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The relationship between automation and employment is complicated.

ⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵏⵡⵡⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵔⵡⵢ.

"Subjective estimates of the risk vary widely; for example, Michael Osborne and Carl Benedikt Frey estimate 47% of U.S. jobs are at ""high risk"" of potential automation, while an OECD report classifies only 9% of U.S. jobs as ""high risk""."

ⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴼⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵡ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵢⴽⵍ ⵓⵣⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵕⵍ ⴱⵉⵏⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⴼⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵏ ⵙ 47% ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ “ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ” ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⵉⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ 9% ⴷⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ.

In the long-term, the scientists have proposed to continue optimizing function while minimizing possible security risks that come along with new technologies.

ⴷⴰⴷⵖ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ, ⵙⵓⵎⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ.

In his book Superintelligence, philosopher Nick Bostrom provides an argument that artificial intelligence will pose a threat to humankind.

ⵉⴽⴰ ⵓⴼⴰⵢⵍⴰⵙⵓⴼ ⵏⵉⴽ ⴱⵓⵙⵜⵔⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ Superintelligence; ⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵇⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵔ ⵛⵛⵡⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴰⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ.

Bostrom also emphasizes the difficulty of fully conveying humanity's values to an advanced AI.

ⵉⵙⵍⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴱⵓⵙⵜⵔⵓⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵛⵛⵡⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵏ.

In his book Human Compatible, AI researcher Stuart J. Russell echoes some of Bostrom's concerns while also proposing an approach to developing provably beneficial machines focused on uncertainty and deference to humans, possibly involving inverse reinforcement learning.

ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵛⵛⵡⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⵜⵉⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵊ.ⵔⴰⵙⵍ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵉⴽⵙⵙⵓⴹⵏ ⴱⵓⵙⵜⵔⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵡⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴽ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵏⵉⵜ ⵉ ⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵏⵏⵓ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵍⵎⵎⵓⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⴹ.

The opinion of experts within the field of artificial intelligence is mixed, with sizable fractions both concerned and unconcerned by risk from eventual superhumanly-capable AI.

ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵡⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵛⵛⴰⵔ, ⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⴽ ⵉⴷⵙ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵛⵛⵡⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵢⵉⵔⴰ.

"Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg believes AI will ""unlock a huge amount of positive things,"" such as curing disease and increasing the safety of autonomous cars."

ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵖⵉⵍ ⵎⴰⵔⴽ ⵣⵓⴽⵔⴱⵉⵔⴳ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵢⵙⴱⵓⴽ; ⵉⵙⴷ ⵛⵛⵡⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵥⵎ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵏⵉⴳⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵀⵉⵔⵔⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵃⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ.

"Musk also funds companies developing artificial intelligence such as DeepMind and Vicarious to ""just keep an eye on what's going on with artificial intelligence."

ⵉⵙⵙⵥⵕⴰⴼ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵎⵓⵙⴽ ⵜⵉⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵡⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴷⵉⴱⵎⴰⵏⴷ ⴷ ⴼⵉⴽⴰⵔⵢⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵃⴹⵓ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵊⵕⵓⵏ ⵉ ⵛⵛⵡⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ.

Research in this area includes machine ethics, artificial moral agents, friendly AI and discussion towards building a human rights framework is also in talks.

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏⴻⵏ, ⴷ ⵛⵛⵡⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ.

The time has come for adding an ethical dimension to at least some machines.

ⵜⴳⵓⵍⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴱⵄⴷⴰ.

Research in machine ethics is key to alleviating concerns with autonomous systems—it could be argued that the notion of autonomous machines without such a dimension is at the root of all fear concerning machine intelligence.

ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ: ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵙⵙⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ - ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵙⵙⴰⴹ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵛⵛⵡⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙ.

Humans should not assume machines or robots would treat us favorably because there is no a priori reason to believe that they would be sympathetic to our system of morality, which has evolved along with our particular biology (which AIs would not share).

ⵉⵅⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴽⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⵔⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵜ ⵀⴰⵜ ⵇⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⵏⵖ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⵓⵎⵏⵉⴳⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵖ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵣⴰⵕⵏⵖ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ( ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵛⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵡⵉⵢⵜ ⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ).

One proposal to deal with this is to ensure that the first generally intelligent AI is 'Friendly AI' and will be able to control subsequently developed AIs.

ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵎⵔⵏ ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵢⴰ; ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵛⵡⵡⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ, ⵉⵛⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⵛⵛⵡⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⵯⵍ, ⴷ ⵇⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴱⴹ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵡⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰⵖ.

