| { | |
| "paper_id": "Y17-1031", | |
| "header": { | |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", | |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T13:33:29.637993Z" | |
| }, | |
| "title": "A Corpus-based Analysis of Near-Synonymous Sentence-final Particles in Mandarin Chinese: \"bale\" and \"eryi\"", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Xuefeng", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Gao", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong Hong Kong", | |
| "location": {} | |
| }, | |
| "email": "gaoxuefeng0812@163.com" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Sophia Yat-Mei", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Lee", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong Hong Kong", | |
| "location": {} | |
| }, | |
| "email": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": "", | |
| "venue": null, | |
| "identifiers": {}, | |
| "abstract": "This paper explores the differences between two near-synonymous disyllabic sentence-final particles in Mandarin Chinese bale and eryi based on a corpus-based approach. We argue that there is a close interaction between adverbs and sentence-final particles. Firstly, the usage of adverbs in the local proposition of two different SFPs has a strong tendency. \u4ec5 jin 'only' is only used in the local proposition of eryi, and \u4ec5\u4ec5 jin-jin 'only' tends to use in the local propositions of eryi. \u6700\u591a zui-duo/\u9876 \u591a ding-duo/\u81f3\u591a zhi-duo 'at most' are only used in the local propositions of bale, while \u51b3 \u4e0d\u662f jue-bu-shi/\u7edd\u975e jue-fei/\u51b3\u975e jue-fei/\u7edd \u4e0d jue-bu 'definitely not' are only used in the local propositions of eryi. Eryi expresses minimal value and bale expresses maximal value. Moreover, the position of the adverbs also presents a tendency: the adverbs in the local proposition of bale are always in the initial position, while eryi in the middle position. In addition, the polarity of the local propositions of two SFPs are also different: the local proposition of bale tends to express negativity, while the local proposition of eryi obtains a tone of neutrality. We believe that this study will significantly enhance the research on sentence-final particles and second language teaching.", | |
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| "paper_id": "Y17-1031", | |
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| "abstract": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "This paper explores the differences between two near-synonymous disyllabic sentence-final particles in Mandarin Chinese bale and eryi based on a corpus-based approach. We argue that there is a close interaction between adverbs and sentence-final particles. Firstly, the usage of adverbs in the local proposition of two different SFPs has a strong tendency. \u4ec5 jin 'only' is only used in the local proposition of eryi, and \u4ec5\u4ec5 jin-jin 'only' tends to use in the local propositions of eryi. \u6700\u591a zui-duo/\u9876 \u591a ding-duo/\u81f3\u591a zhi-duo 'at most' are only used in the local propositions of bale, while \u51b3 \u4e0d\u662f jue-bu-shi/\u7edd\u975e jue-fei/\u51b3\u975e jue-fei/\u7edd \u4e0d jue-bu 'definitely not' are only used in the local propositions of eryi. Eryi expresses minimal value and bale expresses maximal value. Moreover, the position of the adverbs also presents a tendency: the adverbs in the local proposition of bale are always in the initial position, while eryi in the middle position. In addition, the polarity of the local propositions of two SFPs are also different: the local proposition of bale tends to express negativity, while the local proposition of eryi obtains a tone of neutrality. We believe that this study will significantly enhance the research on sentence-final particles and second language teaching.", | |
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| "section": "Abstract", | |
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| "text": "\u7f62\u4e86 bale and \u800c\u5df2 eryi are two Chinese disyllabic sentence-final particles (SFPs) which are believed to be almost equivalent in terms of meaning and usage (L\u00fc 1980 , Wang 1984 , Hou 1998 , Zhang 2001 , and can be used interchangeably in most cases (Fang 2006) . For instance:", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 152, | |
| "end": 160, | |
| "text": "(L\u00fc 1980", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF7" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 161, | |
| "end": 172, | |
| "text": ", Wang 1984", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF10" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 173, | |
| "end": 183, | |
| "text": ", Hou 1998", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 184, | |
| "end": 196, | |
| "text": ", Zhang 2001", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 245, | |
| "end": 256, | |
| "text": "(Fang 2006)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF2" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
