| { | |
| "paper_id": "W89-0127", | |
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| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", | |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T03:45:05.943475Z" | |
| }, | |
| "title": "Computers, Typesetting, and Lexicography", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "A", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Bstract", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
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| "email": "" | |
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| "abstract": "As part of the general strategy of computerizing the lexicographic work process at the Institute o f Lexicography, we have adopted Donald E. Knuths typesetting program as our typesetting engine. The main characteristics o f the program wiU be briefly described, followed by a dis cussion o f its advantages for lexicographic work. has already been used for the typesetting o f a 1300 page etymo logical dictionary o f Icelandic. A number o f other projects are under way. Special notice will be paid to the problem of coding as it relates to the making of dictionaries. The advantages o f a generic, or logical, coding over typographic coding will be emphasized. However, doubts will be raised about the possibility o f providing a set of tags which are completely neutral with respect to typographic considerations.", | |
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| "abstract": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "As part of the general strategy of computerizing the lexicographic work process at the Institute o f Lexicography, we have adopted Donald E. Knuths typesetting program as our typesetting engine. The main characteristics o f the program wiU be briefly described, followed by a dis cussion o f its advantages for lexicographic work. has already been used for the typesetting o f a 1300 page etymo logical dictionary o f Icelandic. A number o f other projects are under way. Special notice will be paid to the problem of coding as it relates to the making of dictionaries. The advantages o f a generic, or logical, coding over typographic coding will be emphasized. However, doubts will be raised about the possibility o f providing a set of tags which are completely neutral with respect to typographic considerations.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Abstract", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "body_text": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "In th is p a p e r I w a n t t o d iscu ss o n e p a rticu la r a s p e c t o f c o m p u ta tio n a l lexicogra^ ph y, n a m e ly th e ty p e s e ttin g o f d ic tio n a r ie s . T h is is p erh a p s n o t an issue w h ich is ce n tra l t o c o m p u ta tio n a l le x ico g ra p h y , y e t it is a s u b je c t w h ich d eserves stu dy, e s p e c ia lly n o w w h en th e a rts o f ty p e s e ttin g h a v e b e e n m o v in g o n t o th e d esk to p . ", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In recen t y ea rs a r e v o lu tio n has b e e n ta k in g p la c e in th e ty p e s e ttin g in d u s tr y w h ere n u m erou s ' d e s k to p p u b lis h in g ' p ro g ra m s h a v e g ra d u a lly b e e n r e p la cin g th e tra d itio n a l to o ls o f th e p rin ter. H o w fa r has th is r e v o lu tio n a ffe c te d th e", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Named Categories and Visual Formatting", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "' As a matter of fact, it was published on the 2nd of November 1989 as plemned.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Named Categories and Visual Formatting", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "d ic t io n a r y p u b lish e r a n d m a k er? I w a n t t o a rg u e th a t su ch sy stem s are n ot su ited fo r th e m a k in g o f d ictio n a rie s . T h e ty p o g r a p h ic a l c o m p le x ity o f th e d ic t io n a r y en tries-w ith a n u m b e r o f s p e c ia l ch a ra cte rs, sev era l la n g u a g es, a n d m a n y su b sec tio n s a n d cross-refe ren ces w h ich a re d istin g u ish ed b y ty p e -e m p h a sizes th e im p o r ta n c e o f in te ra ctiv e fo r m a ttin g . B e c a u s e th e w o rk in g \u2022 \\ h y p h e n c h a r . V e ry fe w th in g s are h a rd -w ire d in to 1^. E ven th e h y p h e n # a tio n ch a r a c te r ca n b e ch a n g e d . B y s e ttin g \\ h y p h e n c h a r \\ te n n n = ' \\#, w ill u se th e h a sh -m a rk as th e h y p h e n a tio n ch a ra cte r fo r th e 10 p t R o m a n fo n t (w itn e ss th e first lin e o f th is p a ra g ra p h ). ", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Named Categories and Visual Formatting", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "T Actually, using dictionary slips was quite a breakthrough in the making of dictionaries. This can be seen if one has a look at the 18th century monumental Icelandic dictionary by J6n 6lafsson from Grunnavfk (which W2is never finished). This was written out as a single manuscript, at first having reasonable space between the entries, but gradually deteriorating into complete chaos as entries were added to the manuscript. ", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": ".5 in Iceland", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Proceedings of NODALIDA 1989", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Proceedings of NODALIDA 1989 J\u00f6rgen Pind: Typesetting and Lexicography", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "back_matter": [], | |
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| "text": "I w ill sh o w y o u th e a p p r o a c h w e h a v e a d o p te d a t th e In stitu te o f L ex ico g ra p h y , a n d re m a rk o n h o w it fits in to o u r o v e ra ll s tr a te g y fo r c o m p u ta tio n a l lexicogra r phy. L e t m e b e g in , in all m o d e s ty , b y q u o tin g m y self. In 1986 I w as in v ite d to g iv e a ta lk a t th e N o r d D a ta C o n fe r e n c e in S to c k h o lm . A t th a t tim e w e w ere ju s t e m b a rk in g o n w id e s p re a d u se o f c o m p u te r s a t th e In stitu te , a n d I a tte m p te d to d ra w u p a sc h e m a tic d ia g ra m o f a ' L e x ic o g r a p h e r s ' w o r k b e n c h ' (see figure 1 ), c o m m e n tin g th a t a n u m b e r o f fea tu res h a d n o t b e e n im p le m e n te d . \" T h is h o ld s es p e c ia lly fo r th e ' m a n u s crip t w r ite r ' . O u r w o r k h as n o t y e t rea ch ed th e s ta g e w h ere th is is in g re a t d e m a n d , b u t w e e n v isa g e th e p o s s ib ility o f u sin g th e d a ta b a s e to tu rn o u t m a n u scrip ts fo r a ty p e s e ttin g p ro g ra m like (F in d 1 9 8 6 :8 7 ). W e ll, th is w as w ritte n b e fo r e w e e v en h a d a version o f ru n n in g at th e In s titu te ! A s a m a tte r o f fa c t , th o u g h w e e x p e c te d th a t ty p e s e ttin g w ou ld b e 308 Proceedings of NODALIDA 1989, pages 308-325", | |
| "num": null, | |
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| "FIGREF1": { | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "text": "th in g th a t w e w o u ld d ea l w ith m u ch la ter, a lo t o f w o r k o v e r th e p a st c o u p le o f y ea rs has b een d e v o te d t o th e ty p e s e ttin g sid e o f le x ico g ra p h y . T h e re are tw o m a jo r reason s fo r th is. T h e first is th a t th e e d it o r w a n ts to b e a b le t o prin t p r o o fs w h ich are as c lo s e ly rela ted t o th e fin al fo r m o f th e d ic tio n a r y as p ossib le. T h u s a ' m a n u scrip t w r ite r ' has in fa c t b e e n im p le m e n te d as a fea tu re o f th e ' w o r k b e n c h ' w e a re c u rre n tly w o r k in g o n . T h e re la tio n sh ip o f th is ' m a n u scrip t w r ite r ' t o th e w o rk o n th e v e rb a l d ic t io n a r y h as a lre a d y b een to u c h e d o n in th e p a p e r b y B j\u00f6 r n P o r S vavarsson a n d J \u00f6 rg e n F in d in th is v o lu m e. T h e s e c o n d rea son is th e fa c t th a t w e h a v e b e e n e n g a g e d in p r o d u c in g Ice la n d ic d ic tio n a r ie s fr o m m a n u scrip ts, ra th e r th a n fr o m a d a ta b a s e . F o re m o s t a m o n g th ese is a n Ic e la n d ic e ty m o lo g ic a l d ic t io n a r y b y th e la te \u00c5 s g e ir B l\u00f6 n d a l M a g n u sson , fo r m e r e d it o r a t th e In stitu te , w h ich w ill a p p e a r la te r th is year.^ W e h ave a ls o e m b a rk e d u p o n a series o f rep rin ts o f o ld e r Ic e la n d ic le x ic o g r a p h ic w ork s. T h e s e w ork s h a v e b een c o d e d in th e TfeX ty p e s e ttin g la n g u a g e.", | |
| "num": null, | |
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| "FIGREF2": { | |
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| "text": "ra d itio n a lly , d ic tio n a r ie s h a v e b e e n p r o d u c e d fr o m c o lle c tio n s o f slips w h ich h a v e b e e n u sed t o ease th e ta sk o f k ee p in g th e d ic t io n a r y en tries in a lp h a b e tica l o r d e r a n d t o a llo w th e m t o e x p a n d as n eed ed , w ith o u t u n d u ly a ffectin g entries w h ich fo llo w a lp h a b e tica lly . T h e slips h a v e th en o fte n b e e n u sed, w ith m in im al m a rk u p , as th e m a n u scrip t fo r th e p rin te r. In th e p a st few years a tte m p ts have, h ow ev e r, b e e n m a d e t o u se d a ta b a s e s y ste m s t o ease th e a rd u o u s ta sk o f heindling th e c o lle c tio n s o f slip s, w ith s o m e su ccess (c f. th e p a p e r b y B j\u00f6 r n I>6r Svavarsson a n d J \u00f6 rg e n F in d in th is v o lu m e ). I f w e c o n s id e r fo r a m o m e n t th e n a tu re o f th e d a ta b a s e s y s te m , it is o b v io u s th a t o n e o f its m a jo r stren g th s is th e fa ct th a t it a llow s th e u ser t o a ssign n a m es o r ta g s t o th e in d iv id u a l fields in th e d a ta b a s e . T h u s w e ca n e a sily im a g in e a d a ta b a s e sy ste m fo r le x ico g ra p h ic w ork w h ich k n ow s a b o u t c a te g o r ie s su ch as headw ord, p r o n u n cia tio n , gram m atical cod e, s e m a n tic field , u sa g e n o te s , a n d s o o n . O n e o f th e ty p o g r a p h ic a l req u irem en ts fo r a d ic tio n a r y is th a t s o m e o f these ca te g o rie s s h o u ld b e re fle cte d in th e ty p e s e ttin g itself. T h is sh ow s fo r e x a m p le in th e use o f d ifieren t fo n ts in d ictio n a rie s , ty p ic a lly u sed to d istin g u ish so m e o f th e ca te g o rie s. N o t e th a t o n ly s o m e o f th e c a te g o rie s w ill b e thus reflected , sin ce a ty p ic a l d ic t io n a r y c o n ta in s m a n y m o r e c a te g o rie s th an w o u ld b e d istin g u ish ed b y ty p o g r a p h ic m ea n s. S o m e d is tin c tio n s w ill th u s b e lost in th e p rin te d d ic tio n a r y w h ich a re k ep t in th e d a ta b a s e sy stem s. Id ea lly , th e le x ic o g r a p h e r w o u ld like t o u se th e d a ta b a s e t o a u to m a tic a lly g e n e ra te 's c r ip t s ' fo r ty p e s e ttin g , s im p ly b y in stru ctin g th e d a ta b a s e t o prin t relevan t ty p o g r a p h ic c o d e s a r o u n d s o m e o f th e fields a n d n o t o th e rs. A n even b e tt e r a p p r o a c h w o u ld b e t o ta g all th e ca te g o rie s in th e ty p e s e ttin g scrip t a n d th en in stru ct th e ty p e s e ttin g s y s te m as t o w h ich o n e s sh ou ld a ffect th e ty p e s e ttin g p r o c e s s a n d w h ich o n e s sh o u ld n o t b e reflecte d ty p o g ra p h ica lly . T h is la tte r a p p r o a c h is e a sy e n o u g h t o a c c o m p lis h i f th e ty p e s e ttin g sy ste m allow s ' g e n e r ic ' o r a b s tr a c t c o d in g o f th e in p u t. T h e d e s k to p p u b lis h in g s y ste m s m e n tio n e d a t th e b e g in n in g o f th is se ctio n d o n o t a llo w su ch a b s tr a c t c o d in g (in d e e d v e ry few o f th em are a b le t o deal w ith tr a d itio n a l ty p e s e tt in g c o d e s ), s in ce th e y are a lm o st u n iv ersa lly b a sed on th e id e a o f ' d ir e c t m a n ip u la t io n ' o r ' v isu a l fo r m a ttin g ' . T h e user m an ip u la tes a p o in tin g d e v ic e , su ch as a m o u se , t o m a rk p a rts o f th e te x t fo r , say, a fon t ch a n g e. T h e n o tio n o f a b s tr a c t c o d in g p la y s n o p a rt a t all in th e fo rm a ttin g , a n d th u s it is im p o s s ib le in su ch a s y ste m t o fo r m a lin k betw een th e ca teg o rie s o f th e d a ta b a s e s y s te m a n d th e ty p e s e ttin g . H ow e v er, th is is, o f c o u rse , o f th e u tm o s t im p o r ta n c e fo r th e le x ic o g r a p h e r . A p rio ri, I w o u ld h ave th o u g h t th at th is lim ita tio n o f th e d e s k to p p u b lis h in g sy ste m s w o u ld ru le th em o u t as b e in g su ita b le fo r le x ic o g r a p h ic w o rk , a n d I w as th u s ra th er su rp rised w h en I ca m e a c r o s s th e fo llo w in g d e s c r ip tio n o f th e a p p r o a c h taken a t th e d ic tio n a r y o f O ld E n g lish in T o r o n t o .", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "uris": null | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF3": { | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "text": "c o p y o f th e e n tr y o n th e screen d e p ic ts th e fin al a p p e a r a n c e o f a p a g e, w e h o p e t o im p r o v e c o n s is t e n c y .. . . . . F o r e x a m p le t o p u t a k e y w o rd in b o ld in a c it a tio n , a n e d it o r ca n a ctiv a te th e a rea t o b e fo r m a tte d b y ra n g in g o v e r it w ith th e m o u se , a n d th en use th e m o u s e t o s e le ct a n d a p p ly th e p r o p e r ty b o ld fr o m th e C h a ra cte r L o o k s M en u (H e a ly 1 9 8 5 :2 4 8 ). T h e s y s te m b e in g d e s crib e d is a X e r o x w o r k s ta tio n , ru n n in g p u b lis h in g s o ft w a re sim ilar t o p rog ra m s ru n n in g o n th e M a c in to s h c o m p u te r . A s m e n tio n e d earlier, th is a p p r o a c h is se v erely h a n d ic a p p e d b y th e fa c t th a t th ere is n o e a sy w a y in a v isu a l fo r m a ttin g sy ste m t o fo r m lin ks t o th e c a te g o rie s o f th e d a ta b a s e sy ste m b e in g u sed. I w o u ld th e re fo re like t o a rg u e th a t th e req u irem en ts w h ich n eed t o b e m a d e o f a ty p e s e ttin g s y ste m fo r le x ic o g r a p h ic w o rk are tw o fo ld . \u2022 T h e ty p o g r a p h y sh o u ld b e o f th e h ig h est o rd e r. \u2022 T h e sy stem m u st b e a b le t o w o rk w ith g e n e ric o r lo g ic a l m a rk u p . T h e s e req u irem en ts a re m et b y a n u m b e r o f sy stem s. W e h a v e ch o se n t o w o rk w ith I t j X . In th e fo llo w in g p a g es I w ill d e s c r ib e th e w a y w e h ave u sed TfeX. W h ile s o m e o f y o u are u n d o u b te d ly fa m ilia r w ith I fe X , I w ill p re su m e th a t n o t ev e ry o n e is, a n d ask th o s e k n o w le d g e a b le t o b e a r w ith m e w h ile I g iv e a sh o rt tu to ria l in tr o d u c tio n t o T^.", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "uris": null | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF4": { | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "text": "is a ty p e s e ttin g sy ste m ' in ten ted fo r th e c re a tio n o f b e a u tifu l b o o k s ' to q u o te 1^' s a u th o r. P r o fe s s o r D o n a ld E . K n u th o f S ta n fo rd U n iversity. T h o s e w h o h a v e rea d his T^b o o k w ill a lso k n o w th a t th e p r e v io u s q u o t e co n tin u e s w ith ' a n d e s p e c ia lly b o o k s th a t co n ta in a lo t o f m a th e m a tic s ' . is in d e e d th e p rem ier sy ste m fo r ty p e s e ttin g m a th e m a tics a v a ila b le in th e w o rld to d a y , s o it is p erh a p s s o m e w h a t su rp