"I think the worry stems from a fundamental error in not distinguishing the difference between the very real recent advances in a particular aspect of AI and the enormity and complexity of building sentient volitional intelligence."""

ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⵣⵄⴰⴼ ⵉⵙ ⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵉⵔⴰⵢ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵡⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵅⵅⵉⵜⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⴳⵎ.

Regulation is considered necessary to both encourage AI and manage associated risks.

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵏⴱⵣⴰⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵔⵇⴱ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵡⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵏ ⵥⴰⵕⵙ ⵉⵙⵍⵖⵏ.

A common trope in these works began with Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, where a human creation becomes a threat to its masters.

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵍⵡⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵛⵉⵍⵉⵢⵣ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⴽⵏⵙⵜⵏ, ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⵖⵢ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵀⵢⵢⴰ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⵙ.

"Isaac Asimov introduced the Three Laws of Robotics in many books and stories, most notably the ""Multivac"" series about a super-intelligent computer of the same name."

ⵉⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵃⴰⵇ ⵉⵙⵉⵎⵓⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵔⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵢⵓⴼⵜ ⴷⵉⴽⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ “ⵎⵓⵍⵜⵉⴼⴰⴽ”, ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵉⵛⵡⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵉⴽ.

"In the 1980s, artist Hajime Sorayama's Sexy Robots series were painted and published in Japan depicting the actual organic human form with lifelike muscular metallic skins and later ""the Gynoids"" book followed that was used by or influenced movie makers including George Lucas and other creatives."

ⴳ 1980, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵖⵏ ⵜⴳⴼⴼⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵓⴱⵓⵢⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵀⴰⵊⵉⵎⵉ ⵙⵓⵔⴰⵢⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⴳ ⵍⵢⴰⴱⴰⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵡⵍⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴽ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⵊⵊ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ, ⵉⴹⴼⵓⵕⵜⵉⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ “ⵊⵉⵏⵡⵉⴷ” ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⵊⵓⵔⵊ ⵍⵓⴽⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.

Biotechnology is a broad area of biology, involving the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products.

ⴱⵢⵓ-ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ, ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ.

The American Chemical Society defines biotechnology as the application of biological organisms, systems, or processes by various industries to learning about the science of life and the improvement of the value of materials and organisms such as pharmaceuticals, crops, and livestock.

ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵉⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵢⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ.

Bioengineering is the application of the principles of engineering and natural sciences to tissues, cells and molecules.

ⴰⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵟⵟⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⵉⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⵙⵏ.

Through early biotechnology, the earliest farmers selected and bred the best-suited crops, having the highest yields, to produce enough food to support a growing population.

ⵙⴳ ⴱⵉⵄⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽ, ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖⴷ ⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⵡⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ.

These processes also were included in early fermentation of beer.

ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵖ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵅⵎⵕ ⵣⵉⴽ ⵉ ⵍⴱⵉⵔⵔⴰ.

In this process, carbohydrates in the grains broke down into alcohols, such as ethanol.

ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⴼⵙⵙⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⴽⴰⵔⴱⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⴷⵉ ⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⴽⵓⵍ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵜⴰⵏⵓⵍ.

Although the process of fermentation was not fully understood until Louis Pasteur's work in 1857, it is still the first use of biotechnology to convert a food source into another form.

ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵅⵎⵕ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵡⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1857, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴱⵢⵓ-ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵯⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ.

These accounts contributed to Darwin's theory of natural selection.

ⵓⵡⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵟⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ.

In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered the mold Penicillium.

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1928, ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⴼⵍⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵖⵓⵍ Penicillium.

The MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor) was invented by Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng in 1959.

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⴻⵍ MOSFET (ⵜⵔⴰⵏⵣⵉⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⴹⵙ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⵖⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹⵉⵏ), ⵖⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵎ, ⵄⴰⵟⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵀ, ⴷ ⴷⴰⵡⵏ ⴽⴰⵏⵊ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1959.

The first BioFET was the ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET), invented by Piet Bergveld in 1970.

BioFET ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⵏⵣⵉⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴱⵓ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⴹ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ, ⵉⵎⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵓⵏⴰⵜ (ISFET), ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⴻⵍ ⴱⵉⵢ ⴱⵉⵔⴼⵉⵍⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1970.