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| { | |
| "text": "(1) \u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u91ce\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u733f \u7334\u7f62\u4e86/\u800c\u5df2\u3002 you3xie1 ren2 ren4wei2, suo3wei4 some people think so-called ye3ren2, bu2guo4 shi4 yi4xie1 yuan2hou2 savages merely is some monkey ba4le/er2yi3. BALE/ERYI 'Some people think that the so-called savages are merely some monkeys.'", | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
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| "text": "(2) \u4ece\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u8bf4\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u53c8\u662f\u6781\u5176\u7b80\u5355\u7684\uff0c \u5b83\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u91cd\u590d\u800c\u5df2/\u7f62\u4e86\u3002 cong2 ling4yi2ge4 jiao3du4 shuo1, from another point of view say sheng1huo2 you4 shi4 ji2qi2 jian3dan1 life also is extremely simple de, ta1 zhi3bu2guo4 shi4 guo4qu4 DE it just is past de jian3dan1 chong2fu4 er2yi3/ba4le. DE simple repetition ERYI/BALE 'On another point of view, life is extremely simple, and it is just a simple repetition of the past.' There is no difference when the two SFPs interchange in (1) and (2). Yet, there remain some cases where the two SFPs bale and eryi cannot be used interchangeably. For example:", | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
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| "text": "(3) \u5362\u68ad\u4e00\u751f\u6e05\u8d2b\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u7684\u6e05\u8d2b\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u5f53\u65f6 \u7684\u6e05\u8d2b\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff1a\u6211\u4eec \u662f\u7269\u8d28\u532e\u4e4f\uff0c\u8feb\u4e0d\u5f97\u5df2\uff1b\u800c\u5362\u68ad\u5219\u662f\u81ea \u613f\u8d2b\u56f0\u3002\u65e0\u8863\u53ef\u7a7f\u65f6\u6253\u8865\u4e01\u79f0\u4e0d\u4e0a\u6734\u7d20\uff0c \u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4e0d\u6298\u4e0d\u6263\u5730\u7a77\u7f62\u4e86\u3002 Lu2suo1 yi4 sheng1 qing1pin2, dan4 ta1 Rousseau one life poor but he de qing1pin2 he wo3men de qing1pin2 DE poor with we DE poor zhi1jian1 you3zhe yi2 ge4 ben3zhi4 de between have one CL essential DE qu1bie2, wo3men shi4 wu4zhi4 kui4fa2, difference we is material short po4bu4de2yi3; er2 Lu2suo1 ze2shi4 be forced while Rousseau is zi4yuan4 pin2kun4. wu2 yi1 of one's own accord poor no clothes ke3 chuan1 shi2 da3bu3ding1 cheng1 have wear when put a patch called bu2shang4 pu3su4, bu2guo4 shi4 not simplicity merely is bu4zhe2bu2kou4 de qiong2 ba4le. completely DE poor BALE 'Rousseau's life is poor, but there is an essential difference between his poverty and our poverty at that time: we lack material things and it is forced, while Rousseau is poor of his own accord. It cannot be called simplicity when there are not clothes to be worn and put a patch, but just completely poor.'", | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
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| "text": "(4) \u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u5bf9\u6b64\u4e8b\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e5f\u4ec5\u6b62\u4e8e\u6b64\u3002\u8001\u5e03 \u4ec0\u66f4\u53ea\u662f\u5199\u4e86\u5c01\u63a8\u8350\u4fe1\u800c\u5df2\u3002 Zhan1mu3si1 dui4 ci3 shi4 de James for this matter DE can1yu4 ye3 jin3 zhi3 yu2 ci3. participation also only stop PERP here lao3bu4shi2 geng4 zhi3shi4 xie3 Bush the Elder even more just write le feng1 tui1jian4xin4 er2yi4. LE CL recommendation letter ERYI 'James's participation in this matter just only ended here. Bush the Elder even just wrote a letter of recommendation.", | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In (3) and (4), the alternation of two SFPs will have influence on the meaning and the acceptability of the sentences.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The current study aims to examine the semantic and pragmatic differences between the two near-synonymous SFPs bale and eryi based on a corpusbased approach.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
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| "text": "This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 discusses the related work on two SFPs: bale and eryi. Section 3 describes the data collection and agreement test. Section 4 presents the data analysis and results. Section 5 concludes the paper and highlights the contributions of this work.", | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
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| "text": "The study of the sentence final particles (SFP) is one of the most popular studies in recent years. One of the reasons is that the SFPs is a special element in Chinese compared with other European languages. We find that the study of SFPs focused more on the typical monosyllabic ones, such as \u5427 ba, \u5417 ma, \u5462 ne, \u554a a etc., but not the disyllabic SFPs, such as \u7f62\u4e86 ba-le, \u800c\u5df2 er-yi, \u5f97\u4e86 de-le, \u7740\u5462 zhe-ne, etc.", | |
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| "section": "Related Work", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| "text": "It is believed that bale always uses in the sentence final position of the declarative sentences which indicating 'that is it' and there is the tone of unimportance. It always collocates with \u4e0d\u8fc7 buguo 'merely', \u65e0\u975e wu-fei 'nothing but', \u53ea\u662f zhishi 'just', etc. (L\u00fc 1980 , Zhang 2001 , Qi 2011 . Tang and Zhou (1989) , Hou (1998) argue that bale can dilute the sentence meaning and often use with \u4e0d\u8fc7 bu-guo 'merely', \u53ea zhi 'just', \u65e0\u975e wu-fei 'nothing but', \u53ea\u6709 zhi-you 'only', \u53ea\u597d zhi-hao 'have no choice but', etc. It is the same as eryi, but bale is often used in the spoken language. Liu and Shao (2012) argue that bale has three grammatical meanings. Liu (2013) states that there are three functional meanings of bale: (1) bale emphasizes a part of information (2) bale expresses dissatisfied, negative, despised and sarcastic emotion (3) bale obtains the attitudes of tolerance, euphemism and modesty.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 259, | |
| "end": 267, | |
| "text": "(L\u00fc 1980", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF7" | |
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| { | |
| "start": 268, | |
| "end": 280, | |
| "text": ", Zhang 2001", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
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| { | |
| "start": 281, | |
| "end": 290, | |
| "text": ", Qi 2011", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF8" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 293, | |
| "end": 313, | |
| "text": "Tang and Zhou (1989)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF9" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 316, | |
| "end": 326, | |
| "text": "Hou (1998)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 581, | |
| "end": 600, | |
| "text": "Liu and Shao (2012)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF6" | |
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| { | |
| "start": 649, | |
| "end": 659, | |
| "text": "Liu (2013)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF5" | |
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| "text": "There are also some discussions on eryi. Some scholars argue that eryi is often used in the final position of declarative sentences which contains a kind of tone of smallness. It always collocates with \u4e0d\u8fc7 bu-guo 'merely', \u65e0\u975e wu-fei 'nothing but', \u53ea zhi 'just', \u4ec5\u4ec5 jin-jin 'only'. Eryi often used in the written language (L\u00fc 1980 , Zhang 2001 , which dilutes the mood of sentence meaning at the end of the sentence (Wang 1984 , Hou 1998 , Qi 2001 . Chu (1986) and Liu (2000) believe that eryi expresses the mood of limitation.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 320, | |
| "end": 328, | |
| "text": "(L\u00fc 1980", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF7" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 329, | |
| "end": 341, | |
| "text": ", Zhang 2001", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 414, | |
| "end": 424, | |
| "text": "(Wang 1984", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF10" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 425, | |
| "end": 435, | |
| "text": ", Hou 1998", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 436, | |
| "end": 445, | |
| "text": ", Qi 2001", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 448, | |
| "end": 458, | |
| "text": "Chu (1986)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 463, | |
| "end": 473, | |
| "text": "Liu (2000)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" | |
| } | |
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| "section": "Related Work", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| { | |
| "text": "Compared with these two SFPs, some scholars believe that bale and eryi are almost equivalent in terms of meaning and usage, and the only difference is that bale often use in spoken language while eryi in written language. Fang (2006) also made a comparative study of two SFPs. He claims that the usage of the two SFPs have a kind of tendency. The numeral phrases often correlate with eryi, but not in bale. There are also differences on the mood of the two SFPs.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 222, | |
| "end": 233, | |
| "text": "Fang (2006)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF2" | |
| } | |