risin g t o fin d it u sed fo r th e m a k in g o f d ic tio n a r ie s , in d ee d d ictio n a rie s w h ich c o n ta in n o m a th e m a tics at all! I w ill a tte m p t t o d e s c r ib e w h y w e h ave fo u n d t o b e em in e n tly s u ita b le fo r th e ty p e s e ttin g o f o u r d iction a ries.", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "uris": null | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF5": { | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "text": "It is p e rh a p s ra th er su rp risin g th a t w e s h o u ld b e a b le t o u se 1^)X a t all c o n s id erin g th a t it w as c r e a te d fo r o n e e x p re ss p u r p o s e , v iz. t o a llo w D o n K n u th t o ty p e se t his o w n m a g isteria l trea tise o n th e A r t o f P ro g ra m m in g in w h a t h e felt w o u ld b e an a c c e p ta b le m a n n e r. T h e s e b o o k s s ta r te d o u t b e in g ty p e s e t in lea d in th e tim e -h o n o u re d m a n n e r o f m a n y g e n e ra tio n s o f p rin te rs. W h e n s u b se q u e n tly revision s o f th e o rig in a l v o lu m e s w ere b e in g prepeired, th e c o m p u te r h a d m a d e in roa d s in to th e field o f ty p e s e ttin g a n d , t o q u o te K n u th , . . . w h e n I r e ce iv e d g a lle y p r o o fs th e y lo o k e d aw fu l-b e ca u se p rin tin g t e c h n o lo g y h a d ch a n g e d d r a s tic a lly sin ce th e first e d itio n h a d been p u b lish e d . T h e b o o k s w h e re n o w d o n e w ith p h o to ty p e s e ttin g in stea d o f h o t le a d M o n o t y p e m a ch in es; a n d (a la s !) th e y w ere b e in g d o n e w ith th e h elp o f c o m p u te r s in ste a d o f b y h a n d (K n u th 1 9 8 6 f:9 6 ). T h is w as in 1977. T h is lea d K n u th t o te m p o r a r ily a b a n d o n th e p r o je c t o f w r itin g th e A r t o f C o m p u te r P rog ra m m in g w h ile h e w o u ld m a k e u p his ow n s y s te m fo r th e ty p e s e ttin g , a ta sk w h ich h e e stim a te d w o u ld tak e a b o u t o n e year. In fa c t it t o o k n in e y ea rs o f c o n c e n tr a te d w o r k t o finish a n d it ' s c o m p a n io n p r o g r a m M E TflF O N T, w h ich is a s y ste m fo r g e n e ra tio n s o f lette rfo rm s. T h e s o u r c e c o d e fo r th e sy ste m h as g ra c io u s ly b e e n p u t in th e p u b lic d o m a in b y K n u th . T h e p r o g r a m s are w ritte n in WEB w h ich is a sp e cia l sy stem fo r 'lite r a te p r o g r a m m in g ' (K n u th 1 9 8 4 b ). A WEB p ro g ra m is p ro ce sse d b y tw o p ro g ra m s . TANGLE m a k es a P a s c a l p r o g r a m fr o m th e WEB s o u rce w h ich ca n then b e c o m p ile d b y a P a s c a l c o m p ile r , w h ile WEAVE m ak es a s crip t fr o m th e sam e s o u r c e , c o n ta in in g th e s o u r c e c o d e w ith co m m e n ts a n d d eta iled in d ices. R u n n in g th is s c r ip t th r o u g h p r o d u c e s a ty p e s e t v e rsio n o f th e p ro g ra m . K n u th has th o r o u g h ly d o c u m e n te d th e a n d M ETflF O N T p ro g ra m s in his five v o lu m e w o rk C o m p u te r s and T y p esettin g (K n u th 1986are).", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "uris": null | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF6": { | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "text": "b e d e s c r ib e d as a d o c u m e n t c o m p ile r o r a ty p e s e ttin g la n g u a g e. B o th te rm s re q u ire s o m e cla rifica tio n . In th e h is to r y o f c o m p u te r s cie n ce , m a n y c o m p u te r la n g u a g e s h ave e v o lv e d . S o m e o f th e se h a v e b e e n g en era l p u r p o s e la n g u a g e s like P a sca l o r C , oth ers h a v e b e e n s p e c ific a lly c r a fte d fo r s o m e p a rticu la r ta sk . is an e x a m p le o f a s p e c ia l p u r p o s e la n g u a g e , a n d s o is M E TflFO N T. as a la n g u a g e has p rim itiv e c o n s tr u c ts w h ich re la te t o th e tra d itio n a l a rt o f prin tin g . T h e o b je c t s w h ich h a n d le s a re ' b o x e s ' a n d 'g lu e ' , t o u se K n u th 's ter m in o lo g y (se e fig u re 2 ). T h e sm a llest b o x e s w h ich m a n ip u la te s are th ose s u r r o u n d in g th e in d iv id u a l letters. L a rg e r b o x e s c a n b e b u ilt o u t o f th e u ndec o m p o s a b le b o x e s s u r r o u n d in g th e letters. T h u s a lin e o f ty p e is a ls o con sid ered a b o x fr o m 'I^jK 's p o in t o f v ie w . G lu e is th e s tu ff w h ich g e ts p u t b etw een w ord s a n d o th e r b o x e s (t h o u g h n o t b e tw e e n th e b o x e s m a k in g u p in d iv id u a l w o rd s). L e a d in g , th e d is ta n c e b e tw e e n c o n s e c u tiv e lin es o f ty p e , is im p le m e n te d in 1^ th r o u g h in terlin e g lu e . T h is ' b o x e s a n d g lu e ' m o d e l tu rn s o u t t o b e su rp risin gly p o w e rfu l a n d e n a b le s 1^ t o p e r fo r m e x tr a o r d in a r y fea ts o f ty p e s e ttin g fo r e x a m p le in th e ty p e s e ttin g o f m a th e m a tics . S o m e o f l^'s a lg o r ith m s a re q u ite w ell k n ow n . T h is is e s p e cia lly tru e fo r th e p a r a g r a p h s e ttin g a lg o r ith m (P la s s a n d K n u th 1 9 8 2 ), as w ell as th e h y p h en a tion a lg o r ith m d e v is e d b y F ra n k L ia n g (L ia n g 1 9 8 3 ). T h e a lg o r ith m fo r s e ttin g p a ra g ra p h s m in im izes th e ' d e m e rits' a ssocia te d w ith th e s e ttin g o f a p a r tic u la r p a ra g ra p h . T h e s e d e m e rits refiect, a m o n g o th e r th in g s, th e ' b a d n e s s ' o f in d iv id u a l lin es o f th e p a ra g ra p h w h ich a re ca lcu la te d", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "uris": null | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF7": { | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "text": "T^'s boxes-and-glue model b y n o tin g th e ex ten t to w h ich th e in te r-w o rd g lu e h as t o stre tch o r sh rin k . sets th e p a ra g ra p h b y m in im izin g th ese d e m e rits. T h e in te re stin g th in g t o n o te is th a t th is m ean s th a t th e pciragraph as a w h o le is ty p e s e t in o n e g o a n d a w o rd c o m in g la te in a p a ra g ra p h ca n in flu en ce th e s e ttin g o f lin es c o m in g ea rlier in th e p a ra g ra p h . L ia n g 's a lg o rith m fo r w o r d h y p h e n a tio n is p a tte r n -b a s e d , b u t d e p a r ts fr o m o ld e r version s b y usin g b o t h v a ria b le le n g th p a tte rn s a n d p a tte rn s w h ich b o t h a llow a n d in h ib it h y p h e n a tio n p o in ts . I w ill n o t d iscu ss th is a n y fu rth er here, b u t s im p ly n o te th a t his m e t h o d g iv es e x ce lle n t resu lts in a n u m b er o f la n g u a g es b esid es E n g lish . In p a rticu la r th e Ic e la n d ic h y p h e n a tio n ta b le d o e s a v e ry c re d ita b le j o b o f h y p h en a tin g .TfeX has n u m erou s p rim itiv es (a r o u n d 3 0 0 ) fo r d e a lin g w ith ty p e s e ttin g a n d a lso a v ery p o w e rfu l m a c r o p r o g r a m m in g la n g u a g e. It is th is la tte r w h ich g iv es its sta tu s as a p r o g r a m m in g la n g u a g e . H ere are a fe w e x a m p le s o f th e p r im itiv e o p e r a tio n s w h ich o p e r a te s w ith .", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "uris": null | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF8": { | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "text": "o te th a t p rim itiv es a n d IfeiX m a c r o s a re e x p re sse d w ith ' c o n tr o l s e q u e n c e s ' . T h e s e u su ally sta rt w ith a s p ecia l ' e s c a p e c h a r a c te r ' w h ich is ty p ic a lly \\, th e backslash . \u2022 \\ k e r n . T h is c o m m a n d is fo llo w e d b y a d im e n sio n s p e c ific a tio n (e .g . in p rin te rs' p o in ts ) a n d m ov es th e p la ce m e n t o f tw o b o x e s rela tiv e ly t o ea ch o th e r. N o te th a t b o x e s c o m e in h o riz o n ta l a n d v e rtica l v e rsion s a n d \\ k e r n ca n b e u sed t o p o s itio n b o x e s b o t h v e r tic a lly a n d h o rizo n ta lly , d e p e n d in g o n th e ' m o d e ' is in. U su a lly kern is u sed t o b rin g b o x e s clo s e r to g e th e r (e .g ., le tte r p a irs lik e ' V ' a n d ' A ' w h ich , b e ca u se o f k ern in g, are p rin ted as 'V A ' ra th e r th a n ' V A ' . \u2022 M o o s e n e s s . C h a n g e s t o lo o se n e ss m ea n th a t w ill a tte m p t t o set a p a r tic u la r p a ra g ra p h in m o r e o r few er lin es th a n th e o p tim a l se ttin g calls fo r . B y s e ttin g \\ l o o s e n e s s = l an a tt e m p t is m a d e t o o p e n th e p a ra g ra p h a n d set it o n e lin e lo n g e r th a n w o u ld b e th e ca se i f n o M o o s e n e s s is sp e cifie d . \u2022 \\ fo n t d im e n . T h is c o m m a n d en a b le s o n e t o q u e ry th e ' cu rren t fo n t ' fo r fo n t p a ra m e te rs like th e x-h eig h t, n o r m a l sp a cin g , e tc. \u2022 \\ p e n a l t y . C o n tr o ls th e d e s ira b ility o f b rea k in g a t a p a rticu la r p o in t. P en a l ties c a n b e b o t h p o s it iv e (m a k in g a b re a k less lik e ly ) a n d n e g a tiv e (in d ica t in g d e s ira b le b re a k p o in t s ). In fin ite p e n a lties (h a v in g a valu e g re a te r than 1 0 0 0 0 ) eith e r fo r c e ( \\ p e n a l t y = -1 0 0 0 0 ) o r p r o h ib it (\\ p e n a lt y = 1 0 0 0 0 ) a b re a k a t a p a rticu la r p o in t. \u2022 \\ s f c o d e . T h e ' s p a c e fa c t o r c o d e ' is u sed t o c o n tr o l th e stre tch in g o f sp a ces a fte r in d iv id u a l ch a ra cte rs. U sin g th e \\ s f c o d e m akes it p o s s ib le t o , say, stre tch s p a ce s a fte r p e r io d s m o r e th a n a fte r o rd in a ry ch a ra cters.", | |
| "num": null, | |
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| "FIGREF9": { | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "text": "P r o g r a m m in g L a n g u a g e T tjX h as a v e r y p o w e rfu l m a c r o la n g u a g e w h ich ca n b e u sed t o w rite m a cros a t a lm o s t a n y le v el o f a b s tr a c t io n . T h e e x e c u tio n o f th ese m \u00a3icros takes p la ce th r o u g h a p r o c e s s o f m a c r o e x p a n s io n , w h e re th e m a c r o s are g ra d u a lly red u ced t o p rim itiv e s o f th e la n g u a g e . S in ce m a c r o s ca n ca ll o th e r m a cro s, it is p o s s ib le t o s tr u c tu r e th e c o d e in a s y s te m a tic w a y b y g ra d u a lly m o v in g fro m p r im itiv e c o n s tr u c ts t o m o r e a b s tr a c t o n e s. \"IteX o b s e rv e s a b lo c k str u c tu r e , like m o s t o th e r p rogrsim m in g la n gu a ges. T h e b lo c k s tr u c tu r e is a ch ie v e d b y u sin g th e s y m b o ls fo r ' o p e n ' a n d ' c lo s e g r o u p ' w h ich a re u su a lly th e c u r ly b r a c e s { a n d } . U sin g g ro u p in g , it is a s im p le m a tter t o s tr u c tu r e c o d e , su ch th a t th e lik e lih o o d o f n a m in g co n fiic ts are lessened. T h e m a c r o la n g u a g e , like m o s t o th e r m cicro la n g u a g es, uses registers fo r th e diflferent ' d a t a t y p e s ' w h ich are ava ila b le. T h e s e registers c o m e in five varieties: C o u n t reg isters a re u sed fo r k eep in g in te g er valu es (3 2 b it ). has p rim itiv e o p e r a tio n s fo r in te g e r a r ith m e tic on ly , b u t th is is u su a lly n o t a p r o b le m . T h e fo llo w in g p ie c e o f c o d e d e cla re s a c o u n t re g ister n a m e d \\ f i g n o w h ich is in itia liz e d t o 0: \\ n e w c o u n t \\ fi g n o \\ f i g n o = 0 T h e c o d e fo r th e figu re m a c r o w o u ld th e n ta k e c a r e o f p la c in g th e fig u re a n d assign in g a n u m b e r t o it w h ich w o u ld b e in cre m e n te d fo r e a ch fig u re. T h is last o p e r a tio n is a ch iev e d b y ; \\ a d v a n c e \\ fi g n o b y 1 D im e n sio n registers are u sed fo r p rin te rs' d im e n sio n s , p o in ts , p ic a s , m illim e ters, e tc . T h e follo w in g p ie ce o f c o d e d ecla res a d im e n s io n re g ister a n d th en in itia lizes it. \\ n e w d im e n \\ p a g e w id th \\ p a g e v id th -1 7 0 m m N e x t c o m e th e g lu e registers o r ' s k ip ' registers. T h e s e c o n ta in g lu e sp e cifica r tio n s. T h e fo llo w in g e x a m p le illu stra tes th e d e fin itio n o f th e \\ s m a l l s k i p m a c r o w h ich m ak es use o f th e s m a lls k ip a m o u n t g lu e register: \\ n e v s k ip \\ s m a lls k ip a m o u n t \\ s m a lls k ip a m o u n t = 3 p t p l u s I p t m in u s I p t \\ d e f \\ s m a l l s k i p { \\ v s k l p \\ s n i a l l s k i p a m o u n t } T h e \\ s m a lls k ip a m o u n t reg ister is set t o 3 p t p lu s I p t m in u s I p t . T h e m a c r o \\ s m a l l s k i p is defin ed as a v e rtica l sk ip ( \\ v s k i p ) o f \\ s m a lls k ip a m o u n t . F in ally, w e c o m e t o th e b o x registers w h ich are u sed fo r h o ld in g th e b o x e s g ra d u a lly a c ccu m u la te d fo r ea ch p a g e . B o x e s h ave th ree d im e n sio n s , as m en tio n e d b e fo re . T h e s e ca n b e q u erie d o r set, u sin g th e p rim itiv e s \\wd, \\ h t , a n d \\dp fo r th e w id th , h eig h t, a n d d e p th , re sp e ctiv e ly . ave a lre a d y seen o n e e x a m p le o f h o w m a cro s a re d efin e d . T h is is d o n e w ith th e \\ d e f p rim itiv e . M a c r o s c a n tak e a rg u m e n ts, it is ev en p o s s ib le t o h a v e m a c r o s w h ich ch e ck fo r o p tio n a l a rg u m en ts, a h ig ly u sefu l fe a tu re. A ty p ic a l m a c r o w ith a rg u m en ts is th e fo llo w in g sim p le m a c r o fo r s e ttin g h e a d w o rd s in b o ld fa ce . (T h e p e rcen t sign 7. is u su a lly a co m m e n t ch a r a c te r in I^. A n y th in g c o m in g a fte r th e 7. o n a lin e is ig n o re d b y 1^. ) \\ d e f\\ h v o r d # l{7 t m a c r o f o r t h e h e a d w o r d { \\ b f # l \\ m a r k { # l } } } T h is sets th e h e a d w o rd in b o ld fa c e ( \\ b f ) a n d d efin es a ' m a r k ' . T h is m a rk c a n , fo r in sta n ce, b e u sed t o esta b lish th e ra n g e o f en tries o n a p a r tic u la r p a g e o f a d ic tion a ry. T h e p a ra m e te rs a re d e n o te d b y # a n d th e y a re n u m b e re d c o n s e cu tiv e ly , sta rtin g w ith # 1 . L ike a n y g o o d p r o g r a m m in g la n g u a g e , o ffers th e u ser a c o n d itio n a l te st in g m ech a n ism . O n e a p p lic a tio n o f th is is t o p rin t differen t ty p e s o f p r o o fs . F or in sta n ce, it is p o s s ib le t o red efin e th e \\ h v o r d m a c r o in su ch a m a n n er th a t w ill w rite th e h ea d w ord s t o a s p e cia l file w h en th e d ic t io n a r y is b e in g p r o o fe d . It Computational Linguistics -Reykjav^ 1989 is th en a stra ig h tfo rw a rd m a tte r t o ch e ck w h e th e r th e list o f h ea d w ord s thus g en e ra te d is in c o r r e c t a lp h a b e tic a l o rd e r. T h is ca n b e a cco m p lis h e d in th e fo llow in g m a n n e r: \\newwrit e \\ h w o r d f ile '/. first a file is defined \\newif\\ifproofmode '/. A conditional is declared \\proofmodetrue Are we prin t i n g proofs? Yes we are. \\ifproofmode \\messaigef**** Prin t i n g proofs * * * * * } \\inunediate\\openout\\outf ile=\\j o b n a m e .hwrd \\def\\hword#l{'/, m a c r o for the headword {\\bf#l\\mark{#l}} \\immediate\\write\\outf ile-f#!}} \\else \\message{**** Final ri m ***\u2666*} \\def\\hword#l{% mac r o for the headword \u25a0(\\bf#l\\markf#l}}} \\fi T h e c o n d itio n a l c o n s tr u c tio n \\if \\else \\fi th u s m a k es it e a sy t o p rin t d ifferen t v e rsio n s o f th e sa m e m a n u scrip t a c c o r d in g t o n eed . T h is h as o n ly b e e n tlie b riefest o f in tr o d u c tio n s t o as a p ro g ra m m in g la n g u a g e , b u t it s h o u ld , I h o p e , rev ea l t o th e rea d e r so m e th in g o f th e fla v ou r o f th e TfeX la n g u a g e.", | |
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| "uris": null | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF10": { | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "text": "h e In s titu te h as b e e n re s p o n s ib le fo r in tr o d u c in g TfeX in to Ice la n d . I have ea rlier d e s c r ib e d th e step s u n d erta k en t o m a k e T]eX w o rk w ith Ic e la n d ic (J \u00f6rg en P in d 1 9 8 8 ). In p a rticu la r: \u2022 It w a s n e ce ssa ry t o m a k e a set o f p a tte rn s fo r t o a ch iev e c o r r e c t (o r n e a rly c o r r e c t ) h y p h e n a tio n . T h e p a tte rn s w ere g e n e ra te d b y F ran k L ia n g 's p r o g r a m PATGEN, u sin g as in p u t a 2 1 0 .0 0 0 w o rd d ic tio n a r y m a d e b y the In s titu te fo r I B M in Ice la n d t o u se in IB M sp e llin g checkers.\u00e2 m very grateful to Mr. Gunnar M. Hansson, general manager of IBM Iceland, for allowing us to use this material for this purpose. \u2022 T h e C o m p u te r M o d e r n F on ts h a d t o b e a d a p te d t o Ic e la n d ic b y a d d in g a few ch a ra cte rs (e .g ., '9 ' (e th ) eind ' 1>' (t h o r n )). \u2022 C h a n g e s h a d t o b e m a d e t o th e s ta n d a rd m a c r o c o lle c tio n s t o a llo w fo r n ew fo n ts a n d s o m e d ifferen ces in ch a r a c te r d e fin ition s. W it h th ese ch a n g es, has b e e n fo u n d t o w o rk a d m ir a b ly fo r Ic e la n d ic a n d has a lre a d y b ee n u sed t o ty p e s e t a n u m b e r o f b o o k s . I gu ess Ice la n d m u st b e u n iq u e in h a v in g b ro u g h t o u t a n u m b e r o f T^e d b o o k s a n d y e t n o m a th e m a tic s b o o k has b e e n ty p e se t w ith th e Ic e la n d ic v e rsio n ty p e s e ttin g o f d ictio n a rie s u su a lly p resen ts fe w p r o b le m s . D ic tio n a r ie s a re u su a lly set in tw o o r th ree co lu m n s w h ich a re ra th e r n a rro w . T h is c a n o ft e n lea d t o difiSculties w ith lin e -b re a k in g , sin ce th e n a rro w co lu m n s lea ve r e la tiv e ly little la titu d e fo r th e p a ra g ra p h -b re a k in g a lg o r ith m . F o r th is rea so n , it is a d v a n ta g e o u s t o c h o o s e a fo n t w ith a n a rrow set w id th , a n d , s e co n d ly , it is n ecessa ry t o a llo w th e ty p e s e ttin g p r o g r a m m o r e fie x ib ility in s tr e tc h in g a n d c o m p r e s s in g in te rw o rd sp a ces th a n is n o rm a l in b o o k s w h ich a re set t o th e fu ll w id th o f th e p a g e . In th is flex ib ility is c o n tr o lle d w ith th e p rim itiv e \\ t o l e r a n c e . W h e n th e c o lu m n s are set in reg ister, as is u su a lly th e ca se, w id o w lin es are b o u n d t o o c c u r b e ca u se th e le a d in g (in terlin e g lu e in I fe X ) is n o t a llow ed t o waxy. T h e s e ca n b e g o t rid o f b y s tre tch in g o r sh rin k in g th e p a ra g ra p h (o r p a ra g ra p h s o n th e p re v io u s p a g e o r p a g e s ). In th is is c o n tr o lle d b y th e \\ l o o s e n e s s p rim itiv e . I f o n e is p re p a re d t o a c c e p t fu ll w id o w lin es (a s w e o c c a s io n a lly d id in th e e ty m o lo g ic a l d ic t io n a r y ), it is p o s s ib le t o a ch ie v e th is in b y s e ttin g th e g lu e re g ister \\ p a r f i l l s k i p eq u a l t o 0 p t, th u s d r a w in g th e last lin e o f a p a ra g ra p h o u t t o th e fu ll w id th o f th e co lu m n . I f th e co lu m n s a re n o t set in reg ister (a s is, fo r e x a m p le , th e ca se in th e O x fo r d E n g lish D ic tio n a r y w h ere th e q u o ta tio n s a re set in sm a ller ty p e , th u s fo r c in g va ria b le le a d in g ), it is m u ch easier t o c o n tr o l fo r w id o w lin es sin ce th e sp a ce b etw een p a ra g ra p h s ca n ea sily b e v a ried (th is is d o n e in 1^ w ith th e \\ p a r s k ip p rim itiv e ). It is c u s tu m a r y in d ictio n a rie s t o p rin t w o r d s a t th e t o p o f th e p a g e , sh o w in g th e ra n ge o f th e en tries o n th a t p a g e. T h is p r o c e s s ca n v e ry e a sily b e a u to m a t ed in I^, u sin g th e \\mark. B y \\ m a rk in g all h e a d w o r d en tries a n d d e fin in g su ita b le m a c r o s fo r th e o u tp u ttin g o f th e h ea d lin es, th is p r o c e s s b e c o m e s c o m p le te ly a u to m a tic . N o t e th a t th o u g h I m e n tio n h ere th e n ecessity o f \\ m a rk in g th e h e a d w ord s, it is in fa c t n o t n ecessa ry t o m a rk th e m in d iv id u a lly . B y a su it a b le d e fin ito n o f th e \\ h w ord m a c r o th is c a n b e progr\u00a3im m ed (se e th e p re v io u s d efin ition s o f th e \\ h w ord m a c r o s ). 5 W ork Finished and in Progress T h e m a jo r p e r fo r m a n c e te st o f fo r le x ic o g r a p h ic w ork w as th e ty p e se ttin g o f th e e t y m o lo g ic a l d ic t io n a r y b y \u00c5 s g e ir B l\u00f6 n d a l M a g n u sson . T h is b o o k runs to 1231 tw o -c o lu m n p a g es w ith fo r t y p a g e s o f in tr o d u c to r y m a te ria l. t o o k ca re o f th e ty p e s e ttin g o f all th e p a g e s e x c e p t fo r tw o p ages w h ich c o n ta in illu stra tion s d e m o n s tr a tin g th e u se o f th e d ictio n a ry . T h e s e tw o p a g es w ere d esig n ed w ith a d ra w in g p ro g ra m . O rig in a lly , it w as n ev er in te n d e d th a t th e e ty m o lo g ic a l d ic t io n a r y w o u ld b e ty p e s e t w ith 1^. W h e n k e y b o a r d in g o f th e m a n u scrip t b e g a n in 1985, w e d id n o t h a v e Ife X , a n d th e c o d in g o f th e m a n u scrip t w as su ch th a t it w o u ld b e ea sy t o tra n sfe r it t o a p rin ter fo r ty p e s e ttin g w ith tra d itio n a l p rin te rs' ty p e se ttin g c o d e s . H ow e v er, in J a n u a ry 1 989, w h en w e w ere re a d y t o tu rn th e m a n u scrip t o v e r t o th e p rin ter, it tu rn e d o u t th a t th e y d id n o t h ave all th e ch a ra cte rs n eed ed fo r th e ty p e s e ttin g , a n d w o u ld a ls o h ave diflSculties w ith all th e d iv erse floa tin g aurcents w h ich th e b o o k c o n ta in s . A t th a t p o in t I d e cid e d t o m a k e so m e tria l runs w ith u sin g P o s tS c r ip t fo n ts (A d o b e T im e s R o m a n ). It tu rn ed o u t th a t n o p r o b le m s w h ere e n c o u n te r e d w h ich c o u ld n o t ra th er e a sily b e so lv e d . E ven th e fa c t th a t P o s tS c r ip t has a fa irly lim ite d ch a ra cte r re p e rto ire c o u ld b e rem edied b y d ra w in g th e m issin g ch a ra cte rs w ith F o n to g ra p h e r, a fo n t g e n e ra tin g p ro g ra m ru n n in g o n th e M a c in to s h (A lts y s C o r p o r a t io n 1 9 8 9 ). F ig u r e 3 sh ow s a sa m p le p a g e fr o m th e d ic t io n 2iry. O u r m a jo r p r o je c t in th e fu tu re w ill, o f co u r s e , b e th e d ic tio n a r y o f v erbs o u tlin e d in th e p a p e r b y J6n H ilm a r J \u00f6 n sso n in th is v o lu m e . T h e e d itin g w ill ta k e p la c e in a d a ta b a s e sy ste m , a n d th e o u tp u t o f th a t sy ste m , a scrip t, w ill b e g e n e r ic a lly c o d e d . A d d itio n a lly , w e h ave ju s t em b a rk e d o n a p r o je c t t o reprin t so m e o ld e r Ice la n d ic le x ic o g r a p h ic w ork s. W o r k is n o w in p rog ress o n fo u r o ld e r d iction a rie s. T h e s e axe a ll c o d e d in th e la n g u a g e , a n d th e in te n tio n is to b rin g these o u t in n e w e d itio n s . T h e s e a re d e a lt w ith as te x tu a l o b je c t s , th o u g h th e gen eric c o d in g w o u ld , o f co u r s e , c o n s id e r a b ly e a se th e ta sk o f p u ttin g th em o n lin e , if th a t sh o u ld b e d e c id e d a t a la ter s ta g e (c f. A lsh a w i e t al. 1 9 8 9 ). 6 Issues o f Coding In re ce n t y e a rs, m o r e a n d m o r e a tte m p ts h a v e b een m a d e t o use d a ta b a s e system s fo r th e c r e a tio n o f d ictio n a rie s . W h e n a d a ta b a s e is u sed fo r a d ictio n a ry , it b e c o m e s p o s s ib le t o n a m e th e field s w h ich are b e in g en te re d . T h e d a ta b a se p r o g r a m m e r h as q u ite a lo t o f fr e e d o m in th e c h o ic e o f th ese n a m es a n d th e re fore in th e c h o ic e o f c a te g o r ie s w h ich are d e a lt w ith in th e d ictio n a ry . I sh all assu m e h ere th a t th e fin al a im o f th e p r o je c t is t o p r o d u c e a p rin ted d ictio n a ry , th ou g h , o f co u r s e , i f it is m a d e u p u sin g a d a ta b a s e s y ste m it b e c o m e s p o s s ib le t o ' p u b lish ' it in c o m p u te r iz e d fo r m , say, o n a C D -R O M disk.", | |
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| "FIGREF11": { | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "text": "A sample page from the etymological dictionaryT h e tr a d itio n a l w a y o f m a k in g a d ic tio n a r y has b een to p ro ce e d in a som e w h a t d ifferen t m a n n e r, w r itin g th e d ic t io n a r y en tries o n slips o f paper.\u0174 h ile th e c o m p a r is o n b e tw een slip s o f p a p e r, a file ca b in e t, an d a d a ta b a se s y s te m is o ft e n m a d e , th is c o m p a r is o n is so m e w h a t m islea d in g sin ce ca te g ories on th e w ritte n sh eets o r slip s are u su a lly n o t n a m e d . In th e case o f d iction a ries this is m o s t cle a rly th e case. A n e x a m p le w ill sh o w th is. F ig u re 4 sh ow s a slip fro m th e c o lle c tio n w h ich w as u sed in th e m a k in g o f th e first sta n d a rd d ic tio n a r y o f Ictur (-u rif pi. ds.) (le:d\u00f8Q, le:t\u00f8e] n. 1. a. SbrifI, Typer: g o t n e s b t , l a t n e s k t /.; fae r a e -d i letu r^ optegne n*t, fere i Pennen; s e t t /., en Slags Halvfraktur, nsrmende sig til Schwabacherlypen. ^ *b* le t u r s la n d , Papir (DdluHj. 255); le t r a ro lta (egl. Typefaar) (DdluHj. 217) = p r e n t s m id fa , -2. Indskrift: /. < t s t e i n i . -b a n d [\u00abr-bani] n. Forkortelse, Abbreviatur. \u2022breyting l-brei:dii]k, >brei:l-] f. Udhaevelse. -gerB , -gjorB I*QerB, \u2022QdrB| f. I* Dogslavskrift, Typernes Karakter: le t u r g e r d in e r a l t 6 n nu r , Typerne er af en helt anden Karakter. -2, Skrivning: h v o r u g u r k e i r r a h a f 9 i n u m id s u o m ikt'B i le t u r g j o r B , a S ^e i r m ae it u rita n S fn sin (]ThMk. 362). -3. a. ( s a m n i n g r i t s ) Optegnelse, Affattelse af et Skrift.", | |
| "num": null, | |
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| }, | |
| "FIGREF12": { | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "text": "A sample entry from the dictionary by S ig f u s B lo n d a l and one o f the dictionary slips on which it is based m o d e r n I c e la n d ic , S ig fu s B lo n d a l's Ice la n d ic -D a n is h d ic tio n a r y (B lo n d a l 1923). It is q u ite o b v io u s th a t n o c a te g o rie s as su ch are m a rk ed o n th e slip . T h e y can , h ow e v e r, b e in fe r r e d fr o m th e slip b y th e use o f m a rk in g s w h ich in d ica te different fo n ts . T h e slip im p lic itly m a rk s c a te g o rie s b y th e use o f u n d erlin in g an d oth er t y p o g r a p h ic a l m ark s.", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "uris": null | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF13": { | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "text": "T h is a p p ro a ch is q u ite n a tu ra l, c o n s id e rin g th a t d ic t io n a r y e d ito r s , su ch as Sigfiis B l\u00f6 n d a l, w ere w o rk in g w ith th e sole a im o f p r o d u c in g a p rin te d d ic tio n a r y .T h e y th o u g h t o f th eir w o rk as th a t o f p r o d u c in g a text, a n d th eir a p p r o a c h w as q u ite p la in ly a ' ty p o g r a p h ic a l' o n e w h e re th e o n ly th in g s th e y n e e d e d t o keep d istin ct in th e m a n u scrip ts w ere ch a n g es w h ich w o u ld sh o w u p o n th e p rin ted p a g e, like fo n t ch an ges.T h is a p p r o a c h has n o d o u b t b een a lm o s t u n iv ersa lly fo llo w e d , a t le a st un til q u ite recen tly . S om e p u b lish ed d ic tio n a r ie s h a v e b e e n m a d e a v a ila b le t o re search ers. T h e s e are gen era lly ty p o g r a p h ic a lly c o d e d a n d b rin g in g th e m o n lin e has o fte n p r o v e d t o b e a fo r m id a b le ta sk (A ls h a w i et al. 1 9 8 9 ). T h is d is c r e p a n c y b etw een th e d a ta b a s e re p resen ta tion o f a d ic t io n a r y a n d th e p rin te d , ty p o g r a p h ic a l, rep resen ta tion is q u ite u n fo r tu n a te a n d va riou s step s have b e e n ta k en t o c lo s e th e g a p . T h is is c u rre n tly n o t t o o d ifficu lt a ta sk a n d I w an t t o d iscu ss here b riefly h o w o n e c o u ld a ch iev e th is aim w ith T^. A p r o g r a m m in g la n g u a g e su ch as m ak es it p o s s ib le t o c o d e th e meinus crip t a t a n y level o f a b s tr a c tio n w h ich o n e fin d s m o st co n v e n ie n t. T h e p rim itiv e s w h ich d ea ls w ith a re fo r th e m o s t p a rt ty p o g r a p h ic a l o n e s, as a lre a d y d is cu ssed . H ow ev er, it is b y n o m ea n s n ecessa ry t o u se th ese p rim itiv e s d irectly . L et m e illu stra te th is b y ta k in g th e e n tr y fr o m th e Ice la n d ic -D a n is h d ic t io n a r y sh ow n in fig u re 4 as an e x a m p le . T h is ca n b e ty p o g r a p h ic a lly c o d e d as fo llo w s in (th e p h o n e tic tr a n s c r ip tio n h as b e e n left o u t ): \\bold{letur (-urs,} pi. ds.) [...] n. 1. a. Skrift, Typer: \\ital{gotneskt, latneskt 1.; faer a e-d i letur}, optegne n-t, f^re i Pennen; \\ital-fsett 1.}, en slags Halvfraktur, naermende sig til S c h w a b a c h e r t y p e n . ---\\bold{*b.} \\ital-fleturs l a n d } , Papir (B\u00f6luHJ . 255); \\ital{letra rolla} (egl. T y p e f aar) ( B \u00f6 l u H j . 217) = \\ital-(prentsmidja}. T h is e x a m p le sh o u ld b e m o s tly se lf-e x p la n a to ry . T h e in s tr u c tio n s \\ b o l d an d \\ i t a l ch a n g e r e sp e ctiv e ly t o th e b o ld a n d ita lic fo n ts. T h is re p re se n ta tio n is fa irly c lo s e t o th e o n e g iv en o n th e slips th em selv es, as d e p ic te d in fig u re 4. N o te in cid e n ta lly th e so m e w h a t stra n g e use o f fo n ts in th e first lin e w h e re p a ren th eses d o n o t b a la n c e c o r r e c tly w ith re sp e cts t o fo n ts. T h is use is p r o b a b ly q u ite n a tu ral fo r th e p rin ter (w h o has, a fter all, b e e n ta u g h t th a t a d e lim ite r c h a ra cte r, fo r e x a m p le, sh o u ld b e lo n g t o th e sa m e fo n t as th e p r e c e d in g t e x t ). T o s o m e o n e a c cu sto m e d to th e n o tio n s o f ' b lo c k in g ' a n d ' e n v ir o n m e n ts ' fr o m c o m p u te r s cie n ce this m an n er o f fo n t ch a n g e d o e s seem illo g ica l. I f w e ca re t o a n a ly z e th e e x a m p le fr o m a fu n c tio n a l p e r s p e c tiv e , w e ca n ea sily see th a t it co n ta in s a n u m b er o f differen t c a te g o rie s. T h e r e is th e h e a d w o rd , w h ich is p rin te d in b o ld ty p e , a n d s o is th e g r a m m a tic a l e n d in g s ig n ify in g th e gen itive. H ere w e h ave a n e x a m p le , ev er s o c o m m o n in d ictio n a rie s , o f o n e fo n t b e in g u sed fo r d isp a ra te ca te g o rie s. A d d itio n a lly , th ere a re e x a m p le s o f u se a n d ph rases sh ow n in ita lic ty p e , o f s e c tio n in g (u sin g n u m b ers a n d lette rs o f th e a lp h a b e t), an d o f s o u rce referen ces ( ' B \u00f6 lu H j.' b e in g th e Ic e la n d ic 19th c e n tu ry p o e t H j\u00e4 lm a r J \u00f6 n sso n ). A d ifferen t w a y o f c o d in g w o u ld b e t o c o d e th e ca te g o rie s d ir e c tly w ith ou t a n y re fe re n ce w h a ts o e v e r t o th eir ty p o g r a p h ic a l im p le m e n ta tio n . T h is a p p ro a ch , w h ich h as q u ite a sh o r t h isto ry , has b e e n v a rio u sly n a m ed ' lo g ic a l' o r 'g e n e ric' c o d in g , a n d c a n th u s b e d istin g u ish e d fr o m th e visu al c o d in g sh ow n a b o v e . G e n e r ic c o d in g h as r e ce n tly r e ce iv e d in cre a se d a tte n tio n th ro u g h th e sta n d a rd iz a tio n o f th e S G M L (S ta n d a r d G e n e ra lize d M a rk u p L a n g u a g e ) (IS O 1986, B a r ro n 1 9 8 9 , B r y a n 1 9 8 9 ). S im ila r c o n c e p ts h a v e b een ex p ressed in o th e r lan gu ages a n d fo r m a tte r s , th o u g h S G M L ca rries it t o its lo g ic a l c o n c lu s io n : S G M L is sim p ly a m a n n e r o f c o d in g a m a n u s crip t, a n d h as rea lly n o th in g d o d o w ith ty p e se ttin g , o r d a ta b a s e m a n ip u la tio n . It d o e s , h ow ev e r, e m b o d y a m a n n er o f rep resen tin g th e str u c tu r e s w h ich are t o b e fo u n d in a p a rticu la r d o c u m e n t. In p a r tic u la r , as reg a rd s I^, L eslie L a m p o r t 's m a c r o pa ck a ge is v ery m u ch g e a re d to w a r d s lo g ic a l c o d in g (L a m p o r t 1986; see a lso L a m p o r t 1988). is a m a c r o p a ck a g e u sed fo r g en era l d o c u m e n t p r o ce ssin g . It uses th e c o n c e p t o f s e p a ra te 's ty le file s' t o c a p tu r e th e differen t fo r m a ttin g n eeds o f re p o rts, a rticle s , b o o k s , e tc . F u rth e rm o re , it defin es ca te g o r ie s su ch as ' title s' , ' s e c tio n s ' , ' c h a p te r s ' , 'f o o t n o t e s ' , a n d s o fo r th t o ex p ress th e d ifferen t lo g ica l ca te g o rie s o f d o c u m e n ts . T h e m a c r o la n g u a g e is su ch th a t o n e ca n ea sily im p lem en t m a c r o s t o a n y d e g r e e a f a b s tr a c tio n re q u ire d . U sin g su ch an a p p r o a c h , it w o u ld b e ea sy en o u g h t o c o d e th e a b o v e e x a m p le fr o m Sigfu s B lo n d a l' s d ic tio n a r y in th e fo llo w in g m a n n e r (I h a v e fo r m a tte d it here fo r easier r e a d a b ility ): \\ h w o r d { l e t u r } ( \\ d e c l { -u r s } , \\ i i { p l . d s . } ) \\ p h o n { [ . . . ] } \\ p o s { n . } \\ s e n s e { l . } \\ s u b s e n s e { a . } \\ t r a n s { S k r i f t , T y p e r } :\\ V \\ e x a n ip l-{ \\ ic -{ g o t n e s k t , l a t n e s k t 1 . ; f a r a e -d l e t u r } , \\ d a { o p t e g n e n -t , f^r e i P e n n e n } } ; \\ e x a m p H \\ i c -[ s e t t 1 .}, \\ d a { e n s l a g s H a l v f r a k t u r , nae rm ende s i g t i l S c h v a b a c h e r t y p e n } } . ------\\ s u b s e n s e { * b . } \\ e z a m p l { \\ i c -[ l e t u r s l a n d } , \\ d a { P a p i r } \\ s o u r c e { B 6 1 u H j. 2 5 5 } ; \\ e i a m p l -C \\ i c f l e t r a r o l l a } \\ d a { ( e g l . T y p e f a a r , I h a sten t o a d d , is ju s t a d e m o n s tr a tio n o f th e m a n n er b y w h ich it w o u ld b e p o s s ib le t o p r o c e e d . In p a rticu la r, in n o w a y is th is c o d in g b a se d u p o n a s t u d y o f th e en tries in th is d ic tio n a r y , a s tu d y w h ich it w o u ld b e n e cessa ry to u n d e rta k e i f it w ere d esire d t o c o d e th e d ic t io n a r y in th is m an n er. T h e c a te g o r ie s m e n tio n e d a b o v e s h o u ld b e e a sy e n o u g h t o u n d ersta n d sin ce th e y h a v e b e e n g iv e n n a m es w h ich a re fa irly s e lf-e x p la n a to r y (th e c a te g o rie s \\ i c a n d \\ d a s ta n d re s p e c tiv e ly fo r ' Ic e la n d ic ' a n d 'D a n is h ' ) a n d it w ill thus n o t b e n ecessa ry t o g iv e d e ta ile d e x p la n a tio n s fo r ea ch o f th e m . It is, o f co u r s e , im m e d ia te ly a p p a ren t th a t th e m a n u scrip t g e ts c o n s id e r a b ly m o r e c o m p lic a te d w h en su ch a sy ste m o f c o d in g is e m p lo y e d . A fte r a ll, a lo t o f c a te g o r ie s a re d e lim ite d w h ich w ill n o t fin d a n y p a rticu la r re a liz a tio n in th e p rin te d te x t. B y w o rk in g fro m su ch a m a n u scrip t it is m u ch ea sier t o set u p a o n e -t o -o n e re la tio n sh ip w ith a d a ta b a se rep re se n ta tion w h ich o f c o u r s e is c o n s id e r a b ly m o r e d ifficu lt w h en d e a lin g o n ly w ith a v isu a lly c o d e d m a n u scrip t. T h e a s tu te read er w ill p r o b a b ly o b je c t t o th e c h o ic e o f term s fo r th e e n tries la b elled \\ s e n s e a n d \\ s u b s e n s e in th e a b o v e e x tr a c t, sin ce th ese o n ly refer t o n u m b ers a n d le tters a n d c a n n o t s tr ic tly b e sa id t o d e n o te th e sen se. T h is is, o f co u rse , tru e . In th is ca se it w o u ld h a v e b e e n b e tt e r t o la b e l th e w h o le p a ssa g e b e lo n g in g t o th e p a rticu la r sen se, le a v in g o u t th e n u m b e rs a n d letters a n d le ttin g a ssign th e se a u to m a tica lly . T h e p o in t h ere is s im p ly th a t it is p o s s ib le t o a p p ro a ch th e ta sk o f c o d in g in d ifferen t w a y s, a n d it is d ifficu lt t o s p e c ify o n c e a n d fo r all a fin ite set o f ca teg ories th a t w ill ta k e ca re o f all th e e n titie s o n e c o u ld c o n c e iv a b ly w an t t o code.\u00d4 n e e x a m p le w ill illu stra te this. T h e e ty m o g ic a l d ic tio n a r y , like all o f its k in d , co n ta in s n differen t a cce n ts w h ich h a v e t o b e c o d e d fo r . In 1^, a cce n ts are ex p ressed w ith s p e cia l m a cro s w h ich m a k e u se o f an \\ a c c e n t p rim itiv e . T h u s o n e w o u ld w rite \\ = a t o g e t 'a', w h ere th e \\= sign ifies a fio a tin g b a r a c c e n t, o r \\ ' a to g e t a e tc . B u t th is c o m m a n d w ill n o t a lw a y s g iv e th e c o r r e c t resu lt. T h u s if o n e a tte m p ts t o p u t an a c u te a cce n t o n t o p o f a ' k ' b y w r itin g \\ ' -(k } th e result is L T h e c o r r e c t v e rsion sh o u ld lo o k lik e ' k ' . T h is reflects a lim ita tio n o f th e \\ a c c e n t p r im itiv e in w h ich ca n b e c ircu m v e n te d b y w r itin g s p e c ia l p u rp ose m a cro s fo r letters like ' k ' . T o o b ta in th is e ffe ct it is n ecessa ry t o w rite a s p e c ia l p u r p o s e m a c r o in H ow ever, in th a t ca se, it is o f co u rse n ece ssa ry t o k n o w a b o u t th e fo n ts b e in g used fo r ty p e se ttin g . O n e o f th e m a jo r p rem ises o f g e n e ric m a rk u p is th a t su ch k n o w led g e is n o t n ecessa ry, in d eed it is n o t n ecessa ry t o k n o w h o w th e te x t w ill e v e n tu a lly b e u sed, say, w h e th er it w ill b e p rin te d o r p u t in to a d a ta b a se . 6.1 V isual C od in g said D irect M anipulation T h e a p p ro a ch t o c o d in g w h ich has b e e n d e s c r ib e d h ere, is la n g u a g e -b a s e d a n d thus co n tra sts v e ry m u ch w ith th e ' d ir e c t m a n ip u la tio n ' a p p r o a c h w h ich h as in recen t y ears b een p o p u la r iz e d e s p e cia lly o n th e M a c in to s h c o m p u te r . A s reg a rd s ty p o g ra p h y , th e d ir e c t m a n ip u la tio n a p p r o a c h en ta ils th a t th e u ser p o in ts t o o r ' click s' o n w o rd s o r le tters o n th e scre en a n d th en ty p ic a lly c h o o s e s th e rele vant fo n t fro m a m en u . T h is w as th e p a tte r n o f u sa g e w h ich w as e m b o d ie d in M a c W rite , th e a r ch e ty p ica l M a c in to s h w o r d -p r o c e s s in g p r o g r a m . T h e e ffe cts o f th e fon t ch a n g es c o u ld b e im m e d ia te ly seen o n th e scre en , in a WYSIWYG ' W h a t y o u see is w h a t y o u g e t ' rep resen ta tion . T h e u ser in te rfa ce w as im m e d ia te ly hailed as a b re a k th ro u g h , w h ich o f c o u r s e it w as, a n d y e t, as tim e has sh o w n , it has its p ro b lem s. T h is ca n b e seen in th e e v o lu tio n o f w o r d -p r o c e s s in g p ro g ra m s guess The DANLEX Group (1987) would want to argue differently, since they have attempted to provide a taxonomy of all the different categories which can occur in a dictionary. fo r th e M a c in to s h w h ich te n d t o m o v e th e m clo se r t o a la n g u a g e-b a sed repre s e n ta tio n . T h u s th e n o tio n o f ' sty le s h e e ts ' , an id e a b o r r o w e d fr o m B ria n R e id 's p r o g r a m S crib e, h as n ow b e e n ca rried o v e r in to a lm o st e v e ry w o rd -p ro ce s s in g p r o g r a m fo r th e M a c in to s h (R e id a n d W a lk er 1 9 8 0 ). U sin g sty le sh eets, it b e c o m e s p o s s ib le t o m a rk s e c tio n s in a se m i-g e n e ric o r lo g ica l m an n er. U n fo rtu n a te ly th e n o tio n o f s ty le sh eets o n ly a p p lies t o p a ra g ra p h s, a n d is th u s useless fo r th e m a k in g o f d ic tio n a r ie s w h ere o n e is m a in ly in tereste d in ca teg o rie s a t a m u ch fin er g ra n u la rity (i.e. s u b -p a ra g ra p h ca te g o rie s ). A s d e m o n s tr a te d in th is p a p e r, a la n g u a g e -b a se d fo r m a tte r like can e a sily b e a c c o m m o d a t e d t o a m a n u scrip t g e n e ra te d fr o m a d a ta b a se an d thus it c a n d e a l w ith c a te g o r ie s a t a n y level. I ca n s ta te w ith o u t h e sita tion th a t ou r e x p e r ie n c e u sin g h as sh o w n th a t it is e m in e n tly su ited fo r le x ico g ra p h ic w o rk .", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "uris": null | |
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| "text": "e6a for, sbr. l\u00f6na af l\u00f6n. Sj\u00e5 so. \u00f6lila. Adils, sae. runar. Apisl < *A\u00d6glsl, fe. Eadgils. Forli\u00f6urinn a8-i skylt viO a\u00f6al-(2) og \u00f6Dal, sbr. fsae. pn. Adr, u m viSliBinn sj\u00e5 gisl (1). To. ur d. adj\u00f8 < fr. adieu < a Dieu, eiginl. ' guB veri meB |j\u00e9r' . admfr\u00e9ll. aBmir\u00e9ll k. (nfsl.) 'sj\u00f6liBsforingi'. To. ur d. admiral < ffr. a(d)miral (s.m.) < arab. amir ' h\u00f6fBingi' . Sj\u00e5 emir. k. karlmannsnafn; l\u00f6kunafn, Kkl. aettaB ur )>., sbr. nhj). Adolf, Ih|). Alhaiwolf, Alhulf, gotn. Aihaulfs; llkl. < *aj>a-wulfaz. Sj\u00e5 a\u00f6all og ulfur. kv. (19. \u00f6ld) 'heimilisfang'; adressera s. ' skrifa heimilisfang, ...' . To. ur d. adresse, adressere aettuB ur fr. adresser, sbr. lat. ad 'til' og directum 1. ' nfskur, naumur ( litl\u00e5tum' < *al-s\u00e9all-, e.t.v. leitt af gamalli forskeyttri so., sbr. gotn. aisaihwan ' gaumgaefa' og fsl. sj\u00f6 ad s\u00e9r, Skiptist \u00e5 viB -udur (s.t>.) og er komiB af germ. *-\u00f6-pu-. betta viBsk. er runni\u00f6 af verknaBarviBsk. *-/)i(-< ie. *-tu-sem skeytt var viB stofn \u00f6-sagna. Vfxl -ad-og -ud-eru upphaflega h\u00e5B s\u00e9rhlj\u00f6Bi eftirfarandi endingar, t.d. nf. et. *-apuR > -udr, en ef. et. *-apoR > -adar, og gegndu jressar tvaer myndir viBsk. (upphah sama hlutverki, en sfBar hefur -ad-veriB aB mestu s\u00e9rhaeft (verknaBarmerkingu, en -ud-aB mestu (gerandmerkingu. Sj\u00e5 -udur, -nadur og -nudur. aBvenla kv. ' j\u00e9lafasta' . To., komiB ur lat. adrenius 'koma', o: koma eBa faeBing Krists f heiminn. aBventislar k.ft. krislinn truflokkur; nafngiftin l^ur aB tru jreirra \u00e5 endurkomu Krists. Ih.nt.: koma a. ' koma aB eins og af tilviljun' . Sj\u00e5 *\\jfa (2). 1 af fs. (ao.) ' fr\u00e5, burt'; sbr. faer., nno. og sae. av, d. af, gotn. (rf, fe. af, of, fhji. ab(a), lat. ah (< *ap), gr. \u00e5polap\u00f6', sk. afar, afr (2). aflur, al (4), efja, eflir, efsa, \u00f6fund, \u00f6fugur og e.t.v. afiann. Sj\u00e5 af-(2). 2 af-forskeyti; sbr. faer., nno. og sae. av, d. af-, gotn. af-, fe. of-, fh|). ab-, aha-, abo-, lat. ab-, gr. apo-, fi. apa-. Sj\u00e5 fs. af. Ymist gamalt forskeyti eins og t.d. ( afhragd, afl\u00e5t, afr\u00e5d, afrek o.s.frv. eBa sfB ar forskeytt fs. eBa ao., sbr. t.d. afdrdnur, afhyda. qfrakja o.fl. ForskeytiB heldur oft eiginlegri (slaBarlegri) merkingu sinni, sbr. t.d. afhjarga, affjalla, af hus, afhvarf, en stundum verBur t\u00e5kngildi (>ess niBrandi eBa herBandi, t.d. afgelja, afgera, afdi ' of\u00e5l' . afgamall, afkostir, afstopi ' ofstopi' , eBa meira eBa minna \u00f6eiginlegt, t.d. i afr\u00e5d, afrek. ifa kv., merking ekki fulllj\u00f6s, en Ifkl. ' fjandskapur, mein', sbr. ffsl. ipll ok (5/u / farik \u00e5sa Sonum (Lokas.). Sumir telja aB \u00e5fa s\u00e9 f aett viB lo. afur og \u00e5fa kv., en stofns\u00e9rhIj\u00f6BiB, germ. *\u00e9, er annars \u00f6|>ekkl f jreirri orBsift. ABrir aetla aB \u00e5fa (f Lokas.) s\u00e9 eiginl. s.o. og \u00e5f\u00e5 og |i\u00e5 < *\u00e5fo < *\u00e5f\u00e5. Enn aBrir lengja orBiB viB vo/a kv.; Iftt sennilegt; d/aerstakorB og rith\u00e5ttur ekki \u00f6ruggur, e.t.v. stendur \u00e5fu fyrir \u00f6fu og orBiB ji\u00e5 s.o. og \u00e5fa og lengt lo. afur. Allt \u00f6vfst. kv. (18. \u00f6ld) ' \u00e5hrif, t.d. af vfnanda', sk. \u00e5fengur 1. ' sem hn'fur \u00e5' ; \u00e5fengi h. 'vfnandi' og \u00e5fang h. E.t.v. < *anfa(n)h\u00f6 dregiS af forskeyttri so. *anfa(n)han, sbr. fhj). anaf\u00e5han 'byrja' (eiginl. ' grfpa \u00e5' ), eBa myndaB af so. f\u00e5 (1) eBa \u00f6llu heldur samb. f\u00e5\u00e5. h. t ' \u00e5tak, hnjask, ofbeldi' ; e.t.v. leitt af forskeyttri so. *anfa(n)han ' grfpa f, byrja', sbr. fh[). anafang ' \u00e5lak, hrifs, byrjun'; sk. \u00e5f\u00e5 og \u00e5fengur. Sj\u00e5 f\u00e5(l). liklega sama orB og gotn. afar ' \u00e5 eflir. sfBar', (h|). arar, ahur 'aflur', sbr. nfsl. afur-(< *afr-) sem notaB er sem forskeyti f Ifkri merk. og afar-(afuryrdi, afurnagandi) og af-(2) sem stundum er haft i herB andi merkingu, t.d. afkostir s.s. afarkostir, afgamall ' mj\u00f6g gamall'; afar s;^nisi vera einsk. miSstig af fs. eBa ao. af, sbr. h. \u00e5para-' aftari, sfBari'. ABrir telja aB afar s\u00e9 sk. gotn. ahrs ' sterkur' . Sj\u00e5 afr (2). Sj\u00e5 hak og bekilk, ath. hakill. -baldi k. (nfsl.) ' ofsafenginn maBur' , sk. baldinn I. og of beldi h. -bragB h. ' e-B fr\u00e5baert' ; sbr. nno. avbragd og faer. avbragd-f avhragdsstyrki ' mikiB afl' . Leitt af so. *ab-bregdan eBa bregda af, sbr. afbrugdinn", | |
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| "content": "<table><tr><td>\u00e4dess</td><td>afdankaO ur</td></tr><tr><td>hreyfingu f leSJu \u00e9dess. O\u00e9deis h. (18. \u00f6ld) '\u00f6hreinindi; \u00f6happ;</td><td/></tr><tr><td>\u00e5drepa'; af fs. \u00f6 og dess af so. dessa (< *del(l)sa</td><td/></tr><tr><td>< *danlis\u00f6n), sbr. aS dessa niOur \u00f6 e-m ' {>agga niflur I e-m' og dessas! 'saurgast, versna' . Eiginl. ' t>afi sem</td><td/></tr><tr><td>dettur \u00e5 e-n eSa skellur \u00e5 e-m' . Sj\u00e5 dess. aOili k. 'hlutafieigandi'; aSild kv. 'hlutdeild', sbr.</td><td/></tr><tr><td>sakaralUld, r\u00e9ttara\u00d6Ud o.s.frv. Or\u00f6 jressi lutu i \u00f6nd-</td><td/></tr><tr><td>verfiu a\u00f6 skyldu og r\u00e9tti aeitingja (efia tengdamanna)</td><td/></tr><tr><td>i m\u00e5laferlum, sk. adal (1) og aOall.</td><td/></tr><tr><td>(l.h.) 'beint'.</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td>af-baka s. (16. \u00f6ld) ' aflaga, skekkja'; sbr. nno.</td></tr><tr><td/><td>avbakleg ' \u00f6fugsnuinn, 0haegur, erfiBur, afskekktur',</td></tr><tr><td/><td>avhekl ' jjver, \u00f6fugur' , sae. m\u00e5li. dhdklig ' luralegur,</td></tr><tr><td/><td>\u00f6l\u00f6gulegur', faer. avhekladur ' illa iroBinn, aflagaB-</td></tr><tr><td/><td>ur (um sk\u00f6)'. Myndun orBsins er \u00f6lj\u00f6s, t>6tt |>aB</td></tr><tr><td/><td>s\u00e9 synilega tengi no. hak. F.J. (1914) aetlar aB |)aB merki f \u00f6ndverBu 'ab bakfletla trj\u00e5viB, h\u00f6ggva \u00e5vala</td></tr><tr><td/><td>af trj\u00e5m' og slyBsI |iar m.a. viB ums\u00f6gn B.H., en</td></tr><tr><td/><td>)>aB samraemisl Iftt merkingu og formi nno. og sae.</td></tr><tr><td/><td>orBmyndanna. ' fr\u00e5brugBinn, \u00f6llkur' og afhrudig(u)r. -br\u00e5Big(u)r I.,</td></tr></table>", | |
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