusegun Obasanjo ya yi, kuma a yanzu haka shi ne shugaban kungiyar Marubutan 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Najeriya (HURIWA). Onwubiko mawallafi ne, babban edita ne na jaridar Icons of Human Rights a kowane wata kuma babban darekta na kamfanin watsa labarai na ParadiseFound. Shugaban Kamfanin Sadarwa na Epikaya. Memba na amintattu memba na kungiyar bada agaji ta Amurka da ake kira Heartland Alliance Nigeria da kwamitin amintattu memba na Kungiyar Marubutan Afirka kan Hakkokin Dan Adam da Jama'a. Shi ma memba ne na National Think Tank na Nigerian Catholic Secretariat a Abuja tun a shekara ta 2012.ref></ref> Rashin yarda da Onwubiko a cikin ayyukansa ya sanya Shugaban Najeriya, Goodluck Jonathan ya nada shi a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Shugaban Kasa kan Tattaunawa da Zaman Lafiya a Arewacin Najeriya (PCCDR).
Bayan Fage An haifi Onwubiko a garin Kafanchan, jihar Kaduna Ya halarci kwalejin malamai. Karatun sa na sakandare ya kasance a makarantar Katolika ta Claretian ta Falsafa, Maryland, Nekede, Owerri (wacce ke da alaka da Pontificia Università Urbaniana Rome), inda ya karanci falsafa. Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Koyon Aikin Jarida ta Najeriya. 'Yan Islama sun kashe dan uwan Onwubiko da kawunsa a Najeriya. An kuma harbe shi a shekara ta 2006. Yanzu yana aiki a matsayin mai gwagwarmaya da ta'addanci.
Ayyuka Onwubiko yana magana ne kan batutuwan da suka shafi kasa da na duniya. Ya wallafa littafi mai suna Siyasa da Shari'a a Zamanin Najeria, juzu'i na daya kuma cikakke, daga shekara ta 2003 zuwa shekara ta 2005. Kuma ya sake rubuta wani sabon littafi mai suna Wa ke Kula da Hakkokin Dan-Adam?
Kunnawa Bayan Gwamnan Jihar Borno, Alhaji Kashim Shettima, ya ba da shawarar cewa masu tayar da kayar baya na Islama za su fadada ta’addancin su zuwa yankunan kudu idan ba su kasance a yankin Arewa maso Gabas ba, Onwubiko da kungiyarsa sun yi kira da a binciki Gwamnan. Wannan ya haifar da martani mai zafi daga wata kungiyar farar hula ta Arewa, wacce ta zargi Onwubiko da bai wa ta'addancin kungiyar Boko Haram ma'anar kabilanci. Onwubiko tare da kungiyarsa a cikin musantawar sun dage cewa duk da cewa ba ta da wata hujja da za ta iya danganta gwamnan jihar ta Borno da yunkurin 'yan ta'adda na kutsawa yankin Kudu maso Gabas duk da cewa ta shawarci' yan siyasa da su kasance masu wayo da rikon amana da maganganunsu na jama'a don kada ba da kwarin gwiwa na tunani ko kuma iza tunanin masu son zama 'yan ta'adda. Onwubiko da kungiyarsa ta HURIWA sun kuma yi kira ga matafiyan kasar da su hana su kula da kamfanin jiragen sama na British Airways da sauran kamfanonin jiragen sama na kasashen waje duba da abubuwan da aka bankado kwanan nan game da rashin da'a na kamfanonin jiragen, har sai an magance irin wannan damuwar. Kungiyar da yake shugabanta, HURIWA, tana da kafofin watsa labarai sama da dubu shida a kan batutuwa daban-daban na 'yancin dan adam.
A ranar Alhamis, 28 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2016 Onwubiko tare da kungiyar da yake jagoranta, Kungiyar Marubutan 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Nijeriya, suka ƙaddamar da aikin ƙaramin ɗakin karatunsu mai suna PROFESSOR CHINUA ACHEBE'S HUMAN RIBT LIBRARY a Abuja. Onwubiko mai rajin kare dimokiradiyya da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGO), da Kungiyar Marubutan 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Najeriya (HURIWA), a ranar 11 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2016 sun roki Tarayyar Turai (EU), Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) da ofisoshin jakadancin kasashen waje kan mamayewar ofis dinta daga jami'an hukumar tsaro ta farin kaya (DSS) abin da aka hango a matsayin kokarin da gwamnati ke yi na tursasa shi da kungiyarsa a kan fito na fito da gwamnatin ta yi kan 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki
Manazarta Marubutan Najeriya
'Yan jaridan Nijeriya
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1970
Ƴancin ɗan adam
Ƴancin muhalli
Pages with unreviewed |
13740 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funmi%20Iyanda | Funmi Iyanda | Olufunmilola Aduke Iyanda (an haife ta ranar 27 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1971) wadda aka fi saninta da Funmi Iyanda, mai gabatar da shirin (talk show host) a Najeriya ce, mai gabatar da shirye-shirye, mai watsa shirye-shiryen labarai, kuma mai talla a shafin yanar gizo. [1] Ta samar da kuma shirya wani sanannen magana mai suna New Dawn tare da Funmi, [3] wanda ke watsa kan hanyar sadarwa ta sama da shekaru takwas. Funmi ita ce Shugaba na Ignite Media, wata kungiyar watsa labarai da ke gudana daga Legas. A shekarar 2011, Tawagar tattalin arzikin duniya ta karrama shi da kasancewa Shugaban kungiyar Matasa ta Duniya (YGL) kuma nan ba da jimawa ba, aka nada ta daya daga cikin Mata 'Yan Mata Masu Zaman Kware na Forbes 20 a Afirka..
Farkon rayuwa Funmi Iyanda an haife ta ne a Legas a cikin gidan dangin Gabriel da kuma Yetunde Iyanda. Mahaifinta asalinsa daga garin Ogbomoso yake kuma mahaifiyar daga Ijebu-Ode, ta girma ne a yankin Legas Mainland, amma mahaifiyarta ta mutu tun tana da shekara bakwai. [6] Ta halarci makarantar firamare ta African Church Princess Primary School, Akoka, Herbert Macaulay School a Legas, Nigeria, don karatun ta na farko sannan ta tafi International School Ibadan don karatun sakandare. Ta kuma halarci Jami’ar Ibadan, inda ta yi digiri na biyu a fannin karatun digiri a fannin ilimin Injiniya..
Good Morning Nigeria da aikin jarida Fitowar Funmi a cikin talabijin ta fara ne lokacin da ta fara samarwa da gabatar da Good Morning Nigeria, wasan kwaikwayon talabijin na mujallar karin kumallo. Nunin ya zama wani bugu, tare da rukunin "jarumawa", wanda ya daukaka nasarar da ya cancanci membobin al'umma, da "Street Life", wanda ba kamar yadda ake nuna abubuwa da yawa a lokacin ba don neman tilastawa dan Najeriya ɗan adam. labarai... Nunin ya mayar da hankali ne kan rashin adalcin da 'yan Najeriya suke sha ne, musamman ma mutane masu rauni kamar su mata da yara. Shirin na gudana ne a talabijin na kasar. Farkon abin da ta gano shine MITV Live wacce Segun Odegbami da Tunde Kelani suka samar Har ila yau, ta gano cikakkiyar sha'awarta game da wasanni, da shiga duniyar aikin jarida. Ta yi aiki a kan shirin gaskiya na Kwallon Kafa na Afirka na shekarar 2006 kuma ta rufe gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta shekarar 1999, da duk Wasannin Afirka a Zimbabwe, da kuma wasannin Olympics na shekarar 2000 da shekara ta 2004 a Sydney da Athens.
Sabuwar Dawn tare da Funmi Tare da kwarewar da ta samu a lokacin Good Morning Nigeria, Funmi ta nemi babban dandamali don isa ga mutane kuma a cikin shekarar 2000 ta fara samar da kuma daukar nauyin shirin New Dawn Sabon Dawn tare da Funmi ya fara a cikin shekarar 2000 kuma yana gudana kowace rana akan NTA 10 Lagos. Nasarar wasan kwaikwayon ta sa ya kasance mafi dadewa cikin gudana ba tare da nuna komai ba a NTA. Nunin ya yi amfani da tasirin sa a matsayin abin hawa don canjin zamantakewar jama'a da canji ta hanyar bayar da shawarwarin sanadiyyar haifar da ƙarancin membobin al'umma, musamman mata, matasa da yara. New Dawn ya haifi aikin "Canji-A-Life" na aikin ba da taimakon jama'a. A tsawon shekaru, Canjin-A-Life ya shafi rayuwar yawancin yara da mutane ta hanyar malanta, kiwon lafiya, ba da shawara da kuma tsarin ba da tallafin ƙananan kuɗi. Tsarin tallafin karatu na tallafin yara 98 ne. Funmi ya kuma rubuta kasusuwa na yau da kullun a cikin mujallar Tempo A wani lokaci har yanzu tana hidimar adabi na Jaridar Farafina Ta kuma rubuta wa PM NEWS, The Punch, Aminiya da Jaridar Vanguard Yi Magana Tare da Funmi A shekara ta 2010, bayan hutu na shekara biyu, sai ta koma gidan daukar hoto tare da Magana da Funmi TWF wani wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin mai cike da tarihi wanda Chris Dada ya jagoranta. Yi Magana Tare da tafiye-tafiye na Funmi Nijeriya, daga jihohi zuwa jihohi, kama mutane da tattaunawa a cikin ƙasar. Takaitaccen tunani ne, mai haskakawa da walwala a rayuwar 'yan Najeriya daga ko'ina cikin kasar. Nunin yana tattaunawa da mutane a ko'ina daga talakawa 'yan ƙasa suna tafiya game da kasuwancin su zuwa masu shahararrun ba a cikin sabon yanayi amma tsarin na al'ada. Ana ba da TWF a tashoshi a fadin Najeriya.
Kasata: Najeriya A shekara ta 2010, Funmi Iyanda ta kammala samarwa kan Kasata: Najeriya, wani shirin kashi uku da ke bikin bikin cika shekaru 50 da samun ‘yancin kasar, wanda aka watsa ta gidan rediyon BBC. Labarun Legas, daya daga cikin jerin abubuwan shirin fim din ne, daga baya aka sanya shi cikin rukunin don "Mafi kyawun Labaran Littattafai" a cikin Taron Gidan Talabijin na Monte Carlo na shekarar 2011 a Monaco. Chop cassava.com A cikin shekarar 2012, Funmi Iyanda tare da takwararta Chris Dada sun saki Chopcassava.com, jerin sabbin shirye-shirye na yanar gizo wanda ke yin rajistar zanga-zangar tallafin mai a watan Janairu na shekarar 2012 wanda ya gudana a Legas, Najeriya. Jerin yanar gizo saboda baza a iya yada ta ba a gidan talabijin na Najeriya, jerin suna gabatar da ra'ayoyi daban daban game da zanga-zangar Legas, wanda mutane daga kowane aji suka hau kan tituna suna neman a sauya fasalin farashin mai na 117% a farashin mai. Zanga-zangar ta kasance cikin hanzari ta mamaye batutuwan da suka mamaye farashin mai, inda masu zanga-zangar suka mai da hankali kan fifikon gwamnati, da kuma cin hanci da rashawa a kasar. Shahararrun bidiyon, bidiyon chopcassava ya tafi hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri, tare da ɗayan bidiyon da ke tara sama da 100,000 a cikin kwanaki biyar. An zabi Chopcassava.com a cikin rukunin labaran rashin labarai a BANFF World Media Festival, a Alberta, Kanada..
Rayuwarta Funmi wacce tayi fice a fagen ayyukanta Funmi ta sami babbar daraja ga ayyukanta a kafofin watsa labarai da kuma irin ayyukan ta na jin kai da taimako. Tana memba ne a Cibiyar Shugabanci ta Afirka (African Leadership Institute), Tutu Fellow kuma memba ce a Cibiyar Sadarwa da Al'umma na Cibiyar ASPEN. A shekarar 2012, gwamnan jihar Legas, Babatunde Raji Fashola ya karrama ta, saboda irin kwazon da ta bayar wajen bayar da shawarwarin jinsi yayin da ta dawo daga wani taron bayar da shawarwari na kwanaki biyar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na trek up Dutsen Kilimanjaro Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ce ta shirya wannan hawan dutsen don wayar da kan jama'a game da yakin da take yi na kawo karshen cin zarafin mata da 'yan mata tare da hada kan mahauta daga kasashe sama da 32 na Afirka a cikin shirin bada tallafi na tarihi kan Dutsen Kilimanjaro. Funmi Iyanda ta shiga kungiyar mawaka ta Afirka ta Kudu Parlotones, 'yar wasan Afirka ta kudu Rosie Motene, lauya mai kare hakkin dan Adam Ann Njogu, mawakiyar Kongo Barbara Kanam, da kuma mata da maza na Afirka da yawa da suka taka rawa a kasashensu game da tsegumin Kilimanjaro. Wadanda suka hawan dutsen sun halarci taron koli mafi girma na Afirka a ranar Mata ta Duniya, 8 Maris shekarar 2012, tare da nuna tutocinsu na Afirka. Funmi tayi aiki a Hukumar Farafina Trust and Positive Impact Youth Network wadda ke kokarin shawo da magance Matsalar Matasa. Ta kasance a sahun gaba a jerin zanga-zangar adawa ta Occupy Nigeria a watan Janairun 2012. Zanga-zangar ta kasance tana adawa da aiwatar da manufar cire tallafin man-fetur da gwamnatin Najeriya take yi...
Manazarta
Nassoshi Oyeleye, Albert (2012). "Interaction Management in Nigerian Television Talk Shows". International Journal of English Linguistics. 2. doi:10.5539/ijel.v2n1p149.
Nsehe, Nfonobong (1 August 2011). "The 20 Youngest Power Women In Africa". Forbes. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
Makwemoisa, Anthonia (2006). Women of valour (1st ed.).
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Funmi Iyanda blog Pages with unreviewed |
21035 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27aikatar%20Ilimi%20na%20kasar%28India%29 | Ma'aikatar Ilimi na kasar(India) | Ma'aikatar Ilimi (MoE), tsohuwar Ma'aikatar Raya Albarkatun Jama'a tin daga shekarar (1985-2020), Ma'aikatar Gwamnatin Indiya ce ke da alhakin aiwatar da Manufofin Kasa kan Ilimi An sake rarraba Ma’aikatar zuwa sassa biyu: Sashen Ilimin Makaranta da Karatu, wanda ke kula da ilimin firamare, sakandare da na sakandare, ilimin manya da na karance-karance, da kuma Sashen ilimi mai zurfi, wanda ke kula da ilimin jami’a, ilimin fasaha, malanta, da sauransu.
The current education minister is Ramesh Pokhriyal, a member of the Council of Ministers. India had the Ministry of Education since 1947. In 1985, Rajiv Gandhi government changed its name to Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) and with the public announcement of newly drafted "National Education Policy 2020" by the Narendra Modi government, Ministry of Human Resource Development was renamed back to Ministry of Education.
Manufofin The new National Education Policy 2020 was passed on 29 July 2020 by the Union Council of Ministers. The NEP 2020 replaced the existing National Policy on Education, 1986. Under the NEP 2020, the name of the Ministry of Human Resource and Development (MHRD) was changed to Ministry of Education (MoE). Numerous new educational institutes, bodies and concepts were legislated under NEP 2020.
Ma'aikatar Ilimin Makaranta da Karatu Ma’aikatar Ilimin Makaranta da Karatu sun dauki nauyin ci gaban ilimin makaranta da kuma karantu a kasar.
Babban Makarantar Sakandare (CBSE)
Majalisar Nazarin Ilimi da Horarwa ta Kasa (NCERT)
Cibiyar Makarantar Tibet ta Tsakiya (CTSA)
Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan (KVS)
Majalisar Kula da Ilimin Malami ta Kasa
Gidauniyar Jin Dadin Malamai
Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti (NVS)
Cibiyar Bude Makaranta ta Kasa (NIOS)
Ma'aikatar Ilimi Mai Girma Ma'aikatar Ilimi mai zurfi ita ce ke kula da ilimin sakandare da na gaba da sakandare. An kuma baiwa sashen ikon baiwa matsayin ilimi na jami'a ga cibiyoyin ilimi bisa ga shawarar Hukumar bayar da tallafi ta Jami'a (UGC) ta Indiya, a karkashin Sashe na 3 na Dokar Bayar da Tallafin Jami'a (UGC), a shekarar 1956. Ma'aikatar Ilimi mai zurfi tana kula da ɗayan manyan tsarin ilimin ilimi na duniya, bayan Amurka da China. Sashen na tsunduma cikin kawo damar duniya ta manyan makarantu da bincike a cikin kasar don kar a sami daliban Indiya suna rasa yayin fuskantar wani dandamali na duniya. Saboda wannan, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da haɗin gwiwa tare da sanya hannu kan MoU don taimaka wa ɗaliban Indiya su ci gajiyar ra'ayin duniya. Tsarin ilimin ilimin kere kere a kasar ana iya kasafta shi zuwa bangarori uku Cibiyoyin da ke samun kudin shiga na Gwamnatin tsakiya, da cibiyoyin Gwamnatin Jiha na Jihohi da cibiyoyin kudi. 2 kungiyar 122 da aka ba da kuɗi na ilimin fasaha da kimiyya sun kasance ƙarƙashin: Jerin cibiyoyin fasaha na tsakiya): IIITs (5 Allahabad, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Kurnool, Kancheepuram), IITs (23), IIMs (20), IISc Bangalore, IISERs (7 Berhampur, Bhopal, Kolkata, Mohali, Pune, Thiruvanthapuram, Tirupati), NITs (31), NITTTRs (4), da 9 wasu (SPA, ISMU, NERIST, SLIET, IIEST, NITIE NIFFT, CIT)
Tsarin kungiya An rarraba sashen zuwa ofis-ofis guda takwas, kuma yawancin ayyukan sashen ana kula dasu ta hanyar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sama da mutum Dari 100 a karkashin wadannan ofisoshin.
Jami'a da ilimi mai zurfi Ilimin Minan tsiraru Jami'ar Tallafin Jami'ar (UGC)
Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi da Ci Gaban Ilimi (ERDO)
Majalisar Indiya ta Nazarin Kimiyya na Jama'a (ICSSR)
Majalisar Nazarin Tarihi ta Indiya (ICHR)
Majalisar Indiya ta Nazarin Falsafa (ICPR)
Cibiyoyin Ilimi na 46 kamar ranar 11.09.2015, jerin da Hukumar Ba da Tallafi ta Jami'ar ta bayar
Ilimin fasaha Duk Majalisar Ilimin Ilimin Fasaha ta Indiya (AICTE) Majalisar Gine-gine (COA) 25 Cibiyoyin Fasahar Fasahar Indiya (IIITs) (Allahabad, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Kancheepuram da Kurnool)
3 Makarantar Tsare-tsare da Gine-gine (SPAs)
23 Cibiyoyin Fasaha na Indiya (IITs)
Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Indiya (IISc)
7 Cibiyoyin Indiya na Ilimin Ilimin Kimiyya da Bincike (IISERs)
20 Cibiyoyin Gudanarwa na Indiya (IIMs) Cibiyoyin Fasaha na Kasa na 31 (NITs)
Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Indiya ta Indiya, Shibpur (IIEST)
Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Yankin Arewa maso Gabas (NERIST)
Cibiyar Nazarin Injiniyan Masana'antu ta Kasa (NITIE)
4 National Institutes of Technical Teachers' Training Research (NITTTRs) (Bhopal, Chandigarh, Chennai and Kolkata)
4 Regional Boards of Apprenticeship Practical Training
Gudanarwa da Yaruka
Jami'o'i uku da ake tsammani a fagen Sanskrit, kamar. Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan (RSkS) a cikin New Delhi,
Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeeth (SLBSRSV) New Delhi,
Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeeth (RSV) Tirupati
Sauran Kendriya Hindi Sansthan (KHS), Agra
Jami'ar Ingilishi da Harshen Waje (EFLU), Hyderabad
Majalisar Nationalasa don Inganta Harshen Urdu (NCPUL)
Jami'ar Delhi (DU)
Majalisar Kasa don Inganta Harshen Sindhi (NCPSL)
Officesananan ofisoshi uku: Central Hindi Directorate (CHD), New Delhi; Hukumar Kimiyyar Kimiyya da Fasaha (CSTT), New Delhi; da Cibiyar Cibiyar Harsunan Indiya (CIIL), Mysore
Ilimin nesa da sikolashif
Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU)
UNESCO, Hadin Kan Kasa da Kasa, Inganta Littattafai da Hakkokin mallaka, Manufofin Ilimi, Tsare-tsare da Kulawa
Hadakar Kudi.
Lissafi, Tsarin Shekara da CMIS
Gyara Gudanarwa, Yankin Arewa Maso Gabas, SC ST OBC
Sauran Cibiyar Nazarin Tsarin Mulki da Gudanarwa ta Kasa (NIEPA) Amintaccen Littafin Nationalasa (NBT)
Hukumar Shaida ta Kasa (NBA)
Hukumar Kula da Makarantun Ilimin Marasa Ruwa ta Kasa (NCMEI)
Cibiyar Bude Makaranta ta Kasa (NIOS)
Manufofi Babban manufofin Ma'aikatar sune:
Tsara Manufofin Kasa akan Ilimi da kuma tabbatar da cewa an aiwatar dashi ta hanyar wasika da kuma ruhi
Ci gaban da aka tsara, gami da faɗaɗa dama da inganta darajar cibiyoyin ilimi a duk faɗin ƙasar, gami da yankuna inda mutane ba sa samun damar samun ilimi cikin sauƙi.
Biya kulawa ta musamman ga kungiyoyin marasa galihu kamar matalauta, mata da tsiraru
Bayar da taimakon kuɗi ta hanyar tallafin karatu, tallafin bashi, da sauransu ga ɗaliban da suka cancanta daga ɓangarorin al'umma da aka hana.
Gingarfafa haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa a fagen ilimi, gami da yin aiki tare da UNESCO da gwamnatocin ƙasashen waje har ma da Jami’o’i, don haɓaka damar ba da ilimi a ƙasar.
MHRD's Innovation Cell (MIC) MHRD's Innovation Cell, wanda aka sake masa suna yanzu zuwa MoE's Innovation Cell, an kafa shi ne a watan Agusta shekarar 2018 ta Ma'aikatar Ci gaban Humanan Adam (MHRD) a Duk Indiaungiyar Indiya ta Ilimin Ilimin Fasaha (AICTE) don haɓaka al'adun kirkire-kirkire, kasuwanci da farawa a cikin tsari. duk manyan Cibiyoyin Ilimi a Indiya. An nada Dokta Abhay Jere a matsayin Babban Jami'in Kirkirar Kirkiro na farko.
Manyan manufofi na MIC Smart India Hackathon (SIH) Matsayin Atal na Cibiyoyi akan Nasarorin Kirkirar Kirkirar (ARIIA) Inungiyar Innovation ta itutionungiya (IIC) Manufar Innovation da Tsarin Kasa na Dalibai da Kwarewa a cikin HEIs (NISP)
Shirin Jakadu na Innovation Shirin MBA PGDM a cikin Innovation, Harkokin Kasuwanci da Ci gaban Kasuwanci (IEV)
Tsare Tsaren Kasa na Kasa (NIRF) A watan Afrilu shekarar 2016, Ma’aikatar Ci gaban Resoan Adam ta buga jerin farko na darajar kwalejojin Indiya a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Tsarin itutionasa na Nationalasa Dukkanin darasin da aka gabatar ya shafi NBA, Duk Majalisar Indiya ta Ilimin Fasaha, UGC, Thomson Reuters, Elsevier da INFLIBNET (Cibiyar Ba da Bayani da Labarai). An ƙaddamar da tsarin martaba a watan Satumba na shekarar 2015. Duk cibiyoyin da aka ba da kuɗaɗen 122 gami da duk manyan jami'o'in tsakiya, IITs da IIMs sun halarci zagayen farko na darajar.
Jerin Ministocin
Ministocin Jiha Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre (31 ga watan Mayu 2019 Mai ci)
Duba kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Kwalejin Ilimin Makarantu ta Kasa, Chennai
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Tashar yanar gizo
SIYASAR ILIMI TA KASA |
22348 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Amfani%20Da%20Magani%20Da%20Kuma%20Kimiyya | Kungiyar Amfani Da Magani Da Kuma Kimiyya | Kungiyar Amfani Da Magani Da Kuma Kimiyya. (P.H.R) ne a Amurka tushen ba-ga-riba yan-adam NGO ke amfani da magani da kuma kimiyya zuwa daftarin aiki da kuma nemawa da ta'annati da kuma mai tsanani keta hakkin dan Adam a duniya. Hedikwatar PHR suna cikin Birnin New York, tare da ofisoshi a cikin Boston da Washington, DC An kafa shi ne a shekara ta 1986 don amfani da ƙwarewa na musamman da amincin ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya don yin shawarwari ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da aka tsananta, hana azabtarwa, tattara bayanai game da ta'addancin da aka aikata, sannan a tuhumi wadanda suka keta hakkin dan adam.
Tarihi A cikin shekarata 1981, an nemi Dokta Jonathan Fine, babban likita a Boston, da ya tashi zuwa Chile a takaice kuma ya jagoranci wata tawaga da ke neman a saki fitattun likitoci uku ta gwamnatin Janar Augusto Pinochet. An saki likitocin uku na kasar Chile makonni biyar bayan ziyarar lafiya. A cikin shekara ta 1986, saboda tasirin likitoci zasu iya yi a fagen haƙƙin ɗan'adam, Lafiya ta haɗu da Likitocin kare haƙƙin ɗan'adam tare da Dr. Jane Green Schaller, Dr. Robert Lawrence, Dr. Jack Geiger, da Dr. Carola Eisenberg Tun lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar, kungiyoyin PHR suka fallasa yadda ake amfani da makami mai guba kan fararen hula a Iraki, da binne kaburburan da aka binne a Bosniya da Ruwanda don kotunan kasa da kasa, da kuma bayar da hujjoji na binciken laifuka game da azabtarwa da zartar da hukunci ba bisa ka'ida ba a kasashe kamar Colombia, Honduras, Libya, Mexico, Peru, da Saliyo. A cikin shekarar 1997, kungiyar ta raba lambar yabo ta Nobel ta Duniya don nazarin bayanan raunin nakiya da kuma aiki a matsayin jagora a Kamfen Kasa da Kasa na Haramta Nakiyoyi PHR ta kasance a kan gaba wajen bunkasa ka'idoji na takardun cin zarafin bil'adama: mamba ma'aikacin Dr. Vincent Iacopino ya taka rawar gani wajen haɓaka Yarjejeniyar Istanbul, ƙimar da aka sani ta duniya don yin rubutun azabtarwa da rashin lafiya. Hakanan, Daraktan na International Forensics Program yana da hannu a cikin aikin yin kwaskwarima na Yarjejeniyar Minnesota, jagorancin duniya game da binciken yiwuwar mutuwar doka. Gwamnatoci, hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kotunan duniya da na kasa, da sauran kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam duk sun nemi kwarewar PHR da kwarewar bincike. Ayyukan kungiyar sun ba da gudummawa ga yanke shawara mai muhimmanci kamar hukuncin 2016 na Radovan Karadžić Shirye-shirye
Shirin Bincike na Kwararru Masanan kiwon lafiya a cikin PHR's International Forensics Program (IFP) suna amfani da bincike-bincike na ƙwararru kamar su bincike gawa da kimantawa na likita da na tunani, don sanin yanayin cin zarafin da waɗanda aka ci zarafin suka jure. Waɗannan ƙididdigar na iya ba da gudummawa ga shaida don gurfanarwa ko amfani da su don kawo hankali ga aikata laifuka. IFP ta yi binciken kwakwaf kan gawarwaki irin su Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa na tsohuwar Yugoslavia da Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta Ruwanda Masana a cikin IFP sun kasance daga masu binciken kwakwaf har zuwa masu ilimin sanin halayyar dan adam, da kuma masana kimiyar nazari kamar masu binciken makami. Suna yin bincike na yau da kullun, kimantawa, sa ido, ko sake nazarin aikin wasu bangarorin.
Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Shari'a PHR ta ƙaddamar da Cibiyar Horar da Harkokin Kiwon Lafiya (FTI) don ƙarfafa ƙarfin gida don binciken-bincike da rubuce-rubuce. Cibiyar tana neman ƙarfafa ikon ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya don rubuta azabtarwa, cin zarafin jama'a, cin zarafin mata, da kuma tsananta wa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Hakanan yana horar da ƙwararrun masu bin doka da doka waɗanda ke neman sassauci ta hanyoyin adalci na gari, na ƙasa, da na duniya. Shirin FTI na PHR yana da abokan aiki a Afghanistan, Burma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Syria, Tajikistan, da Amurka Wannan shirin ya taimaka wa likitocin musamman wajen karfafa dabarun yin hira da su, da gwajin jiki, da tattara bayanai, da wuraren da ake aikata laifi, da daukar hoto, da kuma tono gawawwaki.
Shirin kan Cin zarafin Jima'i a Yankunan Da Ake Rikici An ƙaddamar da shirin na PHR game da Rikicin Jima'i a Yankunan da ake rikici. A cikin shekara ta 2011. Shirin ya karfafa martani daga sassa daban-daban game da cin zarafin mata a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Kenya ta hanyar bita kan kiwon lafiya, tilasta bin doka, da kuma kwararru a fannin shari'a. Yayinda ita kanta PHR ta tsunduma cikin bincike-bincike da yawa da kuma neman shawarwari game da fyade a cikin rikice-rikicen makamai, Shirin kan Rikicin Jima'i a Yankunan Rikici yana gina ƙwarewar gida don tattara shaidun da kotu za ta yarda da su don tallafawa gabatar da kara game da laifukan cin zarafin mata.
Shirin na da ofishi a sanannen likitan mata Dr. Denis Mukwege ’s Panzi Hospital, a Bukavu, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo. Shirin kan Rikicin Jima'i a Yankunan Rikici ya haɗu da Asibitin Panzi don horarwa da ba da shawara ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, jami'an 'yan sanda, lauyoyi, da alƙalai a cikin ingantattun takardu da kuma gurfanar da cin zarafin mata.
Don taimakawa bayanan rikice-rikicen jima'i, PHR ta haɓaka MediCapt, ƙa'idar da ke ba da damar amintaccen rikodin dijital da watsa shaidun likita.
Shirin Bayar Da Mafaka Shirin bayar da mafaka na PHR yana ba da shawarar inganta yanayi a cibiyoyin tsare bakin haure na Amurka da kuma rubuta cin zarafin da masu neman mafakar suka sha a kasashensu da kuma kulawar Amurka. Cibiyar sadarwar ta kunshi daruruwan kwararrun likitocin sa kai wadanda ke ba da kimantawa ta likitanci ga wadanda suka tsira daga take hakkin dan adam, suna karfafa aikace-aikacen su na neman mafaka a Amurka Takaddun PHR na cin zarafin ya shafi bincike kan amfani da keɓewa shi kaɗai a wuraren tsare bakin haure, tsarewa mara iyaka, da keta haƙƙin lafiya a tsare. A cikin shekarata 2010, PHR ta yi aiki tare da Weill Cornell Medicine don ƙirƙirar Weill Cornell Center for Human Rights (WCCHR), ɗalibin likitancin da ke kula da haƙƙin ɗan'adam wanda ke taimaka wa waɗanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa suna neman mafaka a Amurka.
Shirin Yaki da Azaba na Amurka An fara shirin yaki da azabtar da mutane na Amurka (PHP) na Amurka (ATP) a shekarata 2003, bayan da aka fara fallasa rahoton azabtarwa da jami'an sojan Amurka suka yi. PHR ta buga jerin rahotannin bincike da ke rubuce kan yadda gwamnatin Amurka ta yi amfani da azabtarwa don cimma burin tsaron kasa. "Break The Down", wanda aka buga a shekara ta 2005, ya sami hujjoji na azabtarwa na hankali da sojoji ke amfani da su. Reportsarin rahotanni sun yi rikodin mummunan lahani na jiki da na hankali da ayyukan tambayoyi da gwajin ɗan adam suka yi a Guantanamo Bay Bincike da Binciken kwakwaf Sashen bincike da bincike a PHR yana tattara bayanan take hakkin dan'adam a duniya. Yankunan binciken su sun hada da hare-hare kan ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da na kiwon lafiya, munanan ayyukan ta'addanci, azabtarwa, da cin zarafin mata a fadin duniya. Sanannun bincike sun hada da:
1988 Masu binciken PHR suka bankado shaidar gwamnatin Iraqi tana amfani da makamai masu guba akan yan Kurdawan su 1996 Kungiyoyin PHR sun tone kaburbura a cikin yankin Balkans Sun gabatar da shaidar wanke kabilanci ga Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ta tsohuwar Yugoslavia (ICTY). Wannan aikin ya ba da gudummawa ga ICTY ta yanke hukunci game da Radovan Karadžić na laifukan yaƙi, kisan kare dangi, da laifuka na cin zarafin bil'adama.
1996 PHR ta aike da tawaga don zakulo manyan kaburbura a Ruwanda kuma daga karshe ta ba da hujja ta musamman ga Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta Ruwanda. 2004 Masu binciken PHR suka binciki kashe-kashen mutane da yawa a Darfur Kungiyar ita ce ta farko da ta kira abubuwan da suka faru kisan kare dangi. 2010 PHR ta fara kamfen din neman nasara a duniya don 'yantar da Dr. Kamiar Alaei da Dr. Arash Alaei yan uwan da aka daure a Iran saboda aikin da suke yi na kula da masu dauke da cutar kanjamau 2011 Masu binciken PHR suka fara rubuta bayanan cin zarafin da aka yiwa ma’aikatan kiwon lafiyar Siriya da kayayyakin more rayuwa, da kirkirar taswirar kai hare-hare tare da bayyana tsarin gwamnatin Siriya da take kaiwa asibitoci da ma’aikatan lafiya. 2015 PHR ta fitar da rahoto kan yanayin kula da lafiya a gabashin garin Aleppo bayan kusan shekaru biyar na rikicin kasar Syria, inda ta bayyana cewa kusan kashi 95% na likitoci sun gudu, an tsare su, ko kuma an kashe su. Rahoton 2019 wanda aka buga, Laifi na kawai shi ne cewa Ni Doctor ne game da harin da Assad ke kaiwa ga ma'aikatan lafiya da fararen hula a Siriya.
Shirin Dalibi na Kasa Shirin dalibi na kasa na PHR ya hada da daliban likitanci da matasa masana harkar lafiya a harkar lafiya da hakkin dan adam ta hanyar shirya ayyukan cikin gida kan lamuran kare hakkin dan adam, wayar da kan mutane a cibiyoyin karatun, shirya abubuwan ilimi, da kuma kira ga zababbun jami'ai da su dauki mataki. PHR yana da ɗaliban ɗalibai a duk faɗin Amurka, kuma yana haɗin gwiwa tare da su ta hanyar asibitocin neman mafaka na jami'ar PHR da kuma taron ɗaliban ƙasa. Shirin ya ƙirƙiri kayan aiki da albarkatu don ɗaliban ɗalibai waɗanda suka shafi batutuwa kamar ƙwarewar likita a kiwon lafiya da ilimin ɗan Adam, da Yarjejeniyar Istanbul.
Kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel Bayan bincikensu na shekarata 1991 game da tasirin lafiyar ma'adinai a cikin Kambodiya, PHR, tare da haɗin gwiwar Human Rights Watch, sun buga rahoto na farko da ke neman a hana binne nakiya. A cikin shekara ta 1992, PHR ta taimaka wajen kafa Kamfen na Kasa da Kasa don Haramta Nakiyoyi, shiga cikin tattaunawar da ta kai ga yarjejeniyar Ottawa Don aikinsu, PHR sun raba kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya ta 1997 "saboda aikin da suka yi na hanawa da share ma'adinai masu adawa da ma'aikata."
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Likitocin 'Yancin Dan Adam
Tsarin Halitta na Rikici: Taswirar Haɓakawa kan Kula da Lafiya a Siriya
YouTube, "Likitocin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam: Hoton Ayyukan Mu A Duniya"
Bayani Pages with unreviewed translations
Tarihi
Shirin bada mafaka
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18267 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgina%20Kidd | Virgina Kidd | Virginia kidd (2 Yuni, 1921 Janairu 11, 2003) ƴar ƙasar Amurika ce mai wallafe-wallafen wakili, Marubuciya kuma editan, wanda ta yi aiki musamman a almarar kimiyya da kuma waɗanda suka danganci filayen. Ta marubutan tatsuniyoyin Amurika kamar su Ursula K. Le Guin, RA Lafferty, Anne McCaffrey, Judith Merril, da Gene Wolfe Wolfe tayi kama da Ann Schindler, mai hali a cikin littafinsa na 1990 mai suna Castleview, a babban ɓangare akan Kidd.
Rayuwa da Ayyuka An haifi Kidd Mildred Virginia Kidd a cikin gundumar Germantown na Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Ita ce ƙaramar 'yar Charles Kidd, mawallafi, da Zetta Daisy Whorley. Tana da cutar shan inna a lokacin 2. Ta rame ta yi shekara guda daga kirji zuwa ƙasa. Lokacin da ta girma ta halarci Makarantar Koyar da Harsuna ta Berlitz inda ta sami ci gaba a cikin yaren Spanish, Latin, Italian, Faransanci, da Jamusanci. Kidd ya gano almarar kimiyya tun yana dan shekara 9. Ta zama mai son ƙirƙirarren labarin almara Ita 'yar Futuriyan ce, a cikin 1941, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa Vanungiyar' Yan Jarida ta Vanguard Ba ta halarci kwaleji ba, tana cewa "saboda ba zan iya zuwa Jami'ar Chicago ba, kuma ba zan je wani ba." Ta auri mawaƙin opera Jack Emden a 1943. Sun sake su a cikin 1947. Sannan ta auri marubuci James Blish Sun yi aure har zuwa 1963. Tana da yara hudu: Karen Anne Emden (an haife ta a 1944), Asa Benjamin Blish (an haife shi kuma ya mutu a 1947), Dorothea Elisabeth Blish (an haife shi a 1954), da Charles Benjamin Blish (an haife shi a 1956). Kidd tayi nasarar aiki a matsayin marubuci mai zaman kansa, marubucin fatalwa, kuma mai karanta karatu. Sananniyar sananniya ce ga ayyukanta a cikin harkar adabin adabin baka na ilimin mata. Ta taimaka wa marubutan da ba a san su ba. Ta kasance yar kasuwa mai nasara wacce tayi aiki tare da manyan kamfanoni kamar su Ace Publishing da Parnassus Books. Ita ma mawaƙa ce, kuma ta buga Kinesis, wata ƙaramar mujallar waƙa Ta taimaka wajen fara aikin marubuta ciki har da Sonya Dorman Gajerun labaran ta sun haɗa da Kangaroo Court", wacce aka buga a 1966 a Damon Knight <i id="mwMw">Orbit 1</i> Ta yi gyare-gyare ko kuma daidaita tare da rubuce-rubucen almara na kimiyya. Ta shirya biyun tare da abokin harka da kuma abokiyarta, Ursula K. LeGuin, Hanyoyi: Tsarin Harshen Tatsuniyoyi (1980) da Edges: Sababbin Tatsuniyoyi goma sha uku daga Borderlands na imagination (1980). Kidd ya lashe lambar yabo ta Locus ta 12 a 1979 na Mata Millennial Hukumar Ƙididdiga ta Virginia Kidd A cikin 1965, ta kafa Hukumar Ƙididdigar Kiddiya ta Virginia. Hukumar ta kasance a gidanta, Arrowhead, a Milford, Pennsylvania Ba da daɗewa ba, tana da abokan ciniki da yawa daga ƙungiyar almara ta kimiyya. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama wakiliyar adabi a cikin tatsuniyoyi. Abokan cinikin nata sun haɗa da David R. Bunch, Juanita Coulson, George Alec Effinger, Alan Dean Foster, Richard E. Geis, Ursula K. Le Guin, Zach Hughes, Laurence Janifer, RA Lafferty, Anne McCaffrey, Judith Merril, Ward Moore, Christopher Firist, Frank M. Robinson, Joanna Russ, da Gene Wolfe Ta daina kula da hukumar ne a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 saboda matsalolin lafiya daga ciwon suga. Ta mutu a 2003, amma har yanzu hukumar tana nan.
Hanyar Milford Tare da marubuci Damon Knight da mijinta James Blish, Kidd sun kirkiro hanyar sukar da aka sani a duniya kamar Hanyar Milford.
Littattafai
Ayyuka “Suburban Harvest.” 1952
“Assignment Christmas Spirit.” 1966
“Happily Ever Once Upon (A Play)” 1990
“Ok, O Che.” Aberrations, 1995
“A King of King.” With All of Love: Selected Poems, 1995
“Kangaroo Court.” Orbit I, 1996
“Argument.” Weird Tales 55, Fall 1998
Litattafan da ta gyara McCaffrey, Anne. Hasken haske New York: Ballantine, 1968.
Le Guin, Ursula K. Idon Heron. New York: Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1982.
Waɗanda ta shirya Ceton Duniya: Aarin Tarihin Kagaggen Labari. New York: Doubleday Kamfanin, 1973. (An sake bugawa azaman Woungiyar rauni. New York: Littattafan Bantam, 1974. Mafi Kyawun Judith Merril. New York: Littattafan Gargaɗi, 1976.
Mata Millennium. New York: Delacorte, 1978.
Edges: Sababbin Tatsuniyoyi goma sha uku daga Yankin kan iyakantuwa. New York: Littattafan Aljihu, 1980.
Mu'amala: Tarihin Tatsuniyoyi. New York: Littattafan Ace, 1980.
Fassarorin da tayi "Dodo a Dajin." Gérard Klein (wanda aka fassara daga Faransanci ta Virginia Kidd). Mujallar Fantasy da Almarar Kimiyya Vol. 21, A'a. 3, 1961
Manazarta
Kara karantawa Kidd, Virginia, "Wakilin Farko, Masanin Tarihi Wani lokaci, Marubuci a Cikin Tsage," a cikin Mata Masu hangen nesa, wanda Denise DuPont ya shirya. St Martin's Press: 1988.
'Yan Futurians: Labarin Kagaggen Kimiyyar Kimiyya "Iyali" na 30's Wanda Ya Kawo Manyan Marubutan Sf Editocin Yau (1977) na Damon Knight Sauran yanar gizo Virginia Kidd a Cibiyar Pennsylvania don Littafin
Virginia Kidd Tarihin Kidd daga gidan yanar gizon SFWA
Hukumar Kididdiga ta Virginia Kidd
"Game da Virginia Kidd" Archived ta Ursula K. Le Guin, ɗayan marubutanta
Mildred "VK" Virginia (Kidd) Mai Blish a Blish Genealogy blish.org Virginia Kidd a Laburaren ofungiyar Hukumomin Majalisar tare da takaddun kasidu 5
Marubutan Amurka
Marubuta
Waɗanda Suka Samu Kyautar |
20458 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makarantar%20Sojan%20Najeriya | Makarantar Sojan Najeriya | Makarantar Sojan Najeriya da ke Zariya, wacce aka kafa a matsayin Kamfanin-Boys-Company of Nigeria a shekara ta 1954, an kafa ta ne a ƙarƙashin kulawar cibiyar horas da 'yan sintiri ta Najeriya ta Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF). An kafa makarantar tare da wasu mutane uku a cikin Turawan Mulkin Mallaka na Afirka ta Yamma a Gambiya, Gold Coast (yanzu Ghana da Saliyo An tsara shi ne bayan ysungiyar Wuraren Sojojin Birtaniyya Makarantar soja ta yanzu ta kasance a ranar 20 watan mayun, shekara ta 1954. Makarantar Sojan Najeriya (NMS) tana da bataliyar ɗalibai wacce ta ƙunshi kamfani 4 a farkon shekarunta: Kamfanin Alpha, Kamfanin Bravo, Kamfanin Charlie, da Kamfanin Delta. An kuma kara ƙarin kamfanoni uku: Kamfanin Echo, Kamfanin Foxtrot, da Golf Company. Kamfanin Boys kamar yadda a da ake kiransa an kafa shi ne a matsayin cikakkiyar cibiyar horarwa a karkashin rajista da gudanar da rusasshiyar Cibiyar Horar da Kayayyakin Kasuwanci ta Najeriya (NRTC) yanzu Depot NA.
Tarihi Manufar makarantar ita ce samar da "kwararru da kwararrun ma'aikata" don maye gurbin NCOs na Turawan Mulkin Mallaka da suka tafi. Don haka, an ba da fifiko sosai kan horon soja da na ilimi. A cikin shekarar 1958, Yara maza daga Makarantar sun zauna don jarrabawar Janar ta Soja ta ƙasashen waje kuma makarantar ta canza zuwa matsayin takardar shaidar makaranta. an canza sunan "Kamfanin Samari" zuwa Makarantar Sojan Najeriya. A cikin shekara ta 1965 saiti na farko na Yara ya ɗauki jarrabawar Hukumar Nazarin Yammacin Afirka (WAEC) inda suka yi rawar gani sosai. Tare da kuma gabatar da sabon Manufofin Kasa akan Ilimi, Makarantar yanzu tana gudanar da shirin horarwa na shekaru shida wanda ya kasu zuwa kananan da manyan azuzuwan shekaru uku bi da bi. An kafa Kwamitin Gwamnoni don kula da tafiyar da makarantar.
Don sauƙaƙe gudanarwa mai inganci, Horar da Sojoji da Ilimin Ilimi, an raba makarantar zuwa manyan Fuka-fuka 5: Hedkwatar, reshen soja, Wingar Ilimi, Bataliyar Samari da Kamfanin Gudanarwa. Babban kwamanda na Makarantar, wanda a lokacin ake kira Kamfanin Samari, shi ne Kyaftin Wellington Duke Bassey.
Ilimi Makarantar Sojan Nijeriya tana ba ɗalibanta horo na ilimi da na soja. Kowane yaro soja kamar yadda ake kiran ɗalibai yana da yini ɗaya a mako don horar da sojoji yayin da sauran ranaku huɗu na mako suka keɓe don horar da ilimi. Kamar sauran makarantun sakandare, ɗaliban suna zana jarabawar kammala karatun manyan makarantun Afirka ta Yamma kafin kammala karatun. Hakanan ɗaliban suna da damar da za su sami kwamiti a cikin Sojojin Nijeriya a matsayin sojoji masu zaman kansu a kan nasarar kammala horo da kammala karatun su daga makarantar sakandare. Kungiyar farko ta ɗalibai an san ta da "Firstan Farko na "abi'a" waɗanda suka kasance 'ya'ya maza da kuma masu kula da hidimtawa sojoji. Koyaya za a iya gano tarihinta na soja zuwa shekara ta 1951 lokacin da tunanin kafa "Kamfanin Samari" tare da tsarin Boys Wing na Sojojin Birtaniyya ya kasance ga kowane Coasashen Yammacin Afirka Wato: Gambia, Gold Coast (Ghana), Nigeria da Saliyo. Makarantar soja ta Najeriya tana alfahari da kanta saboda nasarorin da ta samu a gasar yanki da ta ƙasa, wasan kwaikwayo da gasar wasanni. Hakanan ance tana da ɗayan mahimman matakan ilimi da ilimi a ƙasar, fiye da yawancin manyan makarantun farar hula a Najeriya.
Tsoffin ɗalibai NMS ta samar da Manyan hafsoshin soja da Manyan Ma’aikata a bangarorin Gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu. har zuwa yau ta samar da mataimakin shugaban soja, da shugabannin hafsoshin tsaro hudu da shugaban babban taron kasa. Wasu daga cikin tsoffin ɗaliban makarantar sun haɗa da:
Tunde Idiagbon
Joseph Garba
John Shagaya
Jeremiah Useni
John Inienger
Salihu Ibrahim
Buba Marwa
Yakubu Mu'azu
Alexander Ogomudia
Abubakar Sani Bello
Abdulkareem Adisa
Sanata David Mark
George Alily
Raji Rasaki
Akolisa Ufodike
Abdussamad Dasuki
Zamani Lekwot
Abayomi Olonisakin
Gidaje Don ƙarfafa ayyukan wasanni da gasa yayin da halartar ya ƙaru, an ƙirƙiri gidaje huɗu: Exham, Inglis, FairBanks da Swynnerton. Wadannan sunaye daga baya aka canza su zuwa Giffard, Tranchard, Whistler da Lugard.
Kamar yadda Makarantar ta canza zuwa matsayin takardar shaidar Makaranta jim kaɗan bayan samun 'yanci, an canza sunayen gidajen zuwa Lagos, Ibadan, Enugu da Kaduna. Sababbin sunayen an zabi su ne don nuna manyan biranen kasar.
A cikin shekara ta 1976, an ƙara ƙarin gidaje biyu kuma an sake canza sunayen. Sabbin sunayen gidajen sun nuna sunayen kamfanonin soja: Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot.
An ƙara ƙarin ƙarin: Gulf, kamfani na 7. A ƙarshen shekara ta 2003, Makarantar ta canza zuwa tsoffin sunayen Kaduna, Lagos, Ibadan da Enugu, tare da Abuja, Calabar da Zariya da aka baiwa ƙarin sabbin kamfanonin Echo, Foxtrot da Gulf.
Kwamandoji Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, Sojoji da yawa a lokuta daban-daban suna ba da umarni. Su ne kamar haka:
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Tashar Yanar gizo ta Ex Boys of School Military Nigerian, Zaria a Burtaniya
Tashar yanar gizo ta Makarantar Soja ta Najeriya
Gidan Tsoffin Samari na Makarantar Sojan Najeriya, Zariya
Makarantun Gwamnati
Makarantu
Makaranta
Makarantun Najeriya
Gine-gine
Gini
Pages with unreviewed |
57902 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallakar%20Najeriya | Mallakar Najeriya | An gudanar da shirye-shiryen sabon kundin tsarin mulkin tarayya don samun ‘yancin kai a wajen taron da aka gudanar a gidan Lancaster House da ke Landan a shekarun 1957 da 1958,wanda Rt. Hon. Alan Lennox-Boyd,MP,Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Birtaniya na Turawan Mulki.An zabo wakilan Najeriya da za su wakilci kowane yanki da kuma nuna ra'ayoyi daban-daban.Tawagar Balewa na NPC ne ya jagoranta kuma ta hada da shugabannin jam'iyyar Awolowo na Action Group, Azikiwe na NCNC,da Bello na NPC; sun kuma kasance shugabannin yankunan Yamma,Gabas da Arewa,bi da bi.An samu 'yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1960.
An gudanar da zaɓe na sabuwar majalisar wakilai mai girma a cikin Disamba 1959; Kujeru 174 daga cikin kujeru 312 an ware wa yankin Arewa ne bisa yawan al'ummarsa.Jam’iyyar NPC,ta shiga ’yan takara ne kawai a yankin Arewa,ta takaita kamfen ne kawai ga al’amuran cikin gida amma ta ki amincewa da kara sabbin gwamnatoci.NCNC ta goyi bayan samar da jaha ta tsakiya tare da ba da shawarar kula da harkokin ilimi da kiwon lafiya na tarayya.
Kungiyar Action Group,wacce ta gudanar da yakin neman zabe,ta nuna goyon baya ga gwamnati mai karfi da kuma kafa sabbin jihohi uku yayin da take ba da shawarar kafa Tarayyar Afirka ta Yamma wacce za ta hada Najeriya da Ghana da Saliyo.NPC ta samu kujeru 142 a sabuwar majalisar.An kira Balewa ya jagoranci gwamnatin hadakar NPC da NCNC, kuma Awolowo ya zama shugaban ‘yan adawa a hukumance.
Najeriya mai zaman kanta (1960) A dokar majalisar dokokin Burtaniya, Najeriya ta samu ‘yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1960.An nada Azikiwe a matsayin Gwamna-Janar na tarayya, Balewa ya ci gaba da zama shugaban majalisar da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokuradiyya,amma a yanzu mai cikakken iko,gwamnati.Gwamna-Janar ya wakilci sarkin Burtaniya a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma masarautar ta nada shi bisa shawarar firaministan Najeriya tare da tuntubar shugabannin yankin.Shi kuma Gwamna-Janar shi ne ke da alhakin nada firaminista da kuma zabar dan takara daga cikin shugabannin da ke takaddama a lokacin da babu rinjaye a majalisa.In ba haka ba,ofishin Gwamna-Janar na da gaske ne.
Gwamnati ce ke da alhakin Majalisar da ta kunshi wakilai 312 da aka zaba da kuma Majalisar Dattawa mai wakilai 44, wadanda majalisun yankin suka zaba.
Gabaɗaya,kundin tsarin mulkin yanki sun bi tsarin tarayya,na tsari da kuma aiki. Tafiyar da ta fi daukar hankali ita ce yankin Arewa,inda tanadi na musamman ya kawo tsarin mulkin yankin ya dace da shari’ar Musulunci da al’ada. Kamanceceniya tsakanin kundin tsarin mulkin tarayya da na yanki ya kasance yaudara,duk da haka,kuma yadda ake tafiyar da al'amuran jama'a ya nuna bambance-bambance a tsakanin yankuna.
A cikin watan Fabrairun 1961,an gudanar da taro don tantance ra'ayin Kudancin Kamaru da Arewacin Kamaru,waɗanda Birtaniyya ke gudanar da su a matsayin yankin Amintattun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.Da gagarumin rinjaye,masu kada kuri'a a Kudancin Kamaru sun zabi shiga kasar Kamaru karkashin mulkin Faransa a da,domin hadewa da Najeriya a matsayin wani yanki na daban.A Arewacin Kamaru, duk da haka, mafi yawan al'ummar Musulmi sun zabi hadewa da yankin Arewacin Najeriya.
Duba kuma Ƙungiyoyin Forcados da Badjibo
Bandele Omoniyi
Bayanan kula
CanNassoshi
Bayanan kula
Sources Karatun Ƙasa Akan Layi Najeriya a ɗakin karatu na Congress
Kara karantawa Afeadie, Philip Atsu. "Hannun Hidden na Ƙarfafa Mulki: Wakilan Siyasa da Kafa Mulkin Mulkin Biritaniya a Arewacin Najeriya, 1886-1914". An karɓi karatun digiri na PhD a Tsarin Digiri a Tarihi, Jami'ar York, Ontario. Satumba 1996.
Asiegbu, Johnson UJ Nigeria da Maharanta na Biritaniya, 1851–1920: Tarihin Takardun Marubuciya New York Enugu: Nok Publishers International, 1984. ISBN 0-88357-101-3
Ayandele, Emmanuel Ayankanmi. Tasirin mishan akan Najeriya ta zamani, 1842-1914: Nazarin siyasa da zamantakewa (London: Longmans, 1966).
Burns, Alan C. Tarihin Najeriya (ed. London, 1942) kan layi kyauta Carland, John M. Ofishin Mulkin Mallaka da Najeriya, 1898–1914 Hoover Institution Press, 1985. ISBN 0-8179-8141-1
Dike, KO "John Beecroft, 1790-1854: Consul na Brittanic Majesty's Consul to the Bights of Benin and Biafra 1849-1854" Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 1#1 (1956), shafi. 5-14, kan layi
Fafunwa, A. Babs. Tarihin ilimi a Najeriya (Routledge, 2018).
Falola, Toyin, Matthew M. Heaton, Tarihin Najeriya (Cambridge UP, 2008, akan layi kyauta don aro
Falola, Toyin, Ann Genova, da Matthew M. Heaton. Kamus na tarihi na Najeriya (Rowman Littlefield, 2018).
Isachei, Elizabeth. Tarihin Najeriya (Longman, Inc., 1983). ISBN 0-582-64331-7
Mordi, Emmanuel Nwafor. "Asusun Ta'aziyyar Sojojin Najeriya, 1940-1947: 'Hakin Gwamnatin Najeriya Na Bada Kudade Don Jin Dadin Sojojinta'." Itinerario 43.3 (2019): 516-542.
Pétré-Grenouilleau, Olivier (ed. Daga Kasuwancin Bayi zuwa Daular: Turai da mulkin mallaka na Baƙar fata Afirka 1780-1880s Abingdon, Birtaniya, da kuma New York: Routledge, 2004. ISBN 0-714-65691-7
Tamuno, TN Juyin Halittar Ƙasar Najeriya: Matakin Kudancin, 1898–1914 New York: Jaridar Humanities, 1972. SBN 391 00232 5
Tamuno, TN (1970). "Rikicin 'yan aware a Najeriya tun 1914." Jaridar Nazarin Zamani na Afirka, 8 (04), 563. doi:10.1017/s0022278x00023909
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Cibiyar Al'adu ta Google: Haihuwar Turawan Mulkin Najeriya, 1851-1914 Jami'ar Pan-Atlantic, Makarantar Watsa Labarai da |
30460 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20Wanzuwa | Haƙƙin Wanzuwa | Haƙƙin wanzuwa kamar yadda akace sifa ce ta al'ummomi. A cewar wani makala na wani masanin falsafa na Faransa na ƙarni na 19 Ernest Renan, ƙasa tana da ƴancin wanzuwa lokacin da ɗaiɗaikun mutane ke son sadaukar da buƙatunsu ga al’ummar da take wakilta. Ba haƙƙi ba ne da aka amince da shi a cikin dokokin duniya. Wannan Kalmar ta yi fice a lokacin rikicin Larabawa da Yahudawan Isra'ila tun a shekarun 1950.
Haƙƙin wanzuwar ƙasa ta zahiri na iya daidaitawa da yancin wata ƙasa ta yanki Magoya bayan 'yancin wanzuwa sun samo asali ne daga "yancin wanzuwa", wanda aka ce shi ne babban hakki na ƙasashe da marubuta kan dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa suka amince da shi tsawon daruruwan shekaru a baya.
Tarihi mai amfani
Thomas Paine (1737 1809) ya yi amfani da kalmar “ƴancin wanzuwa” wajen yin nuni ga tsarin gwamnati, yana mai cewa gwamnatin wakilai tana da ƴancin wanzuwa, amma gwamnatin gado ba ta da. A cikin 1823, Sir Walter Scott ya yi jayayya da "ƴancin wanzuwa a cikin mutanen Girka". (A lokacin ne Girkawa suka yi tawaye ga mulkin Turkiyya.) A cewar Renan a littafin sa mai suna "What Is a Nation" a shekarar (1882), "Matuƙar wannan sani na ɗabi'a wanda ake kira al'umma ya ba da tabbacin ƙarfinsa ta hanyar sadaukarwa da ake buƙatar ƙaddamar da wani mutum don amfanin al'umma, ya halatta kuma yana da 'yancin kasancewa. Idan shakku ya kasance. taso game da iyakokinta, a tuntuɓi jama'a a wuraren da ake jayayya."[5] Kasancewa ba haƙƙin tarihi ba ne, amma "haɗin kai na yau da kullum, kamar yadda wanzuwar mutum ta kasance tabbataccen rayuwa," in ji Renan.[5]. Kalmar ta sami babban amfani dangane da wargajewar Daular Usmaniyya a shekara ta 1918. "Idan Turkiyya na da 'yancin zama kuma masu iko sun yi gaggawar tabbatar da cewa tana da tana da 'yancin kare kanta daga duk wani yunƙuri. don lalata rayuwarta ta siyasa,” Eliakim da Robert Littell suka rubuta a cikin 1903.[6] A lokuta da dama, ba a tambayar ‘yancin wanzuwar al’umma, don haka ba a tabbatar da ita.
Misalai
Armeniya Haƙƙin wanzuwa a ƙasar Armeniya ya zama sananne da tambayar Armeniya a lokacin taron Majalisar Berlin a shekarar 1878, kuma za a sake tambayarsa a lokacin kisan ƙare dangi na Armeniya a Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya kasar Basque A cewar masu kishin ƙasa na Basque, Euzkadi (sunan ƙasarmu a cikin harshenmu) shine ƙasar Basques tare da irin wannan haƙƙin zama mai zaman kanta a matsayin ƙasa kamar Poland ko Ireland .Basques mutane ne na zamani sosai."
Isra'ila Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta ba wa Biritaniya a hukumance kan wajabcin Falasdinu a shekara ta 1922, lokacin da Yahudawa ke da kashi 11% na al'ummar ƙasar. Ƙasar yammacin kogin Jordan tana ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Burtaniya kai tsaye har zuwa 1948, yayin da ƙasar gabas ta Jordan yanki ne mai cin gashin kansa da aka fi sani da Masarautar Trans-Jordan, kuma ya sami ƴancin kai a shekarar 1946.A cikin 1936-39 an yi boren kishin kasa da Larabawan Falasdinawa suka yi na nuna adawa da mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya da kuma hijirar Yahudawa masu yawa zuwa Falasdinu don su mamaye ƙasar Falasɗinu. A shekara ta 1947, wani ƙudiri na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya tanadi samar da "Ƙasar Larabawa ta Falasdinawa" da "Yahudawa" da za su wanzu a cikin ƙasar Falasɗinu tunda daman chan ƙasar ta su Falasdinu ce a cikin Tsarin Rarraba Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Falasdinu.Joseph Massad a matsayin "shawarwari mara dauri wanda kwamitin sulhun bai taba amincewa da shi ba, sabili da haka bai taba samun matsayin doka ba, kamar yadda dokokin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke bukata." Hukumar Yahudawa, wadda ke gaban gwamnatin Isra'ila, ta amince da shirin, amma Falasdinawa sun yi watsi da shi, aka gwabza fada.Bayan ayyana ‘yancin kai na bai ɗaya da Isra’ila ta yi a ranar 14 ga Mayu, 1948, goyon bayan ƙasashen Larabawa da ke makwabtaka da ita ya ƙara tsananta yakin basasa na Falasdinu a 1947-48 zuwa Yaƙin Larabawa da Isra’ila a 1948 .Har yanzu ana takun-saka kan batun doka da yanki na Isra'ila da Falasdinu a yankin da kuma tsakanin kasashen duniya.
Ambato
1791 Thomas Paine, Rights of Man "Saboda haka gaskiyar ita ce, daidaikun mutane da kansu, kowanne a cikin haƙƙinshi na kansa da kuma ikon mallakarsa, sun kulla yarjejeniya da juna don samar da gwamnati: kuma wannan ita ce hanya ɗaya tilo da gwamnatoci suka yi. Ƴancin tasowa, da ƙa'ida ɗaya tilo da suke da haƙƙin wanzuwa a kanta." 1823 Sir Walter Scott "Yin yarda, duk da haka, wannan ƴancin zama a cikin mutanen Girka wata tambaya ce ta daban ko akwai wani haƙƙin, fiye da kowane kira, ga al'ummomin Turai su tsoma baki a cikin goyon bayansu." 1882 Ernest Renan, "What Is a Nation?": Muddin wannan fahimtar ɗabi'a ya ba da tabbacin ƙarfinsa ta hanyar sadaukarwar da ke buƙatar yin watsi da mutum don amfanin al'umma, yana da halal kuma yana da 'yancin zama Faransanci: le droit d'exister 1916 Cibiyar Dokokin Duniya ta Amirka: tana nuni da "Kowace al'umma na da haƙƙin zama, da kuma kariya da kuma kiyaye wanzuwarta." 1933 Nazis a duk faɗin Jamus suna duba ko mutane sun kaɗa ƙuri'a kan ficewa daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ce "Mun yi haka ne saboda ƴancin zama a ƙasar Jamus yanzu tambaya ce ta zama ko a'a."
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22096 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98yautar%20Muhalli%20ta%20Goldman | Ƙyautar Muhalli ta Goldman | Kyautar Muhalli ta Goldman kyauta ce da ake bayarwa kowace shekara ga masu rajin kare muhalli, daya daga kowane yanki na yankuna shida na duniya: Afirka, Asiya, Turai, Tsibiran da Kasashen Tsibiri, Arewacin Amurka, da Kudanci da Amurka ta Tsakiya. Kyautar an bayar da ita ne daga Gidauniyar Muhalli ta Goldman da ke da hedikwata a San Francisco, California Ana kuma kiransa Green Nobel. Kyautar Muhalli ta Goldman an ƙirƙira ta ne a cikin Shekara ta 1989 ta shugabannin ƙasa da masu hannu da shuni Richard N. Goldman da Rhoda H. Goldman adadin lambar yabo shine 200,000. Masu zaɓaɓɓu na ƙasashen duniya waɗanda ke karɓar zaɓin sirri daga cikin ƙungiyar yanar gizo na ƙungiyoyi da ɗaiɗaikun mutane da kuma mutane. Masu lashe lambobin yabo sun shiga yawon shakatawa na kwanaki 10 a San Francisco da Washington, DC, don bikin karramawa da gabatarwa, taron labarai, tattaunawa da manema labarai da kuma ganawa da siyasa, manufofin jama'a, shugabannin kudi da muhalli. Bikin karramawar yana dauke da gajerun shirye-shiryen bidiyo kan kowane mai nasara, wanda Robert Redford ya rawaito.
Bikin ba da kyautar muhalli na Shekara ta 2019 Goldman wanda ke bikin cika shekaru 30 ya faru ne a ranar 29 ga Afrilun, shekara ta 2019 a Gidan Tunawa da Opera House a San Francisco. Anyi bikin karramawa karo na biyu a ranar 1 ga Mayun, shekara ta 2019 a Washington, DC An gudanar da bikin bayar da kyaututtukan muhalli na Shekara ta 2020 na Goldman ta yanar gizo (saboda annobar COVID-19 a ranar 30 ga Nuwamban, Shekara ta 2020.
Kyautar kyaututtuka Source: Goldman Muhalli Foundation
1990 Robert Brown (Ostiraliya)
Lois Gibbs (Amurka)
Janet Gibson (Belize)
Harrison Ngau Laing (Malaysia)
János Vargha (Hungary)
Michael Werikhe (Kenya)
1991 Wangari Muta Maathai (Kenya)
Barnens Regnskog (Eha Kern Roland Tiensuu) (Sweden)
Evaristo Nugkuag (Peru)
Yoichi Kuroda (Japan)
Samuel LaBudde (Amurka)
Cath Wallace (New Zealand)
1992 Jeton Anjain (Tsibiran Marshall)
Medha Patkar (Indiya)
Wadja Egnankou (Ivory Coast)
Christine Jean (Faransa)
Colleen McCrory (Kanada)
Carlos Alberto Ricardo (Brazil)
1993 Margaret Jacobsohn Garth Owen-Smith (Namibia)
Juan Mayr (Kolombiya)
Dai Qing (China)
John Sinclair (Ostiraliya)
JoAnn Tall (Amurka)
Sviatoslav Zabelin (Rasha)
1994 Matthew Coon Come (Kanada)
Tuenjai Deetes (Thailand)
Laila Iskander Kamel (Misira)
Luis Macas (Ekwado)
Heffa Schücking (Jamus)
Andrew Simmons (St. Vincent da Grenadines)
1995 Aurora Castillo (Amurka)
Yul Choi (Koriya ta Kudu)
Nuhu Idechong (Palau)
Emma Dole (Ingila)
Ricardo Navarro (El Salvador)
Ken Saro-Wiwa (Najeriya)
1996 Ndyakira Amooti (Uganda)
Bill Ballantine (New Zealand) Edwin Bustillos (Meziko)
MC Mehta (Indiya)
Marina Silva (Brasil)
Albena Simeonova (Bulgaria)
1997 Nick Carter (Zambiya)
Loir Botor Dingit (Indonesia)
Alexander Nikitin (Rasha)
Juan Pablo Orrego (Chile)
Fuiono Senio Paul Alan Cox (Yammacin Samoa)
Terri Swearingen (Amurka)
1998 Anna Giordano (Italiya)
Kory Johnson (Amurka)
Berito Kuwaru'wa (Kolombiya)
Atherton Martin (Commonwealth na Dominica)
Sven "Bobby" Peek (Afirka ta Kudu)
Hirofumi Yamashita (Japan)
1999 Jacqui Katona Yvonne Margarula (Ostiraliya)
Michal Kravcik (Slovakia)
Bernard Martin (Kanada)
Samuel Nguiffo (Kamaru)
Jorge Varela (Honduras)
Ka Hsaw Wa (Myanmar)
2000 Na baka Ataniyazova (Uzbekistan)
Elias Diaz Peña Oscar Rivas (Paraguay)
Vera Mischenko (Rasha)
Rodolfo Montiel Flores (Meziko)
Alexander Peal (Laberiya)
Nat Quansah (Madagascar)
2001 Jane Akre Steve Wilson (mai rahoto) (Amurka)
Yosepha Alomang (Indonesia)
Giorgos Catsadorakis Myrsini Malakou (Girka)
Oscar Olivera (Bolivia)
Eugène Rutagarama (Rwanda)
Bruno Van Peteghem (Sabon Caledonia)
2002 Pisit Charnsnoh (Thailand)
Sarah James Jonathon Solomon (Amurka)
Fatima Jibrell (Somalia)
Alexis Massol González (Puerto Rico)
Norma Kassi (Kanada)
Jean La Rose (Guyana)
Jadwiga Łopata (Poland)
2003 Julia Bonds (Amurka)
Pedro Arrojo-Agudo (Spain)
Eileen Kampakuta Brown Eileen Wani Wingfield (Ostiraliya)
Von Hernandez (Philippines)
Maria Elena Foronda Farro (Peru)
Odigha Odigha (Najeriya)
2004 Rudolf Amenga-Etego (Ghana)
Rashida Bee da Champa Devi Shukla (Indiya)
Libia Grueso (Kolombiya)
Manana Kochladze (Georgia)
Demetrio do Amaral de Carvalho (Gabashin Timor)
Margie Richard (Amurka)
2005 Isidro Baldenegro López (Meziko)
Kaisha Atakhanova (Kazakhstan)
Jean-Baptiste Chavannes (Haiti)
Stephanie Danielle Roth (Romania)
Corneille Ewango (Kwango)
José Andrés Tamayo Cortez (Honduras)
2006 Silas Kpanan 'Siakor (Laberiya) Yu Xiaogang (China)
Olya Melen (Yukren)
Anne Kajir (Papua New Guinea)
Craig E. Williams (Amurka)
Tarcisio Feitosa da Silva (Brazil)
2007 Sophia Rabliauskas (Manitoba, Kanada)
Hammerskjoeld Simwinga (Zambiya)
Tsetsgeegiin Mönkhbayar (Mongolia)
Julio Cusurichi Palacios (Peru)
Willie Corduff (Ireland)
Orri Vigfússon (Iceland)
Duba kuma Lambobin Yada Labarai Na Muhalli
Daraja ta 500 ta Duniya
Makarantar Manufofin Jama'a ta Goldman
Kyautar Grantham don Kyau a Rahoto kan Muhalli
Jaruman Muhalli
Kyautar Matasan Muhalli ta Shugaban Kasa
Kyautar Tyler don Cimma Muhalli
Jerin mutanen da ke da alaƙa da makamashi mai sabuntawa
Jerin kyaututtukan muhalli
Manazarta
Hanyoyin Haɗin Waje Yanayi
Ƴancin muhalli
Ƴancin ɗan adam
Pages with unreviewed |
52245 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maganin%20gargajiya | Maganin gargajiya | Magungunan Gargajiya (wanda kuma akafi sani da likitan ƴan ƙasa ko likitancin jama'a Ya kasance wan nan ya ƙunshi fannonin likitanci na ilimin gargajiya, waɗanda suka bunƙasa tsawon tsararraki a cikin aƙidar al'ummomi daban-daban, gami da ƴan asalin ƙasar, kafin lokacin maganin zamani. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ayyana. Maganin gargajiya a matsayin “jimlar ilimi, fasaha, da ayyuka bisa ka’idoji, imani, da gogewa na asali ga al’adu daban-daban, ko an bayyana ko a’a, da ake amfani da su wajen kula da lafiya haka nan. kamar yadda yake a cikin rigakafi, tantancewa, ingantawa ko magance cututtukan jiki da na tabin hankali”. Magungunan gargajiya sau da yawa ana bambanta da likitan ilimin kimiyya.
A wasu kasashen Asiya da Afirka, kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na al'ummar kasar sun dogara ne da magungunan gargajiya domin bukatunsu na farko na kiwon lafiya Lokacin da aka ɗauke shi a waje da al'adun gargajiya, ana ɗaukar magungunan gargajiya a matsayin wani nau'i na madadin magani Ayyukan da aka fi sani da magungunan gargajiya sun haɗa da magungunan gargajiya na Turai, magungunan gargajiya na kasar Sin, magungunan gargajiya na Koriya, magungunan gargajiya na Afirka, Ayurveda, magungunan Siddha, Unani, magungunan gargajiya na Iran, magungunan Musulunci na tsakiya, Muti, da Ifá Sana'o'in kimiyya da ke nazarin likitancin gargajiya sun hada da herbalism, ethnomedicine, ethnobotany, da kuma ilimin halin ɗan adam WHO ta lura cewa, duk da haka, "yin amfani da magungunan gargajiya ko ayyuka marasa dacewa na iya haifar da mummunan tasiri ko haɗari" kuma ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike domin tabbatar da inganci da aminci" irin waɗannan ayyuka da tsire-tsiren masu magani da tsarin magungunan gargajiya ke amfani da su. A sakamakon haka, WHO ta aiwatar da dabarun shekaru tara domin taimakawa kasashen mambobin kungiyar domin samar da manufofi masu tasiri da aiwatar da tsare-tsaren ayyuka da za su karfafa rawar da magungunan gargajiya ke takawa wajen kiyaye lafiyar jama'a.
Amfani da tarihi
Tarihi na gargajiya A cikin rubuce-rubucen da aka rubuta, binciken da aka yi na ganye ya samo asali ne shekaru 5,000 zuwa tsohuwar Sumerians, waɗanda suka bayyana ingantaccen amfani da magani ga shuke-shuke. A cikin magungunan Masar na d a, papyrus Ebers daga c. 1552 BC ya rubuta jerin magungunan jama'a da ayyukan likita na sihiri. Tsohon Alkawari kuma ya ambaci amfani da ganye da kuma noma game da Kashrut. Yawancin ganyaye da ma'adanai da aka yi amfani da su a Ayurveda an kwatanta su da tsoffin masana ganye na Indiya irin su Charaka da Sushruta a lokacin karni na 1 BC. Littafin ganye na farko na kasar Sin shi ne Shennong Bencao Jing, wanda aka harhada a zamanin daular Han amma tun daga baya aka kara shi a matsayin Yaoxing Lun Maganin yanayin Ganyewar Magunguna a lokacin daular Tang Mawallafin Hellenanci na farko da aka sani na ilimin ganye na zamani da na yanzu sun haɗa da Pythagoras da mabiyansa, Hippocrates, Aristotle, Theophrastus, Dioscorides da Galen Tushen Romawa sun haɗa da Tarihin Halitta na Pliny da Celsus 's De Medicina Pedanius Dioscorides ya zana kuma ya gyara mawallafin farko don De Materia Medica, yana ƙara sababbin abubuwa; An fassara aikin zuwa harsuna da dama, kuma an ƙara sunayen Turkawa, Larabci da Ibrananci a cikinsa tsawon ƙarni. Rubutun Latin na De Materia Medica an haɗa su tare da ganyen Latin ta Apuleius Platonicus Herbarium Apuleii Platonici kuma an haɗa su cikin codex Anglo-Saxon Cotton Vitellius C.III.Waɗannan rukunonin Girka na farko da na Romawa sun zama ƙashin bayan ka'idar likitancin Turai kuma Persian Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā, 980-1037), Persian Rhazes (Rāzi, 865-925) da Maimonides na Yahudawa suka fassara su. An yi amfani da wasu burbushin maganin gargajiya tun zamanin da.
Medieval kuma daga baya Magungunan 'yan asalin Larabci sun samo asali daga rikici tsakanin magungunan tushen sihiri na Badawiyya da fassarar Larabci na al'adun likitancin Hellenic da Ayurvedic Larabawa sun yi tasiri a kan likitancin Spain daga 711 zuwa 1492. Likitoci na Musulunci da masanan kimiyyar ilmin halitta musulmi irin su al-Dinawari da Ibn al-Baitar sun fadada sosai akan ilimin likitancin mata. Shahararriyar rubutun likitancin Farisa shine Avicenna's Canon of Medicine, wanda shine farkon pharmacopoeia kuma ya gabatar da gwaji na asibiti An fassara Canon zuwa Latin a karni na 12 kuma ya kasance ikon likita a Turai har zuwa karni na 17. Hakanan tsarin Unani na magungunan gargajiya yana dogara ne akan Canon Hieronymus Bock ya yi fassarar farkon rubutun Roman-Greek zuwa Jamusanci wanda aka buga a cikin 1546, ana kiransa Kreuter Buch An fassara littafin zuwa Yaren mutanen Holland azaman Pemptades ta Rembert Dodoens (1517-1585), kuma daga Yaren mutanen Holland zuwa Turanci ta Carolus Clusius, (1526–1609), Henry Lyte ya buga a 1578 a matsayin A Nievve Herball Wannan ya zama John Gerard 's (1545-1612) Herball ko Janar Tarihin Tsirrai Kowane sabon aiki ya kasance tarin rubutun da ake da su tare da sababbin ƙari.
Ilimin jama'a na mata ya wanzu a layi daya da waɗannan matani. Har ila yau ana jera magunguna arba'in da huɗu, abubuwan maye, abubuwan ɗanɗano da abubuwan motsa rai da Dioscorides ya ambata a cikin pharmacopoeias na Turai. Puritans sun ɗauki aikin Gerard zuwa Amurka inda ya rinjayi magungunan 'yan asalin Amurka. Francisco Hernández, likitan Philip na biyu na Spain ya shafe shekaru 1571-1577 yana tattara bayanai a Mexico sannan ya rubuta Rerum Medicarum Novae Hispaniae Thesaurus, yawancin nau'ikan da aka buga ciki har da wanda Francisco Ximénez ya buga. Dukansu Hernandez da Ximenez sun dace da bayanan kabilanci na Aztec a cikin ra'ayoyin Turai game da cututtuka kamar "dumi", "sanyi", da "danshi", amma ba a bayyana cewa Aztecs sun yi amfani da waɗannan nau'ikan ba. Juan de Esteyneffer 's Florilegio medicinal de todas las enfermedas ya tattara matani na Turai kuma ya ƙara shuke-shuken Mexico guda 35.
Martín de la Cruz ya rubuta wani ganye a Nahuatl wanda Juan Badiano ya fassara zuwa Latin kamar Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis ko Codex Barberini, Latin 241 kuma aka ba Sarki Carlos V na Spain a 1552. Da alama an rubuta shi cikin gaggawa kuma mamayewar Turawa na shekaru 30 da suka gabata ya rinjaye shi. Fray Bernardino de Sahagún ya yi amfani da hanyoyin ƙabilanci don tattara ka'idodinsa waɗanda suka zama Tarihi Janar de las Cosas de Nueva España, wanda aka buga a 1793. Castore Durante ya buga Herbario Nuovo a cikin 1585 yana kwatanta tsire-tsire masu magani daga Turai da Gabas da Yammacin Indiya An fassara shi zuwa Jamusanci a cikin 1609 kuma an buga bugu na Italiyanci na ƙarni na gaba.
Mallakar Amurka A cikin karni na 17 da 18 a Amurka, masu maganin gargajiya, mata akai-akai, sun yi amfani da magungunan ganye, cin abinci da leshi Magungunan gargajiya na Amirkawa na gargajiya sun gabatar da maganin zazzabin cizon sauro, ciwon zazzaɓi, scurvy, syphilis maras nauyi, da matsalolin goiter. Yawancin waɗannan magungunan ganye da na jama'a sun ci gaba har zuwa karni na 19 zuwa karni na 20, tare da wasu magungunan tsire-tsire waɗanda suka zama tushen ilimin harhada magunguna na zamani.
Amfanin zamani Yaɗuwar magungunan jama'a a wasu yankuna na duniya ya bambanta bisa ga ka'idodin al'adu. Wasu magungunan zamani sun dogara ne akan sinadarai na shuka waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin magungunan jama'a. Masu bincike sun bayyana cewa da yawa daga cikin madadin jiyya ba su da "ƙididdigar ƙididdiga daga magungunan placebo watsa ilimi da halitta Maganin ƴan asalin gabaɗaya ana yaɗa su ta baki ta hanyar al'umma, dangi da daidaikun mutane har sai an “tara”. A cikin wata al'ada da aka ba da, abubuwan ilimin likitancin na asali na iya zama sananne ga mutane da yawa, ko kuma waɗanda ke cikin takamaiman aikin warkarwa kamar shaman ko ungozoma Abubuwa uku sun halatta matsayin mai warkarwa akidarsu, nasarar ayyukansu da imanin al'umma. Lokacin da al'adar ta ƙi iƙirarin magungunan ƴan asalin, gabaɗaya iri uku na mabiya suna amfani da shi waɗanda aka haife su kuma suka yi tarayya da su a cikinta waɗanda suka zama masu bi na dindindin, masu bi na ɗan lokaci waɗanda suka juya zuwa gare shi a lokutan wahala, da waɗanda suka yi imani kawai a takamaiman fannoni., ba a cikin duka ba.
Ma'ana da kalmomi Ana iya ɗaukar magungunan gargajiya a wani lokaci a matsayin dabam da magungunan jama'a, kuma ana la'akari da sun haɗa da abubuwan da aka tsara na maganin jama'a. A karkashin wannan ma'anar magungunan jama'a akwai magungunan da aka dade suna yadawa da kuma amfani da su. Magungunan jama'a sun ƙunshi ayyukan warkaswa da ra'ayoyin ilimin halittar jiki da kiyaye lafiyar da wasu suka sani a cikin al'ada, ana watsawa ta hanyar yau da kullun azaman ilimin gabaɗaya, kuma kowa a cikin al'adar da ke da gogewa ta farko ya yi aiki ko amfani da shi.
Maganin jama'a Kasashe da yawa suna da ayyukan da aka siffanta a matsayin magungunan jama'a waɗanda za su iya kasancewa tare tare da tsarin aikin likita na yau da kullun, tushen kimiyya, da kuma tsarin aikin likita wanda ke wakilta. Misalan al'adun magungunan jama'a sune magungunan gargajiya na kasar Sin, likitancin Iran, likitancin Koriya, likitancin Larabci, maganin gargajiya na Uygur, magungunan Kampho na Japan, magungunan daji na Aboriginal na gargajiya, 'yan asalin Hawaiian La'au lapa'au, da kuma maganin gargajiya na Jojiya, da sauransu.
Magungunan daji na Australiya Gabaɗaya, maganin daji da mutanen Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander ke amfani da su a Ostiraliya ana yin su ne daga kayan shuka, kamar haushi, ganye da iri, kodayake ana iya amfani da kayan dabbobi kuma. Babban bangaren magungunan gargajiya shine maganin gargajiya, wanda shine amfani da kayan shuka na halitta don magance ko hana cututtuka.
Magungunan 'yan asalin Amurka Magungunan ƴan asalin ƙasar Amurka da Alaska nau'ikan warkarwa ne na gargajiya waɗanda suka wanzu tsawon dubban shekaru. Akwai shuke-shuke ethnobotany da yawa da ke cikin maganin gargajiya ga ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka kuma wasu har yanzu ana amfani da su a yau. Idan ya zo ga magungunan gargajiya na Amirkawa, ra'ayoyin da ke tattare da lafiya da rashin lafiya a cikin al'adun ba su da bambanci da ra'ayoyin addini da ruhaniya. Masu warkarwa a cikin al'ummomin ƴan asalin suna da sunaye da yawa kama daga namiji ko mace zuwa likitan ganye ko ma shaman kuma ana ɗaukar su shugabannin ruhaniya ko na addini a cikin kabilun su. Idan ana maganar waraka, masu warkarwa na ƙabilanci za su kalli halayen shuka don tantance ingancinta don maganin rashin lafiya. Takamaiman halayen shuka kamar siffar shuka, wari, launi, da ɗanɗano na iya taimakawa wajen tantance yadda za'a iya amfani da shuka azaman magani. Kabilar Meskwaki sun gano cewa za su iya amfani da ruwan 'ya'yan itace daga Arum maculatum don saran maciji. An yi la’akari da hakan ne daga bayyanar madarar ruwan da aka ce daga shukar wadda aka ce tana kama da dafin maciji, kuma siffar shukar ta yi kama da kan maciji. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun yi amfani da ganyen foxglove a matsayin magani ga wata cuta da ake kira ɗigon ruwa ko edema, wanda ruwa ne ke taruwa yawanci a cikin ƙananan ƙafafu, kuma dalilinsa na yau da kullum shine ciwon zuciya. A cikin maganin zamani, ana amfani da tsantsa foxglove a ƙarƙashin sunan digitalis, kuma manufarsa ita ce matsakaicin bugun zuciya. ’Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun yi nasara tare da wasu ayyukan likita, kamar su magance zazzaɓi, yanayin gastrointestinal, raƙuman fata, kafa ƙashi, da kuma haihuwar jarirai, da taimaka wa iyaye mata wajen samun waraka. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a cikin wani asibitin IHS wanda ke ba masu warkarwa na Navajo damar ziyartar marasa lafiya ya gano cewa asibitin ya samu kashi 80 cikin 100 na nasara wajen dawo da marasa lafiya cikin hayyacinsu, wanda ya zarce adadin asibitocin sarrafa kwayoyin halitta a yau. An zaɓi dangin Asteraceae da yawa don taimakon orthopedic da taimakon huhu, musamman nau'in Achillea da Artemisia Wani bincike da aka gudanar tsakanin kabilu 14 daban-daban a Arewacin Amurka ya gano cewa Asteraceae ita ce dangin tsire-tsire da aka fi amfani da shi don kayan magani.
Natuvaidyam Nattuvaidyam saiti ne na ayyukan likitanci na asali waɗanda suka wanzu a Indiya kafin zuwan maganin allopathic ko na yamma. Waɗannan ayyuka suna da nau'o'i daban-daban na ka'idoji da ra'ayoyin jiki, lafiya da cututtuka. An yi karo da juna da aron ra'ayoyi, magungunan da aka yi amfani da su da dabaru a cikin waɗannan ayyukan. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan sun rubuta rubuce-rubuce a cikin yarukan yare kamar Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, da sauransu. yayin da wasu kuma ana ba da su ta baki ta hanyar na'urori daban-daban. Ayurveda wani nau'i ne na nattuvaidyam da ake yi a kudancin Indiya. Sauran sun hada da kalarichikitsa (wanda ya shafi saitin kashi da tsoka), marmachikitsa (mahimmanci tabo tausa), ottamoolivaidyam (maganin kashi ɗaya ko magani na lokaci ɗaya), chintamanivaidyam da sauransu. Lokacin da aka sake fasalin tsarin likitanci a cikin karni na ashirin Indiya, yawancin ayyuka da dabaru na musamman ga wasu nattuvaidyam iri-iri sun haɗa cikin Ayurveda.
Maganin gida Maganin gida (wani lokaci kuma ana kiransa maganin kaka magani ne don warkar da cuta ko cuta wanda ke amfani da wasu kayan yaji, ganye, kayan lambu, ko wasu abubuwan gama gari. Magungunan gida na iya ko ba su da kaddarorin magani waɗanda ke magance ko warkar da cutar ko cutar da ake tambaya, kamar yadda ƴan ƙasa yawanci ke wucewa tare da su (wanda Intanet ta sauƙaƙe a cikin 'yan shekarun nan). Yawancin ana amfani da su ne kawai sakamakon al'ada ko al'ada ko kuma saboda suna da tasiri wajen haifar da tasirin placebo Ɗaya daga cikin mashahuran misalan maganin gida shine amfani da miya na kaji domin magance cututtuka na numfashi kamar mura. Sauran misalan magunguna na gida sun haɗa da tef ɗin duct domin taimakawa tare da kafa ƙasusuwan da suka karye; tef ko superglue don magance warts na shuka da Kogel mogel don magance ciwon makogwaro. A zamanin da, an damƙa wa iyaye mata duk wasu magunguna amma masu tsanani. Littattafan girke-girke na tarihi akai-akai suna cike da magunguna don dyspepsia, zazzabi, da gunaguni na mata. Ana amfani da kayan aikin aloe don magance cututtukan fata. Yawancin barasa ko narkar da abinci na Turai an sayar da su azaman magungunan magani. A cikin magungunan jama'ar kasar Sin, congees na magani (miyan shinkafa da aka daɗe tare da ganye), abinci, da miya suna cikin ayyukan jiyya.
Suka
Damuwar tsaro Ko da yake kasashe 130 suna da ka'idoji game da magungunan jama'a, akwai haɗarin da ke tattare da amfani da su (watau zoonosis, musamman kamar yadda wasu magungunan gargajiya ke amfani da sinadarai na dabba Sau da yawa ana ɗauka cewa saboda magungunan da ake zato na halitta ne cewa ba su da lafiya, amma ana haɗa matakan kiyayewa da yawa tare da amfani da magungunan ganye.
Amfani da nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari Dabbobin da ke cikin haɗari, irin su jinkirin loris, wasu lokuta ana kashe su don yin magungunan gargajiya. Har ila yau, an yi amfani da filaye na shark a cikin magungunan gargajiya, kuma duk da cewa ba a tabbatar da ingancin su ba, yana cutar da yawan kifin shark da kuma yanayin su. Sana'ar hauren giwa ba bisa ka'ida ba za a iya gano wani bangare na masu siyan magungunan gargajiya na kasar Sin Bukatar hauren giwa shine babban abin da ke haifar da farautar nau'ikan da ke cikin hadari kamar karkanda da giwaye. Pangolins na fuskantar barazana ta hanyar farautar namansu da sikelinsu, wadanda ake amfani da su wajen maganin gargajiya. Su ne dabbobi masu shayarwa da aka fi fataucinsu a duniya.
Duba kuma Ayurveda
Bioprospecting
Maganin jama'a
Maganin ganye
Jarrah (likita)
Tsire-tsire masu magani
Asalin kabilanci na Amurka
Labarin Tsofaffin Mata
Pharmacognosy
Magungunan gargajiya na Afirka
Maganin gargajiya na kasar Sin
Laburaren Ilimi na Gargajiya
Jerin nau'ikan madadin magani
Manazarta Maganin Gargajiya
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20080 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halin%20Yanayin%20Ireland | Halin Yanayin Ireland | Abokai na Yankin Irish da Gwamnatin Ireland, wanda aka sani da Halin Yanayin Ireland, yanki ne na shari'ar canjin yanayi a Kotun Koli ta Irish. A halin da ake ciki, Kotun Koli ta soke Tsarin Aiwatar da Kasa na Gwamnatin Ireland na 2017 bisa hujjar cewa ba ta da takamaiman abin da Dokar Yanayi ta Yankin Irish da Dokar Ci gaban Carbon ta 2015 ta tanada (Dokar canjin yanayi ta 2015). Kotun Koli ta umarci gwamnati da ta kirkiro da wani sabon tsari wanda ya dace da dokar sauyin yanayi ta shekarar 2015.
Bayan fage Shari'ar ta shafi Tsarin Rage Kasa (Shirin), wanda aka buga a ranar 19 Yuli 2017. Dokar Sauyin Yanayi ta 2015 ta samar da tsari don kafa "karamin carbon, mai jure yanayin da kuma tattalin arzikin mai dorewa a karshen shekarar 2050" (makasudin mika mulki na kasa). Dokar Sauyin Yanayi ta 2015 tana bukatar hakan, don ba wa jihar damar bin manufar sauyin kasa, gwamnati ta samar tare da amincewa da wani shirin ragewa na kasa wanda ya kayyade "yadda ta gabatar da shi don cimma burin sauyin kasa".
A cikin 2015, Ireland ta kasance ta uku mafi yawan iskar gas mai gurɓataccen iska a cikin EU. A cikin 2017, Majalisar Shawara kan Canjin Yanayi, wata hukuma mai zaman kanta a Ireland, ta gabatar da rahotonta ga gwamnati. Ya tsara cewa Ireland za ta rasa abubuwan da ta sa gaba na 2020 "ta hanyar tazara mai yawa". Ya ba da rahoton cewa ƙarin manufofi da matakan suna da mahimmanci ga Ireland don cimma burinta na 2030 kuma aiwatar da "ingantattun ƙarin manufofi" ana "buƙatar" cikin gaggawa "don burin na Ireland na 2050. Shugaban Majalisar, Farfesa John Fitzgerald, ya yi sharhi cewa Shirin yana dauke da "'yan shawarwari" kuma ba zai isa ya cika manufar mika mulki ta Ireland ba.
Kungiyar masu rajin kare muhalli Abokai na Muhalli na Yankin Irish (FIE) ne suka kawo karar, wani kamfanin da ba na riba ba wanda aka iyakance shi ta hanyar garantin da kuma rajistar sadaka a cikin Ireland. FIE an yi wahayi zuwa gare shi don kawo aikin ta sauran batutuwan yanayin duniya, gami da batun Urgenda da Juliana. v Amurka. FIE ta ce suna fatan shari'ar za ta kawo wani babban mataki na gwamnati kan canjin yanayi. An sami goyon bayan jama'a sosai ga shawarar FIE na daukar karar, kamar yadda takardar neman tallafi ga masu shigar da kara ta samu sa hannu sama da 20,000.
Babban Kotun A cikin Babbar Kotun, FIE ta yi iƙirarin cewa Tsarin ya kasance mafi girman ƙira game da Dokar Yanayi na 2015 kuma Tsarin ya keta haƙƙoƙin ƙarƙashin ECHR da Tsarin Mulki na Ireland (Tsarin Mulki). Ta ce gwamnati, wajen amincewa da Tsarin, ta gaza yin komai don tabbatar da cewa an rage fitar da hayaki a cikin gajeren lokaci da matsakaita, don haka zai kasa cimma burin da kasashen duniya suka ga ya dace. Ya dogara ne da gaskiyar cewa, duk da shawarar da Interungiyar Gwamnati mai kula da Canjin Yanayi ta bayar cewa hayakin zai buƙaci ya ragu da aƙalla 25-40% tsakanin 1990-2020 don taimakawa iyakance ɗumamar yanayi zuwa 2°C sama da matakan kafin masana'antu, shirin yayi tsammanin karuwar hayaki 10% a wannan lokacin. FIE ta lura cewa mafi girman ragin zai zama dole don biyan manufar Yarjejeniyar Paris don takaita ɗumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5°C sama da matakan kafin masana'antu. FIE ta nemi ganin an yanke hukuncin da gwamnati ta yi na amincewa da Tsarin tare da neman wani umarni da cewa a sake tsarin yadda ya kamata kamar yadda dokar sauyin yanayi ta 2015 ta tanada.
Gwamnatin ta jayayya cewa Shirin, a matsayin manufofin gwamnati, ba mai adalci bane. Sun ci gaba da jayayya cewa, saboda FIE kamfani ne ba mutum ba ne, FIE ba ta da ikon neman haƙƙin mutum a ƙarƙashin ECHR ko Tsarin Mulki.
Mista Justice MacGrath ya gabatar da hukuncin ga Babbar Kotun a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2019. Babbar Kotun ta gano cewa FIE tana da damar gabatar da hujjoji game da haƙƙoƙin da aka yarda da su, don dalilan shari'ar, cewa akwai haƙƙin tsarin mulki wanda ba a ƙididdige shi ba na 'yanayin da ya dace da mutuncin ɗan Adam'. Koyaya, ta gano cewa Tsarin bai keta wannan haƙƙin ba ko haƙƙin tsarin mulki na rayuwa ko mutuncin jiki, kamar yadda FIE ta yi iƙirari. Babbar Kotun ta gano cewa Tsarin ba shi da wata illa ga dokar sauyin yanayi ta shekarar 2015, tana mai lura da "muhimmin gibin da ke cikin hankali" da gwamnati ta more. An ƙi ba da taimako da aka nema.
Kotun Koli Bayan da shari’ar tasu ba ta yi nasara ba a Babbar Kotun, Kotun Koli ta amince ta saurari karar kai tsaye, inda ta bai wa FIE damar “tsalle-tsalle” hanyar da ta saba zuwa Kotun Koli ta Kotun daukaka kara. A hukuncin da ta yanke, Kotun Koli ta lura cewa shari'ar ta "ta kowa ce kuma muhimmiyar doka" kuma babu wata takaddama tsakanin bangarorin game da mahimmancin canjin yanayi, kimiyyar yanayi da ke tallafawa Tsarin ko kuma yuwuwar ƙaruwar hayaki a yayin rayuwar Shirin.
Kotun Koli ta kasance alkalai bakwai: Clarke CJ, Irvine P, O'Donnell J, MacMenamin J, Dunne J, O'Malley J da Baker J. Irin wannan abun an kebe shi ne don shari'oi na musamman mahimmancin abubuwa ko sarkakiya. An saurari karar har tsawon kwanaki biyu. Hukuncin, wanda ya samu goyon baya daga dukkan alkalan bakwai, ya gabatar da Babban Mai Shari'a Clarke a kan 31 Yuli, 2020.
Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa Tsarin na karkashin tsarin shari'a ne, saboda Kotun ba ta yin nazari kan dacewar manufofin gwamnati sai dai kuma wajibin gwamnati ne na samar da wani shiri daidai da Dokar Yanayi na 2015.
Kotun Koli ta soke Shirin, tana ganin yana da matukar wahala ga gwamnati saboda ba ta bi ka’idar dokar sauyin yanayi ta 2015 ba saboda ba ta ba da takamaiman bayanai game da yadda za a cimma burin mika mulki na kasa ba. Kotun ta gano cewa Tsarin ya faɗi "da gajarta sosai" na matakin daki-daki da ake buƙata a ƙarƙashin Dokar Yanayi na 2015. Clarke CJ ya kira sassan Tsarin "mara ma'ana ko buri". Ya bayyana cewa shirin ya kamata ya samu isassun bayanai don baiwa wani mai sha'awar jama'a fahimta da kimanta yadda gwamnati ke da niyyar cimma burinta na sauyin yanayi. Kotun ta ba da umarnin cewa gwamnati ta yi wani sabon shiri wanda zai yi aiki da dokar yanayi ta shekarar 2015 wanda kuma ya shafi cikakken lokacin da ya rage zuwa 2050. Kotun ta kuma yanke hukuncin cewa ba za a iya yin makamancin shirin ba a nan gaba.
Duk da yake FIE sun yi nasara a cikin hujjarsu game da haramtaccen Tsarin, amma ba su yi nasara ba a cikin hujjojin haƙƙinsu. Kotun ta gano cewa FIE, a matsayinta na kamfani, ba ta da 'yancin rayuwa ko mutuncin jiki don haka ba ta da tsayuwa dangane da haƙƙoƙin dama da take da shi da take neman gabatarwa a ƙarƙashin ECHR da Tsarin Mulki. Koyaya, Clarke CJ ya yarda da cewa haƙƙin kundin tsarin mulki na iya tsunduma cikin shari'ar muhalli da ta dace a nan gaba, kodayake ya bayyana ra'ayin cewa ba za a iya samun haƙƙin kyakkyawan yanayi daga Tsarin Mulki ba.
Amsawa An yaba da shawarar a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Irish a matsayin "sauyin yanayin gudanar da yanayi a cikin Ireland" kuma "lokacin ruwa". Hakan kuma ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai na duniya.
Ministan Ailan na Aiwatar da Yanayi, Hanyoyin Sadarwa da Sufuri, Eamon Ryan, ya ce ya "yi maraba" da hukuncin da Kotun Koli ta yanke kuma yana taya Abokan Muhalli murnar daukar karar. Ya ce dole ne a yi amfani da hukuncin don "daukaka buri" da kuma "karfafa aiki".
Tasiri Shari'ar Yanayi ta Ireland ita ce shari'ar farko da kotunan Ireland suka gabatar wa gwamnati da lissafi game da rashin tasirinsu game da canjin yanayi. Shari'ar na daga cikin manyan kararraki guda uku makamantan haka, na "dabarun" yanayin kasa da kasa inda kotun kasa mafi girma ta gano cewa manufofin gwamnati na rage yanayi ba sa bin doka. Wannan shi ne karo na uku game da yanayin a duniya da ya kai babbar kotun ƙasa. Hukuncin ya zo ne bayan irin wannan hukuncin da Kotun Koli ta Dutch ta tabbatar a shari'ar Urgenda a cikin 2019. Tessa Khan, wani lauya ne mai kula da muhalli da ya yi aiki a kan wannan shari'ar, ya yi tsokaci cewa shawarar da Irish ta yanke ya saukaka wasu damuwar cewa shawarar Dutch za ta kasance ta kai tsaye. Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Musamman kan 'yancin dan adam da kuma muhalli, David R. Boyd, ya kira karar "yanke shawara mai muhimmanci" wanda "ya kafa misali ga kotuna a duk duniya su bi".
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29286 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kole%20Omotoso | Kole Omotoso | Articles with hCards
Bankole Ajibabi Omotoso wanda aka fi sani da Kole Omotoso (an haife shi ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu 1943 19 ga Yuli 2023). marubuci kuma ɗan Najeriya ne kuma haziƙi wanda aka fi sani da ayyukan almara kuma a Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin "Yebo Gogo man" a cikin tallan kamfanin sadarwa na Vodacom. Rubuce-rubucen sunyi fice sa akan sifar sadaukarwa da jajircewa don haɓaka sake fasalin zamantakewa da siyasa na Afirka da mutunta juna tsakanin ɗan adam.
Kuruciya da ilimi An haifi Kole Omotosso a cikin dangin Yarbawa a Akure, Jihar Ondo, Najeriya. Mahaifiyarsa da kakanninsa sun taso bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa. Duk da cewa rashin uba na iya murkushe matashi dan Najeriya, abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin kuruciyarsa sun taimaka matuka wajen ci gabansa a matsayinsa na mutum da kuma marubuci. Omotoso ya yi karatu a Kwalejin King da ke Legas da Jami'ar Ibadan sannan ya yi bincike a karatun digiri na uku a kan marubucin Larabci na zamani Ahmad Ba Kathir a Jami'ar Edinburgh.
Rayuwa kusa Omotoso ya koma Ibadan inda ya yi lacca kan karatun Larabci (1972 76), sannan ya koma jami’ar Ife inda ya yi aikin wasan kwaikwayo (1976 88). Ya zama marubuci ga mujallu daban-daban (ciki har da Afirka ta Yamma) a cikin shekarun 1970 kuma ya yi fice a cikin jiga-jigan Najeriya. Manyan jigoginsa sun hada da auratayya tsakanin kabilu, abubuwan ban dariya na rikicin Biafra da Najeriya, da yanayin dan Adam—kamar yadda ake misalta abota tsakanin Yarbawa da Igbo da kuma dangantaka tsakanin yara da iyaye.
Littafinsa na tarihi a shekarar 1988 game da Najeriya, Just Kafin Dawn (Spectrum Books), ya jawo cece-kuce kuma ya jagoranci Omotoso ya bar kasarsa ta haihuwa. Bayan ziyartar farfesa a cikin Ingilishi a Jami'ar Stirling da Jami'ar Kasa ta Lesotho da sihiri a Kamfanin Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Talawa, London, ya zama farfesa na Turanci a Jami'ar Western Cape a Afirka ta Kudu (1991-2000). Daga 2001 zuwa 2003 ya kasance malami a Sashen Wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Stellenbosch.
Ya kuma rubuta ginshiƙai da dama a cikin jaridun Afirka, musamman ma shafi mai suna “Trouble Travels” a cikin jaridar Sunday Guardian ta Najeriya. Daga 2013 zuwa 2016, ya kasance majibincin Kyautar Etisalat don Adabi watau Etisalat Prize for Literature.
A cikin tsakiyar 1990s da 2010 ya bayyana a matsayin "Yebo Gogo man" a cikin tallace-tallace na talabijin na kamfanin wayoyin hannu watau Vodacom. Omotoso yana da aure da ’ya’ya uku ciki har da mai shirya fina-finai Akin Omotoso da marubuci Yewande Omotoso kuma a halin yanzu yana zaune a Centurion, Gauteng, Afirka ta Kudu.
Jigogi Omotoso ya taso ne a lokacin da ake ta faman tashe-tashen hankula na tsattsauran ra'ayin kishin kasa kuma yana sha'awar irin damar da ke tattare da makomar kasarsa. Almararsa ya yi yawa akan yanayin ɗan adam, kuma jigogi sun haɗa da alaƙa tsakanin zuriyar ƙasa da ƙabila. Zaɓin Fela babban misali ne na almara na ɗan sandan Najeriya. Duk da haka, tare da hawan lalacewar zamantakewa da siyasa, 'yan shekaru bayan 'yancin kai, ya zama mai sha'awar rubuce-rubuce game da almara. Almara hanya ce da ta wanzu baya ga rugujewar rayuwa da kuma inda zurfin sake gina rayuwa da ra'ayoyi ke zama gaskiya. Har ila yau, wata hanya ce ta gwaji kan ra'ayoyin zamantakewa da siyasa don sauyi da ci gaban al'umma. Labarin da ba na Omotoso ya yi ba yana da yawa a cikin batun batun.
Ayyuka
Almara Ginin (1971)
Yaƙin (1972; Penguin Classics, 2008, Mu'ujiza (gajerun labarai) (1973)
Zabin Fela (1974)
Hadaya (1974, 1978)
Sikeli (1976)
Don Aron Leaf Mai Yawo (1978)
Tunanin Ƙwararrun Mu na Kwanan nan (1982)
Kafin Alfijir (Littattafan Spectrum, 1988, Wasan kwaikwayo La'ananne (1976)
Inuwa a cikin Horizon (1977)
Labaran gaskia Form na Littafin Novel na Afirka (1979 da dai sauransu. The Theatrical Into Theater: nazarin wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo na Caribbean mai magana da Ingilishi (1982)
Lokacin Hijira zuwa Kudu: An sake duba rikicin Afirka (1994)
Achebe ko Soyinka Nazari A Cikin Bambance-bambance (1995)
Afirka ta Kudu (1997)
Uko Atai, Marubutan Afirka Vol. 2 1997
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Kole Omotoso
Manazarta Marubuta maza na karni na 21
Malaman bokon Nigeria
Mutanen Akure
Rayayyun mutane
Tsaffin daliban Jami'ar Ibadan
Haihuwan |
15666 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisi%20Adeleye-Fayemi | Bisi Adeleye-Fayemi | Bisi Adeleye-Fayemi (an haife ta 11 Yunin shekarar 1963) ita ce Uwargidan Gwamnan Jihar Ekiti, Najeriya a matsayin matar Gwamnan Jihar Ekiti 2019–2023. Ta taba zama Uwargidan Gwamnan Jihar Ekiti a shekarar 2011–2015. Wata 'yar Burtaniya yar Najeriya mai fafutukar neman 'yanci mata, marubuciya kuma mai ba da shawara game da siyasa, a cikin shekara ta 2001 ta hada hannu da Asusun Bunkasa Matan Afirka (AWDF), kungiyar farko ta ba da tallafi ga duk Afirka. Tana aiki ne a matsayin Mataimakiyar Babbar Mashawarciya ta Mata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma an naɗa ta a matsayin Babbar Jami’ar Binciken Nazari a Kwalejin King, Jami’ar London a shekarar 2017. Ita ce Shugaba a kamfanin Abovewhispers Limited, kuma tana gudanar da wani shafin yanar gizo mai suna Abovewhispers.com.
Lokacin da mijinta Dr. Kayode Fayemi ya hau mulki a matsayin Gwamnan jihar Ekiti, Najeriya, sai ta tsunduma cikin wasu shawarwari game da manufofi, karfafawa daga tushe da kuma hada kan jama'a a jihar Ekiti. Ta jagoranci yakin neman kafa Dokar Haramta Tashin Hankali tsakanin maza da mata (2011, wanda aka sake shi a watan Oktoba na shekarar 2019), da Dokar Daidaita Daidaito (2013) da kuma Dokar Hana Cutar HIV (2014). Ta ci gaba da aiki kan aiwatarwa da dorewar wadannan kudurorin a matsayin Uwargidan Gwamnan jihar Ekiti a karo na biyu.
Tana aiki ne a kan Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Asusun Bunkasa Matan Afirka. Ita ce Shugabar Majalisar Ba da Shawara na Asusun Amincewar Matan Najeriyar sannan kuma tana aiki a Majalisar Gudanarwar Jami'ar Elizade a Najeriya. Yanzu haka ita ce Shugabar Kwamitin Gudanar da Dokar Rikici da Rikicin Jinsi, na Jihar Ekiti da Shugabar Hukumar Yaki da Cutar Kanjamau ta Jihar Ekiti. Ita ma tana cikin Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Kungiyar Shugabannin Matan Afirka na Yanki (AWLN) kuma memba ce a Kwamitin Gudanarwar Jagorancin AWLN-Nigeria inda take a matsayin Mashawarci.
Adeleye-Fayemi shine marubucin Loud Whispers (2017), Magana don Kaina (2013), da kuma tarihin rayuwar kansa mai taken Yin magana sama da Whisper (2013). Ta kuma shirya edita Murya, Powerarfi da Rai U
Ilimi Bisi Adeleye-Fayemi an haife ta a Liverpool, Ingila, a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 1963. Ta karɓi digiri na farko da na biyu a tarihi daga Jami'ar Ife, yanzu Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, Najeriya. Ta kuma sami MA a Gender and Society (1992) daga Jami'ar Middlesex, UK. A yanzu haka ita ce Shugabar Kamfanin, Above Whispers Limited, wacce ta kware a fannin ci gaban shugabanci ga mata, kuma tana gudanar da wata kungiyar intanet da ake kira Abovewhispers.com, inda take rubuta wani mako mai suna "Loud Whispers". Ta kasance har kwanan nan Babbar Mashawarci ta Mata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Nijeriya, kuma kwanan nan aka nada ta a matsayin Babbar Jami’ar Binciken Nazari a Kwalejin King, Jami’ar London Rayuwar mutum Tana auren Kayode Fayemi, wanda ya ci gaba da zama Gwamnan Jihar Ekiti a shekarar 2010, sannan kuma a shekarar 2019; su biyun sun hadu yayin da suke ɗalibai kuma suna da ɗa guda tare, Folajimi Fayemi (an haife shi kusan shekara ta 1994).
Kyauta da yabo An bai wa Adeleye-Fayemi lambar yabo ta "Canza Fuskar Kyautatawa" daga Kungiyar Matan da ke Bunƙasa Kudi a shekarar 2007, sannan ta kasance daya daga cikin mata 20 da suka fi tasiri a Afirka a shekarar 2009 ta mujallar New African A cikin 2011, Women Deliver ta sanya ta a cikin manyan mutane 100 a duniya, don inganta haƙƙin mata da girlsan mata. A cikin shekarar 2019, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Zik na Shugabancin 2018 na Jagorancin jin kai ta Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofin Jama'a da Nazari (PPRAC).
Zaɓaɓɓun wallafe-wallafe 2017 udara Waswasi 2013 Yana Magana Sama da Waswasi 2013 Na Magana Don Kaina 2008 Voice, Power and Soul (an sake shirya su tare da Jessica Horn Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje "Ku san 'Yan Matan ku na Afirka: Bisi Adeleye Fayemi" Jerin Tattaunawar Taron Matan Afirka na 4, Afrilu 2016, Harare, Zimbabwe. YouTube
Kungiyar Matan Shugabannin Afirka (AWLN) a zama na 44 na Hukumar kan Yawan Jama'a da Ci Gabanta
Shugabannin matan Najeriya suna kira da a ƙara shigar da mata don inganta zaɓe cikin lumana
Matar Fayemi ta lashe kyautar shugabancin Zik
Erelu Fayemi, gwamnoni biyu, tsohon Shugaban Ghana ya lashe kyautar shugabancin Zik
Mrs. Fayemi ya sami lambar yabo ta Zik
Ƴan Najeriya
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20917 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata%20a%20Nijar | Mata a Nijar | Mata a Nijar mata ne waɗanda suka fito ko suke zaune a ƙasar Nijar ta Afirka ta Yamma. Wadaynnan matan suna daga cikin yawan mutanen da kashi 98% na masu riƙo da addinin Musulunci ne Mafi yawa daga cikin dokokin da gwamnatin Nijar ta ɗauka don kare 'yancin matan Nijar galibin lokuta sun dogara ne da imanin musulmi.
Matan Nijar, ba za a ruɗe su da Najeriyar ba, sun ƙunshi ƙabilu iri-iri. Daga cikin manyan ƙabilun akwai matan Hausawa, da matan Fulani, da matan Zarma Songhai, da matan Azbinawa. Hausawa a Nijar za'a iya gane su ta hanyar sutura su ta sanya abaya da zane da wani daidai da rigan, shugaban taye da shawl.
Ayyukan gargajiya har yanzu ana ci gaba da yin wasa a cikin Nijar. Rayuwar iyali ga 'yan mata na iya zama babban kalubale a cikin al'ummar musulmin farko. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan halayen suna da illa ga rayuwar ƙasar, kamar ci gaban talauci da jahilci.
Ranar hutu a Jamhuriyar Nijar wacce aka fi sani da ranar mata ta Nijar Journée nationale de la femme nigérienne da ake gudanarwa kowace shekara a ranar 13 ga watan Mayu, don tunawa da macen da mata suka yi a shekarar 1992 a Yamai a lokacin taron kasa, suna neman shigar mata sosai a cikin ƙasa. cibiyoyi. Hutu ne wanda ya zama "Tunawa da ƙasa" a ranar 25 Nuwamban shekarar 1992.
Tsarin al'ada Nijar ƙasa ce a Afirka ta Yamma Ta sami 'yencin kai daga Faransa a shekarata 1960, kuma tana ƙarƙashin mulkin jam'iyya ɗaya da mulkin soja har zuwa shekarar 1991. Yawancin ƙasar suna da yanayin zafi, bushe, hamada. Tana da kusan mazauna miliyan 20. Kabilun sune: Hausawa 53.1%, Zarma Songhai 21.2%, Abzinawa 11%, Fulani (Peul) 6.5%, Kanuri 5.9%, Gurma 0.8%, Arab 0.4%, Tubu 0.4%, other basu da 0.9%. Galibi al'umar karkara ce, kuma kusan duk yawan jama'a suna yin addinin Musulunci.
Haihuwa da rayuwar iyali Uwa a cikin Nijar na da matsaloli masu yawa. Saboda dalilai na tattalin arziki, rashin dacewar kiwon lafiya, da kuma al'adun gargajiya, mata suna cikin mawuyacin hasara lokacin da suka haifi yaransu na fari.
Auren yara ƙanana al’ada ce da ta zama ruwan dare a Nijar. Kimanin kashi 75% na 'yan matan Nijar sun yi aure kafin ranar haihuwar su 18. Kodayake wani lokacin tare da haɗin gwiwar dangin su, galibi ana siyar da ƴan mata don aurar da yara ko aikin lalata. Aikin wahaya yana ba wa 'yan kasuwar bayi damar cin zarafin' yan mata 'yan shekaru 9, suna sayar da su a matsayin bayin gida ko kuma' yan mata masu yin lalata da su. Nijar wuri ne na bai daya na fataucin mutane, kasancewar tana da tushe, hanyar wucewa, kuma makoma ta ƙarshe ga waɗanda fataucin ya shafa a ciki da wajen kan iyakokin ƙasar. 'Yan mata mata, waɗanda aka siyar a cikin ƙungiyoyin kwadagon su, a lokacin da maigidan yake so a cikin tsarin al'adar bawan gargajiya da wahaya ke haifarwa.
Mafi girman TFR (kusan yara mata 7) a duniya haɗe da ƙarancin haihuwa na ƙuruciya ya nuna cewa youngan matan Nijar suna da yara a wani matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba. Yawan auren ƙananan yara, a dabi'ance, zai haifar da iyaye mata kanana da kuma yawan haihuwa, kamar yadda aka ambata a baya. Matsakaicin matsakaicin shekaru a tsakanin yara mata na farko a Nijar ya kai shekaru 18.1, wanda ya zo na biyu bayan na kusa da Chadi.
Tare da auren yara, yawan haihuwar samari, da ma mafi girma TFR yana zuwa mutuwar mata Tare da yawan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu na 555 cikin 100,000 da ake haifa, dole ne iyayen mata a Nijar su shawo kan rikice-rikicen da ke faruwa a baya don tabbatar da cewa duka rayuwar ta fita cikin nasara. Rashin ingantaccen kiwon lafiya, isassun kwararru a fannin kiwon lafiya, da walwala da tattalin arziki duk suna taimakawa ga ƙasar Nijar wajen yawan mace-macen mata. Hakanan baya taimakawa lokacin da iyaye mata ke haihuwa yayin samari.
Hakkokin mata Yawan karatun jahilci a Nijar na ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙaranci a duniya. Matsakaicin ƙasa shine 19.1% tare da ilimin mata a 11%, mafi ƙanƙanci a duniya. Wannan bayanan na waɗancan shekaru 15 ne da sama da hakan na iya karatu da rubutu. Ilimi, kodayake yana da dama, amma bai zama ruwan dare ba ga mata matasa. Kasa da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na mata, duk shekarunsu, sun shiga cikin tsarin ilimin. Wararrun al'adun noma, irin na Nijar, ba koyaushe ke ba da muhimmanci ga ilimin boko ba.
Tashin hankalin jinsi ya zama koina a Nijar. Ana wulakanta mata sosai a Nijar, kuma bayanan sun dawo da hakan. Nijar ita ce kan gaba wajen yawan haihuwa da haihuwa a duniya zuwa yanzu. Akwai karancin taimako na shari'a idan ya zo ga batun gurfanar da masu cin zarafin. An ba da rahoton cewa wasu mata a Nijar na ganin cewa abin da suka saba na cin zarafin cikin gida ne. Ayyukan gargajiya galibi suna da yawa yayin da al'umma ke ɗaukar mata da ƙarancin daraja saboda haka al'ada ce ta barin waɗanda aka cutar ba tare da adalci ba. Cin zarafin mata 'yan Nijar ya halatta ta ƙarni na wannan al'adar kuma da wuya wata ƙa'idar doka ta canza hanya. An yi tanadi don rage yawan tashin hankali, amma sun kasa haifar da sanannen canji.
Manazarta Hoton matan Abzinawan Nijar biyu Matan Nijar suna kan gaba wajen aiwatar da aikace-aikace don kare danginsu yayin matsalar abinci mai gina jiki (A kallo: Niger) na Chris Tidey
NIGER: Fyade da duka da aka yiwa mata da ake gani abu ne na al'ada
Matan Nijar
Mata
Mutanen Afirka
Mutanen Nijar
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48866 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoxenus | Aristoxenus | Aristoxenus na Tarentum haihuwa 375, ku. 335 BC) wani masanin falsafa ne na Peripatetic, kuma dalibin Aristotle. Yawancin rubuce-rubucensa, waɗanda suka yi magana akan falsafa, kyawawan ɗabi'u da waka, sun ɓace, amma ɗaya daga cikin rubutun wakarsa, Elements of Harmony (Girkanci: Latin Elementa harmonica, ya tsira amma ba duka ba da kuma wasu sassa da suka shafi amshi da metre. Wakar Elements shine babban tushen ilimin mu na yanzu akan tsofaffin wakokin kasar Girka.
Rayuwa An haifi Aristoxenus a Tarentum (Apulia a yau, kudancin Italiya), kuma ɗa ne ga ƙwararren mawaƙi mai suna Spintharus (ko kuma Mnesias). Ya koyi kiɗa daga mahaifinsa, kuma tun lokacin da Lamprus na Erythrae da Xenophilus, almajiran Pythagoras sun koyar da shi, a ƙarshe ya zama almajirin Aristotle, wanda ya bayyana ya yi fice acikin nau'ikan karatunsa. A cewar Suda, ya zagi Aristotle bayan mutuwarsa, saboda Aristotle ya nada Theophrastus a matsayin shugaban makarantar Peripatetic na gaba, matsayin da Aristoxenus da kansa ya yi sha'awar samun manyan nasarori a matsayinsa na almajirin Aristotle. Wannan labarin, duk da haka, ya saba wa Aristocles, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa kawai ya ambaci Aristotle tare da girmamawa mafi girma. Babu wani abu da aka sani game da rayuwarsa bayan lokacin tafiyar Aristotle, baya ga sharhi akan Elementa Harmonica game da ayyukansa.
Bayanin ayyukansa An ce rubuce-rubucensa sun ƙunshi littattafai ɗari huɗu da hamsin da uku, kuma sun yi magana game da falsafa, ɗabi'a da wakoki. Ko da yake shekarunsa na ƙarshe sun kasance a makarantar Peripatetic, kuma yayi fatan ya gaji Aristotle bayan mutuwarsa, Aristoxenus ya horu sosai daga Pythagoreanism, kuma ya kasance mabiyin Aristotle ne kawai saboda Aristotle ya kasance mabiyin Plato da Pythagoras. Don haka, kamar yadda Sophie Gibson ya gaya mana, "Tasirin falsafa iri-iri" akan Aristoxenus sun haɗa da tasowa a babban birnin Pythagorean Taras (Tarentum), gida kuma ga daliban Pythagoreans guda biyu, Archytas da Philolaus, da mahaifinsa mawakin (Pythagorean), wanda ya cusa wa dansa. Gibson ya gaya mana cewa, bayan tasirin mahaifinsa:
Sauran ayyuka Littafin Wehrli yana gabatar da shaidun da suka tsira na ayyukansa tare da lakabi masu zuwa (ba tare da tabbacin wurare da dama ba Rayuwar Pythagoras fr. 11 Wehrli
Kan Pythagoras da almajiransa fr. 14 Wehrli
Akan rayuwar Pythagorean fr. 31 Wehrli
Pythagorean maxims ko Pythagorean negations fr. 34 Wuri
Al'adun ilimi ko Dokokin ilimi fr. 42-43 Wehrli
Dokokin Siyasa fr. 44-45 Wehrli
Halin Mantinean fr. 45, I, layi na 1–9 Wehrli
Yabon Mantineans fr. 45, I, layi na 10–12 Wehrli
Rayuwar Architas fr. 47-50 Wehrli
Rayuwar Socrates fr. 54 Wuri
Rayuwar Plato fr. 64 Wuri
A kan tonoi taƙaitaccen zance a cikin sharhin Porphyry akan Ptolemy's <i id="mwxA">Harmonics</i>, shafi na. 78 Düring (ba Wehrli ya gyara ba)
Kan kiɗa fr. 80, 82, 89 Wehrli
Akan sauraron kiɗa ko kwas ɗin Lecture akan kiɗa fr. 90 Wehrli
Kan Praxidamas fr. 91 Wuri
Kan waƙoƙin waƙa ko Kan kiɗa a cikin waƙar waƙa fr. 93 Wuri
Akan kayan kida fr. 94–95, 102 Wehrli
Kan aulos fr. 96 Waziri
A kan auletes fr. 100 Wehrli
A kan m na aulos fr. 101 Wehrli
Kan waƙoƙin waƙa fr. 103 Wehrli
Kan rawa mai ban tausayi fr. 104-106 Wehrli
Kwatanta raye-raye fr. 109 Wehrli
Akan mawaƙa masu ban tausayi fr. 113 Wehrli
Rayuwar Telestes fr. 117 Wehrli (a cewar wanda wannan Telestes shine mawaƙin dithyrambic Maganar tebur dabam-dabam ko Tambayoyi daban-daban fr. 124 Wehrli
Bayanan kula ko Memorabilia Bayanan tarihi Takaitaccen bayanin kula ne) Random jottings fr. 128–132, 139 Wehrli
Wallafa-wallafe da fassarori Barker, Andrew (1989). Rubutun Kiɗa na Girka, vol. 2: Harmonic and Acoustic Theory (Cambridge), shafi. 119–89, Fassarar Ingilishi tare da gabatarwa da bayanin kula, Macran, Henry Stewart (1902). The Harmonics of Aristoxenus (Oxford), rubutun Girkanci tare da fassarar Turanci da bayanin kula archive.org, Internet Archive Marquard, Paul (1868). Die harmonischen Fragmente des Aristoxenus (Berlin), rubutun Girkanci tare da fassarar Jamusanci da sharhi archive.org, Google Books Pearson, Lionel (1990). Aristoxenus: Elementa rhythmica. Rukunin Littafi na II da ƙarin shaida don ka'idar rhythmic Aristoxenean (Oxford), rubutun Greek tare da gabatarwa, fassarar, da sharhi, Wehrli, Fritz (1967). Die Schule des Aristoteles, vol. 2: Aristoxenos, na biyu. ed. (Basel/Stuttgart), Rubutun Helenanci (ban da gutsure masu jituwa, gutsuttsura rhythmic, A Tsawon Farko, da Kan tonoi duba shafi na. 28) tare da sharhi cikin Jamusanci
Westphal, Rudolf (1883-1893). Aristoxenus von Tarent: Melik und Rhythmik des classischen Hellenenthums, 2 vols. (Leipzig) juzu'i na 1, juzu'i na 2 Westphal, Rudolf (1861). Die Fragmente und die Lehrsätze der griechischen Rhythmiker (Leipzig), shafi na. 26–41, Rubutun Helenanci na Elementa rhythmica da Akan Tsawon Farko Taskar Intanet Duba kuma Koyarwar Plato da ba a rubuta ba, don rahoton Aristoxenus akan Laccar Plato akan Mai Kyau.
Bayanan kula
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30200 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsare-tsare%20rage%20iskar%20kudi | Tsare-tsare rage iskar kudi | Tsare-tsare na Rage Iskar Kuɗi (ERCS) tsare-tsare ne waɗanda ke ba da lada mai kyau na tattalin arziƙi ko ko zamantakewa don rage fitar da iskar gas, ta hanyar rarrabawa ko sake rarraba kuɗin ƙasa ko ta hanyar buga takardun shaida, maki lada, kuɗin gida, ko ƙarin kuɗi Idan aka kwatanta da sauran kayan rage hayaki Kudin rage hayaki ya sha bamban da kiredit mai fitar da hayaki. Ƙimar kiredit ɗin fitar da iskar gas tana ƙididdige ƙimar ta ƙasa da matakin da kiredit ke ba da haƙƙin ƙazanta. Ƙimar ƙimar ƙima ta ƙarshe tana samuwa ne lokacin da aka mika shi don gujewa tara tarar fitarwa.
Har ila yau, Kuma kuɗin rage fitar da hayaki ya sha bamban da na carbon diyya na son rai inda ake biyan kuɗi, yawanci don tallafawa madadin makamashi ko sake dazuzzuka, sannan rage fitar da hayaki da ke haifar da shi don rage ko soke masu biyan alhakin hayakin da kansu ke samarwa. Ƙimar kashe kuɗi yana cikin riƙe shi ta hannun mai siye kuma yana aiki ne kawai don lokaci da manufar da aka aiwatar akansa.
Kuɗin rage fitar da hayaki, akasin haka, shine kawai abin ƙarfafawa ga canjin ɗabi'a ta mutane ko ƙungiyoyi. shiyasa Don haka kuɗin yana haifar da ƙarin fa'idar tattalin arziƙi don rage fitar da hayaki dabam da farashin da aka sanya ta hanyar isassun hayaki na ƙasa ko kuma farashi na son rai da mai siyan ya ɗauka.
Ba za a iya musanya kuɗaɗen rage fitar da hayaki a cikin tsarin ƙasa da tsarin ciniki ba don haka ba sa ba da wani haƙƙin ƙazanta.
Duk da yake babu tsarin rage fitar da hayaki da ya cimma ma'auni na tsarin ƙididdige ƙirƙira, akwai wasu ƙananan tsare-tsare da ke aiki ko kuma ana kafa su. Sannan Kuma Bugu da kari akwai hanyoyi da dama da a halin yanzu ake hasashen cewa kungiyoyi da dama, cibiyoyin ilimi da masu tunani ke gabatarwa Tsarukan rage fitar da hayaki a zahiri sun haɗa da tsarin kuɗin carbon amma kuma sun haɗa da tsare-tsaren da ke rage hayaki ta hanyoyin daban-daban kamar ta hanyar rage sharar gida da ilimin al'umma.
Tarihi Buckminster Fuller ne ya fara ba da shawarar tsarin tsarin arzikin duniya bisa madadin samar da makamashi a cikin littafinsa na shekarata 1969 Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth Garry Davis ne ya yi gwajin wannan ra'ayi wanda ya rarraba wadannan "daloli na kilowatt" a taron kolin Duniya na shekarar 1992 da aka gudanar a Rio de Janeiro Edgar Kempers da Rob Van Hilton sun kaddamar da kudin Kiwah (kilowatt hour) a taron Copenhagen Climate Summit a shekarata 2009.
Rukunin tsarin rage fitar da hayaki Ana iya tsara tsarin rage fitar da hayaki a matsayin na ɗaya ko fiye na rukuni biyar:
Shirye-shiryen taken carbon Gabatar da ayyukan kula da ƙasa mai dorewa a cikin dazuzzukan dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi da sauran manyan mahalli na carbon na iya haifar da raguwar hayaki daga sharer ƙasa wanda wataƙila ya faru ko kuma daga ƙarin rarrabuwar CO2 Ana iya amfani da ƙasar da aka saya da sarrafa don waɗannan dalilai don ƙirƙirar haƙƙin carbon mai zaman kansa, wanda ƙila ko ƙila ba za a iya gane shi a cikin tsarin kiredit na hayaki ba. Misali, a halin yanzu ana iya jujjuya halittun halittun sama da ƙasa sakamakon sauye-sauyen amfani da ƙasa zuwa ƙididdige ƙididdige ƙirƙira a ƙarƙashin Kyoto Protocol Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Haɓaka carbon ɗin ƙasa saboda wasu dalilai ban da sake dazuzzuka ko dai ta hanyar canje-canje ga ayyukan sarrafa ƙasa ko Kuma ta hanyar binne biochar a halin yanzu ba a haɗa su cikin tsarin kiredit kamar CDM. Ana iya siyar da waɗannan takaddun takaddun take na doka azaman nau'in kuɗi ba tare da amfani da su azaman kashewa ba, suna ba da ƙarin fa'idodin tattalin arziki. Sannan Gidauniyar Carbon Currency Foundation ce ta ba da shawarar wannan amfani. Wani tsarin rage fitar da hayaki da aka tsara akan wannan shine ECO, aikin The Next Nature Lab wanda wani yunƙuri ne na Jami'ar Fasaha ta Eindhoven a Netherlands.
Shirye-shiryen rangwame na haɓakawa Tsarin rage fitar da hayaki bisa rangwamen talla shine wanda ake samun lada ga mahalarta don rage hayakinsu ta hanyar samun maki wanda za'a iya fanshi don rangwame daga tallace-tallacen kasuwanci a cikin tsarin daya dace RecycleBank ɗaya ne irin wannan makirci inda mahalarta suke auna kayan da aka sake fa'ida a cikin kwandon shara na musamman da aka kera waɗanda ke nuna kansu zuwa ma'auni da ke cikin motocin tattara shara. Recyclebank kuma yana samun tallafin gwamnatocin birni waɗanda ke siya da sarrafa kayan aikin da ake buƙata, barin RecycleBank ya yi aiki a matsayin mai zaman kansa don kamfani mai riba. Wani makirci mai kama da haka shine GreenOps LLC, shirin lada na sake amfani da al'umma wanda ɗan kasuwa Anthony Zolezzi ya kafa, wanda daga baya ya sayar da shi zuwa Gudanar da Sharar gida, ya zama Greenopolis Recycling Rewards. Greenopolis ya ba da maki lada ga masu amfani daga shekarar 2008-2012 ta hanyar gidajen yanar gizon kafofin watsa labarun, Wasannin Facebook da kwalban kuma suna iya sake yin amfani da su ta PepsiCo Dream Machines. An sanya Injinan Mafarki a harabar kwaleji, kantin kayan miya da sansanonin soja a duk faɗin Amurka kuma sun tattara fiye da kwalaben filastik miliyan 4 a farkon farkon fara amfani da su. Oceanopolis, wani wasan Facebook ne da Greenopolis ya kirkira don sanya al'adar sake amfani da su cikin daɗi da nishadantarwa, Al Gore ya gane shi a shekarata 2011 Games for Change Festival a Jami'ar New York, yana mai cewa "Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan kamar Trash Tycoon sun ƙarfafa ni. da Oceanopolis, kuma dukkansu sun karfafa tunanina a wannan yanki." A ƙarshe, Recyclebank da Greenopolis za su haɗu bayan saka hannun jari a Bankin Recycle ta Gudanar da Sharar gida. A cikin shekarata 2019, RecycleBank an siyi ta hanyar Recycle Track Systems (RTS). EarthAid yana amfani da software na musamman wanda ke buga lissafin kuɗi daga kamfanoni a cikin tsarin kan layi wanda mahalarta zasu iya rabawa tare da dangi da abokai. Rage amfani da makamashi yana samun maki lada waɗanda za a iya fanshi don kyaututtuka a kasuwancin da ke cikin hanyar sadarwar ladan EarthAid.
Shirye-shiryen rarrabawa Tsarin rage fitar da hayaki bisa ga kasafi shine wanda ake baiwa kowane mahalarta daidai gwargwado na kudaden fitar da hayaki. Sannan Kuma Mahalarta sai su yi musayar kayayyaki da ayyuka tare da juna don samun isassun kuɗin da za su biya ainihin hayakin da suke fitarwa. Manufar shirin rabo shine don samun daidaito tsakanin mahalarta game da rage hayaki.
Technically an emission crediting makirci, wani kasafi makirci ne classed a matsayin wani emissions rage hayaki tsarin domin ciniki na kudin tsakanin daidaikun mutane kamar yadda ake nema na iya haifar da wata babbar kasuwar ciniki inda kudin zai iya aiki a matsayin matsakaici na musayar, da kuma wannan ciniki. Kuma yana haifar da ƙarin ƙimar tattalin arziƙi mai inganci mai alaƙa da raguwar hayaƙi.
Bankin Albarkatun Duniya ƙungiya ɗaya ce da ke ba da shawarar irin wannan tsarin rabon duniya.
Tsarin rabon hayaki In ba haka ba, an san shi azaman ciniki na carbon na sirri, tsarin rage hayaƙin hayaki bisa ga ragi yana ɗaukan daidaitaccen rabon hayaki wanda aka yarda da shi ga matsakaicin ɗan ƙasa wanda ke raguwa cikin lokaci.
Mahalarta da ke amfani da ƙasa da adadin da aka raba suna karɓar kuɗin da za a iya kasuwanci tare da waɗanda ke fitarwa fiye da adadin da aka yarda. Kuma Duk mahalarta sunyi alƙawarin gabaɗaya su kasance ƙasa da matsakaici tare da ƙima mai kyau a cikin tsarin.
Ƙungiyoyin Rarraba Rarraba Carbon (CRAGs), waɗanda aka fara a cikin United Kingdom, suna da hanyar sadarwar ƙungiyoyin duniya. Mahalarta CRAG suna amfani da madaidaicin matsakaici don ƙasar a matsayin tushen adadin da aka raba. Sannan Mahalarta da ke fitarwa a sama da matakan rabo dole ne su biya waɗanda ke ƙasa da kuɗin kuɗin ƙasa. Tsibirin Norfolk, Ostiraliya yana kan aiwatar da tsarin ciniki na carbon na son rai na gabaɗayan tsibiri wanda Farfesa Garry Egger na Jami'ar Kudancin Cross ya tsara,
Tsare-tsaren kuɗin kuɗi na al'umma Tsarin rage fitar da hayaki na al'umma shine nau'in kuɗaɗen gida na C4 wanda al'amuran kuɗaɗen gida ke tallafawa ta hanyar rage hayaƙi na membobin tsarin. Kuɗin gida, lokacin da wasu membobin ko kasuwancin gida suka karɓi don ciniki, Kuma ta haka ne ke ba wa mahalarta kyauta don ƙoƙarinsu na rigakafin dumamar yanayi. Waɗannan kuɗaɗen na iya samun nau'ikan juzu'i daban-daban na canzawa zuwa ajiyar carbon, makamashi mai sabuntawa, ko kuɗin ƙasa.
Edogawatt wani nau'i ne na rage fitar da hayaki da ake amfani da shi a Edogawa, Tokyo wanda wani yunƙuri ne na haikalin Jōdo Shinshū Jukou-in na gida. Sannan Kuma A cikin wannan makirci, haikalin da masu bautar sun sayi fale-falen hasken rana kuma suna sayar da wuce gona da iri ga Kamfanin Lantarki na Tokyo Sai haikalin ya ɗauki bambanci tsakanin farashin da Kamfanin Lantarki na Tokyo ya biya da farashin da ake biya na makamashin halitta a Jamus kuma yana sayar da Takaddun Takaddun Wutar Lantarki a matsayin mai tara kuɗi don haikalin. Kuma Ana ba masu siyan Takaddun Takaddun Wutar Lantarki 30 Edogawatt takardar shaida. “A halin yanzu ana amfani da waɗannan a tsakanin mutane… a matsayin takardar shaidar bashi ko wajibci a musayar jarirai, ɗaukar kaya, fassara da sauran ƙananan ayyuka. Sun ba da kwarin gwiwa don samar da al'ummar taimakon juna a cikin al'umma kuma muna so mu sanya su zama makami don zurfafa zumunci da amincewa." http://www.qoin.org/what-we-do/past-projects/kyoto4all/ Kyoto4All rahoto ne na 2006 da Peter van Luttervelt, David Beatty da Edgar Kampers suka rubuta na Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Holland (wanda ake kira VROM). Binciken ya bayyana jerin tsarin kuɗi don haɗa 'yan ƙasa-masu amfani da maƙasudin sauyin yanayi na lokacin bayan Kyoto.
The Maia Maia Emissions Reduction Currency System, wani tsari ne da aka kirkira a Yammacin Ostiraliya. Ana san kuɗin tsarin da “boya”, mai suna bayan kalmar Nyungar ta ƴan asalin ƙasar don alamun kasuwancin dutse da su ke amfani da su. Kowane boya yana dogara ne akan kilogiram 10 na carbon dioxide daidai da rigakafin dumamar yanayi wanda yayi daidai da 100 tonne CO2-e Kudin zamantakewa na carbon, wanda ya kai matsakaicin matsakaicin ƙima daga binciken da aka yi bitar takwarorinsu. Fitowar boyar ta farko ta faru ne a ranar 30 ga Janairu, shekarata 2011 a Fremantle, Western Australia a wani taron da Hukumar Kula da Permaculture ta Duniya da Gidauniyar Gaia ta Western Australia suka shirya. Sauran masu fitar da Boya sun hada da Jami'ar Vermont da a Ostiraliya, makarantun firamare, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da ƙungiyar unguwanni.
Cibiyar Sadarwar Liquidity, wani yunƙuri na Gidauniyar don Tattalin Arziki na Dorewa yana ba da shawara don gabatar da kuɗin rage fitar da hayaki na al'umma a cikin gundumar Kilkenny a Ireland. Kuma A halin yanzu shawara tana gaban majalisa don nazari.
Shirye-shiryen samun kuɗi Ƙimar rage fitar da hayaki da aka samu ana tallafawa ne ta ƙimar kuɗin kuɗin ƙirtun hayaki ko kuma an tabbatar da shi ƙarƙashin tsarin tsari ko wasu samfuran kuɗi da aka samu daga gare su. Ana iya canza waɗannan ƙididdiga zuwa kuɗin fiat ta hanyar canja wurin mallakar kadarorin da ke cikin ƙasa kamar siyar da ƙirƙira ƙirƙira zuwa kasuwa da kasuwanci.
Ven kuɗi ne mai kama- da-wane da cibiyar sadarwar zamantakewa ta Hub Culture ta fitar. An ƙayyade ƙimar Ven akan kasuwannin kuɗi daga kwandon kuɗi da kayayyaki. Sannan Za a iya rarraba Ven a matsayin kuɗin rage hayaki saboda an haɗa makomar carbon a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin kayayyaki da ake amfani da su don darajar kuɗin.
Carbon Manna wani tsari ne da aka tsara wanda zai yi amfani da kuɗin da aka samu daga ƙididdigar ƙididdigewa kafin siyar da shi daga ayyukan rage hayaki da aka haɗa don mayar da masu amfani kai tsaye ko kuma shigar da su cikin nasarar wayar hannu M-PESA da ake amfani da ita a ƙasashe masu tasowa don rage farashin hada-hadar kuɗi. da kuma shinge kan sauyin kudi.
Duba wasu abubuwan NORI alama
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
31324 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsalar%20Yanayi | Matsalar Yanayi | Matsalar yanayi, kalma ce da ke bayyana ɗumamar yanayi da sauyin yanayi, da tasirinsu ga muhalli.
An yi amfani da kalmar don bayyana barazanar ɗumamar yanayi ga duniya, da kuma yin kira da a daƙile sauyin yanayi mai tsanani. Misali, a cikin mujallar BioScience, labarin Janairu 2020, wanda masana kimiyya sama da 11,000 a duk duniya suka amince da shi, ya bayyana cewa "rikicin yanayi ya zo" kuma "ana bukatar karuwar ma'auni a kokarin da ake yi na kiyaye halittunmu don gujewa wahala da ba za a iya samu ba. ga rikicin yanayi."
Waɗanda suka yi imani da wannan kalmar tana haifar da tsananin barazanar da duniya ke fuskanta daga ci gaba da fitar da hayaƙi mai gurbata yanayi kuma za ta iya taimakawa wajen zaburar da irin yunƙurin siyasa da aka daɗe ba a ba da shawarar yanayi ba. Sun yi imanin cewa, kamar yadda "ɗumamar yanayi" ta haifar da haɗin kai da goyon baya ga aiki fiye da "canjin yanayi", calling climate change a crisis could have an even stronger impact. kiran canjin yanayi rikicin na iya yin tasiri mai ƙarfi. Wani bincike ya nuna cewa kalmar tana yin kira da amsa mai ƙarfi ta motsin rai wajen isar da ma'anar gaggawa, amma wasu taka tsantsan cewa wannan martanin na iya zama mara amfani, kuma yana iya haifar da sakamako na koma baya saboda hasashe na masu faɗakarwa. karin gishiri. and may cause a backlash effect due to perceptions of alarmist exaggeration.
Tushen kimiyya Yayin da aka daɗe ana amfani da harshe mai ƙarfi wajen bayar da shawarwari, siyasa da kafofin watsa labaru, har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 2010 al'ummar kimiyya a al'adance sun kasance cikin takurawa cikin harshensu. Koyaya, a cikin sanarwar Nuwamba 2019 da aka buga a cikin Janairu 2020 na mujallar kimiyyar BioScience ƙungiyar sama da masana kimiyya 11,000 sun yi iƙirarin cewa kwatanta ɗumamar yanayi a matsayin gaggawar yanayi ko rikicin yanayi ya dace. Masanan kimiyya sun bayyana cewa ana buƙatar "ƙaramar haɓakar sikelin a cikin ƙoƙarin" don adana biosphere, amma an lura da "alamun daɗaɗɗa masu ban tsoro" gami da ci gaba da haɓaka yawan dabbobi, samar da nama, asarar murfin itace, amfani da mai, jigilar iska, da CO 2 fitar da hayaƙi-a lokaci guda tare da haɓakar haɓakawa a cikin tasirin yanayi kamar hauhawar yanayin zafi, narkewar ƙanƙara ta duniya, da matsanancin yanayi. Hakanan a cikin Nuwamba 2019, wata kasida da aka buga a cikin Nature ta ƙaddamar da cewa shaida daga wuraren da ke nuna yanayin yanayi kaɗai ya nuna cewa "muna cikin yanayin gaggawa na duniya", yana bayyana gaggawa a matsayin samfur na haɗari da gaggawa, tare da abubuwan biyun da aka yanke hukuncin zama "m" Labarin Yanayi ya yi nuni da Rahotannin Musamman na IPCC na baya-bayan nan (2018, 2019) wanda ke ba da shawarar za a iya ƙetare maki kai tsaye na kowane mutum tare da kaɗan kamar 1-2. °C na matsakaicin ɗumamar yanayi (dumamar yanayi na yanzu shine ~1 °C), tare da ɗimbin ɓangarorin duniya na maki mai yiwuwa tare da ɗumamar ɗumama.
Ma'anoni A cikin yanayin sauyin yanayi, Pierre Mukheibir, Farfesa na Water Futures a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Sydney, ya bayyana cewa kalmar rikici "mahimmanci ne ko yanke shawara ko yanayi da zai iya haifar da wani batu wanda ya shafi "al'amuran da ba a taba gani ba. Ma'anar ƙamus ta ce "rikici" a cikin wannan mahallin yana nufin "lokacin juyi ko yanayin rashin kwanciyar hankali ko haɗari," kuma yana nuna cewa "yana buƙatar ɗaukar mataki a yanzu in ba haka ba sakamakon zai zama bala'i." Wata ma’anar kuma ta bambanta kalmar daga ɗumamar yanayi da sauyin yanayi sannan kuma ta bayyana rikicin yanayi a matsayin “abubuwa iri-iri da sauyin yanayi mara kyau ke haifarwa ko barazana ga wannan duniyar tamu, musamman ma inda wadannan illolin ke da tasiri kai tsaye ga bil’adama”.
Amfani da kalmar
Na tarihi Tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka Al Gore ya yi amfani da kalmomin rikice-rikice tun a shekarun 1980, tare da haɗin gwiwar Rikicin Yanayi (wanda aka kafa a 2004). Wani rahoto na 1990 daga Jami'ar Amirka na Nazarin Dokokin Duniya ya haɗa da zaɓaɓɓun kayan da suka yi amfani da kalmar "rikici". Ƙunshe a cikin wannan rahoton, "Ƙa'idar Alkahira: Game da Haɗin Kai a Duniya game da Rikicin Yanayi" (Disamba 21, 1989) ya bayyana cewa "Dukkan al'ummomi... za su ba da haɗin kai a kan sikelin da ba a taɓa gani ba. Dole ne su yi alkawura masu wahala ba tare da bata lokaci ba don magance wannan rikicin."
Kwanan nan A ƙarshen 2010s, kalmar ta fito "a matsayin muhimmin yanki na ƙamus na shaho na yanayi", wanda Green New Deal, The Guardian, Greta Thunberg, da ƴan takarar siyasar Demokraɗiyya na Amurka kamar Kamala Harris suka karbe shi. A lokaci guda kuma, ya shigo cikin amfani da ya fi shahara "bayan faɗuwar gargaɗin kimiyya da farfaɗo da kuzari a cikin duniyar shawarwari". A ƙarshen 2018, Majalisar Wakilan Amurka ta kafa Kwamitin Zaɓuɓɓuka na Majalisar kan Rikicin Yanayi, kalmar da ɗan jarida ya rubuta a cikin The Atlantic shine "tunatar da yadda siyasar makamashi ta canza a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata". Kwamitin sauyin yanayi na asali (wanda aka kafa a cikin 2007) an kira shi Kwamitin Zaɓar Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Makamashi da ɗumamar Duniya, kuma an soke shi lokacin da 'yan Republican suka sake samun ikon majalisar a 2011. Jama'a Citizen ya ba da rahoton cewa a cikin 2018, ƙasa da kashi 10% na labarai a cikin manyan jaridun Amurka 50 sun yi amfani da kalmomin "rikici" ko "gaggawa". A cikin 2019, wani kamfen na "Kira shi Rikicin Yanayi" yana kira ga manyan kungiyoyin watsa labarai da su yi amfani da kalmar, ya bayyana cewa a cikin 2018, kawai 3.5% na sassan labaran talabijin na ƙasa suna magana game da canjin yanayi a matsayin rikici ko gaggawa, (50 na 1400), kodayake Jama'a Jama'a sun ba da rahoton sau uku adadin ambaton, 150, a cikin watanni huɗu na farkon 2019. Shekarar 2019 ta zama wani wuri mai canzawa ga ilimin harsunan yanayi, wanda ke da alaƙa da ƙarin mahimmancin harshe da adireshin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya yi amfani da shi a taron Aiki na Yanayi; roƙon ƙungiyoyin labarai don canza harshensu ta hanyar Al Gore's Climate Reality project, Greenpeace and the Sunrise Movement; zanga-zangar a wajen ginin The New York Times don tilasta sauyin; da kuma canjin Mayu 2019 a cikin jagorar salon The Guardian Biyo bayan amfani da "rikicin yanayi" na Satumba 2018 da Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya António Guterres ya yi, a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 2019 The Guardian a hukumance ta sabunta jagorar sa don nuna fifikon "gaggawa na yanayi, rikici ko rugujewa" da "dumi na duniya". Babbar Edita Katharine Viner ta bayyana cewa, "Muna so mu tabbatar da cewa muna yin daidai a kimiyance, yayin da muke tattaunawa da masu karatu a fili kan wannan muhimmin batu. Kalmar nan 'canjin yanayi', alal misali, tana jin daɗin jin daɗi da laushi lokacin da abin da masana kimiyya ke magana akai shine bala'i ga ɗan adam." The Guardian ya zama babban abokin tarayya a cikin Rufe Yanayi Yanzu, wani yunƙuri na ƙungiyoyin labarai da aka kafa a cikin 2019 ta Columbia Journalism Review da The Nation don magance buƙatar ɗaukar yanayi mai ƙarfi. A watan Yunin 2019, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Spain EFE ya ba da sanarwar kalmar da ta fi so rikicin climática (rikicin yanayi), tare da ƴar jaridar Grist Kate Yoder tana mai cewa "waɗannan sharuɗɗan sun tashi a ko'ina", yana mai cewa "rikicin yanayi" yana "damuwa da ɗan lokaci". A cikin Nuwamba 2019, Hindustan Times ita ma ta karɓi kalmar saboda "canjin yanayi" "ba ya nuna daidai girman barazanar wanzuwar". Hakazalika, Warsaw, jaridar Poland Gazeta Wyborcza ta yi amfani da kalmar "rikicin yanayi" maimakon "sauyin yanayi", babban edita na sashin Gazeta na zielono (jarida a cikin kore) wanda ke bayyana sauyin yanayi a matsayin daya daga cikin muhimman batutuwa. takarda ta taba rufe. Akasin haka, a watan Yuni, 2019 Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Kanada ya sabunta jagorar yare don karanta "Rikicin yanayi da gaggawar yanayi ba su da kyau a wasu lokuta kamar ma'anar 'canjin yanayi'. Amma ba koyaushe ba ne mafi kyawun zaɓi. Misali, 'rikicin yanayi' na iya haifar da ɓangarorin bayar da shawarwari a wasu batutuwan siyasa." Sabuntawar ya sa farfesa na aikin jarida Sean Holman ya ce "ƴan jarida suna da nasaba da dabi'u biyu masu gasa a yanzu" don faɗi gaskiya da nuna rashin son zuciya amma ta hanyar faɗin gaskiya 'yan jarida suna nuna son kai ga "yawan al'umma. (cewa) kada ku yi imani da gaskiya". A watan Yunin 2019, an kama masu fafutukar sauyin yanayi 70 da suka yi zanga-zanga a wajen ofishin jaridar New York Times, suna kira ga jaridar da ta yi amfani da jumlar "rikicin yanayi" ko "rikicin yanayi", zanga-zangar ta kasance wani bangare na matsin lamba na jama'a wanda ya tilasta Majalisar City sanya New York birni mafi girma don ɗaukar sanarwar gaggawar yanayi a hukumance. A cikin Mayu 2019, aikin yanayi na Al Gore mai suna Climate Reality Project (2011-) ya gabatar da buɗaɗɗiyar koke ga kungiyoyin labarai da su yi amfani da "rikicin yanayi" a maimakon "canjin yanayi" ko "dumar yanayi", yana mai cewa "lokaci ya yi da za a watsar da sharuɗɗan biyu. a al'ada". Hakanan, Saliyo Club, Sunrise Movement, Greenpeace, da sauran ƙungiyoyin muhalli da ci gaba sun shiga cikin wata wasiƙar Jama'a ta 6 ga Yuni, 2019 ga ƙungiyoyin labarai, suna kira gare su da su kira canjin yanayi da rashin aikin ɗan adam "abin da yake-a rikicin–da kuma rufe shi kamar daya”. A cikin Nuwamba 2019, ƙamus na Oxford sun haɗa da "rikicin yanayi" a cikin gajeren jerin sunayensa don kalmar shekarar 2019, ƙirar da aka tsara don gane kalmomin da "suna nuna ɗabi'a, yanayi, ko abubuwan da ke cikin shekara mai wucewa" kuma hakan ya kamata ya sami "ɗorewa". yuwuwar a matsayin ma'anar mahimmancin al'adu". A cikin 2021, jaridar Finnish Helsingin Sanomat ta ƙirƙiri nau'ika guda takwas waɗanda ke da alaƙa da raguwar ƙanƙaramar tekun Arctic, suna ganin yadda ƙanƙara ke narkewa cikin shekaru da yawa. Daraktan fasaha na jaridar ya nuna cewa rubutun duka yana haifar da kyawun yanayin muhalli kuma ya zama hoto mai gani na bayanai A cikin sabuntawar 2021 zuwa Gargaɗi na Masana Kimiyya na Duniya ga Bil'adama, masana kimiyya sun ba da rahoton cewa shaidar kusa ko ketare wuraren abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci na tsarin Duniya suna taruwa, cewa hukunce-hukuncen 1990 sun amince da dokar ta-baci ta yanayi, wanda akai-akai. kuma ana buƙatar samun sabuntawa game da rikicin yanayi ko gaggawar yanayi, cewa COVID-19 murmurewa kore bai isa ba kuma ana buƙatar tsarin tushen tushen canje-canje sama da siyasa.
Madadin kalmomi Bincike ya nuna cewa abin da ake kira al'amari, ko kuma yadda aka tsara shi, "yana da matuƙar tasiri a kan yadda masu sauraro suka gane cewa al'amarin" da kuma "na iya yin tasiri mai zurfi a kan abin da masu sauraro ke yi". A wasu lokuta ana bayyana tasirin sauyin yanayi cikin sharuɗɗan kama da rikicin yanayi, kamar:
"Masifu na yanayi" (an yi amfani da shi dangane da shirin David Attenborough na 2019 da lokacin gobarar daji ta Australiya ta 2019-20 barazanar da ke shafar duniya" Asusun namun daji na Duniya, 2012—) "Rushewar yanayi" Masanin kimiyyar yanayi Peter Kalmus, 2018) "hargitsi na yanayi" Taken labarin New York Times, 2019; ƴan takarar Democrat na Amurka, 2019; da ƙungiyar tallan Ad Age, 2019) "Lalacewar yanayi" ('Yan takarar Democrat na Amurka, 2019) "dumi na duniya" Richard A. Betts, Met Office UK, 2018) "Gaggawar yanayi" wasiƙar gargaɗin masana kimiyya 11,000 a cikin BioScience, kuma a cikin The Guardian, duka 2019),
"Rushewar muhalli", "rikicin muhalli" da "gaggawa na muhalli" (duk abin da mai fafutukar yanayi Greta Thunberg ya gabatar, 2019) "narkewar duniya", "Ƙasa mai Ciki", "Babban Rugujewa", da "Tsarin Duniya" (ƙungiyar tallan Ad Age, 2019) bala'i na yanayi "da" yanayin yanayi The Guardian, 2019) Baya ga "rikicin yanayi", an bincika wasu sharuɗɗan daban-daban don tasirinsu ga masu sauraro, gami da "ɗumamar yanayi", "canjin yanayi", da "lalata yanayi", da kuma "lalacewar muhalli", "yanayin yanayi". rashin zaman lafiya", da kuma "rushewar muhalli".
Tasiri A watan Satumba na 2019, ɗan jaridar Bloomberg Emma Vickers ya gabatar da cewa kalmomin rikice-rikice ko da yake batun ɗaya ne, a zahiri, na ilimin tauhidi na iya zama "na nuna sakamako", yana ambaton kuri'ar 2019 ta Washington Post da Gidauniyar Iyalin Kaiser suna cewa 38% na Amurka manya sun kira sauyin yanayi "rikici" yayin da adadinsu ya kira shi "babban matsala amma ba rikici ba". Shekaru biyar da suka gabata, manya na Amurka suna la'akari da shi rikicin ya kai kashi 23%. Akasin haka, amfani da kalmomin rikice-rikice a cikin sanarwar gaggawar yanayi da ba ta dauri ba ta yi tasiri ba (har zuwa Satumba 2019) wajen sanya gwamnatoci su “sauya cikin aiki”.
Damuwa game da kalmomin rikici Wasu masu sharhi sun rubuta cewa "tsarin gaggawa" na iya samun illoli da yawa. Musamman, irin wannan tsararru na iya ba da fifiko ga sauyin yanayi a fakaice fiye da wasu muhimman batutuwan zamantakewa, ta yadda za su karfafa gasa tsakanin masu fafutuka maimakon hadin kai da kawar da rashin amincewa a cikin yunkurin sauyin yanayi da kansa. Yana iya ba da shawarar buƙatar mafita ta gwamnati, wanda ke ba da ɗorewa na dogon lokaci fiye da yadda jama'a ke yi, wanda kuma za a iya ɗauka a matsayin "wanda aka ɗora kan al'ummar da ba su so". A ƙarshe, yana iya zama mara amfani ta hanyar haifar da kafirci (rashin sakamako mai ban mamaki nan da nan), rashin ƙarfi (a fuskar matsalar da ke da kama da ƙarfi), da janyewa-maimakon samar da ayyuka masu amfani na dogon lokaci. Tare da irin wannan layi, mai binciken sadarwa game da yanayin Australiya David Holmes ya yi tsokaci game da al'amarin "rashin gajiyawa", wanda gaggawar mayar da martani ga barazanar ke yin hasarar roƙon sa na tsawon lokaci. Holmes ya ce akwai "iyakantaccen kasafin kuɗin ma'ana" don irin wannan harshe, yana mai gargadin cewa zai iya rasa masu sauraro idan lokaci ya wuce ba tare da manufofi masu ma'ana da ke magance matsalar ba. Wasu sun rubuta cewa, ko "koko don tsoro ya haifar da haɗin gwiwa mai ɗorewa kuma mai ma'ana" a fili lamari ne mai rikitarwa amma cewa amsar ita ce "yawanci ba", tare da masana ilimin halayyar dan adam suna lura da martanin mutane game da haɗari (yaki, tashi, ko daskare) na iya zama rashin lafiya. Yarda da cewa tsoro shi ne "cinyayyen motsawar magana", Sander Van Der Linden, Forvors "Ƙungiyar Kulawar Zango'i, kuma ba ta da cikakkiyar wahala saboda "mutane sun san cewa za a iya guje wa rikice-rikice kuma za a iya magance su". Masanin kimiyyar yanayi Katharine Hayhoe ya yi gargaɗin a farkon 2019 cewa warware rikicin "yana da tasiri kawai ga waɗanda suka damu da sauyin yanayi, amma rashin gamsuwa game da mafita". Ta ƙara da cewa "har yanzu bai yi tasiri ba" ga waɗanda suke ganin masu fafutukar yanayi "su kasance masu tayar da hankali kaji kananan yara", tana mai cewa "zai ƙara ƙarfafa tunaninsu da suka rigaya da kuma kuskure". A watan Yuni 2019, Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Kanada ya sabunta jagorar yare don karanta cewa kalmar rikicin yanayi "na iya ɗaukar ɓangarorin bayar da shawarwari a cikin wasu bayanan siyasa". Ƴan jarida biyu na Jamus sun yi gargadin cewa "rikicin" na iya fahimtar kuskuren da ke nuna cewa sauyin yanayi ya kasance "rikici ne" rikice-rikice "ko dai an warware su ko kuma sun wuce" ko kuma a matsayin kasa ta wucin gadi kafin komawa ga al'ada wanda a gaskiya ba haka ba ne. mai yiwuwa.
Nazarin ilimin halin ɗan adam da neuroscientific Wani bincike na 2013 (N=224, galibin ɗaliban jami'a) ya binciki martanin mahalarta bayan sun karanta rubuce-rubucen da aka kwaikwayi daban-daban. Binciken ya kammala da cewa rikicin yanayi ya fi haifar da koma baya na rashin imani da kuma rage hasashe na damuwa, mai yiwuwa saboda hasashe na wuce gona da iri", kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa a maimakon haka ya kamata a kasance da sauran sharuddan ("rikitar yanayi" da "dumamar yanayi"). ana amfani da shi, musamman lokacin sadarwa tare da masu sauraro masu shakka. Wani farkon binciken kimiyya na 2019 (N 120, an raba daidai tsakanin ƴan Republican, 'yan Democrat da masu zaman kansu) ta wata hukumar ba da shawara ta talla ta ƙunshi ma'aunin electroencephalography (EEG) da ma'aunin fata na galvanic (GSR). Binciken, auna martani ga sharuɗɗan "rikicin yanayi", "lalacewar muhalli", "rushewar muhalli", "raguwar yanayi", "dumamar yanayi" da "sauyin yanayi", ya gano cewa ƴan jam'iyyar Democrat suna da 60% mafi girma na martani ga rikicin yanayi" fiye da "canjin yanayi", tare da amsa daidai tsakanin 'yan Republican ninki uku. "Rikicin yanayi" an ce ya "yi aiki mai kyau dangane da martani a cikin bangar siyasa kuma ya haifar da mafi girman martani a cikin masu zaman kansu". Binciken ya kammala da cewa kalmar "rikicin yanayi" ya haifar da martani mai karfi fiye da "tsaka-tsaki" da "garewa" kalmomi kamar "dumamar yanayi" da "canjin yanayi", don haka yana ƙarfafa ma'anar gaggawa ko da yake ba mai karfi ba ne kamar yadda ya kamata. haifar da rashin fahimta wanda zai sa mutane su haifar da jayayya. Duk da haka, babban jami'in kamfanin da ke gudanar da binciken ya lura gabaɗaya cewa ƙarfin visceral na iya komawa baya, yana ƙayyadad da cewa wani lokaci tare da amsa mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, "lalacewar muhalli", "watakila ana ganinsa a matsayin mai faɗakarwa, watakila ma yana nuna zargi, wanda zai iya haifar da jayayya. da turawa."
Magana (advertising perspective by a "professional namer")
(Nature joining Covering Climate Now.)
Vol. 58 (3).
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Covering Climate Now (CCNow), haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin labarai "don samar da ƙarin cikakkun bayanai da kuma labarun yanayi na gaggawa" Take "Rikicin yanayi", ƙamus.com Archive Muhalli
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
39239 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harin%20cocin%20Owo | Harin cocin Owo | A ranar 5 ga watan Yunin 2022, wani harin bam da aka kai a cocin Katolika da ke garin Owo a jihar Ondo a Najeriya. Akalla mutane 40 ne aka kashe,bayan faruwar harin anyi ƙiyasin kusan sun kai 80 waɗanda suka rasa rayukansu. Wasu daga cikin gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya na zargin ƙungiyar IS da ke yammacin Afirka da aikata kisan kiyashi.
Bayan fage
Jihar Ondo jiha ce mai zaman lafiya a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Yawancin sassann ƙasar nan suna fama da rikice-rikice marasa ƙarfi, ciki har da tada kayar bayan Boko Haramm mafi yawa a arewa maso gabas, da kuma rikici da 'yan fashi a arewa maso yamma, dukansu sun cigaba fiye da shekaru goma. A shekarar 2021 ne aka fara wani tashin hankali na daban a yankin kudu maso gabas ƙarƙashinn jagorancin masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra. An samu ƙaruwar tashe-tashen hankula aa tsakanin manoma da makiyaya a Ondo kafin kisan kiyashin, kuma a kwanakin baya gwamnatin jihar ta sanya dokar hana kiwo.
Harin
An kai harin ne a cocinn St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church da ke karamar hukumar Owo kuma an fara kai harin ne da misalinn karfe 11:30 na safe (GMT+1) a daidai lokacin da masu ibada a cikin cocin ke halartar Masallatai da bukukuwan Fentikos. Wasu gungunn ‘yan bindiga ne suka shiga cocin a cikin kamannin ’yan taro, ɗauke da jakunkuna daa ke ɗauke da bindigogi. Wasu gungun ƴan bindigar sun tsayaa a wajen cocin. An tayar da wasu bama-bamai a wajen cocin inda ƙungiyoyin biyu suka fara harbe-harbe kann masu ibada. Waɗanda ke wajen cocin suna ta harbi kai tsaye a cikin cocin yayin da saurann gungun yan bindigar na cikin cocin suma sukai ta harbi daga ciki, inda suka harbe wani yaro da ke sayar da alewa a kofar shiga da masu ibadar da ke ƙoƙarin isa kofofi biyu na cocin dake buɗe. An kulle babbar hanyar shiga kuma 'yan bindigar da ke ciki suna harbin duk wanda ya motsa. Hotunan bidiyo naa cikin cocin sun nuna gawarwakin wadanda abin ya shafa kwance cikin jini male-male a ƙasa. Bayan harin 'yan bindigar sun gudu cikin motaa kirar Nissan Sunny da suka sata.
Wani limamin cocin da ya tsallakee rijiya da baya ya ce an kai harin ne a lokacin da cocin ke shirin rufe hidimar. Har na nemi mutane su fara tafiya, a haka ne muka fara jin karar harbe-harbe ta ɓangarori daban-daban. Mun ɓoye a cikin cocin amma wasu mutane sun fita lokacin da harin ya faru. Mun kulle kanmu a cikin coci na minti 20. Da muka ji sun tafi, sai muka buɗe coci muka garzaya da waɗanda abin ya shafa asibiti.” Fr Andrew Adeniyi Abayomi ya ce ya yi ƙoƙarin karee Ikklesiya, na ci gaba da kasancewa cikin sashe na ibada. Na kasa tserewa kamar yadda yara ke kewaye da ni, wasu manya kuma suka manne da ni, wasu ma a ciki na. Na yi musu garkuwa kamar yadda kaza ke kare kajin ta. “Wani limamin cocin da ya bar ginin na ɗan lokaci kafin harin ya ce yana komawa cocin ne wasu da suka tsere a waje suka tare shi suka shaida abinda ke faruwa.
Wani ganau ya ce ya ga ‘yan bindiga biyar da suka kai harin. An kashe ‘yan sanda biyu.
Abubuwan da suka faru
Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Kasa (Nigeria) NEMA ta ce a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni a kalla gawarwakin mutane 22 daga harin na cikin ɗakin ajiye gawa na asibitin yankin, ciki har da yara biyu kuma akalla 58 sun samu raunuka. Yawancin gawarwakin da aka ɗauke a cocin ‘yan uwansu ne suka kai su domin a binne, lamarin da ke nuna adadin waɗanda suka mutu ya ƙaru. A ranar 9 ga Yuni gwamnati ta sake duba adadin waɗanda suka mutu zuwa akallaa 40, tana mai cewa waɗanda suka tsira da rayukansu 61 har yanzu suna asibiti. Wani wanda aka jikkata ya mutu sakamakon raunin da ya samu daga baya. An tabbatar da kashe akalla yara biyar. Shaidu da hukumomin yada labarai sun bayyana adadin mutanen da aka kashe sama da 50. Wani ɗan siyasar yankin Adelegbe Timileyin ya ce an samu asarar rayuka sama da 50 da suka haɗa da kananan yara, yayin da wasu majiyoyi suka kiyasta adadin waɗanda suka mutu ya fi yawa. Wani likita ya ce an gano akalla gawarwaki 50. Timileyin ya kuma ce an yi garkuwa da limamin cocin, abin da ƙungiyar Roman Katolika ta Ondo ta musanta. Mai martaba Diocese ya fayyace cewa limamin cocin da sauran limaman cocin suna cikin koshin lafiya. Shugaban masu rinjaye na majalisar dokokin jihar Ondo Oluwole Ogunmolasuyi ya ziyarci wurin da aka kai harin inda ya kirga a kalla mutane 20, inda ya yi kiyasin adadin waɗanda suka mutu sun kai 70 zuwa 100. Likitoci sunn shaidawa manema labarai cewa harin ya janyo hasarar rayuka da dama kuma asibitocin yankin sun cika makil da waɗanda abin ya shafa. kafar yaɗa labarai ta ABC News ta ambato wata majiya da ba a bayyana sunanta ba wacce ta ruwaito cewa akwai gawarwakin mutane 82 da aka ajiye a ɗakin ajiyar gawa a cikin gida yayin da wata majiya ta yi karin bayani kan ƙididdigar leken asirin Amurka na baya-bayan nan da aka yi kiyasin mutuwar sama da 80.
Bayan haka
Gwamnan jihar Ondo, Rotimi Akeredolu, ya soke tafiyarsa a Abuja inda ya ziyarci inda aka kai harin; ya bayyana harin da "mummunan abu", da kuma "baƙar Lahadi a Owo". Akeredolu ya sha alwashin "ba da duk abinda ake buƙata don farautar waɗannan maharan". Shugaban Najeriya Muhammadu Buhari ya yi Allah-wadai da kisan kiyashin da aka yi yana mai cewa "mummunan hari ne kan masu ibada". Paparoma Francis ya yi addu'a ga waɗanda abin ya shafa da "suka ji raɗaɗi a lokacin bikin". Ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra mai fafutukar ganin an dawo da 'yan awaren ƙabilar Igbo na ƙasar Biafra, ta kira harin a matsayin matakin da ba za a amince da shi ba, kuma harin ta'addanci ne na Musulunci, inda ta ce ya kamata kiristoci su daina dogaro da gwamnatin Najeriya wajen tabbatar da tsaron rayuwa. da kaddarorin su. Mulkin da ake da shi a yanzu yana da maslaha guda ɗaya kawai, ita ce maslahar Fulani.” Kungiyar IPOB ta ce ya kamata ƙungiyoyin ‘yan awaren Biafra su kare majami’u a Kudancin Najeriya.
Kisan gillar ya sa matukar kaɗuwa daga zukatan al'ummar Najeriya. An soki martanin da shugaba Buhari da jam'iyyar sa ta All Progressives Congress suka mayar da cewa bai isa ba, kuma Buhari ya haifar da cece-kuce bayan da aka kama shi yana karbar bakuncin wasu 'yan jam'iyyar APC sa'o'i bayan harin. Hukumar ta Amotekun ta sanar da tura dakarun ta domin kare majami'u da masallatai a jihar a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni. Dattawan yankin da suka haɗa da Sarkin Owo Ajibade Gbadegesin Ogunoye III, sun yi yunƙurin kwantar da hankulan mazauna yankin bayan kisan kiyashin da aka yi domin hana kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya.
Harin dai ya ɗauki hankula a duk fadin duniya, inda ƙungiyar agajin Katolika ta Aid to the Church in Need ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da cewa: ACN ta yi Allah wadai da wannan tashin hankalin, da wani harin ta'addanci da aka kai a Najeriya, daya daga cikin jerin laifuffukan da suka shafi Kiristoci. Kasar gaba daya ta yi fama da tashe-tashen hankula, ‘yan fashi da garkuwa da mutane, waɗanda duk da cewa sun shafi dukkanin ƙabilu da addinai na kasar, sun kai ga jerin manyan hare-hare kan al’ummar Kirista a cikin ‘yan shekarun da suka gabata ACN tana kira ga ɗaukacin shugabannin siyasa da na addini a duniya da su yi kakkausan lafazi da yin Allah wadai da wannan ta’addancin da aka kai a cocin St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church, Owo, Jihar Ondo, a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, a lokacin bukukuwan ranar Lahadi na Fentikos.”
Hukumomin Najeriya ne suka shirya jana’izar waɗanda aka kashe a ranar 17 ga watan Yuni. Yayin da ake gudanar da jana’izar, Akeredolu ya yi alkawarin inganta harkokin tsaro a jihar, ya kuma yarda cewa shi ne ya ɗauki nauyin gazawa wajen samar da tsaro. Bishop Jude Arogundade na cocin Roman Katolika na Ondo ya soki gwamnatin Buhari da alkawurran banza game da tabbatar da tsaro da kuma hana ta'addanci, yana gaya wa masu halartar jana'izar cewa suna buƙatar "kwato kasar nan daga masu lalata ta." Bishop Emmanuel Badejo, wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin limaman cocin da suka gudanar da jana’izar, ya bukaci gwamnati da ta “tashi, ta tashi tsaye, ta ɗauki matakin tabbatar da kare rayuka da dukiyoyi jama'a a faɗin Najeriya”.
Alhakin kai harin
Har yanzu dai babu wata kungiya da ta ɗauki alhakin kai harin, yayin da da yawa daga cikin 'yan ƙabilar Owo daga kabilar Yarbawa ke zargin 'yan kungiyar makiyayan Hausawa da Fulani da hada baki. Ƴan sanda sun gano wasu bama-bamai guda uku da ba su tashi ba a wurin da lamarin ya faru, da kuma harsasan bindiga ƙirar AK-47 da dama.
Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta ce ƙungiyar 'yan ta'adda ta IS-West Africa Province (ISWAP) ce ta kai harin na ranar 9 ga watan Yuni. Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Rauf Aregbesola, ya ce ‘yan sanda suna bin waɗanda suka aikata laifin. Akeredolu ya ce zargin da gwamnati ke yi ya yi gaggawar wuce gona da iri tunda ISWAP na ɗaukar alhakin kai hare-haren ta.
Rundunar Amotekun a ranar 23 ga watan Yuni ta sanar da cewa ta kama wasu daga cikin waɗanda ake zargin tare da kama wasu makamai da motoci na shaida. A watan Agustan shekarar 2022, rundunar sojin Najeriya ta sanar da kama wasu mutane su shida da ake zargi, sannan ta ƙara da cewa ɗaya daga cikinsu shi ne shugaban ƙungiyar ISWAP da ke shirin kai wasu hare-hare. Akeredolu ya kuma sanar da kama mutumin da ake zargi da samar da gidaje ga waɗanda ake zargin kafin a kai harin.
Duba kuma
Jerin kisan kiyashi a Najeriya
Rikicin addini a Najeriya
Rikicin Boko Haram
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 2022 Kashe-kashe a Najeriya
Hari bam
Tarihin Jihar |
35217 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural%20Municipality%20of%20Manitou%20Lake%20No.%20442 | Rural Municipality of Manitou Lake No. 442 | Karamar Hukumar Manitou Lake No. 442 yawan jama'a a shekara ta 2016 573 birni ne na karkara (RM) a cikin lardin Kanada na Saskatchewan a cikin Sashin ƙidayar jama'a na 13 da Sashen mai lamba 6 Tarihi RM na Lake Manitou No. 442 an haɗa shi azaman gundumar karkara a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 1910. Ya ɗauki sunansa daga tafkin Manitou, wanda shine Algonquian don "halitta mai ban mamaki".
A cikin 1905, mazaunan farko sun fito daga yankunan Kanada, Tsibirin Biritaniya, da Amurka An san yankin da gundumar Manitou Lake. A cikin 1907-1908 an kafa gidan waya a gidan Mista Alex Wright, kusan mil daya daga arewa maso gabas na garin Marsden na yanzu. Ofishin gidan waya ya yi hidima ga yankunan karkarar da ke kewaye. Wrights sun sanya wa gidan waya suna 'Marsden'. Wani labari ya ba da labarin sunan kamar yadda ya samo asali daga wurin haifuwar Mrs. Wright in Yorkshire, Ingila Wani rahoton kuma an sanya masa suna bayan sanannen Dutsen Marsden da ke kusa da Newcastle, Ingila. Yankin da ke kusa ya zama sananne da gundumar Marsden Rural Post Office District. Tsakanin 1919 zuwa 1922, an mayar da gidan waya mil daya kudu zuwa ofishin RM na Manitou Lake No. 442.
A shekara ta 1905, an lulluɓe ƙasar da dogayen ciyawa da ake magana da ita a matsayin 'wul na ulu'. Akwai 'yan bishiyu ko bluffs. Ƙasar baƙar fata mai albarka ta jawo hankalin mazaunan farko zuwa yankin kuma ba da daɗewa ba gonaki suka bunkasa tare da gidajen sod da katako. Manoman sun juya sod ɗin tare da ƙungiyoyin doki da na sa, wani lokaci suna amfani da garma mai yawo (suky) don shirya ƙasa don shuka hatsi. An yanyanka hatsi da abin ɗaure, a murɗe, ana sussuka. Manoma suna jigilar hatsi ta wagon ko sleigh-doki zuwa Zumbro da Artland A cikin watannin hunturu, ana jigilar hatsi a kan kankara na tafkin Manitou. Mazaunan farko sun sayi kayan abinci da kayayyaki a Lashburn, Artland, ko Chauvin, Alberta Shahararriyar hanyar siyayya ta lokacin ita ce kasida ta Eaton.
Yaran mazauni sun fara zuwa makaranta a Learig, kuma a cikin 1925 an gina ɗakin makaranta mai ɗaki huɗu a cikin ƙauyen Marsden Geography
Al'ummomi da yankuna Gundumomin birni masu zuwa suna kewaye da RM.
Kauyuka
Marsden
Al'ummomin da ba a haɗa su ba suna cikin RM.
Yankuna
Artland
Cire nasara
Tafkuna da koguna Mai zuwa shine jerin fitattun tafkuna da koguna a cikin RM:
Lake Manitou
Wells Lake
Tafkunan Reflex
Kogin Yaƙi
Eyehill Creek
Alkaluma A cikin ƙidayar yawan jama'a ta 2021 da Statistics Kanada ta gudanar, RM na tafkin Manitou Lamba 442 yana da yawan jama'a 505 da ke zaune a cikin 199 daga cikin jimlar 250 na gidajen zaman kansu, canjin yanayi. -11.9% daga yawan jama'arta na 2016 na 573 Tare da yanki na tana da yawan yawan jama'a 0.6/km a cikin 2021. A cikin ƙidayar yawan jama'a na 2016, RM na tafkin Manitou No. 442 ya ƙididdige yawan jama'a 573 da ke zaune a cikin 209 daga cikin 236 na gidaje masu zaman kansu, a 4.8% ya canza daga yawan 2011 na 547 Tare da filin ƙasa na tana da yawan yawan jama'a 0.7/km a cikin 2016.
Tattalin Arziki Noma, shanu, da mai sune masana'antu na farko ga yawan mazauna 590 na RM na tafkin Manitou. Alkama, canola, sha'ir, hatsi, Peas, da flax sune amfanin gona na yau da kullun a yankin. Yankin ya shahara saboda kyawawan shanun da suka sami kyautar da suka haɗa da Hereford, Charolais, Simmental, da Angus Ana iya lura da bambancin aikin noma tare da samar da dabbobi na musamman kamar su alkama da bison Masana'antar mai na taka rawa sosai a tattalin arzikin cikin gida. Rijiyoyin mai da batura a karkara sun tabbatar da hakar danyen mai mai yawa a yankin.
Sufuri Mai zuwa shine jerin manyan hanyoyin Saskatchewan a cikin RM:
Hanyar Saskatchewan 40
Hanyar Saskatchewan 675
Hanyar Saskatchewan 680
Big Manitou Regional Park Big Manitou Regional Park wani wurin shakatawa ne na yanki da ke arewa maso yamma na tafkin Manitou, kusa da inda rafin da ke malala tafkin Wells ya kwarara zuwa tafkin Manitou. An kafa wannan wurin shakatawa ne a cikin 1975 a matsayin wani yanki na Yankin Yankin Suffern Lake A cikin 2019, an ba shi cikakken matsayin wurin shakatawa kuma an ba shi suna Big Manitou Regional Park a hukumance. Yana da nisan kudu da gabas da Marsden Wuraren shakatawa sun haɗa da filin sansani tare da wuraren zama na 32, shawa, gidan dafa abinci, filayen wasa, ramukan dawakai, lu'u-lu'u na ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa, da filin ƙwallon ƙafa Manitou Lake Golf Club kuma yana cikin wurin shakatawa. Hanya ce mai ramuka 9, koren yashi.
Manitou Sand Hills Manitou Sand Hills kadada 105,000 ne na filin kiwo na Crown da gwamnatin Saskatchewan ta kebe wanda ke kewaye da yawancin rabin kudancin tafkin Manitou a kudancin yankin RM. Akwai tafiye-tafiye na zango da shiryarwa ta hanyar Manitou Sand Hills, waɗanda ke ɗaya daga cikin fitattun wurare na Yammacin Kanada Gwamnati RM na tafkin Manitou mai lamba 442 ana gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar zaɓaɓɓun majalissar ƙaramar hukuma da naɗaɗɗen gudanarwa wanda ke ganawa a ranar Alhamis ta farko bayan Talata ta farko na kowane wata. Reve na RM shine Ian Lamb yayin da mai kula da shi shine Joanne Loy. Ofishin RM yana cikin Marsden.
Duba kuma Jerin kananan hukumomin karkara a cikin Saskatchewan
Jerin al'ummomi a cikin Saskatchewan
Jerin wuraren kariya na Saskatchewan
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
39464 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabi%27a%20ta%20Basra | Rabi'a ta Basra | Rābi'a al-Adawiyya al-Qaysiyya (714/717/718 801 CE) balarabiya musulmi waliyya cekuma a sufanci Ana san ta a wasu sassan duniya da sunan Hazrat Rabi'a Basri, Rabi'a Al Basri ko kuma kawai Rabi'a Basri.
Tarihin Rayuwa An ce an haifi a a tsakanin shekara ta 714 zuwa 718 Miladiyya (95 da 98 Hijiriyya a garin Basra Iraki, ta kabilar Qays Farid ud-Din Attar, waliyi Sufi kuma mawaƙi na daga baya, ya ba da labarin yawancin rayuwarta.
Ita ce 'ta huɗu a dangin ta kuma ana kiranta Rābi'a, ma'ana "na huɗu".
A cewar Fariduddin Attar, wanda lissafinsa ya fi tatsuniyoyi fiye da labarin wata Rābi’a mai tarihi: lokacin da aka haifi Rābi’a, iyayenta sun kasance matalauta, har babu mai a gidan da za a kunna fitila, kuma ba tufa da za a nade ta. Mahaifiyarta ta roki mijinta ya karbo mai daga makwabcinsa, amma ya ƙudurta a rayuwarsa ba zai taɓa neman wani abu a wurin kowa ba sai Allah. Ya yi kamar zai je kofar makwabcin ya koma gida babu komai. Da dare Muhammad ya kuma bayyana gare shi a mafarki, ya ce masa.“Yar ku sabuwar haihuwa abin so ne a wurin Ubangiji, kuma za ta jagoranci Musulmai da yawa zuwa ga hanya madaidaiciya. Ku kusanci Sarkin Basra ku gabatar masa da wata takarda da za a rubuta a cikinta cewa: ‘Kuna yi wa Manzon Allah Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallama Durudu sau dari kowane dare, sau dari hudu duk daren Alhamis. Amma tunda kun kasa kiyaye dokar a ranar Alhamis din da ta gabata, a matsayin hukunci dole ne ku biya dinari dari hudu’”.Amma bayan rasuwar mahaifinta, yunwa ta kama Basra. Ta rabu da yayanta. Rabi'a ta shiga jeji don yin addu'a kuma ta zama 'yar Gujewa daga saɓo tana rayuwa ta ware. Ana yawan ambaton ta a matsayin sarauniyar mata tsarkaka, kuma an santa da cikakkiyar sadaukarwarta a matsayin ƙaunar Allah mai tsafta mara ƙa'ida." A matsayinta na abin koyi a tsakanin sauran masu sadaukarwa ga Allah, ta samar da abin koyi na soyayya tsakanin Allah da halittunsa; Misalinta shine wanda mai son ibada a bayan kasa ya zama daya da Masoyinsa. Ta yi addu'a:“Ya Ubangiji, idan na bauta maka saboda tsoron Jahannama.</br> to, ka ƙone ni a cikin Jahannama;
Idan na bauta Maka saboda ina son Aljanna.</br> to ka hane ni daga Aljannah;
Amma idan na bauta maka don kanka kaɗai.</br> To, kada ka hana ni kyawonka na har abada.” Rabi'a ta rasu tana da shekaru 80 a Basra a shekara ta 185 bayan hijira/801 miladiyya, inda aka nuna kabarinta. a wajen birni. Duk da haka, babban marubucin tarihin rayuwar Rabi'a na zamani, Rika Elaroui Cornell, ya ce kwanan watan haihuwar Rabi'a da mutuwarsa "sun zo daga wani lokaci mai tsawo kuma ba a san ainihin tushen waɗannan kwanakin ba."
Falsafa Sau da yawa ana ganin cewa ita ce mace ɗaya da ta fi shahara kuma ta yi tasiri a tarihin Musulunci, Rābi'a ta shahara da tsantsar kyawawan halaye da tsoron Allah. Wata ‘yar tsautsayi, da aka tambaye ta dalilin da ya sa ta yi sujjada dubu dare da rana, sai ta ce:“Ba ni nufin lada a kansa, ina yin haka ne domin Manzon Allah tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gare shi ya yi farin ciki da ita a ranar kiyama kuma ya ce wa annabawa, ‘Ku lura da abin da mace ta samu. al'ummata ta cika." Ta kasance mai tsananin kiyayya da sadaukarwa ga Allah. Ba ta taba da'awar cewa ta samu hadin kai da shi ba; maimakon haka ta sadaukar da rayuwarta don neman kusanci ga Allah. A matsayin bayani na ƙin ɗaga kanta zuwa sama [ga Allah] a matsayin tawali’u, ta kasance tana cewa: “Da a ce duniya ta mallaki mutum ɗaya ne, da ba za ta sa ya arzuta ba [B] saboda yana shuɗewa." Ita ce wacce ta fara gabatar da koyarwar Soyayyar Ubangiji da aka fi sani da <i id="mwWQ">Ishq-e-Haqeeqi</i> kuma ana daukarta a matsayin mafi mahimmancin masu kin jinin farko, yanayin ibada guda daya wanda a karshe za a yi masa lakabi da Sufanci Waka da Tatsuniyoyi Yawancin waqoqin da ake jingina mata ba a san asalinsu ba. Babu wata shaida a cikin tarihin tarihi cewa Rabi'a ya tava saduwa da Hasan al-Basri amma wannan tatsuniya, wacce ta fara bayyana a cikin Tadhkirat al-Awliya ta Fariduddin Attar, ta zama ruwan dare gama gari a wannan zamani: Bayan rayuwar kunci, sai ta samu yanayin fahimtar kanta Allah ne ya zabe ta don yin mu'ujizar Ubangiji. Da Shaikh Hasan al-Basri ya tambaye ta yadda ta gano sirrin sai ta mayar da martani da cewa:"Kin san yadda za a yi, amma na san ta yaya." Daya daga cikin tatsuniyoyi da dama da suka dabaibaye rayuwarta shi ne ta ‘yanta daga bauta domin ubangijinta ya ga tana addu’a alhalin haske ya kewaye ta, ya gane cewa ita waliyya ce kuma tana tsoron ransa idan ya ci gaba da rike ta a matsayin baiwa. Babban marubucin tarihin rayuwar Rābi'a na zamani, Rika Elaroui Cornell, ya gano manyan rukunoni huɗu na tatsuniyoyi, Rābi'a the Teacher, Rābi'a the Ascetic, Rābi'a the Lover, and Rabi'a the Sufi.
Rabi'a the Ascetic </br>Rabi'a al-'Adawiyya sau da yawa ana tatsuniya a matsayin ascetic mai mahimmanci, inda "mai girman kai ya kai ga Ba Duniya ba ta hanyar kin Duniya ba amma ta hanyar daukar ta a matsayin mara mahimmanci. Muhimmiyar shashanci yana nisantar Duniya ba don ta kasance munana ba sai don shagala ce daga Allah.”
Ka'idar mata bisa rayuwar Rabi'a al-Adawiyya Bangarorin Sufanci da dama sun nuna cewa akidu da ayyukan Sufaye sun tsaya a matsayin masu adawa da al'umma masu rinjaye da fahimtarta game da mata da alaka tsakanin maza da mata. Labarun da suka yi bayani dalla-dalla kan rayuwa da ayyukan Rabi’a al-Adawiyya sun nuna rashin fahimtar al’adu kan rawar da jinsi ke takawa a cikin al’umma. Matsayinta na fifikon ruhi da hankali yana nuna a cikin ruwayoyi da yawa. A wata ruwayar Sufaye, shugaban Sufaye Hasan al-Basri ya bayyana cewa, “Na yi kwana daya da rabi tare da Rabi’a gabaki daya... ba ta taba ratsawa a raina cewa ni namiji ba ne, ballantana ya same ta cewa ita mace ce. ...da na kalle ta sai na ga kaina a matsayin mai fatara (watau ba abin da ba ta da amfani a ruhi) ita kuma Rabi'a mai gaskiya ce (mawadatar kyawawan dabi'u)." Duk da haka, ta yanke shawarar zama marar aure don ta bar matsayinta na mace kuma ta sadaukar da kanta ga Allah. Watarana sai aka hangi ta a guje ta ratsa titunan garin Basra dauke da tukunyar wuta a hannu daya da bokitin ruwa. Da aka tambaye ta me take yi sai ta ce, “Ina so in kashe wutar jahannama, in kona ladan aljanna Suna toshe hanyar zuwa ga Allah. Ba na son in yi bauta don tsoron azaba ko kuma alkawarin samun lada, sai dai don son Allah kawai.”
A cikin shahararrun al'adu Dilras Banu Begum (1622 1657) ita ce mace ta farko kuma babbar uwargidan sarki Aurangzeb, sarkin Mughal na shida An ba ta lakabin Rabia-ud-Daurani ("Rabia of the Age") a matsayin girmamawa. Rayuwar Rabi'a ta kasance batun fina-finai da dama na fina-finan Turkiyya Daya daga cikin wadannan fina-finan, Rabia, wanda aka saki a shekarar 1973, Osman F. Seden ne ya bada umarni, kuma Fatma Girik ta taka rawar gani a fim din Rabia. Rabia, İlk Kadın Evliya (Rabia, The First Woman Saint), wani fim na Turkiyya akan Rabia, wanda kuma aka saki a 1973 Süreyya Duru ne ya ba da umarni kuma Hülya Koçyiğit ta taka rawa. Maganar Rabia ta zama waƙa a Indonesiya, mai suna "Jika Surga dan Neraka tak pernah ada" wanda Ahmad Dhani da Chrisye suka rera a cikin Album ɗin Senyawa 2004.
Kashi na karshe na shirin wasan barkwanci, Wuri Mai Kyau, yana nufin mawaƙin Sufaye na karni na 8, Hazrat Bibi Rabia Basri, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan jarumai da suka shiga sama.
Zurfafa karatu Kayaalp, Pinar, "Rabi'a al-'Adawiyya", a cikin Muhammadu a cikin Tarihi, Tunani, da Al'adu: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God (2 vols.), edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol. II, pp. 511–12; Mohammad, Shababulqadri Tazkirah e Hazrat Rabia Basri, Mushtaq Book Corner, 2008
Rkia Elaroui Cornell, Rabi'a Daga Labari Zuwa Tatsuniya Fuskokin Shahararriyar Matar Islama, Rabi'a al-Adawiyya (Duniya Daya: London, 2019)
Duba kuma Zawiyat al-Adawiya, Jerusalem kabari da aka girmama a matsayin Rabia
Jerin Sufaye
Nassoshi
External links Sufimaster.org An Ajiye Koyarwar Archived Koyarwar Sufaye-Rubutun-Rabia-al-Basri
Sufaye
Sufi
Iran county templates
Sunni
Haifaffen 710s
Larabawan karni na 7th
Marubuta mata
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
21281 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidan%20Telebijin%20Channels | Gidan Telebijin Channels | Gidan Telabijin Channels gidan TV ne a Najeriya wanda ke aiki awa 24 don yada rahotanni wanda ofishinsu ke Legas, Najeriya. An kirkiro kamfanin channels a shekara ta 1992. Ta fara yada rahotanni a shekarar 1995. An ginata don yada rahotanni akan abubuwan da ke faruwa a Najeriya. Babban kudirinta shine lura da tsarin gwamnatocin Najeriya. Gidan TV na aiki a cikin shahararriyar kasuwar watsa labarai a Najeriya, Channels Television ita ce ta farko kuma ta farko mai bunkasa a kasar, wacce aka sadaukar da ita kawai don yada labarai. Ita ce kafar watsa labarai ta farko a Najeriya da za ta watsa shirye-shiryenta ta talabijin kai tsaye na tsawon awanni 24.
Tarihi An kafa gidan talabijin na Channels ne a shekarar 1995 a matsayin gidan talabijin tare da ma’aikata guda 15 kacal daga wani fitaccen mai watsa labarai a Najeriya kuma dan kasuwa wato; John Momoh da Sola Momoh, shi ma mai watsa labarai. Kamfanin ya fara aiki a Legas, kudu maso yammacin Najeriya kuma tun daga lokacin ya bunkasa ya hada da wasu tashoshi uku a jihohin Abuja, Edo da Kano Hakanan yana da ofisoshin a kusan kowace jiha a Najeriya, gami da kirtani da alaƙa a wasu sassan Afirka, gami da ƙaƙƙarfan dangantaka da ƙungiyoyin kafofin watsa labarai na duniya waɗanda ke ba da damar samun labarai a duk duniya.
An ba da lasisin bude tashar a watan Yunin 1993 kuma an rarraba ta mitar akan UHF (Channel 39). Ya fara watsawa bayan shekaru biyu da sunan, "Channels Television", kuma watsa shirye-shiryen farko da aka fara a ranar 1 ga watan Yulin 1995, tare da John Momoh yana karanta sanarwar farko. Channels TV a halin yanzu tana watsa shirye-shirye ne ga masu sauraron sama da mutane miliyan 20.
Rufeta a 2008 A watan Satumban shekara ta 2008, Shugaba Yar'adua ya rufe Gidan Talabijin na Channels, wanda ya tura Hukumar Tsaron Jiha ta Najeriya (SSS) don rufe gidan rediyon tare da kame manyan ma'aikatanta saboda rahoton da tashar ta bayar na rashin lafiyar' Yar'aduwa. Rahoton da gidan Talabijin na Channels ya bayar ya danganta ne ga bayanan da aka samu daga Kamfanin Dillancin Labaran Najeriya (NAN). Duk da haka, bayan bincike, NAN ta sanar cewa tashar ba ta fitar da wata sanarwa ba dangane da Shugaban ya sauka, sai dai maimakon haka an shiga kwamfutarta, a cikin zanga-zangar Channels TV ta dakatar da aikin wayar ta NANS har zuwa wannan rana. An tabbatar da cewa e-mail, wanda gidan talabijin na Channels TV ya karba, yaudara ce da aka aiko daga kwamfuta a Ivory Coast Ministan yada labaran Najeriya, John Odey, ne ya ba wa BBC wannan bayanin yana mai jaddada cewa gwamnatin ta fusata da rahoton.
Shiri Tawagar gidan talabijin din Channels ta samar da shirye-shirye masu fasali, wadanda suka samu yabo a duk fadin kasar. Hotunan bidiyo na abubuwan da suka faru da abubuwan da suke faruwa a Najeriya, wanda kungiyoyin labarai na gidan Talabijin na Channels suka harbe sun yi amfani da shi ta hanyar kungiyoyin watsa labarai kamar su BBC, CNN da ITN Babban shirinta, "Labarai a Goma", ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin labarai mafi mashahuri kuma mafi yawan kallo a Najeriya.
Tun daga shekarar 2009, Gidan Talabijin na Channels ke shiryawa da kuma daukar nauyin "Channels National Kids Cup", taron wasanni na yara 'yan makaranta daga jihohin Najeriya goma sha shida da aka gudanar a filin wasa na Teslim Balogun da ke jihar Legas. Janar Manajan Gidan Talabijin na Channels, Steve Judo, ya bayyana cewa gidan telabijn na Channels na da kafafen yada labarai masu daukar dawainiyar jama'a kuma don haka ne suka zabi tsunduma cikin ci gaban kwallon kafa daga tushe.
Tashin-Bam a Najeriya a 2012 A watan Janairun 2012, an kashe dan jarida Enenche Akogwu, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin a Kano na gidan Talabijin na Channels, a lokacin da yake ba da rahoto kan wasu hare-hare da aka kai a can wanda kungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayin Islama da aka fi sani da Boko Haram ta yi ikirari harin. A cewar abokan aikin nasa, Akogwu ya nuna ne bayan tashin bam din kuma ya fara daukar hotunan taron mutanen da suka taru a wurin ba tare da sanin cewa su ‘yan kungiyar ne dauke da makamai ba.
Kyauta da yabo An kira shi "Mafi Kyawun Tashar Shekara" sau goma sha biyu (2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 2016) ta Tarayyar Tarayyar Najeriya ta Karrama Kyautar Kafafen Watsa Labarai 2013: An Bada Kyautar "Mafi Kyawun Gidan Talabijin a Afirka" ta African Achievers Awards, Media Achievers 2013: An kira shi "Mafi yawan Gidan Talabijin Mai Sahihanci A Rukunin Kafafen Yada Labarai" ta Majalisar Kwararrun Masu Talla ta Najeriya
2013: An ba da lambar yabo ta "Jam idi" ta ma'aikatar ilimi ta Jihar Legas saboda gudummawar da ta bayar wajen kirkirar matasa da ci gaban ilimi
2013: "Mafi kyawun rahoto game da lafiyar mata masu ciki" ta ƙungiyar kula da cututtukan mata da haihuwa ta Nijeriya (Sogon)
2013: Kyautar Kyautar Sabis na Abokin Ciniki a Media
Hadin Gwiwa A ranar 22 ga watan Maris, 2014, Kamfanin Tezuka Production tare da Channels TV don watsa shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo na 8 na Astro Boy, Little Astro Boy, wanda aka yi niyya don yara kanana a gidan yara na Channels TV.
A ranar Juma'a, 14 ga watan Agusta, 2015, Deutsche Welle ta ce ta sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniyar hdin kai da "Channels TV don nuna tsohuwar al'adar nan ta yada kyakkyawan ra'ayi game da Afirka. Peter Limbourg, Darakta-Janar na Deutsche Welle ya bayyana Channels TV a matsayin babbar tashar talabijin kuma cikakken abokin tarayya ga Deutsche Welle Limbourg ya ce "Mu a Deutsche Welle muna tunanin cewa dole ne mu ba da rahoton manyan abubuwan da ke faruwa a Afirka, musamman ma a Najeriya. John Momoh, Babban Jami'in Gidan Talabijin na Channels TV ya bayyana kawancen da cewa "An kirkire gidan ne daga sama". Ya ce, "Wannan wani bangare ne na dabarunmu na ba da labarin Afirka, musamman ma na Najeriya, daga mahangar Afirka don kada mu bar wannan mabuɗin ma'anar waye mu, abin da muke yi da dalilin da ya sa, ga sauran mutane ya fada a madadinmu A watan Agusta 2015, Channels TV ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan yada labarai. Ban Ki-moon, Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya wakilci Majalisar ta Dinkin Duniya.
Shirye-shirye
Duba kuma Jerin gidajen talabijin a Najeriya
Jerin tashoshin labarai
Jerin hanyoyin sadarwar talabijin ta kasa
Manazarta Gidan Telabijin me watsa rahotanni awa 24
Kamfanoni da ke Legas
Gidajen yada rahotanni Najeriya
Gidajen Telabijin da keLegas
Kirkirar gidan Telabijin na Channels
Gidajen Telabijin a Nijeriya
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31329 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global%20Witness | Global Witness | Global Witness wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta kasa da kasa da aka kafa a cikin 1993 wacce ke aiki don karya alakar amfani da albarkatun ƙasa, rikici, talauci, cin hanci da rashawa, da take hakkin dan Adam a duk duniya. Kungiyar tana da ofisoshi a London da Washington, DC Global Witness ta bayyana cewa ba ta da wata alaka ta siyasa. Gillian Caldwell ya shiga ƙungiyar a matsayin babban darekta a watan Yuli 2015 kuma an nada Mark Stephens Shugabanci a cikin Maris 2016. A cikin Fabrairu 2020, Mike Davis ya zama Shugaba na Global Witness.
Binciken da Global Witness ta yi a watan Afrilun 2014 ya nuna cewa an kashe kusan sau uku fiye da adadin masu kare muhalli da aka kashe a 2012 fiye da shekaru 10 da suka gabata. Global Witness ta ba da rahoton mutuwar mutane 147 a cikin 2012, idan aka kwatanta da 51 a 2002. A Brazil, an kashe masu fafutuka 448 masu kare albarkatun kasa tsakanin 2002 zuwa 2013, a Honduras 109, Peru 58, Philippines 67, da Thailand 16. Yawancin wadanda ke fuskantar barazana, talakawa ne da ke adawa da kwace filaye, ayyukan hakar ma'adanai da kuma cinikin katako na masana'antu, wadanda galibi ana tilasta musu barin gidajensu kuma suna fuskantar barazanar lalata muhalli. An kashe wasu kuma saboda zanga-zangar da ake yi kan madatsun ruwa na ruwa da gurbatar yanayi da kuma kare namun daji. A shekara ta 2019, Shaidun Duniya sun rubuta irin waɗannan mutuwar guda 212 a cikin shekara.
Bayanan martaba Global Witness ta bayyana cewa manufofinta ita ce fallasa cin hanci da rashawa na albarkatun ƙasa da tsarin kasuwanci na ƙasa da ƙasa, don fitar da yakin da ke kawo karshen rashin adalci, rikice-rikicen da ke da alaka da albarkatu, da haƙƙin ɗan adam da cin zarafin muhalli. Kungiyar ta binciko yadda lu'u-lu'u da sauran albarkatun kasa za su iya samar da kudade ko kuma rura wutar cin hanci da rashawa. Tana gudanar da bincike a kan yadda wasu mutane na musamman da kamfanoni na kasuwanci ke da hannu a cikin ayyukan da suka shafi haramtacciyar dazuzzuka ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da cin hanci da rashawa a masana'antar mai, iskar gas da ma'adinai. Hanyar Shaida ta Duniya ta haɗu da bincike na bincike, buga rahotanni da kuma gudanar da yaƙin neman zaɓe. Ana yaɗa rahotanni zuwa ga gwamnatoci, ƙungiyoyin gwamnatoci, ƙungiyoyin farar hula da kuma kafofin watsa labarai. An yi niyya ne don tsara manufofin duniya da canza tunanin ƙasa da ƙasa game da hakowa da cinikin albarkatun ƙasa da tasirin da cin hanci da rashawa da rashin dorewa zai iya haifar da ci gaba, 'yancin ɗan adam da kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da tattalin arziki Aiyuka Global Witness ta yi aiki a kan lu'u-lu'u, mai, katako, koko, gas, zinariya da sauran ma'adanai. Ta gudanar da bincike da nazarin shari'a a Cambodia, Angola, Laberiya, DR Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Kazakhstan, Burma, Indonesia, Zimbabwe, Turkmenistan da Ivory Coast Har ila yau, ya taimaka wajen kafa manufofin ƙasa da ƙasa irin su Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, Tsarin Kimberley, da Buga Abin da Ka Biya haɗin gwiwa. (Shaidan Duniya ya janye daga Tsarin Kimberley a 2011, yana mai cewa ba ya aiki.)
Kamfen na farko na ƙungiyar ya haɗa da yin aiki da cinikin katako na haramtacciyar hanya tsakanin Cambodia da Tailandia wanda ke ba da tallafin ƴan ta'addar Khmer Rouge Global Witness ta yi gardamar cewa ana iya amfani da albarkatun ƙasa, kuma an yi amfani da su, don tallafawa sojoji da ƴan bindigar da ke kisan kai, fyaɗe, da sauran cin zarafin ɗan adam akan farar hula. Ya ce "ana iya amfani da albarkatun kasa don yin shawarwari da wanzar da zaman lafiya" kuma "zai iya zama mabuɗin kawo ƙarshen talaucin Afirka".
Kambodiya Kamfen na farko na Witness na Duniya shine a Cambodia a cikin shekarun 1990 inda Khmer Rouge ke safarar katako zuwa Thailand. Jaridar Observer ta danganta dakatarwar da “cikakkiyar rahoton da Global Witness ta yi”.
Bayan wani rahoto da ke alaƙanta dangin Firayim Minista Hun Sen da wasu manyan jami'an gwamnati, an nakalto dan uwan Firayim Minista Hun Neng, wanda shi ma gwamnan lardin ne a wata jaridar Cambodia yana cewa idan wani daga Global Witness ya koma Cambodia, zai "ku buge su har sai kawunansu ya karye." A cikin 2009, Global Witness ta fitar da Ƙasa don Siyarwa, rahoto kan cin hanci da rashawa a cikin rabon lasisin albarkatun ƙasa na Cambodia. A cikin 2010 rahoton, Shifting Sand, an buga shi. Ya bincika yashi don fitarwa zuwa Singapore. Rahoton ya yi iƙirarin cewa, fitattun ƴan majalisar dattawan Cambodia biyu ne suka mamaye cinikin.
Lu'u-lu'u na jini A cikin 1998 Global Witness ta fitar da rahoton, A Rough Trade: The Role of Companies and Governments in the Angolan Conflict, yana bayyana irin rawar da cinikin lu'u-lu'u na duniya ke takawa wajen bayar da tallafi ga yakin basasar Angola Saliyo A matsayin wani ɓangare na yaƙin neman zaɓe na yaƙi da lu'u-lu'u masu rikici, Global Witness ta taimaka wajen kafa Tsarin Shaida ta Kimberley (KCPS). An kafa tsarin ba da takardar shaida na gwamnatocin duniya don dakatar da cinikin lu'u-lu'u na jini, wanda ke buƙatar gwamnatoci su tabbatar da cewa jigilar lu'u-lu'u ba ta da rikici. Kamar sauran ƙasashe na kudu da hamadar Sahara (SSA), Saliyo na da albarkatun mai da ma'adinai a cikin rashin daidaituwar zamantakewa, yawan talauci, da rikice-rikice. Ƙarƙashin yunƙurin ƴan tawaye ƙarƙashin jagorancin Charles Taylor, wanda ya mamaye masana'antar lu'u-lu'u, ana cinikin lu'u-lu'u don bindigogi tare da Revolutionary United Front (RUF). Wannan ƙungiyar ƴan tawayen ita kaɗai ta sami kuɗin da ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 125. A shekara ta 1998, Global Witness ta ce lu’u-lu’u ne ke haddasa waɗannan rikice-rikice. Sakamakon binciken da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta yi a shekara ta 2000, an tabbatar da cewa ana safarar duwatsun daga gabashin Saliyo ta Laberiya, daga baya kuma zuwa kasuwannin duniya. Ɗinkin Duniya ta sanya takunkumi kan lu'u-lu'u na Laberiya a cikin Maris 2001.
A ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2000, Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta amince da wani kuduri a Antwerp don ƙarfafa ikon masana'antar lu'u-lu'u na toshe tallace-tallacen lu'u-lu'u masu rikici. Bayan haka, tare da karuwar matsin lamba na duniya daga Global Witness da sauran kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, an gudanar da tarurruka tare da kasashe masu samar da lu'u-lu'u sama da shekaru uku, wanda aka kammala a kafa tsarin tabbatar da lu'u-lu'u na duniya a watan Janairu 2003. Tsarin ba da takardar shaida kan fitarwa da shigo da lu'u-lu'u, wanda aka fi sani da KCPS, an kira shi da kudurin, inda ya kafa doka a dukkan kasashe na karbar jigilar lu'u-lu'u kawai da aka rufe a hukumance tare da takardar shaidar KP da ke ba da tabbacin cewa ba su da rikici. Duk wanda aka samu yana safarar lu'u-lu'u masu rikici za a tuhume shi da laifin aikata laifuka, yayin da kuma za a sanya takunkumi kan mutanen da aka samu suna cinikin wadannan duwatsun daga barayin lu'u-lu'u a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta Diamond Bourses. Tsarin Kimberley (KP) a Saliyo ya kasance mai inganci wajen iyakance kwararar lu'ulu'u masu rikici. Mafi mahimmanci, KP ya taimaka wajen maido da zaman lafiya da tsaro a cikin rayuwar wadannan mutane, kuma, ta hanyar samar da kwanciyar hankali a cikin wadannan yanayi, ya sa su ci gaba. An yi nasara wajen isar da lu'u-lu'u masu yawa zuwa kasuwannin duniya, da haɓaka kudaden shiga na gwamnati, da kuma taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin ci gaba. A cikin 2006, an fitar da lu'u-lu'u kimanin dalar Amurka miliyan 125 bisa doka daga Saliyo, idan aka kwatanta da kusan babu guda a cikin shekarun 1990.
Duk da nasarar da ya samu, bayan shekaru tara, a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 2011, Global Witness ta sanar da cewa ta fice daga KP, inda ta bayyana cewa ba a gyara manyan kurakuran shirin ba yayin da gwamnatoci suka daina nuna sha'awar yin garambawul.
Mai, gas, da ma'adinai Ƙididdiga ta Duniya don samun ƙarin fahimi a ɓangaren mai, iskar gas, da ma'adinai. Memba ne wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Buga Abin da kuke Biyan (PWYP), wanda ke ba da shawarar "bayyana wajabcin biyan kuɗin kamfani da kuɗaɗen shiga na gwamnati daga ɓangaren mai, iskar gas, da ma'adinai". Sama da ƙungiyoyin jama'a 300 a duniya memba ne na PWYP. Sauran waɗanda suka kafa PWYP sun hada da CAFOD, Oxfam, Save the Children UK, Transparency International UK, da George Soros, Shugaban Cibiyar Buɗaɗɗiyar Jama'a.
Global Witness ta taimaka wajen kafa Initiative Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), wanda Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Tony Blair ya sanar a lokacin taron koli na duniya kan ci gaba mai dorewa a Johannesburg a watan Satumba 2002 kuma Bankin Duniya ya amince da shi a watan Disamba 2003. EITI sakamakon ƙoƙarin masu fafutukar PWYP ne. Yanzu haka ana tallafa mata da mafi yawan kamfanonin mai, haƙar ma'adinai da iskar gas da masu saka hannun jari na hukumomi, jimillar dalar Amurka tiriliyan 8.3. Global Witness memba ne na Ƙungiyar Ba da Shawarwari ta Duniya ta EITI kuma tana zaune a kan hukumar EITI.
Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo Global Witness tana aiki kan batutuwa da dama a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (DRC). Sashin gidan yanar gizon su na DRC ya karanta cewa, "'Yan siyasa, sojoji da ƙungiyoyin sa kai sun wawashe dukiyar kasa tare da yin amfani da ita wajen wadatar da kansu wajen cutar da jama'a." Global Witness ta yi kira ga gwamnatin Burtaniya da kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da su dakatar da cinikin ma'adanai da ke ruruta wutar yaƙi a gabashin Kongo.
Global Witness ta bayyana albarkatun rikice-rikice a matsayin "albarkatun dabi'a waɗanda cin zarafi da cinikayya a cikin wani yanayi na rikici suna ba da gudummawa, amfana daga ko haifar da aiwatar da manyan take hakki na bil'adama, take haƙƙin dokokin jin kai na ƙasa da ƙasa ko kuma cin zarafi da ya kai ga laifuka ƙarƙashin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa."
Dazuzzuka Global Witness ta yi ayyuka da yawa a kan gandun daji. Ta fitar da rahotanni kan yadda katako ya taimaka wajen samar da kudaden yakin basasa a Laberiya da kuma duba yadda ake fasa kwaurin katako daga Burma zuwa China. A baya-bayan nan ne dai Global Witness ta kaddamar da shari'ar kotu a kasar Faransa kan kamfanin DLH da suka yi zargin sayan katako daga wasu kamfanonin ƙasar Laberiya a lokacin yakin basasa tsakanin shekara ta 2001-2003, inda ta ke bayar da goyon baya ga gwamnatin Charles Taylor.
Global Witness ta kwatanta dazuzzuka a matsayin "matsayi na ƙarshe a kan sauyin yanayi", tare da sare itatuwa ya kai kashi 18 cikin ɗari na jimillar hayaƙin carbon dioxide na duniya. Dangane da kokarin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na kulla yarjejeniya kan Rage hayaki mai guba daga saran gandun daji da lalata gandun daji (REDD) Global Witness ta ce: "REDD na da matukar hadari ga gandun daji da kuma al'ummomin cikin gida kuma za ta yi nasara ne kawai idan ƙungiyoyin farar hula sun tsunduma a matsayin mai zaman kanta mai sa ido don tabbatar da hakan. ana amfani da kudin ne bisa dokokin kasa da ƙa'idojin ƙasa da ƙasa." Global Witness ta soki tsarin da Bankin Duniya ya amince da shi na karfafa aikin noman noma na masana'antu a matsayin hanyar bunkasar tattalin arziki a kasashe masu tasowa, wanda a cewarta, an sha nuna gazawa. Madadin haka, Global Witness tana ba da shawarar dabarun gudanarwa waɗanda ke amfanar al'ummomin da suka dogara da gandun daji, ƙasashensu na asali, muhalli, kuma suna ɗaukar gandun daji a matsayin "kadara ta duniya".
Kwanan nan
Kamfanonin da ba a san su ba Global Witness na ƙalubalanta a kan kamfanoni da ba a san su ba da kuma don rajistar mallakar fa'ida Kamfanoni da ba a san su ba al'adar kasuwanci ce ta doka amma ana iya amfani da su don dalilai kamar su halatta kuɗaɗen haram, ba da tallafin ta'addanci, ko guje wa haraji.
Bankuna A shekara ta 2009 Global Witness ta ƙaddamar da wani kamfen kan rawar da bankuna ke takawa wajen magance cin hanci da rashawa. Rahotonta, Undue Diligence, ya bayyana sunayen wasu manyan bankunan da suka yi kasuwanci tare da gwamnatocin rashawa. Ya kara da cewa, "ta hanyar karbar wadannan kwastomomi, bankuna suna taimaka wa wadanda ke amfani da kadarorin gwamnati wajen arzuta kansu ko kuma musgunawa jama'arsu" kuma "wannan cin hanci da rashawa ya hana talakawan duniya damar fitar da kansu daga kangin talauci da kuma barin su dogaro da kansu. yarda." Shaida ta Duniya tana kan Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Taskforce akan Mutuncin Kudi da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki, kuma memba ne na BankTrack, da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a ta UNCAC. A cikin Mayu 2009, ma'aikaciyar Global Witness, Anthea Lawson, ta ba da shaida a gaban Kwamitin Sabis na Kuɗi na Majalisar Dokokin Amurka kan "Asara Babban Ƙasa, Cin Hanci da Rashawa da Rawar Cibiyoyin Kuɗi na Yamma". A cikin wata wasika zuwa ga The Guardian mai kwanan wata 9 ga Fabrairu 2010, Ms Lawson ta zargi bankunan Burtaniya da "sun nuna hadin kai" a cikin cin hanci da rashawa.
Sudan Global Witness ta yi kamfen na tabbatar da gaskiya a masana'antar mai na Sudan. Global Witness ta buga Fueling Mistrust a watan Yunin 2009, wani rahoto da ke nuna bambance-bambancen da ya kai kashi 26 cikin 100 tsakanin alƙaluman da gwamnatin Sudan ta wallafa da na babban kamfanin mai da ke aiki a yankin, CNPC ya wallafa. Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin arewaci da kudanci ta yi tanadi kan yarjejeniyar raba kuɗaɗen shigar da ake samu daga man fetur.
Lu'u-lu'u na Zimbabwe A watan Yuni na 2010, Global Witness ta soki Zimbabwe saboda manyan take haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka yi a filayen Lu'u-lu'u na Marange. Ta buga wani rahoto na Return of the Blood Diamond wanda ya soki tsarin tabbatar da tsarin Kimberley saboda rashin mayar da martani mai inganci ga rikicin Zimbabwe. A cikin Yuli 2010 Tendai Midzi, yana rubutawa a cikin The Zimbabwe Guardian, ya zargi Global Witness da Partnership Africa Canada da kasancewa "amma abin kunya ne na gwamnatocin yammacin da suke wakilta".
Malaysia Global Witness ta fallasa cin hanci da rashawa a cinikin filaye a cikin gwamnatin Taib Mahmud, babban ministan jihar Sarawak a Malaysia ta faifan bidiyo mai taken "Cikin Jihar Inuwar Malaysia." Bidiyon ya nuna hotunan tattaunawa da dangin Taib da lauyansu inda wakilan Global Witness suka nuna a matsayin masu son saka hannun jari.
2020: An kashe masu fafutukar kare muhalli 227 a duk duniya A cikin 2019, Global Witness ta rubuta kisan gillar masu fafutukar kare muhalli 212, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama shekara mafi muni tun lokacin da aka fara wannan rikodin, a cikin 2012. Wannan ya haura daga adadin 197 da aka kashe a cikin 2018. 2020 ya ƙara ƙaruwa a lokuta, tare da kashe 227.
Girmamawa da kyaututtuka Global Witness and Partnership Africa Canada ta kasance tare da Majalisar Wakilan Amurka da ƴan majalisar dattijai suka gabatar da sunayensu don samun lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel a shekara ta 2003 don aiki kan alakar rikici da lu'u-lu'u a ƙasashen Afirka da dama.
Wanda ya ci kyautar Gleitsman Foundation don gwagwarmayar kasa da kasa (2005) Wanda ya ci nasara a Cibiyar Ci gaban Duniya Mujallar Manufofin Ƙasashen Waje ga Ƙaddamar da Ra'ayoyin Ci gaba a Kyautar Ayyuka (2007)
Wanda ya karɓi Kyautar Allard don Mutuncin Ƙasashen Duniya (2013 Mai Girma Magana)
Charmian Gooch, ɗaya daga cikin uku da suka kafa Daraktocin Duniya na Duniya, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Ted a cikin 2014. Burin ta shine "mu san su waye suke da iko da kamfanoni, don kada a daina amfani da su ba tare da sunansu ba wajen cin mutuncin jama'a." Bari mu kunna ra'ayi na duniya, mu canza doka, tare da kaddamar da sabon zamani na bude kofa a kasuwanci.'
Wanda ya ci lambar yabo ta Skoll don Harkokin Kasuwancin Jama'a 2014 Wanda ya lashe kyautar David da Goliath Foundation na Sheila McKechnie Foundation na 2021, don nasarar yaƙin neman zaɓe na dakatar da tallafin biliyoyin da gwamnatin Burtaniya ke bayarwa na albarkatun mai a ketare. Adam McGibbon mai fafutukar sheda ta Duniya ne ya haɗa gangamin.
Kuɗin shiga Mafi yawan tallafin Shaidu na Duniya suna zuwa ne daga tallafi da gidauniyoyi, gwamnatoci, da ƙungiyoyin agaji suke bayarwa. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu amfanar su shine Cibiyar Buɗaɗɗiyar Jama'a, wacce kuma ke ba da tallafin Human Rights Watch. Global Witness kuma yana karɓar kuɗi daga gwamnatocin Norway da na Burtaniya, Gidauniyar Adessium, da Oxfam Novib.
A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a jaridar The Guardian a shekara ta 2007, Patrick Alley, dtaya daga cikin daraktocin da suka kafa, ya yi watsi da ikirarin cewa karbar kudi daga gwamnatoci na iya nuna son kai ga yakin neman zaɓensu: “Kasancewar jagorancin yakin neman zabe, maimakon jagorancin kudade, yana nufin cewa ba a hada da ‘yancin kai namu ba. in ji gardama. "Ma'aikatar ciniki da masana'antu ta taba tambaya ko muna so mu sanya hannu kan wata magana ta sirri. Mun ce ba za mu ɗauki kuɗaɗen a karkashin wadannan sharudda ba. Babu wata gwamnati da ta taɓa ƙoƙarin sanya wani hani."
Daga Disamba 2008 zuwa Nuwamba 2009 Kudin shiga na Shaidun Duniya ya kai £3,831,831. A cikin wannan, kusan kashi 61 cikin 100 sun fito ne a matsayin tallafi daga amintattu da gidauniyoyi masu zaman kansu, kashi 33 cikin 100 daga gwamnatoci, kashi uku daga ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da masu zaman kansu, sannan kashi uku daga cikin kudaden ruwa na banki da sauran hanyoyin. Global Witness ta ce tana kashe kashi 75 cikin 100 na kudadenta wajen yakin neman zabe, kashi bakwai kan harkokin sadarwa da tara kuɗaɗe, sannan kashi 18 cikin 100 na tallafi da gudanar da mulki.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ƙungiyar Ta'addanci
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
22773 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhalli%2C%20Lafiya%20da%20kariya | Muhalli, Lafiya da kariya | Muhalli (E), kiwon lafiya (H) da Kariya (S), Environmental Health and Safety, kalma ce ta tsarin da ke nazari da aiwatar da abubuwan da suka dace na kare muhalli da kiyaye lafiya da amincin aiki. A cikin saukakkiyar magana shi ne abin da ƙungiyoyi dole su yi don tabbatar da cewa ayyukansu ba su cutar da kowa ba. Yawancin lokaci, inganci tabbacin inganci kulawa mai kyau an haɗa shi don ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar kamfanin da aka sani da HSQE Daga mahangar kariya, ya haɗa da ƙirƙirar tsararren ƙoƙari da matakai don gano haɗarin wuraren aiki da rage haɗari da haɗuwa da halaye da abubuwa masu cutarwa. Hakanan ya haɗa da horar da ma'aikata kan rigakafin haɗari, amsar haɗari, shirye-shiryen gaggawa, da yin amfani da riguna masu kariya da kayan aiki.
Ingantaccen lafiya a zuciyarta, yakamata ya sami ci gaba mai aminci, mai inganci, da kuma lamuran muhalli, ayyukan aiki da ayyukan tsari waɗanda ke hana ko rage haɗarin cutarwa ga mutane gaba ɗaya, masu aiki, ko marasa lafiya.
Daga mahanga ta muhalli, ya haɗa da ƙirƙirar tsari na tsari don bin ƙa'idodin muhalli, kamar gudanar da sharar gida ko hayaƙin iska duk hanyar taimakawa shafin ta rage sawun ƙarancin kamfanin.
Abubuwan buƙatun ƙa'ida suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin horo na Tsaftan muhalli kuma dole ne manajan EHS su gano da kuma fahimtar ƙa'idodin EHS masu dacewa, waɗanda kuma dole ne a sanar da abubuwan da ke tattare da su ga gudanarwar zartarwa don haka kamfanin zai iya aiwatar da matakan da suka dace. Ungiyoyi masu tushe a Amurka suna ƙarƙashin dokokin EHS a cikin Ka'idodin Dokokin Tarayya, musamman CFR 29, 40, da 49. Duk da haka, gudanar da EHS ba'a iyakance ga bin doka ba kuma yakamata a karfafa kamfanoni suyi fiye da yadda doka ta buƙata, idan ya dace.
Wasu sunaye Duk da mahimmancin halayen waɗannan alamurra, cibiyoyi daban-daban da marubuta sun ba da alamar kalmomin daban. Shirye-shiryen HSE masu nasara sun haɗa da matakan magance ergonomics, ingancin iska, da sauran fannoni na amincin wurin aiki waɗanda zasu iya shafar lafiyar da jin daɗin ma'aikata da sauran alumma. Wani mai binciken ya canza shi kamar SHE a 1996, yayin da yake bincika "tunanin 'ingancin mutum' dangane da matsayin rayuwa wanda dole ne ya biyo baya fiye da kiwon lafiya [kamar yadda yake a cikin tsarin SHEQ, mahimmancin muhalli har zuwa 'lafiyar mutane a matsayin abin la'akari' Dalilin shi ne saboda "Farkon Tsaro" an kira shi don ƙaddamar da sauya al'adun kiyaye zaman lafiya na ƙasashe. Inganci shine "dacewa da manufa", kuma in ba tare da wannan ba kowane ɗayan aiki zai zama banza.
Bayan ESH, SHE, HSE, SHEQ, ana amfani da wasu karin kalmomi kaman haka Hukumomin kula
Masarautar Ingila Lafiya da Tsaro Executive
Hukumar Kula da Muhalli
Authoritiesananan hukumomi
Amurka Tarayya duniya
Kasuwancin Kasuwanci da Kula da Lafiya (OSHA)
Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA)
Hukumar Kula da Nukiliya (NRC)
Ma'aikatar Tsaro da Kula da Lafiya (MSHA), da sauransu.
Tarayyar Turai (Ka'idodin EU) Lafiya da Tsaro A Dokar Aiki
Ofishin Tsaro da Karfafa Muhalli (BSEE)
Jiha
Majalisar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Arewacin Carolina, Hukumar Kula da Nukiliya ta Massachusetts, da sauransu.
Na gari
Ma'aikatan kashe gobara na birni (binciken lambar gini)
Hukumar Kula da Muhalli (EMA)
Janar bangarori Ka'idodin Muhalli, lafiya da Kariya sun ƙunshi nau'ikan keɓaɓɓe ga kowane masana'antu da waɗanda ke gaba ɗaya ga yawancin sassan masana'antu. Misalan janar rukuni da ƙananan rukuni sune:
Takamaiman rukunnai
Tarihi Masana'antun sunadarai sun gabatar da tsarin gudanarwa na Muhalli, Lafiya da kariya na farko a cikin 1985 a matsayin sakamako ga yawancin haɗarin haɗari (kamar bala'in Seveso na Yuli 1976 da bala'in Bhopal na Disamba 1984). Wannan yunƙurin na son rai a duk duniya, wanda ake kira Kula da Hakki wanda Industryungiyar Masana'antu ta Kimiyyar Chemistry ta Kanada ta fara (a da can Canadianungiyar masu samar da sinadarai ta Kanada CCPA), tana aiki a cikin ƙasashe kusan 50, tare da haɗin kai na tsakiya wanda Councilungiyar ofasashen Duniya na Chemicalungiyoyin Chemical (ICCA) suka samar. Ya ƙunshi fasali masu mahimmanci guda takwas waɗanda ke tabbatar da shuke-shuke da amincin samfura, lafiyar sana'a da kare muhalli, amma kuma suna ƙoƙarin nunawa ta hanyar kamfen- ƙirar hoto cewa masana'antar sunadarai suna aiki yadda ya kamata. Kasancewa wani yunƙuri na ICCA, an taƙaita shi zuwa masana'antar sinadarai.
Tun daga shekarar 1990s, hanyoyin gaba daya game da gudanar da EHS wanda zai iya dacewa da kowane irin ƙungiya sun bayyana a cikin ƙa'idodin ƙasashen duniya kamar: Ka'idodin Valdez, waɗanda aka tsara don jagorantar da kimanta halayen kamfanoni game da yanayin.
Tsarin Kula da Lafiya da Kulawa (EMAS), wanda Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta haɓaka a cikin 1993
ISO 14001 don kula da muhalli a cikin 1996
ISO 45001 don kula da lafiyar ma'aikata da kiyaye lafiya a cikin 2018, wanda ya gabata daga OHSAS 18001 1999
A shekara1998 Kamfanin Kasuwanci na Duniya ya kafa jagororin EHS.
Misali misali, ayyukan kungiyar lafiya, aminci da muhalli (HSE) na iya mai da hankali kan: musayar sani game da lafiya, aminci da kuma mahalli na kayan
inganta kyawawan ayyuka na aiki, kamar tattara kayan bayan-amfani don sake amfani da su
Littattafai Gudanar da Aiki da Gudanar da Lafiya (Amurka) Americanungiyar Injiniyan Tsaro ta Amurka
Cibiyar Kanada don Kiwan lafiya da Tsaro na Aiki (CCOHS) EHS A Yau Tsaro Mujallar Lafiya Majalisar Tsaron Kasa Jagoran Muhalli EU-OSHA ISHN NIOSH OH S
Duba kuma Aiki na lafiya da lafiya
Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa
Robert W. Campbell Award, Kyauta don Businesswarewar Kasuwanci ta hanyar Gudanar da EHS.
Injiniyan lafiya
Hanyoyin haɗin waje NAEM, Firayim Minista don Gudanar da EHS: Menene EHS?
Kamfanin Kuɗin Kuɗi na :asashen Duniya: Bankungiyar Bankin Duniya game da Mahalli, Kiwan lafiya, da Bayanin Tsaro
Cibiyar sadarwa ta Duniya don Gudanar da Muhalli
Manazarta Pages with unreviewed |
55379 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara%20Awerbuch-Friedlander | Tamara Awerbuch-Friedlander | Tamara Eugenia Awerbuch-Friedlander ƙwararren masanin ilimin halittu ne kuma masanin kimiyar lafiyar jama'a wanda ya yi aiki a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Harvard(HSPH)a Boston, Massachusetts. Binciken ta na farko da wallafe-wallafen sun mayar da hankali kan hulɗar zamantakewar rayuwa wanda ke haifar da ko taimakawa ga cututtuka.An kuma yi imanin cewa ita ce mace ta farko da ta kasance mamba na jami'ar Harvard da ta fuskanci shari'ar juri don karar da aka shigar a kan Jami'ar Harvard don nuna bambancin jima'i.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Tamara Awerbuch a Uruguay,ta rayu har zuwa shekaru 12 a Buenos Aires, Argentina,sannan ta koma Isra'ila tare da iyayenta,inda kakaninta da iyayenta suka zauna bayan sun tsere daga Nazi Jamus kafin a fara Holocaust.Ta yi karatun digiri biyu a Jami'ar Hebrew da ke Urushalima. Ta karanci ilmin sinadarai kuma ta karanci a fannin kimiyyar halittu sannan ta kammala digirin BSc a shekarar 1965.A cikin 1967,ta kammala Master of Science (MSc)a fannin ilimin halittar jiki da kuma Jagoran Ilimi(MED)daga Jami'ar Ibrananci. shedar koyar da maki K-12 a Isra'ila,inda ta ke gabatar da jawabai da kuma bayyana a kan bangarori da kuma a taron bita,kamar yadda ta yi a Amurka da sauran wurare. Ta kuma yi aikin soja na Isra’ila na tsawon shekara biyu.
A cikin Oktoba 1973,yayin da ta ziyarci abokai a Amurka,an ba ta aiki a MIT a Cambridge,Massachusetts,don yin nazarin sinadarai na carcinogens a cikin al'adun nama,sa'an nan kuma fasaha ta zamani.A wannan lokacin,ta yi aiki a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje tana nazarin cututtukan cututtukan ƙwayar cuta a cikin al'adun nama,ta yi karatun kwas ɗaya kowane semester,kuma ta yi rayuwa cikin wahala,ta raba gida tare da ƙaramar Faculty of MIT da ɗaliban da suka kammala digiri.A matsayinta na ɗaya daga cikin kwasa-kwasan da aka ba ta a kowane semester,a cikin bazarar 1974 ta fara karatun lissafi,tana ɗaukar lissafi da ƙididdiga.A lokacin rani 1975,ta yi karatun digiri a matsayin ɗalibi na cikakken lokaci a MIT, inda a cikin 1979 ta kammala digiri na uku a fannin Abinci da Abinci.Ta zama 'yar Amurka kuma ya zauna a Amurka tun lokacin. An ɗauke ta a cikin 1983 zuwa Sashen Biostatistics na Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Harvard TH Chan ta Shugaban Sashen Marvin Zelen.Ta kasance masanin Fulbright a cikin 1988.A cikin 1993,ta fara doguwar aiki a Sashen Kiwon Lafiyar Duniya da Jama'a a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Harvard TH Chan.
'Ya'yanta biyu,Danny da Ari,an haife su a cikin 1980s kuma sun girma a Brookline, Massachusetts.Tana jin Turanci, Ibrananci,da Sipaniya sosai kuma tana fahimta kuma tana karanta Jamusanci.
Ilimi Karatun digiri na farko a Jami'ar Hebrew a Isra'ila.
BSc a cikin Chemistry (ƙananan a Biochemistry)- 1965
MSc a cikin ilimin halittar jiki- 1967
MED-Ilimi (wanda aka tabbatar don koyar da K-12)-1967
PhD,MIT,Sashen Gina Jiki da Kimiyyar Abinci,Manyan a Metabolism,1979
Rubuce-rubuce:"Bioassay na watsawa don ƙididdige ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun mutagenicity na ƙwayoyin cuta na sinadarai"(binciken ka'idar don tantance amintattun ƙididdiga na abubuwan ƙari na abinci:carcinogenesis)
Postdoc,MIT,a cikin Somatic Cell Genetics 1979-1981
Sana'a Tun daga farkon 2000s, ta shirya da gudanar da bincike kan yanayin da ke haifar da bullowa, kiyayewa, da yaduwar annoba Binciken ta ya ƙunshi cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i (STDs) irin su HIV/AIDS, da cututtukan da ke haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta, irin su cutar Lyme, dengue, da cutar Zika da zazzabin Zika Awerbuch-Friedlander kwanan nan yayi bincike akan yadawa da sarrafa rabies dangane da nazarin tarihin muhalli. Ayyukanta na tsaka-tsaki ne, kuma wasu daga cikin wallafe-wallafenta an haɗa su tare da masana kimiyya na duniya da membobin sassa daban-daban na HSPH da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts Wasu nau'ikan ƙididdiga na lissafinta sun haifar da ainihin binciken cututtukan cututtuka, alal misali, cewa oscillations wani abu ne na zahiri na haɓakar kaska Ta gabatar da aikinta a yawancin tarurrukan kasa da kasa da kuma Cibiyar Kimiyyar Lissafi ta Isaac Newton a Cambridge, Ingila, inda aka gayyace ta don shiga cikin Shirin a kan Model na annoba. Awerbuch-Friedlander memba ne wanda ya kafa Sabbin kuma Resurgent Cututtuka Masu Aiki. A cikin wannan mahallin, ta shiga cikin shirya wani taro a Woods Hole, Massachusetts, game da bullowar cututtuka da sake dawowa, inda ta jagoranci taron bita akan Modelin Lissafi. Bugu da ƙari, ta kafa haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa, kamar tare da masana kimiyya na Isra'ila game da cututtuka masu tasowa a Gabas ta Tsakiya, tare da masanan Cuban game da cututtuka na tsire-tsire da ci gaba da hanyoyin gabaɗaya, tare da masana kimiyya na Brazil kan haɓaka ra'ayoyi don jagorantar ingantaccen sa ido. A cikin ƙarshen 1990s, Awerbuch-Friedlander ya kasance mai bincike a cikin wani aiki, "Me yasa Sabbin Cututtuka da Tashe-tashen hankula suka kama Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a da Mamaki da Dabarun Hana Wannan" (Gidauniyar Robert Wood Johnson ta goyi bayan). A Harvard TH Chan Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a, Awerbuch-Friedlander ne ya jagoranci kwamitin kan Lissafi da Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a. Wasu daga cikin takardun bincikenta sun kasance sakamakon haɗin gwiwa tare da ɗalibai ta hanyar karatun Mathematical Models a Biology, wanda ke da kaso mai yawa da aka sadaukar don cututtuka masu yaduwa. Haƙiƙa tana sha'awar ilimin kiwon lafiyar jama'a kuma ta ƙirƙira software na ilimi ga matasa 'yan makarantar sakandare bisa ƙira don tantance haɗarin cewa mutumin da ke da wasu halayen jima'i masu haɗari a zahiri zai kamu da cutar kanjamau. Waɗannan samfuran sun taimaka wa matasa masu haɗarin haɗari, iyaye, malamai, shugabannin kiwon lafiya na al'umma, da masu binciken lafiyar jama'a don bincika yadda canje-canjen halayen jima'i ke tasiri yuwuwar kamuwa da cutar HIV.
Gaskiya ita ce Gaba ɗaya Awerbuch-Friedlander kuma ya jagoranci kwamitin tsarawa don bikin ranar haihuwar 85th na Richard Levins,wanda ya kafa shirin Human Ecology a cikin Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Duniya da Yawan Jama'a na Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Harvard,taron kwana uku tare da taken Hegelian."Gaskiya ita ce duka"da aka gudanar a tsakiyar 2015 a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Harvard,tana mai da hankali kan gudummawar da yawa a cikin samfuran ka'idar rikitarwa da cikakken bincike daga masanin ilimin lissafi Levins da abokan aikinsa,ɗalibai,da almajirai,waɗanda ke da sha'awar sosai.a cikin hadadden tsarin ilmin halitta.Littafin watan Satumba na 2018,Gaskiya Ita Ce Duka: Rubuce-rubucen Girmamawa na Richard Levins (ISBN 0998889105/9780998889108),wanda ta kasance editan hadin gwiwa tare da Maynard Clark da Dr.Peter Taylor,ya hada da sassan shari'ar daga masu ba da gudummawa sama da 20 daga cewa Harvard symposium.
Cin zarafin jima'i a kan Harvard Ko da yake Theda Skocpol ta yi zargin nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi a cikin ƙin yin aiki tun a farkon 1980,Awerbuch-Friedlander an yi imanin ita ce mace ta farko ta Jami'ar Harvard da ta shigar da kara a kan Jami'ar Harvard don nuna bambancin jima'i. An shigar da karar tare da Kotun Koli ta Middlesex County a watan Yuni 1997. Magoya bayanta,Richard Levins da Marvin Zelen, sun kwadaitar da Awerbuch-Friedlander "kusan dala miliyan 1 a cikin asarar albashi da fa'idodi,da kuma ci gaba a HSPH"kuma ta yi jayayya"cewa Fineberg ya ki ya inganta ta zuwa matsayi.waƙa saboda ita mace ce,duk da kyakkyawan shawarar da kwamitin zaɓe na HSPH na nadi da sake nadawa (SCARP)ya bayar."Tsawon lokaci daga 1998 zuwa 2007,Harvard Crimson(kafofin watsa labarai na harabar),The Boston Globe(kafofin watsa labarai na gida),da mujallar Kimiyya(kafofin watsa labaru na kwararru da na kimiyya)sun rufe shari'ar nuna wariyar jinsi.Kimiyya ta tattara abubuwan ci gaban shari'ar nuna wariya ta jima'i a cikin"Labaran Makon:Mata a Kimiyya" sashe.kuma a cikin KIMIYYAR KIMIYYA bayan wata biyu.Shari'arta ta nuna wariya ta jima'i ta dogara ne kan hanawar da Harvard ta yi mata,duk da manyan nasarorin da ta samu a fannonin ƙwararrunta,ilimin halittu,ilimin cututtuka, ilimin halittu da lafiyar jama'a.Jami’ar ta yi zargin cewa,ba a bude wuraren wa’adi na wa’adi ba a sabon sashen nata,bayan an canza mata aiki daga wannan sashen zuwa wancan.
Fitattun ɗalibai Christl Donnelly and Wendy Leisenring.Worked on the comparison of transmission rates of HIV1 and HIV2 in a cohort of prostitutes in Senegal 1990–1991. Publication:Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 55:731-743,1993.
Sandro Galea-Variability and vulnerability at the ecological level: Implications for understanding the social determinants of health. Spring 2000.Appeared in American Journal of Public Health,92:1768-1772,2002.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafin 'Batutuwa' akan Mata Masu Sana'ar Ilimi shiga 05/02/2013.
Ƙungiyar Matan Jami'o'i ta Amirka, An Ƙi: Abubuwan Wariyar Jima'i a cikin Ilimi. 2004.
"Gaskiya Ita Ce Duka" Taro na kwanaki 2 akan bikin cika shekaru 85 na Dr. Richard Levins
Yanar Gizo
Rayayyun mutane
Bayahuden |
20500 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian%20National%20Petroleum%20Corporation | Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation | Kamfanin Man Fetur Na Najeriya shine kamfanin man fetur wanda gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta hanyar shi ke tsarawa da kuma shiga masana'antar man fetur ta kasar. Ana gudanar da ayyukan kasuwancin NNPC ta hanyar dabarun Kasuwanci da Rukunin Ayyuka Na Kasuwanci (SBUs CSUs), a wurare daban-daban a duk faɗin Nijeriya. A irin wannan halin; Kamfanin Man Fetur na Kasa (NNPC) ya kirkiro da wani tsarin daukar ma'aikata kuma tun daga wancan lokacin, har zuwa yau aikin na NNPC ya kasance tsari ne na shekara-shekara.
Tarihi An kafa NNPC a ranar 1 ga Afrilun shekara ta 1977 a matsayin haɗakar Kamfanin Mai na Nijeriya da Ma’aikatar Man Fetur da Albarkatun Makamashi ta Tarayya. NNPC ta hanyar doka ce ke kula da hadin gwiwar tsakanin gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya da wasu manyan kamfanonin kasashen waje, wadanda suka hada da Royal Dutch Shell, Agip, ExxonMobil, Total SA, Chevron, da Texaco (wanda yanzu aka hade da Chevron). Ta hanyar hadin gwiwa da wadannan kamfanoni, gwamnatin Najeriya ke gudanar da bincike da samar da mai. A shekarar 2007, shugaban reshen Najeriya na kungiyar Transparency International ya ce albashin ma’aikatan NNPC ya yi kadan don hana cin hanci. Gidajen NNPC a Abuja shine hedkwatar NNPC. Gidan yana dauke da hasumiya guda iri daya, hadadden yana kan hanyar Herbert Macaulay, Central Business District Abuja NNPC kuma tana da ofisoshin shiyya a Legas, Kaduna, Fatakwal da Warri Tana da ofishi na duniya wanda ke London, United Kingdom. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2019, NNPC ta ce ta sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta biyan dala biliyan 2.5 tare da LNG na Najeriya don ayyukan ci gaban iskar gas.
A watan Disamban shekarar 2021, Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya da Kamfanin Mai na Najeriya (NNPC) Ltd sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna ta Naira biliyan 621 don samar da ayyukan gina muhimman ababen more rayuwa a Najeriya.
Shugabanci Shugaba Buhari ya nada Mele Kyari a matsayin sabon Manajan Darakta na Kamfanin (GMD) na NNPC. Kyari ya maye gurbin Maikanti Baru. Sabon GMD da sauran jami'an NNPC da aka nada za su yi aiki tare da jami'an yanzu a matsayi daya har zuwa ranar 7 ga watan Yulin 2019. Dokta Maikanti Baru (7 ga Yuli, 1959 29 ga Mayu, 2020) shi ne tsohon Manajan Daraktan Rukuni (GMD). An nada shi Manajan Daraktan Rukuni a ranar 4 ga Yulin, 2016, a karkashin shugabancin Muhammadu Buhari ya gaji Dr. Emmanuel Ibe Kachikwu, karamin Ministan Man Fetur na Najeriya (2015 2019).
Tsarin kungiya Rukunin NNPC ya kunshi Hukumar NNPC, da ofishin manajan darakta, Rukuni bakwai na aiki kamar yadda aka jera a kasa. Kowane ɗayan rukunin yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin babban jami'in gudanarwa (COO). Rukunan nata suna karkashin jagorancin manyan manajojin kungiyar (GGM), yayin da kamfanonin kera ke karkashin jagorancin manajan daraktoci. NNPC tana da rassa da yawa, rassa biyu da wasu kamfanoni masu haɗin gwiwa 16.
Kungiyoyin Kasuwanci masu zaman kansu:
Kamfanin Sama
Kamfanin streamasa
Kamfanin tace kaya
Kamfanin Kasuwanci
Kamfanin Gas Power
Kungiyoyin Ayyuka na Corporate:
Kudade da Lissafi
Ayyuka na Kamfanin
Kungiyoyin Kasuwanci da Dabaru sune kamar haka:
Girkawa NNPC yana da tafin kafa alhakin cirewa da kuma nisa da tushe aukuwa, kuma aka gurfanar da shi gudãnar da kula da masana'antun man fetur a madadin gwamnatin Nijeriya. A cikin 1988, an sanya kamfanin cikin kasuwanci zuwa manyan rukunin kasuwancin 11, wanda ya shafi dukkanin ayyukan masana'antar mai: bincike da samarwa, ci gaban iskar gas, tacewa, rarrabawa, man fetir, injiniyanci, da saka hannun jari na kasuwanci. A ranar Laraba 10 ga watan Yulin, 2019 a taron hukumomin samar da kudaden shiga da sa ido na Najeriya tare da shugabancin majalisar dattijai a harabar majalisar kasa, Abuja, manajan daraktan kungiyar, Mele Kyari ya yi kira da a samar da isassun kudade daga bangaren man fetur. Kamfanonin rashi sun hada da Kamfanin Bunkasa Man Fetur na Najeriya (NPDC).
Gabatar da doka A tsarin mulkin Najeriya, duk ma'adanai, gas, da mai da kasar ta mallaka doka ce ta gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya. Saboda haka, kamfanonin man da ke aiki a Najeriya sun dace da kason kudaden shigar su ga gwamnati, wanda ke daukar kusan kashi 60% na kudaden shigar da masana'antar mai ke samu ta wannan hanyar. Kudaden da NNPC ta samu sun kai kashi 76% na kudaden shiga na gwamnatin tarayya da kuma kashi 40% na GDP na kasar baki daya Ya zuwa shekarar 2000, fitar da mai da gas ya kai kashi 98% na kudaden shigar da Nijeriya ke fitarwa.
Cin hanci da rashawa a NNPC
Rahoton KPMG A watan Disambar shekara ta 2011, gwamnatin Nijeriya ta ba da izinin a buga rahoton binciken da KPMG ta gudanar. Binciken, wanda Ma’aikatar Kudi ta ba shi biyo bayan damuwar da ta nuna game da yadda kamfanin na NNPC ke nuna gaskiya, ya yi bayani dalla-dalla kan yadda NNPC ke gudanar da kasuwanci, da karya ka’idoji, da fitar da kudi ta jihar ba bisa ka’ida ba, da kuma rashin yin asusu na biliyoyin nairori da ya kamata a biya asusun tarayya. Masu binciken kudi sun gano cewa tsakanin 2007 zuwa 2009 kadai, NNPC ta cire makudan kudade a cikin tallafi har zuwa N28.5 biliyan. Ba ta iya lissafin kuɗin tun daga lokacin.
Bungiyar Willbros Inc. A watan Mayu 2008, Willbros Group Inc, wani kamfani na Amurka, ya yarda da yin almubazzaranci da suka kai dala 6.3 miliyan zuwa ga jami’ai a NNPC da reshenta NAPIMS, a madadin taimako don samun da kuma rike kwangiloli na aiki a kan Tsarin Gas na Tattara Gas (EGGS).
ABB Vetco Grey A watan Yulin 2004, ABB Vetco Gray, wani kamfani na Amurka, da reshen Burtaniya ABB Vetco Gray UK Ltd, sun yarda da biyan sama da 1 cin hancin miliyan ga jami’ai a reshen kamfanin NNPC NAPIMS a madadin samun bayanan sirri na tayin da shawarwari masu kyau daga hukumomin gwamnatin Najeriya.
Trafigura da Vitol A watan Nuwamba na 2013 bayan da kungiyar bayar da shawarwari ta masu zaman kansu ta Switzerland Erklärung von Bern ta wallafa wani rahoto zargin badakalar da yawa, inda aka sanya kamfanin na NNPC bisa zargin cire 6.8 biliyan na kudaden shigar danyen mai.
Kudaden da ba a sakasu ba (2013-2014) A ranar 9 ga Disambar 2013, wata wasika daga Gwamnan Babban Bankin Najeriya Sanusi Lamido Sanusi zuwa ga Shugaban Najeriya, Goodluck Ebele Jonathan, wanda aka nuna kwanan wata 25 ga Satumba 2013 cewa NNPC ba ta aika da sama da 49.8 ba biliyan da aka samu na sayar da Gwamnati ga danyen mai. A ranar 13 ga Disambar 2013, NNPC ta ba da amsar cewa babu wani kuɗi da ya ɓace. Kwamitin sulhu (wanda ya kunshi wakilan (i) CBN (ii) NNPC (iii) DPR (iv) FIRS (v) OAGF (vi) Ofishin Kasafin Kudi na Tarayya (vii) Ma’aikatar Kudi ta Tarayya (viii) Ma’aikatar Albarkatun Man Fetur ta Tarayya aka kafa. Kwamitin sulhu ya kiyasta kudaden da ba a sake biya ba zuwa 10.8bn a ranar 18 ga Disambar 2013 yayin da CBN ta sauya da'awar zuwa 12bn. Daga nan sai CBN ya sanar da kwamitin majalisar dattijai kan harkokin kudi a ranar 4 ga Fabrairun shekara ta 2014 cewa NNPC na bukatar lissafin dala biliyan 20 saboda CBN za ta iya tabbatar da karbar dala biliyan 47 daga dala biliyan 67 na lokacin da ake dubawa. Ministan Kudi na wancan lokacin ya ba da shawarar gudanar da binciken kwastomomi mai zaman kansa kuma ofishin Babban Odita Janar na Tarayya (AuGF) ne ya nada PwC a hukumance don gudanar da binciken kwakwaf kan zargin. Daga cikin matsayar da PwC ta cimma a karshen ayyukansu, kamar yadda suka bayyana a cikin rahoton nasu, wanda aka bayyana a fili akwai:
1. Jimlar kudin da aka shigar cikin asusun tarayya dangane da daga danyen mai ya kai 50.81bn da BA dala biliyan 47 kamar yadda kwamitin sulhu ya fada a baya daga watan Janairun shekara ta 2012 zuwa watan Yulin shekara ta 2013. 2. Kamfanin NNPC ya bayar da bayanai kan banbancin da ke haifar da yuwuwar shigar da dala biliyan 0.74 (ba tare da la’akari da kudaden da ake sa ran shigowa daga NPDC ba). Sauran kudaden da ba na kai tsaye ba na dala biliyan 2.83 wadanda ba na bangaren gabatar da kara ga kwamitin majalisar dattijai ba an karkatar da su zuwa wannan matsayin. 3. Babban abin la'akari shine cibiyoyin mallakar albarkatun mai da iskar gas wanda NPDC ke sarrafawa. Dangane da ƙarin bayani da ake bayarwa, mun kiyasta cewa NNPC da NPDC ya kamata su mayar wa Asusun Tarayya aƙalla dala biliyan 1.48 kamar yadda aka taƙaita a shafi na gaba. Babu wani ma'aikacin NNPC ko Ma'aikatar Man Fetur da aka hukunta har yanzu, kodayake a ranar Alhamis, 20 ga Fabrairu 2014, Shugaban Kasa mai dakatar da busa usur ya dakatar da shi daga aiki.
Asusun da ba a sake ba (2016) Wani bincike na hukuma ya ruwaito a watan Maris na shekara t 2016 cewa NNPC ya kasa biyan Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Tattalin arziki
Ma'aikatun gwamnati
NNPC
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32293 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farinata | Farinata | Farinata, socca, torta di ceci, ko cecina wani nau'in bakin ciki ne, maras yisti pancake ko gauraye da aka yi daga chic. Ya kuma samo asali ne daga Genoa kuma daga baya ya zama abinci na yau da kullum na Tekun Ligurian, daga Nice zuwa tsibirin Sardinia da Elba. Hakanan yana da kama da a Gibraltar, inda ake kiransa calentita.
Tarihi Ba a san asalin tasa ba. Wani labari na asali ya ce rukunin sojojin Romawa ne suka kirkiri farinata da suka gasa fulawa a kan garkuwa.
Sunaye A cikin daidaitaccen Italiyanci, ana kiran tasa farinata ("wanda aka yi da gari") yayin da yake cikin Ligurian, musamman a yaren Genoese, yana tafiya da sunan fainâ. A Nice da Cote d'Azur, ana kuma kiranta socca, a Tuscany, cecina ("wanda aka yi da chickpeas") ko torta di ceci ("chickpea pie") kuma a cikin Sardinia fainè. A cikin Uruguay da Argentina an shahara sosai kuma ana kiranta fainá.
Hanyar dafa abinci Ana yin ta ne ta hanyar zuga garin kasuwar a cikin ruwa da man zaitun a hada da ruwa da man zaitun a samu batter, a zuba a cikin kasko don yin pancake mai kauri mai kauri 4mm, sai a gasa shi na ’yan mintuna, bisa ga al’ada a cikin tanda a budadden gwangwani a cikin kwano. -plated tagulla baking kwanon rufi. Farinata za a iya dandana tare da Rosemary, barkono da gishiri na teku. A al'adance ana yanka farinata zuwa yankan yankan triangular marasa tsari, kuma a ci (ba tare da toppings ba) akan ƙananan faranti tare da barkono baƙi na zaɓi. Wani wuri a Italiya bisa ga al'ada a Tuscany, inda ake kira cecina (daga kalmar Italiyanci don chickpea, ceci) ana amfani da shi a cikin ƙananan focaccia (yafi a cikin Pisa) ko tsakanin gurasa biyu, kamar yadda yake a al'ada a Livorno. Ana sayar da shi a pizzerias da gidajen burodi.
Bambance-bambancen Italiyanci A bakin tekun Tuscan, kudu da Liguria, musamman a lardin Pisa, Livorno, Lucca, Massa Carrara cecina ko, a Livorno, torta (di ceci) ana gasa (ba tare da Rosemary da ake amfani da shi don toppings ba).
A Sassari, Sardinia, saboda alakar tarihi da Genoa, la fainé genovese (genoese fainé), abinci ne na yau da kullun.
A lardin Savona (kusa da Genoa), ana amfani da sigar farinata da ake kira farinata bianca (fararen farinata). Ana yin shi da garin alkama maimakon garin kaji.
Sunan panissa ko paniscia a cikin Genoese yana nuna wani ingantaccen dafaffen irin lemun tsami, wanda aka yi shi da kayan abinci iri ɗaya da farinata. Ana iya yanke shi cikin tube da soyayyen, wanda ake kira panissette.
A cikin Genoa, bambance-bambancen farinata sun haɗa da wani lokacin albasa ko artichokes, amma mafi shahararren girke-girke na asali shine fainâ co i gianchetti ("farinata with whitebait"), a wasu lokuta da wuya a samu saboda ka'idodin kamun kifi, amma a al'ada ana ganin shi a matsayin babban fainâ. Bambance-bambancen Faransanci Socca [fr] kuma ƙwararre ce ta abinci na kudu maso gabashin Faransa, musamman a cikin birnin Nice da kewaye, kuma kusan iri ɗaya ne da farinata, wasu sun ce yanayin ya ɗan bambanta. Ana iya toya shi akan farantin jan karfe mai gwangwani fiye da mita daya a diamita.
A kusa da Toulon da Marseille, kuma yana yiwuwa a same shi a ƙarƙashin sunan cade.
Panisse kwararre ne na Marseille, kuma irin tasa ce, amma ya fi kauri, kuma yawanci ana yanka shi cikin murabba'i da soyayyen.
Wani wuri A Aljeriya, karantita wani irin abinci ne wanda ya shahara sosai. Ana ba da shi da zafi kuma a sanya shi da cumin da harissa.
A Argentina da Uruguay (inda dubban mutanen Ligurian suka yi hijira a tsakanin ƙarni na 19 zuwa na 20) farinata ana kiransa fainá, kama da ainihin sunan Genoese fainâ. Ana yawan cin shi a saman pizza (a caballo).
A Uruguay, "el fayná" (wanda ake kira "la fayná" a Argentina) ana daukarsa a matsayin abincin gargajiya na Uruguay, wanda baƙi suka kawo a 1915, har 27 ga Agusta an kira "Ranar Fainá". Man zaitun, mai tsada, ba lallai ne a yi amfani da shi ba; za a iya amfani da wasu kayan lambu mai, wanda ke shafar ɗanɗanon ɗanɗano.
A Gibraltar, inda wani muhimmin yanki na yawan jama'arta ya fito daga asalin Genoese, ana san shi da calentita lokacin da aka toya ko panissa lokacin soyayyen. Yawancin lokaci ana cin su a fili, ba tare da wani abin toppings ba. Ana ɗaukar waɗannan a matsayin jita-jita na ƙasar Gibraltar.
A Indiya, dal (kalmar pulses) "chila" (lafazin "cheela") ko besan (kalmar garin kajin kaji) "puda" (lafazin "poora"), ya danganta da yankin, irin wannan tasa ce ta yin ta. dafa chickpea (ko wani bugun jini) fulawa da ruwa akan kaskon mai mai. Kayan lambu irin su albasa, kore chili, kabeji da ganyaye da kayan kamshi irin su coriander kuma ana saka su a wasu nau'ikan shirye-shiryen.
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44609 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20a%20Afirka | Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam a Afirka | Masu ba da gudummawa wajen kafa tsarin kare haƙƙin bil'adama a Afirka sun haɗa da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, dokokin kasa da ƙasa da kuma ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka waɗanda suka yi tasiri mai kyau wajen inganta yanayin kare haƙƙin bil'adama a nahiyar. Sai dai har yanzu ana cin zarafin bil'adama da dama a sassa da dama na nahiyar. Yawanci, cin zarafi ana iya danganta su da rashin zaman lafiya na siyasa (sakamakon yaƙin basasa), wariyar launin fata, cin hanci da rashawa, bayan mulkin mallaka, ƙarancin tattalin arziki, jahilci, rashin lafiya, kishin addini, bashi da kuma rashin gudanar da harkokin kuɗi, cin gashin kansa na mulki, rashin cin gashin kai na shari'a da 'yan jarida, da rikice-rikicen kan iyaka. Yawancin tanade-tanaden da ke ƙunshe cikin yarjejeniyoyin yanki, na ƙasa.
Tsarin kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam na Afirka Yarjejeniya ta Afirka takarda ce ta haƙƙin ɗan adam da ta ƙunshi labarai guda 68 da aka sassaƙa zuwa sassa huɗu—Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Jama'a; Ayyuka; Tsarin Hukumar; da ƙa'idoji masu aiki. Ya haɗa ƙungiyoyin haƙƙoƙi guda uku, wato, yancin jama'a da na siyasa, haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da al'adu, da haƙƙin ƙungiya da jama'a. Yana aiwatar da wajibai a kan kowane memba na kowace al'ummar Afirka kuma yana haɗa ra'ayoyin 'yancin ɗan adam, 'yancin mutane, da ayyuka akan mutane. Ƙungiyar da aka ba da izini don fassara Yarjejeniya, da kuma bincikar korafe-korafen ɗaiɗaikun mutane ita ce Hukumar Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Jama'a ta Afirka (ACHPR). An kafa ACHPR bisa Art. 30 na Yarjejeniya kuma an buɗe shi a cikin Nuwambar shekara ta 1987. ACHPR tana haɗuwa sau biyu a shekara kuma sakatariyarta tana da hedikwata a Banjul (Gambia).
Inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam da kare shi
Ilimin haƙƙin ɗan Adam Haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam “haƙƙin da mutum yake da shi don kawai mutum ne”. Wadannan gata da yancin jama'a sun kasance cikin kowane mutum ba tare da nuna bambanci ba kuma inda kabila, wurin zama, jinsi, asalin al'adu, launin fata, addini, ko harshe, ba su da mahimmanci. Ainihin yana nufin "dukkan koyo da ke haɓaka ilimi, ƙwarewa, da ƙimar haƙƙin ɗan adam." Ilimin haƙƙin ɗan adam ya ƙunshi ɗimbin manufofi da ƙa'idodi waɗanda suka haɗa da zaman lafiya, adalci da haƙuri, daidaito, diflomasiyya, da ƙima ga mutunta ɗan adam. Ta hanyar ba da tabbaci da haɓaka mutunta haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin duk wayewar kai, yana baiwa ɗalibai damar ba da gudummawa sosai wajen haɗa makoma mai ɗorewa da mara tashin hankali. A cewar Amnesty International, ilimin haƙƙin ɗan adam aiki ne mai maƙasudi, aikin haɗin kai wanda aka yi niyya don ƙarfafa mutane da al'ummomi ta hanyar haɓaka son ilimi, ƙarfafa samun ƙwarewa, da haɓaka ɗabi'a da tunani masu dacewa da ƙa'idodin da aka yarda da su a duniya. Tana fatan hada al'adun mutunta daukar mataki cikin gaggawa wajen karewa da ƙarfafa 'yancin dan adam ga dukkan 'yan kasa. A cikin aiwatar da doka, ilimin haƙƙin ɗan adam yana nufin haɓaka wayewar xaliban da fahimtar yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙoƙin don tabbatar da kiyaye haƙƙin mutane a cikin al'umma, bayyana gaskiya a cikin mu'amala da ayyukan gwamnati, alhaki/ alhakin gudanar da mu'amalar jama'a, da daidaito da rashin son kai. aikin ƙarfi. A mafi yawan lokuta, ilimin haƙƙin ɗan adam yana bayyana ta hanyar sanannen ilimi ko ilimin al'umma tare da manufar tsara mutane da kunna mazaɓa don faɗaɗa da haɓaka ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. An ƙirƙiri waɗannan samfuran tushen al'umma kuma an kafa su a yankunan ƙauye na Latin Amurka, Asiya, da kuma Afirka.
Ana kallon irin waɗannan yunƙurin ilmantar da haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayin tsarin siyasa da na ilimi don taimakawa tsarin dimokuradiyya da samun ɗan ƙasa mai kuzari. Idan aka ba da hankali a cikin waɗannan yunƙurin ilimi sune haƙƙoƙin farar hula, siyasa, zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da al'adu da haƙƙoƙin daidaito ga wasu nau'ikan ƙungiyoyi. Sakamakon haka, ilimin haƙƙin ɗan adam ya bambanta ta asali, hanya da dabara, iyaka, maida hankali, girman kai, da isarwa.
Haƙƙoƙin matan Afirka An sami gagarumin ci gaba a game da bunƙasa yancin mata na Afirka da shigar mata cikin harkokin siyasa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. Nahiyar Nahiyar ta yi amfani da wasu tsare-tsare da suka dace, kamar yarjejeniyar Maputo, sanarwar, kamar sanarwar da kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta yi kan daidaiton jinsi a Afirka, da kudurorin da ke da nufin tabbatar da yancin mata. Hakanan waɗannan kayan aikin sun haifar da ƙungiyoyin sa ido da yawa don tabbatar da cikar manufofin matan Afirka. Duk da haka, matan Afirka suna ci gaba da fuskantar ƙalubale marasa ma'ana ta fuskar tattalin arziki, a rayuwarsu, da kuma matsayinsu a cikin al'umma, musamman idan ana batun kiwon lafiya da ilimi. Isasshen kiwon lafiya, wayar da kan hana haihuwa, da fahimtar zubar da ciki lafiyayye ya yi ƙaranci saboda ababen more rayuwa na kiwon lafiya na nahiyar, yana mai da mata wuya su samu gamsasshen damar zuwa asibitocin lafiya. Haka kuma, matan Afirka na ci gaba da bin diddigin mazan Afirka a cikin kayan aikinsu don samun dama, amfani, da sarrafa filaye da sauran albarkatu, wanda ke sa su zama marasa tsaro a cikin rikice-rikice da kuma rashin tsaro a lokutan bala'i. Yarjejeniyar Maputo ta daidaita dabi'un 'yancin ɗan adam na mata a Afirka. Yarjejeniyar tana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman adadin tabbatar da kayan aiki a cikin Tarayyar Afirka. A cikin wannan yarjejeniya, bayanin cin zarafi ga mata ya bambanta duka ta jiki da ta zuciya da kuma barazanar zalunci da bacin rai. Ta bayyana rawar da mata ke takawa a harkokin siyasa da jama’a tare da jan hankalin jam’iyyun jahohi da su ware lokaci da kudi don yin dokoki da sauran hanyoyin da za su tabbatar da daidaiton wakilcin mata da maza wajen yanke shawara. Yarjejeniyar ta tanadi dokar haramta kaciyar mata a shari'a da kuma amincewa da zubar da ciki a lokuta na fyade, lalata da mata, lalata da kuma ci gaba da daukar ciki da ke barazana ga lafiyar kwakwalwa da ta jiki/rayuwar uwa ko tayin. Ita ce kuma yarjejeniyar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta farko ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ke magana ba tare da wata shakka ba game da cutar HIV/AIDS. Sauran tanade-tanade da ke ƙunshe a cikin adireshin ƙa'idar da aka kafa amma ayyuka masu lalacewa, auren yara, auren mata fiye da ɗaya, gado, ƙarfafa tattalin arziki, shigar mata a siyasance, ilimi, da mata a cikin rikicin makami.
Hakkokin yaran Afirka Nau'ukan tashe-tashen hankula da musgunawa na yin illa ga rayuwar yara da dama a Afirka. Waɗannan sun haɗa da cin zarafi na tattalin arziƙi da jima'i, nuna bambancin jinsi a fannin ilimi, da kuma kama su a cikin tashin hankali a lokacin tashe-tashen hankula. A cewar UNICEF, akwai kimanin yara miliyan 150 a tsakanin shekaru 5-14 da ke aiki tukuru da kuma manya. An ƙirƙira don kare yara da kiyaye haƙƙoƙinsu na asali, an ƙirƙiri Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan Haƙƙin Yara da Jin Dadin Yara (ACRWC). Har ila yau, ya zama babbar hanyar doka a cikin tsarin yancin ɗan adam na Afirka wanda ke fayyace haƙƙoƙi da gata da ya kamata ƙasashen Afirka su baiwa 'ya'yansu. Sauran matsalolin da kasashen Afirka ke son yarjejeniyar ta magance sun haɗa da batutuwan da suka shafi yaran da ke rayuwa ƙarƙashin mulkin wariyar launin fata, auren yara, kaciyar mata (FGM), rikice-rikice na cikin gida da ƙaura, haƙƙin yaran da aka ɗaure iyayensu mata, rashin tsafta, da kuma rawar da suka taka. iyali a reno da reno.
Yaran sojoji
Ma'anarsa Bisa ga ka'idodin Paris da ƙa'idoji game da yara masu haɗin gwiwa da Sojoji ko Ƙungiyoyin Makamai, yaro soja shine "kowane mutumin da ke ƙasa da shekaru 18 wanda aka ɗauka ko amfani da shi ta hanyar soja ko ƙungiyar masu ɗauke da makamai a kowace hanya, ciki har da amma a'a. iyakance ga yara, maza da mata da aka yi amfani da su azaman mayaka, masu dafa abinci, ƴan dako, manzanni, ƴan leƙen asiri ko don yin jima'i." Sau da yawa ana tura yara sojoji ta hanyar tilas ta hanyar amfani da ƙarfi, ta hanyar yin garkuwa da su ko kuma yi musu barazana. Wasu kuma suna yin rajista da son rai don guje wa matsanancin wahala da talauci. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilan da ke sa yara aikin soja shine ana kallon su a matsayin abin da za a iya raba su, ko kuma "masu jefarwa" kuma kula da su ba ya da tsada. Ana kuma ganin su a matsayin mafi sauƙi idan aka kwatanta da manya, waɗanda suka riga sun sami ma'anar mutane. Tun da yara ba sa jin tsoro, suna karɓar wasu ayyuka masu haɗari ba tare da nazarin abin da suke shiga ba.
Ƙungiyoyi masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na Afirka Akwai ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa guda tara da ke aiki don kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam na Afirka, wato su ne kamar haka: Human Rights Watch, International Committee of the Red Cross, Global Rights, Amnesty International, International Federation for Human Rights, Refugees International, UN Watch, Human Rights Foundation, da kuma Kariya International Halin haƙƙin ɗan adam ta ƙasa
Arewacin Afirka A Aljeriya, manyan batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam sun haɗa da kutsawa cikin sirri ba tare da izini ba, kafa dokoki da ke hana ƙayyadaddun 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, dokokin cin mutuncin laifuffuka waɗanda galibi ba a san su ba, ƙuntatawa kan 'yancin 'yan jaridu, 'yancin yin taro da ƙungiyoyi, cin hanci da rashawa na jami'an gwamnati, rashi ko rashin 'yancin kai da tsaka-tsaki a cikin ma'aikatun shari'a, mummunar cin zarafin mata a cikin gida, haramta ayyukan jima'i, cin zarafi ta hanyar jima'i ga mutanen LGBTI, da fataucin mutane. A yayin da gwamnati ke ƙoƙarin yin bincike, daukar matakin shari'a, da hukunta jami'an gwamnati da suka aikata laifuka, har yanzu akwai rashin hukunta 'yan sanda da jami'an tsaro kuma ya kasance matsala a kasar nan. A shekara ta 2016 a ƙasar Masar, an ayyana dakatar da sukar gwamnati da jama'a ke yi. Ana kama mutane lokacin da ake zarginsu ko kuma aka tabbatar da cewa suna da hannu a zanga-zanga ko kuma halartar taron zanga-zangar. An ba da umarnin hana tafiye-tafiye tare da kama ko kuma daskarar da kadarorin sanannun ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. An tuhumi manyan daraktocin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da shugaban kungyiyar 'yan jaridu da kuma kan jagororin yakyi da cin hanci da rashawa na Masar. Jami’an tsaro na ci gaba da muzgunawa da azabtar da fursunonin kuma daruruwan mutane sun bace a boye ba tare da la’akari da yadda jami’an gwamnati suka saba wa doka ba. Tun daga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2018, wani daftarin aiki na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya ba da rahoton cewa, dubban 'yan bindiga da ke da alaka da gwamnati a Libya sun yi ta keta haƙƙin bil'adama. Dangane da rahotannin Amnesty International, dakarun da ke kawance da gwamnatocin da ke gaba da juna ban da ƙungiyoyin da ke ɗauke da makamai da dakaru masu zaman kansu suna ci gaba da aiwatar da rashin jin dadi na wulakanta dokokin duniya da cin zarafi ga 'yancin dan adam. Wadannan ƙungiyoyi suna kai hare-hare ba kakkautawa a yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban fararen hula. Suna ci gaba da yin garkuwa, da kamawa da tsare dubban mutane na wani lokaci mara iyaka. An tsananta wa marasa tausayi da kuma yin amfani da wasu mugayen hanyoyi a cikin ɗakunan kurkuku. Mata suna fuskantar muguwar wariya, gami da tauye hakkinsu na tafiye-tafiye. Ana ci gaba da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa. Mauritania
Maroko
Sudan
Tunisiya
Yammacin Sahara
Yankin Saharar Afirka An yankewa wasu sojojin Kamaru hudu hukuncin daurin shekaru 10 a gidan yari bisa laifin harbe mata 2 da ƙananan yara 2 a shekara ta 2015. An ɗauki hoton harbin ne a wani faifan bidiyo da aka yaɗa ta yanar gizo a shekara ta 2018. A cikin faifan bidiyon an ga sojoji suna zargin matan da alaka da ƙungiyar ta'addanci ta Boko Haram Duba kuma Child Army International
Afirka
Jerin labaran haƙƙin ɗan adam ta ƙasa
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu Bösl, Anton Diescho, Joseph (Eds), 'Yancin Dan Adam a Afirka. Ra'ayin Shari'a game da kariya da haɓaka su; Macmillan Ilimi Namibia 2009. ISBN 978-99916-0-956-0
Ilimin 'Yan Mata A Afirka Me Muka Sani Game da Dabarun Da Suke Aiki?
Horn, Nico da Anton Bösl (eds. Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Doka a Namibiya, Macmillan Namibiya 2009. ISBN 978-99916-0-915-7
Viljoen, Frans da Chidi Odinkalu. Haramcin azabtarwa da cin zarafi a cikin Tsarin 'Yancin Dan Adam na Afirka LITTAFI MAI KYAU GA wadanda aka zalunta da masu ba da shawararsu." Kungiyar Yaki da azabtarwa ta Duniya (OMCT). OMCT Littafin Jagora Vol. 3 Jerin Edita: Boris Wijkström
Lokacin da kake karantar da yarinya, komai yana canzawa
Ilimin 'yan mata da daidaiton jinsi Nahiyar Afrika: Ka Sanya Ilimin ‘Yan Mata Ya Zama Gaskiya
Yankin kudu da hamadar sahara ya yi kasa a gwiwa wajen samun daidaiton ilimin yara maza da mata: Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Yaki da cin zarafin mata a Aljeriya: Tattaunawa da kalubale
Aljeriya, Bayanin Daidaiton Jinsi, UNICEF Rinjaye Talauci a Masar: Cin Hanci da Hakkokin Dan Adam da suka Taimakawa Juyin Juya Halin 25 ga Janairu
Siyasar 'Yancin Dan Adam a Masar da Jordan
Makomar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin sabuwar Libya: Abubuwan da ake bukata da kalubale Muhimman abubuwan da za a kawo gyara ga majalisa: Taswirar haƙƙin ɗan adam don sabuwar Libya
BAYANI AKAN CIN HAKKIN DAN ADAM NA KASA DA DOKAR DAN ADAM A LOKACIN TASHIN HANKALI A LIBYA.
Halin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam a Najeriya da Matsalolin 'Yancin Mata a Mauritania
GASKIYA JIHAR HAKKIN MATA A AFRICA
Inganta Daidaiton Jinsi a Afirka
HOTUNAN HAKKIN MATA A AFRIKA: ABUBUWA GUDA 10 DA ZA KU IYA TUNANI!
Yana da wuya mata su kai ga matsayi na farko a siyasar Afirka amma muna kan hanya
Cin hanci da rashawa a Afirka ya keta haƙƙin ɗan adam. Me yasa muka jure shi?
Rikicin Yanki da cin zarafin Bil Adama a Yammacin Afirka: Takaddar Takaddama ga Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Idan kun isa ɗaukar bindiga, kun isa soja'
Abubuwa 10 masu ban tsoro game da Sojoji a Afirka
Daukar yara kanana aikin soja har yanzu tana karuwa a Sudan ta Kudu
Maputo Protocol ya cika shekaru 15! Kira ga jihohi da su amince da aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar daga zance zuwa aiki
Guterres: Dubban yara sojoji ne ke yaki a Somaliya
Yaran soja sun dauki aikin soja sau biyu a cikin shekara guda a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Da'awar 'Yancin Dan Adam
Tarayyar Afirka Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) Al'ummar Gabashin Afirka
Rukunin Bankin Raya Afirka
Inganta Haƙƙin Matan Afirka
Bösl, A da Diescho, J. (eds), Haƙƙin Dan Adam a Afirka. Halayen Shari'a akan kariyar su da haɓakawa, Ilimin Macmillan Namibiya, 2009 Masu fafutukar neman Ilimin Hakkokin Dan Adam
Cibiyar Ilimi da Horar da Hakkokin Dan Adam
PDHR Ƙungiyar Jama'a don Koyon Haƙƙin Dan Adam
Youth for Human Rights
Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka Rahoton Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Shekara-shekara
2007 2006 2005 2004
Hakkin tsaro
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Haƙƙoƙi
Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki
Ƴancin Mata a Najeriya
Ƴancin |
20425 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98abilar%20Kanuri | Ƙabilar Kanuri | Ƙabilar Kanuri (Kanouri, Kanowri, da Yerwa, Bare Bari da sauran sunaye masu yawa) ƙabilu ne na Afirka waɗanda ke zaune a mafi yawan ƙasashen tsohuwar Kanem da daular Bornu a Nijar, Najeriya, Sudan, Libya da Kamaru. Wadanda galibi ake kira Kanuri sun haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyin yare, da yawa daga cikinsu wadanda suke da bambanci da Kanuri. Yawancinsu suna gano asalinsu zuwa layin mulkin masarautar Kanem-Bornu, da kuma jihohin abokan cinikinta ko lardunan. Ya kuma bambanta da makwabtan makiyaya na Toubou ko Zaghawa, kungiyoyin Kanuri a al'adance suna zaman kashe wando, yin noma, kamun kifin Chadi, da tsunduma cikin kasuwanci da sarrafa gishiri.
Bayan Fage Ƙabilar Kanuri sun haɗa da ƙananan rukuni da yawa, da kuma tantance su da sunaye daban-daban a wasu yankuna. Yaren Kanuri shine babban yare na Daular Bornu kuma har yanzu shine babban yare a kudu maso gabashin Niger, arewa maso gabashin Nigeria da arewacin Kamaru, amma a Chadi an iyakance shi ga handfulan masu magana a cikin biranen. Mafi yawan ƙabilar Kanuri suna zaune a kusurwar arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, inda masarautar Bornu ta samo asali ne daga daular Kanem-Bornu, wacce aka kafa tun kafin Ƙarni na 1000 CE. Kimanin masu magana da Kanuri miliyan 3 ke zaune a Nijeriya, ba tare da wasu masu magana da yaren Manga ko Mangari 200,000 ba. Mutanen Nga a cikin jihar Bauchi sun gano asalinsu daga ƙabilar Kanuri. A kudu maso gabashin Nijar, inda suka fi yawa a cikin masu yawan tayar da zaune tsaye, Kanuri ana kiransu Bare Bari (sunan Hausawa). Yawan Kanuri dubu dari hudu a Nijar ya haɗa da rukunin Manga ko Mangari, wanda yawansu ya kai 100,000 (1997) a yankin gabashin Zinder, waɗanda ke ɗaukar kansu kamar sun bambanta da Bare Bari Kimanin mambobi 40,000 (1998) na ƙungiyar Tumari, wani lokacin ana kiranta Kanembu a Nijar, wasu keɓaɓɓun ƙungiyoyin Kanuri ne da ke zaune a yankin N'guigmi, kuma sun bambanta da mutanen Kanembu na ƙasar Chadi. A cikin mashigar Kaour ta gabashin Nijar, Kanuri ya kara kasu kashi biyu zuwa Bla Bla subgroup, yawan su yakai 20,000 (2003), kuma sune mafi rinjaye a cikin ƙabilar gishiri da masana'antar kasuwanci ta Bilma. Kanuri yana magana da ire-iren Kanuri, ɗayan yarukan Nilo-Saharan Rarrabawar sun haɗa da yarukan Manga, Tumari, da Bilma na Kanuri ta Tsakiya da yaren Kanembu da ya bambanta. Gado da al'adun addini da al'adun jihar Kanem-Bornu, ƙabilar Kanuri galibi Musulmin Sunni ne.
A Chadi, masu magana da Kanembu sun banbanta kansu da manyan kabilun Kanuri. Kanembu suna tsakiya a lardin Lac da kuma lardin Kanem na kudu. Kodayake Kanuri shine babban yare na Daular Bornu, a cikin Kasar Chadi, masu magana da Kanuri sun iyakance ga kaɗan daga masu magana a cikin biranen. Kanuri ya kasance babban harshe a kudu maso gabashin Nijar, arewa maso gabashin Najeriya da arewacin Kamaru. A farkon shekarar 1980s, Kanembu ya kasance mafi yawan ɓangare na yawan lardin Lac, amma wasu Kanembu suma sun rayu a Chari-Baguirmi Prefecture Da zarar asalin ƙabilar Masarautar Kanem-Borno, waɗanda ƙasashe a wani lokaci sun haɗa da arewa maso gabashin Najeriya da kudancin Libya, Kanembu ta riƙe alaƙa fiye da kan iyakar Chadi. Misali, dangin dangi da na kasuwanci sun hada su da Kanuri na arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. A cikin Chadi, Kanembu da yawa na lardin Lac da Kanem suna da alaƙa da Alifa na Mao, gwamnan yankin a zamanin mulkin mallaka. Asalin mutanen makiyaya ne, Kanuri suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin Nilo-Sahara da yawa waɗanda ke da asalin Sahara ta Tsakiya, suka fara fadada a yankin Tafkin Chadi a karshen karni na 7, kuma suka shagaltar da 'yan asalin Nilo-Saharan da Chadic (Afro-Asiatic) masu magana. A al'adar Kanuri, Sef, ɗan Dhu Ifazan na Yemen, ya isa Kanem a ƙarni na tara kuma ya haɗu da mutane zuwa daular Sayfawa Wannan al'adar, wataƙila samfurin ne daga tasirin Islama na gaba, wanda ke nuna alaƙar da asalin Larabawa a zamanin Islama. Tabbacin shaidar asalin statean asali a yankin Tafkin Chadi ya faro ne zuwa kusan 800 KZ a Zilum.
Addini Amfani da karin magana a bayyane ya ke a cikin addinin Kanuri na Islama inda ake amfani da su don taimakawa wajen fahimtar abubuwan da ke faruwa a zamantakewa da kuma koyar da ma'anonin abubuwa. Waɗannan karin magana an ƙirƙira su ne da tsofaffin maza masu hikima tare da mahangar ra'ayi dangane da halin da ake ciki da kuma wane darasi da ake ƙoƙarin koyarwa. Misalai galibi suna magana ne akan abubuwan da aka samo a rayuwar yau da kullun. Koyaya, ana amfani da abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin karin magana ta yadda za su koyar da halaye na zamantakewa, imani ko gogewa. Sau da yawa ana gina karin magana a kusa da ayyukan da ake buƙata waɗanda ake aiwatarwa a cikin rayuwar yau da kullun, amma ana sanya su don a sauƙaƙe su gani kuma a yi amfani da su ga wasu, yanayi mai tsanani. Za'a iya amfani da karin magana na Kanuri a matsayin wata hanya ta tsoratarwa ko gargaɗi ga mutane game da ayyukan wauta ko haɗari, amma kuma na iya zama mai sauƙin zuciya da ƙarfafawa. Kanuri sun zama musulmai a karni na 11. Kanem ya zama cibiyar karatun musulmai kuma Kanuri ba da daɗewa ba ya mallaki duk yankin da ke kewaye da Tafkin Chadi da kuma daula mai ƙarfi da ake kira Kanem Empire, wacce ta kai tsayi a ƙarni na sha shida da sha bakwai lokacin da suke mulkin yawancin Afirka ta Tsakiya.
Yankunan gargajiya Bayan faɗuwar Daular Bornu da kuma Scramble for Africa a cikin ƙarni na 19, Kanuri ya kasu kashi biyu karkashin mulkin Masarautun Burtaniya, Faransa da Jamus.
Duk da asarar da Kanuri ta yi, Shehu na Bornu ya ci gaba a matsayin shugaban Masarautar Bornu. Wannan jihar ta Kanuri Kanembu ta gargajiya tana kula da tsarin al'adar ƙabilar Kanuri da ke zaune a Maiduguri, Jihar Borno, Najeriya amma ta amince da Kanuri miliyan 4 a ƙasashe maƙwabta. Shehun ("Sheik") na Bornu ya zaro ikonsa daga jihar da aka kafa kafin 1000 CE, masarautar Kanem-Bornu. Layin mulki na yanzu, daular al-Kanemi, ya samo asali ne daga hawan Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi a farkon karni na 19, tare da raba daular Sayfawa da ta yi mulki daga kusan 1300 CE. Shehu na 19, Mustafa Ibn Umar El-Kanemi, ya mutu a watan Fabrairun 2009, kuma Abubakar Ibn Umar Garbai El-Kanemi ya gaje shi.
Shugabannin siyasa A Najeriya, shahararrun shugabannin Kanuri bayan samun ‘yanci sun haɗa da‘ yan siyasa Kashim Ibrahim, Ibrahim Imam, Zannah Bukar Dipcharima, Shettima Ali Monguno, Abba Habib, Muhammad Ngileruma, Baba Gana Kingibe, tsohon shugaban GNPP Waziri Ibrahim, da tsohon shugaban mulkin soja, Sani Abacha A Nijar, shugabannin siyasa na Kanuri sun haɗa da tsohon Firayim Ministan Nijar Mamane Oumarou, da tsohon Shugaban Nijar, Mamadou Tandja.
Yankin Kanuri a Najeriya Wata takamaiman ƙaramin Ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa da ya fito a cikin shekarar 1950s, wanda ke kan Bornu. Wasu Pan-Kanuri masu kishin ƙasa sun yi da'awar yanki na don yankin abin da suka kira "Babban Kanowra", gami da lardunan Lac da Kanem na zamani a Chadi, Yankin Arewa mai Nisa a Kamaru da Yankunan Diffa da Zinder a Nijar da darfur a Sudan A cikin shekarar 1954, aka kafa kungiyar 'Yan Matasa ta Borno (BYM) kuma suka taka rawa a matsayin babbar jam'iyyar siyasa mai yanki har zuwa karshen mulkin mallaka, duk da cewa ta samu' yanci.
Manazarta
Majiya "Kanuri" Encyclopædia Britannica 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica akan layi. An shiga 2 Afrilu 2009.
Fuchs, Peter (1989). Fachi: Sahara-Stadt der Kanuri 2 vol.., Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden
Fuchs, Peter (1983). Fachi: Das Brot der Wüste Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden
Lange, Dierk. "Ethnogenesis daga cikin yankin Chadi: Wasu Tunani kan Tarihin Kanem-Borno", Paideuma: Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde 39 (1993), 261-277. Malone, Martin J. "Society-Kanuari" Atlas na Attaura Jami'ar Kent a Canterbury da Jami'ar Durham (Ingila, Ingila). (Babu kwanan wata. An shiga 5 Yuli 2019. An adana 4 Mayu 1997.
"Kanuri" Afrikanische Sprachen. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag akan layi (27 Nuwamba Nuwamba 2008).
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Ƙungiyar Nazarin Kanuri Jami'ar Maiduguri, Jihar Borno, Najeriya.
Kabila
Al'ummomin Nijeriya
Al'ummomi
Al'umma
Al'adun ƙasashen
Harsunan |
26567 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogin%20Tigris | Kogin Tigris | Taigiris /t aɪ ɡ r ɪ s shine na biyu mai girma koguna cewa ayyana Mesofotamiya, da sauran kasancewa Yufiretis Kogin yana gudana kudu daga tsaunukan tsaunukan Armeniya ta cikin hamadar Siriya da Larabawa, kuma ya fantsama zuwa Tekun Fasha Geography Tigris shine 1,750 Tsawon kilomita, yana tashi a tsaunukan Taurus na gabashin Turkiyya kimanin 25 kilomita kudu maso gabas da birnin Elazig da kuma kusan 30 km daga magudanar ruwan Furat. Sai kogin yana gudana har 400 kilomita ta kudu maso gabashin Turkiyya kafin ya zama wani yanki na iyakar Siriya da Turkiyya Wannan nau'i na 44 km ne kawai yanki na kogin da yake a Siriya. Wasu daga cikin wadatarta sune Garzan, Anbarçayi, Batman, da Babban da Ƙananan Zab Kusa da haɗuwa da Euphrates, Tigris ya rabu zuwa tashoshi da yawa. Na farko, rassan Shatt al-Hayy na wucin gadi, don shiga cikin Furat kusa da Nasiriya Na biyu, Shatt al-Muminah da Majar al-Kabir reshen don ciyar da tsakiyar Marshes Daga baya, wasu tashoshi biyu na rarrabawa sun rabu Al-Musharrah da Al-Kahla don ciyar da Marshes Hawizeh Babban tashar yana ci gaba zuwa kudu kuma yana haɗuwa da Al-Kassarah, wanda ke zubar da Marshes Hawizeh. A ƙarshe, Tigris ya haɗu da Furat kusa da al-Qurnah don kafa Shatt-al-Arab A cewar Pliny da wasu ’yan tarihi na dā, Euphrates asalinsa yana da hanyar shiga teku dabam da na Tigris. Baghdad, babban birnin ƙasar Iraki, yana kan gabar Tigris. Birnin Basra mai tashar jiragen ruwa yana mashigin Shatt al-Arab. A zamanin da, da yawa daga cikin manyan biranen Mesofotamiya sun tsaya a kan Tigris ko kuma kusa da Tigris, suna ɗibar ruwa daga gare ta don ba da shayarwa ga wayewar Sumeriyawa Manyan garuruwan da ke gefen Tigris sun haɗa da Nineba, Ctesiphon, da Seleucia, yayin da Tigris ke ba da ruwa a birnin Lagash ta wata magudanar ruwa da aka haƙa a shekara ta 2900 BC.
Kewayawa Tigris ta kasance hanya mai mahimmanci ta sufuri a cikin ƙasa mai yawan hamada. Tasoshin jiragen ruwa marasa zurfi na iya zuwa Bagadaza, amma ana buƙatar raƙuman ruwa don hawa sama zuwa Mosul Janar Francis Rawdon Chesney ya jera jiragen ruwa guda biyu a kan kasar Siriya a shekara ta 1836 don gano yiwuwar hanyar tudu da kogi zuwa Indiya. Wani jirgin ruwa mai suna Tigris, ya kuma rushe a cikin guguwar da ta nutse kuma ta kashe ashirin. Chesney ya tabbatar da kogin na iya tafiya zuwa sana'a mai ƙarfi. A shekara ta 1855, wani ayarin rafts dauke antiquities daga Victor Place ta balaguro zuwa Khorsabad, Rawlinson 's zuwa Kuyunjik da Fresnel s zuwa Babila aka sunk ta gida ta kabilu kusa Al-Qurnah Daga baya, Euphrates da Tigris Steam Navigation Company aka kafa a shekara ta 1861 da Lynch Brothers ciniki kamfanin, wanda yana da biyu steamers a sabis. A shekara ta 1908 masu hawa goma sun kasance a kan kogin. Masu yawon bude ido sun hau jiragen ruwan tururi don shiga cikin gida saboda wannan shine farkon shekarun yawon shakatawa na kayan tarihi, kuma wuraren Ur da Ctesiphon sun zama sananne ga matafiya na Turai.
A yakin duniya na farko, a lokacin da Birtaniyya ta mamaye Mesopotamiya na Ottoman, an yi amfani da mashinan ruwa na Indiya da na Kogin Thames don samar da sojojin Janar Charles Townsend, a cikin Siege na Kut da Fall of Baghdad (1917) Tigris Flotilla sun hada da jiragen ruwa Clio, Espiegle, Lawrence, Odin, tug Comet, makamai masu linzami Lewis Pelly, Miner, Shaitan, Sumana, da sternwheelers Muzaffari/Muzaffar. Waɗannan sun haɗa da jiragen ruwa na Royal Navy Fly-class Butterfly, Cranefly, Dragonfly, Mayfly, Sawfly, Snakefly, da Mantis, Moth, da Tarantula.
Bayan yakin, cinikin koguna ya ragu da muhimmanci a cikin ƙarni na 20 yayin da aka kammala titin jirgin kasa na Basra-Baghdad-Mosul, wani yanki da ba a kammala ba a baya na titin jirgin kasa na Bagadaza, kuma hanyoyi sun mamaye yawancin zirga-zirgar jigilar kayayyaki.
Etymology Tsohon Girkanci na Tigris ma'ana damisa (idan ana bi da shi azaman Girkanci), an samo shi daga Tsohon Farisa Tigrā, kanta daga Elamite Tigra, kanta daga Sumerian Idigna ko Idigina (wataƙila an samo shi daga id (i) gina "ruwa mai gudu"). A Sumerian lokaci, wanda za a iya fassara a matsayin "da gaggawar kogin", ya bambanta da na Taigiris ta zuwa ga maƙwabcinsa, wato Kogin Yufiretis, wanda leisurely taƙi sa shi saka ƙarin silt da kuma gina wata babbar gado fiye da Taigiris. An aro nau'in Sumerian zuwa Akkadian a matsayin Idiqlat kuma daga nan zuwa sauran yarukan Semitic (kwatanta Ibrananci Ḥîddeqel, Syriac Deqlaṯ, Larabci Dijlah Wani suna na Tigris da aka yi amfani da shi a Farisa ta Tsakiya shine Arvand Rud, a zahiri "kogi mai sauri". A yau, duk da haka, Arvand Rud Sabon Persian yana nufin haduwar kogin Furat da Tigris, wanda aka fi sani da Larabci da Shatt al-Arab A cikin Kurdawa, an san shi da Ava Mezin, "Babban Ruwa".
Sunan Tigris a cikin harsunan da suka kasance masu mahimmanci a yankin sune kamar haka:
Gudanarwa da ingancin ruwa Yankin Tigris yana da ruwa sosai a Iraki da Turkiyya don samar da ruwan sha don ban ruwa a yankuna masu bushe da hamada da ke kan iyaka da kwarin kogin. Damming ya kuma kasance muhimmi wajen kawar da ambaliya a Iraki, wanda tarihi ya yi kaurin suna a yankin Tigris bayan narkar da dusar kankara a cikin watan Afrilu a tsaunukan Turkiyya.
Matsalolin ruwan da Turkiyya ta yi a baya-bayan nan ya kasance batun cece-kuce, saboda illar da ke tattare da muhalli a cikin kasar Turkiyya da kuma yuwuwar rage kwararar ruwa daga magudanar ruwa. Dam na Mosul shi ne madatsar ruwa mafi girma a Iraki.
Ana amfani da ruwa daga kogunan biyu a matsayin hanyar matsi yayin rikici. A cikin shekara ta 2014 an sami babban ci gaba wajen samar da yarjejeniya tsakanin wakilan masu ruwa da tsaki na Iraki da Turkiyya kan wani shiri na inganta musaya da daidaita bayanai da ka'idojin da suka shafi magudanar ruwa na Tigris. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016, ofishin jakadancin Amurka a Iraki da kuma Firayim Ministan Iraki Haider al-Abadi sun ba da gargadin cewa Dam din Mosul na iya rushewa. Amurka ta gargadi jama'a da su kaurace wa magudanar ruwan Tigris saboda mutane tsakanin 500,000 zuwa miliyan 1.5 na cikin hadarin nutsewa saboda ambaliyar ruwa idan dam din ya ruguje, kuma manyan biranen Iraki na Mosul, Tikrit, Samarra, da Baghdad suna cikin hadari. kasada.
Addini da tatsuniyoyi A cikin tarihin Sumerian allahn Enki ne ya halicci Tigris, wanda ya cika kogin da ruwa mai gudana. A cikin tatsuniyar Hittiyawa da Hurrian, Aranzah (ko Aranzahas a cikin sunan Hittiyawa shine sunan Hurrian na Kogin Tigris, wanda aka yi masa sihiri. Shi ɗan Kumarbi ne kuma ɗan'uwan Teshub da Tašmišu, ɗaya daga cikin alloli uku ya tofa albarkacin bakinsa daga bakin Kumarbi a kan Dutsen Kanzuras Daga baya ya hada baki da Anu da Teshub don halaka Kumarbi.
Tigris ya bayyana sau biyu a cikin Tsohon Alkawari Na farko, a cikin Littafin Farawa, shi ne na uku na koguna huɗu da ke reshen kogin da ke fitowa daga gonar Adnin An ambaci na biyu a cikin Littafin Daniyel, inda Daniyel ya ce ya sami ɗaya daga cikin wahayinsa “lokacin da nake bakin babban kogin Tigris”. Haka nan ana ambaton kogin Tigris a Musulunci. A kabarin Imam Ahmad Bin Hambali da Syed Abdul Razzaq Jilani ne a birnin Bagadaza, da kuma da ya kwarara daga Tigris ƙuntatãwa da yawan baƙi. Kogin ya kasance a kan rigar makamai na Iraki daga shekara ta 1932-1959.
Duba kuma Assuriya
Yaro na wayewa
Yakin yakin neman zabe na Dam din Ilisu na yaki da dam a Tigris a Turkiyya
Jerin wurare a Iraki
Namun daji na Iraki
Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje Livius.org: Tigris Gudanar da Ruwan Tigris da Furat
Littafin Littafi Mai Tsarki akan Albarkatun Ruwa da Laburaren Fadar Zaman Lafiya na Dokokin Duniya
Bayanin Yaƙe-yaƙe na WWI da suka haɗa da Kogin Tigris
Tsohon taswirorin Tigris, Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The National Library of Israel
Dam a Najeriya
Ruwan Koramu
Ruwa
Koguna
Kogi
Kogunan Nijar
Baghdad
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba |
29789 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99o%C6%99in%20Ma%27aikata%20a%20cikin%20Masana%27antar%20Tattara%20Nama%20ta%20Amurk | Haƙƙoƙin Ma'aikata a cikin Masana'antar Tattara Nama ta Amurk | Haƙƙoƙin ma'aikata a cikin masana'antar tattara nama ta Amurka ana tsara su ne ta Hukumar Kula da Ma'aikata ta Ƙasa (NLRB), wacce ke tsara ƙungiyar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Ma'aikata tana tsara yanayin aminci da lafiyar da ya dace ga ma'aikata a cikin masana'antar tattara nama ta Amurka. A cewar masana masana'antar tattara nama ta Amurka, duk da ka'idojin tarayya ta hanyar OSHA da sa ido kan masana'antu, ma'aikata a masana'antar samar da nama ba su da ƙarancin hukuma da ƙarancin kariya. Ma'aikata a cikin masana'antu suna yin ayyuka masu wuyar gaske a cikin yanayi masu haɗari, kuma suna cikin haɗari mai mahimmanci don cutar da jiki da ta hankali. Baya ga yawan raunin da ake samu, ma'aikata na cikin haɗarin rasa ayyukansu lokacin da suka ji rauni ko don ƙoƙarin tsarawa da yin ciniki tare. Yawancin bincike na masana'antar sun gano ma'aikatan baƙi "yawan kaso na yawan ma'aikata a cikin masana'antar" musamman a cikin haɗarin rashin samun cikakkiyar kariya ta haƙƙin aikinsu.
Halayen masana'antar samar da nama ta Amurka A cikin masana'antar samar da nama, an ayyana "cin nama" a matsayin "dukkan samar da kayan nama ciki har da sarrafa dabbobi." Wannan ya haɗa da samar da naman sa, naman alade, kaji, da kifi. Iyakar masana'antar samar da nama ta Amurka tana da girma; tana yanka da sarrafa dabbobi sama da biliyan 10 a kowace shekara. Tun daga 2004, kamfanoni huɗu suna sarrafa masana'antar samar da nama ta Amurka da gaske. Rushewa, kamfanoni sun gudanar da 81% na samar da naman sa, 59% na samar da naman alade da 50% na kasuwar kaji. A cikin masana'antar kiwon kaji, Tyson da Perdue suna sarrafa kowane mataki na samar da kaji, daga kiwon kajin zuwa jigilar nama zuwa shagunan kayan abinci.
Da alama adadin dabbobin da aka yanka a masana'antar noman nama na karuwa. A cikin shekara ta 2010, an yanka kusan dabbobin kasa biliyan 10.2 da kuma kiwon su don abinci a Amurka. A cewar rahoton da Farm Animal Rights Movement, bisa bayanai daga Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka (USDA), waɗannan lambobi sun nuna karuwar 1.7% daga bayanan shekara ta 2009. An sami karuwar 0.9% a yawan jama'ar Amurka tsakanin shekara ta 2009 da shekara ta 2010, "ma'ana dabbobi [yanka] kowane mutum ya karu kadan" da 0.8%.
Kididdigar alƙaluma na Meatpacker Yayin da aikin noma na Amurka ya dogara da ma'aikatan ƙaura a ƙarnin da ya gabata, dubban baƙi, galibi daga Mexico, Guatemala, da El Salvador, yanzu suna tafiya arewa don yin aiki a wuraren yanka da masana'antar sarrafa nama. A cewar wani bincike a cikin Drake Journal of Agricultural Law, "mafi yawan ma'aikatan da suke yin nama matalauta ne, da yawa baƙi ne da ke gwagwarmayar rayuwa, kuma yawancin yanzu suna aiki a yankunan karkara." A cikin shekara ta 1998, Ma'aikatar Shige da Fice da Bayar da Halittu ta ƙiyasta cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na ma'aikatan tattara nama a Nebraska da Iowa baƙi ne ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. USDA ta buga irin waɗannan lambobi, tana ƙididdige adadin ma'aikatan sarrafa nama na Hispanic sun tashi daga ƙasa da 10% a cikin 1980 zuwa kusan 30% a cikin shekara ta 2000. Rashin haƙƙin ma’aikatan da ba su da takardun aiki ya sa jama’a ba za su iya ganin su ba. Bugu da kari, bin hukuncin Kotun Koli na 2002 a Hoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc. v. Hukumar Kula da Kwadago ta Kasa
Adadin ma'aikatan gidan yanka yakan yi yawa sosai. Ɗaya daga cikin kamfani, ConAgra Red Meat, ya ba da rahoton adadin canjin shekara 100% a cikin 1990s. Irin wannan yawan canjin kuɗi yana sa ya zama da wahala ga ma'aikata su haɗu kuma, saboda haka, mafi sauƙi ga masana'antu don sarrafa ma'aikatanta. Ofishin Kididdiga na Ma’aikata ya bayar da rahoton cewa, a shekarar 2000, mutane 148,100 ne suka yi aikin hada-hadar nama kuma sama da 250,000 sun yi aikin sarrafa kaji. Duk da bunkasuwar masana'antar noman nama, albashin ma'aikatan gidan yanka yana raguwa cikin sauri. A tarihi dai albashin ma'aikatan gidan yanka ya fi matsakaicin albashin masana'anta. Wannan yanayin ya koma baya a cikin 1983 lokacin da albashin ma'aikata ya faɗi ƙasa da matsakaicin albashin masana'anta. A shekara ta 2002, albashin mayankan ya kai kashi 24% kasa da matsakaicin albashin masana'antu. A cewar Ofishin Kididdiga na Ma'aikata, a cikin 2006, matsakaicin albashin ma'aikatan gidan yanka shine $10.43 a kowace awa wanda ke fitowa zuwa $21,690 a shekara.
Haƙƙoƙin ma'aikata a masana'antu
Mahallin tarihi A cikin ƙarni na 19, gefen kudu na Chicago ya zama babban gidan mahauta na Amurka. Don gujewa biyan ƙarin albashi ga ƙwararrun ma'aikata, manyan wuraren yanka a Chicago sun kafa tsarin layin taro; tsarin samar da yawa ya kawar da buƙatar ƙwararrun ma'aikata. Asalin mayankan sun kasance bakin haure na Irish, Jamusanci, da asalin Scandinavia. A cikin mahauta, sun yi aiki a cikin mawuyacin yanayi. Ba wai kawai an buƙaci su yanka da kuma wargaza dabbobi masu yawan gaske a kowace rana ba, amma suna fuskantar rashin kyawun yanayi, gami da ɗigon gurɓataccen ruwa, sharar ruwa da najasa a saman benaye, da rashin haske, dakunan sanyi. Dukansu raunuka da rashin lafiya sun zama ruwan dare tsakanin ma'aikata. Bugu da kari, yawancin ma'aikata suna zama a cikin unguwannin marasa galihu da ke kusa da mayankan. A farkon shekara ta 1880, ma'aikata sun yi ƙoƙarin tsarawa, suna kira don ƙarin albashi da ingantaccen yanayin aiki. Dangane da mayar da martani, masu gidan yanka sun yi amfani da bambance-bambancen kabilanci don kula da su: "sun dauki 'yan sanda masu rauni, Serbs, Croatians, Slovaks, da sauran 'yan gudun hijira na Kudancin da Gabashin Turai a matsayin ma'aikata." Lokacin da ma'aikatan farar fata suka sami damar shiryawa tare da shiga yajin aikin a 1894, masu gidajen yanka a maimakon haka sun fara daukar ma'aikatan Amurkawa 'yan Afirka don karya yajin aikin. Upton Sinclair 's polemical novel 1906 The Jungle ya bayyana zargin cin zarafi na masana'antar samar da nama, kuma ya kasance wani abu a cikin zartar da Dokar Abinci da Magunguna ta Tsabta (1906) da Dokar Kula da Nama ta Tarayya (1906). Koyaya, wakilan Ofishin Masana'antar Dabbobi ta Tarayya sun ba wa Majalisa rahoto cewa littafin Sinclair bai yi daidai ba ta wasu bayanai dalla-dalla, "da gangan yaudara ne da karya", sannan kuma ya tsunduma cikin "karkatar gaskiya da gangan". Jama'ar Amurka "ba su mai da hankali sosai ga yanayin aiki na cin zarafi da kulawa" wani lokaci ana fuskantar ma'aikata. Ya ɗauki babban haɗin kai ta sabuwar Majalisar Ƙungiyoyin Masana'antu (CIO) da aka kafa da kuma tasirin Dokar Harkokin Ma'aikata ta Ƙasa (1935) don inganta yanayin aiki ga ma'aikatan gidan yanka. Daga shekarun 1930 zuwa shekara ta 1970, an inganta albashi da yanayin ma'aikatan dakon nama. A cewar wani rahoto na Human Rights Watch, "manyan kwangilolin da suka shafi masana'antu sun haɓaka albashi da matakan tsaro." Koyaya, ma'auni sun fara raguwa a cikin shekara ta 1980s yayin da kamfanoni suka fara ƙaura zuwa yankunan karkara kuma wasu kamfanoni sun zama "masu ƙarfi na masana'antu." Iowa Beef Processors (IBP) musamman ya canza tsarin samar da nama ta yadda, a kowane mataki, ma'aikata suna da rashin tunani, maimaita motsi don kammala "a cikin abin da masana'antu ke kira tsarin rarraba-layi." IBP da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun kara saurin layin da rage albashi. Ko da kamfanoni sun zaɓi ba za su ƙaura ba, kamfanoni da yawa suna rufe tsire-tsire su kawai, sun bar ma'aikatansu da suka kafa da tsare-tsaren su tafi, kuma sun sake buɗewa tare da ma'aikatan da ba na tarayya ba, masu hijira. Masu ɗaukan ma'aikata sun yi tsayayya da yunƙurin da ma'aikatan suka yi na haɗa kai a cikin tsire-tsire da aka ƙaura ko aka sake buɗewa; tarihin kwanan nan na rufewar tsire-tsire ya ba wa ma'aikata barazana ga ingantaccen tabbaci. Rahoton Human Rights Watch kan yanayin nama da kaji ya tabbatar da cewa "yayin da karni na ashirin ya koma na ashirin da daya,
Yanayin aiki na masana'antu Yanayin wurin aiki sun sanya tara nama aiki mai haɗari sosai. Matsakaicin motsi yana sanya damuwa mai tsanani akan hannayen ma'aikata, wuyan hannu, hannaye, kafadu da baya. Bugu da ƙari, layukan tarwatsa suna tafiya da sauri sosai; a cewar dan jarida mai bincike Eric Schlosser, "daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke tabbatar da raunin raunin da ya faru a gidan yanka a yau shine saurin layin rarraba." Da sauri layi yana motsawa, mafi wahalar da ma'aikaci ya ci gaba kuma yana haɓaka damar rauni. Don daidaita saurin layukan tarwatsawa a yau, tsoffin tsire-tsire masu tattara nama a Chicago za su sarrafa kimanin shanu guda 50 a sa'a guda. Sabbin tsire-tsire a cikin shekara ta 1980s zasu sarrafa kimanin shanu 175 a sa'a guda. A yau, a cikin 2018s, wasu tsire-tsire suna sarrafa shanu guda 400 a cikin awa ɗaya. Ba wai kawai layukan tarwatsawa suna tafiya cikin sauri ba, har ma ma'aikata sun ba da rahoton matsin lamba daga masu kula da su don ci gaba da tafiya a kan layin. A cewar kungiyar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch, ka'idojin tarayya na saurin rarraba layin yana la'akari da abubuwa biyu kawai: guje wa lalata nama da kaji, da kuma hana amfanin shuka. A cikin littafinsa Fast Food Nation, Schlosser kuma ya tabbatar da cewa an matsa wa ma'aikata don kada su ba da rahoton raunin da ya faru. Saboda alawus na manajoji da masu aikin hajji ana danganta su da yawan raunin da ake samu a shukar su, masu kula da mahauta ba su da kwarin gwiwa don ba da rahoton abubuwan da suka faru. Sauran haɗarin da ke tattare da rauni na zuwa daga wuraren da ma'aikata ke yanke naman da nau'ikan ayyukan da suke yi. Tazarar da ke tsakanin ma'aikata, da kuma tsayin layin tarwatsawa da saman aikin, iri ɗaya ne duk da bambance-bambancen nau'ikan jikin ma'aikaci. Ga wasu ma'aikata, wannan yana tilasta musu yin ƙarin ƙoƙari don kammala aikin da aka ba su kuma yana haifar da ƙarin haɗarin rauni. Bugu da ƙari, duk da haɓaka injina ta atomatik a cikin mahauta, yawancin ayyukan sun haɗa da ɗaga nauyi, kora, da juya dabbobi, sassan dabbobi, ko kayan aiki. Ko da yake an ba wa ma’aikatan yanka kayan kariya, yanayin da ba makawa na wuraren aikin na nufin ma’aikata suna fuskantar “jini, maiko, najasar dabbobi, ingesta (abinci daga tsarin narkewar dabbar), da sauran lahani daga dabbobin da suke yanka.”
2020 COVID-19 annoba Dubi Tasirin cutar ta COVID-19 akan masana'antar nama a Amurka Amsar masana'antu Ƙungiyoyi masu goyon bayan masana'antu, irin su Cibiyar Harkokin Nama ta Amirka (AMI), sun nuna cewa yawan raunin da ma'aikata ke samu a wuraren sarrafa nama ya ragu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A cewar wani labarin na 2005 a cikin The New York Times, "masana'antar [nama] ta kuma tabbatar da cewa kamfanonin tattara kaya ba su keta dokokin da ke ba ma'aikata damar haɗin gwiwa ba kuma ba su kula da ma'aikata da tsanani saboda matsayin su na shige da fice." Labarin ya ambato Patrick Boyle shugaban Cibiyar Nama ta Amurka yayi watsi da rahoton Human Rights Watch na 2005 da cewa "cike da karya da da'awar da ba ta da tushe." Wakilan kamfanonin sarrafa kayayyakin sun kuma mayar da martani kan zargin take hakkin ma'aikata. Wani mai magana da yawun Tyson Foods ya ce, "mun ji takaicin sakamakon da rahoton [Human Rights Watch] ya yi na yaudara, amma ba mamaki idan aka yi la'akari da dangantakar da marubucin ya yi da kungiyoyin kwadago." Mataimakin shugaban Smithfield, Dennis Treacy, shima ya soki rahoton, yana mai zarginsa da bayar da rahoto kan cin zarafi daga shekaru goma da suka gabata maimakon yanayin kwanan nan da kuma dacewa. Lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da saurin sarrafa kaji a shukar su, jami'in Tyson Foods ya gaya wa Human Rights Watch cewa saurin layinsu ya dace da dokokin tarayya. A cewar jami'ai, "gudun layin ya bambanta dangane da nau'in samfurin," kuma USDA ce ke tsara shi. Yayin da ma'auni na tarihi ya kasance a hankali, ya karu tare da sarrafa kansa wanda jami'an Tyson suka ce yana haifar da "ƙananan aikin hannu."
Tasiri ga ma'aikata Masana'antar samar da nama na ɗaukar dubban ma'aikata masu ƙarancin albashi waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin fuskantar haɗarin jiki da na tunani.
Na zahiri Bukatar nama mai mahimmanci ya sanya kaso mai yawa ga ma'aikatan gidan yanka. Aikin yana da wuyar jiki kuma yana da wahala, bisa ga maimaita motsi. Ma'aikatan tattara nama na iya buƙatar yanke kowane daƙiƙa biyu zuwa uku: wannan yana fitowa zuwa kusan yanke dubu goma a cikin awanni takwas. Baya ga yin aiki da wukake, ma'aikatan da ke yin nama sukan yi ta ɗagawa akai-akai da motsa abubuwa masu nauyi yayin motsi kuma suna fuskantar injuna masu haɗari. Wani ma'aikaci a Excel (rashin nama na Cargill Meat Solutions ya ba da rahoton ɗaga buhunan nama mai nauyin kilo arba'in a kowane daƙiƙa uku, yayin da wasu asusun daga ma'aikatan nama ke nuna cewa wasu ayyukan da suka haɗa da jujjuya duk wani hog. Wani manajan shuka na yankan alade ya ci gaba da yin rikodi yayin gwajin aikin ma'aikata na rashin adalci yana mai cewa, "akwai nauyi mai yawa da kuma maimaita aiki." Sakamakon haka, bisa ga bayanan da Drake Journal of Agricultural Law ya buga, kusan 25% na ma'aikatan da ke yin nama sun ji rauni ko kuma suna rashin lafiya kowace shekara. Bayanan raunin da aka samu a wurin aiki a Iowa ya nuna matsakaicin raunin 9.8 kowace shekara a kowane rukuni na ɗaruruwan ma'aikata na cikakken lokaci; akwai matsakaicin rauni ko cututtuka 51 a cikin ɗari ma'aikatan tattara nama kowace shekara. Yayin da nau'ikan raunin da ya faru sun bambanta, lacerations sun fi yawa. Ma'aikata sukan yi bazata ko dai kansu ko kuma abokan aikin da ke kusa. Sauran matsalolin kiwon lafiya na yau da kullun sun haɗa da ma'aikata masu tasowa na tendonitis, cututtuka masu tarawa, ramin carpal, matsalolin baya da kafada, da "matsalar yatsa" yanayin da yatsa ya daskare a wuri mai lanƙwasa. Bugu da kari, wukake maras kyau ko sawa suna sanya ƙarin matsin lamba akan tendons, gidajen abinci, da jijiyoyi. Wani "haɗari na gama gari da tushen rauni" shine jigon benaye na tsire-tsire masu samar da nama. Wani ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya wanda ke hidimar ma'aikatan masana'antar kiwon kaji a Arewa maso yammacin Arkansas ya shaida wa Human Rights Watch."
Ilimin halin dan Adam Mayanka na yau da kullun suna tafiya cikin sauri. Ana samar da kayan aiki da sauri kuma baya bada lokaci don tabbatar da dabbobin ba su sha wahala ba. A cewar wani bincike na 2008 a cikin Jarida na Georgetown a kan Dokar Talauci da Manufofin, dabbobi masu raɗaɗi da ta'addanci suna shiga cikin lokutan su na ƙarshe suna haifar da "yanayin aiki wanda ya dace da matsalolin tunani." Wani binciken da Rachel McNair (2002) ya yi ya nuna cewa ma'aikatan gidan yanka na iya zama masu saurin kamuwa da damuwa mai raɗaɗi da raɗaɗi, kuma halin da suke ciki ya cancanci yin nazari sosai. Perpetration-induced traumatic stress (PITS) wani nau'i ne na rashin lafiya na damuwa (PTSD) wanda lalacewa ta hanyar tunani ya taso "daga yanayin da zai zama mai ban tsoro idan wani ya kasance wanda aka azabtar, amma yanayin da mutum ya kasance mai shiga tsakani." Dangane da binciken shekara ta 2008 a cikin Jarida na Georgetown akan Doka da Manufofin Talauci, akwai isassun shaidun anecdotal na ma'aikatan gidan yanka da ke nuna alamun PITS. Na farko, binciken ya tabbatar da cin zarafi wanda shine halayen PITS ya zama ruwan dare tsakanin ma'aikatan gidan yanka. Na biyu, ya ba da rahoton rahotannin da ma'aikatan suka ba da labarin mafarki mai ban tsoro game da aikin yanka. "Virgil Butler, ma'aikacin mayanka na dogon lokaci."
Kariyar siyasa
Matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam Akwai kariyar haƙƙin ɗan adam da yawa na ƙasa da ƙasa don wurin aiki. Yarjejeniya ta Duniya ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa akan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu duka sun yi kira ga adalci da aminci yanayin aiki. A cikin shekara ta 1981, Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) ta rubuta Yarjejeniyar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Ma'aikata mai lamba 155, wacce ke kira ga manufofin kasa waɗanda ke rage haɗarin yanayin aiki. Sauran bangarorin ka'idojin aminci na wurin aiki na ILO suna kiyaye ka'idodin diyya na ma'aikata idan aka samu rauni; ILO ta yi kira ga kariyar doka da ka'idoji waɗanda ke ba da cikakkiyar kulawar likita da gyarawa ga ma'aikatan nakasassu ko suka ji rauni yayin da suke kan aiki, da kuma biyan diyya na lokacin da aka kashe saboda raunin da aka samu a wurin aiki. A cewar wani binciken da Human Rights Watch ta yi, "ka'idar kare haƙƙin bil'adama don kare lafiyar wuraren aiki da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a kan ka'idar cewa ma'aikata suna da hakkin yin aiki a cikin yanayin da ya dace ba tare da tsinkaya ba, hanawa, haɗari mai tsanani." Duk da yake irin waɗannan ƙa'idodin ba sa buƙatar ƙasashe su kawar da duk wani haɗari babba ko ƙanana ma'aikata suna da 'yancin sanin cewa idan sun je aiki kuma suka kammala ayyukansu, "za su iya barin wurin aiki a ƙarshen rana. tare da rayuwa da gaɓoɓinsa. Dokokin kare wuraren aiki na Amurka gaba ɗaya sun dace da ƙa'idodin ƙwadago na duniya. Dokar Tsaro da Kiwon Lafiyar Ma'aikata ta shekara ta 1970 ta kafa Hukumar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Ma'aikata (OSHA), wata hukuma ce ta Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata ta Amurka wacce ta tsara da kuma ba da izini ga ƙa'idodin ƙasa don amincin wurin aiki. Dokar ta ba OSHA iko masu mahimmanci da yawa ciki har da ikon bincika wuraren aiki don rashin bin doka, zartar da hukunci don cin zarafi na aminci, da cire haɗari ko lafiya. Lokacin yanke hukunci, hukumar tana da hankali sosai: OSHA tana la'akari da abubuwa da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da biyayyar mai aiki a baya tare da ƙa'idodin aminci, girman, imani mai kyau, da tsananin cin zarafi. Ma'auni na OSHA sun shafi duk ma'aikata, sun haɗa da waɗanda ba su da takardun shaida ko ba ƴan ƙasa ba. An sami ƙarin martanin majalisa na baya-bayan nan game da damuwar masu neman aiki. A cikin shekara ta 2000, tsohon Gwamnan Nebraska Michael Johanns (wanda daga baya ya zama Sakataren Aikin Noma na Amurka) ya ba da Bill of Rights Ma'aikatan Masana'antar Meatpacking na Nebraska wanda ya amince da haƙƙin ma'aikaci don tsarawa, aiki a cikin yanayi mai aminci da samun damar fa'idodin jihohi da tarayya. A cikin 2001, Majalisa ta soke wasu ka'idodin ergonomics na OSHA waɗanda gwamnatin Clinton ta amince da su. Shugaba Bush ya rattaba hannu kan sokewar.
Duba kuma Tasirin cutar ta COVID-19 akan masana'antar nama a Amurka
Manazarta Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Naman daji
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |