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Human alpha-1-antitrypsin is another protein that has been produced from goats and is used in treating humans with this deficiency.

ⴰⵍⴼⴰ -1-ⵎⴳⴰⵍⵜⵔⵉⴱⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵟⵟⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⴰ.

Pig lungs from genetically modified pigs are being considered for transplantation into humans.

ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⴷⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵍⴰⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⵓⵓⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⴳⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵉⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ.

Animals have been engineered to grow faster, be healthier and resist diseases.

ⵏⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵅⵉⵜⵉⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵣⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵉⵏ.

A GM pig called Enviropig was created with the capability of digesting plant phosphorus more efficiently than conventional pigs.

ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵏⴱⵉⵔⵓⴱⵉⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵥⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵏ.

This could potentially benefit mothers who cannot produce breast milk but want their children to have breast milk rather than formula.

ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⵓⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⴽⵯⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴼⴽⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⵯⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴽⵯⴼⴰⵢ ⵉⵏⴼⵍⵏ.

There have been suggestions that genetic engineering could be used to bring animals back from extinction.

ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵖⵉⵢ ⵜⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ.

It has been used to treat genetic disorders such as severe combined immunodeficiency, and Leber's congenital amaurosis.

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵊⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵥⵜ ⵉⵛⵛⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵛⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵜⵓⵔⵜⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵉⴱⵔ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵏ.

Germline gene therapy results in any change being inheritable, which has raised concerns within the scientific community.

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵓⵊⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵙⴰ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ.

Aquaculture is a growing industry, currently providing over half the consumed fish worldwide.

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴽⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵉⵛⵛⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.

Several groups have been developing zebrafish to detect pollution by attaching fluorescent proteins to genes activated by the presence of pollutants.

ⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎ-ⴰⵣⵓⵍⵉⵍ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⵛⴰⵟⵏ ⵉⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⴽⵉⵜⵉⵏ.

It was originally developed by one of the groups to detect pollution, but is now part of the ornamental fish trade, becoming the first genetically modified animal to become publicly available as a pet when in 2003 it was introduced for sale in the USA.

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⴽⵉⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⴷⵖⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⴽⵓⵔ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵏⵣⵣⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ 2003.

Zebrafish are model organisms for developmental processes, regeneration, genetics, behaviour, disease mechanisms and toxicity testing.

ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⵍⵉⵍⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ, ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ, ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ, ⴰⵚⵏⵉⵄ, ⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵣⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⴷⵊ.

GM fish have been developed with promoters driving an over-production of growth hormone for use in the aquaculture industry to increase the speed of development and potentially reduce fishing pressure on wild stocks.

ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵀⵓⵔⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴼⵏⵥⵏ ⴰⵥⵎⵎⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴳⵯⵎⵔⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵜⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵔⴰⵎⵢⴰⵔⵏ.

It obtained regulatory approval in 2015, the first non-plant GMO food to be commercialized.

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴳ 2015, ⴰⵙⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ GMO ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵖⴰⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵣⴰⵏ.

Drosophila have been used to study genetics and inheritance, embryonic development, learning, behavior, and aging.

ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵓⴼⵉⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵙⴰ, ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ, ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ, ⴰⵚⵏⵉⵄ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵔⵜ.

Malaria-resistant mosquitoes have been developed in the laboratory by inserting a gene that reduces the development of the malaria parasite and then use homing endonucleases to rapidly spread that gene throughout the male population (known as a gene drive).

ⵉⴱⵓⵅⵅⴰ ⵉⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵉⵔⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵊⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴼⵏⵏⵥⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵅⵅⵓ ⴰⵏⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵥⴰⵥ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵍⴰ ⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴽⵯ ⵉⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ (ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ).

Another approach is to use a sterile insect technique, whereby males genetically engineered to be sterile out compete viable males, to reduce population numbers.

ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵜⴽⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵅⵅⵓ ⴰⵎⵔⴷⵉⴷ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⴷⵉⴷⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵃⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⵔⵏ, ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵏⵥ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ.

The approach is similar to the sterile technique tested on mosquitoes, where males are transformed with a gene that prevents any females born from reaching maturity.

ⵜⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴷⵉⴷⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵎⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴱⵉⴱⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵓⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴷⴷⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵏⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵍⴽⵎⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵅⵅⵉⵜⵔⵜ.

In this case a strain of pink bollworm that were sterilized with radiation were genetically engineered to express a red fluorescent protein making it easier for researchers to monitor them.

ⴳ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵖⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵛⵛⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴷⵉⴷⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵜⵙⴷⴳ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴰⴹⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ.

There is also potential to use the silk producing machinery to make other valuable proteins.

ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵍⵚⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵍⴰⵏ.

A GM chicken that produces the drug Kanuma, an enzyme that treats a rare condition, in its egg passed US regulatory approval in 2015.

ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵢⴰⵥⵉⴹ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⵔⵙⵏ ⴽⴰⵏⵓⵎⴰ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵥⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵊⵓⵊⵊⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ, ⵢⵉⵡⴹ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ 2015.

There are proposals to use genetic engineering to control cane toads in Australia.

ⴰⵔ ⵏⵙⵙⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴹⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ.

It is also relatively easy to produce stable transgenic nematodes and this along with RNAi are the major tools used in studying their genes.

ⵉⵍⵎⴹ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵎⴰⵜⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵉⴳⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⴽ ⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵔ ⵉⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.

Transgenic nematodes have been used to study viruses, toxicology, diseases, and to detect environmental pollutants.

ⵏⵉⵎⴰⵜⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵉⴳⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙⵏ, ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵀⵉⴷⵊ, ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵔⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ.

Flatworms have the ability to regenerate themselves from a single cell.

ⵉⵡⴽⴽⵉⵡⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵏ ⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ.

The bristle worm, a marine annelid, has been modified.

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵏⴼⵍ ⵜⵡⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵟⵟⴰⵍⵚⵓ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵃⵜⵉⵢⵜ.

The development of a regulatory framework concerning genetic engineering began in 1975, at Asilomar, California.

ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1975, ⴳ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵓⵎⴰⵔ, ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵉⵔⵏⵢⴰ.

It is an international treaty that governs the transfer, handling, and use of genetically modified organisms.

ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵏⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ, ⴰⵇⴷⴷⵛ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.

Many experiments also need permission from a national regulatory group or legislation.

ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵜ.

There is a near-universal system for assessing the relative risks associated with GMOs and other agents to laboratory staff and the community.

ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴷⵔⵓⵖ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵇⵇⵏⵏ ⵙ GMOs ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴰⵍⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⵎ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ.

Different countries use different nomenclature to describe the levels and can have different requirements for what can be done at each level.

ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ.

For example, a crop not intended for food use is generally not reviewed by authorities responsible for food safety.

ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵛⵛⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵙⵖⵓⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⵓⵔⵜ.

Most countries that do not allow GMO cultivation do permit research using GMOs.

ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ GMO.

While only a few GMOs have been approved for cultivation in the EU a number of GMOs have been approved for import and processing.

ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ GMO ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ, ⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⵉⴷ GMO ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ.

The US policy does not focus on the process as much as other countries, looks at verifiable scientific risks and uses the concept of substantial equivalence.

ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⴼⵙⴰⵢ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⴻⴷⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ.

One of the key issues concerning regulators is whether GM products should be labeled.

ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵇⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⵉ.

The dispute involves consumers, producers, biotechnology companies, governmental regulators, non-governmental organizations, and scientists.

ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵙⵎⵓⵔⵏ, ⵉⵎⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ, ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵢⵓⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ, ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⴼⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⵉⴹⵏ, ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴱⵉⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ

Most concerns are around the health and environmental effects of GMOs.

ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ GMO ⵖⴼ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ.

Nonetheless, members of the public are much less likely than scientists to perceive GM foods as safe.

ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵥⴹⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⴷⵓⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ.

Gene flow between GM crops and compatible plants, along with increased use of broad-spectrum herbicides, can increase the risk of herbicide resistant weed populations.

ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⴳⴰⵔⵏ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵣⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ.

In order to address some of these concerns some GMOs have been developed with traits to help control their spread.

ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵙⴽⵍⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎⵏ ⴰ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵏ GMO ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴹⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.

Other environmental and agronomic concerns include a decrease in biodiversity, an increase in secondary pests (non-targeted pests) and evolution of resistant insect pests.

ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵏⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ, ⴰⵙⴳⵉⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵟⵟⵕⵓⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏⵜ (ⵟⵟⵕⵓⵕⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵜⴰⵙⵏ) ⴷ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵟⵟⵕⵓⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵅⵅⴰ ⵉⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵏ.

The impact of Bt crops on beneficial non-target organisms became a public issue after a 1999 paper suggested they could be toxic to monarch butterflies.

ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⵉⵡⵉⵏ Bt ⵖⴼ ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ 1999 ⵉⵙ ⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵏ ⵉⵏⵀⵉⴷⵊⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⵟⴻⵟⵟⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ.

With the ability to genetically engineer humans now possible there are ethical concerns over how far this technology should go, or if it should be used at all.

ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ.

October 2006 the rigor of the regulatory process, consolidation of control of the food supply in companies that make and sell GMOs, exaggeration of the benefits of genetic modification, or concerns over the use of herbicides with glyphosate.

ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 2006 ⵜⴰⴽⵕⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⴳⵣⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⴰⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴹⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵀⴰⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵣⵣⵏⵣⴰⵏⵜ GMO, ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉ, ⵏⵖ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴳⵍⵉⴼⵓⵣⴰⵜ.

GMOs arrived on the scene as the public confidence in food safety, attributed to recent food scares such as Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and other scandals involving government regulation of products in Europe, was low.

ⴳⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏ GMO ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⵓⵔⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⴷⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵓⵏⵙⵉⴼⴰⵍⵓⴱⴰⵜⵉ ⵙⴱⵓⵏⵊⵉⴼⵓⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵉⴽⴰⵛⴰⴼⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⴼ ⵓⵏⴱⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ.

Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.

ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵇⴷⴷⵛ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵇⴷⴷⴰⵛ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵓⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ.

A construct is usually created and used to insert this DNA into the host organism.

ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳⵓ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ.

The new DNA can be inserted randomly, or targeted to a specific part of the genome.

ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵢⵢⵓⵙⴽⵎⵛ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎ.

Rudolf Jaenisch created the first GM animal when he inserted foreign DNA into a mouse in 1974.

ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵔⵓⴷⵓⵍⴼ ⵊⴰⵏⵉⵛ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵏⵏⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ 1974.

Genetically modified food has been sold since 1994, with the release of the Flavr Savr tomato.

ⵉⵙⴰⴷⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ 1994, ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⵜⵎⵉⵟⴰⵛⵜ ⴼⵍⴰⴱⵔ ⵙⴰⴱⵔ.

In 2016 salmon modified with a growth hormone were sold.

ⴳ 2016, ⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⴰⵍⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵀⵓⵔⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ.

By knocking out genes responsible for certain conditions it is possible to create animal model organisms of human diseases.

ⵙ ⵡⵓⴽⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ.

The rise of commercialised genetically modified crops has provided economic benefit to farmers in many different countries, but has also been the source of most of the controversy surrounding the technology.

ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴳⵢⴰⴽⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ.

Gene flow, impact on non-target organisms, control of the food supply and intellectual property rights have also been raised as potential issues.

ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽ, ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵜⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⵉⴹⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ.

This is much faster, can be used to insert any genes from any organism (even ones from different domains) and prevents other undesirable genes from also being added.

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵣⵣⵍⴰ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ, ⵄⵏⵉⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ (ⴰⵡⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ) ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴷⴷⵍ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⵏⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵉ.

Drugs, vaccines and other products have been harvested from organisms engineered to produce them.

ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏ, ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵣⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.

Synthetic biology is an emerging discipline that takes genetic engineering a step further by introducing artificially synthesised material into an organism.

ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⴽⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⴽⴽⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵓⴽⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ.

If genetic material from another species is added to the host, the resulting organism is called transgenic.

ⵉⴳ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵔⵏⴰ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ, ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.

In 1973 Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen created the first transgenic organism by inserting antibiotic resistance genes into the plasmid of an Escherichia coli bacterium.

ⴳ 1973, ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵀⵉⵔⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴱⵡⴰⵢⵉ ⴷ ⵙⵜⴰⵏⵍⵉ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴱⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⴱⵢⵓⵜⵉⴽ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵍⴰⵣⵎⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵜ ⵉⵛⵉⵔⵛⵉⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵍⵉ.

