| { | |
| "paper_id": "1984", | |
| "header": { | |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", | |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T01:11:29.487155Z" | |
| }, | |
| "title": "A New Dictionary Structure for Bi-directional MT system by", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Shiu-Chang", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Loh", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "Hung On-To Research Centre for Machine Translation", | |
| "institution": "The Chinese University of Hong Kong", | |
| "location": {} | |
| }, | |
| "email": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Luan", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Kong", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "Hung On-To Research Centre for Machine Translation", | |
| "institution": "The Chinese University of Hong Kong", | |
| "location": {} | |
| }, | |
| "email": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Hing-Sum", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Hung", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "Hung On-To Research Centre for Machine Translation", | |
| "institution": "The Chinese University of Hong Kong", | |
| "location": {} | |
| }, | |
| "email": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": "", | |
| "venue": null, | |
| "identifiers": {}, | |
| "abstract": "The importance and structure of MT-dictionary were discussed extensively by many researchers in machine, translation in the past. These structures were mainly concerned with MT-dictionaries for one-way translation systems. In the present paper, a new dictionary structure for bi-directional machine translation is being introduced. The new structure is being tested for Chinese-English as well as English-Chinese machine translation.", | |
| "pdf_parse": { | |
| "paper_id": "1984", | |
| "_pdf_hash": "", | |
| "abstract": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "The importance and structure of MT-dictionary were discussed extensively by many researchers in machine, translation in the past. These structures were mainly concerned with MT-dictionaries for one-way translation systems. In the present paper, a new dictionary structure for bi-directional machine translation is being introduced. The new structure is being tested for Chinese-English as well as English-Chinese machine translation.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Abstract", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "body_text": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "The importance and structure of MT-dictionary were discussed extensively by many researchers in machine translation in the past (Knowles 1982 , Lamb and Jacobsen 1966 , Liu 1982 , Loh 1975 , Oettinger 1960 , Wang 1982 , Wang, T'sou and Chan 1971 . These structures were mainly concerned with MT-dictionaries for one-way translation systems. Dictionary structures for bi-directional or multi-language machine translation systems were rarely discussed. The aim of this paper is to introduce a dictionary structure suitable for multi-language translation system. The dictionary structure was designed in conjunction with the Dual Language Translator (DLT) developed at the Chinese University of Hong Kong in 1978 (Loh, Hung and Kong 1978) .", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 128, | |
| "end": 141, | |
| "text": "(Knowles 1982", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF0" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 142, | |
| "end": 166, | |
| "text": ", Lamb and Jacobsen 1966", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 167, | |
| "end": 177, | |
| "text": ", Liu 1982", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 178, | |
| "end": 188, | |
| "text": ", Loh 1975", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 189, | |
| "end": 205, | |
| "text": ", Oettinger 1960", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF5" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 206, | |
| "end": 217, | |
| "text": ", Wang 1982", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF6" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 218, | |
| "end": 245, | |
| "text": ", Wang, T'sou and Chan 1971", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 647, | |
| "end": 652, | |
| "text": "(DLT)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 710, | |
| "end": 735, | |
| "text": "(Loh, Hung and Kong 1978)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "INTRODUCTION", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "It is generally agreed that for translation from one language L1 into another language L2, the MT-dictionary D 12 must contain the following informations:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "BASIC STRUCTURE", | |
| "sec_num": "2." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "D 12 = { IC L1 , GI L1 , IC L2 , GI L2 } where IC L1", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "BASIC STRUCTURE", | |
| "sec_num": "2." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "is a set of internal codings of the source lexical items in L1,", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "BASIC STRUCTURE", | |
| "sec_num": "2." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "is a set of grammatical informations of these items,", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "GI L1", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "is a set of target equivalences (the target lexical items in L2) of these items, GI L2 is a set of grammatical informations of these target equivalences.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "IC L2", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Similarly, for translation from language L2 into language L1, the MT-dictionary D 21 must also contain these types of informations.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "IC L2", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "For a one-way translation system, this kind of dictionary structure may seem to be quite suitable. However, for a bi-directional language translation system, this kind of dictionary structure requires almost identical information to be kept in two different storages which is redundant and undesirable. A new structure for the dictionary is thus required. Bearing these points in mind, we proposed a structure for the MT-dictionary of a multi-language translation system.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "IC L2", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The basic organization of the proposed MT-dictionary is illustrated in Fig. 2 .1. The two main components of the dictionary are the DICTIONARY ADMINSTRATOR and the n SUB-DICTIONARIES. Each of the n SUB-DICTIONARIES contains the information on the lexical items of one of the n languages concerned.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 71, | |
| "end": 77, | |
| "text": "Fig. 2", | |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF1" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "IC L2", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Each entry of items of a SUB-DICTIONARY specifies the codings of a lexical item, its grammatical information and (n-1) pointers which point to the entries of the other (n-1) SUB-DICTIONARIES where the target equivalences of the lexical item can be found respectively (Fig. 2. 2). An implementation of this dictionary structure is the dictionary of the Dual Language Translator (DLT) for the translation between Chinese and English. This dictionary consists of a DICTIONARY ADMINISTRATOR, a Chinese SUB-DICTIONARY and an English SUB-DICTIONARY ( Fig.2.3 ). The actual organization of a SUB-DICTIONARY will be discussed in the following section. Basically, there are three main types of information in a SUB-DICTIONARY, namely, CONTROL INFORMATION, SYNTACTIC/ SEMANTIC ITEMS and a COMMON DATA-POOL ( Fig. 3.1 ).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 267, | |
| "end": 275, | |
| "text": "(Fig. 2.", | |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 545, | |
| "end": 552, | |
| "text": "Fig.2.3", | |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 798, | |
| "end": 806, | |
| "text": "Fig. 3.1", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "IC L2", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The CONTROL INFORMATION specifies the identification of the The reason for separating these items from the others is to speed up the translation process. During the translation process, these items will be kept in computer main memory.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "CONTROL INFORMATION", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Thus dictionary consultation for these items will not be necessary, consequently reduce the times for lexical analysis. Due to the limitation of the size of computer main memory, the number of these special items is limited. Lexical information records are used for lexical analysis.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "CONTROL INFORMATION", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "A traditional method for representing lexical information is by means of a linear list such as illustrated in Fig. 3 .2.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 110, | |
| "end": 116, | |
| "text": "Fig. 3", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "CONTROL INFORMATION", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The disadvantages of this method are that duplication of lexical information exists and the search for a lexical item may have to be carried out linearly. We can rewrite the same list in Fig. 3 .2 into a tree (Fig. 3.3) , and a linked list representation of such a tree is given in Fig. 3 .4. It is by linked list that the lexical information in the SUB-DICTIONARIES are represented. The format of the lexical information records is illustrated in Fig. 3 .5. The format of this type of records is illustrated in Fig. 3 .6.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 187, | |
| "end": 193, | |
| "text": "Fig. 3", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 209, | |
| "end": 219, | |
| "text": "(Fig. 3.3)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 282, | |
| "end": 288, | |
| "text": "Fig. 3", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 448, | |
| "end": 454, | |
| "text": "Fig. 3", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 512, | |
| "end": 518, | |
| "text": "Fig. 3", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "CONTROL INFORMATION", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The associated information records are used for determining the particular properties of the items, such as special article or measure word required, etc. and their format is illustrated in Fig. 3 .7.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 190, | |
| "end": 196, | |
| "text": "Fig. 3", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Fig. 3.6 Grammatical and target information records", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The COMMON DATA-POOL is a set of data which will be used by all items or a subset of items. For example, articles, measure words, prefix and postfix etc. Fig. 3 .8 illustrates the record format of COMMON DATA-POOL. Consider the Chinese lexical item \" (4282 4496)\".", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 154, | |
| "end": 160, | |
| "text": "Fig. 3", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Fig. 3.7 Associated information records COMMON DATA-POOL", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(1). This item can be noun or a verb.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Fig. 3.7 Associated information records COMMON DATA-POOL", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(2). If it is a noun then it has one meaning, and can be assigned the semantic category NA (non-animate).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Fig. 3.7 Associated information records COMMON DATA-POOL", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "For this particular meaning, the item has an associated information which specifies that it requires the particular measure word \" (7309)\".", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Fig. 3.7 Associated information records COMMON DATA-POOL", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(3). If it is a verb then it has one meaning, and can be assigned the semantic category HA (humanized action).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Fig. 3.7 Associated information records COMMON DATA-POOL", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "For this particular meaning, the item does not have an associated information.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Fig. 3.7 Associated information records COMMON DATA-POOL", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "According to the above specification, the lexical information record, grammatical and target information record and the associated information record of the item will be as shown in Fig. 4.1(a) .", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 182, | |
| "end": 193, | |