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| "section": "Related Work", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| "text": "The data was retrieved from Center for Chinese Linguistics PKU (CLC), from which 4652 sentences containing bale and 8579 sentences containing eryi are extracted. Firstly, all the data are retrieved from the corpus. Secondly, a manually analysis is processed to find the sentences that the two SFPs bale and eryi cannot be used interchangeably. We find that 6.5% (304 sentences) of the sentences which contain bale and 5.2% (452 sentences) of the sentences which contain eryi cannot be used interchangeably. Therefore, our dataset has 756 sentences which the two SFPs cannot be used interchangeably.", | |
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| "section": "Corpus Data", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
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| "text": "In order to verify the manually analysis results, a questionnaire is designed. Eight sentences which contain bale and eight sentences which contain eryi are extracted from the dataset randomly (see Appendix A). 15 participants with linguistic academic background and 15 participants without linguistic academic background fill out our questionnaire. The 30 participants are all native speakers of Mandarin Chinese.", | |
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| "section": "Corpus Data", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
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| "text": "We collected the questionnaire via Wechat and then do the statistical work. We calculate the accuracy which means the answer what the participants choose is same as the original text in the corpus. The SFPs which the original text is used are in gray shade on frequency and percentage in Table 1 . The majority of the answers of each question are in accordance with the original text. As Table 1 shows, the agreement is 88.25%. It proves that our preliminary observation is efficient and can be used to do the following analysis and comparison.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| { | |
| "start": 288, | |
| "end": 295, | |
| "text": "Table 1", | |
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| "start": 388, | |
| "end": 395, | |
| "text": "Table 1", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
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| "sec_num": "3" | |
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| "text": "The meaning and usage of the two sentencefinal particles are too close to be distinguished, but the native speakers have the intuition to judge the accurate situations to use two SFPs respectively. A Table 1 . The result of the questionnaire word always has different word senses based on the context of the word's usage in a sentence. As for near-synonymous words, they have some common word senses, but differ in others. So the two SFPs that can be used interchangeably in these sentences share the same word sense, while those cannot be used interchangeably contain different word senses.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "start": 200, | |
| "end": 207, | |
| "text": "Table 1", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
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| "section": "Corpus Data", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
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| "text": "In this study, we analyze 13231 sentences and find that 756 sentences (5.7%) cannot be used interchangeably. It is an exhaustive data analysis of CLC on two SFPs. In other words, native speakers can demonstrate the usage of two SFPs in different situations precisely, which proves that the two SFPs have obvious differences on word sense. Otherwise, the two SFPs can be used interchangeably in all situations. Therefore, even though the dataset is relatively small, it is efficient to compare the two SFPs and analyze their different word senses more precisely. Based on the analysis of the context to narrow down the possible senses to the probable ones, we can find the accurate meaning of each word and the differences between the two SFPs.", | |
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| "section": "No", | |
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| "text": "Of the 756 sentences analyzed, we find some different features between bale and eryi. Most of the sentences of bale and eryi collocate adverbs in their local propositions, e.g. \u53ea zhi 'only', \u4e0d\u8fc7 bu-guo 'merely', \u6700\u591a zui-duo 'at most', \u4ec5\u4ec5 jinjin 'only'. The local proposition means that the clause contains the SFPs. But there is a tendency for using different adverbs in the local propositions between bale and eryi. There is a list for the top 10 collocating adverbs (see Table 2 ). Her mother may also come to Beijing to study. This parting is just for making a condition to union.' In (5) and (6), two adverbs are used in one sentences: \u6700\u591a zui-duo 'at most' and \u53ea zhi 'just' in (5); \u4ec5\u4ec5 jin-jin 'only' and \u4e0d\u8fc7 bu-guo 'merely' in (6)", | |
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| "start": 471, | |
| "end": 478, | |
| "text": "Table 2", | |
| "ref_id": "TABREF1" | |
| } | |