In 1976 Genentech, the first genetic engineering company, was founded by Herbert Boyer and Robert Swanson and a year later the company produced a human protein (somatostatin) in E.coli.

ⴳ 1976, ⵜⵓⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ, ⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏⵜⵉⵛ, ⵙⵖⵓⵔ ⵀⵉⵔⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴱⵡⴰⵢⵉ ⴷ ⵔⵓⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⵙⵡⴰⵏⵙⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔⴰⵙ, ⵜⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ (ⵙⵓⵎⴰⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ) ⴳ ⵉⴽⵓⵍⵉ.

The insulin produced by bacteria was approved for release by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1982.

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵙⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵛⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔ ⴳ 1982.

The People's Republic of China was the first country to commercialise transgenic plants, introducing a virus-resistant tobacco in 1992.

ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵣⵏⵣⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ, ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴱⴰⵖⵖⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵣⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⴷⴰⵍ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ 1992.

In 1995, Bt Potato was approved safe by the Environmental Protection Agency, after having been approved by the FDA, making it the first pesticide producing crop to be approved in the US.

ⴳ 1995,ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⴱⴰⵟⴰⵟⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉ ⵙⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵉ ⵜⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵙ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵛⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ.

Genetic screens can be carried out to determine potential genes and further tests then used to identify the best candidates.

ⵉⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵉⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵙⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵏ.

These segments can then be extracted through gel electrophoresis.

ⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵊⵉⵍ ⴰⵉⵍⵉⴽⵜⵔⵓⴼⵓⵔⵓⵣⵉⵙ.

Once isolated the gene is ligated into a plasmid that is then inserted into a bacterium.

ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵓⵊⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵍⴰⵣⵎⵉⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴷⵉⴼⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵜ.

These include a promoter and terminator region, which initiate and end transcription.

ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵙⴰⵔⵉⵜ.

This ability can be induced in other bacteria via stress (e.g. thermal or electric shock), which increases the cell membrane's permeability to DNA; up-taken DNA can either integrate with the genome or exist as extrachromosomal DNA.

ⵜⵖⵉⵢ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴼ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵜⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⵉⵙⵙ (ⵙ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵜⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉ), ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ; ⴷ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴼ ⴳ ⵓⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ.

In plants the DNA is often inserted using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, taking advantage of the Agrobacteriums T-DNA sequence that allows natural insertion of genetic material into plant cells.

ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵛⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⵓⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵢⵓⵎ-ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⵓⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵢⵓⵎ T-DNA ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵡ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ.

In plants this is accomplished through the use of tissue culture.

ⴳ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⵓ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵙⵜ.

Selectable markers are used to easily differentiate transformed from untransformed cells.

ⵉⵎⵔⵛⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵍⵎⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏ.

These tests can also confirm the chromosomal location and copy number of the inserted gene.

ⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵎⵙ ⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵎⵓⵣⵓⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵊⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⴷⴼⵏ.

The new genetic material can be inserted randomly within the host genome or targeted to a specific location.

ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵡ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴷⴼ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵉⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵓⵏⴱⴳ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵓⵏⵖⵉⴷ.

The frequency of gene targeting can be greatly enhanced through genome editing.

ⴰⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵢⵢⵛ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎ.

TALEN and CRISPR are the two most commonly used and each has its own advantages.

ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⴱⵔ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ.

Most commercialised GMOs are insect resistant or herbicide tolerant crop plants.

ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵏⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵣⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴱⵓⵅⵅⴰ ⵏⵖ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵓⵔⴰⴼ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ.

Mouse hybridomas, cells fused together to create monoclonal antibodies, have been adapted through genetic engineering to create human monoclonal antibodies.

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⴰⵎⵉ ⵓⵖⵔⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵀⵊⵊⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰ, ⵙⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ.

Genetic engineering is also used to create animal models of human diseases.

ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴷⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ.

Potential cures can be tested against these mouse models.

ⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵊⵓⵊⵊⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵉⵔⵎⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴷⴰⵢⵏ.

In 2015 a virus was used to insert a healthy gene into the skin cells of a boy suffering from a rare skin disease, epidermolysis bullosa, in order to grow, and then graft healthy skin onto 80 percent of the boy's body which was affected by the illness.

ⴳ 2015, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴱⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵏⵎⵔⵉ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵎ, ⵉⴱⵉⴷⵉⵔⵎⵓⵍⵉⵣⵉⵙ ⴱⵓⵍⵓⵣⴰ, ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⵎ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵛⵛ ⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ 80% ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴱⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵖ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ.

There are also concerns that the technology could be used not just for treatment, but for enhancement, modification or alteration of a human beings' appearance, adaptability, intelligence, character or behavior.

ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴷⴰⵢ ⵓ ⵓⵊⵓⵊⵊⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ, ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⴼⵔⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵀⴰⵕ, ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵢⵜⵜⵉ, ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵚⵏⵉⵄ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ.

He said that twin girls, Lulu and Nana, had been born a few weeks earlier.

ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵍⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⴱⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⴷ ⵏⴰⵏⴰ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ.

Currently, germline modification is banned in 40 countries.

ⴷⵖⵉ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴷⵍ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵔⵉⴳ ⴰⵊⵉⵔⵉ ⴳ 40 ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ.

Bacteria are cheap, easy to grow, clonal, multiply quickly, relatively easy to transform and can be stored at -80 °C almost indefinitely.

ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉⵔⵅⵙⵏ, ⵍⵎⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵖⴰⵍⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴳⵉⴷⵉⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵍⴰ, ⵓⵀⵏⴻⵏⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⵎⵏ ⴳ -80 °C ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ.

This could be the effect on the phenotype of the organism, where the gene is expressed or what other genes it interacts with.

ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⵓⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵣⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ, ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⴽⵉⴷⵙ.

In a simple knockout a copy of the desired gene has been altered to make it non-functional.

ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵢⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ , ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵊⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⵉ.

This allows the experimenter to analyse the defects caused by this mutation and thereby determine the role of particular genes.

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⵓⵢⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⵔⵓⵖⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ.

"The simplest method, and the first to be used, is ""alanine scanning"", where every position in turn is mutated to the unreactive amino acid alanine."

ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⴰⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ "ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵖⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⴰⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ."

The process is much the same as that in knockout engineering, except that the construct is designed to increase the function of the gene, usually by providing extra copies of the gene or inducing synthesis of the protein more frequently.

ⵜⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⴳⵣⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵙⵍⵉⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵊⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵊⵉⵏⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ.

One way to do this is to replace the wild-type gene with a 'fusion' gene, which is a juxtaposition of the wild-type gene with a reporting element such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) that will allow easy visualisation of the products of the genetic modification.

ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵔⴰⵎⵢⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵏ ⵏ 'ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵢ', ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵔⴰⵎⵢⴰⵔ ⴰⵍⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵓⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ (GFP) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⵙⵡ ⵉⵍⵎⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽ.

Expression studies aim to discover where and when specific proteins are produced.

ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵏⵢⵢⴰⵛⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ.

Some genes do not work well in bacteria, so yeast, insect cells or mammalians cells can also be used.

ⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⵍⵉⵃ ⴳ ⵜⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⵡⴰ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵓⵏⵜ, ⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵅⵅⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴹⴻⴹⵏ ⵖⵉⵢⵏⵜ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏⵜ.

Certain genetically modified microbes can also be used in biomining and bioremediation, due to their ability to extract heavy metals from their environment and incorporate them into compounds that are more easily recoverable.

ⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⵔⵓⴱⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵙⴽⵍ ⵓⵏⴷⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ, ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⴰⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵙⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵎⴹⵉ.

Fungal and virus resistant crops have also been developed or are in development.

ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴱⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ.

In 2016 Salmon have been genetically modified with growth hormones to reach normal adult size much faster.

ⴳ 2016 ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⴰⵍⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵀⵓⵔⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵔⵓⴳ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵍⴰ.

Soybeans and canola have been genetically modified to produce more healthy oils.

ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵙⵓⵊⴰ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵏⵓⵍⴰ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵜⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

Gene transfer through viral vectors has been proposed as a means of controlling invasive species as well as vaccinating threatened fauna from disease.

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴹⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⴷⴷⵉⵢⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵏ.

Applications of genetic engineering in conservation are thus far mostly theoretical and have yet to be put into practice.

ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵉⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵎⵙⴽⵔⵜ.

The Asilomar meeting recommended a set of voluntary guidelines regarding the use of recombinant technology.

ⵜⵡⵚⵚⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵣⵉⵍⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵅⴰⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ.