| { | |
| "paper_id": "2020", | |
| "header": { | |
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| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T07:24:12.510016Z" | |
| }, | |
| "title": "Analyzing daily behaviours from wearable trackers using linguistic protoforms and fuzzy clustering", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Carmen", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Martinez-Cruz", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "University of Jan", | |
| "location": { | |
| "addrLine": "23071 Jan cmcruz" | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "email": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Javier", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Medina Quero", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "University of Jan", | |
| "location": { | |
| "addrLine": "23071 Jan cmcruz" | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "email": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Macarena", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Espinilla Estevez", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "University of Jan", | |
| "location": { | |
| "addrLine": "23071 Jan cmcruz" | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "email": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Sergio", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Gramajo", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "National Technological University", | |
| "location": { | |
| "settlement": "Resistencia", | |
| "country": "Argentina" | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "email": "sergio@frre.utn.edu.ar" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": "", | |
| "venue": null, | |
| "identifiers": {}, | |
| "abstract": "The proliferation of low-cost wearable trackers are allowing users to collect daily data from human activity in a non-invasive way and outside of laboratory environments. Exploiting these data properly enable the supervision and counseling from experts remotely; however, extracting key indicators from the long datastreams is hard, often based on statistical metrics or clustering from raw data which lack interpretability. To solve it, we propose an interpretable definition of key indicators by means of linguistic protoforms which include fuzzy temporal processing and fuzzy semantic quantification. Moreover, we use the protoforms defined by experts to evaluate the source datastream in order to provide a straightforward description of the daily activity of users. Finally, the degrees of truth of each protoform are analyzed using a fuzzy clustering method to provide an interpretable description of the longterm user activity. This work includes a case study where data from a user activity (heart beats per minute and sleep stages) have been collected by a Fitbit wearable device and evaluated by the proposed methodology.", | |
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| "abstract": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "The proliferation of low-cost wearable trackers are allowing users to collect daily data from human activity in a non-invasive way and outside of laboratory environments. Exploiting these data properly enable the supervision and counseling from experts remotely; however, extracting key indicators from the long datastreams is hard, often based on statistical metrics or clustering from raw data which lack interpretability. To solve it, we propose an interpretable definition of key indicators by means of linguistic protoforms which include fuzzy temporal processing and fuzzy semantic quantification. Moreover, we use the protoforms defined by experts to evaluate the source datastream in order to provide a straightforward description of the daily activity of users. Finally, the degrees of truth of each protoform are analyzed using a fuzzy clustering method to provide an interpretable description of the longterm user activity. This work includes a case study where data from a user activity (heart beats per minute and sleep stages) have been collected by a Fitbit wearable device and evaluated by the proposed methodology.", | |
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| "section": "Abstract", | |
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| "text": "The increase of wearable activity trackers has led to a massive growth in their use in the population (Shih et al., 2015) . The use of these devices has proved to increase physical activity between young (Heale et al., 2018) and older (Mercer et al., 2016a) adults and promote a health behavior change (Mercer et al., 2016b) . Consequently, wearable activity trackers are the key in new interventions to avoid physical inactivity, which contributes to an estimated 3.2 million deaths each year (Lim et al., 2012) .", | |
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| { | |
| "start": 102, | |
| "end": 121, | |
| "text": "(Shih et al., 2015)", | |
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| "text": "(Mercer et al., 2016a)", | |
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| "end": 324, | |
| "text": "(Mercer et al., 2016b)", | |
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| "text": "(Lim et al., 2012)", | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
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| "text": "Among the most relevant data recorded by these devices are heartbeats per second, sleep stages duration time and any sleep disturbance, such as the reduction of the overall sleeping hours or the excessive sleep, that would result in an increase in the warning signs to experts. Poor sleep quality is associated with chronic diseases, weight increase and cognitive dysfunction. The National Sleep Foundation emphasizes following the sleep level targets and guideline and study how these technologies can be useful in this sense, such as the smartwatches. In the near future, this kind of devices may tell us the same as a sleep laboratory. Home monitoring trough smartwatch solutions offers the possibility of sleep coaching interventions or performing analysis to detect any other healthy problems designed by experts (Foundation, 2019) .", | |
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| "text": "According to this, smart tracking health devices, such as smartwatches and smartphone APPs, have become increasingly popular. These devices claim to monitor several human activities, and one of the most analyzed is the sleep duration of their users. Most of these devices utilize data generated from in-built sensors to determine sleep parameters. There are many studies that evaluate and compare the accuracy of these sleep tracking devices against more conventional methods used to measure sleep duration and quality Kolla et al., 2016) . In this way, different commercial smartwatches monitor several aspects of human activity and provide statistical information to users (Bai et al., 2018) . The usefulness of this kind of devices were evaluated and validated for monitoring participant sleep levels outside the laboratory environment (Dickinson et al., 2016) . Thus, the use of low-cost sleep monitoring devices like Fitbit can help to assess sleep trends where clinical accuracy of laboratory is not necessary (Dickinson et al., 2016) nowadays. Notwithstanding the results indicate that a reasonable degree of sleep staging accuracy can be achieved using a wearable device, which may be of utility in longitudinal studies of sleep habits (Beattie et al., 2017) .", | |
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| "text": "Besides, the relative efficacy of different approaches to improve physical activity and sleep using technology-based methods have been examined, although their relatively efficacy to improve these behaviors has not been directly compared (Duncan et al., 2016) . In addition to this, some tools have been designed to help the understanding of the sleep quality through contextual information obtained by data from wearables devices (Liang et al., 2016) .", | |
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| "text": "In this paper, we present a methodology to analyze the daily activity of users which have been collected by a wearable tracker. A linguistic approach allows to describe the resulting health key indicators (HKIs) and a fuzzy clustering process has been applied to detect some user behaviour patterns. The key points of the proposed methodology are the following:", | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
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| "text": "\u2022 A reliable wearable device Fitbit is used to obtain activity tracking data through a bluetooth/wireless connection (Diaz et al., 2015) . It provides a HTTPS Web API for accessing data from Fitbit, i.e., automatic activity logs and manually entered records. An application to access and analyze the Fitbit user's data, specially, those related with heart-beats per minute rate and the duration of the sleep activity status (wake, restless, light sleep, REM phase, deep sleep) has been developed here.", | |
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| "text": "\u2022 Collected data has been used to define the user most relevant HKIs using protoforms. These protoforms has been designed by the expert knowledge of the supervisor of the user activity. Protoforms summarize the collected information and select the time interval of the day which better suits with the expert criteria using linguistic temporal terms and linguistic quantifiers that provides expressiveness and semantic to the result.", | |
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| "text": "\u2022 A fuzzy clustering process is applied to the aggregated truth degree of each day protoform, in order to analyze the common activity patterns for a given user. The suitable relation among the proposed clusters and protoforms enables an interpretable representation of daily activity of users which is meaningful to the supervisor of the user activity.", | |
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| "text": "A review of previous researches related to our work have been included in Section 2. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: in Section 3, we present a methodology to analyze data and represent this knowledge through linguistic protoforms. Some experimental results performed on a dataset from a Fitbit data stream are shown in Section 4. Finally, the conclusion and future work is provided in Section 5.", | |
