| { | |
| "paper_id": "M92-1013", | |
| "header": { | |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", | |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T03:13:18.308412Z" | |
| }, | |
| "title": "MITRE-Bedford ALEMBIC : MUC-4 Test Results and Analysi s", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "John", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Aberdeen", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": {}, | |
| "email": "aberdeenjohndecon@mitre.org" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "John", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Burger", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": {}, | |
| "email": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Dennis", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Connolly", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": {}, | |
| "email": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Susan", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Roberts", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": {}, | |
| "email": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Marc", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Vilai", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": {}, | |
| "email": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": "", | |
| "venue": null, | |
| "identifiers": {}, | |
| "abstract": "This note embodies our analyses of the performance of the ALEMBIC system in the MUC-4 evaluation task. These analyses have provided us with a reasonably good understanding of the principal factors contributing to the system's correct responses and to its errors. This understanding is based in part on interpretations of the performance measures provided by the MUC-4 scoring software; in addition, we performed a number of qualitative and quantitative investigations into linguistic aspects of the messages that underly the system ' s performance .", | |
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| "paper_id": "M92-1013", | |
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| "abstract": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "This note embodies our analyses of the performance of the ALEMBIC system in the MUC-4 evaluation task. These analyses have provided us with a reasonably good understanding of the principal factors contributing to the system's correct responses and to its errors. This understanding is based in part on interpretations of the performance measures provided by the MUC-4 scoring software; in addition, we performed a number of qualitative and quantitative investigations into linguistic aspects of the messages that underly the system ' s performance .", | |
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| "section": "Abstract", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| "text": "It should be noted however, that ALEMBIC iS still in very early stages of development, and that the analyse s we give here should be taken as just presenting a snapshot of the system's performance. In the weeks since the MUC-4 evaluation runs, the system has of course remained under development, and its performance score s have improved steadily . One consequence of our system's relative youth is that it embodies many oportunitie s for improvement, and even minor implementational tweaks can yield significant performance gains .", | |
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| "text": "Looking first at our system's overall performance, the following table reproduces the f-measures for our run s on TST3 and TST4 . These are clearly fairly humble scores, but we offer them for consideration with a certain measure of pride . They represent the very first results of a text understanding project that was barely begun six months prior to the evaluation runs, as fielded by a group that had no prior experience with the MUC data extraction task .", | |
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| "section": "OVERALL PERFORMANCE MEASURE S", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| "text": "As one might note, raw f-measures are a fairly coarse performance statistic ; despite this, some trends are apparent . First, our system seems better at recall than at precision, an issue which we will address below . Second, the system scored uniformly better on TST4 than on TST3, which is in line with the general observatio n among MUC-4 participants that TST4 is the easier of the two test sets.", | |
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| "section": "P&R", | |
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| "text": "Turning to a more detailed analysis of our recall measures, the principal determinant of our overall recal l performance is rather clear. That is, we only attempted to fill about half of all possible template slots, thos e for the incident and perpetrator. Although we had slot-filling strategies prepared for the remaining slots, the y were never incorporated into the system prior to the evaluation runs-we just simply ran out of time to do so .", | |
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| "section": "RECALL MEASURE S", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| "text": "It is illuminating, however, to consider ALEMBIC'S performance on the slots that the system actually did fill . The more interesting of these slots are those that the system filled by meaningfully extracting information fro m the free text ; their slotwise recall scores are shown in Table 2 below . Slots that do not appear in the tabl e were simply not filled at all, or were only filled by default strategies (more on this later) . A quick glance at the table reveals that our scores ranged fairly widely . On string fills, ALEMBIC obtained scores ranging for TST3 from 8 (instrument ID) to 40 (perpetrator organization ID) ; for set fills the range was 3 (instrument type) to 30 (incident type) . Similar patterns held for TST4, but with higher individual slot scores , reflecting the fact that this was the easier of the two test sets . As an estimate of the average recall for th e slots in Table 2 , we calculated a restricted overall recall score (based only on these slots) of approximatel y 20 for TST3 and 34 for TST4. 1", | |
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| "start": 284, | |
| "end": 291, | |
| "text": "Table 2", | |
| "ref_id": "TABREF3" | |
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| "start": 897, | |
| "end": 904, | |
| "text": "Table 2", | |
| "ref_id": "TABREF3" | |
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| "section": "RECALL MEASURE S", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| { | |
| "text": "On a slot-by-slot basis, the following qualitative observations apply .", | |
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| "section": "T5T3 T5T4", | |
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| "text": "We derived this slot from the free text, and only used the dateline as a last recourse in case we failed to identify any date phrases . The date grammar we used for MUC-4 treats date phrases as functors, which were often left unattached due to the fragmentar y nature of our parses . This made it harder to actually locate temporal phrases when they did not appear as modifiers of events, resulting in a fair number of invocations of the heuristi c fallback strategy of using the dateline .", | |
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| "section": "Incident date :", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| { | |
| "text": "Recall errors for this slot were due in good part to locational modifiers no t being attached to events, as well as to a number of infelicities in the locational knowledg e representation . Among the more amusing: the lexical item Bogota maps to a number of possible locations, but the one that was picked by default was the Bogota Air Force Base .", | |
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| "section": "Incident location :", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "This was our most accurate set-fill slot . ALEMBIC derives the filler of this slot from the heads of violent events ; missing cases are due in part to gaps in the lexicon .", | |
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| "section": "Incident type :", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| { | |
| "text": "Incident instrument in : We expected to get better recall scores for this slot. Eyeballing the actual fillers that ALEMBIC produced, part of the problem was grammatical incompleteness . For example, \"a powerful dynamite charge\" ended up only being parsed as \"a powerfu l dynamite,\" due to a grammar bug involving noun-noun modification . Since we attempted to use full noun phrases to fill string slots, we ended up being penalized for cases where we ha d nearly parsed the complete instrument phrase, but where our fragmentary filler failed to b e matched by the scoring program . Incident instrument type : This slot was only filled when an instrument ID filler was obtained .", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Incident type :", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "We never implemented implicit fills for this slot, i .e ., fills that could be derived from verb s such as shoot even if no gun is ever mentioned .", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Incident type :", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "As mentioned in the system overview, our strategy for filling thi s slot was heuristic . In case the violent event associated with the template lacked an agentiv e argument, plausible candidates were looked for elsewhere in the neighboring text . Once again, the fragmentary nature of the parses led to the heuristic fallback strategy bein g invoked fairly often, with very mixed results .", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Perpetrator individual ID :", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "We obtained comparatievely high recall scores for this slot . This is a relatively easy slot to fill, however, because likely perpetrator organizations ar e readily identified .", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Perpetrator organization ID :", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The remaining incident and perpetrator slots ended up being filled by default values . As a result, although we obtained some reasonable recall scores for these individual slots, these scores are of little real interest .", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Perpetrator organization ID :", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| { | |
| "text": "Our precision error rate is largely accounted for by overly eager template generation . As we note in th e system description, the version of ALEMBIC fielded at MUC-4 generates a template for every seemingly distinc t violent event . Our strategy for distinguishing such events from each other was heavily dependent on ou r reference resolution module, which turned out to be quite unreliable, and as a result generated multipl e (nearly) identical templates for the same event . Consequently, we ended up with overall low precision an d high overgeneration scores, as demonstrated by Table 3 .", | |
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| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 585, | |
| "end": 592, | |
| "text": "Table 3", | |
| "ref_id": "TABREF4" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "ISSUES WITH PRECISIO N", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| "text": "Overgeneratio n TST3 8 90 T5T4 10 87 The effects of this template generation strategy on our precision scores were fairly dramatic . We ended up actually making relatively few incorrect fills for those templates that were mapped by the scoring program . Specifically, ignoring spurious templates (as in the matched/missing row) we obtain precision scores of 72 an d 75 for TST3 and TST4 respectively . However, because our spurious fills ended up outnumbering our incorrect fills by 20 to 1, our official scores from the all templates row were considerably weaker .", | |
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| "section": "Precision", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| "text": "Aside from this principal cause of our precision errors, another significant factor is that ALEMBIC failed to filter out templates that corresponded to military clashes between guerrilla groups and the armed forces . We failed to incorporate such a filter largely because to do so presupposes filling some slots that we were simply leaving blank. Anecdotally, among the worst offenders of this sort was one message for which we generate d two legitimate templates and ten templates corresponding to military clashes .", | |
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| "section": "Precision", | |
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| "text": "A common thread to both our recall and precision problems is fragmentation of the parses . With respect t o recall, fragmentation lead to the syntactic arguments of event verbs (and of their nominalizations) being lef t unattached; this caused the system to fall back frequently on unreliable backup strategies . In addition, th e fragmentation confused our reference resolution module, because it introduced far too many top-level nou n phrases or event verbs, each of which was potentially a candidate for reference resolution . This caused ALEMBIC to miss co-references needed to fill slots, and it also led to the system's poor ability to distinguis h identical events on the basis of reference resolution .", | |
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| "section": "A CLOSER LOOK AT SYNTAX AND REFERENC E", | |
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| "text": "We performed a number of post-hoc analyses to estimate the relative weight on fragmentation of variou s linguistic factors for which the MUC-4 version of ALEMBIC had incomplete grammatical coverage . These turned out to include a traditional and unsurprising cast of linguistic characters : coordination, PP attachment, nounnoun modification, subgrammars for title, date, location, etc . None of these factors seems particularl y dominant, however ; they all need to be eventually addressed in some way (linguistically principled or otherwise) .", | |
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| "section": "A CLOSER LOOK AT SYNTAX AND REFERENC E", | |
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| "text": "Because fragmentation played such a compromising role with respect to our reference resolution module , we also performed a number of quantitative analyses to clarify the nature of the problem . To begin with, w e looked at the set of candidates that were considered when resolving an anaphoric expression . Many of these candidates were spurious ; they had been introduced by (for instance) failing to attach a premodifier noun t o its head noun, thus generating two top-level discourse entities where there should have been one . To our surprise however, many of these candidates turned out to be not just spurious but actually indistinguishable . Indeed, the Bayesian reference mechanism operates on the basis of a number of attributes of the referrin g expression and the potential candidate, e .g., KR agreement, number agreement, and others . It turned ou t however, that by this set of distinguishing attributes, there were on average 4 .8 indistinguishable candidates for each anaphoric referring expression (based on a test set of 100 such anaphoric expressions) . For pronominal expressions in particular, there were 3 .6 such candidates and for definite NP's there were 5 .1 .", | |
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| "section": "A CLOSER LOOK AT SYNTAX AND REFERENC E", | |
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| "text": "Three comments bear on these results . First, reducing fragmentation is imperative before the reference resolution module in ALEMBIC can perform its intended task. Second, the Bayesian reference network needs t o take into account a greater number of distinguishing criteria than it currently does . For example, the reference resolution literature has frequently noted that grammatical case (subject, object, etc) is a strog cue towards reference resolution-we currently fail to take this cue into account, in good part because our parses are to o fragmentary to produce reliable grammatical case assignments . Finally, we should note that the Bayesia n network was trained on relatively poor-quality data, namely the fragmentary output of the parser . We expec t that as the parser improves overall, these training data will become more pointed, and the resolutio n mechanism will improve as a consequence .", | |
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| "section": "A CLOSER LOOK AT SYNTAX AND REFERENC E", | |
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| "text": "As with all other participants in MUC-4, the evaluation process has taught us much about our system, an d given us the oportunity to examine critically many of our design decisions. We are still extremely happy with much of the ALEMBIC architecture, and with much of the actual implementation . We also regret not having focussed more on some aspects of the system . To name a few : head feature agreement (whose implementation would have saved us much grammar tweaking), event merging, and of course more comprehensiv e slot filling .Muc -The MUC-process has also been valuable in another way. Having now been exposed to the details of other participating systems, we have also become aware of a host of clever tricks that we are now eager to try .", | |
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| "section": "CONCLUDIGN THOUGHT S", | |
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| "text": "We look forward to MUC-5 as an an oportunity to prepare the system we really had wanted to field for MUC-4 .", | |
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| "section": "CONCLUDIGN THOUGHT S", | |
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| "text": "'Not too much should be made of these scores . They admittedly exclude slots that are easy to fill using default values , but they also don't include slots that are hard to fill, i .e., the target slots .", | |
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| "text": "Overall f-score s", | |
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