| "text": "Fig. 4.1(a)", | |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF6" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Fig. 3.7 Associated information records COMMON DATA-POOL", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The COMMON DATA-POOL of the Chinese SUB-DICTIONARY may be a set of Chinese characters which might be necessary to be inserted into the Chinese sentence.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Fig. 3.7 Associated information records COMMON DATA-POOL", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "For example, the Chinese character \" (0001)\", \" (0020)\", measure word \" (7309)\" etc.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Fig. 3.7 Associated information records COMMON DATA-POOL", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Example 2.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Fig. 3.7 Associated information records COMMON DATA-POOL", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Consider the English lexical item \"STUDY\".", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Fig. 3.7 Associated information records COMMON DATA-POOL", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(1). This item can be a noun or a verb.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Fig. 3.7 Associated information records COMMON DATA-POOL", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(2). If it is a noun then it has one meaning, and can be assigned the semantic category NA (non-animate).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Fig. 3.7 Associated information records COMMON DATA-POOL", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "For this particular meaning, the item has an associated information which specifies that the plural form of the item is \"STUD + IES\".", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Fig. 3.7 Associated information records COMMON DATA-POOL", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(3). If it is a verb then it has one meaning, and can be assigned the semantic category HA (humanized action).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Fig. 3.7 Associated information records COMMON DATA-POOL", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "For this particular meaning, the item has a, set of associated information which specify how the various form of the item can be constructed.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Fig. 3.7 Associated information records COMMON DATA-POOL", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "According to the above specification, the lexical information record, grammatical and target information record and the associated information record of the item will be as shown in Fig 4.1(b) .", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 182, | |
| "end": 192, | |
| "text": "Fig 4.1(b)", | |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF6" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Fig. 3.7 Associated information records COMMON DATA-POOL", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The COMMON DATA-POOL of the English SUB-DICTIONARY may be a set of characters which might be necessary to be inserted into the English words or sentence.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Fig. 3.7 Associated information records COMMON DATA-POOL", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "For example, \" S, ISS, D, ED, ING \" etc. that is, an item in one SUB-DICTIONARY may have one and more than one equivalences in another SUB-DICTIONARY.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Fig. 3.7 Associated information records COMMON DATA-POOL", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "back_matter": [], | |
| "bib_entries": { | |
| "BIBREF0": { | |
| "ref_id": "b0", | |
| "title": "The pivotal role of the various dictionaries in an MT system. Practical Experience of Machine Translation", | |
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| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
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| "raw_text": "Oettinger, G. (1960) Automatic language translation. Harvard University Press.", | |
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| "BIBREF6": { | |
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| "links": null | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "ref_entries": { | |
| "FIGREF0": { | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "text": "The dictionary structure for a multi-language translation system The DICTIONARY ADMINISTRATOR is a software responsible for the housekeeping of the n SUB-DICTIONARIES. This includes creation, deletion of a SUB-DICTIONARY and updating, insertion, deletion and listing of the contents of a SUB-DICTIONARY.", | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "num": null | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF1": { | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "text": ".2 The relationship of the SUB-DICTIONARIES Using this approach, the number of MT-dictionaries required for a multi-language translation system of n languages can be reduced from n(n-l) to n. Duplication of information and redundancy are eliminated. This certainly minimizes the storage spaces required.", | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "num": null | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF2": { | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "text": ".3 Dictionary structure for the DLT3. A SUB-DICTIONARYAlthough the actual contents of the Chinese SUB-DICTIONARY and English SUB-DICTIONARY for the Dual Language Translator (DLT) are different, their organization are the same.", | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "num": null | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF3": { | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "text": "The information attached to each item, either special or regular, may be grouped into three different types of records: (a). Lexical information records, (b). Grammatical and target information records, and (c). Associated information records. These three types of records are linked together internally by using pointers.", | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "num": null | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF4": { | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "text": "The traditional organization or lexical information Fig. 3.3 A tree representation of lexical information bi = backward pointers Fig. 3.4 A linked list representation of lexical information Fig. 3.5 Format of the lexical information records The grammatical and target information records are used for syntactical/semantical analysis and target determination.", | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "num": null | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF5": { | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "text": "Fig. 3.8 COMMON DATA-POOL records", | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "num": null | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF6": { | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "text": ".1(a) and Fig. 4.1(b) together show the relationships of the records specified in Example 1 and Example 2, and thus give a general idea how the two SUB-DICTIONARIESthe Chinese SUB-DICTIONARY and English SUB-DICTIONARY are linked together. The SUB-DICTIONARIES are linked together by the lexical information record and the grammatical and target information records. The relations between the items of the two SUB-DICTIONARIES are not necessary one to one,", | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "num": null | |
| } | |
| } | |
| } | |
| } |