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| "text": "On the first hand, knowledge-driven methods have been proposed to describe daily human activity by means of sensors (Chen et al., 2011; Medina-Quero et al., 2016) . The difficulty of these approaches lies in translating the expert knowledge into a computational method in a flexible, interpretable and rigorous way. Among the wide range of approaches, fuzzy logic (Zadeh, 2006) has been described as an high-interpretable knowledge model for reasoning (Zadeh, 2002) and aggregating (Kacprzyk and Yager, 2001 ) data under uncertainty. Moreover, the use of protoforms and fuzzy logic (Zadeh, 2002) have provided encouraging results integrating expert knowledge to process sensor data streams in multiple areas, such as, weather forecast (Ramos-Soto et al., 2014), prediction of the urgency demand within smart cities , providing linguistic summaries from heart rate streams (Pel\u00e1ez-Aguilera et al., 2019) or monitoring of patients with preeclampsia in wearable devices (Espinilla et al., 2017) . On the other hand, data-driven methods have proliferated relating features from sensor streams (Okeyo et al., 2014) to human activity by means of Machine Learning approaches (Minor et al., 2015; Choi et al., 2017) . A large majority of these works have focused on supervised learning, where an extensive labelled dataset is required to classify targeted human behaviours (De-La-Hoz-Franco et al., 2018). This requirement faces up with the individual learning of key interest indicators since it is not agile collect and label huge datasets for each person and indicator. In this way, egocentric daily activity recognition (Yan et al., 2015) is mainly supported by non supervised methods, where clustering algorithms (Xu and Tian, 2015) provide the discovering of daily patterns and tasks from users. We highlight the integration of fuzzy approaches with clustering methods, specifically the fuzzy Cmeans algorithm (Bezdek et al., 1984) , which have provided suitable methods to extract meaningful patterns from sensors (Moreno-Cano et al., 2015) .", | |
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| "text": "Here, we propose an agile linguistic description of HKIs through the use of linguistic protoforms to pool the advantage of knowledge-drive and automatic learning. These protoforms are computed over the sensor data stream collected by a Fitbit wearable tracker. The daily aggregation of protoforms is subsequently evaluated by fuzzy clustering, which provides the most relevant user behaviour patterns.", | |
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| "text": "In this section we present a methodology to analyze synchronized source streams from wearable trackers under a semi supervised approach. Firstly, in Section 3.1 we describe the source streams and platform tools to collect activity data. Secondly, in Section 3.2, a linguistic approach based on protoforms is presented to define the HKIs from the source streams. Third, in Section 3.3, the degree of truth of each daily instanced protoform is aggregated and evaluated by a fuzzy clustering process. The resulting clusters expose a linguistic and visual framework to identify the behaviour patterns of an user.", | |
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| "section": "Methodology", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
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| "text": "Fitbit IONIC smartwatch has monitorized and collected sleep stages duration and heart rate activities for an user in a period of time for this study. This device has been chosen because of its many advantages over others models related with the features of: multi-day battery life, accuracy, all sleep stages, accessibility to use datasets in cloud to preprocessing of data, compatibility, data storage and integrated GPS antenna (Bai et al., 2018) . In a formal way, each source stream s l is represented by a 2-tuple values l i = {s l i , t i }, where s l i defines a given value collected by the wearable tracker s l and t i its time-stamp. Hence, the longterm information from a given user is composed of a data stream S l = {s l 0 , . . . ,s l i , . . . ,s l n }, which is collected by the wearable device.", | |
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| "section": "Collecting source streams from wearable trackers", | |
| "sec_num": "3.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "For the aim of this work, the two target source streams collected by the wearable tracker Fitbit are:", | |
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| "section": "Collecting source streams from wearable trackers", | |
| "sec_num": "3.1" | |
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| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 s as defines the activity status (AS) by means 5 discrete values: wake (WK), restless (RS), light sleep (LS), REM phase (RP), deep sleep (DS); so s as i \u2208 {W K, RS, LS, RP, DS}.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Collecting source streams from wearable trackers", | |
| "sec_num": "3.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 s hr defines the heart rate (HR) by a natural number which represents the beats per minute (bpm) in the human range; so s hr i \u2208 [40, 220] .", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 131, | |
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| "text": "[40,", | |
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| "text": "The proposed methodology aims to define the HKIs from Fibit source streams using a set of a protoform instances, which are straightforwardly defined by the supervisor of user activity who has the expertise knowledge in this context. First, we introduce an ad-hoc protoform, to integrate an interpretable and rich-expressive approach that models the expert knowledge in a linguistic way, P o in the shape of:", | |
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| "section": "Protoform for evaluating source streams from wearable trackers", | |
| "sec_num": "3.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "P o (s l i ): V r T j Q k Where:", | |
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| "section": "Protoform for evaluating source streams from wearable trackers", | |
| "sec_num": "3.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 V r defines a fuzzy linguistic term to evaluate the data-stream.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Protoform for evaluating source streams from wearable trackers", | |
| "sec_num": "3.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 T j defines a Fuzzy Temporal Window (FTW) where the term V r is aggregated. The FTWs are described straightforwardly according to the distance from the current time t * to a given timestamp t i as \u2206t i = t * \u2212 t i using the membership function \u00b5 T j (\u2206t i ) . The aggregation functions of V r over T j for a givens l i are defined by the following t-norm and t-conorm:", | |
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| "section": "Protoform for evaluating source streams from wearable trackers", | |
| "sec_num": "3.2" | |
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| { | |
| "text": "V r \u2229 T j (s l i ) = V r (s l i ) \u2229 T j (\u2206t i ) \u2208 [0, 1] V r \u222a T j (s l i ) = sl i \u2208S l V r \u2229 T j (s l i ) \u2208 [0, 1]", | |
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| "section": "Protoform for evaluating source streams from wearable trackers", | |
| "sec_num": "3.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "where a fuzzy weighted average (Dong and Wong, 1987 ) (FWA), which is defined in appendix Abbreviations, is proposed to model these functions (Pel\u00e1ez-Aguilera et al., 2019).", | |
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| "start": 31, | |
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| "text": "(Dong and Wong, 1987", | |
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| "section": "Protoform for evaluating source streams from wearable trackers", | |
| "sec_num": "3.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Q k defines a fuzzy quantifier to evaluate the intensity of the linguistic term V r within the temporal window T j (Medina-Quero et al., 2016) . The quantifier applies a transformation", | |
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| "text": "(Medina-Quero et al., 2016)", | |
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| "section": "Protoform for evaluating source streams from wearable trackers", | |
| "sec_num": "3.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u00b5 Q K : [0, 1] \u2192 [0, 1] to the aggregated degree of \u00b5 Q K (V r \u222a T k (s l i )).", | |
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| "section": "Protoform for evaluating source streams from wearable trackers", | |
| "sec_num": "3.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "This shape of protoform has been successfully developed in summarizing the stream data from health devices (Pel\u00e1ez-Aguilera et al., 2019; Medina-Quero et al., 2016) using a linguistic approach.", | |
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| "section": "Protoform for evaluating source streams from wearable trackers", | |
| "sec_num": "3.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In Figure 1 , an example of the instantiated protoform Activity status is deep sleep around 2 and 4 hours with mild intensity is shown, which is computed over a fragment of the source stream from Fitbit.", | |
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| "text": "Figure 1", | |
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| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Moreover, protoform P o (s i ) can be combined using fuzzy logical operators to increase the linguistic expressiveness of the model, i.e, negation, union or intersection operators (Pel\u00e1ez-Aguilera et al., 2019) can be included in the final description of the stream. In addition to this, the set of protoform instances can be replaced by a shorter linguistic expressions, much closer to natural language, e.g. deep restful sleep that describes the previously analyzed protoform instance Activity status is deep sleep around 2 and 4 hours with mild intensity.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Protoform for evaluating source streams from wearable trackers", | |
| "sec_num": "3.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In this section, we aim to identify patterns from the users daily activity collected by the wearable tracker. To do that, the membership degree described by protoform instances is analyzed to provide a linguistic description of the most relevant user activity thought of the discovered patterns. First, we compute the truth degree (P T o ) of each protoform for each day. To compute it, the aggregation function (implemented by the max function) is applied to get the degree of truth of the protoform P o (s i ) for each fragment of day T :", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Fuzzy clustering to detect behaviour patterns", | |
| "sec_num": "3.3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "P T o : P o (s i ),s l i \u2208 T", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Fuzzy clustering to detect behaviour patterns", | |
| "sec_num": "3.3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Second, the degrees of truth of the protoform instances, that represents the value of an user HKIs in a given day, are evaluated to extract the common patterns in a long term evaluation. To do that, we applied fuzzy clustering using Fuzzy Cmeans algorithm (Bezdek et al., 1984) over the maximal daily degree of the protoform instances.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 256, | |
| "end": 277, | |
| "text": "(Bezdek et al., 1984)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF2" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Fuzzy clustering to detect behaviour patterns", | |
| "sec_num": "3.3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "It is important to notice that the aim of combining these representation of HKIs with fuzzy clustering relies in obtaining a pattern which represent the degree of relevance for each protoform in each cluster. For example, the values of three fuzzy clusters (K = 3 in the clustering algorithm) computed from a source stream computed for five protoform instances P 1...5 defined by the expert criteria, are illustrated in Table 1 . The values of these fuzzy clusters correspond to the maximal aggregated degree of each protoform in a day. A bar chart of these results is shown in Figure 2 ).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 420, | |
| "end": 427, | |
| "text": "Table 1", | |
| "ref_id": "TABREF0" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 578, | |
| "end": 586, | |
| "text": "Figure 2", | |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF1" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Fuzzy clustering to detect behaviour patterns", | |
| "sec_num": "3.3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In this section we analyze with real data how to describe linguistically the daily behaviour of an user monitored by the wearable tracker Fitbit. The architecture of the system and the process of identifying the patterns are defined as well. ", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Case study", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "This case study has been tested with 200 days data of real activity from an user that wear a Fitbit Ionic device all day. This device has generated a source stream with 700.526 samples with AS, sleep stages and heart rate from the user and sent all these collected activity records to the Cloud. Thus, to obtain this information, we have developed a web application called Monwatch that allows to synchronize and view the information collected by the wearable (and sent by Fitbit Smartphone APP) from the Fitbit Cloud. Monwatch has been developed using the Django Framework version 2 and Python 3.6. All data is synchronized via HTTPS requests according to Fitbit API requirements and the returned data is stored locally in a MySQL Database. To do that Fitbit API requires the use of OAuth 2.0 authorization framework that enables a third-party application to obtain limited access to an HTTP service, either on behalf of a resource owner by orchestrating an approval interaction between the resource owner and the HTTP service, or by allowing the third-party application (our application) to obtain access. OAuth 2.0 is a authentication standard defined in RFC 6749 (D. Hardt, 2019).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Data acquisition and processing", | |
| "sec_num": "4.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The complete scheme of the proposal from the smartwatch real-time monitoring to the gathering and processing of that data is shown in Figure 3 . First, the smartwatch collects the raw data and sends it via Bluetooth to the Smartphone using the Fitbit APP which shows several activities in statistical way. Next, data are sent to the Fitbit cloud from where, through a API Service, we are able to extract raw data to Monwatch. So, Monwatch : i) processes data, ii) stores the records in an internal database, iii) generates the instances of protoforms and their truth degree, iv) classifies the protoform instances according with the resulting clusters and v) exports and displays the results by linguistic expressions.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 134, | |
| "end": 142, | |
| "text": "Figure 3", | |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF2" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "System architecture", | |
| "sec_num": "4.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "A supervisor has defined the five HKIs that accurately describes the source streams of Fitbit using the protoform V r T j Q k described in Section 3.2 :", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Protoform definition and their linguistic representation", | |
| "sec_num": "4.3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "1. HR is high around 15 and 30 minutes with normal intensity 2. HR is low around 2 and 4 hours with normal intensity 3. AS is deep around 2 and 4 hours with moderate intensity 4. AS is (rem AND light) around 2 and 4 hours with moderate intensity 5. AS is (restless AND asleep) around 30 minutes and 2 hours with moderate intensity These HKIs or protoform instances contains several terms, FTW and quantifiers which have been defined by fuzzy sets. The trapezoidal membership function for each fuzzy set defined in this proposal is described in Table 2 1 .", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 544, | |
| "end": 551, | |
| "text": "Table 2", | |
| "ref_id": "TABREF1" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Protoform definition and their linguistic representation", | |
| "sec_num": "4.3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In addition to this, each protoform instance is represented by a set of linguistic expressions closer to natural language. These expressions that improve the semantic expressiveness of the protoform instances and shorten its length in most of the cases, ", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Protoform definition and their linguistic representation", | |
| "sec_num": "4.3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "V r T j Q k . Textual de- scription in natural language Type \u00b5 T hr is low V r T L(s l i )[60bpm, 70bpm] hr is high V r T R(s l i )[", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Protoform definition and their linguistic representation", | |
| "sec_num": "4.3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Q k T R(x)[0, 0.5]", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Protoform definition and their linguistic representation", | |
| "sec_num": "4.3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "are defined in Table 3 . According to this, our system stores the data knowledge using a set of protoform instances in a first place and, in the second one, a linguistic summary, more suitable to the final user, is provided by the system (Mar\u00edn and S\u00e1nchez, 2016) . ", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 238, | |
| "end": 263, | |
| "text": "(Mar\u00edn and S\u00e1nchez, 2016)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF19" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 15, | |
| "end": 22, | |
| "text": "Table 3", | |
| "ref_id": "TABREF3" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Protoform definition and their linguistic representation", | |
| "sec_num": "4.3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The degree ofB truth of each protoform instance is aggregated for a day and results have been evaluated by the fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm to extract some pattern behaviours of HKIs. This algorithm has been executed with different number of clusters (N = 4, 5, 6, 7) to analyze these protoform instances behaviour. The clusters obtained are shown in Figure 4 . In Figure 4 , we can observe the different patterns of HKIs that can be found for an user in a day in each cluster. There are four scenarios according with the analyzed number of clusters. For example, in the first scenario of the figure A) (with N = 4) the first cluster represents the days where the user mainly developed a high-hr session and a long rest nap at once, this is characterized as a pattern and its corresponding linguistic description is: Day with HR of high-intensity for a short time and a rest nap. Following the same example, there are also another pattern that shows those days where the user has not a deep sleep for long time but the remaining HKIs has been activated.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 257, | |
| "end": 273, | |
| "text": "(N = 4, 5, 6, 7)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 357, | |
| "end": 365, | |
| "text": "Figure 4", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 371, | |
| "end": 379, | |
| "text": "Figure 4", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Identification of patterns", | |
| "sec_num": "4.4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Regarding the analysis of the number of clusters in this real example, a solution with N = 7 disintegrates the values too much, giving us too specific patterns with isolated HKIs. Solutions with N = 5 or N = 6 are more inclusive with all the HKIs and both give us a good solution.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Identification of patterns", | |
| "sec_num": "4.4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Finally, in addition to the extraction and visualization of daily pattern behaviours from clusters, the trend of the membership degree for each day and clusters of a given time period provides a very rich and representative information for the supervisor of the activities. For example, in Figure 5 , we show the membership degree between clusters and 30 consecutive days which provide a visual relation of the trend of behaviour.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 290, | |
| "end": 298, | |
| "text": "Figure 5", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Identification of patterns", | |
| "sec_num": "4.4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In this work a combination of semi supervised analysis of user behaviour is proposed. For that, a wearable tracker provides the source streams about sleep stages duration and heart rate from users in a non invasive way. The aim of the methodology has been focused on integrating expert criteria by means of protoforms, which evaluate the source streams computing the degree of the protoform instances in full time line. The second contributions lies in extract behaviours patterns for each day using fuzzy clustering.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Conclusions and ongoing works", | |
| "sec_num": "5" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The results from the case study, which was developed for more than 200 days, shows a promising capability to aggregate data, extract patterns and provide a linguistic and visual representation due to interpretability of the protoforms.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Conclusions and ongoing works", | |
| "sec_num": "5" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In on going works, we will focus on evaluating a wide range of users, which could provide several behaviours patterns. The analysis between the clusters from several users will provide a suitable comparative between user profiles. ", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Conclusions and ongoing works", | |
| "sec_num": "5" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": ")= 1 T k (\u2206t j i ) m j i \u2208s j Vr(v j i )\u00d7T k (\u2206t j i ) TS T S(x)[l 1 ,l 2 ,l 3 ,l 4 ]= \uf8f1 \uf8f4 \uf8f4 \uf8f4 \uf8f4 \uf8f4 \uf8f4 \uf8f4 \uf8f4 \uf8f4 \uf8f4 \uf8f2 \uf8f4 \uf8f4 \uf8f4 \uf8f4 \uf8f4 \uf8f4 \uf8f4 \uf8f4 \uf8f4 \uf8f4 \uf8f3 0 x\u22640 (x\u2212l 1 )/(l 2 \u2212l 1 ) l 1 \u2264x\u2264l 2 1 l 2 \u2264x\u2264l 3 (l 4 \u2212x)/(l 4 \u2212l 3 ) l 3 \u2264x\u2264l 4 0 l 4 \u2264x TR T R(x)[l 1 ,l 2 ]= \uf8f1 \uf8f4 \uf8f4 \uf8f4 \uf8f4 \uf8f2 \uf8f4 \uf8f4 \uf8f4 \uf8f4 \uf8f3 1 x\u2264l 1 (l 2 \u2212x)/(l 2 \u2212l 1 ) l 1 \u2264x\u2264l 2 0 l 2 \u2264x TL T L(x)[l 1 ,l 2 ]= \uf8f1 \uf8f4 \uf8f4 \uf8f4 \uf8f4 \uf8f2 \uf8f4 \uf8f4 \uf8f4 \uf8f4 \uf8f3 0 x\u2264l 1 (x\u2212l 1 )/(l 2 \u2212l 1 ) l 1 \u2264x\u2264l 2 1 l 2 \u2264x", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Conclusions and ongoing works", | |
| "sec_num": "5" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "TS, TR and TL are described in the appendix Abbreviations A", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "back_matter": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "Moreover, this contribution has been supported by the Andalusian Health Service by means of the research project PI-0387-2018 and the Action 1 (2019-2020) no. EI TIC01 of the University of Ja\u00e9n.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Acknowledgments", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
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| "text": "Degree of truth of the protoform Activity status is deep sleep around 2 and 4 hours WITH mild intensity that summarizes 12 hours of source stream.", | |
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| "text": "Clusters obtained by fuzzy C-means algorithm of the main HKIs for different values of N: A) N = 4, B) N = 5, C) N = 6 and D) N = 7 Evolution of the membership degree between clusters and 30 consecutive days for fuzzy C-means with N = 5. An accurate and reliable device for wireless physical activity tracking. International journal of cardiology, 185:138-140.", | |
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| "text": "Degree to which daily protoform instances P 1...5 belong to each cluster.", | |
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| "content": "<table><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Cluster P 1</td><td>P 2</td><td>P 3</td><td>P 4</td><td>P 5</td></tr><tr><td>Short</td><td>high</td><td>low-</td><td>deep</td><td>light</td><td>rest</td></tr><tr><td>descrip-</td><td>HR</td><td colspan=\"2\">intensity sleep</td><td>sleep</td><td>nap</td></tr><tr><td>tion</td><td/><td>HR</td><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>C1</td><td colspan=\"5\">0.05 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.15</td></tr><tr><td>C2</td><td colspan=\"5\">0.86 0.50 0.54 0.85 0.91</td></tr><tr><td>C3</td><td colspan=\"5\">0.63 0.53 0.56 0.90 0.03</td></tr></table>", | |
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| "text": "Trapezoidal membership functions for terms, FTWs and quantifiers defined for the protoform", | |
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| "text": "Short linguistic description of each HKIs.", | |
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