By the mid-1980s, other BioFETs had been developed, including the gas sensor FET (GASFET), pressure sensor FET (PRESSFET), chemical field-effect transistor (ChemFET), reference ISFET (REFET), enzyme-modified FET (ENFET) and immunologically modified FET (IMFET).

ⴷⴷⴰⴳ ⵢⵓⵡⴹ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1980, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵍⴰ BioFETs ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⵓⵎⵙⵃⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵍⴳⴰⵣ FET (GASFET), ⵜⵔⴰⵏⵣⵉⵙⵜⵓⵔ, ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴽⵉⵎⵢⴰ (ChemFET), ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ISFET (REFET), ⵉⵜⵢⴰⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵍⴰⵏⵥⵉⵎ FET (ENFET), ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴼⴰⵍ FET (IMFET).

Rising demand for biofuels is expected to be good news for the biotechnology sector, with the Department of Energy estimating ethanol usage could reduce U.S. petroleum-derived fuel consumption by up to 30% by 2030.

ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⴳ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵜⴰⵏⵓⵍ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵍⴱⵉⵟⵔⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⵍ ⵢⵓⵡⴹⵏ ⴰⵔ 30% ⴷⴰⴷⵖ ⵙ 2030.

TCE: The Chemical Engineer, (816), 26–31.

TCE: ⴰⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⵉⵎⵢⴰ, (816), 26–31.

Another example is the designing of transgenic plants to grow under specific environments in the presence (or absence) of chemicals.

ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⵓⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⵢⴰⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⵉ ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ (ⵏⵖⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ) ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ.

On the other hand, some of the uses of green biotechnology involve microorganisms to clean and reduce waste.

ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⴰⴽⵓⵛⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⵉⵣⴷⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⴹⵏ.

As well as the development of hormones, stem cells, antibodies, siRNA and diagnostic tests.

ⴷ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵀⵓⵔⵎⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵍⵎⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴷ siRNA ⴷ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴽⴰⵣⵏ.

One application is the creation of enhanced seeds that resist extreme environmental conditions of arid regions, which is related to the innovation, creation of agriculture techniques and management of resources.

ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵔⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵍⵊⴰⴼⴰⴼ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵍⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵔⵣⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ.

The purpose of pharmacogenomics is to develop rational means to optimize drug therapy, with respect to the patients' genotype, to ensure maximum efficacy with minimal adverse effects.

ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⴰⵔⵜ ⵊⵉⵏⵉ; ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⵍⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵊⵊⵓⵊⵢ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔ, ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏ, ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵚⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵡⴰⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ.

Modern biotechnology can be used to manufacture existing medicines relatively easily and cheaply.

ⵉⵖⵢ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ; ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⴽⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⵍⵉⵏ.

Genetic testing allows the genetic diagnosis of vulnerabilities to inherited diseases, and can also be used to determine a child's parentage (genetic mother and father) or in general a person's ancestry.

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴷⵊⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴽⵣ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵀⵛⵏ ⵏⵉⵍ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴽⴽⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵔⵔⴰⵏ (ⵎⵎⴰ ⴷ ⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⵎⴽⴽⵓⵙⴰ) ⵏⵖⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵔⵉⴽ.

Most of the time, testing is used to find changes that are associated with inherited disorders.

ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴼ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵄⵣⵄ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵙⵓ.

Biotechnology firms can contribute to future food security by improving the nutrition and viability of urban agriculture.

ⵖⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵉⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⵙⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵉⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ.

10% of the world's crop lands were planted with GM crops in 2010.

ⵜⵢⴰⴽⵔⴰⵣⵏ 10% ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⴳⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵣ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵜⵢⴰⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴽⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2010.

These techniques have allowed for the introduction of new crop traits as well as a far greater control over a food's genetic structure than previously afforded by methods such as selective breeding and mutation breeding.

ⵓⴷⵊⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴷⴰⵜ, ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴳⵎ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵔⵡ ⴰⵖⵓⴼⴼⴰⵏ.

These have been engineered for resistance to pathogens and herbicides and better nutrient profiles.

ⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵏⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉⵜⵏ.

Nonetheless, members of the public are much less likely than scientists to perceive GM foods as safe.

ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵀⴰⴽⴽⴰⴽ, ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴽⵉⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵉ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉ, ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⴰⵙⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ.

However, opponents have objected to GM crops per se on several grounds, including environmental concerns, whether food produced from GM crops is safe, whether GM crops are needed to address the world's food needs, and economic concerns raised by the fact these organisms are subject to intellectual property law.

ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏ, ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵉⴽ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴽⵚⵓⴹⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴽ ⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⴰⵙⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙ ⵏⵏ ⵇⵏⴻⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉ ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴽⵙ ⵍⴰⵥ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵜⴽⵙⵙⴰⴹ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ.

There are differences in the regulation of GMOs between countries, with some of the most marked differences occurring between the US and Europe.

ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵜⵢⴰⴽⵣⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ.

The European Union differentiates between approval for cultivation within the EU and approval for import and processing.

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵓⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵢⵉⵡⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ.

Each successful application is generally funded for five years then must be competitively renewed.

ⴷⴰ ⵓⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵥⵕⴼ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵄⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵏⴻⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔⵜ.

Cloning is the process of producing individual organisms with either identical or virtually identical DNA, either by natural or artificial means.

ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵙ DNA ⴰⵎⵙⵉⵙⴽⵍ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵖ ⵛⵡⵉⵢ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵉⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ.

It is used in a wide array of biological experiments and practical applications ranging from genetic fingerprinting to large scale protein production.

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵡ.

Initially, the DNA of interest needs to be isolated to provide a DNA segment of suitable size.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵉⵇⵏⴻⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ DNA ⵏⵉⵍ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰ ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴷⵊ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⴳ DNA ⵙ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ.

Following ligation the vector with the insert of interest is transfected into cells.

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵖⵔⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵍⵎⵉⴽⵜ.

A useful tissue culture technique used to clone distinct lineages of cell lines involves the use of cloning rings (cylinders).

ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵚⵟⵟⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴱⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⴼⵍⵓ ⵓⵙⵓⴼ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵅⵕⵚⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵍⵓ (ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵉⵎⵜ).

"This process is also called ""research cloning"" or ""therapeutic cloning""."

“ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ “ⴰⵙⵙⴳⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ”, ⵏⵖⴷ “ⴰⵙⵙⴳⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ”.”

Therapeutic cloning is achieved by creating embryonic stem cells in the hopes of treating diseases such as diabetes and Alzheimer's.

ⴷⴰ ⵜⵢⴰⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⵎⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴽⴽⵯⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵀⴰⵢⵎⵕ.

The reason why SCNT is used for cloning is because somatic cells can be easily acquired and cultured in the lab.

ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⴹ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⵡⵉⵙⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴽⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵢ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ.

The oocyte will react to the somatic cell nucleus, the same way it would to a sperm cell's nucleus.

ⵇⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴳⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⵓⵖⴰⵢⵏ.

The somatic cells could be used immediately or stored in the laboratory for later use.

ⵉⵖⵢ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴽⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵉⴽ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⵓⴼⵓⵔⵏ ⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ.

This creates a one-cell embryo.

ⴰⵢⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⵎⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵡⵜ ⵜⵏⵖⵔⵜ.

The successfully developed embryos are then placed in surrogate recipients, such as a cow or sheep in the case of farm animals.

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⵎⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵍⵇⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⴽⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵍⴰⵖ.

Another benefit is SCNT is seen as a solution to clone endangered species that are on the verge of going extinct.

ⵜⴰⴱⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴽⴽⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵙⵉⵡ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵛⵛⴽ.

Only three of these embryos survived until birth, and only one survived to adulthood.

ⵓⴳⵔⵏⴷ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵍⵓⵍⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵡⵏ ⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎ.

However, by 2014 researchers were reporting cloning success rates of seven to eight out of ten and in 2016, a Korean Company Sooam Biotech was reported to be producing 500 cloned embryos per day.

ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵀⴰⴽⴽⴰⴽ, ⴷⴷⴰⴳ ⵢⵓⵡⴹ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2014; ⵄⵍⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵙⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016; ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵄⵍⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⵙⵡⴰⵎ ⵏ ⴱⵢⵓ-ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵉⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ 500 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵍⵎⵢⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ.

Asexual reproduction is a naturally occurring phenomenon in many species, including most plants and some insects.

ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵡⵙⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⵊⵕⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ, ⴳ ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵅⵅⴰⵛ.

As an example, some European cultivars of grapes represent clones that have been propagated for over two millennia.

ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵢⴰⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.

Many trees, shrubs, vines, ferns and other herbaceous perennials form clonal colonies naturally.

ⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⵍⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⴳⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ.