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| "section": "Data Analysis", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
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| { | |
| "text": "Based on the analysis above, adverb is a very important part in the local proposition of SFPs bale and eryi. Of the 756 sentences analyzed, 486 sentences (64%) collocate one or more adverbs in their local propositions. Different adverbs are used collocating with different sentence-final particles.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Adverbs and SFPs", | |
| "sec_num": "4.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "As shown in Table 2 , there are some features can be identified:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "text": "Table 2", | |
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| "section": "Adverbs and SFPs", | |
| "sec_num": "4.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\uf0b7 \u4ec5 jin '", | |
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| "section": "Adverbs and SFPs", | |
| "sec_num": "4.1" | |
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| "text": "only' is only used in the local proposition of eryi, and \u4ec5\u4ec5 jin-jin 'only' tends to use in the local proposition of eryi (9.28% in eryi, while 1.43% in bale). \u6700\u591a zui-duo/ \u9876\u591a ding-duo/ \u81f3\u591a zhi-duo 'at most' are only used in the local proposition of bale.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Adverbs and SFPs", | |
| "sec_num": "4.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u4ec5 jin 'only' is an adverb in Mandarin Chinese, which means only, solely, merely and just. \u4ec5 jin 'only' expresses limitation in (7). And the SFP eryi is used in the final position indicating a minimal value---only one. So we argue that eryi indicates minimal value.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs and SFPs", | |
| "sec_num": "4.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(7) \u5341\u5b57\u8def\u53e3\u6ca1\u6709\u8def\u706f\uff0c\u4ea6\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u8b66\u5bdf\uff0c\u6709 \u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8def\u53e3\u4ea6\u4ec5\u6709\u4e00\u5757\"\u505c\"\u7684\u724c\u5b50\u800c\u5df2\u3002 shi2zi4lu4kou3 mei2you3 lu4deng1, yi4 crossroad NEG streetlight also hen3 shao3 you3 jing3cha2, you3de very less have police officer some zhong4yao4 lu4kou3 yi4 jin3 you3 yi2 important junction also only have one kuai4 ting2 de pai2zi er2yi3. CL STOP DE sign ERYI 'There are no streetlights at the crossroads, and there are very few police officers. Some important junctions have only one \"stop\" sign.'", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs and SFPs", | |
| "sec_num": "4.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u6700\u591a zui-duo/ \u9876\u591a ding-duo/ \u81f3\u591a zhi-duo means at most. So bale, collocating with \u6700\u591a zuiduo/ \u9876\u591a ding-duo/ \u81f3\u591a zhi-duo 'at most', expresses maximal value. It can be seen that maximum value performs a kind of expectation of the speaker. As in (8) and 9, treating it as a guided principle and watching the sunrise express maximal value of the speaker. As in (8), the intention of the speaker is the neglect of his response and he also told the listener treating it as a guided principle only. So treating it as a guided principle is the maximal value / maximal expectation. Based on the analysis above, we argue that bale expresses maximal value while eryi expresses the minimal value collocating with adverbs.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Adverbs and SFPs", | |
| "sec_num": "4.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u51b3\u4e0d\u662f jue-bu-shi/\u7edd\u975e jue-fei/\u51b3\u975e juefei/\u7edd\u4e0d jue-bu 'definitely not' are only used in the local proposition of eryi.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\uf0b7", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u51b3\u4e0d\u662f jue-bu-shi/\u7edd\u975e jue-fei/\u51b3\u975e jue-fei/\u7edd \u4e0d jue-bu means definitely not. Eryi, collocating with \u51b3\u4e0d\u662f jue-bu-shi/\u7edd\u975e jue-fei/\u51b3\u975e jue-fei/ \u7edd\u4e0d jue-bu 'definitely not', contains a strong tone of subjectivity. The sentence-final particles are always used to express mood or tone. As shown in (10) and 11, alive and still breath and a simple repetition of previous works contain a strong tone of speaker's subjectivity collocating with the adverb \u7edd\u975e jue-fei 'definitely not'. The speakers want to express their own mood and tone, which may different from other people. \u4e0d\u8fc7 bu-guo 'merely' may inclined to use in the local proposition of bale (28.57%).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\uf0b7", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "As shown in Table 2 , the most commonly used adverbs in our dataset is \u4e0d\u8fc7 bu-guo 'merely' (28.57%) in the local proposition of bale and \u4ec5 jin 'only' (29.57) in the local proposition of eryi. \u53ea\u662f zhi-shi 'just' is the second most commonly adverbs used in both bale and eryi. \u4e5f ye 'also' may also inclined to use in the local proposition of bale in our dataset (7.62%).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 12, | |
| "end": 19, | |
| "text": "Table 2", | |
| "ref_id": "TABREF1" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\uf0b7", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "It can be seen that the usage of the adverbs has strong tendency. It can also be concluded that adverb is a very important part of the sentences which collocate with SFPs in the final position. And there is a close interaction between adverbs and sentence-final particles.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\uf0b7", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The position of adverbs in the local proposition of bale and eryi is also different from each other. As shown in Table 3 , the adverbs in the proposition of bale incline to use in the initial position (see 12), while eryi's tend to use in the middle of the sentence (see 13).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 113, | |
| "end": 120, | |
| "text": "Table 3", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Position of adverbs", | |
| "sec_num": "4.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(12) \u7167\u738b\u5b88\u4ec1\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\"\u81f4\u77e5\"\u5c31\u662f\"\u81f4\u826f\u77e5\"\u3002 \u81ea\u6211\u7684\u4fee\u517b\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u9075\u4ece\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u826f\u77e5\u800c \u884c\u7f62\u4e86\u3002 zhao4 Wang2shou3ren2 de shuo1fa3, according to Wang Shouren DE argument \"zhi4zhi1\" jiu4 shi4 \" zhi4liang2zhi1\". know thus is conscience zi4wo3 de xiu1yang3, bu2guo4 shi4 self DE cultivation merely is zun1cong2 zi4ji3 de liang2zhi1 comply with own DE conscience er2 xing2 ba4le. with do BALE 'According to Wang Shouren's argument, \"to know\" is \"to conscience.\" Selfcultivation merely complies with their own conscience to do things.' Table 3 . The position of adverb", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 482, | |
| "end": 489, | |
| "text": "Table 3", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Position of adverbs", | |
| "sec_num": "4.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "We find that the adverbs in the local proposition of bale are often used in the initial position, while there are subjects, pronouns or other kinds of constituents in the initial position of the local proposition of eryi.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Position of adverbs", | |
| "sec_num": "4.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "We can conclude that the structures of the local proposition of two SFPs are:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Position of adverbs", | |
| "sec_num": "4.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Adverb + clause + bale \uf0b7 Subject / other constituent + adverb + clause + eryi", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\uf0b7", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Sentence-final particles are always used to express speaker's mood and tone. Benveniste (1971) argues that language is the instrument of communication and taken over by the man who is speaking and within the condition of intersubjectivity. Therefore, people can use a lot of methods to express their mood and tone. Sentencefinal particle is a very important element in Chinese to express different mood and tone. Polarity is often used to classify and detect sentiment and it can be classified to positive, negative, both and neutral (Wilson et al. 2005) . In order to compare the polarity of the local proposition between bale and eryi, a polarity analysis is conducted. Firstly, we extract all the local propositions in the corpus. Then, analyze them based on the sentiment of the local proposition and context to classify them into positivity, negativity and neutrality. The analysis result shows in Table 4 . Table 4 . Polarity of the local proposition It can be seen that bale always expresses a tone of negativity, while eryi always obtains a tone of neutrality. It can be seen that when people express their mood or tone, they have a strong tendency to choose different sentence-final particles. It is also a way to describe the SFPs more precisely in pragmatics. For example:", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 77, | |
| "end": 94, | |
| "text": "Benveniste (1971)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF0" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 534, | |
| "end": 554, | |
| "text": "(Wilson et al. 2005)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF11" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 903, | |
| "end": 910, | |
| "text": "Table 4", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 913, | |
| "end": 920, | |
| "text": "Table 4", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Polarity and SFPs", | |
| "sec_num": "4.3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(14) \u5018\u82e5\u786c\u8981\u8ba4\u5b9a\u4f55\u5904\u662f\"\u5bb6\"\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u56de \u5230\u7262\u7b3c\u7f62\u4e86\u3002 tang3ruo4 ying4yao4 ren4ding4 he2chu4 if insist affirm where shi4 \" jia1\" bu2guo4 shi4 hui2dao4 is home merely is back to lao2long2 ba4le cage BALE 'If you insist that it is \"home\", we will just go back to the cage.' ' In (14) , the local proposition has a strong tone of negativity. We will just back to the cage express the speaker's sentiment is negative. The key word is \u7262\u7b3c lao-long 'cage'. While (15) just expresses that it is a kind of tone of neutrality. But just the Stanley Resident Association doesn't contain any sentiment in the context. Based on the analysis above, we argue that polarity can also become a feature to define the usage of bale and eryi.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 247, | |
| "end": 256, | |
| "text": "' In (14)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Polarity and SFPs", | |
| "sec_num": "4.3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "This paper explores the differences between two disyllabic sentence-final particles in Mandarin Chinese bale and eryi based on a corpus-based approach. We argue that there is a close interaction between adverbs and sentence-final particles. Firstly, the usage of adverbs in the local proposition of two different SFPs has a strong tendency. \u4e0d\u8fc7 buguo 'merely' may incline to use in the local proposition of bale (28.57%). \u53ea\u662f zhishi 'just' is the second most commonly adverbs in the local proposition of both bale and eryi. \u4ec5 jin 'only' is only used in the local proposition of eryi, and \u4ec5\u4ec5 jin-jin 'only' tends to use in the local propositions of eryi. \u6700\u591a zui-duo/ \u9876\u591a ding-duo/\u81f3\u591a zhi-duo 'at most' are only used in the local propositions of bale, while \u51b3\u4e0d\u662f juebu-shi/\u7edd\u975e jue-fei/\u51b3\u975e jue-fei/\u7edd\u4e0d jue-bu are only used in the local propositions of eryi. Bale expresses maximal value while eryi expresses the minimal value collocating with different adverbs. Moreover, the position of the adverbs also presents a tendency: the adverbs in the local proposition of bale are always used in the initial position, while eryi in the middle position. In addition, the polarity of the local propositions of two SFPs are also different: the local proposition of bale tends to express negativity, while the local proposition of eryi obtains a tone of neutrality. We believe that this study will significantly enhance the research on sentence-final particles and second language teaching.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Conclusion", | |
| "sec_num": "5" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "back_matter": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "This research work is supported by a General Research Fund project sponsored by the Research Grants Council, Hong Kong (Project No. B-Q50Z) and a Faculty Research Grant sponsored by the Hong Kong Polytechnic University (Project No. 1-ZEVK).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Acknowledgement", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| "ref_entries": { | |
| "TABREF1": { | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">Ken3ni2di2 de shi1li4, ta1 gen1ben3 jiu4</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td>Kennedy</td><td>DE loss she totally thus</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">bu2 fang4 zai4 xin1 shang4, zui4duo1</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">NEG put PREP heart on at most</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">zhi3 an4zhong1 leng3leng3 de</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">(5) \u81f3\u4e8e\u82cf\u4f26\u548c\u5f17\u5170\u514b\u2022\u80af\u5c3c\u8fea\u7684\u5931\u5229\uff0c\u5979\u6839 \u672c\u5c31\u4e0d\u653e\u5728\u5fc3\u4e0a\uff0c\u6700\u591a\u53ea\u6697\u4e2d\u51b7\u51b7\u5730\u7b11</td><td colspan=\"2\">just xiao4xiao ba4le. secretly sneer BALE</td><td>coldly</td><td>DE</td></tr><tr><td>\u7b11\u7f62\u4e86\u3002</td><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">'As for the loss of Sullen and Frank</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">zhi4yu2 su1lun2 he2 Fu2lan2ke4</td><td colspan=\"2\">Kennedy, she totally put it behind her. She</td></tr><tr><td>as for</td><td>Sullen and</td><td>Frank</td><td colspan=\"2\">at most sneered secretly.'</td></tr></table>", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
| "text": "Distribution of co-occurrence between adverbs and SFPs (Top 10 adverbs)Of the 756 sentences analyzed, there are 188 sentences that use adverbs in their local propositions of bale and 298 sentences in eryi. Moreover, some sentences use more than one adverb in one sentence. For example:", | |
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| } | |
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