In plants, parthenogenesis means the development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg cell, and is a component process of apomixis.

ⴳ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵍⵎⵢⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵖⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵍⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ apomixis.

Such clones are not strictly identical since the somatic cells may contain mutations in their nuclear DNA.

ⵉⵙⵏⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴽ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⴽⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ DNA ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ.

Artificial embryo splitting or embryo twinning, a technique that creates monozygotic twins from a single embryo, is not considered in the same fashion as other methods of cloning.

ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵟⵟⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵍⵎⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴽⵏⵉⵡⵏ ⵜⵙⵍⵎⵢⵉⵡⵜ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⵏⵉⵡⵏ ⵎⵎ ⵢⵓⵡⵏ ⵣⵉⵊⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵓⵡⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵉⴽ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵖⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.

Dolly's embryo was created by taking the cell and inserting it into a sheep ovum.

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⵢⴰ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⵡ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵍⵍⵉ.

She was cloned at the Roslin Institute in Scotland by British scientists Sir Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell and lived there from her birth in 1996 until her death in 2003 when she was six.

ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵣⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴽⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉⵜⵏ; ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵉⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵎⵓⵜ ⴷ ⴽⵉⵜ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵍ, ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵍⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1996 ⴰⴳ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2003 ⴷⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.

Dolly was publicly significant because the effort showed that genetic material from a specific adult cell, designed to express only a distinct subset of its genes, can be redesigned to grow an entirely new organism.

ⴷⵓⵍⵉ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴱⴰⵢⵏⴷ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⵎⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵖⵔⵜ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵍ ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵖⵢ ⵡⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵕⵉⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.

The first mammalian cloning (resulting in Dolly the sheep) had a success rate of 29 embryos per 277 fertilized eggs, which produced three lambs at birth, one of which lived.

ⵉⴽⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴹⴻⴹⵉⵏ (ⴷ ⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⵉ), ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⴰⵏ 29 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵍⵎⵢⴰ ⵉ ⴽⵓ 277 ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵍⴰⵙⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵏⵓⴳⵓⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ, ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴽⵙⵏ.

Notably, although the first clones were frogs, no adult cloned frog has yet been produced from a somatic adult nucleus donor cell.

ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉ ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⴻⵍ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵓ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⵉⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ.

However, other researchers, including Ian Wilmut who led the team that successfully cloned Dolly, argue that Dolly's early death due to respiratory infection was unrelated to problems with the cloning process.

ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵀⴰⴽⴽⴰⴽ, ⵎⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⵉⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵎⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵃⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⴷⵓⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⵉ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵙⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵏⴼⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍ.

"Soviet scientists Chaylakhyan, Veprencev, Sviridova, and Nikitin had the mouse ""Masha"" cloned."

ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵛⴰⵢⵍⴰⵅⵢⴰⵏ, ⴼⵉⴱⵔⵉⵏⴽⵉⴼ, ⵙⴼⵉⵔⵉⴷⵓⴼⴰ, ⴷ ⵏⵉⴽⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⴷⴰ “ⵎⴰⵛⴰ” ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍ.

More akin to artificial formation of twins.

ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴱ ⵡⴰⴽⵏⵉⵡⵏ.

Dog: Snuppy, a male Afghan hound was the first cloned dog (2005).

ⵉⴳⴷⵉ: ⵙⵏⵓⴱⴱⵉ, ⴰⵇⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍⵏ (2005).

Water buffalo: Samrupa was the first cloned water buffalo.

ⴰⵎⵓⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ: ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜ ⵙⴰⵎⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍⵏ.

Camel: (2009) Injaz, is the first cloned camel.

ⴰⵍⵖⵎ: (2009) ⵉⵏⵊⴰⵣ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍⵏ.

Goat: (2001) Scientists of Northwest A&F University successfully cloned the first goat which use the adult female cell.

ⵜⴰⵖⴰⴹⵜ: (2001) ⵎⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ Northwest A&F, ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⵖⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵖⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵜⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵜ.

Conducted in China in 2017, and reported in January 2018.

ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵚⵚⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2017, ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2018.

Black-footed ferret: (2020) In 2020, a team of scientists cloned a female named Willa, who died in the mid-1980s and left no living descendants.

ⵉⵣⵉⵔⴷⵉ ⴱⵓ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ: (2020) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2020, ⵜⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⵜⵔⴱⵉⵄⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵜⵎⵜ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵍⴰ, ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ 1980, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵊⵉ ⵉⵛⵉⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ.

It does not refer to the natural conception and delivery of identical twins.

ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵄⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵏⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵖⵏ.

As of right now, scientists have no intention of trying to clone people and they believe their results should spark a wider discussion about the laws and regulations the world needs to regulate cloning.

ⵙⴳ ⴷⵖⵉ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵜⵉ ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⵎⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵇⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴷⴰⴽⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵍ.

While many of these views are religious in origin, the questions raised by cloning are faced by secular perspectives as well.

ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ, ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⴷⴰⵜⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ.

Opponents of cloning have concerns that technology is not yet developed enough to be safe and that it could be prone to abuse (leading to the generation of humans from whom organs and tissues would be harvested), as well as concerns about how cloned individuals could integrate with families and with society at large.

ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵍⴰ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ; ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⴰⵙⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵅⵛⵏ ( ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴽⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵟⵟⴰⵜⵏ), ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ.

"This is also referred to as ""Conservation cloning""."

ⴰⵢⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵣⴰⵕⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵄⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ “ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉ”.

These successes provided hope that similar techniques (using surrogate mothers of another species) might be used to clone extinct species.

ⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵖⵉⵏ (ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴽⴽⵉⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ), ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⵓⵛⵛⴽⴰⵏ.

In 2002, geneticists at the Australian Museum announced that they had replicated DNA of the thylacine (Tasmanian tiger), at the time extinct for about 65 years, using polymerase chain reaction.

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2002, ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉ DNA ⵏ ⵉⵖⵓⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵉⵙⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜⵏ (ⴰⵖⵉⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵜⵉⵙⵎⴰⵏⵉ), ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵇⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 65 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵍⴱⵉⵍⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴳⴼⴼⵓⵔ.

In 2003, for the first time, an extinct animal, the Pyrenean ibex mentioned above was cloned, at the Centre of Food Technology and Research of Aragon, using the preserved frozen cell nucleus of the skin samples from 2001 and domestic goat egg-cells.

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2003, ⴳ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ, ⵖⴼ ⵍⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ, ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⴰⵔⴰⴳⵓⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵔⵜ ⵉⴳⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵢⴰⵃⴹⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵉⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2001 ⴷ ⵜⵏⵖⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵖⴰⴹ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ.

"""Когда вернутся мамонты"" (""When the Mammoths Return""), 5 February 2015 (retrieved 6 September 2015) Another problem is the survival of the reconstructed mammoth: ruminants rely on a symbiosis with specific microbiota in their stomachs for digestion."

"""Когда вернутся мамонты"" ( ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵍⵎⴰⵎⵓⵜ), 5 ⴼⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2015 ( ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵓⵔⴰⴷ ⴳ 6 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2015), ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵖⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵎⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵢⴰⵍⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ: ⴷⴰ ⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵎⵉⴽⵔⵓⴱⵢⵓⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵥⴰⵥ.”

Because of this, some posited she may have aged more quickly than other naturally born animals, as she died relatively early for a sheep at the age of six.

ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷ, ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵉⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⴳ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵣⵉⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵍⵇⵄ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ.

However, early pregnancy loss and neonatal losses are still greater with cloning than natural conception or assisted reproduction (IVF).

ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵀⴰⴽⴽⴰⴽ, ⵜⵉⵣⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⵃⵕⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ (IVF).

The concept of cloning, particularly human cloning, has featured a wide variety of science fiction works.

ⵉⴱⴰⵢⵏⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍ, ⵏⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ.

Many works depict the artificial creation of humans by a method of growing cells from a tissue or DNA sample; the replication may be instantaneous, or take place through slow growth of human embryos in artificial wombs.

ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜⵏ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵉⴼⵜ ⵏ DNA, ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵖⵉ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵍⵎⵉⵢⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵉⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ.

Science fiction films such as The Matrix and Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones have featured scenes of human foetuses being cultured on an industrial scale in mechanical tanks.

ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵜⵔⵉⴽⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ: ⵜⵙⴷⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ - ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⴷⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⵙⵔⵏ ⵢⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴷⴱⴱⴰⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵉⵢⵉⵏ.

A Number was adapted by Caryl Churchill for television, in a co-production between the BBC and HBO Films.

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵓⵎⴽ ⵓⵣⵡⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⴰⵔⵢⴰⵍ ⵜⵛⵉⵔⵛⵍ, ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ BBC ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵙ ⵏ HBO.