Datasets:

PaulLerner

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viquae_wikipedia

like 0

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{ "paragraph": [ "Mike Raczka\n", "Michael \"Mike\" Raczka (born November 16, 1962) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher. Raczka played for the Oakland Athletics in the season.\n", "He was drafted by the Baltimore Orioles in the 5th round of the 1984 amateur draft.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Baseball-Reference.com page\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jardel Filho\n", "Jardel Filho (24 July 1928 – 19 February 1983) was a Brazilian film actor. He appeared in 45 films between 1949 and 1982.\n", "Section::::Selected filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Leonora of the Seven Seas\" (1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Three Loves in Rio\" (1959)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cidade Ameaçada\" (1960)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (1962)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Searching for Monica\" (1962)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Entranced Earth\" (1967)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Macunaíma\" (1969)\n", "BULLET::::- \"O Bem-Amado\" (1973)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pixote\" (1981)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Roy Radebaugh\n", "Roy Radebaugh (February 22, 1881 – January 17, 1945) was a Major League Baseball pitcher. Radebaugh played for the St. Louis Cardinals in . In 2 career games, he had a 0–0 record with a 2.70 ERA. He batted and threw right-handed.\n", "Radebaugh was born in Champaign, Illinois, and died in Cedar Rapids, Iowa.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Baseball Reference.com page\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Stefan Frei\n", "Stefan Frei (born 20 April 1986) is a Swiss-American footballer who currently plays as a goalkeeper for Seattle Sounders FC in Major League Soccer. Frei has played his entire professional career in Major League Soccer.\n", "Section::::Youth and college.\n", "Frei moved from Switzerland to the United States in the late 1990s, attended De La Salle High School in Concord, California, and played college soccer at the University of California, Berkeley. In 2008, he was named to the All-Pac-10 first team and the NSCAA Far West All-Region team, and was also named to Top Drawer Soccer's Team of the Season. During his college years, Frei also played with both San Francisco Seals and San Jose Frogs in the USL Premier Development League.\n", "Section::::Club career.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Toronto FC.\n", "Frei was named MVP at the 2009 MLS Player Combine in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, and signed a Generation Adidas contract. He was drafted in the first round (13th overall) of the 2009 MLS SuperDraft by Toronto FC.\n", "He made his professional debut on 21 March 2009, in Toronto's first game of the 2009 MLS season against Kansas City Wizards, and soon established himself as the team's first choice goalkeeper. Shortly after Frei was named Toronto FC Player of the Month for April 2009. Frei also won MLS's Save of the Week for week 15 and then three times consecutively for week 24, 25 and 26 of the 2009 season.\n", "He played in 3 games of the 2009 Canadian Championship going 3–0 and ultimately making key saves in the deciding game that ensured Toronto FC would win by at least 4 goals on goal differential and their first trophy.\n", "On 25 April 2010, Frei picked up his first clean sheet of the 2010 season in a 2–0 home win over Seattle Sounders FC. Frei had another standout season as Toronto's first choice keeper. He finished the season with a 1.32 goals against average and a 70% save percentage, he improved all statistics from his rookie season. It was announced on 18 November 2010 that Frei would graduate from the MLS Generation Adidas program at the end of the 2010 season.\n", "In January 2011, after the hire of Aron Winter as the club's new coach, he stated in an interview that Julian De Guzman, Dwayne De Rosario and Stefan would be the key players of the upcoming season and he was impressed with Frei's abilities. Frei recorded his first clean sheet of the 2011 season in the second game of the year in a 2–0 home victory over Portland Timbers on 26 March. Frei also earned his third assist since playing with Toronto setting up the second goal for Javier Martina, it was later awarded the Goal of the Week in MLS. Following the departure of Toronto captain Dwayne De Rosario in early April, Coach Winter named Maicon Santos as the replacement captain while Frei would become vice captain. On 13 April against Los Angeles Galaxy Frei wore the captain's armband for the first time with Toronto due to an injury to Santos, the game ended in a 0–0 home draw. Frei started most games in the first half of 2011 but faced some injuries, after resting a few games backup keeper Miloš Kocić strung together several strong performances creating a highly competitive environment at the position. At the end of the season it was announced that Frei would be training with Liverpool, and return to Toronto before pre-season training.\n", "After making his season debut against Los Angeles Galaxy on 7 March in the 2011–12 CONCACAF Champions League quarterfinals first leg, Frei sat out the second leg with Kocić being given the start. Much speculation began to arise with rumors of Frei being traded, however the following week he sustained a broken fibula during training. Two weeks later the club announced that Frei would have to undergo surgery to repair ligaments in his left ankle, he is expected to be out for four to six months putting his entire season in jeopardy.\n", "Following a year of recovery, Frei entered the 2013 pre-season as the first choice keeper, however, he suffered a minor injury in training allowing back up Joe Bendik to start in the season opener. Bendik continued to put in strong performances forcing coach Ryan Nelsen to stick with him, Frei earned his first start in over a year in a Canadian Championship match against Montreal Impact on 24 April 2013, the game ended in a 2–0 home victory for Toronto.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Seattle Sounders.\n", "Frei was traded to Seattle Sounders FC on 10 December 2013 in exchange for a conditional pick in the 2015 MLS SuperDraft.\n", "Frei was one of the best goalkeepers in the league during the 2016 MLS Season, keeping eight clean-sheets in 33 appearances (the joint fourth-most kept by a goalkeeper that season), as Seattle qualified for the playoffs after finishing fourth in the Western Conference. He only conceded three goals in the MLS Cup playoffs, keeping four clean sheets in six postseason matches. Frei was named MLS Cup 2016 MVP after making seven saves in regular play, and another in the 5–4 penalty shoot-out victory in the final against his former club, Toronto, following a 0–0 draw after extra-time; his decisive save on Jozy Altidore's header in the second half of extra-time was later described by the MLSSoccer.com reporter Sam Stejskal as \"one of the best saves in MLS Cup history.\"\n", "Throughout the 2017 MLS season, Frei confirmed himself as one of the league's best goalkeepers once again: he started 33 games throughout the regular season, making 84 saves over the course of the year for a 69.4 per cent save percentage, and averaging 1.09 goals against per game, while also managing to keep 13 clean sheets, more than any other goalkeeper. In the Playoffs, Frei only made four saves en route to the MLS Cup final, but kept four consecutive clean sheets, as Seattle reached the final without conceding a goal. On 9 December 2017 he started in the 2017 MLS Cup Final against his former club Toronto FC at BMO Field, a rematch of the previous season's final; Toronto won the match 2–0 to complete an unprecedented treble of the MLS Cup, the Supporters' Shield, and the Canadian Championship, but Frei drew praise in the media for his performance throughout the match, following a string of impressive saves to keep the score level at half time, and made nine stops overall within the first hour of play.\n", "Section::::International career.\n", "Frei was a member of the Swiss U-15 national team.\n", "In January 2017, Frei was called into camp for the United States national team by Bruce Arena. Frei became a U.S. citizen in June 2017.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Stefan is a second-cousin of the retired captain of, and all-time leading scorer for, the Swiss national football team, Alexander Frei, an accomplished striker twice voted Swiss player of the year, who used to play for Axpo Super League club FC Basel and is now a youth coach for FC Basel.\n", "Frei announced on Twitter that he has officially become a U.S. citizen on June 13, 2017. He lives with his wife, Jennifer, and two dogs in Queen Anne. Frei began painting in his spare time and has collaborated with companies and charitable organizations for his pieces.\n", "Section::::Honors.\n", "Section::::Honors.:Club.\n", "BULLET::::- Toronto FC\n", "BULLET::::- Canadian Championship: 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012\n", "BULLET::::- Seattle Sounders\n", "BULLET::::- MLS Cup: 2016\n", "BULLET::::- MLS Supporters' Shield: 2014\n", "BULLET::::- U.S. Open Cup: 2014\n", "Section::::Honors.:Individual.\n", "BULLET::::- Red Patch Boys Player of the Year: 2010\n", "BULLET::::- MLS Cup MVP: 2016\n", "BULLET::::- MLS All-Star: 2017\n", "BULLET::::- MLS Save of the Year Award: 2018\n", "BULLET::::- MLS Goalkeeper of the Year Award: 2017 (Third Place), 2018 (Second Place)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- University of California profile\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Giselle Itié\n", "Giselle Itié Ramos (born October 4, 1981) is a Mexican-Brazilian actress. Itié is best known for her roles as Anabela Palhares in the Brazilian telenovela \"Bela, a Feia\" and as Sandra in the Action movie \"The Expendables\".\n", "In 2001, she started her career as an actress in a Brazilian telenovela. In 2009, she debuted as protagonist in the telenovela \"Bela, a Feia\", the Brazilian version for the Colombian \"Yo soy Betty, la fea\". Giselle Itié also took part in the film \"The Expendables\", co-written, directed by and starring Sylvester Stallone.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Giselle came to Brazil as a child on 4th of October 1981. Her father and mother lost everything in the terrible earthquake that destroyed Mexico City, in 1985. She was born to a Mexican father and a Brazilian mother from São Paulo. Due to the earthquake in 1985, she moved with her family to her mother's native Brazil.\n", "Giselle lied to her family to pursue her artistic career: telling her father that she needed money to pay for a gym membership, she instead spent the money on a theater course at Televisa, the leading television station in Mexico. For eight months the actress stayed at the home of relatives in Mexico, convinced that she wanted to continue pursuing an acting career.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Her long standing desire to work as an actress finally came true at age 18. Disheartened by her modeling career, she signed up for an audition \"Os Maias\" after much insistence by an employee of Elite Model Management. Two months later, after auditioning with Rede Globo of the monologue \"Engraçadinha: Seus Amores e Seus Pecados\", his loves and sins, Nelson Rodrigues, the station received a statement confirming the interpreter as Lola in the miniseries. The character in question was a courtesan, forcing forced the Itie to dispense with her shyness during some spicy scenes. Still, Giselle was frustrated after \"Os Maias\". Although she expected the series to be renewed in global production, it wasn't.\n", "The same year 2001, she accepted an audition for \"Pícara Sonhadora\", adapted from the original Mexican production and revivals of soap operas in the core SBT. Gisele won the role of villain Bárbara, lover of the protagonist played by Petrônio Gontijo.\n", "She was then called by the director Luiz Fernando Carvalho who offered her the character Eulália of \"Esperança\", 2002.\n", "In 2004 she was one of the protagonists of the novel \"Começar de Novo\" and in 2005 participated in the \"Mandrake\" series, for HBO Brazil. In 2006, she was also one of the protagonists of the show \"Avassaladoras\". In the same year, she served in the novel \"Pé na Jaca\".\n", "In 2007, he attended the show in Portugal \"O Mistério da Estrada de Sintra\". That same year participated is of the novel \"O Profeta\", is of the third edition of the framework of Domingão do Faustão called \"Dança no Gelo\". It was going well, getting featured in the program, but a head injury leads to stop her taking part in the picture. The actress has recovered from the injury without sequelae.\n", "In 2008, she participated in several episodes of the series and \"Casos e Acasos\" and \"Faça Sua História\".\n", "In 2009, she worked in a movie, \"Inversão\" of Edu Felistoque. That same year, the actress was the protagonist of the novel \"Bela, a Feia\" aired by Rede Record.\n", "The following year debuted the film \"The Expendables\", in which she played Sandra, opposite Sylvester Stallone.\n", "In 2012, she was one of the protagonists of the telenovela \"Máscaras\" of Rede Record. It was the same year in two foreign films, \"On the Road\" of Walter Salles Jr., and was the film's protagonist Chilean \"Caleuche: El llamado del mar\".\n", "Between 2015 and 2016, she played Zipporah in \"Os Dez Mandamentos\".\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "In 2014, Itié married actor Emilio Dantas. In the same year, she had to leave the cast of \"Vitória\", where she would have interpreted the character Renata (which was subsequently interpreted by Maytê Piragibe), due to a motorcycle accident during their honeymoon in Thailand. In 2015, she and actor Emilio Dantas separate. On November 11, 2015, Giselle, she assumes her relationship with the actor Guilherme Winter.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Giselle Itie" ] }, "description": "Brazilian actress", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q288602", "wikidata_label": "Giselle Itié", "wikipedia_title": "Giselle Itié" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Božidar Ferjančić\n", "Božidar Ferjančić (; 17 February 1929 – 28 June 1998) was a Serbian historian, a specialist in medieval Serbian history and the later Byzantine empire. He was member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.\n", "Ferjančić was born in Belgrade, at the time part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Ferjančić graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Belgrade in History in 1953 and after additional study at the same university, where he worked under George Ostrogorsky, receiving his doctorate in 1960 with a dissertation entitled \"Despots in Byzantium and the Lands of the South Slavs\". He then taught at the University of Belgrade's Faculty of Philosophy. He advanced rapidly and in 1965 was made associate professor and in 1970 professor. In 1973 he assumed the chairmanship of the Institute for Byzantine Studies after Ostrogorsky's retirement, a post Ferjančić occupied until his death in 1998. In 1977 he became the director of the institute, a post held by Ostrogorsky before he died in 1976. Ferjančić was made corresponding member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts in 1978 and a regular member a couple of years later. He died on 28 June (\"Vidovdan\") in Belgrade.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Serbian historian", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3622723", "wikidata_label": "Božidar Ferjančić", "wikipedia_title": "Božidar Ferjančić" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Patrik Sjöberg\n", "Jan Niklas Patrik Sjöberg (; born 5 January 1965) is a Swedish former high jumper. He broke the world record with in Stockholm on 30 June 1987. This mark is still the European record and ranks him third on the world all-time list behind Javier Sotomayor and Mutaz Essa Barshim. He is also a former two-time world indoor record holder with marks of 2.38 m (1985) and 2.41 m (1987). He is the 1987 World Champion and a three-time Olympic medallist.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Sjöberg was born in Gothenburg, Västra Götaland and was a member of the Örgryte IS club.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Sjöberg has a gold medal from the World Championships in Rome 1987 and has three Olympic medals: silver medals from Los Angeles 1984 and Barcelona 1992, and a bronze medal from Seoul 1988. Sjöberg is the only high jumper to have won medals in more than two Olympic Games. He won the 1985 World Indoor Games, is a four-time European Indoor champion and twice won the World Cup title.\n", "Sjöberg received the Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal in 1985. He has inspired many later Swedish high jumpers, most notably Kajsa Bergqvist, Linus Thörnblad, Staffan Strand, and Stefan Holm. His world record of 2.42 m was broken 15 months later, when, on the eve of the Seoul Summer Olympics, Javier Sotomayor jumped 2.43 m in September 1988 at a meet in Spain.\n", "Sjoberg competed as a celebrity dancer on Let's Dance 2014, finishing fourth.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "In his 2011 autobiography, Sjöberg revealed that he had been sexually molested as a child by Viljo Nousiainen, a prominent Swedish athletics coach.\n", "He has a daughter, Isabelle.\n", "Section::::Competition record.\n", "Representing Europebr\n", "No mark in the final\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Men's high jump records - IAAF\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Swedish high jumper", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q362389", "wikidata_label": "Patrik Sjöberg", "wikipedia_title": "Patrik Sjöberg" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Gérard Bouchard\n", "Gérard Bouchard (born 1943) is a Canadian historian and sociologist affiliated with the Université du Québec à Chicoutimi. Born on 26 December 1943 in Jonquière, Quebec, he obtained his master's degree in sociology from Université Laval in 1968 and later obtained his PhD degree in history from the University of Paris in 1971. Bouchard had authored, co-authored, edited, or co-edited 26 books, and published 230 papers in scientific journals as of 2005.\n", "Bouchard is the younger brother of Lucien Bouchard, Premier of Quebec from 1996 to 2001. Like his brother, he is a supporter of the Quebec sovereignty movement. In 2007, he was appointed along with Charles Taylor to chair a provincial government inquiry into \"reasonable accommodation\".\n", "Section::::Timeline.\n", "BULLET::::- 1971 – He begins teaching at the Université du Québec à Chicoutimi.\n", "BULLET::::- 1972 – He founds the BALSAC database\n", "BULLET::::- 1976 – He founds the Société de recherches sur les populations (SOREP), which became the Institut interuniversitaire de recherche sur les populations (IREP) in 1994.\n", "BULLET::::- 1985 – He receives the Jacques Rousseau Award of the Association canadienne-française pour l'avancement des sciences.\n", "BULLET::::- 1993 – he receives the Prix du Québec (Prix Léon-Gérin for Science) for his contribution to social studies.\n", "BULLET::::- 1996 – He receives the , the Prix François-Xavier-Garneau, and the Prix John A. Macdonald for his work \"Quelques arpents d'Amérique : Population, économie, famille au Saguenay, 1838–1971\".\n", "BULLET::::- 1999 – His work \"La Nation québécoise au futur et au passé\" is published.\n", "BULLET::::- 2000 – He receives the Governor General Literary Award for his work \"Genèse des nations et cultures du Nouveau Monde\".\n", "BULLET::::- 2001 – He receives the .\n", "BULLET::::- 2001 – He receives an honorary doctorate from McGill University.\n", "BULLET::::- 2002 – His first fictional work, \"\", is published. A second novel entitled \"Pikauba\" followed in 2005.\n", "BULLET::::- 2002 – Was made a Knight of the Legion of Honour by the French government.\n", "BULLET::::- 2003 – His work \"Les Deux Chanoines – Contradiction et ambivalence dans la pensée de Lionel Groulx\" is published.\n", "BULLET::::- 2004 – His work \"\", 1850–1960 is published.\n", "BULLET::::- 2006 – He receives an honorary doctorate from the Université de Moncton.\n", "BULLET::::- February 2007 – He is named co-chair, along with the philosopher Charles Taylor, of the Bouchard–Taylor Commission, a one-year Quebec commission to examine the issue of \"reasonable accommodation\" for minorities in the province.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Imaginary (sociology)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Homepage of Gérard Bouchard at the UQAC\n", "BULLET::::- Various newspaper articles on Gérard Bouchard\n", "BULLET::::- Profile on the Website of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research\n", "BULLET::::- Article de Gérard Bouchard, présentant son ouvrage \"L'interculturalisme : Un point de vue québécois\", 2012.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Gerard Bouchard", "G Bouchard" ] }, "description": "Canadian historian and sociologist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3123783", "wikidata_label": "Gérard Bouchard", "wikipedia_title": "Gérard Bouchard" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ferenc Kósa\n", "Ferenc Kósa (21 November 1937 – 12 December 2018) was a Hungarian film director and screenwriter. He directed thirteen films between 1961 and 1988. He won the award for Best Director at the 1967 Cannes Film Festival for the film \"Ten Thousand Days\".\n", "Section::::Selected filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Upthrown Stone\" (1969)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ten Thousand Days\" (1967)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hószakadás\" (\"Snowfall\") (1974)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Ferenc Kosa" ] }, "description": "Hungarian film director and screenwriter", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q252245", "wikidata_label": "Ferenc Kósa", "wikipedia_title": "Ferenc Kósa" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Tibor Molnár\n", "Tibor Molnár (26 July 1921 – 24 November 1982) was a Hungarian film actor. He appeared in 96 films between 1948 and 1982.\n", "Section::::Selected filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Treasured Earth\" (1948)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Two Confessions\" (1957)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Refuge England\" (1959)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Two Half Times in Hell\" (1962)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Round-Up\" (1965)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Twenty Hours\" (1965)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Red and the White\" (1967)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ten Thousand Days\" (1967)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Stars of Eger\" (1968)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Upthrown Stone\" (1969)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Man Without a Name\" (1976)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hungarians\" (1978)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Forbidden Relations\" (1983)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Tibor Molnar" ] }, "description": "Hungarian actor", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1178759", "wikidata_label": "Tibor Molnár", "wikipedia_title": "Tibor Molnár" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Robert Knight Rudolph\n", "Robert Knight Rudolph (June 8, 1906 — July 14, 1986) was an American Reformed Episcopal minister and theologian. He served as Professor of Systematic Theology and Christian Ethics at the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Episcopal Church in Philadelphia for forty-nine years before his retirement in 1981. Together Rudolph and his father trained men for the gospel ministry at this institution for a total of seventy-four years. Rudolph was known for his strict adherence to Calvinism and presuppositional apologetics.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Rudolph, the son of Bishop Robert Livingston Rudolph and his wife Anna Knight Rudolph, was born in New York City on June 8, 1906. He married Ruth Muriel Andrews of Dorset, VT. Ruth's mother owned a maple candy store there. He used to say that he loved maple candy and he loved the clerk.\n", "After attending the Collegiate School in New York, Rudolph earned his undergraduate degree at the University of Pennsylvania in 1929. He went on to receive two graduate degrees. He earned a Bachelor of Divinity from the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Episcopal Church in 1932, at which time the commencement speaker was J. Gresham Machen, founder of Westminster Theological Seminary in Philadelphia. Rudolph began teaching at Reformed Episcopal Seminary that year and continued his studies at Westminster, where he received a Master of Theology degree. In the course of his training, he studied under Machen, Cornelius Van Til and Gordon Haddon Clark. His theology reflected the influences of all three men.\n", "Since 1932, Rudolph taught at many schools, including the Philadelphia College of the Bible (now Philadelphia Biblical University) in Philadelphia and the Teacher's College (now Castleton State College) in Castleton, Vermont, but his greatest influence was at Reformed Episcopal Seminary, which also awarded him an honorary Doctor of Divinity in 1944.\n", "In addition to teaching, Rudolph served as Assistant Editor and finally Associate Editor of the \"Episcopal Recorder\", a publication of the Reformed Episcopal Church. He contributed frequently to other church papers and magazines as well. In 1949, he was asked by William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company to write an Introduction for its printing of John Calvin's commentary on the book of Genesis. When Reformed Episcopal Seminary published a festscrift in 1986 commemorating its centennial, the editor included an article by Rudolph titled “The Attributes of God and God’s Image in Man.”\n", "Rudolph was known for his hospitality, often giving generously to needy students. He also opened his family home, the Chalet (Dorset, VT) to family friends, including Fred Kuehner, Theophilus Herter, Howard David Higgins, Gordon Clark and countless newlyweds.\n", "Rudolph died of cancer on July 14, 1986, at his home in Quarryville, PA, and was buried in the Maple Hill Cemetery near his family home in Dorset, VT.\n", "Section::::Rudolphisms.\n", "Rudolph often summarized complex theological doctrines in short aphorisms. Here are some of his common ones (as found in his students’ notes):\n", "Section::::Rudolphisms.:The Bible.\n", "BULLET::::- We must have a Biblical standard by which to judge both our theology and our experience: Open minds, like open windows, need screens to keep the bugs out.\n", "BULLET::::- Don't be satisfied to learn Scripture truth second hand. If you make a duplicate key from the master key, then a duplicate key from the first duplicate, in four generations the keys will not fit the lock. You must have constant reference to the Master Key. (Check your doctrine by the inspired Word of God.)\n", "BULLET::::- It's true as far as it goes, and it won't turn out in reverse.\n", "BULLET::::- There is only one interpretation but many applications.\n", "BULLET::::- The real miracle is the Bible.\n", "Section::::Rudolphisms.:Doctrine of Creation.\n", "BULLET::::- He is not it; and it is not He. God makes ducks, but he doesn't quack.\n", "BULLET::::- God is the changeless author of a world that he changes.\n", "BULLET::::- Creating the earth did not add to the glory of God. It just showed what he is capable of doing because of his glory.\n", "BULLET::::- Origins and Destinies belong to the Lord and cannot be looked at in the laboratory; they are properly studied as theology, not science.\n", "BULLET::::- The world believes God owes it something rather than the world owing God everything. The first is the wheelbarrow pushing the man.\n", "Section::::Rudolphisms.:The Will of God.\n", "BULLET::::- Is what is ought to be?\n", "BULLET::::- It's okay to wish someone “good luck,” as long as you understand that everything comes by divine providence.\n", "BULLET::::- The final cause is never the responsible cause. When you receive the new birth, who goes to heaven — you or God?\n", "Section::::Rudolphisms.:Faith.\n", "BULLET::::- Seeing is not believing, but believing IS seeing. (Read Romans 1:25 and then Romans 1:18–20.)\n", "Section::::Rudolphisms.:Conscience.\n", "BULLET::::- The normal reasoning powers of the mind addressing itself to matters of right and wrong according to the standard that it has been taught and according to the degree that it has accepted that standard.\n", "Section::::Rudolphisms.:The Church.\n", "BULLET::::- You can no more have an invisible church without a visible church than a walnut without a walnut shell. No, the visible church is not perfect; did you ever try to eat the walnut shell?\n", "BULLET::::- You need competition to keep the Church pure. The Old Testament Church became impure; the Reformation is running downhill. God himself brought the New Testament Church outside of the Old Testament Church; he did not try to revive it from within.\n", "Section::::Rudolphisms.:Baptism.\n", "BULLET::::- The Israelites crossed the Red Sea dry shod; the Egyptians were immersed.\n", "Section::::Rudolphisms.:The Second Coming.\n", "BULLET::::- A lot of people are so interested in the second coming that they don't do anything about the first.\n", "Section::::Rudolphisms.:Everlasting Punishment.\n", "BULLET::::- In this life you'll receive it on the ‘law of averages’; in the next life, Absolutely.\n", "BULLET::::- How do you know that temporary happiness will not turn out to be permanent pain?\n", "BULLET::::- If you don't think there is a hell, you're not interested in heaven.\n", "Section::::Rudolphisms.:Christian Character.\n", "BULLET::::- Seek to set a godly example, but remember, If you wait to live it, you'll never preach it.\n", "BULLET::::- If you don't have the fruit; you don't have the root.\n", "BULLET::::- “Be diligent to make your calling and election sure.” Who are you making it sure to? Not God. He is omniscient. It must be to yourself and others around you.\n", "BULLET::::- Freedom is what a train has when it is confined to its tracks. If the train jumps the tracks to go its own way, it runs aground. Man is free only when he follows God's law—choosing to go his own way, he runs amok.\n", "BULLET::::- Keeping the Commandments does not mean you avoid trouble in this life (it's relative), but you do in the next.\n", "BULLET::::- Character is not created by environment but by God. Character determines action. Character is a creation and you deal with it as such (a lion is a lion and you treat him as one).\n", "Section::::Rudolphisms.:Education.\n", "BULLET::::- No one has said for 50 years that you go to college to learn the truth.\n", "BULLET::::- The only thing that experience teaches is how to do a repetitive act better.\n", "BULLET::::- Seminary first!\n", "Section::::Rudolphisms.:Liberal Theology.\n", "BULLET::::- Liberals often use the terms of orthodoxy but mean something entirely different. Ask for definitions, and he'll run for the five-fifteen.\n", "BULLET::::- Don't try to dress up a poor substitute for the real thing. It's baloney, no matter how thin you slice it!\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- Robert Knight Rudolph, “The Attributes of God and God’s Image in Man” in \"Ambitious to be Well-Pleasing\", ed. Allen Carl Guelzo, (Jefferson, MD: Trinity Foundation, 1986), pp. 59–88.\n", "BULLET::::- Robert Knight Rudolph, “Introduction” in Calvin's Commentary on Genesis (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1949).\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- RKR Lectures available at http://feedingonchrist.com/three-ways-the-new-testament-writer-quote-the-old-testament/\n", "BULLET::::- Students of Robert Knight Rudolph reminisce on Facebook at https://www.facebook.com/home.php#/group.php?gid=55953822076\n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- “A Trilogy of Tributes” in \"RESume\" (Summer, 1986), p. 9.\n", "BULLET::::- “Dr. Rudolph — a P.K.’s Perspective in \"RESume\" (Fall, 1981), pp. 1, 3.\n", "BULLET::::- Fred O. Kirms, “An Appreciation” in the \"Episcopal Recorder\" (Sept. 1977), pp. 7–9.\n", "BULLET::::- Raymond A. Acker, \"A History of the Reformed Episcopal Seminary 1886–1964\" (Phila.: Theological Seminary of the Reformed Episcopal Church, 1965).\n", "BULLET::::- “Rev. Robert K. Rudolph” (Obituary) in the New York Times (16 July 1986), accessed at https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DEFDF103AF935A25754C0A960948260.\n", "BULLET::::- “Rudolphisms” in \"RESume\" (Fall, 1981), pp. 4–5.\n", "BULLET::::- Walter G. Truesdell, “Robert Knight Rudolph, 1906–1986: In Memorium” in \"RESume\" (Summer, 1986), p. 1.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Harriet Bosse\n", "Harriet Sofie Bosse (19 February 1878 – 2 November 1961) was a Swedish–Norwegian actress. A celebrity in her own day, Bosse is today most commonly remembered as the third wife of the playwright August Strindberg. Bosse began her career in a minor company run by her forceful older sister Alma Fahlstrøm in Kristiania (now Oslo, the capital of Norway). Having secured an engagement at the Royal Dramatic Theatre (\"Dramaten\"), the main drama venue of Sweden's capital Stockholm, Bosse caught the attention of Strindberg with her intelligent acting and exotic \"oriental\" appearance.\n", "After a whirlwind courtship, which unfolds in detail in Strindberg's letters and diary, Strindberg and Bosse were married in 1901, when he was 52 and she 23. Strindberg wrote a number of major roles for Bosse during their short and stormy relationship, especially in 1900–01, a period of great creativity and productivity for him. Like his previous two marriages, the relationship failed as a result of Strindberg's jealousy, which some biographers have characterized as paranoid. The spectrum of Strindberg's feelings about Bosse, ranging from worship to rage, is reflected in the roles he wrote for her to play, or as portraits of her. Despite her real-life role as muse to Strindberg, she remained an independent artist.\n", "Bosse married Swedish actor in 1908, and Swedish screen actor, director, and matinee idol Edvin Adolphson in 1927. All three of her marriages ended in divorce after a few years, leaving her with a daughter by Strindberg and a son by Wingård. On retiring after a high-profile acting career based in Stockholm, she returned to her roots in Oslo.\n", "Section::::Early career.\n", "Bosse was born in Norway's capital Kristiania, today called Oslo, as the thirteenth of fourteen children of Anne-Marie and Johann Heinrich Bosse. Her German father was a publisher and bookseller, and his business led to the family's alternating residence in Kristiania and Stockholm, the capital of Sweden. Bosse was to experience some confusion of national identity throughout her life, and to take the rail trip between the cities many times. A bold, independent child, she first made the journey alone when she was only six years old.\n", "Two of Bosse's older sisters, Alma (1863–1947) and Dagmar (1866–1954), were already successful performers when Harriet was a small child. Inspired by these role models, Harriet began her acting career in a Norwegian touring company run by her sister Alma and Alma's husband Johan Fahlstrøm (1867–1938). Invited to play Juliet in \"Romeo and Juliet\", the eighteen-year-old Harriet reported in a letter to her sister Inez that she had been paralysed by stage-fright before the premiere, but had then taken delight in the performance, the curtain-calls, and the way people stared at her in the street the next day. Alma was Harriet's first and only—rather authoritarian—acting teacher. Their harmonious and sisterly teacher–pupil relationship became strained when Alma discovered that her husband Johan and Harriet were having an affair. Both Bosse parents were now dead, and Harriet, ordered by Alma to leave, used a modest legacy from her father to finance studies in Stockholm, Copenhagen, and Paris.\n", "The Paris stage—at that time in dynamic conflict between traditional and experimental production styles—was inspirational for Bosse and convinced her that the low-key realistic acting style in which she was training herself was the right choice. Returning to Scandinavia, she was hesitant as to whether she should carve out a career in Stockholm, with its greater opportunities, or in Kristiania, to which she had closer emotional ties. In spite of the disadvantage of speaking Swedish with a Norwegian accent, Bosse let herself be persuaded by her opera-singer sister Dagmar to try her luck in Stockholm. She applied for a place at the Royal Dramatic Theatre (\"Dramaten\"), the main drama venue of Stockholm, governed by the conservative tastes of King Oscar II and his personal advisors. After working hard at elocution lessons to improve her Swedish, which was Dramaten's condition for employing her, Bosse was eventually to become famous on the Swedish stage for her beautiful speaking voice and precise articulation. Having trained her Swedish to a high level, she was engaged by Dramaten in 1899, where the sensation of the day was the innovative play \"Gustaf Vasa\" by August Strindberg.\n", "Section::::Marriage to August Strindberg.\n", "Section::::Marriage to August Strindberg.:August Strindberg.\n", "Although Bosse was a successful professional, she is chiefly remembered as the third wife of Swedish dramatist August Strindberg (1849–1912). Strindberg, an important influence on the development of modern drama, had become nationally known in the 1870s as an angry young socialist muckraker and had risen to fame with his satire on the Swedish establishment, \"The Red Room\" (1879). In the 1890s, he had suffered a long and miserable psychotic interlude, known as the \"\"Inferno\" Crisis\", and, emerging from this ordeal, he remained marked by it. He turned from naturalism to symbolism in his prolific literary output, and his convictions and interests at the turn of the twentieth century focused less on politics and more on theosophy, mysticism, and the occult. When Bosse met him in 1899–1900, he was, at age 51, at the height of his creative powers, his name \"red-hot\" on the stage.\n", "Strindberg had the reputation of a misogynist, something which all of his wives stoutly denied. Bosse wrote in an unpublished statement which she left to her daughter with Strindberg, Anne-Marie: \"During the years I knew and was married to Strindberg I saw only a completely natural, kind, honorable, faithful man—a 'gentleman'\". However, all of Strindberg's marriages were blighted by his jealousy and a sensitivity which has sometimes been considered paranoid and delusional.\n", "Section::::Marriage to August Strindberg.:Courtship.\n", " Bosse later published Strindberg's letters from their courtship and marriage. Incidents narrated in those letters and in Bosse's own interspersed comments have been analysed at length by biographers and psychiatrists, and have become part of the \"Strindberg legend\". Even before their first meeting, Bosse had been inspired by the newness and freshness of Strindberg's pioneering plays; an iconoclast and radical with two turbulent marriages already behind him presented an intriguing and irresistible mix to her.\n", "Strindberg was susceptible to strong, independent career women, as well as to dainty, delicate-looking young girls; like his first and second wives—Siri von Essen and Frida Uhl—Bosse combined these qualities. He was entranced when he saw the dark, exotic-looking, petite twenty-two-year-old Bosse (who was often cast in sprite roles or what were conceptualized as \"Oriental\" roles) play her first major part, an impish Puck in \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\". He immediately picked her out as a suitable actress for the part of The Lady in his coming play \"To Damascus\", and invited her to his bachelor establishment to discuss the role. At this famous first meeting, Strindberg, according to Bosse's narrative of the event, met her at the door all smiles and charm. Offering her wine, flowers, and beautifully arranged fruit, he shared with her his fascination with alchemy, showing her a golden brown mixture he told her was gold he had made. When she got up to leave, Bosse claims Strindberg asked for the feather in her hat to use for writing his plays. Bosse gave it to him, and he used this feather, with a steel nib insert, to write all his dramas during their marriage. It is now in the Strindberg Museum in Stockholm.\n", "Strindberg wooed Bosse by sending her books about theosophy and the occult, by attempting to mould her mind, and by furthering her career. Throwing himself into writing plays with central parts he considered suitable for her, he tried to persuade her to act them, and the Dramaten management to cast her in them. Bosse asserts in her edition of the \"Letters\" that she tended to hang back, as did the management, being in agreement that she lacked the experience for major and complex roles. Strindberg, a power in the theatre, nevertheless often prevailed. The role of Eleonora in \"Easter\" (1901), which intimidated Bosse by its sensitivity and delicacy, but which she finally undertook to play, turned out to be Bosse's most successful and beloved role, and a turning-point in Bosse's and Strindberg's relationship. They became engaged in March 1901, during the rehearsals of \"Easter\", in what in Bosse's narrative may be the best-known incident of the Strindberg legend. Bosse relates how she went to see Strindberg to ask him to give the part to a more experienced actress, but he assured her she would be perfect for it. \"Then he placed his hands on my shoulders, looked at me long and ardently, and asked: 'Would you like to have a little child with me, Miss Bosse?' I made a curtsey and answered, as though hypnotized: 'Yes, thank you!'—and we were engaged.\"\n", "Section::::Marriage to August Strindberg.:Marriage and divorce.\n", "Bosse and Strindberg were married on 6 May 1901. Strindberg insisted that Bosse bring none of her possessions to the home he had furnished for her, creating a \"setting in which to nurture and dominate her\". In this setting, his taste in interior decoration was revealed to be Oscarian and old-fashioned, with pedestals, aspidistras, and dining-room furniture in hideous imitation of German renaissance, to Bosse's modern judgment.\n", "Striving towards the life beyond, Strindberg explained, he could permit nothing in the apartment that would lead the thoughts towards the earthly and material. In her comments in the \"Letters\", Bosse described with loyalty and affection Strindberg's protectiveness and his efforts to bring his young wife with him along his own spiritual paths; nevertheless, she chafed under these efforts, pointing out that she herself, at 22, was not even remotely finished with this world. Increasingly agoraphobic, Strindberg attempted to overcome his anxieties and allow his young wife the summer excursions she longed for. He planned sunny drives in hired victorias, but often the mystical \"Powers\" which governed him intervened. A crisis came as early as June 1901, when Strindberg arranged, and then at the last moment called off, a honeymoon trip to Germany and Switzerland. Bosse wrote in the \"Letters\" that she had nothing to do but stay at home and choke down the tears while Strindberg attempted consolation by giving her a Baedeker \"to read a trip in\".\n", "The cancelled journey was the beginning of the end. A crying, defiant Bosse went off by herself to the seaside resort Hornbæk in Denmark, a much shorter trip, but to her senses, a delightfully refreshing one. There, she was soon followed by Strindberg's letters, full of agonized remorse at having given her pain, and then by Strindberg himself, steeling himself to bear the social life Bosse relished. However, the relationship quickly foundered on jealousy and suspicion, as when Strindberg struck a photographer over the head with his stick, unable to endure any attention to Bosse. In August, when Bosse discovered that she was pregnant, even Strindberg's delight (he was a fond parent of the four children of his previous marriages) could not save a marriage full of distrust and accusation. This was illustrated in Strindberg's increasingly frantic letters to Bosse When their daughter Anne-Marie was born on 25 March 1902, they were already living apart. \"For the sake of us both it is best that I do not return\", wrote Bosse in a letter to Strindberg. \"A continuation of life together with suspicion of every word, every act of mine, would be the end of me.\" At her insistence, Strindberg began divorce proceedings.\n", "Section::::Marriage to August Strindberg.:Strindberg's roles for Bosse.\n", "The relationship of Strindberg and Bosse was highly dramatic. Strindberg would lurch back and forth from adoration of Bosse as the regenerator of his creativity (\"lovely, amiable, and kind\") to a wild jealousy (calling her \"a small, nasty woman\", \"evil\", \"stupid\", \"black\", \"arrogant\", \"venomous\", and \"whore\"). His letters show that Bosse inspired several important characters in his plays, especially during the course of 1901, and that he manipulated her by promising to pull strings so that she could play them. During the brief, intense, creative 1901 period, the roles Strindberg wrote as artistic vehicles for Bosse, or that were based on their relationship, reflect this combination of adoration and \"suspicion of every word, every act\". Carla Waal counts eight minor and six major roles written for Bosse to act, or as portraits of her, several of them classics of Western theatre history. The major roles enumerated by Waal are The Lady in \"To Damascus\" (1900; mainly already written when Bosse and Strindberg met, but used between them to enhance their intimacy); Eleonora in \"Easter\" (1901; modelled on Strindberg's sister Elisabeth, but intended for Bosse to star in); Henriette in \"Crimes and Crimes\" (1901); Swan White in \"Swan White\" (1901); Christina in \"Queen Christina\" (1901); and Indra's daughter in \"A Dream Play\" (1902). The years refer to dates of publication; Bosse never played in \"Swan White\", even though Strindberg kept proposing it, and though she was many years later to describe this play as Strindberg's wedding present to her.\n", "Strindberg claimed that \"Queen Christina\" was an \"explanation\" of Bosse's character as being that of an actress in real life, flirtatious and deceitful. In his influential Strindberg biography, Lagercrantz describes this play as a synopsis of the entire course of the Bosse–Strindberg marriage. He sees the courtiers as representing various stages of Strindberg's own emotions: Tott, in the first glow of love; de la Gardie, betrayed but loyal; Oxenstierna, who has rejected her. Each of the three men has words to speak which Strindberg himself had spoken to Bosse.\n", "\"A Dream Play\" is positioned at the median of Strindberg's series of portrayals of his own marriage, the Bosse role imbued with both light and darkness. With its associative dream structure, this play is a milestone of modernist drama, described by Strindberg as a lawless reflection of The Dreamer's (Strindberg's) consciousness, limited only by his imagination which \"spins and weaves new patterns… on an insignificant basis of reality\". Agnes, played by and representing Bosse, is the daughter of the Vedic god Indra, descending to earth to observe human life and bring its disappointments to the attention of her divine father. The \"Oriental\" aspect of the play is based on Bosse's dark, exotic looks. Yet she is also drawn into mere humanity and into a claustrophobic marriage to The Lawyer, one of the versions of The Dreamer and, thereby, of Strindberg. Shut up indoors by a possessive husband, Agnes can not breathe; she despondently watches the servant working to exclude light and air from the house by pasting insulating strips of paper along the windows' edges. Recognizably, the \"insignificant basis of reality\" of Agnes' marriage to The Lawyer is the frustration of the newly married Bosse, yearning for fresh air, sunshine, and travel but fobbed off with a Baedeker.\n", "Section::::Independence.\n", "Both before and after the divorce from Strindberg, Bosse was a Stockholm celebrity in her own right. Her independence and self-supporting status gained her a reputation for being strong-willed and opinionated, insisting on, and receiving, high pay and significant roles. She left Dramaten with its conventional repertoire and began working at Albert Ranft's Swedish Theatre, where she and the skillful but more modest actor (Anders) Gunnar Wingård (1878–1912) formed a popular co-star team. She travelled frequently, particularly for guest performances in Helsinki, leaving little Anne-Marie with Strindberg, a competent and affectionate father. In 1907, Bosse made theatrical history as Indra's daughter in Strindberg's epoch-making \"Dream Play\". She and Strindberg met weekly for dinner at his house, and remained lovers until she severed connections in preparation for her marriage with Gunnar Wingård in 1908. In 1909 the Wingårds had a son, Bo. This marriage was also brief, ending in divorce in 1912. According to rumour, the cause of the divorce was Wingård's infidelity. However, Strindberg also heard gossip that Wingård's large debts threatened Bosse's finances.\n", "In 1911, a divorced woman with two children to care for and support, Bosse returned to Dramaten. Strindberg was at that time fatally ill with cancer; he died on 14 May 1912. 1912 was altogether a year of death and disaster for the Bosse and Strindberg families: Alma Fahlstrøm's son Arne went down with the \"Titanic\" on 15 April; Strindberg's first wife Siri von Essen died later the same month; von Essen's and Strindberg's daughter Greta, a promising young actress, was killed in a train crash in June; and Bosse's divorced husband Gunnar Wingård shot himself on 7 October. Strindberg's funeral was a national event. Gunnar Wingård, a popular and charming actor, was also the subject of public grief. Throughout these shattering events, which left both her children fatherless, Bosse kept up her busy schedule, apart from a few days off, distraught and grief-stricken, after Wingård's suicide. For months after it, she received anonymous letters and threatening phone-calls, blaming her for Wingård's depression and death.\n", "Bosse's third marriage, 1927–32, was to Edvin Adolphson (1893–1979), fifteen years her junior. Adolphson had abandoned his stage career in order to become instead a film director and one of the best-known Swedish film actors, a ruggedly handsome matinée idol whose screen persona Nils Beyer referred to as a combination of \"apache, gangster and gigolo\".\n", "Bosse made two films, ambitiously shot and directed and based on novels by well-known writers. The artistic achievement of \"Sons of Ingmar\" (1919) has been highly praised. Directed by and co-starring Victor Sjöström, it was based on a novel by Swedish Nobel Prize winner Selma Lagerlöf; many years later, Ingmar Bergman referred to \"Sons of Ingmar\" as a \"magnificent, remarkable film\" and acknowledged his own debt to Sjöström. Bosse, who played the female lead Brita, called \"Sons of Ingmar\" \"the only worthwhile Swedish film I was involved in.\" However, the film failed to give her career the kind of fresh start that the Swedish film industry had given Edvin Adolphson, and it was seventeen years before she made another film. This was \"Bombi Bitt and I\" (1936), her only talkie, based on Fritiof Nilsson Piraten's popular first novel with the same title and directed by Gösta Rodin. \"Bombi Bitt\" was a successful, though more lightweight, production with a smaller Bosse role (\"Franskan\").\n", "Section::::Retirement.\n", "After many years of ambitious and successful free-lance acting, Bosse found her options narrowing in the 1930s. The Great Depression brought her economic hardship, and, even though she looked younger than her age, most important women's roles were out of her age range. Her technique was still often praised, but also sometimes perceived as old-fashioned and mannered, in comparison with the more ensemble-oriented style of the times. Finding herself unneeded by any Swedish repertory theatre, she only managed to return as a member of Dramaten by means of skillful persuasion and pointed reminders of her long history there. A humble employee at a humble salary, she played only fifteen roles, all minor, during her last ten years at Dramaten, 1933–43.\n", "Retiring from the stage during World War II, Bosse considered moving back to Norway's capital Oslo, the home of her childhood and youth. Both her children had settled there. The move was delayed for ten years, during which she travelled whenever possible, and when it took place in 1955, she perceived it to be a mistake. Her brother Ewald's death in 1956 left her the only survivor of the fourteen children of Anne-Marie and Johann Heinrich Bosse. \"How I long desperately for Stockholm\", she wrote to a friend in 1958. \"My whole life is there.\" She became chronically melancholy, enduring failing health and bitter memories of the final phase of her career at Dramaten. She died on 2 November 1961 in Oslo.\n", "Bosse always guarded her privacy, so much so that the memoir she wrote of her life with Strindberg was deemed to be too uninterestingly discreet to be publishable.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Beyer, Nils (1945). \"Skådespelare\". Stockholm: Kooperative Förbundets bokförlag.\n", "BULLET::::- Brandell, Gunnar (1950). \"Strindbergs infernokris.\" Stockholm: Bonniers.\n", "BULLET::::- Lagercrantz, Olof (1979; translated from Swedish by Anselm Hollo, 1984). \"August Strindberg\". London: Faber and Faber.\n", "BULLET::::- Martinus, Eivor (2001). \"Strindberg and Love.\" Oxford: Amber Lane Press.\n", "BULLET::::- Paulson, Arvid (ed. and translated, 1959). \"Letters of Strindberg to Harriet Bosse.\" New York: Thomas Nelson and Sons.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Strindberg on Drama and Theatre: A Source Book.\" (Selected, translated and edited by Egil Törnqvist and Birgitta Steene, 2007). Amsterdam University Press.\n", "BULLET::::- Waal, Carla (1990). \"Harriet Bosse: Strindberg's Muse and Interpreter\". Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois Univ. Press.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- The Strindberg Museum in Stockholm\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Swedish–Norwegian actress", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1807081", "wikidata_label": "Harriet Bosse", "wikipedia_title": "Harriet Bosse" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ann-Kathrin Kramer\n", "Ann-Kathrin Kramer (born 4 April 1966) is a German writer and actress.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Kramer was born and educated in Wuppertal but left school at sixteen. She worked as a shop window designer, made portraits of tourists in Greece and applied in vain to fashion school. Finally she took the \"Technische Abitur\" (baccalaureate-level qualification), but decided against studying physics as first envisaged. At 26, she went to the Gmelin Drama School in Munich and completed her training as an actress.\n", "She took singing lessons with Anneliese Hofmann de Boer and acting lessons with John Costopoulos in the Lee Strasberg Method.\n", "She has two brothers and a son who was born in 1997 from her relationship with Jan Josef Liefers. She is now married to Harald Krassnitzer.\n", "She works with the charity \"Dunkelziffer - Hilfe für sexuell missbrauchte Kinder\" (\"Unreported - Help for Sexually Abused Children\") in Hamburg and represents the \"Bundesstiftung Kinderhospiz\" (\"Federal Children's Hospice Foundation\").\n", "In 2005 she published her children's book \"Matilda - Oder die aus dem Haus ohne Fenster\" (\"Matilda - Or the House Without Windows\"), with a sequel \"Neues von Matilda, dem Mädchen aus dem Haus ohne Fenster\" in 2014. In 2008 there appeared a book \"Ann-Kathrin Kramer - Begegnungen\" (\"Ann-Kathrin Kramer - Encounters\") by Stefan Loeffler.\n", "Section::::Selected filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- 2010: Blackout\n", "BULLET::::- 2008: Im Meer der Lügen (two-parter)\n", "BULLET::::- 2007: Die Weihnachtswette\n", "BULLET::::- 2006: Die Nonne und der Kommissar\n", "BULLET::::- 2006: Die Pirateninsel – Familie über Bord\n", "BULLET::::- 2006: Heiratsschwindlerin mit Liebeskummer\n", "BULLET::::- 2005: Mutter aus heiterem Himmel\n", "BULLET::::- 2004: Mörderische Suche\n", "BULLET::::- 2004: Ein Zwilling ist nicht genug\n", "BULLET::::- 2003:\n", "BULLET::::- 2001:\n", "BULLET::::- 2001: Das Baby-Komplott\n", "BULLET::::- 2001: Allein unter Männern\n", "BULLET::::- 2001: Ein starkes Team – Lug und Trug\n", "BULLET::::- 2000: Auf schmalem Grat\n", "BULLET::::- 1999: Die Todesgrippe von Köln\n", "BULLET::::- 1999: Gefährliche Hochzeit\n", "BULLET::::- 1999: Callboys – Jede Lust hat ihren Preis\n", "BULLET::::- 1998: Supersingle\n", "BULLET::::- 1998: Die Mörderin\n", "BULLET::::- 1998: Du sollst nicht töten\n", "BULLET::::- 1998: Das merkwürdige Verhalten geschlechtsreifer Großstädter zur Paarungszeit\n", "BULLET::::- 1998: Kidnapping Mom & Dad\n", "BULLET::::- 1998: Abgehauen\n", "BULLET::::- 1997: Die Konkurrentin\n", "BULLET::::- 1997: Heiß und kalt\n", "BULLET::::- 1996: Rivalen am Abgrund\n", "BULLET::::- 1995: Zwei Brüder – Die lange Nacht\n", "BULLET::::- 1994: Alles außer Mord – Wer Gewalt sät\n", "BULLET::::- 1994: Die Partner\n", "BULLET::::- 1993: Liebe ist Privatsache\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- ARD Höchstpersönlich: Ann-Kathrin Kramer speaks to Carmen Molinar/a\n", "BULLET::::- Ann-Kathrin Kramer speaks to Tobias Goltz: Planet Interview, 3 January 2008\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "German actress", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q97152", "wikidata_label": "Ann-Kathrin Kramer", "wikipedia_title": "Ann-Kathrin Kramer" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Phil Oreskovic\n", "Phil Oreskovic (\"pronounced Or-esh-ko-vich\"; born January 26, 1987) is a retired professional Canadian ice hockey defenceman.\n", "Phil's father was born in Croatia and emigrated to Canada in 1962 and he fluently speaks Croatian.\n", "Section::::Playing career.\n", "As a youth, Oreskovic played in the 2001 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Toronto Marlboros minor ice hockey team.\n", "Oreskovic was drafted 82nd overall in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft by the Toronto Maple Leafs. Phil played in the Ontario Hockey League with the Brampton Battalion and the Owen Sound Attack before turning professional at the end of the 2006–07 season with the Toronto Marlies of the American Hockey League.\n", "On June 1, 2007, Oreskovic was signed by the Maple Leafs to a three-year entry level contract. He then started out the 2007–08 season with Columbia Inferno of the ECHL before making his way up to the Leafs main affiliate the Marlies.\n", "Oreskovic started the 2008–09 season with the Marlies before being recalled by the Maple Leafs on March 9, 2009. Phil made his NHL debut with the Leafs on the same day, a 3-2 loss to the Ottawa Senators, and became the 400th ECHL player to reach the NHL. On March 24, 2009, Oreskovic scored his first NHL goal against José Théodore of the Washington Capitals in a 3-2 victory.\n", "He spent the 2009–10 season in the AHL with the Toronto Marlies playing a career high 74 games, while scoring 2 goals and getting 7 assists. In the 2010 offseason, Oreskovic was not offered a contract extension by the Toronto Maple Leafs, thus being acquired as a free agent by the Washington Capitals. He signed a professional tryout contract (PTO) in September 2010 and is currently playing for the Capitals' AHL affiliate Hershey Bears.\n", "Upon joining the Bears organization, Bears forward Johann Kroll was already wearing the uniform #4 and then goaltender Semyon Varlamov was already wearing the uniform #40 (at the time), therefore Oreskovic chose to wear the uniform #32. Oreskovic wore the uniform #4 with the Brampton Battalion, Owen Sound Attack, Columbia Inferno and the Toronto Marlies, and wore the uniform #40 with the Toronto Maple Leafs.\n", "On August 6, 2013, Oreskovic re-signed to a one-year contract for a second season with the ECHL's Toledo Walleye but would leave the team after ten games into the season.\n", "After a season abroad in the Elite Ice Hockey League with the Nottingham Panthers, Oreskovic returned to Canada, signing a one-year contract with the Brampton Beast of the Central Hockey League on September 4, 2014 (the CHL joined the ECHL in October). He was injured early in the 2014–15 season and would retire before the end of the season. He later joined the Beast as an assistant coach before resigning at the end of the season.\n", "Section::::Personal.\n", "Oreskovic is a Croatian Canadian.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Canadian ice hockey player", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3378826", "wikidata_label": "Phil Oreskovic", "wikipedia_title": "Phil Oreskovic" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Zdravko Šotra\n", "Zdravko Šotra (; born 13 February 1933) is a Serbian and former Yugoslav film and television director and screenwriter.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Šotra was born in the village of Kozice, near Stolac, at the time part of the Littoral Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (modern Bosnia and Herzegovina), into an ethnic Serb family (Herzegovinian Serbs).\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Television.\n", "Šotra started out during the early 1960s as a television director employed by TV Belgrade.\n", "Section::::Career.:Feature films.\n", "Already a prominent TV director, 46-year-old Šotra made his feature film debut in 1979 with \"Osvajanje slobode\", a post-World War II story written by Gordan Mihić about a cultural and infrastructural rebuilding effort in the small Serbian town.\n", "He came back two years later with a folksy comedy \"Šesta brzina\" starring Zoran Radmilović. The following year, 1982, Šotra revisited the post-war theme with \"Idemo dalje\", starring Dragan Nikolić as a World War II young Partisan transitioning into his new life as a schoolteacher as the war is coming to an end.\n", "In 1983 came the spectacular World War II drama \"Igmanski marš\", a high-budget project of the partisan film genre.\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- Films\n", "BULLET::::- \"Osvajanje slobode\" (1979)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Šesta brzina\" (1981)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Idemo dalje\" (1982)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Igmanski marš\" (1983)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Držanje za vazduh\" (1985)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Braća po materi\" (1988)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Boj na Kosovu\" (1989)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dnevnik uvreda 1993\" (1994)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Barking at the Stars\" (1998)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Zona Zamfirova\" (2002)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pljačka Trećeg rajha\" (2004)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ivkova slava\" (2005)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Šešir profesora Vujića\" (2012)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Santa Maria della Salute\" (2016)\n", "BULLET::::- Series\n", "BULLET::::- \"Više od igre\" (1976)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gde cveta limun žut\" (2006)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ranjeni orao\" (2008-2009)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Greh njene majke\"(2009-2010)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nepobedivo srce\" (2011-2012)\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "In the late 1970s, Šotra married the former beauty queen Nikica Marinović, fourteen years his junior. Together they have a son Marko who is a television director employed at the Serbian state television.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Serbian film director", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1253494", "wikidata_label": "Zdravko Šotra", "wikipedia_title": "Zdravko Šotra" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Arnold Eucken\n", "Arnold Eucken (3 July 1884 – 16 June 1950) was a German chemist and physicist.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Eucken was born as a son of the philosopher and later Nobel Prize winner Rudolf Eucken in Jena. He completed his study in Kiel, Jena and Berlin. There he worked as a coworker of Walther Nernst, getting his PhD in 1906 and habilitated in 1911 . Starting from 1915 Eucken held a chair at the Technische Hochschule Breslau, starting from 1930 at the University of Göttingen as a successor of Gustav Tammann. After \"the seizure of power\" of the National Socialists, Eucken became a member of the NSDAP in 1933 and worked further as a full professor in Göttingen.\n", "Section::::Contributions.\n", "Eucken made important contributions within physical and technical chemistry. He concentrated on specific heat at very low temperatures, the structure of liquids and electrolytic solutions, the molecular physics (rotation, oscillation), on deuterium and heavy water, on homogeneous and heterogeneous gas kinetics, catalysis, chemical engineering and chemical technology.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Eucken killed himself in Seebruck on 16 June 1950.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Margot Becke-Goehring und Margaret Eucken: \"Arnold Eucken: Chemiker - Physiker - Hochschullehrer\". Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1995,\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "German scientist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q88231", "wikidata_label": "Arnold Eucken", "wikipedia_title": "Arnold Eucken" }

{ "end": [ 26, 55, 117, 138, 234, 58, 97, 180, 232, 262, 308 ], "href": [ "England", "Liverpool", "Anathema%20%28band%29", "death%20grunt", "death/doom", "The%20Blood%20Divine", "Cradle%20of%20Filth", "The%20Principle%20of%20Evil%20Made%20Flesh", "Serotonal", "dronology", "Serotonal" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "start": [ 19, 46, 109, 127, 224, 42, 82, 148, 223, 257, 299 ], "text": [ "English", "Liverpool", "Anathema", "death grunt", "death/doom", "The Blood Divine", "Cradle of Filth", "The Principle of Evil Made Flesh", "Serotonal", "drone", "Serotonal" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Darren "Daz" White\n", "Darren White is an English musician raised in Liverpool and best known as the original vocalist for the band Anathema. His low death grunts on the band's early recordings pinpointed the group's early identification with the death/doom genre.\n", "White also fronted other bands, including The Blood Divine with former members of Cradle of Filth (for which he did backing vocals/spoken words on \"The Principle of Evil Made Flesh\") and Dead Men Dream. His latest project, Serotonal, has been described as \"drone/atmospheric doom\". In February 2009 Serotonal signed a record deal with Union Black Records, and debut album \"Monumental - Songs of Misery and Hope\" was released on 24 November 2009.\n", "Darren is also erroneously said to have played drums for Cradle of Filth in 1991-92. This, however, was Darren Gardner.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "English musician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3016553", "wikidata_label": "Darren \"Daz\" White", "wikipedia_title": "Darren \"Daz\" White" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "William Lafayette Strong\n", "William Lafayette Strong (March 22, 1827 – November 2, 1900) was the 90th Mayor of New York City from 1895 to 1897. He was the last mayor of New York City before the consolidation of the City of Greater New York on January 1, 1898.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Strong was born on March 22, 1827 near Loudonville Ohio, in Ashland County. He was the son of Abel Strong, a farmer born in 1792 in Hartford, Connecticut. His mother, Hannah Burdine Strong was born in 1798, and was from Pennsylvania. Strong was the oldest of five children, and despite only a rudimentary rural education, became a clerk in a Wooster dry goods store to help support his family after the death of his father in 1840. Strong later attended the Vermillion Institute in Hayesville, Ohio.\n", "In 1853, Strong moved to New York City, where he worked at the L.O. Wilson and Company dry goods firm. In the Panic of 1857, the business failed and Strong moved on to work for Farnham, Dale, and Company. In 1866, Strong married Mary Aborn from New Jersey, with whom he had two children - Putnam Bradlee Strong and Mary Strong.\n", "By 1870, he had his own dry goods company, called William L. Strong and Company. It was very successful, opening branches in many cities and eventually making Strong a millionaire. In 1890, Strong became president of the First National Bank.\n", "Strong was also president of the Central National Bank, president of the Homer Lee Bank Note Company, Vice President of the New York Security and Trust Company and director for the Erie Railroad and the Plaza Bank.\n", "Section::::Political career.\n", "In the 1880s, Strong became active in politics. He ran for U.S. Congress in 1882 but was unsuccessful.\n", "Section::::Mayor of New York City.\n", "Strong, a Republican, was elected on a Fusion Party ticket by Republican and anti-Tammany Democrats. Strong served as mayor of New York from January 1, 1895 to December 31, 1897, gaining an extra year on his term because of the impending consolidation of New York City, which moved elections to odd-numbered years. He won by a decisive majority of more than 42,000 votes and was joined in victory by John W. Goff, the Republican candidate for city recorder and a new Republican majority for the New York City Board of Aldermen.\n", "Strong's victory was optimistically hailed by the New York press as representative of an epic defeat of Tammany's \"fraud, chicane, trickery, double-dealing and contempt for the moral sense of the community\" and the new mayor cast as standard-bearer of \"a revolution that closes a dark and opens a bright era in the municipal affairs of New York.\"\n", "The reform-minded Strong established the New York City Board of Education, created small parks, and is credited as the \"father\" of the city's Department of Correction. The Department of Public Charities and Correction had been split by Governor Levi Morton in 1894 into two departments. Strong appointed former U.S. Civil Service Commissioner Theodore Roosevelt as Police Commissioner. Roosevelt was noted for fighting corruption and making the police department more professional.\n", "Strong's leadership help pass the School Reform Law in 1896. In the late 1890s, New York State legislators passed a law mandating bath houses for cities with more than 50,000 people. Strong agreed with the law's necessity due to sanitation issues caused by overcrowding. The city's bath houses, originally built for cleanliness and bathing, were later used for recreation.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Strong died in his home on November 2, 1900. After complaining of not feeling well, he retired to his room. During the night, he worsened very quickly, and he died early that morning, leaving behind a wife and two adult children.\n", "He was interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in the borough of The Bronx in New York City.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "The Fire Department of New York operated a fireboat named \"William L. Strong\" from 1898 to 1945.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- New York Times article, January 2, 1895, on Strong's inauguration\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Bodo Illgner\n", "Bodo Illgner (; born 7 April 1967) is a German retired footballer who played as a goalkeeper.\n", "During his career he played for Köln and Real Madrid, and helped West Germany to the 1990 World Cup, where he became the first goalkeeper to keep a clean sheet in a World Cup final.\n", "Section::::Club career.\n", "Born in Koblenz, Illgner was a product of 1. FC Köln's youth system, and made his debut in the Bundesliga on 22 February 1986 at not yet 19, in a 1–3 away loss against FC Bayern Munich. From the 1987–88 season onwards, he became the club's undisputed starter – as successor of Harald Schumacher in both 1. FC Köln and Germany football team – being voted as Best European Goalkeeper in 1991.\n", "On 30 August 1996, already having started the campaign with Köln, Illgner was signed by Real Madrid, and played 40 La Liga matches in his first year to help the capital side to the national championship conquest. In the following he lost his place to Santiago Cañizares, but regained it in time to play in the final of the UEFA Champions League against Juventus FC (1–0 win).\n", "In 1999–2000, Illgner was succeeded by 18-year-old Iker Casillas, after which he retired from football altogether. He later went on to work as a pundit for Sky Deutschland and English language broadcasts of beIN Sport and, in April 2013, he was named by Marca as a member of the \"Best foreign eleven in Real Madrid's history\".\n", "Section::::International career.\n", "On 23 September 1987, Illgner made his debut for the West Germany national team in a 1–0 friendly home win against Denmark, and went on to back Eike Immel during UEFA Euro 1988. At the 1990 FIFA World Cup he, by now the country's first-choice, was in exceptional form, and commanded the backline which consisted of the experienced Klaus Augenthaler, Andreas Brehme, Thomas Berthold, Guido Buchwald and Jürgen Kohler (with Matthias Sammer taking Augenthaler's place at Euro 1992); in the semi-final, he saved a Stuart Pearce shot in the penalty shootout against England, and his team would overcome Argentina in the deciding match, where he would keep a clean sheet in the 1–0 success.\n", "Overall, Illgner appeared 54 times for his country, and also played at the 1994 World Cup, surprisingly retiring after the quarter-final loss against Bulgaria although he was only 27.\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "Section::::Honours.:Club.\n", "Real Madrid\n", "BULLET::::- La Liga: 1996–97\n", "BULLET::::- Supercopa de España: 1997\n", "BULLET::::- UEFA Champions League: 1997–98, 1999–2000\n", "BULLET::::- Intercontinental Cup: 1998\n", "Section::::Honours.:International.\n", "Germany\n", "BULLET::::- FIFA World Cup: 1990\n", "BULLET::::- UEFA European Under-16 Championship: 1984\n", "Section::::Honours.:Individual.\n", "BULLET::::- German Goalkeeper of the Year: 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992\n", "BULLET::::- Best European Goalkeeper: 1991\n", "BULLET::::- \"kicker\" Bundesliga Team of the Season: 1994–95\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Andreas Köpke\n", "Andreas Köpke (, born 12 March 1962) is a German former football goalkeeper who was in the German squad that won the 1990 FIFA World Cup, and was also part of the 1994 FIFA World Cup squad. Though he did not appear in any of the matches, with Bodo Illgner preferred in goal, Köpke's chance to shine came soon after.\n", "Having been chosen as the best player in Germany in 1993, his biggest achievement came in 1996, winning the European Championship and playing a pivotal role in Germany's campaign where he saved Gianfranco Zola's shot after a penalty was awarded to Italy in the last group match. He also made another crucial save to deny Gareth Southgate during the penalty shoot out against England in the semi-final. Due to these achievements he was voted FIFA goalkeeper of the year.\n", "Köpke was also Germany's first-choice goalkeeper during their 1998 FIFA World Cup campaign, which ended in a 3–0 loss to Croatia in the quarter finals. Having already made his decision to retire at the end of the World Cup prior to the tournament, Köpke was true to his word; his retirement paved the way for another great German keeper, Oliver Kahn. In total, Köpke played 59 matches for his country.\n", "Köpke began his professional club career at Holstein Kiel in the summer of 1979, he retired from goalkeeping at 1. FC Nürnberg at the end of the 2000–01 2. Bundesliga season. He also played at Eintracht Frankfurt to where he transferred to from 1. FC Nürnberg in the summer of 1994, for the amount of €516,200, returning to 1. FC Nürnberg five years later in January 1999 via Olympique Marseille. Up to this day Köpke is still very much involved in German football. He currently is the goalkeeping coach of the German national team. He also acted as an ambassador to the city of Nuremberg, as it prepared for the 2006 FIFA World Cup.\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "Section::::Honours.:Club.\n", "1. FC Nürnberg\n", "BULLET::::- 2. Bundesliga: 2000–01\n", "Section::::Honours.:International.\n", "Germany\n", "BULLET::::- FIFA World Cup: 1990\n", "BULLET::::- UEFA European Championship: 1996; Runners-up 1992\n", "Section::::Honours.:Individual.\n", "BULLET::::- \"kicker\" Bundesliga Team of the Season: 1987–88, 1992–93, 1994–95\n", "BULLET::::- German Footballer of the Year: 1993\n", "BULLET::::- UEFA Euro 1996 Team of the Tournament\n", "BULLET::::- Best European Goalkeeper: 1996\n", "BULLET::::- IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper: 1996\n", "Section::::Honours.:National Team Goalkeeping Coach.\n", "BULLET::::- FIFA Confederations Cup: 2017 - Champion\n", "BULLET::::- FIFA World Cup: 2014 - Champion\n", "BULLET::::- UEFA Euro: 2008 - Runners-up\n", "BULLET::::- FIFA World Cup: 2006; 2010 - Third place\n", "BULLET::::- FIFA Confederations Cup: 2005 - Third place\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Andy Townsend\n", "Andrew David Townsend (born 23 July 1963) is a former footballer and current co-commentator for BT Sport, who played in two World Cups for the Republic of Ireland.\n", "Starting his career at Welling United and then Weymouth, Townsend came to prominence at age 21 when he signed with Southampton. In 1988, he moved on to Norwich City, before joining Chelsea two years later. In 1993, he signed with Aston Villa and enjoyed four successful years before his transfer to Middlesbrough. His final club was West Bromwich Albion, where he retired in 2000.\n", "Following his retirement as a player he became a football co-commentator.\n", "Section::::Club career.\n", "Townsend was born in Maidstone, Kent, but grew up in Bexley, where he attended Upton Primary School in Bexleyheath, followed by Bexleyheath School.\n", "He began his playing career in August 1980 with Welling United in the Athenian League, while working as a computer operator for Greenwich Borough Council in south-east London. After making 105 appearances for Welling, he was signed by Weymouth in March 1984 for £13,500.\n", "In January 1985, he was signed by Lawrie McMenemy at Southampton for £35,000 and made his professional debut at home to Aston Villa on 20 April 1985 as Southampton qualified for Europe, only to be banned in the aftermath of the Heysel Stadium disaster.\n", "Over the next season, he was in and out of the team (then managed by Chris Nicholl) but broke his leg in a pre-season friendly against his old club Weymouth in August 1986. He fought his way back to fitness and rejoined the side the following January.\n", "In the 1987–88 he was a virtual ever-present, playing alongside Jimmy Case and Glenn Cockerill in the Southampton midfield. He was a hard-tackling, hard-working midfielder with an eye for goal. It was a shock, therefore, when Nicholl sold him to First Division rivals Norwich City in August 1988, for a fee of £300,000.\n", "He made his debut as a substitute against Middlesbrough on 3 September 1988, before replacing the suspended Trevor Putney for his first full appearance in a 3–1 win over \"Spurs\" on 22 October. He retained his place in the Norwich midfield and ended the season with 36 league appearances (5 as substitute) with five goals. He also made six FA Cup appearances with two goals against Port Vale in the Third Round on 7 January 1989. Under manager Dave Stringer, he was a member of the \"Canaries\"' 1988–89 side that finished fourth in the top flight and reached the semi-finals of the FA Cup. At the season's end, Townsend was shortlisted for the PFA Players' Player of the Year award, which was won by Mark Hughes.\n", "Norwich made a handsome profit when they let Townsend join Chelsea for £1,200,000 in July 1990.\n", "After making a total of 138 appearances for Chelsea, scoring 12 goals but winning no trophies (they never finished higher than 11th in the league while he was there), he transferred to Aston Villa in July 1993 for £2.1million.\n", "He finally won some silverware when Villa won the 1994 League Cup, beating Manchester United 3–1. He captained Villa when they reclaimed the trophy in 1996 with a 3–0 victory over Leeds United.\n", "In August 1997, just after the start of the 1997–98 season, he transferred to Bryan Robson's Middlesbrough for £500,000 having made 134 league appearances for \"the Villans\", scoring eight league goals.\n", "He made 37 appearances in his first season on Teesside, scoring twice as \"Boro\"' won promotion to the Premier League. In the 1998–99 season, he formed a useful partnership with Paul Gascoigne as Middlesbrough finished comfortably in mid-table in their first season back in the Premiership.\n", "In the following season, he found it harder to get into the first team and on 17 September 1999 he moved down a division to West Bromwich Albion for £50,000. Townsend's high wage demands prevented a move back to Norwich or a loan spell with non-league Boston United.\n", "In his one season at West Bromwich Albion he only made 17 league appearances before a recurrent knee injury forced his retirement in July 2000, after a season in which Albion narrowly avoided relegation to Division Two.\n", "On 21 April 2016, Townsend joined Bolton Wanderers as a consultant.\n", "Section::::International career.\n", "His contribution to Norwich's successful season saw Andy selected for the Republic of Ireland, making his debut against France in February 1989. He qualified for Ireland due to his Irish family heritage.'\n", "He played in the next year's World Cup, in Italy, where he played in all five of Ireland's matches. They reached the quarter-finals, the country's strongest ever campaign. The Irish drew their three group matches – against England, Egypt and Netherlands. Scoring a penalty in the shoot-out with Romania, his country were eventually sunk by a Salvatore Schillaci goal for the hosts. They had conceded just three goals in those five games.\n", "He was captain of the Ireland squad for the 1994 World Cup. All four teams of Group E finished on four points, they got their revenge on the Italians, but were defeated by Mexico and drew with Norway. Ireland lost 2–0 to the Dutch at the Citrus Bowl in the knock-out stage.\n", "On 22 March 2015, Townsend was inducted into the FAI Hall of Fame.\n", "Section::::Broadcasting career.\n", "Section::::Broadcasting career.:ITV Sport.\n", "Townsend's most prominent role was as part of ITV Sport's live Champions League, FA Cup and England internationals coverage. He took over from Ron Atkinson as the channel's lead co-commentator, forming a long-running partnership with main commentator Clive Tyldesley, as well as appearing as a studio pundit. He co-hosted Talksport's \"Weekend Sports Breakfast\" on Sundays with Mike Parry, and hosted the station's drive-time show on Fridays. He also hosted the mid morning discussion on talkSPORT from 10am to 1pm from Monday to Friday, having replaced Jon Gaunt, who was sacked for calling a guest a Nazi. He has left the station because he no longer wants to commute from his Midlands home to the London studio. He also hosts ITV1's regional programme \"Soccer Night\", alongside Peter Beagrie. Townsend was part of ITV's coverage of the Premiership after they won the rights from the BBC to show top flight football on Saturday evening. In January 2015 ITV confirmed that Townsend, along with presenter Adrian Chiles, would not be retained by the broadcaster after the expiry of his contract in the summer of 2015, with the channel having lost Champions League broadcasting rights.\n", "Section::::Broadcasting career.:BT Sport.\n", "After leaving ITV in 2015 he joined BT Sport as a co-commentator for their coverage of the Premier League, FA Cup, UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League. He made his co-commentating debut on 15 February 2015, co-commentating on Arsenal vs Middlesbrough in the FA Cup fifth round alongside Ian Darke.\n", "Section::::Broadcasting career.:Other work.\n", "He has also presented BBC Radio 5 Live and written columns for the \"Daily Mail\". He has also been the commentator on several EA football games with Clive Tyldesley including \"2006 FIFA World Cup\", \"UEFA Champions League 2006-2007\", \"UEFA Euro 2008\", \"2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa\", \"UEFA Euro 2012\", \"2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil\" and most recently \"FIFA 12\" to this game \"FIFA 17\".\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "He is the son of former Charlton Athletic and Crystal Palace defender Don Townsend.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Business interests.\n", "Townsend is a consultant for Harlequin Property, where he helps set up football schools at their Caribbean resorts. The company's proposed investment into Port Vale had set in motion plans for him to become a football advisor at the club, though nothing was to come of these talks.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Charitable activities.\n", "He is patron of the George Coller Memorial Fund. He ran in the Great North Run in 2007, finishing in a time of 2 hours and 20 minutes.\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "Aston Villa\n", "BULLET::::- Football League Cup winner: 1994, 1996\n", "Middlesbrough\n", "BULLET::::- Football League First Division runner-up: 1997–98\n", "BULLET::::- Football League Cup runner-up: 1998\n", "Individual\n", "BULLET::::- Norwich City F.C. Hall of Fame member\n", "BULLET::::- Chelsea Player of the Year: 1990–91\n", "BULLET::::- FAI Hall of Fame: Inducted 2015\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Republic of Ireland profile\n", "BULLET::::- Profile at talkSPORT\n", "BULLET::::- Profile at The Gordon Poole Agency\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jessica DiCicco\n", "Jessica Sonya DiCicco () is an American actress known for voicing in animated television series and video games. Some of her major voice roles in animation include Maggie in \"The Buzz on Maggie\" and Flame Princess in \"Adventure Time\". She was the voice of Nickelodeon's educational channel block Noggin and Miguzi on Cartoon Network. She received a Daytime Emmy nomination for voicing Malina in \"The Emperor's New School\".\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "DiCicco was born in Los Angeles, California. Her father is television and film actor Bobby DiCicco. Her family moved to New York City when she was young and she was raised on the Upper West Side. In second grade, she was selected by Marlo Thomas to appear on the ABC special \"Free to Be... A Family\". She was also cast by Francis Ford Coppola in \"The Godfather Part III\" as an unnamed child, and also had a guest role in \"Kate and Allie\". She had a small role as young Cindy Zagarella in the 1993 film \"Household Saints\". At age 15, she was the photographer on a cover story for \"New York\" magazine about prep school gangsters, which was published on December 1996.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "DiCicco attended Newhouse School at Syracuse University, hoping to learn more about production as she had done mostly on-camera work with Nickelodeon. Before heading to college, she met a Newhouse alum and Nickelodeon producer Mike Pecoriello who offered her an opportunity to be the voice of a developing educational programming network called Noggin. She agreed to do the work while being a student and offered to record promos from Syracuse. She was the voice of Noggin throughout her college years, and graduated in 2002. She was also the voice of Miguzi's Erin on Cartoon Network.\n", "In 1998, DiCicco appeared in the NBC miniseries \"Witness to the Mob\" and in the TV film \"In the Nick of Time\". Besides her appearances in television and commercials, DiCicco has worked on stage with several repertory companies. In 1999, DiCicco and her co-stars in the Nickelodeon pilot \"Bus No. 9\" were nominated a Young Artist Award, but lost to \"The Sweetest Gift\". She also starred in a miniseries called \"As Our Schoolbus Turns\".\n", "As a voice actress, DiCicco had lead roles on \"The Buzz on Maggie\", \"The Emperor's New School\", \"Loonatics Unleashed\", and \"Shuriken School\". She had recurring roles on \"The Replacements\", \"\", \"\", \"Bratz\", and \"All Grown Up!\". She co-starred as Shelby in the DreamWorks film \"Over the Hedge\" and voiced Gwen on Amy Poehler's television series for Nickelodeon, \"The Mighty B!\". DiCicco was the voice of Master Viper in the \"Kung Fu Panda\" short film \"Secrets of the Furious Five\". In 2012, she joined the Cartoon Network show \"Adventure Time\" starting from its season three finale, where she voiced Flame Princess; the show has now run over seven seasons. She also voiced in \"Pound Puppies\" and \"Gravity Falls\". She also voices Lynn and Lucy Loud in the Nickelodeon animated series, \"The Loud House\". She was nominated for a Daytime Emmy in 2008 for her performance as Malina on \"The Emperor's New School\", but lost to Eartha Kitt, who did Yzma in the same series. Currently DiCicco provides the voice of Toby the cactus and the sounds of the mule Clementine on \"Sheriff Callie's Wild West\".\n", "DiCicco has also contributed to several video games, including \"Psychonauts\", \"Kingdom Hearts II\", \"Hot Shots Tennis\", and \"Pimp My Ride\".\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Jessica De Cicco", "Jessica DeCicco", "Jessica Di Cicco", "Jessie Di Cicco", "Jessica DiCiccio", "Jessica Dicicco" ] }, "description": "American actress", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2356030", "wikidata_label": "Jessica DiCicco", "wikipedia_title": "Jessica DiCicco" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Otto von Emmich\n", "Albert Theodor Otto Emmich (since 1913 von Emmich) (August 4, 1848 – December 22, 1915) was a Prussian general.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Emmich was the son of an Oberst (Colonel). He married Elise Pauline Sophie (*1855), daughter of Karl von Graberg. Born in Minden, Emmich entered the Prussian Army in 1866. A veteran of the Franco-Prussian War, he was promoted to major-general in 1901 and given command of the 31st Infantry brigade. In 1905 he was promoted to lieutenant-general and given command of the 10th Division. He attained the rank of general of infantry in 1909, and was placed in command of the X Army Corps at Hanover. \n", "During the early days of World War I in Europe in 1914, he was given command of a provisional army, \"Army of the Meuse\", which was explicitly formed for the special task of taking the forts of Liège and securing the invasion roads into Belgium for the regular German armies.\n", "The Battle of Liège began shortly after the morning of August 5, 1914 when German bombardment began on the eastern Belgian forts. This marks it chronologically as the first battle to take place during World War I, beginning shortly before the Battle of Mulhouse. The Imperial German troops were obliged to entrench and bring up heavy siege artillery. He laid siege to Liège, which he entered on August 7, 1914 but the last forts only surrendered on August 16, 1914.\n", "After the fall of Liège, Emmich reverted to corps command and fought at the Marne and in the trench warfare near Reims. In April 1915 Emmich was transferred to the Eastern front where he fought in the Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive.\n", "Emmich was ennobled in 1913. He died of arteriosclerosis in Hanover.\n", "Section::::Awards and decorations.\n", "BULLET::::- Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle\n", "BULLET::::- Order of the Crown, 1st class (Prussia)\n", "BULLET::::- Iron Cross of 1870, 2nd class\n", "BULLET::::- Pour le Mérite (7 August 1914) together with Erich Ludendorff for the taking of Liege; Oak Leaves added to the Pour le Mérite on 14 May 1915\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Siege of Liége: A Personal Narrative\", by Paul Hamelius (London, 1914).\n", "BULLET::::- In \"Daily Chronicle War Books\", Volume IV, (1914), \"The Campaign Around Liége\" by J. M. Kennedy.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Guns of August\" by Barbara Tuchman (1962)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "F. Melius Christiansen\n", "Fredrik Melius Christiansen (April 1, 1871 – June 1, 1955) was a Norwegian-born violinist and choral conductor in the Lutheran choral tradition.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Fredrik Melius Christiansen, the son of a Norwegian factory worker, was born in Eidsvold, municipality in Akershus county, Norway. He took up music at an early age: By three years old he could play his first clarinet, and at six he was marching in his father's band. In addition to clarinet, he went on to learn the violin, piano, and pipe organ. In his teens, he became so proficient at the pipe organ as to be able to take his teacher's place as the organist in Sunday services, although his true passion was the violin. To pay for his lessons, he himself taught piano and violin to beginners, but soon realized that he would meet with limited success in his home country. Thus, at 17, F. Melius emigrated to the United States.\n", "He briefly stayed with his uncle in Oakland, California but was unable to find work as an organist. He then moved to Washburn, Wisconsin where his brother Karl resided, staying for two years before he moved on to Marinette, Wisconsin. In Marinette, he directed both the city band and the church choir, in addition to teaching private lessons. It was there that he witnessed a performance by a male quartet from Augsburg College in Minneapolis, which left a favorable impression and led to his enrollment in 1892.\n", "After completing the freshman courses at Augsburg, he attended the Northwestern Conservatory of Music, graduating with honors in his studies of music theory and counterpoint. He returned to Marinette to marry Edith Lindem, and in 1897, moved to Leipzig, Germany to study for two years at the Royal Conservatory of Music. While there, he became a regular attendee of the St. Thomas Choir, directed by Gustav Schreck, who was F. Melius' teacher in counterpoint, conducting, and composition. Following the completion of his diploma, F. Melius moved back to Minneapolis with his wife and first child, Elmer, where he enjoyed success as a violin faculty member of Northwestern Conservatory of Music, an organist in a local Lutheran church, and the director of the Kjerulf Male Chorus.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "In 1901, Christiansen was recruited by St. Olaf College president John N. Kildahl. The St. Olaf Choir was founded as an outgrowth of the St. John's Lutheran Church Choir in Northfield. For the next 30 years, Christiansen led the St. Olaf Choir, striving for perfect intonation, blend, diction and phrasing. He was a skilled conductor, directing bands and choirs alike. He assumed direction of the St. Olaf Band in 1903, and took the ensemble on tour to Norway in 1906 to play for King Haakon VII, making it the first college music ensemble to conduct a tour abroad. Though his first love was the violin, he received international fame as founding director of the St. Olaf Choir of St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota, USA from 1912 to 1944. Christiansen was considered a pioneer in the art of a cappella (unaccompanied) choral music. Christiansen composed and arranged over 250 musical selections and his choral techniques were spread throughout the U.S. by St. Olaf graduates. The Christiansen choral tradition is a recognized feature of American choral music.\n", "Section::::Honors.\n", "BULLET::::- Christiansen was made a Commander of the Order of St. Olaf by the King of Norway in 1928.\n", "BULLET::::- St. Olaf College established the F. Melius Christiansen Lifetime Achievement Award in 1973.\n", "BULLET::::- American Choral Directors Association of Minnesota created the F. Melius Christiansen Endowment Fund in 1996 .\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "Four of Christiansen's children survived to adulthood, two of them adding their own legacy to the Christiansen tradition of choral music in America.\n", "BULLET::::- Jake Christiansen; coach and athletic director at Concordia College, Moorhead. Jake Christiansen Stadium, \"the Jake,\" was built in his honor.\n", "BULLET::::- Olaf Christiansen; succeeded his father as head of the music department at St. Olaf College and conductor of the St. Olaf Choir. His accomplishments include maintaining the tradition and high standards of his father while introducing many choral arrangements, and more than twenty years of conducting the St. Olaf Choir.\n", "BULLET::::- Paul J. Christiansen; conducted The Concordia Choir from 1937 to 1986, developing the choir into what is now one of the world's finest and most accomplished undergraduate a cappella choirs. Paul, like his father, composed and arranged hundreds of hymns and countless choral compositions. Paul helped to spread his father's music and tradition (as well as developing his own reputation of excellence) to generations.\n", "BULLET::::- Elsa Christiansen Wycisk; married Kurt Wycisk, manager of the Concordia Choir.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- F. Melius Christiansen. Minnesota Historical Society MN150 Wiki\n", "BULLET::::- About the St. Olaf Band\n", "BULLET::::- Paul Joseph Christiansen\n", "BULLET::::- F. Melius Christiansen Endowment Fund\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Mike Knox\n", "Michael Knoxville Hettinga (born July 17, 1978) is an American professional wrestler. He is currently wrestling on the independent circuit. He is known for his work in World Wrestling Entertainment under the name Mike Knox. He is also known for his work in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling under the ring name Knux.\n", "Section::::Professional wrestling career.\n", "Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Independent circuit (2000–2005).\n", "Hettinga worked for Ultimate Pro Wrestling (UPW) in 2000. He tagged with Samoa Joe at UPW Proving Ground on December 12, 2000 in the Galaxy Theatre of Santa Ana, California and defeated the debuting Al Katrazz with Basil. He also wrestled at UPW live against the boss Samoa Joe for the Heavyweight Championship, but was unable to win the title.\n", "After being trained by Steve \"Navajo Warrior\" Islas, Knox started wrestling for Islas' organization Impact Zone Wrestling in 2002. He was booked to win the Heavyweight Championship on two occasions and the Tag Team Championship with friend and rival Derek Neikirk on one occasion.\n", "Section::::Professional wrestling career.:World Wrestling Entertainment.\n", "Section::::Professional wrestling career.:World Wrestling Entertainment.:ECW (2006–2008).\n", "Knox was signed to a World Wrestling Entertainment developmental deal in February 2005, and made a handful of appearances on WWE shows, including one appearance as a masked \"jihadist\" for Muhammad Hassan, in the infamous segment that led to Hassan's ousting from WWE. He mainly wrestled for their Atlanta, Georgia-based developmental territory, Deep South Wrestling.\n", "Knox debuted on the June 20, 2006 episode of \"ECW\" as a heel by interfering in Kelly Kelly's striptease segment, coming from the backstage area and covering her with a towel before escorting her off stage, though he was unnamed on-screen at the time. It was later revealed that Kelly was Knox's on-screen girlfriend, and he informed her that he did not appreciate her stripping in front of anyone but him. For his in-ring debut, a win over Danny Doring, Kelly accompanied him to the ringside acting as a valet. Knox was pushed strongly, interfering in matches, and squashing his opponents. He later formed a short-lived tag team with Test before starting a feud with CM Punk, after growing jealous of Kelly Kelly's admiration towards Punk. CM Punk won every match in the feud, including a qualifying match for December to Dismember's Elimination Chamber match.\n", "Knox made his pay-per-view debut at Survivor Series where he teamed up with Rated-RKO, but was the first man eliminated after taking a superkick from Shawn Michaels. Upon his elimination, he was subsequently mocked by D-Generation X, as he was virtually unknown compared to the other participants. His next pay-per-view appearance saw him abandon Kelly Kelly during a mixed tag team match against Kevin Thorn and Ariel at December to Dismember, resulting in his team's loss. He then attacked her on the next \"ECW\" episode, breaking the duo up for good.\n", "After being taken off television, Knox returned on February 13, 2007 episode \"ECW\", where he lost easily to CM Punk. Knox was again taken off television for several months in order to return to Deep South Wrestling. On March 1, Knox and Derek Neikirk, the reformed Team Elite, were booked to win the Tag Team Championship after defeating the Major Brothers. After DSW closed, however, Knox was sent to WWE's Florida-based territory Florida Championship Wrestling.\n", "Knox returned on the September 11 episode of \"ECW\", defeating Balls Mahoney. The next week, he lost in a rematch to Mahoney. He then easily defeated Nunzio the week after. The next week Knox wrestled against ECW Champion CM Punk, again losing to Punk after a Go To Sleep from Punk. After months without any notable storylines, he began a feud with Tommy Dreamer whom he defeated in a series of matches, including an Extreme Rules match on the 100th episode of \"ECW\". He then began a feud with Finlay. After weeks of confrontations between the two, they finally had a match on the September 26 edition of \"ECW\", where they had an ECW Championship scramble qualifying match, which was won by Finlay.\n", "Section::::Professional wrestling career.:World Wrestling Entertainment.:Brand switches (2008–2010).\n", "On the October 27 and November 3, 2008 episodes of \"Raw\", two vignettes were aired to promote his arrival on the brand. His look drastically changed as well from his previous clean cut look to long unkempt hair and a long beard. He debuted the following week, on November 10, defeating D-Lo Brown. He attacked Rey Mysterio two times over a period of three weeks. After losing to Mysterio, Knox attacked Rey once again. Interviewer Todd Grisham, asked Knox why he attacked Rey Mysterio and he answered saying he did not know why. In a house show at Cape Girardeau, Missouri, Knox won a battle royal to become an entrant at the World Heavyweight Championship Elimination Chamber match at No Way Out. At the event, he was eliminated by Chris Jericho and was the second competitor eliminated overall.\n", "On April 15, Knox was drafted to the SmackDown brand as part of the 2009 Supplemental Draft. He made his debut for the brand on the May 8, 2009 episode of \"SmackDown\", defeating R-Truth in a singles match. This was his last win on television for WWE; from late May 2009 until his release in April 2010, Knox lost all the 30 televised matches he wrestled on either \"SmackDown\" or \"WWE Superstars\", whether it be in singles, tag, or multi-man matches.\n", "On the August 14 episode of \"SmackDown\", Knox debuted new elements to his character that included knowledge of biology and the human anatomy, using this knowledge to methodically inflict pain upon his opponents. Knox's final match was a loss to JTG on the April 23, 2010 edition of \"SmackDown\", on the same day WWE announced that Knox had been released from his contract.\n", "Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Return to independent circuit (2010–2015).\n", "Mike Knox competed against Corporal Robinson and Raven at JCW Bloodymania IV. Corporal Robinson won the match. On July 2012, he wrestled three times at American Pro Wrestling Alliance, winning the APWA Hardcore Cup. On October 6, 2012, Knox wrestled in the main event of House of Hardcore's first show as Mike Knoxx, losing to Carlito in a three-way match for the FWE Heavyweight Championship, which also included Tommy Dreamer. He won the American Pro Wrestling Alliance World Tag Team Championship in 2012 with D.O.C., but they were later stripped of the titles, as they were made inactive, on March 1, 2013. He appeared for Pro Wrestling Syndicate with D.O.C, and D'Lo Brown on May 18, 2013. On June 18, 2013, he won the River City Wrestling Tag Team Championships. D.O.C. and Knux lost the RCW Tag Team Championships on September 7, 2013 to Hernandez and Michael Faith. on November 16, 2014 Knox competed for Alpha Omega Wrestling (AOW) where Knox lost to Jerome Robinson by disqualification. on March 20, 2015 Knox faced AOW heavyweight champion Blake Grayson for the title but lost the match.\n", "Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Total Nonstop Action Wrestling.\n", "Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Total Nonstop Action Wrestling.:Aces & Eights (2012–2013).\n", "In May 2012, Knox competed in a dark match for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling against the Television Champion Devon.\n", "Knox made his television debut on the January 3, 2013, episode of \"Impact Wrestling\", being revealed as a member of the villainous Aces & Eights stable after being unmasked by Kurt Angle. Knox gained his revenge on Angle the following week, hitting him in the neck with a ball-peen hammer. After Angle was stretchered away, Knox lost his debut match to Sting and was afterwards, attacked with his own hammer. On March 10 at Lockdown, Aces & Eights, consisting of Knox, now billed as Knux, Devon, DOC, Garett Bischoff, and Mr. Anderson were defeated by Team TNA, consisting of Eric Young, James Storm, Magnus, Samoa Joe, and Sting in a Lethal Lockdown match, with Young pinning Knux for the win. On March 18, 2013, Knux was part of the World Cup of Wrestling, teaming with D.O.C, in a winning effort against Petey Williams and Funaki. On March 19, 2013, Knux took part in a six-man tag team match at a Hardcore Justice 2, teaming with D.O.C. and Wes Brisco, in a losing effort, being defeated by James Storm, Hardcore Holly, and Magnus. On the November 21 edition of \"Turning Point\", Knux, Garett Bischoff, Bully Ray, and Taz (remaining members of Aces & Eights) were forced to disband the Aces & Eights after Bully Ray lost a match against Mr. Anderson with their memberships on the line against the TNA career of Mr. Anderson.\n", "Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Total Nonstop Action Wrestling.:The Menagerie (2014–2015).\n", "In March 2014, Knux started a new storyline where he returns to his flood-ravaged hometown with his father's carnival having been ruined and the relationship with his father soured because Knux has no intention to follow his father's footsteps and to own the family operated carnival, as well as salvaging it. The following month, Knux debuted his new stable called \"The Menagerie\", composed of himself, Rebel, Crazzy Steve and The Freak. On the May 8th episode of \"Impact Wrestling\", he would defeat Kazarian in his return match. On the September 24 edition of Impact Wrestling, Knux took part in the Gold Rush tournament for a potential title opportunity facing Austin Aries in a losing effort. on the November 12 edition of Impact Wrestling, Knux, Crazzy Steve and Rebel defeated Angelina Love, Velvet Sky, and Jessie Godderz in an inter-gender elimination match. on December 5 at Victory Road, The Menagerie (Knux and The Freak) faced James Storm and Kazarian in a losing effort in a Tag team match to qualify for the Gauntlet Battle Royal match later that night. on February 16, 2015 at TNA Classic, Knux competed in a 16-man tournament where the winner will be crowned the winner of the TNA Classic. Knux defeated Kenny King but lost to Rockstar Spud in the following round. On March 6 at Joker's Wild III, Knux and Tyrus faced Ethan Carter III and Crazzy Steve in a losing effort. On March 6 (Taped February 14) at Knockouts Knockdown 3, The Menagerie (Knux, Crazzy Steve, Rebel) defeated The BroMans (Jessie Godderz, Robbie E) and Angelina Love in a Six-person intergender tag team match. On May 19, 2015, Knux officially left TNA.\n", "Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Inoki Genome Federation (2015).\n", "On April 11, 2015, Hettinga, working under the ring name Knux, made his debut for Japanese promotion Inoki Genome Federation, losing to Wang Bin. He picked up his first win in the promotion on May 5 over Daichi Hashimoto. On June 27, Knux formed an \"anti-IGF\" stable with Hideki Suzuki, Erik Hammer and Kevin Kross.\n", "Section::::Championships and accomplishments.\n", "BULLET::::- Alpha Omega Wrestling\n", "BULLET::::- Valley Rumble (2016)\n", "BULLET::::- American Pro Wrestling Alliance\n", "BULLET::::- APWA Hardcore Cup Championship (1 time)\n", "BULLET::::- APWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with D.O.C\n", "BULLET::::- Deep South Wrestling\n", "BULLET::::- DSW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Derek Neikirk\n", "BULLET::::- Impact Zone Wrestling\n", "BULLET::::- IZW Heavyweight Championship (2 times)\n", "BULLET::::- IZW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Derek Neikirk\n", "BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Illustrated\n", "BULLET::::- PWI ranked him #87 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2009\n", "BULLET::::- River City Wrestling\n", "BULLET::::- RCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with D.O.C\n", "BULLET::::- Western States Wrestling\n", "BULLET::::- WSW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)\n", "BULLET::::- Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards\n", "BULLET::::- Worst Gimmick (2012, 2013)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- IGF profile\n", "BULLET::::- Online World of Wrestling profile\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Joan of the Tower\n", "Joan of England (5 July 1321 – 7 September 1362), known as Joan of the Tower because she was born in the Tower of London, was the first wife and Queen consort of David II of Scotland.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "The youngest daughter of King Edward II of England and Isabella of France, Joan was born in the Tower of London on 5 July 1321. Her siblings were the future Edward III, King of England, John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall, and Eleanor of Woodstock.\n", "In accordance with the Treaty of Northampton, Joan was married on 17 July 1328 to David, the son and heir of Robert the Bruce, at Berwick-upon-Tweed. She was seven years old and he was four. Their marriage lasted 34 years, but it was childless and apparently loveless.\n", "After the victory of Edward III of England and his protégé Edward Balliol at the Battle of Halidon Hill near Berwick-upon-Tweed in July 1333, David and Joan were sent for safety to France. They reached Boulogne-sur-Mer in May 1334, where they were received by Philip VI, her mother's cousin. Little is known about the life of the Scottish king and queen in France, except that they took up residence at Château Gaillard and Philip treated them with regard.\n", "Meanwhile, David's representatives had obtained the upper hand in Scotland, and David and Joan were thus enabled to return in June 1341, when he took the reins of government into his own hands. David II was taken prisoner at the Battle of Neville's Cross in County Durham on 17 October 1346, and remained imprisoned in England for eleven years. Although Edward III allowed Joan to visit her husband in the Tower of London a few times, she did not become pregnant. After his release in 1357, she decided to remain in England. Joan was close to her mother, whom she nursed during her last days.\n", "Joan died in 1362, aged 41, at Hertford Castle, Hertfordshire. She was buried in Christ Church Greyfriars, London, which was heavily bombed in the Blitz. No trace of her tomb now survives.\n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- Ashley, Mike. \"The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens\". London: Robinson Publishers, 1999.\n", "BULLET::::- Brown, Michael. \"The Wars of Scotland, 1214–1371\". Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004.\n", "BULLET::::- Marshall, Rosalind. \"Scottish Queens 1034–1714\". East Linton: Tuckwell Press, 2003.\n", "BULLET::::- Mortimer, Ian. \"The Perfect King The Life of Edward III, Father of the English Nation\". London: Vintage, 2008.\n", "BULLET::::- Panton, James. \"Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy\". Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2011.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Richard Calder (writer)\n", "Richard Calder (born 1956) is a British science fiction writer who lives and works in the East End of London. He previously spent over a decade in Thailand (1990–1997) and the Philippines (1999–2002).\n", "Section::::Writing career.\n", "Born at London, Calder began publishing stories in 1989, and first came to wider notice with the postcyberpunk novel \"Dead Girls\" (1992). \"Dead Girls\" expanded into a trilogy of books.\n", "Since 1992, he has produced a further nine novels, and about twenty short stories. A theme running through his work (such as in the 'Dead' trilogy) is agalmatophiliac male lust for young female gynoids, as well as the darker undercurrents of British national culture. His novels and stories have links and plot overlaps between one another, and together form a mythos. \n", "He cites as inspirations Angela Carter and Georges Bataille, among others.\n", "He was interviewed in the magazine \"Interzone\" in August 2001 about the theme of escape and his own attempts to break away from, \"the physical and psychological constraints of the cloying suburbia of his childhood.\" He said:\n", "In 2004 \"Dead Girls\" was under option to an Australian film production company. Calder was commissioned to draft a screenplay. When however the film did not materialise he got the idea to re-imagine the book as a graphic novel. This was published in 2014. It is illustrated by Filipino artist Leonardo M Giron who was introduced to Richard Calder by Terry Martin the editor of the quarterly magazine \"Murky Depths\". The graphic novel was originally serialised in the \"Murky Depths\".\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- (a \"time opera\" based on the plots of numerous operas, including \"Turandot\", \"The Marriage of Figaro\" and \"La Traviata\")The book is a series of linked novellas which originally appeared in the magazine Interzone\n", "BULLET::::- Richard Calder and Leonardo M Giron, Dead Girls the Graphic Novel (2014) Murky Depths\n", "Section::::Short stories.\n", "Calder's short stories have been published almost exclusively by the magazine \"\"Interzone\"\" since 1989. They are:\n", "BULLET::::- \"Toxine\" in \"Interzone - The 4th Anthology\". Paperback edition 1990 New English Library\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mosquito\" \"Interzone\" #32, November/December 1989, reprinted in \"Omni\" July 1990 and \"Interzone - The 5th Anthology\", 1991\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lilim\" \"Interzone\" #34, March/April 1990\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Allure\" \"Interzone\" #40, October 1990, reprinted in \"The Best of Interzone\", 1997\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Embarkation for Cythera\" \"Interzone\" #106, Apr 1996\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lost in Cathay\", in \"Leviathan\" #2, The Ministry of Whimsy, 1998\n", "BULLET::::- \"Malignos\" \"Interzone\" #144, June 1999, nominated for BSFA Award\n", "BULLET::::- \"Impakto\" \"Interzone\" #150, December 1999, nominated for International Horror Guild Award\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lord Soho\" \"Interzone\" #154, April 2000\n", "BULLET::::- \"Incunabula\" \"Interzone\" #159, September 2000\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lady of the Carnelias\" \"Interzone\" #161, November 2000\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Nephilim\" \"Interzone\" #164, February 2001\n", "BULLET::::- \"Roach Motel\" \"Interzone\" #166, April 2001\n", "BULLET::::- \"Espiritu Santo\" \"Interzone\" #170, Augugst 2001\n", "BULLET::::- \"Zarzuela\" \"Interzone\" #178, April 2002\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Dark\" \"Interzone\" #181, August 2002\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Catgirl Manifesto: An Introduction Album Zutique\" #1, May 2003 (as 'Christina Flook') 2003 James Tiptree, Jr. Award Short List, reprinted in \"The James Tiptree Award Anthology\" 1, Tachyon Publications, 2005 Stabat Mater Lost Pages, 2003\n", "BULLET::::- \"Female Hyper-Orgasmic Epilepsy ('Black Orgasm')\" and \"The Ophidian Manifesto, or How I Met Dr Thackery\" T Lambshead Thackery T Lambshead Pocket Guide to Eccentric & Discredited Diseases, The Ministry of Whimsy, 2003\n", "BULLET::::- \"After the Party \"Interzone\"\" #201, December 2005, #202, February 2006, #203, April 2006\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official Richard Calder website\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dead Girls, The Graphic Novel\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "British writer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5971711", "wikidata_label": "Richard Calder", "wikipedia_title": "Richard Calder (writer)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Carl Erskine\n", "Carl Daniel Erskine (born December 13, 1926) is a former right-handed starting pitcher in Major League Baseball who played his entire career for the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers from 1948 through 1959. He was a pitching mainstay on Dodger teams which won five National League pennants, peaking with a season in which he won 20 games and set a World Series record with 14 strikeouts in a single game. Erskine pitched two of the NL's seven no-hitters during the 1950s. Following his baseball career, he was active as a business executive and an author.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "He broke into the majors a year before Don Newcombe, and from 1948–50 was used primarily as a reliever, going 21-10. In 1951, he mixed 19 starts with 27 relief appearances, and went 16-12. Erskine was 14-6 in 1952 with a career-best 2.70 earned run average, then had his 20-win season in 1953, leading the league with a .769 winning percentage along with 187 strikeouts and 16 complete games, all career highs. This was followed by 18-15 in 1954, posting career highs in starts (37) and innings (260-1/3), then by 11-8 in 1955 and 13-11 in 1956.\n", "When Newcombe was pitching in the ninth inning of the third game of the playoff with the New York Giants on October 3, 1951, Erskine and Ralph Branca were warming up in the bullpen. On the recommendation of pitching coach Clyde Sukeforth, who thought that Branca had better stuff, Newcombe was relieved by Branca, who then gave up the game-winning home run to Bobby Thomson. Whenever Erskine was asked what his best pitch was, he replied, \"The curveball I bounced in the Polo Grounds bullpen in 1951.\"\n", "Erskine, author of two no-hitters (against the Chicago Cubs on June 19, 1952 and the New York Giants on May 12, 1956), was a member of the beloved Dodgers team which won the 1955 World Series for the franchise's first Series title. He appeared in eleven World Series games (1949–52–53-55-56), and made the NL All-Star team in . His 14 strikeouts as the winner of Game 3 of the 1953 Fall Classic – including striking out the side in the ninth inning – broke the Series record of 13 held by Howard Ehmke (1929, Game 1), and stood for 10 years until Sandy Koufax struck out 15 New York Yankees in the first game of the 1963 World Series; but he was ineffective in Games 1 and 6, although he was not charged with the losses. From 1951 through 1956, Erskine won 92 games while losing only 58, which helped the Dodgers to four pennants during the \"Boys of Summer\" era. During his years in Brooklyn, he was affectionately known as \"Oisk\" by the fans with their Brooklyn accents.\n", "In 1957, Erskine moved to Los Angeles with the team the following year, but lasted only a season and a half. He made his final appearance on June 14, 1959. In a twelve-season career, he posted a 122-78 (.610) record with 981 strikeouts and a 4.00 ERA in 1718.2 innings pitched.\n", "Section::::Retirement.\n", "Following his retirement as a player, Erskine returned to his native Indiana. He coached at Anderson College for 12 seasons, including four Hoosier Conference championships, and his 1965 squad went 20-5 and reached the NAIA World Series. He had 18 players named to All-Conference teams, and three named as All-American. In 1973, his final season, he coached John Bargfeldt, who later spent three seasons in the minors as a Chicago Cubs prospect. He also became a leader in the community, participating in numerous organizations and businesses, including rising to the presidency of the Star Bank of Anderson, Indiana before easing back to the role of vice chairman of the board. He is devoted to his son Jimmy, who has Down syndrome and lives at home and holds a job nearby at the Hopewell Center for people with developmental difficulties.\n", "To commemorate Erskine's accomplishments both as a Dodger and as a citizen, a bronze statue was built in front of the Carl D. Erskine Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine Center. Erskine also donated part of his land to the Anderson Community School System to build a new school, which was named Erskine Elementary. Erskine serves as a member of the advisory board of the Baseball Assistance Team, a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization dedicated to helping former Major League, Minor League, and Negro League players through financial and medical difficulties. In 2002, Erskine Street in Brooklyn was created and named after him.\n", "Section::::Books.\n", "BULLET::::- Roger Kahn, \"The Boys of Summer\" (New York: Harper & Row, 1972)\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball no-hitters\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball players who spent their entire career with one franchise\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- BaseballLibrary – profile and career highlights\n", "BULLET::::- Society for American Baseball Research. Carl Erskine, written by Bob Hurte.\n", "BULLET::::- Carl Erskine Oral History Interview - National Baseball Hall of Fame Digital Collection\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Margo (actress)\n", "Margo (born María Marguerita Guadalupe Teresa Estela Bolado Castilla y O'Donnell, May 10, 1917 – July 17, 1985) was a Mexican-American actress and dancer. She appeared in many American film, stage, and television productions, including \"Lost Horizon\" (1937), \"The Leopard Man\" (1943), \"Viva Zapata!\" (1952), and \"I'll Cry Tomorrow\" (1955). She married actor Eddie Albert in 1945 and was later known as Margo Albert.\n", "Section::::Early life and career.\n", "Margo was born into a musically talented family in Mexico City in 1917. As a child, she trained as a dancer with Eduardo Cansino, the father of Rita Hayworth. At the age of nine, she began dancing professionally with her uncle Xavier Cugat and his band in performances at Mexican nightclubs. Margo travelled to the United States as a child, living in New York City with her aunt, singer Carmen Castillo. While accompanying her uncle's band during a performance at the Waldorf Astoria in New York City, Margo was noticed by producer and director Ben Hecht and screenwriter Charles MacArthur, who cast the 15-year-old performer as the lead in their film \"Crime Without Passion\". Margo also played the character of Miriamne Esdras both on stage and in the 1936 film version of \"Winterset\", which one critic called a \"cinemagoer's must.\" Other notable roles in the 1930s include parts in the 1937 film \"Lost Horizon\" and Broadway productions of Maxwell Anderson's \"Masque of Kings\" (1937) and Sidney Kingsley's \"The World We Make\" (1939).\n", "Section::::Blacklisting.\n", "While Margo continued to act in films until the 1960s, her career was curtailed by the television blacklist that began in 1950, with the targeting of Gypsy Rose Lee, Jean Muir, Hazel Scott, and Ireene Wicker. Margo was known for her progressive political views, but she was not a member of the Communist Party. In 1950, her name and that of her husband were published in \"Red Channels\", an anti-Communist pamphlet that purported to expose Communist influence within the entertainment industry. \"Red Channels\" labeled her a communist because of her support for the Hollywood Ten, her advocacy for peace, and her support for refugees.\n", "Albert's son spoke of his parents' blacklisting in an interview published in December 1972, crediting Albert's service during World War II with ultimately saving his career.\n", "Eddie Albert's film career survived the blacklist, but Margo was blacklisted by the major Hollywood studios.\n", "Section::::Arts activism and engagement.\n", "In the years after the blacklist, Margo pursued her advocacy for arts and education. In 1970, along with Frank Lopez, a trade union activist, Margo founded Plaza de la Raza (Place of the People) in East Los Angeles. A cultural center for arts and education, Plaza de la Raza remains in operation today, providing year-round programming in arts education. Her work with Plaza de la Raza included serving as the artistic director and as chairperson of the board. Albert's commitment to the arts extended beyond her work in East Los Angeles: she served as a steering committee member on the President's Committee on the Arts and Humanities and was a member of the board of the National Council of the National Endowment for the Arts.\n", "Section::::Personal life and death.\n", "Margo was married twice. In 1937 she wed actor Francis Lederer, but they divorced in 1940. In December 1945, three years after she became a naturalized citizen of the United States, she married actor Eddie Albert. She and Albert had two children, a son (actor Edward Albert) and a daughter (Maria Carmen Zucht, who served as her father's business manager). The couple remained together for 40 years, until 1985, when she died from brain cancer at age 68 in their home in Pacific Palisades, California. Her gravesite is in Westwood Memorial Park in Los Angeles.\n", "Section::::Stage work.\n", "BULLET::::- September 25, 1935 – March 1936: \"Winterset\"\n", "BULLET::::- February 8, 1937 – April 24, 1937: \"The Masque of Kings\"\n", "BULLET::::- November 20, 1939 – January 27, 1940: \"The World We Make\"\n", "BULLET::::- February 4, 1941 – February 23, 1941: \"Tanyard Street\"\n", "BULLET::::- December 6, 1944 – October 27, 1945: \"A Bell for Adano\"\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "This filmography of theatrical features is believed to be complete.\n", "BULLET::::- 1934: \"Crime Without Passion\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1935: \"Rumba\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1936: \"The Robin Hood of El Dorado\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1936: \"Winterset\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1937: \"Lost Horizon\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1939: \"El Milagro de la calle mayor\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1939: \"Miracle on Main Street\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1943: \"The Leopard Man\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1943: \"Behind the Rising Sun\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1943: \"Gangway for Tomorrow\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1952: \"Viva Zapata!\" as Soldadera\n", "BULLET::::- 1955: \"I'll Cry Tomorrow\" as Selma\n", "BULLET::::- 1958: \"From Hell to Texas\" as Mrs. Bradley\n", "BULLET::::- 1962: \"Who's Got the Action?\" as Roza\n", "BULLET::::- 1970: \"Diary of a Mad Housewife\" as Valma\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Hollywood blacklist\n", "BULLET::::- List of women identified as communists in Red Channels\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Margo Albert family information\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Andrei Tarkovsky\n", "Andrei Arsenyevich Tarkovsky (; 4 April 1932 – 29 December 1986) was a Russian filmmaker, writer, film editor, film theorist, theatre and opera director. His work is characterized by unconventionally long takes, sparse dramatic structure, poetic imagery, and spiritual and metaphysical themes. \n", "Tarkovsky's films include \"Ivan's Childhood\" (1962), \"Andrei Rublev\" (1966), \"Solaris\" (1972), \"Mirror\" (1975), and \"Stalker\" (1979). He directed the first five of his seven feature films in the Soviet Union; his last two films, \"Nostalghia\" (1983) and \"The Sacrifice\" (1986), were produced in Italy and Sweden respectively.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Section::::Life.:Childhood and early life.\n", "Andrei Tarkovsky was born in the village of Zavrazhye in the Yuryevetsky District of the Ivanovo Industrial Oblast (modern-day Kadyysky District of the Kostroma Oblast, Russia) to the poet and translator Arseny Alexandrovich Tarkovsky, a native of Yelisavetgrad, Kherson Governorate, and Maria Ivanova Vishnyakova, a graduate of the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute who later worked as a corrector; she was born in Moscow in the Dubasov family estate. Andrei's paternal grandfather Aleksandr Karlovich Tarkovsky (in ) was a Polish nobleman who worked as a bank clerk. His wife Maria Danilovna Rachkovskaya was a Romanian teacher who arrived from Iași. Andrei's maternal grandmother Vera Nikolaevna Vishnyakova (née Dubasova) belonged to an old Dubasov family of Russian nobility that traces its history back to the 17th century; among her relatives was Admiral Fyodor Dubasov, a fact she had to conceal during the Soviet days. She was married to Ivan Ivanovich Vishnyakov, a native of the Kaluga Governorate who studied law at the Moscow University and served as a judge in Kozelsk. According to the family legend, Tarkovsky's ancestors on his father's side were princes from the Shamkhalate of Tarki, Dagestan, although his sister Marina Tarkovskaya who did a detailed research on their genealogy called it «a myth, even a prank of sorts», stressing that none of the documents confirms this version.\n", "Tarkovsky spent his childhood in Yuryevets. He was described by childhood friends as active and popular, having many friends and being typically in the center of action. His father left the family in 1937, subsequently volunteering for the army in 1941. Tarkovsky stayed with his mother, moving with her and his sister Marina to Moscow, where she worked as a proofreader at a printing press. In 1939 Tarkovsky enrolled at the Moscow School No. 554. During the war, the three evacuated to Yuryevets, living with his maternal grandmother. In 1943 the family returned to Moscow. Tarkovsky continued his studies at his old school, where the poet Andrey Voznesensky was one of his classmates. He studied piano at a music school and attended classes at an art school. The family lived on Shchipok Street in the Zamoskvorechye District in Moscow. From November 1947 to spring 1948 he was in the hospital with tuberculosis. Many themes of his childhood—the evacuation, his mother and her two children, the withdrawn father, the time in the hospital—feature prominently in his film \"Mirror\".\n", "In his school years, Tarkovsky was a troublemaker and a poor student. He still managed to graduate, and from 1951 to 1952 studied Arabic at the Oriental Institute in Moscow, a branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Although he already spoke some Arabic and was a successful student in his first semesters, he did not finish his studies and dropped out to work as a prospector for the Academy of Science Institute for Non-Ferrous Metals and Gold. He participated in a year-long research expedition to the river Kureikye near Turukhansk in the Krasnoyarsk Province. During this time in the taiga, Tarkovsky decided to study film.\n", "Section::::Life.:Film school student.\n", "Upon returning from the research expedition in 1954, Tarkovsky applied at the State Institute of Cinematography (VGIK) and was admitted to the film-directing program. He was in the same class as Irma Raush whom he married in April 1957.\n", "The early Khrushchev era offered good opportunities for young film directors. Before 1953, annual film production was low and most films were directed by veteran directors. After 1953, more films were produced, many of them by young directors. The Khrushchev Thaw relaxed Soviet social restrictions a bit and permitted a limited influx of European and North American literature, films and music. This allowed Tarkovsky to see films of the Italian neorealists, French New Wave, and of directors such as Kurosawa, Buñuel, Bergman, Bresson, Andrzej Wajda (whose film \"Ashes and Diamonds\" influenced Tarkovsky) and Mizoguchi.\n", "Tarkovsky's teacher and mentor was Mikhail Romm, who taught many film students who would later become influential film directors. In 1956 Tarkovsky directed his first student short film, \"The Killers\", from a short story of Ernest Hemingway. The short film \"There Will Be No Leave Today\" and the screenplay \"Concentrate\" followed in 1958 and 1959.\n", "An important influence on Tarkovsky was the film director Grigori Chukhrai, who was teaching at the VGIK. Impressed by the talent of his student, Chukhrai offered Tarkovsky a position as assistant director for his film \"Clear Skies\". Tarkovsky initially showed interest but then decided to concentrate on his studies and his own projects.\n", "During his third year at the VGIK, Tarkovsky met Andrei Konchalovsky. They found much in common as they liked the same film directors and shared ideas on cinema and films. In 1959 they wrote the script \"Antarctica – Distant Country\", which was later published in the \"Moskovskij Komsomolets\". Tarkovsky submitted the script to Lenfilm, but it was rejected. They were more successful with the script \"The Steamroller and the Violin\", which they sold to Mosfilm. This became Tarkovsky's graduation project, earning him his diploma in 1960 and winning First Prize at the New York Student Film Festival in 1961.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Film career in the Soviet Union.\n", "Tarkovsky's first feature film was \"Ivan's Childhood\" in 1962. He had inherited the film from director Eduard Abalov, who had to abort the project. The film earned Tarkovsky international acclaim and won the Golden Lion award at the Venice Film Festival in the year 1962. In the same year, on 30 September, his first son Arseny (called Senka in Tarkovsky's diaries) Tarkovsky was born.\n", "In 1965, he directed the film \"Andrei Rublev\" about the life of Andrei Rublev, the fifteenth-century Russian icon painter. \"Andrei Rublev\" was not, except for a single screening in Moscow in 1966, immediately released after completion due to problems with Soviet authorities. Tarkovsky had to cut the film several times, resulting in several different versions of varying lengths. The film was widely released in the Soviet Union in a cut version in 1971.\n", "He divorced his wife, Irma Raush, in June 1970. In the same year, he married Larissa Kizilova (née Egorkina), who had been a production assistant for the film \"Andrei Rublev\" (they had been living together since 1965). Their son, Andrei Andreyevich Tarkovsky, was born in the same year on 7 August. A version of the film was presented at the Cannes Film Festival in 1969 and won the FIPRESCI prize.\n", "In 1972, he completed \"Solaris\", an adaptation of the novel \"Solaris\" by Stanisław Lem. He had worked on this together with screenwriter Fridrikh Gorenshtein as early as 1968. The film was presented at the Cannes Film Festival, won the Grand Prix Spécial du Jury and the FIPRESCI prize, and was nominated for the Palme d'Or. From 1973 to 1974, he shot the film \"Mirror\", a highly autobiographical and unconventionally structured film drawing on his childhood and incorporating some of his father's poems. In this film Tarkovsky portrayed the plight of childhood affected by war. Tarkovsky had worked on the screenplay for this film since 1967, under the consecutive titles \"Confession\", \"White day\" and \"A white, white day\". From the beginning the film was not well received by Soviet authorities due to its content and its perceived elitist nature. Russian authorities placed the film in the \"third category,\" a severely limited distribution, and only allowed it to be shown in third-class cinemas and workers' clubs. Few prints were made and the film-makers received no returns. Third category films also placed the film-makers in danger of being accused of wasting public funds, which could have serious effects on their future productivity. These difficulties are presumed to have made Tarkovsky play with the idea of going abroad and producing a film outside the Soviet film industry.\n", "During 1975, Tarkovsky also worked on the screenplay \"Hoffmanniana\", about the German writer and poet E. T. A. Hoffmann. In December 1976, he directed \"Hamlet\", his only stage play, at the Lenkom Theatre in Moscow. The main role was played by Anatoly Solonitsyn, who also acted in several of Tarkovsky's films. At the end of 1978, he also wrote the screenplay \"Sardor\" together with the writer Aleksandr Misharin.\n", "The last film Tarkovsky completed in the Soviet Union was \"Stalker\", inspired by the novel \"Roadside Picnic\" by the brothers Arkady and Boris Strugatsky. Tarkovsky had met the brothers first in 1971 and was in contact with them until his death in 1986. Initially he wanted to shoot a film based on their novel \"Dead Mountaineer's Hotel\" and he developed a raw script. Influenced by a discussion with Arkady Strugatsky he changed his plan and began to work on the script based on \"Roadside Picnic\". Work on this film began in 1976. The production was mired in troubles; improper development of the negatives had ruined all the exterior shots. Tarkovsky's relationship with cinematographer Georgy Rerberg deteriorated to the point where he hired Alexander Knyazhinsky as a new first cinematographer. Furthermore, Tarkovsky suffered a heart attack in April 1978, resulting in further delay. The film was completed in 1979 and won the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury at the Cannes Film Festival.\n", "In the same year Tarkovsky also began the production of the film \"The First Day\" (Russian: Первый День \"Pervyj Dyen′\"), based on a script by his friend and long-term collaborator Andrei Konchalovsky. The film was set in 18th-century Russia during the reign of Peter the Great and starred Natalya Bondarchuk and Anatoli Papanov. To get the project approved by Goskino, Tarkovsky submitted a script that was different from the original script, omitting several scenes that were critical of the official atheism in the Soviet Union. After shooting roughly half of the film the project was stopped by Goskino after it became apparent that the film differed from the script submitted to the censors. Tarkovsky was reportedly infuriated by this interruption and destroyed most of the film.\n", "Section::::Career.:Film career outside the Soviet Union.\n", "During the summer of 1979, Tarkovsky traveled to Italy, where he shot the documentary \"Voyage in Time\" together with his long-time friend Tonino Guerra. Tarkovsky returned to Italy in 1980 for an extended trip, during which he and Guerra completed the script for the film \"Nostalghia\".\n", "Tarkovsky returned to Italy in 1982 to start shooting \"Nostalghia\". He did not return to his home country. As Mosfilm withdrew from the project, he had to complete the film with financial support provided by the Italian RAI. Tarkovsky completed the film in 1983. \"Nostalghia\" was presented at the Cannes Film Festival and won the FIPRESCI prize and the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury. Tarkovsky also shared a special prize called \"Grand Prix du cinéma de creation\" with Robert Bresson. Soviet authorities prevented the film from winning the Palme d'Or, a fact that hardened Tarkovsky's resolve to never work in the Soviet Union again. He also said: \"I am not a Soviet dissident, I have no conflict with the Soviet Government.\" But if he returned home, he added, \"[he] would be unemployed.\" In the same year, he also staged the opera \"Boris Godunov\" at the Royal Opera House in London under the musical direction of Claudio Abbado.\n", "He spent most of 1984 preparing the film \"The Sacrifice\". At a press conference in Milan on 10 July 1984, he announced that he would never return to the Soviet Union and would remain in Europe. At that time, his son Andrei Jr. was still in the Soviet Union and not allowed to leave the country. On 28 August 1985, Tarkovsky arrived at Latina Refugee Camp in Latina, where he was registered with the serial number 13225/379.\n", "\"The Sacrifice\" was Tarkovsky's last film, dedicated to his son, Andrei Jr. \"Directed by Andrei Tarkovsky\", which documents the making of \"The Sacrifice\", was released after the filmmaker's death in 1986. In a particularly poignant scene, writer/director Michal Leszczylowski follows Tarkovsky on a walk as he expresses his sentiments on death he claims himself to be immortal and has no fear of dying.\n", "Section::::Career.:Death.\n", "During 1985, he shot the film \"The Sacrifice\" in Sweden. At the end of the year he was diagnosed with terminal lung cancer. In January 1986, he began treatment in Paris and was joined there by his son, who was finally allowed to leave the Soviet Union. \"The Sacrifice\" was presented at the Cannes Film Festival and received the Grand Prix Spécial du Jury, the FIPRESCI prize and the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury. As Tarkovsky was unable to attend due to his illness, the prizes were collected by his son, Andrei Jr. \n", "In Tarkovsky's last entry (15 December 1986), he wrote: \"But now I have no strength left – that is the problem\". The diaries are sometimes also known as \"\" and were published posthumously in 1989 and in English in 1991.\n", "Tarkovsky died in Paris on 29 December 1986. His funeral ceremony was held at the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral. He was buried on 3 January 1987 in the Russian Cemetery in Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois in France. The inscription on his gravestone, which was conceived by Tarkovsky's wife, Larisa Tarkovskaya, reads: \"To the man who saw the Angel\".\n", "A conspiracy theory emerged in Russia in the early 1990s when it was alleged that Tarkovsky did not die of natural causes but was assassinated by the KGB. Evidence for this hypothesis includes testimonies by former KGB agents who claim that Viktor Chebrikov gave the order to eradicate Tarkovsky to curtail what the Soviet government and the KGB saw as anti-Soviet propaganda by Tarkovsky. Other evidence includes several memoranda that surfaced after the 1991 coup and the claim by one of Tarkovsky's doctors that his cancer could not have developed from a natural cause.\n", "As with Tarkovsky, his wife Larisa Tarkovskaya and actor Anatoli Solonitsyn all died from the very same type of lung cancer. Vladimir Sharun, sound designer in \"Stalker\", is convinced that they were all poisoned by the chemical plant where they were shooting the film.\n", "Section::::Career.:Filmography.\n", "Tarkovsky is mainly known as a film director. During his career he directed seven feature films, as well as three shorts from his time at VGIK. These include:\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ivan's Childhood\" (1962)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Andrei Rublev\" (1966)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Solaris\" (1972)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mirror\" (1975)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Stalker\" (1979)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nostalghia\" (1983)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Sacrifice\" (1986)\n", "He also wrote several screenplays. Furthermore, he directed the play \"Hamlet\" for the stage in Moscow, directed the opera \"Boris Godunov\" in London, and he directed a radio production of the short story \"Turnabout\" by William Faulkner. He also wrote \"Sculpting in Time\", a book on film theory.\n", "Tarkovsky's first feature film was \"Ivan's Childhood\" in 1962. He then directed \"Andrei Rublev\" in 1966, \"Solaris\" in 1972, \"Mirror\" in 1975 and \"Stalker\" in 1979. The documentary \"Voyage in Time\" was produced in Italy in 1982, as was \"Nostalghia\" in 1983. His last film \"The Sacrifice\" was produced in Sweden in 1986. Tarkovsky was personally involved in writing the screenplays for all his films, sometimes with a cowriter. Tarkovsky once said that a director who realizes somebody else's screenplay without being involved in it becomes a mere illustrator, resulting in dead and monotonous films.\n", "A book of 60 photos, \"Instant Light, Tarkovsky Polaroids\", taken by Tarkovsky in Russia and Italy between 1979 and 1984 was published in 2006. The collection was selected by Italian photographer Giovanni Chiaramonte and Tarkovsky's son Andrey A. Tarkovsky.\n", "Bibliography\n", "Books written by Tarkovsky\n", "BULLET::::1. Sculpting in Time, published in 1986\n", "BULLET::::2. Time Within Time : The Diaries 1970 - 1986, published in 1989\n", "Section::::Career.:Awards.\n", "Numerous awards were bestowed on Tarkovsky throughout his lifetime. At the Venice Film Festival he was awarded the Golden Lion for \"Ivan's Childhood\". At the Cannes Film Festival, he won the FIPRESCI prize four times, the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury three times (more than any other director), and the Grand Prix Spécial du Jury twice. He was also nominated for the Palme d'Or two times. In 1987, the British Academy of Film and Television Arts awarded the BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Language Film to \"The Sacrifice\".\n", "Under the influence of Glasnost and Perestroika, Tarkovsky was finally recognized in the Soviet Union in the Autumn of 1986, shortly before his death, by a retrospective of his films in Moscow. After his death, an entire issue of the film magazine \"Iskusstvo Kino\" was devoted to Tarkovsky. In their obituaries, the film committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Union of Soviet Film Makers expressed their sorrow that Tarkovsky had to spend the last years of his life in exile.\n", "Posthumously, he was awarded the Lenin Prize in 1990, one of the highest state honors in the Soviet Union. In 1989 the \"Andrei Tarkovsky Memorial Prize\" was established, with its first recipient being the Russian animator Yuriy Norshteyn. In three consecutive events, the Moscow International Film Festival awards the annual \"Andrei Tarkovsky Award\" in the years of 1993, 1995 and 1997. In 1996 the Andrei Tarkovsky Museum opened in Yuryevets, his childhood town. A minor planet, 3345 Tarkovskij, discovered by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Georgievna Karachkina in 1982, has also been named after him.\n", "Tarkovsky has been the subject of several documentaries. Most notable is the 1988 documentary \"Moscow Elegy\", by Russian film director Alexander Sokurov. Sokurov's own work has been heavily influenced by Tarkovsky. The film consists mostly of narration over stock footage from Tarkovsky's films. \"Directed by Andrei Tarkovsky\" is 1988 documentary film by Michal Leszczylowski, an editor of the film \"The Sacrifice\". Film director Chris Marker produced the television documentary \"One Day in the Life of Andrei Arsenevich\" as an homage to Andrei Tarkovsky in 2000.\n", "Ingmar Bergman was quoted as saying: \"Tarkovsky for me is the greatest [of us all], the one who invented a new language, true to the nature of film, as it captures life as a reflection, life as a dream\". Film historian Steven Dillon says that much of subsequent film was deeply influenced by the films of Tarkovsky.\n", "At the entrance to the Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography in Moscow, Russia there is a monument that includes statues of Tarkovsky, Gennady Shpalikov and Vasily Shukshin.\n", "Section::::Unproduced screenplays.\n", "Section::::Unproduced screenplays.:\"Concentrate\".\n", "Concentrate (, \"Konsentrat\") is a never-filmed 1958 screenplay by Russian film director Andrei Tarkovsky. The screenplay is based on Tarkovsky's year in the taiga as a member of a research expedition, prior to his enrollment in film school. It's about the leader of a geological expedition, who waits for the boat that brings back the concentrates collected by the expedition. The expedition is surrounded by mystery, and its purpose is a state secret.\n", "Although some authors claim that the screenplay was filmed, according to Marina Tarkovskaya, Tarkovsky's sister (and wife of Aleksandr Gordon, a fellow student of Tarvosky during his film school years) the screenplay was never filmed. Tarkovsky wrote the screenplay during his entrance examination at the State Institute of Cinematography (VGIK) in a single sitting. He earned the highest possible grade, excellent () for this work. In 1994 fragments of the \"Concentrate\" were filmed and used in the documentary \"Andrei Tarkovsky's Taiga Summer\" by Marina Tarkovskaya and Aleksandr Gordon.\n", "Section::::Unproduced screenplays.:\"Hoffmanniana\".\n", "Hoffmanniana () is a never-filmed 1974 screenplay by Russian film director Andrei Tarkovsky. The screenplay is based on the life and work of German author E. T. A. Hoffmann. In 1974 an acquaintance from Tallinnfilm approached Tarkovsky to write a screenplay on a German theme. Tarkovsky considered Thomas Mann and E.T.A. Hoffmann, and also thought about Ibsen's \"Peer Gynt\". In the end Tarkovsky signed a contract for a script based on the life and work of Hoffmann. Tarkovsky planned to write the script during the summer of 1974 at his dacha. Writing was not without difficulty, less than a month before the deadline he had not written a single page. He finally finished the project in late 1974 and submitted the final script to Tallinnfilm in October.\n", "Although the script was well received by the officials at Tallinnfilm, it was the consensus that no one but Tarkovsky would be able to direct it. The script was sent to Goskino in February 1976, and although approval was granted for proceeding with making the film the screenplay was never realized. In 1984, during the time of his exile in the West, Tarkovsky revisited the screenplay and made a few changes. He also considered to finally direct a film based on the screenplay but ultimately dropped this idea.\n", "Section::::Influences.\n", "Tarkovsky became a film director during the mid and late 1950s, a period referred to as the Khrushchev Thaw, during which Soviet society opened to foreign films, literature and music, among other things. This allowed Tarkovsky to see films of European, American and Japanese directors, an experience that influenced his own film making. His teacher and mentor at the film school, Mikhail Romm, allowed his students considerable freedom and emphasized the independence of the film director.\n", "Tarkovsky was, according to fellow student Shavkat Abdusalmov, fascinated by Japanese films. He was amazed by how every character on the screen is exceptional and how everyday events such as a Samurai cutting bread with his sword are elevated to something special and put into the limelight. Tarkovsky has also expressed interest in the art of Haiku and its ability to create \"images in such a way that they mean nothing beyond themselves\".\n", "Tarkovsky perceived that the art of cinema has only been truly mastered by very few filmmakers, stating in a 1970 interview with Naum Abramov that \"they can be counted on the fingers of one hand\". In 1972, Tarkovsky told film historian Leonid Kozlov his ten favorite films. The list includes: \"Diary of a Country Priest\" and \"Mouchette\" by Robert Bresson; \"Winter Light\", \"Wild Strawberries\", and \"Persona\" by Ingmar Bergman; \"Nazarín\" by Luis Buñuel; \"City Lights\" by Charlie Chaplin; \"Ugetsu\" by Kenji Mizoguchi; \"Seven Samurai\" by Akira Kurosawa, and \"Woman in the Dunes\" by Hiroshi Teshigahara. Among his favorite directors were Buñuel, Mizoguchi, Bergman, Bresson, Kurosawa, Michelangelo Antonioni, Jean Vigo, and Carl Theodor Dreyer.\n", "With the exception of \"City Lights\", the list does not contain any films of the early silent era. The reason is that Tarkovsky saw film as an art as only a relatively recent phenomenon, with the early film-making forming only a prelude. The list has also no films or directors from Tarkovsky's native Russia, although he rated Soviet directors such as Boris Barnet, Sergei Parajanov and Alexander Dovzhenko highly. He said of Dovzhenko's \"Earth\": \"I have lived a lot among very simple farmers and met extraordinary people. They spread calmness, had such tact, they conveyed a feeling of dignity and displayed wisdom that I have seldom come across on such a scale. Dovzhenko had obviously understood wherein the sense of life resides. [...] This trespassing of the border between nature and mankind is an ideal place for the existence of man. Dovzhenko understood this.\"\n", "Although strongly opposed to commercial cinema, in a famous exception Tarkovsky praised the blockbuster film \"The Terminator\", saying that its \"vision of the future and the relation between man and its destiny is pushing the frontier of cinema as an art\". He was critical of the \"brutality and low acting skills\", but was nevertheless impressed by the film.\n", "Section::::Cinematic style.\n", "In a 1962 interview, Tarkovsky argued: \"All art, of course, is intellectual, but for me, all the arts, and cinema even more so, must above all be emotional and act upon the heart.\" His films are characterized by metaphysical themes, extremely long takes, and images often considered by critics to be of exceptional beauty. Recurring motifs are dreams, memory, childhood, running water accompanied by fire, rain indoors, reflections, levitation, and characters re-appearing in the foreground of long panning movements of the camera. He once said: \"Juxtaposing a person with an environment that is boundless, collating him with a countless number of people passing by close to him and far away, relating a person to the whole world, that is the meaning of cinema.\"\n", "Tarkovsky incorporated levitation scenes into several of his films, most notably \"Solaris\". To him these scenes possess great power and are used for their photogenic value and magical inexplicability. Water, clouds, and reflections were used by him for their surreal beauty and photogenic value, as well as their symbolism, such as waves or the forms of brooks or running water. Bells and candles are also frequent symbols. These are symbols of film, sight and sound, and Tarkovsky's film frequently has themes of self-reflection.\n", "Tarkovsky developed a theory of cinema that he called \"sculpting in time\". By this he meant that the unique characteristic of cinema as a medium was to take our experience of time and alter it. Unedited movie footage transcribes time in real time. By using long takes and few cuts in his films, he aimed to give the viewers a sense of time passing, time lost, and the relationship of one moment in time to another.\n", "Up to, and including, his film \"Mirror\", Tarkovsky focused his cinematic works on exploring this theory. After \"Mirror\", he announced that he would focus his work on exploring the dramatic unities proposed by Aristotle: a concentrated action, happening in one place, within the span of a single day.\n", "Several of Tarkovsky's films have color or black-and-white sequences. This first occurs in the otherwise monochrome \"Andrei Rublev\", which features a color epilogue of Rublev's authentic religious icon paintings. All of his films afterwards contain monochrome, and in \"Stalker's\" case sepia sequences, while otherwise being in color. In 1966, in an interview conducted shortly after finishing \"Andrei Rublev\", Tarkovsky dismissed color film as a \"commercial gimmick\" and cast doubt on the idea that contemporary films meaningfully use color. He claimed that in everyday life one does not consciously notice colors most of the time, and that color should therefore be used in film mainly to emphasize certain moments, but not all the time, as this distracts the viewer. To him, films in color were like moving paintings or photographs, which are too beautiful to be a realistic depiction of life.\n", "BULLET::::- Bergman on Tarkovsky\n", "Ingmar Bergman, a renowned director, commented on Tarkovsky:\n", "Contrarily, however, Bergman conceded the truth in the claim made by a critic who wrote that \"with \"Autumn Sonata\" Bergman does Bergman\", adding: \"Tarkovsky began to make Tarkovsky films, and that Fellini began to make Fellini films [...] Buñuel nearly always made Buñuel films.\" This pastiche of one's own work has been derogatorily termed as \"self-karaoke\".\n", "Section::::Cinematic style.:Vadim Yusov.\n", "Tarkovsky worked in close collaboration with cinematographer Vadim Yusov from 1958 to 1972, and much of the visual style of Tarkovsky's films can be attributed to this collaboration. Tarkovsky would spend two days preparing for Yusov to film a single long take, and due to the preparation, usually only a single take was needed.\n", "Section::::Cinematic style.:Sven Nykvist.\n", "In his last film, \"The Sacrifice\", Tarkovsky worked with cinematographer Sven Nykvist, who had worked on many films with director Ingmar Bergman. (Nykvist was not alone: several people involved in the production had previously collaborated with Bergman, notably lead actor Erland Josephson, who had also acted for Tarkovsky in \"Nostalghia\".) Nykvist complained that Tarkovsky would frequently look through the camera and even direct actors through it.\n", "Section::::Films about Tarkovsky.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Voyage in Time\" (1983): documents the travels in Italy of Andrei Tarkovsky in preparation for the making of his film \"Nostalghia\", Tonino Guerra.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tarkovsky: A Poet in the Cinema\" (1984): directed by Donatella Baglivo.\n", "BULLET::::- Moscow Elegy (1987): a documentary/homage to Tarkovsky by Aleksandr Sokurov.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Auf der Suche nach der verlorenen Zeit\" (1988): Andrej Tarkowskijs Exil und Tod. Documentary directed by Ebbo Demant. Germany.\n", "BULLET::::- \"One Day in the Life of Andrei Arsenevich\" (1999): French documentary film directed by Chris Marker.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Andrey\" (color/b&w, short-fiction, 35 mm, 15 min, 2006) A film by Nariné Mktchyan and Arsen Azatyan. Festivals: Yerevan IFF 2006, Rotterdam IFF 2007, Busan IFF 2007, Sydney IFF 2007, Zerkalo FF Ivanovo (Special Prize) 2008, Kinoshock FF 2014.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tarkovsky: Time Within Time\" (2015): documentary by P. J. Letofsky.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "Notes\n", "Bibliography\n", "BULLET::::- Tumanov, Vladimir. \"Philosophy of Mind and Body in Andrei Tarkovsky's Solaris.\" Film-Philosophy. 20 (2016) 2-3: 357-375. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3366/film.2016.0020\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Andrei Tarkovsky at Senses of Cinema\n", "BULLET::::- Website about Andrei Tarkovsky, Films, Articles, Interviews\n", "BULLET::::- Nostalghia.com - An Andrei Tarkovsky Information Site, at Film Studies Program in the Department of Communication and Culture, University of Calgary\n", "BULLET::::- Andrei Tarkovsky: Biography wrestles with the filmmaker’s remarkable life\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Albert Sidney Johnston\n", "Albert Sidney Johnston (February 2, 1803 – April 6, 1862) served as a general in three different armies: the Texian Army, the United States Army, and the Confederate States Army. He saw extensive combat during his 34-year military career, fighting actions in the Black Hawk War, the Texas War of Independence, the Mexican–American War, the Utah War, and the American Civil War.\n", "Considered by Confederate States President Jefferson Davis to be the finest general officer in the Confederacy before the later emergence of Robert E. Lee, he was killed early in the Civil War at the Battle of Shiloh on April 6, 1862. Johnston was the highest-ranking officer, Union or Confederate, killed during the entire war. Davis believed the loss of General Johnston \"was the turning point of our fate.\"\n", "Johnston was unrelated to Confederate general Joseph E. Johnston.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "Johnston was born in Washington, Kentucky, the youngest son of Dr. John and Abigail (Harris) Johnston. His father was a native of Salisbury, Connecticut. Although Albert Johnston was born in Kentucky, he lived much of his life in Texas, which he considered his home. He was first educated at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky, where he met fellow student Jefferson Davis. Both were appointed to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, Davis two years behind Johnston. In 1826, Johnston graduated eighth of 41 cadets in his class from West Point with a commission as a brevet second lieutenant in the 2nd U.S. Infantry.\n", "Johnston was assigned to posts in New York and Missouri and served in the brief Black Hawk War in 1832 as chief of staff to Bvt. Brig. Gen. Henry Atkinson.\n", "Section::::Marriage and family.\n", "In 1829 he married Henrietta Preston, sister of Kentucky politician and future Civil War general William Preston. They had one son, William Preston Johnston, who became a colonel in the Confederate States Army. The senior Johnston resigned his commission in 1834 in order to care for his dying wife in Kentucky, who succumbed two years later to tuberculosis.\n", "After serving as Secretary of War for the Republic of Texas from 1838 to 1840, Johnston resigned and returned to Kentucky. In 1843, he married Eliza Griffin, his late wife's first cousin. The couple moved to Texas, where they settled on a large plantation in Brazoria County. Johnston named the property \"China Grove\". Here they raised Johnston's two children from his first marriage and the first three children born to Eliza and him. (A sixth child was born later when they lived in Los Angeles).\n", "Section::::Texian Army.\n", "In 1836 Johnston moved to Texas. He enlisted as a private in the Texian Army during the Texas War of Independence against the Republic of Mexico. He was named Adjutant General as a colonel in the Republic of Texas Army on August 5, 1836. On January 31, 1837, he became senior brigadier general in command of the Texas Army.\n", "On February 5, 1837, he fought in a duel with Texas Brig. Gen. Felix Huston, as they challenged each other for the command of the Texas Army; Johnston refused to fire on Huston and lost the position after he was wounded in the pelvis.\n", "On December 22, 1838, Mirabeau B. Lamar, the second president of the Republic of Texas, appointed Johnston as Secretary of War. He provided for the defense of the Texas border against Mexican invasion, and in 1839 conducted a campaign against Indians in northern Texas. In February 1840, he resigned and returned to Kentucky.\n", "Section::::United States Army.\n", "Johnston returned to Texas during the Mexican–American War (1846–1848), under General Zachary Taylor as a colonel of the 1st Texas Rifle Volunteers. The enlistments of his volunteers ran out just before the Battle of Monterrey. Johnston convinced a few volunteers to stay and fight as he served as the inspector general of volunteers and fought at the battles of Monterrey and Buena Vista.\n", "He remained on his plantation after the war until he was appointed by later 12th president Zachary Taylor to the U.S. Army as a major and was made a paymaster in December 1849. He served in that role for more than five years, making six tours, and traveling more than annually on the Indian frontier of Texas. He served on the Texas frontier at Fort Mason and elsewhere in the West.\n", "In 1855, 14th president Franklin Pierce appointed him colonel of the new 2nd U.S. Cavalry (the unit that preceded the modern 5th U.S.), a new regiment, which he organized. On August 19, 1856, Gen. Persifor Smith, at the request of Kansas Territorial Governor Wilson Shannon, sent Col. Johnston with 1300 men composed of the 2d Cavalry Dragoons from Fort Riley, a battalion of the 6th Infantry and Capt. Howe's artillery company from Jefferson Barracks, near St. Louis to protect the territorial capital at Lecompton from an imminent attack by James Henry Lane and his abolitionist \"Army of the North.\"\n", "Section::::Utah War.\n", "As a key figure in the Utah War, Johnston led U.S. troops who established a non-Mormon government in the Mormon territory. He received a brevet promotion to brigadier general in 1857 for his service in Utah. He spent 1860 in Kentucky until December 21, when he sailed for California to take command of the Department of the Pacific.\n", "Section::::Civil War.\n", "At the outbreak of the American Civil War, Johnston was the commander of the U.S. Army Department of the Pacific in California. Like many regular army officers from the South, he was opposed to secession. But he resigned his commission soon after he heard of the secession of his adopted state of Texas. It was accepted by the War Department on May 6, 1861, effective May 3. On April 28 he moved to Los Angeles, the home of his wife's brother John Griffin. Considering staying in California with his wife and five children, Johnston remained there until May.\n", "Soon, under suspicion by local Union officials, he evaded arrest and joined the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles as a private, leaving Warner's Ranch May 27. He participated in their trek across the southwestern deserts to Texas, crossing the Colorado River into the Confederate Territory of Arizona on July 4, 1861.\n", "Early in the Civil War, Confederate President Jefferson Davis decided that the Confederacy would attempt to hold as much of its territory as possible, and therefore distributed military forces around its borders and coasts. In the summer of 1861, Davis appointed several generals to defend Confederate lines from the Mississippi River east to the Allegheny Mountains.\n", "The most sensitive, and in many ways the most crucial areas, along the Mississippi River and in western Tennessee along the Tennessee and the Cumberland rivers were placed under the command of Maj. Gen. Leonidas Polk and Brig. Gen. Gideon J. Pillow. The latter had initially been in command in Tennessee as that State's top general. Their impolitic occupation of Columbus, Kentucky, on September 3, 1861, two days before Johnston arrived in the Confederacy's capital of Richmond, Virginia, after his cross-country journey, drove Kentucky from its stated neutrality. The majority of Kentuckians allied with the Union camp. Polk and Pillow's action gave Union Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant an excuse to take control of the strategically located town of Paducah, Kentucky, without raising the ire of most Kentuckians and the pro-Union majority in the State legislature.\n", "Section::::Civil War.:Confederate command in Western Theater.\n", "On September 10, 1861, Johnston was assigned to command the huge area of the Confederacy west of the Allegheny Mountains, except for coastal areas. He became commander of the Confederacy's western armies in the area often called the Western Department or Western Military Department. Johnston's appointment as a full general by his friend and admirer Jefferson Davis already had been confirmed by the Confederate Senate on August 31, 1861. The appointment had been backdated to rank from May 30, 1861, making him the second highest ranking general in the Confederate States Army. Only Adjutant General and Inspector General Samuel Cooper ranked ahead of him. After his appointment, Johnston immediately headed for his new territory. He was permitted to call on governors of Arkansas, Tennessee and Mississippi for new troops, although this authority was largely stifled by politics, especially with respect to Mississippi. On September 13, 1861, Johnston ordered Brig. Gen. Felix Zollicoffer with 4,000 men to occupy Cumberland Gap in Kentucky in order to block Union troops from coming into eastern Tennessee. The Kentucky legislature had voted to side with the Union after the occupation of Columbus by Polk. By September 18, Johnston had Brig. Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner with another 4,000 men blocking the railroad route to Tennessee at Bowling Green, Kentucky.\n", "Johnston had fewer than 40,000 men spread throughout Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas and Missouri. Of these, 10,000 were in Missouri under Missouri State Guard Maj. Gen. Sterling Price. Johnston did not quickly gain many recruits when he first requested them from the governors, but his more serious problem was lacking sufficient arms and ammunition for the troops he already had. As the Confederate government concentrated efforts on the units in the East, they gave Johnston small numbers of reinforcements and minimal amounts of arms and material. Johnston maintained his defense by conducting raids and other measures to make it appear he had larger forces than he did, a strategy that worked for several months. Johnston's tactics had so annoyed and confused Union Brig. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman in Kentucky that he became paranoid and mentally unstable. Sherman overestimated Johnston's forces, and had to be relieved by Brig. Gen. Don Carlos Buell on November 9, 1861.\n", "Section::::Civil War.:Battle of Mill Springs.\n", "East Tennessee (a heavily pro-Union region of the South during the Civil War) was held for the Confederacy by two unimpressive brigadier generals appointed by Jefferson Davis: Felix Zollicoffer, a brave but untrained and inexperienced officer, and soon-to-be Maj. Gen. George B. Crittenden, a former U.S. Army officer with apparent alcohol problems. While Crittenden was away in Richmond, Zollicoffer moved his forces to the north bank of the upper Cumberland River near Mill Springs (now Nancy, Kentucky), putting the river to his back and his forces into a trap. Zollicoffer decided it was impossible to obey orders to return to the other side of the river because of scarcity of transport and proximity of Union troops. When Union Brig. Gen. George H. Thomas moved against the Confederates, Crittenden decided to attack one of the two parts of Thomas's command at Logan's Cross Roads near Mill Springs before the Union forces could unite. At the Battle of Mill Springs on January 19, 1862, the ill-prepared Confederates, after a night march in the rain, attacked the Union force with some initial success. As the battle progressed, Zollicoffer was killed, Crittenden was unable to lead the Confederate force (he may have been intoxicated), and the Confederates were turned back and routed by a Union bayonet charge, suffering 533 casualties from their force of 4,000. The Confederate troops who escaped were assigned to other units as General Crittenden faced an investigation of his conduct.\n", "After the Confederate defeat at the Mill Springs, Davis sent Johnston a brigade and a few other scattered reinforcements. He also assigned him Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard, who was supposed to attract recruits because of his victories early in the war, and act as a competent subordinate for Johnston. The brigade was led by Brig. Gen. John B. Floyd, considered incompetent. He took command at Fort Donelson as the senior general present just before Union Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant attacked the fort. Historians believe the assignment of Beauregard to the west stimulated Union commanders to attack the forts before Beauregard could make a difference in the theater. Union officers heard that he was bringing 15 regiments with him, but this was an exaggeration of his forces.\n", "Section::::Civil War.:Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Nashville.\n", "Based on the assumption that Kentucky neutrality would act as a shield against a direct invasion from the north, circumstances that no longer applied in September 1861, Tennessee initially had sent men to Virginia and concentrated defenses in the Mississippi Valley. Even before Johnston arrived in Tennessee, construction of two forts had been started to defend the Tennessee and the Cumberland rivers, which provided avenues into the State from the north. Both forts were located in Tennessee in order to respect Kentucky neutrality, but these were not in ideal locations. Fort Henry on the Tennessee River was in an unfavorable low-lying location, commanded by hills on the Kentucky side of the river. Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River, although in a better location, had a vulnerable land side and did not have enough heavy artillery to defend against gunboats.\n", "Maj. Gen. Polk ignored the problems of the forts when he took command. After Johnston took command, Polk at first refused to comply with Johnston's order to send an engineer, Lt. Joseph K. Dixon, to inspect the forts. After Johnston asserted his authority, Polk had to allow Dixon to proceed. Dixon recommended that the forts be maintained and strengthened, although they were not in ideal locations, because much work had been done on them and the Confederates might not have time to build new ones. Johnston accepted his recommendations. Johnston wanted Major Alexander P. Stewart to command the forts but President Davis appointed Brig. Gen. Lloyd Tilghman as commander.\n", "To prevent Polk from dissipating his forces by allowing some men to join a partisan group, Johnston ordered him to send Brig. Gen. Gideon Pillow and 5,000 men to Fort Donelson. Pillow took up a position at nearby Clarksville, Tennessee and did not move into the fort until February 7, 1862. Alerted by a Union reconnaissance on January 14, 1862, Johnston ordered Tilghman to fortify the high ground opposite Fort Henry, which Polk had failed to do despite Johnston's orders. Tilghman failed to act decisively on these orders, which in any event were too late to be adequately carried out.\n", "Gen. Beauregard arrived at Johnston's headquarters at Bowling Green on February 4, 1862, and was given overall command of Polk's force at the western end of Johnston's line at Columbus, Kentucky. On February 6, 1862, Union Navy gunboats quickly reduced the defenses of ill-sited Fort Henry, inflicting 21 casualties on the small remaining Confederate force. Brig. Gen. Lloyd Tilghman surrendered the 94 remaining officers and men of his approximately 3,000-man force which had not been sent to Fort Donelson before U.S. Grant's force could even take up their positions. Johnston knew he could be trapped at Bowling Green if Fort Donelson fell, so he moved his force to Nashville, the capital of Tennessee and an increasingly important Confederate industrial center, beginning on February 11, 1862.\n", "Johnston also reinforced Fort Donelson with 12,000 more men, including those under Floyd and Pillow, a curious decision in view of his thought that the Union gunboats alone might be able to take the fort. He did order the commanders of the fort to evacuate the troops if the fort could not be held. The senior generals sent to the fort to command the enlarged garrison, Gideon J. Pillow and John B. Floyd, squandered their chance to avoid having to surrender most of the garrison and on February 16, 1862, Brig. Gen. Simon Buckner, having been abandoned by Floyd and Pillow, surrendered Fort Donelson. Colonel Nathan Bedford Forrest escaped with his cavalry force of about 700 men before the surrender. The Confederates suffered about 1,500 casualties with an estimated 12,000 to 14,000 taken prisoner. Union casualties were 500 killed, 2,108 wounded, 224 missing.\n", "Johnston, who had little choice in allowing Floyd and Pillow to take charge at Fort Donelson on the basis of seniority after he ordered them to add their forces to the garrison, took the blame and suffered calls for his removal because a full explanation to the press and public would have exposed the weakness of the Confederate position. His passive defensive performance while positioning himself in a forward position at Bowling Green, spreading his forces too thinly, not concentrating his forces in the face of Union advances, and appointing or relying upon inadequate or incompetent subordinates subjected him to criticism at the time and by later historians. The fall of the forts exposed Nashville to imminent attack, and it fell without resistance to Union forces under Brig. Gen. Buell on February 25, 1862, two days after Johnston had to pull his forces out in order to avoid having them captured as well.\n", "Section::::Civil War.:Concentration at Corinth.\n", "Johnston had various remaining military units scattered throughout his territory and retreating to the south to avoid being cut off. Johnston himself retreated with the force under his personal command, the Army of Central Kentucky, from the vicinity of Nashville. With Beauregard's help, Johnston decided to concentrate forces with those formerly under Polk and now already under Beauregard's command at the strategically located railroad crossroads of Corinth, Mississippi, which he reached by a circuitous route. Johnston kept the Union forces, now under the overall command of the ponderous Maj. Gen. Henry Halleck, confused and hesitant to move, allowing Johnston to reach his objective undetected. This delay allowed Jefferson Davis finally to send reinforcements from the garrisons of coastal cities and another highly rated but prickly general, Braxton Bragg, to help organize the western forces. Bragg at least calmed the nerves of Beauregard and Polk, who had become agitated by their apparent dire situation in the face of numerically superior forces, before Johnston's arrival on March 24, 1862.\n", "Johnston's army of 17,000 men gave the Confederates a combined force of about 40,000 to 44,669 men at Corinth. On March 29, 1862, Johnston officially took command of this combined force, which continued to use the Army of the Mississippi name under which it had been organized by Beauregard on March 5.\n", "Johnston now planned to defeat the Union forces piecemeal before the various Union units in Kentucky and Tennessee under Grant with 40,000 men at nearby Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee, and the now Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell on his way from Nashville with 35,000 men, could unite against him. Johnston started his army in motion on April 3, 1862, intent on surprising Grant's force as soon as the next day, but they moved slowly due to their inexperience, bad roads, and lack of adequate staff planning. Due to the delays, as well as several contacts with the enemy, Johnston's second in command, P. G. T. Beauregard, felt the element of surprise had been lost and recommended calling off the attack. Johnston decided to proceed as planned, stating \"I would fight them if they were a million.\" His army was finally in position within a mile or two of Grant's force, and undetected, by the evening of April 5, 1862.\n", "Section::::Civil War.:Battle of Shiloh and death.\n", "Johnston launched a massive surprise attack with his concentrated forces against Grant at the Battle of Shiloh on April 6, 1862. As the Confederate forces overran the Union camps, Johnston seemed to be everywhere, personally leading and rallying troops up and down the line on his horse. At about 2:30 pm, while leading one of those charges against a Union camp near the \"Peach Orchard,\" he was wounded, taking a bullet behind his right knee. He apparently did not think the wound was serious at the time, or even possibly did not feel it. It is possible that Johnston's duel in 1837 had caused nerve damage or numbness to his right leg and that he did not feel the wound to his leg as a result. The bullet had in fact clipped a part of his popliteal artery and his boot was filling up with blood. There were no medical personnel on scene at the time, since Johnston had sent his personal surgeon to care for the wounded Confederate troops and Yankee prisoners earlier in the battle.\n", "Within a few minutes, Johnston was observed by his staff to be nearly fainting. Among his staff was Isham G. Harris, the Governor of Tennessee, who had ceased to make any real effort to function as governor after learning that Abraham Lincoln had appointed Andrew Johnson as military governor of Tennessee. Seeing Johnston slumping in his saddle and his face turning deathly pale, Harris asked: \"General, are you wounded?\" Johnston glanced down at his leg wound, then faced Harris and replied in a weak voice his last words: \"Yes... and I fear seriously.\" Harris and other staff officers removed Johnston from his horse and carried him to a small ravine near the \"Hornets Nest\" and desperately tried to aid the general who had lost consciousness by this point. Harris then sent an aide to fetch Johnston's surgeon but did not apply a tourniquet to Johnson's wounded leg. Before a doctor could be found, Johnston died from blood loss a few minutes later. It is believed that Johnston may have lived for as long as one hour after receiving his fatal wound. Ironically, it was later discovered that Johnston had a tourniquet in his pocket when he died.\n", "Harris and the other officers wrapped General Johnston's body in a blanket so as not to damage the troops' morale with the sight of the dead general. Johnston and his wounded horse, Fire Eater, were taken to his field headquarters on the Corinth road, where his body remained in his tent until the Confederate Army withdrew to Corinth the next day, April 7, 1862, after failing to gain a decisive victory over the Union armies. From there, his body was taken to the home of Colonel William Inge, which had been his headquarters in Corinth. It was covered in the Confederate flag and lay in state for several hours.\n", "It is probable that a Confederate soldier fired the fatal round. No Union soldiers had ever been observed to have gotten behind Johnston during the fatal charge, but it is known that many Confederates were firing at the Union lines while Johnston charged well in advance of his soldiers. Furthermore, the surgeon who later dug the bullet out of Johnston's leg identified the round as one fired from a Pattern 1853 Enfield. No Union troops in the area in which Johnston was hit had been issued Enfield rifles, but the Enfield rifle was standard issue for the Confederate forces Johnston was leading.\n", "Johnston was the highest-ranking fatality of the war on either side, and his death was a strong blow to the morale of the Confederacy. At the time, Davis considered him the best general in the country.\n", "Section::::Legacy and honors.\n", "Johnston was survived by his wife Eliza and six children. His wife and five younger children, including one born after he went to war, chose to live out their days at home in Los Angeles with Eliza's brother, Dr. John Strother Griffin. Johnston's eldest son, Albert Sidney Jr. (born in Texas), had already followed him into the Confederate States Army. In 1863, after taking home leave in Los Angeles, Albert Jr. was on his way out of San Pedro harbor on a ferry. While a steamer was taking on passengers from the ferry, a wave swamped the smaller boat, causing its boilers to explode. Albert Jr. was killed in the accident.\n", "Killed in action, General Johnston received the highest praise ever given by the Confederate government: accounts were published, on December 20, 1862, and thereafter, in the Los Angeles \"Star\" of his family's hometown. Johnston Street, Hancock Street, and Griffin Avenue, each in northeast Los Angeles, are named after the general and his family, who lived in the neighborhood.\n", "Johnston was initially buried in New Orleans. In 1866, a joint resolution of the Texas Legislature was passed to have his body moved and reinterred at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin. The re-interment occurred in 1867. Forty years later, the state appointed Elisabet Ney to design a monument and sculpture of him to be erected at the grave site, installed in 1905.\n", "The Texas Historical Commission has erected a historical marker near the entrance of what was once Johnston's plantation. An adjacent marker was erected by the San Jacinto Chapter of the Daughters of The Republic of Texas and the Lee, Roberts, and Davis Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederate States of America.\n", "In 1916, the University of Texas at Austin recognized several confederate veterans (including Johnston) with statues on its South Mall. On August 21, 2017, as part of the wave of confederate monument removals in America, Johnston's statue was taken down. Plans were announced to add it to the Briscoe Center for American History on the east side of the university campus.\n", "In the fall of 2018, A.S. Johnston Elementary School in Dallas, Texas, was renamed Cedar Crest Elementary. Three additional elementary schools named for confederate veterans were renamed at the same time.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)\n", "BULLET::::- List of Confederate monuments and memorials\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Beauregard, G. T. \"The Campaign of Shiloh\". p. 579. In \"Battles and Leaders of the Civil War\", vol. I, edited by Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence C. Buel. New York: Century Co., 1884–1888. .\n", "BULLET::::- Dupuy, Trevor N., Curt Johnson, and David L. Bongard. \"Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography\". New York: HarperCollins, 1992. .\n", "BULLET::::- Hattaway, Herman, and Archer Jones. \"How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War\". Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983. .\n", "BULLET::::- Long, E. B. \"The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865.\" Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971. .\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Albert Sidney Johnston at \"Handbook of Texas Online\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "general in the Texian Army, the United States Army, and the Confederate States Army", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q361140", "wikidata_label": "Albert Sidney Johnston", "wikipedia_title": "Albert Sidney Johnston" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "René Goscinny\n", "René Goscinny (, ; 14 August 1926 – 5 November 1977) was a French comic editor and writer of Polish descent, who created the comic book \"Astérix\" with illustrator Albert Uderzo. He also worked on the comic series \"Lucky Luke\" with Morris (considered the series' golden age) and \"Iznogoud\" with Jean Tabary. He also wrote a series of children's books known as \"\"Le Petit Nicolas\"\" series (Little Nicolas).\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Goscinny was born in Paris in 1926, to a family of Jewish immigrants from Poland. His parents were Stanisław Simkha Gościnny (the surname means \"hospitable\" in Polish; Simkha is his Jewish name meaning \"happiness\"), a chemical engineer from Warsaw, Poland, and Anna (Hanna) Bereśniak-Gościnna from Chodorków, a small village near Zhytomyr in the Second Polish Republic (now part of Ukraine). Goscinny's grandfather, Abraham Lazare Berezniak, founded a printing company. Claude, René's older brother was born six years earlier, on 10 December 1920. Stanisław and Anna had met in Paris and married in 1919. The Gościnnys moved to Buenos Aires, Argentina, two years after René's birth, because of a chemical engineer post Stanisław had obtained there. He spent a happy childhood in Buenos Aires, and studied in the French schools there. He had a habit of being the \"class clown\", probably to compensate for a natural shyness. He started drawing very early on, inspired by the illustrated stories which he enjoyed reading.\n", "In December 1943, the year after he graduated from school, Goscinny's father died of a cerebral hemorrhage, forcing him to find a job. The next year, he got his first job, as an assistant accountant in a tire recovery factory, and when he was laid off the following year, he became a junior illustrator in an advertising agency.\n", "Goscinny, along with his mother, left Argentina and went to New York in 1945, to join her brother Boris. To avoid service in the United States Armed Forces, he travelled to France to join the French Army in 1946. He served at Aubagne, in the 141st Alpine Infantry Battalion. Promoted to senior corporal, he became the appointed artist of the regiment and drew illustrations and posters for the army.\n", "Section::::First works.\n", "The following year, he illustrated the book \"The Girl with The Eyes of Gold\" and returned to New York. On his arrival Goscinny went through the most difficult period of his life. For a while, he was jobless, alone and in poverty. By 1948, though, he recovered and started working in a small studio where he became friends with future \"MAD Magazine\" contributors Will Elder, Jack Davis and Harvey Kurtzman. Goscinny then became art director at Kunen Publishers where he wrote four books for children. Around this time he met two Belgian comic artists, Joseph Gillain, better known as Jijé, and Maurice de Bevere, also known as Morris, the cartoonist and author of the series \"Lucky Luke\" (which Goscinny would write from 1955 until his death in 1977).\n", "Georges Troisfontaines, chief of the World Press agency, convinced Goscinny to return to Paris and work for his agency as the head of the Paris office in 1951. There he met Albert Uderzo, with whom he started a longtime collaboration. They started out with some work for \"Bonnes Soirées\", a women's magazine for which Goscinny wrote \"Sylvie\". Goscinny and Uderzo also launched the series \"Jehan Pistolet\" and \"Luc Junior\" in \"La Libre Junior\".\n", "In 1955, Goscinny, together with Uderzo, Jean-Michel Charlier, and Jean Hébrad, founded the syndicate Edipress/Edifrance. The syndicate launched publications like \"Clairon\" for the factory union and \"Pistolin\" for a chocolate company. Goscinny and Uderzo cooperated on the series \"Bill Blanchart\" in \"Jeannot\", \"Pistolet\" in \"Pistolin\" and \"Benjamin et Benjamine\" in the magazine of the same name. Under the pseudonym Agostini, Goscinny wrote \"Le Petit Nicolas\" for Jean-Jacques Sempé in \"Le Moustique\" and later \"Sud-Ouest\" and \"Pilote\" magazines.\n", "In 1956, Goscinny began a collaboration with \"Tintin\" magazine. He wrote some short stories for Jo Angenot and Albert Weinberg, and worked on \"Signor Spaghetti\" with Dino Attanasio, \"Monsieur Tric\" with Bob de Moor, \"Prudence Petitpas\" with Maurice Maréchal, \"Globul le Martien\" and \"Alphonse\" with Tibet, \"Strapontin\" with Berck and \"Modeste et Pompon\" with André Franquin. An early creation with Uderzo, \"Oumpah-pah\", was also adapted for serial publication in \"Tintin\" from 1958-1962. In addition, Goscinny appeared in the magazines \"Paris-Flirt\" (\"Lili Manequin\" with Will) and \"Vaillant\" (\"Boniface et Anatole\" with Jordom, \"Pipsi\" with Godard).\n", "Section::::\"Pilote\" and \"Astérix\".\n", "In 1959, the Édifrance/Édipresse syndicate started the Franco-Belgian comics magazine \"Pilote\". Goscinny became one of the most productive writers for the magazine. In the magazine's first issue, he launched \"Astérix\", with Uderzo. The series was an instant hit and remains popular worldwide. Goscinny also restarted the series \"Le Petit Nicolas\" and \"Jehan Pistolet\", now called \"Jehan Soupolet\". Goscinny also began \"Jacquot le Mousse\" and \"Tromblon et Bottaclou\" with Godard.\n", "The magazine was bought by Georges Dargaud in 1960, and Goscinny became editor-in-chief. He also began new series like \"Les Divagations de Monsieur Sait-Tout\" (with Martial), \"La Potachologie Illustrée\" (with Cabu), \"Les Dingodossiers\" (with Gotlib) and \"La Forêt de Chênebeau\" (with Mic Delinx). With Tabary, he launched \"Calife Haroun El Poussah\" in \"Record\", a series that was later continued in \"Pilote\" as \"Iznogoud\". With Raymond Macherot he created \"Pantoufle\" for \"Spirou\".\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "Goscinny married Gilberte Pollaro-Millo in 1967. In 1968 their daughter Anne Goscinny, who also became an author, was born.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Goscinny died at 51, in Paris of cardiac arrest on 5 November 1977, during a routine stress test at his doctor's office. He was buried in the Jewish Cemetery of Nice. In accordance with his will, most of his money was transferred to the chief rabbinate of France.\n", "After Goscinny's death, Uderzo began to write \"Asterix\" himself and continued the series, although at a much slower pace, until passing the series over in 2011 to writer Jean-Yves Ferri and illustrator Didier Conrad. Tabary similarly began to write \"Iznogoud\" himself, whereas Morris continued \"Lucky Luke\" with various other writers.\n", "In a tribute to Goscinny, Uderzo gave his likeness to one of the characters in \"L'Odyssée d'Astérix\" (\"Asterix and the Black Gold\").\n", "Section::::Awards.\n", "BULLET::::- 1974: Adamson Award for best international comic strip artist, Sweden\n", "BULLET::::- 2005: Inducted in the Will Eisner Hall of Fame as a Judges' choice, U.S.\n", "Since 1996, the René Goscinny Award is presented at the yearly Angoulême International Comics Festival in France as an encouragement for young comic writers.\n", "According to UNESCO's Index Translationum, Goscinny, as of August 2017, was the 20th most-translated author, with 2,200 translations of his work.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- a.   As part of a writers' team coming up with gags.\n", "BULLET::::- b.   The series \"Lucky Luke\", \"Modeste et Pompon\", \"Asterix\" and \"Iznogoud\" were continued by other writers after Goscinny's death.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Goscinny publications in \"Pilote\", \"Spirou\", French \"Tintin\" and Belgian \"Tintin\" BDoubliées\n", "BULLET::::- Goscinny albums Bedetheque\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Goscinny official site\n", "BULLET::::- Astérix official site\n", "BULLET::::- On Dupuis.com\n", "BULLET::::- Goscinny biography on Asterix International!\n", "BULLET::::- Goscinny biography on Lambiek Comiclopedia\n", "BULLET::::- Daughter Ann lighting Hanuka candles with family.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Rene Goscinny" ] }, "description": "French comic book artist and author", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q192214", "wikidata_label": "René Goscinny", "wikipedia_title": "René Goscinny" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Anthony Quinn\n", "Antonio Rodolfo Quinn Oaxaca (April 21, 1915 – June 3, 2001), known as Anthony Quinn, was a Mexican actor, painter, writer and film director. He starred in numerous critically acclaimed and commercially successful films, including \"La Strada\", \"The Guns of Navarone\", \"Zorba the Greek\", \"Guns for San Sebastian\", \"Lawrence of Arabia\", \"The Shoes of the Fisherman\", \"The Message\", \"Lion of the Desert\", \"Last Action Hero\" and \"A Walk in the Clouds\". He won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor twice: for \"Viva Zapata!\" in 1952 and \"Lust for Life\" in 1956. In addition, he received two Academy Award nominations in the Best Leading Actor category, along with five Golden Globe nominations. In 1987, he was presented with the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Lifetime Achievement Award.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Quinn was born Antonio Rodolfo Quinn Oaxaca on April 21, 1915, in Chihuahua, Mexico, during the Mexican Revolution to Manuela \"Nellie\" (née Oaxaca) and Francisco \"Frank\" Quinn. Frank Quinn was born to a Mexican mother and an Irish immigrant father from County Cork. Frank reportedly rode with Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa, then later moved to the East Los Angeles neighborhood of City Terrace and became an assistant cameraman at a movie studio. In Quinn's autobiography, \"The Original Sin: A Self-portrait by Anthony Quinn\", he denied being the son of an \"Irish adventurer\" and attributed that tale to Hollywood publicists.\n", "When he was six years old, Quinn attended a Catholic church (even thinking he wanted to become a priest). At age eleven, however, he joined the Pentecostals in the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel (the Pentecostal followers of Aimee Semple McPherson). For a time he played in the church's band and was an apprentice preacher with the renowned evangelist. \"I have known most of the great actresses of my time, and not one of them could touch her\", Quinn once said of the spellbinding McPherson, whom he credited with inspiring Zorba's gesture of the dramatically outstretched hand.\n", "Quinn grew up first in El Paso, Texas, and later in East Los Angeles and in the Echo Park area of Los Angeles, California. He attended Hammel Street Elementary School, Belvedere Junior High School, Polytechnic High School and finally Belmont High School in Los Angeles, with future baseball player and \"General Hospital\" star John Beradino, but left before graduating. Tucson High School in Arizona, many years later, awarded him an honorary high school diploma.\n", "As a young man, Quinn boxed professionally to earn money, then studied art and architecture under Frank Lloyd Wright, at Wright's Arizona residence and his Wisconsin studio, Taliesin. The two men became friends. When Quinn mentioned that he was drawn to acting, Wright encouraged him. Quinn said he had been offered $800 per week by a film studio and didn't know what to do. Wright replied, \"Take it, you'll never make that much with me.\" During a 1999 interview on the show \"Private Screenings with Robert Osborne\", Quinn said the contract was for only $300 per week.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "After a short time performing on the stage, Quinn launched his film career performing character roles in the 1936 films \"The Plainsman\" (1936) as a Cheyenne Indian after Custer's defeat with Gary Cooper, \"Parole\" (in which he made his debut) and \"The Milky Way\". He played \"ethnic\" villains in Paramount films such as \"Dangerous to Know\" (1938) and \"Road to Morocco\", and played a more sympathetic Crazy Horse in \"They Died with Their Boots On\" with Errol Flynn.\n", "By 1947, he had appeared in more than fifty films and had played Indians, Mafia dons, Hawaiian chiefs, Filipino freedom-fighters, Chinese guerrillas, and Arab sheiks, but was still not a major star. He returned to the theater, playing Stanley Kowalski in \"A Streetcar Named Desire\" on Broadway. In 1947, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States.\n", "He came back to Hollywood in the early 1950s, specializing in tough guy roles. He was cast in a series of B-adventures such as \"Mask of the Avenger\" (1951). His big break came from playing opposite Marlon Brando in Elia Kazan's \"Viva Zapata!\" (1952). Quinn's performance as Zapata's brother won Quinn an Oscar while Brando lost the Oscar for Best Actor to Gary Cooper in \"High Noon\".\n", "Quinn was the first Mexican-American to win an Academy Award. He appeared in several Italian films starting in 1953, turning in one of his best performances as a dim-witted, thuggish and volatile strongman in Federico Fellini's Oscar winning \"La Strada\" (1954) opposite Giulietta Masina. Quinn won his second Oscar for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of painter Paul Gauguin in Vincente Minnelli's \"Lust for Life\" (1956). The following year, he received an Oscar nomination for Best Actor for his part in George Cukor's \"Wild Is the Wind\". He starred in the film \"The Savage Innocents\" (1959) as Inuk, an Eskimo who finds himself caught between two clashing cultures.\n", "As the decade ended, Quinn allowed his age to show and began his transformation into a major character actor. His physique filled out, his hair grayed, and his once smooth, swarthy face weathered and became more rugged. He played a Greek resistance fighter in \"The Guns of Navarone\" (1961), an aging boxer in \"Requiem for a Heavyweight\", and the Bedouin shaikh Auda abu Tayi in \"Lawrence of Arabia\" (both 1962). Lawrence of Arabia would go on to win the Oscar and Golden Globe for best picture, and Quinn received a Golden Globe nomination for best actor alongside co-star Peter O'Toole. He also played the title role in the 1961 film \"Barabbas\", based on a novel by Pär Lagerkvist.\n", "The success of \"Zorba the Greek\" in 1964 resulted in another Oscar nomination for Best Actor. Other films included \"The 25th Hour\", \"The Magus\", \"La Bataille de San Sebastian\" and \"The Shoes of the Fisherman\". In 1969, he starred in \"The Secret of Santa Vittoria\" with Anna Magnani; each was nominated for a Golden Globe Award.\n", "He appeared on Broadway to great acclaim in \"Becket\", as King Henry II to Laurence Olivier's Thomas Becket in 1960. An erroneous story arose in later years that during the run Quinn and Olivier switched roles and Quinn played Becket to Olivier's King. In fact, Quinn left the production for a film, never having played Becket, and director Peter Glenville suggested a road tour with Olivier as Henry. Olivier happily agreed and Arthur Kennedy took on the role of Becket for the tour and brief return to Broadway.\n", "In 1971, after the success of a TV movie named \"The City\", where Quinn played Mayor Thomas Jefferson Alcala, he starred in the television series, \"The Man and the City\". Quinn's subsequent television appearances were sporadic, including \"Jesus of Nazareth\".\n", "In 1972, he costarred with Yaphet Kotto in the blaxsploitation film \"Across 110th Street\". He played NYPD Captain Frank Mattelli, who along with Kotto, was investigating a robbery-homicide of Italian and Black gangsters in Harlem, New York City. He played the old racist violent Captain against Kotto’s modern, educated, enlightened Lieutenant.\n", "In 1976, he starred in the movie \"Mohammad, Messenger of God\" (also known as \"The Message\"), about the origin of Islam, as Hamza, a highly respected uncle of Mohammad, the prophet of Islam. In 1981, he starred in the \"Lion of the Desert\". Quinn played real-life Bedouin leader Omar Mukhtar who fought Benito Mussolini's Italian troops in the deserts of Libya. \n", "In 1983, he reprised his role as Zorba the Greek for 362 performances in a successful musical version, called \"Zorba\", opposite fellow film co-star Lila Kedrova, reprising her role as Madame Hortense. Quinn performed in the musical both on Broadway and at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C.\n", "In 1990, he starred in \"The Old Man and the Sea\", a television movie based on the novel by Ernest Hemingway. Quinn's film career slowed during the 1990s, but he nonetheless continued to work steadily, appearing in \"Revenge\" (1990), \"Jungle Fever\" (1991), \"Last Action Hero\" (1993), \"A Walk in the Clouds\" (1995) and \"Seven Servants\" (1996).\n", "In 1994 Quinn played the role of Zeus in five television movies focusing on the legendary journeys of Hercules. These were, in order, \"Hercules and the Amazon Women\", \"Hercules and the Lost Kingdom\", \"Hercules and the Circle of Fire\", \"Hercules in the Underworld\", and \"Hercules in the Maze of the Minotaur\" \n", "Section::::Mafia.\n", "Quinn made an appearance at the John Gotti trial, according to John H. Davis, author of \"Mafia Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Gambino Crime Family\". He told reporters he wanted to play Paul Castellano, the boss of the Gambino family after Carlo Gambino. Gotti had Castellano murdered, becoming the boss of the Gambino family thereafter. Gotti was on trial concerning a variety of felony charges when Quinn visited the courtroom.\n", "Although he tried to shake hands with Gotti, federal marshals prevented him from doing so, Davis says. The actor interpreted the testimony of Sammy (\"The Bull\") Gravano, Gotti's underboss, against Gotti as \"a friend who betrays a friend.\" He had not come to \"judge\" Gotti, Quinn insisted, but only because he wanted to portray Castellano, who inspired the actor because he had had a \"thirty-year-old\" mistress, which Quinn believed was \"a beautiful thing\". He would later portray Gambino family underboss Aniello Dellacroce in the 1996 HBO film \"Gotti\" as well as Joe Masseria in the 1991 movie \"Mobsters\".\n", "Quinn was nominated for a Golden Globe for his performance as Dellacroce.\n", "Quinn had a personal relationship with New York Mafia crime boss Frank Costello and other Genovese gangsters.\n", "Section::::Painting and writing.\n", "Art critic Donald Kuspit explains, \"Examining Quinn's many expressions of creativity together—his art, collecting, and acting—we can see that he was a creative genius\".\n", "Early in life Quinn had an interest in painting and drawing. Throughout his teenage years he won various art competitions in California and focused his studies at Polytechnic High School in Los Angeles on drafting. Later, Quinn studied briefly under Frank Lloyd Wright through the Taliesin Fellowship — an opportunity created by winning first prize in an architectural design contest. Through Wright's recommendation, Quinn took acting lessons as a form of post-operative speech therapy, which led to an acting career that spanned over six decades.\n", "Apart from art classes taken in Chicago during the 1950s, Quinn never attended art school; nonetheless, taking advantage of books, museums, and amassing a sizable collection, he managed to give himself an effective education in the language of modern art. By the early 1980s, his work had caught the eyes of various gallery owners and was exhibited internationally, in New York, Los Angeles, Paris, and Mexico City. His work is now represented in both public and private collections throughout the world.\n", "He wrote two memoirs, \"The Original Sin\" (1972) and \"One Man Tango\" (1997), a number of scripts, and a series of unpublished stories currently in the collection of his archive.\n", "Section::::Civil rights activism.\n", "Quinn, who experienced discrimination growing up in Los Angeles, participated in various civil rights and social causes. He provided funding for the Latino advocacy group, the Spanish-Speaking People's Congress. He assisted in fundraising efforts for the legal defense of Mexican American youth in the racially charged Sleepy Lagoon murder trial in 1942. While in Paris, he and several other prominent Americans, composed a petition endorsing the 1963 March on Washington. The petition, which was reprinted in several high profile publications, was intended to rally support among Americans living abroad. In 1969, he visited with Native American student activists occupying Alcatraz Island in protest, promising to offer assistance. In 1970, Quinn was a panelist at the Mexican-American Conference. In 1971, he narrated a documentary film by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission discussing job discrimination faced by Hispanic Americans. He was a supporter of the United Farm Workers organization led by his friend and labor activist Cesar Chavez.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Quinn's first wife was the adopted daughter of Cecil B. DeMille, the actress Katherine DeMille; they wed in 1937. The couple had five children: Christopher (1938–1941), Christina (born December 1, 1941), Catalina (born November 21, 1942), Duncan (born August 4, 1945), and Valentina (born December 26, 1952). Their first child, Christopher, aged two, drowned in the lily pond of next-door neighbor W. C. Fields.\n", "In 1965, Quinn and DeMille were divorced, because of his affair with Italian costume designer Jolanda Addolori, whom he married in 1966. They had three children: Francesco Quinn (March 22, 1963 – August 5, 2011), Danny Quinn (born April 16, 1964), and Lorenzo Quinn (born May 7, 1966).\n", "In the 1970s, during his marriage to Addolori, Quinn also had two children with an event producer in Los Angeles named Friedel Dunbar: Sean Quinn (born February 7, 1973), a New Jersey real estate agent, and Alexander Anthony Quinn (born December 30, 1976).\n", "By the 1990s, Quinn then had two children with his secretary, Katherine Benvin; daughter Antonia Patricia Rose Quinn (born July 23, 1993) and son Ryan Nicholas Quinn (born July 5, 1996). His marriage with Addolori finally ended in divorce in August 1997. He then married Benvin in December 1997. Quinn and Benvin remained married until his death, in June 2001.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Quinn spent his last years in Bristol, Rhode Island. He died of respiratory failure, pneumonia and throat cancer on June 3, 2001 in Boston, Massachusetts at the age of 86.\n", "His funeral was held in the First Baptist Church in America in College Hill, Providence, Rhode Island. Late in life, he had rejoined the Foursquare evangelical Christian community. He is buried in a family plot in Bristol, Rhode Island.\n", "Section::::Tributes/legacy.\n", "In his birthplace Chihuahua, Mexico, there is a statue of Quinn doing his famous \"Zorba the Greek\" dance. A 70-foot high mural, entitled \"Anthony Quinn\" or more commonly \"The Pope of Broadway\" (1984) by Eloy Torrez, is at 259 W. Third Street, Los Angeles, California.\n", "On January 5, 1982, the Belvedere County Public Library in East Los Angeles was renamed in honor of Anthony Quinn. The present library sits on the site of his family's former home.\n", "There is an Anthony Quinn Bay and Beach in Rhodes, Greece, just south of the village of Faliraki (aka Falirakion or Falirákion). The land was bought by Quinn during the filming of \"The Guns of Navarone\" in Rhodes; however, it was reclaimed by the Greek government in 1984 due to a change in property law.\n", "Since 2002, the National Council of La Raza has given the \"Anthony Quinn Award for Excellence in Motion Pictures\" as an ALMA Award. His wife Katherine Benvin Quinn established the \"Anthony Quinn Foundation\" which advocates the importance of arts in education.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- The Estate of Anthony Quinn\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Antonio Rodolfo Quinn Oaxaca" ] }, "description": "Mexican actor", "enwikiquote_title": "Anthony Quinn", "wikidata_id": "Q83484", "wikidata_label": "Anthony Quinn", "wikipedia_title": "Anthony Quinn" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Arthur Schopenhauer\n", "Arthur Schopenhauer ( ; ; 22 February 1788 – 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher. He is best known for his 1818 work \"The World as Will and Representation\" (expanded in 1844), wherein he characterizes the phenomenal world as the product of a blind and insatiable metaphysical will. Proceeding from the transcendental idealism of Immanuel Kant, Schopenhauer developed an atheistic metaphysical and ethical system that has been described as an exemplary manifestation of philosophical pessimism, rejecting the contemporaneous post-Kantian philosophies of German idealism. Schopenhauer was among the first thinkers in Western philosophy to share and affirm significant tenets of Eastern philosophy (e.g., asceticism, the world-as-appearance), having initially arrived at similar conclusions as the result of his own philosophical work.\n", "Though his work failed to garner substantial attention during his life, Schopenhauer has had a posthumous impact across various disciplines, including philosophy, literature, and science. His writing on aesthetics, morality, and psychology influenced thinkers and artists throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. Those who cited his influence include Friedrich Nietzsche, Richard Wagner, Leo Tolstoy, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Erwin Schrödinger, Otto Rank, Gustav Mahler, Joseph Campbell, Albert Einstein, Anthony Ludovici, Carl Jung, Thomas Mann, Émile Zola, George Bernard Shaw, Jorge Luis Borges and Samuel Beckett.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Section::::Life.:Early life.\n", "Schopenhauer was born on 22 February 1788, in the city of Danzig (then part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth; present-day Gdańsk, Poland) on Heiligegeistgasse (known in the present day as Św. Ducha 47), the son of Johanna Schopenhauer (née Trosiener) and Heinrich Floris Schopenhauer, both descendants of wealthy German-Dutch patrician families. Neither of them was very religious; both supported the French Revolution, and were republicans, cosmopolitans and Anglophiles. When Danzig became part of Prussia in 1793, Heinrich moved to Hamburg—a free city with a republican constitution, protected by Britain and Holland against Prussian aggression—although his firm continued trading in Danzig where most of their extended families remained. Adele, Arthur's only sibling was born on 12 July 1797.\n", "In 1797 Arthur was sent to Le Havre to live for two years with the family of his father's business associate, Grégoire de Blésimaire. He seemed to enjoy his stay there, learned to speak French fluently and started a friendship with Jean Anthime Grégoire de Blésimaire, his peer, which lasted for a large part of their lives. As early as 1799, Arthur started playing the flute. In 1803 he joined his parents on their long tour of Holland, Britain, France, Switzerland, Austria and Prussia; it was mostly a pleasure tour although Heinrich also visited some of his business associates. Heinrich gave his son a choice – he could stay at home and start preparations for university education, or he could travel with them and then continue his merchant education. Arthur later deeply regretted his choice because he found his merchant training tedious. He spent twelve weeks of the tour attending a school in Wimbledon where he was very unhappy and appalled by strict but intellectually shallow Anglican religiosity, which he continued to sharply criticize later in life despite his general Anglophilia. He was also under pressure from his father who became very critical of his educational results. Heinrich became so fussy that even his wife started to doubt his mental health.\n", "In 1805, Heinrich died by drowning in a canal by their home in Hamburg. Although it was possible that his death was accidental, his wife and son believed that it was suicide because he was very prone to unsociable behavior, anxiety and depression which became especially pronounced in his last months of life. Arthur showed similar moodiness since his youth and often acknowledged that he inherited it from his father; there were also several other instances of serious mental health issues on his father's side of family. His mother Johanna was generally described as vivacious and sociable. Despite the hardships, Schopenhauer seemed to like his father and later mentioned him always in a positive light. Heinrich Schopenhauer left the family with a significant inheritance that was split in three among Johanna and the children. Arthur Schopenhauer was entitled to control of his part when he reached the age of majority. He invested it conservatively in government bonds and earned annual interest that was more than double the salary of a university professor.\n", "Arthur spent two years as a merchant in honor of his dead father, and because of his own doubts about being too old to start a life of a scholar. Most of his prior education was practical merchant training and he had some trouble with learning Latin which was a prerequisite for any academic career. His mother moved, with her daughter Adele, to Weimar—then the centre of German literature—to enjoy social life among writers and artists. Arthur and his mother were not on good terms. In one letter to him she wrote, \"You are unbearable and burdensome, and very hard to live with; all your good qualities are overshadowed by your conceit, and made useless to the world simply because you cannot restrain your propensity to pick holes in other people.\" Arthur left his mother, and though she died 24 years later, they never met again. Some of negative opinions of the later philosopher about women may be rooted in his troubled relationship with his mother.\n", "Arthur lived in Hamburg with his friend Jean Anthime who was also studying to become a merchant.\n", "After quitting his merchant apprenticeship, with some encouragement from his mother, he dedicated himself to studies at the Gotha gymnasium () in Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, but he also enjoyed social life among local nobility spending large amounts of money which caused concern to his frugal mother. He left Gymnasium after writing a satirical poem about one of the lecturers. Although Arthur claimed that he left voluntarily, his mother's letter indicates that he was expelled.\n", "Section::::Life.:Education.\n", "He moved to Weimar but didn't live with his mother who even tried to discourage him from coming by explaining that they wouldn't get along very well. Their relationship deteriorated even further due to their temperamental differences. He accused his mother of being financially irresponsible, flirtatious and seeking to remarry, which he considered an insult to his father's memory. His mother, while professing her love to him, criticized him sharply for being moody, tactless, and argumentative—and urged him to improve his behavior so he would not alienate people. Arthur concentrated on his studies which were now going very well and he also enjoyed the usual social life such as balls, parties and theater. By that time Johanna's famous salon was well established among local intellectuals and dignitaries, most celebrated of them being Goethe. Arthur attended her parties, usually when he knew that Goethe would be there—though the famous writer and statesman didn't even seem to notice the young and unknown student. It is possible that Goethe kept distance because Johanna warned him about her son's depressive and combative nature, or because Goethe was then on bad terms with Arthur's language instructor and roommate, Franz Passow. Schopenhauer was also captivated by the beautiful Karoline Jagemann, mistress of Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, and he wrote to her his only known love poem. Despite his later celebration of asceticism and negative views of sexuality, Schopenhauer occasionally had sexual affairs, usually with women of lower social status, such as servants, actresses, and sometimes even paid prostitutes. In a letter to his friend Anthime he claims that such affairs continued even in his mature age and admits that he had two out-of-wedlock daughters (born in 1819 and 1836), both of whom died in infancy. In their youthful correspondence Arthur and Anthime were somewhat boastful and competitive about their sexual exploits—but Schopenhauer seemed aware that women usually didn't find him very charming or physically attractive, and his desires often remained unfulfilled.\n", "He left Weimar to become a student at the University of Göttingen in 1809. There are no written reasons about why Schopenhauer chose that university instead of then more famous University of Jena but Göttingen was known as a more modern, scientifically oriented, with less attention given to theology. Law or medicine were usual choices for young men of Schopenhauer's status who also needed career and income; he choose medicine due to his scientific interests. Among his notable professors were Bernhard Friedrich Thibaut, Arnold Hermann Ludwig Heeren, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, Friedrich Stromeyer, Heinrich Adolf Schrader, Johann Tobias Mayer and Konrad Johann Martin Langenbeck. He studied metaphysics, psychology and logic under Gottlob Ernst Schulze, the author of \"Aenesidemus\", who made a strong impression and advised him to concentrate on Plato and Immanuel Kant. He decided to switch from medicine to philosophy around 1810-11 and he left Göttingen which didn't have a strong philosophy program (besides Schulze the only other philosophy professor was Friedrich Bouterwek whom Schopenhauer disliked). He didn't regret his medicinal and scientific studies. He claimed that they were necessary for a philosopher, and even in Berlin he attended more lectures in sciences than in philosophy. During his days at Göttingen, he spent a lot of time studying, but also continued his flute playing and social life. His friends included Friedrich Gotthilf Osann, Karl Witte, Christian Charles Josias von Bunsen, and William Backhouse Astor Sr..\n", "He arrived to the newly founded University of Berlin for the winter semester of 1811-12. At the same time his mother just started her literary career; she published her first book in 1810, a biography of her friend Karl Ludwig Fernow, which was a critical success. Arthur attended lectures by the prominent post-Kantian philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte but quickly found many points of disagreement with his \"Wissenschaftslehre\" and he also found his lectures tedious and hard to understand. He later mentioned Fichte only in critical, negative terms—seeing his philosophy as a lower quality version of Kant's and considering it useful only because Fichte's poor arguments unintentionally highlighted some failings of Kantianism. He also attended the lectures of the famous theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher whom he also quickly came to dislike. His notes and comments on Schleiermacher's lectures show that Schopenhauer was becoming very critical of religion and moving towards atheism. He learned a lot by self-directed reading; besides Plato, Kant and Fichte he also read the works of Schelling, Fries, Jacobi, Bacon, Locke, and a lot of current scientific literature. He attended philological courses by August Böckh and Friedrich August Wolf and continued his naturalistic interests with courses by Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Paul Erman, Johann Elert Bode, Ernst Gottfried Fischer, Johann Horkel, Friedrich Christian Rosenthal and Hinrich Lichtenstein (Lichtenstein was also a friend whom he met at one of his mother's parties in Weimar).\n", "Section::::Life.:Early work.\n", "Schopenhauer left Berlin in a rush in 1813 fearing that the city could be attacked and that he could be pressed into military service as Prussia just joined the war against France. He returned to Weimar but left after less than a month disgusted by the fact that his mother was now living with her supposed lover, Georg Friedrich Konrad Ludwig Müller von Gerstenbergk (1778-1838), a civil servant twelve years younger than she was; he considered the relationship an act of infidelity to his father's memory. He settled for a while in Rudolstadt hoping that no army would pass through the small town. He spent his time in solitude, hiking in the mountains and the Thuringian forest and writing his dissertation, \"On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason\". He completed his dissertation at about the same time as the French army was defeated at the Battle of Leipzig. He became irritated by the arrival of soldiers to the town and accepted his mother's invitation to visit her in Weimar. She tried to convince him that her relationship with Gerstenbergk was platonic and that she had no intentions of remarrying. But Schopenhauer remained suspicious and often came in conflict with Gerstenbergk because he considered him untalented, pretentious, and nationalistic. His mother just published her second book, \"Reminiscences of a Journey in the Years 1803, 1804, and 1805\", a description of their family tour of Europe, which quickly became a hit. She found his dissertation incomprehensible and said it was unlikely that anyone would ever buy a copy. In a fit of temper Arthur told her that people would read his work long after the \"rubbish\" she wrote was totally forgotten. In fact, although they considered her novels of dubious quality, the Brockhaus publishing firm held her in high esteem because they consistently sold well. Hans Brockhaus (1888-1965) later claimed that his predecessors \"...saw nothing in this manuscript, but wanted to please one of our best-selling authors by publishing her son's work. We published more and more of her son Arthur's work and today nobody remembers Johanna, but her son's works are in steady demand and contribute to Brockhaus'[s] reputation.\" He kept large portraits of the pair in his office in Leipzig for the edification of his new editors.\n", "Also contrary to his mother's prediction, Schopenhauer's dissertation made an impression on Goethe to whom he sent it as a gift. Although it is doubtful that Goethe agreed with Schopenhauer's philosophical positions he was impressed by his intellect and extensive scientific education. Their subsequent meetings and correspondence were a great honor to a young philosopher who was finally acknowledged by his intellectual hero. They mostly discussed Goethe's newly published (and somewhat lukewarmly received) work on color theory. Schopenhauer soon started writing his own treatise on the subject, \"On Vision and Colors\", which in many points differed from his teacher's. Although they remained polite towards each other, their growing theoretical disagreements – and especially Schopenhauer's tactless criticisms and extreme self-confidence – soon made Goethe become distant again and after 1816 their correspondence became less frequent. Schopenhauer later admitted that he was greatly hurt by this rejection, but he continued to praise Goethe, and considered his color theory a great introduction to his own.\n", "Another important experience during his stay in Weimar was his acquaintance with Friedrich Majer – a historian of religion, orientalist and disciple of Herder – who introduced him to the Eastern philosophy. Schopenhauer was immediately impressed by the \"Upanishads\" and the Buddha and put them at par with Plato and Kant. He continued his studies by reading the \"Bhagavad Gita\", an amateurish German journal \"Asiatisches Magazin\" and \"Asiatick Researches\" by The Asiatic Society. Although he loved Hindu texts he was more interested in Buddhism, which he came to regard as the best religion. However, his early studies were constrained by the lack of adequate literature, and were mostly restricted to Early Buddhism. He also claimed that he formulated most of his ideas independently, and only later realized the similarities with Buddhism.\n", "As the relationship with his mother fell to a new low he left Weimar and moved to Dresden in May 1814. He continued his philosophical studies, enjoyed the cultural life, socialized with intellectuals and engaged in sexual affairs. His friends in Dresden were Johann Gottlob von Quandt, Friedrich Laun, Karl Christian Friedrich Krause and Ludwig Sigismund Ruhl, a young painter who made a romanticized portrait of him in which he improved some of Schopenhauer's unattractive physical features. His criticisms of local artists occasionally caused public quarrels when he ran into them in public. However, his main occupation during his stay in Dresden was his seminal philosophical work, \"The World as Will and Representation\", which he started writing in 1814 and finished in 1818. He was recommended to Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus by Baron Ferdinand von Biedenfeld, an acquaintance of his mother. Although the publisher accepted his manuscript, Schopenhauer made a poor impression because of his quarrelsome and fussy attitude and very poor sales of the book after it was published in December 1818.\n", "In September 1818, while waiting for his book to be published and conveniently escaping an affair with a maid that caused an unwanted pregnancy, Schopenhauer left Dresden for a yearlong vacation in Italy. He visited Venice, Bologna, Florence, Naples and Milan, travelling alone or accompanied by mostly English tourists he met. He spent winter months in Rome where he accidentally met his acquaintance Karl Witte and engaged in numerous quarrels with German tourists in Caffe Greco, among them Johann Friedrich Böhmer who also mentioned his insulting remarks and unpleasant character. He enjoyed art, architecture, ancient ruins, attended plays and operas, continued his philosophical contemplation and love affairs. One of his affairs supposedly became serious, and for a while he contemplated marriage to a rich Italian noblewoman—but despite his mentioning this several times, no details are known and it may have been Schopenhauer exaggerating. He corresponded regularly with his sister Adele and became close to her as her relationship with Johanna and Gerstenbergk also deteriorated. She informed him about their financial troubles as the banking house of A. L. Muhl in Danzig – in which her mother invested their whole savings and Arthur a third of his – was near bankruptcy. Arthur offered to share his assets but his mother refused and became further enraged by his insulting comments. The women managed to receive only thirty percent of their savings while Arthur, using his business knowledge, took a suspicious and aggressive stance towards the banker and eventually received his part in full. The affair additionally worsened the relationships among all three members of Schopenhauer family.\n", "He shortened his stay in Italy because of the trouble with Muhl and returned to Dresden. Disturbed by the financial risk and the lack of responses to his book he decided to take an academic position since it provided him both with income and the opportunity to promote his views. He contacted his friends at universities in Heidelberg, Göttingen and Berlin and found Berlin most attractive. He scheduled his lectures to coincide with those of the famous philosopher G. W. F. Hegel, whom Schopenhauer described as a \"clumsy charlatan\". He was especially appalled by Hegel's supposedly poor knowledge of natural sciences and tried to engage him in a quarrel about it already at his test lecture in March 1820. Hegel was also facing political suspicions at the time when many progressive professors were fired, while Schopenhauer carefully mentioned in his application that he had no interest in politics. Despite their differences and the arrogant request to schedule lectures at the same time as his own, Hegel still voted to accept Schopenhauer to the university. However, only five students turned up to Schopenhauer's lectures, and he dropped out of academia. A late essay, \"On University Philosophy\", expressed his resentment towards the work conducted in academies.\n", "Section::::Life.:Later life.\n", "After his academic failure he continued to travel extensively, visiting Leipzig, Nuremberg, Stuttgart, Schaffhausen, Vevey, Milan and spending eight months in Florence. However, before he left for his three-year travel, he had an incident with his Berlin neighbor, forty-seven-year-old seamstress Caroline Louise Marquet. The details of the August 1821 incident are unknown. He claimed that he just pushed her from his entrance after she rudely refused to leave, and she purposely fell on the ground so she could sue him. She claimed that he attacked her so violently that she had become paralyzed on her right side and unable to work. She immediately sued him, and the process lasted until May 1827, when a court found Schopenhauer guilty and forced him to pay her an annual pension until her death in 1842.\n", "Schopenhauer enjoyed Italy, where he studied art and socialized with Italian and English nobles. It was his last visit to the country. He left for Munich and stayed there for a year, mostly recuperating from various health issues, some of them possibly caused by venereal diseases (the treatment his doctor used suggests syphilis). He contacted publishers offering to translate Hume into German and Kant into English but his proposals were declined. Returning to Berlin he began to study Spanish so he could read some of his favorite authors in their original language. He liked Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Lope de Vega, Miguel de Cervantes, and especially Baltasar Gracián. He also made failed attempts to publish his translations of their works. Few attempts to revive his lectures – again scheduled at the same time as Hegel's – also failed, as did his inquiries about relocating to other universities.\n", "During his Berlin years Schopenhauer occasionally mentioned his desire to marry and have a family. For a while he was unsuccessfully courting 17-year-old Flora Weiss, who was 22 years younger than he was. His unpublished writings from that time show that he was already very critical of monogamy but still not advocating polygyny – instead musing about a polyamorous relationship he called \"tetragamy\". He had an on and off relationship with a young dancer Caroline Richter (she also used surname Medon after one of her ex-lovers). They met when he was 33 and she was 19 and working at the Berlin Opera. She had already had numerous lovers and a son out-of-wedlock, and later gave birth to another son, this time to an unnamed foreign diplomat. (She soon had another pregnancy but the child was stillborn). As Schopenhauer was preparing to escape Berlin in 1831, due to cholera epidemic, he offered to take her with him on the condition that she left behind her young son. She refused and he went alone; in his will he left her a significant sum of money but insisted that it should not be in any way spent on her second son.\n", "Schopenhauer claimed that in his last year in Berlin, he had a prophetic dream that urged him to escape the city. As he arrived in his new home in Frankfurt he supposedly had another supernatural experience, an apparition of his dead father and his mother who was still alive. This experience led him to spend some time investigating paranormal phenomena and magic. He was quite critical of the available studies and claimed that they were mostly ignorant or fraudulent, but he did believe that there are authentic cases of such phenomena and tried to explain them through his metaphysics as manifestations of the will.\n", "Upon his arrival in Frankfurt he experienced a period of depression and declining health. He renewed his correspondence with his mother, and she seemed concerned that he might commit suicide like his father. By now Johanna and Adele were living very modestly. Johanna's writing didn't bring her much income, and her popularity was waning. Their correspondence remained reserved, and Arthur Schopenhauer seemed undisturbed by her death in 1838. His relationship with his sister grew closer and he corresponded with her until she died in 1849.\n", "In July 1832 Schopenhauer left Frankfurt for Mannheim but returned in July 1833 to remain there for the rest of his life, except for a few short journeys. He lived alone except for a succession of pet poodles named Atman and Butz. In 1836, he published \"On the Will in Nature\". In 1836 he sent his essay \"On the Freedom of the Will\" to the contest of the \"Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences\" and won the prize next year. He sent another essay, \"On the Basis of Morality\", to the \"Royal Danish Society for Scientific Studies\" but didn't win the prize despite being the only contestant. The Society was appalled that several distinguished contemporary philosophers were mentioned in a very offensive manner, claimed that the essay missed the point and that the arguments were not adequate. Schopenhauer, who was very self-confident that he would win, was enraged by this rejection. He published both essays as \"The Two Basic Problems of Ethics\" and in the preface to the second edition of this book, in 1860, he was still pouring insults on Royal Danish Society. First edition, published in 1841, again failed to draw attention to his philosophy. Two years later, after some negotiations, he managed to convince his publisher, Brockhaus, to print the second, updated edition of \"The World as Will and Representation\". The book was again mostly ignored and few reviews were mixed or negative. \n", "However, Schopenhauer did start to attract some followers, mostly outside academia, among practical professionals (several of them were lawyers) who pursued private philosophical studies. He jokingly referred to them as \"evangelists\" and \"apostles\". One of the most active early followers was Julius Frauenstädt who wrote numerous articles promoting Schopenhauer's philosophy. He was also instrumental in finding another publisher after Brockhaus refused to publish \"Parerga and Paralipomena\" believing that it would be another failure. Though Schopenhauer later stopped corresponding with him, claiming that he did not adhere closely enough to his ideas, Frauenstädt continued to promote Schopenhauer's work. They renewed their communication in 1859 and Schopenhauer named him heir for his literary estate. He also became the editor of the first collected works of Schopenhauer.\n", "In 1848 Schopenhauer witnessed violent upheaval in Frankfurt after General Hans Adolf Erdmann von Auerswald and Prince Felix Lichnowsky were murdered. He became worried for his own safety and property. Even earlier in life he had such worries and kept a sword and loaded pistols near his bed to defend himself from thieves. He gave a friendly welcome to Austrian soldiers who wanted to shoot revolutionaries from his window and as they were leaving he gave one of the officers his opera glasses to help him monitor rebels. The rebellion passed without any loss to Schopenhauer and he later praised Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz for restoring order. He even modified his will, leaving a large part of his property to a Prussian fund that helped soldiers who became invalids while fighting rebellion in 1848 or the families of soldiers who died in battle. As Young Hegelians were advocating change and progress Schopenhauer claimed that misery is natural for humans—and that even if some utopian society were established, people would still fight each other out of boredom, or would starve due to overpopulation.\n", "In 1851 Schopenhauer published \"Parerga and Paralipomena\", which, as the title says, contains essays that are supplementary to his main work, and are mostly comprehensible to readers unfamiliar with his earlier philosophy. It was his first successful, widely read book, partly due to the work of his disciples who wrote praising reviews. The essays that proved most popular were the ones that actually didn't contain the basic philosophical ideas of his system. Many academic philosophers considered him a great stylist and cultural critic but didn't take his philosophy seriously. His early critics liked to point out similarities of his ideas to those Fichte and Schelling, or claim that there are numerous contradictions in his philosophy. Both criticisms enraged Schopenhauer. However, he was becoming less interested in intellectual fights, but encouraged his disciples to do so. His private notes and correspondence show that he acknowledged some of the criticisms regarding contradictions, inconsistencies, and vagueness in his philosophy, but claimed that he wasn't concerned about harmony and agreement in his propositions and that some of his ideas shouldn't be taken literally but instead as metaphors.\n", "Academic philosophers were also starting to notice his work. In 1856 University of Leipzig sponsored an essay contest about Schopenhauer's philosophy, which was won by Rudolf Seydel’s very critical essay. Schopenhauer's friend Jules Lunteschütz made a first of his four portraits of him – which Schopenhauer didn't particularly like – that was soon sold to a wealthy landowner Carl Ferdinand Wiesike who built a house to display it. Schopenhauer seemed flattered and amused by this, and would claim that it was his first chapel. As his fame increased copies of his paintings and photographs were being sold and admirers were visiting the places where he lived and wrote his works. People visited Frankfurt's \"Englischer Hof\" to observe him dining. Admirers gave him gifts and asked for autographs. He complained, however, that he still felt isolated due to his not very social nature and the fact that many of his good friends already died from old age.\n", "He remained healthy in his old age, which he attributed to regular walks no matter the weather, and always getting enough sleep. He had a great appetite and could read without glasses but his hearing was declining since his youth and he developed problems with rheumatism. He remained active and lucid, continued his reading, writing and correspondences until his death. The numerous notes that he made during these years, amongst others on aging, were published posthumously under the title \"Senilia\". In the spring of 1860 his health started to decline, he experienced shortness of breath and heart palpitations; in September he suffered inflammation of the lungs and although he was starting to recover he remained very weak. His last friend to visit him was Wilhelm Gwinner and, according to him, Schopenhauer was concerned that he wouldn't be able to finish his planned additions to \"Parerga and Paralipomena\" but was at peace with dying. He died of pulmonary-respiratory failure, on 21 September 1860 while sitting at home on his couch. He was 72.\n", "Section::::Philosophy.\n", "Section::::Philosophy.:The world as representation.\n", "Schopenhauer saw his philosophy as a continuation of that of Kant, and used the results of his epistemological investigations, that is, transcendental idealism, as starting point for his own:\n", "Kant had argued the empirical world is merely a complex of appearances whose existence and connection occur only in our representations. Schopenhauer reiterates this in the first sentence of his main work: \"The world is my representation.\" We do not draw empirical laws from nature, but prescribe them to it.\n", "Schopenhauer praises Kant for his distinction between appearance and the things-in-themselves that appear, whereas the general consensus in German Idealism was that this was the weakest spot of Kant's theory, since according to Kant causality can find application on objects of experience only, and consequently, things-in-themselves cannot be the cause of appearances, as Kant argued. The inadmissibility of this reasoning was also acknowledged by Schopenhauer. He insisted that this distinction was a true conclusion, drawn from false premises.\n", "Section::::Philosophy.:Theory of perception.\n", "In November 1813 Goethe invited Schopenhauer for research on his Theory of Colours. Although Schopenhauer considered colour theory a minor matter, he accepted the invitation out of admiration for Goethe. Nevertheless, these investigations led him to his most important discovery in epistemology: finding a demonstration for the a priori nature of causality.\n", "Kant openly admitted that it was Hume's skeptical assault on causality that motivated the critical investigations of \"Critique of Pure Reason\". In it, he gives an elaborate proof to show that causality is given a priori. After G. E. Schulze had made it plausible that Kant had not disproven Hume's skepticism, it was up to those loyal to the project of Kant to prove this important matter.\n", "The difference between the approach of Kant and Schopenhauer was this: Kant simply declared that the empirical content of perception is \"given\" to us from outside, an expression with which Schopenhauer often expressed his dissatisfaction. He, on the other hand, was occupied with: how do we get this empirical content of perception; how is it possible to comprehend subjective sensations \"limited to my skin\" as the objective perception of things that lie \"outside\" of me?\n", "Causality is therefore not an empirical concept drawn from objective perceptions, but objective perception presupposes knowledge of causality. Hereby Hume's skepticism is disproven.\n", "By this intellectual operation, comprehending every effect in our sensory organs as having an external cause, the external world arises. With vision, finding the cause is essentially simplified due to light acting in straight lines. We are seldom conscious of the process that interprets the double sensation in both eyes as coming from one object; that turns the upside down impression, and that adds depth to make from the planimetrical data stereometrical perception with distance between objects.\n", "Schopenhauer stresses the importance of the intellectual nature of perception; the senses furnish the raw material by which the intellect produces the world as representation. He set out his theory of perception for the first time in \"On Vision and Colors\", and in the subsequent editions of Fourfold Root an extensive exposition is given in § 21.\n", "Section::::Philosophy.:The world as will.\n", "Schopenhauer developed a system called metaphysical voluntarism.\n", "For Schopenhauer, human desire was futile, illogical, directionless, and, by extension, so was all human action in the world. Einstein paraphrased his views as follows: \"Man can indeed do what he wants, but he cannot will what he wants.\" In this sense, he adhered to the Fichtean principle of idealism: \"The world is \"for\" a subject.\" This idealism so presented, immediately commits it to an ethical attitude, unlike the purely epistemological concerns of Descartes and Berkeley. To Schopenhauer, the Will is a blind force that controls not only the actions of individual, intelligent agents, but ultimately all observable phenomena—an evil to be terminated via mankind's duties: asceticism and chastity. He is credited with one of the most famous opening lines of philosophy: \"The world is my representation.\" Friedrich Nietzsche was greatly influenced by this idea of Will, although he eventually rejected it.\n", "Section::::Philosophy.:Art and aesthetics.\n", "For Schopenhauer, human desiring, \"willing\", and craving cause suffering or pain. A temporary way to escape this pain is through aesthetic contemplation (a method comparable to Zapffe's \"\"Sublimation\"\"). Aesthetic contemplation allows one to escape this pain—albeit temporarily—because it stops one perceiving the world as mere presentation. Instead, one no longer perceives the world as an object of perception (therefore as subject to the Principle of Sufficient Grounds; time, space and causality) from which one is separated; rather one becomes one with that perception: \"\"one can thus no longer separate the perceiver from the perception\"\" (\"The World as Will and Representation\", section 34). From this immersion with the world one no longer views oneself as an individual who suffers in the world due to one's individual will but, rather, becomes a \"\"subject of cognition\"\" to a perception that is \"\"Pure, will-less, timeless\"\" (section 34) where the essence, \"ideas\", of the world are shown. Art is the practical consequence of this brief aesthetic contemplation as it attempts to depict one's immersion with the world, thus tries to depict the essence/pure ideas of the world. Music, for Schopenhauer, was the purest form of art because it was the one that depicted the will itself without it appearing as subject to the Principle of Sufficient Grounds, therefore as an individual object. According to Daniel Albright, \"Schopenhauer thought that music was the only art that did not merely copy ideas, but actually embodied the will itself\".\n", "He deemed music a timeless, universal language comprehended everywhere, that can imbue global enthusiasm, if in possession of a significant melody.\n", "Section::::Philosophy.:Mathematics.\n", "Schopenhauer's realist views on mathematics are evident in his criticism of the contemporaneous attempts to prove the parallel postulate in Euclidean geometry. Writing shortly before the discovery of hyperbolic geometry demonstrated the logical independence of the axiom—and long before the general theory of relativity revealed that it does not necessarily express a property of physical space—Schopenhauer criticized mathematicians for trying to use indirect concepts to prove what he held was directly evident from intuitive perception.\n", "Throughout his writings, Schopenhauer criticized the logical derivation of philosophies and mathematics from mere concepts, instead of from intuitive perceptions.\n", "Although Schopenhauer could see no justification for trying to prove Euclid's parallel postulate, he did see a reason for examining another of Euclid's axioms.\n", "This follows Kant's reasoning.\n", "Section::::Philosophy.:Ethics.\n", "The task of ethics is not to prescribe moral actions that ought to be done, but to investigate moral actions. Philosophy is always theoretical: its task to explain what is given.\n", "According to Kant's teaching of transcendental idealism, space and time are forms of our sensibility due to which phenomena appear in multiplicity. Reality in itself is free from all multiplicity, not in the sense that an object is one, but that it is outside the \"possibility\" of multiplicity. From this follows that two individuals, though they appear as distinct, are in-themselves not distinct.\n", "The appearances are entirely subordinated to the principle of sufficient reason. The egoistic individual who focuses his aims completely on his own interests has therefore to deal with empirical laws as well as he can.\n", "What is relevant for ethics are individuals who can act against their own self-interest. If we take for example a man who suffers when he sees his fellow men living in poverty, and consequently uses a significant part of his income to support \"their\" needs instead his \"own\" pleasures, then the simplest way to describe this is that he makes \"less distinction between himself\" and others than is usually made.\n", "Regarding how the things \"appear\" to us, the egoist is right to assert the gap between two individuals, but the altruist experiences the sufferings of others as his own. In the same way a compassionate man cannot hurt animals, though they appear as distinct from himself.\n", "What motivates the altruist is compassion. The suffering of others is for him not a cold matter to which he is indifferent, but he feels connected to all beings. Compassion is thus the basis of morality.\n", "Section::::Philosophy.:Ethics.:Eternal justice.\n", "Schopenhauer calls the principle through which multiplicity appears the \"principium individuationis\". When we behold nature we see that it is a cruel battle for existence. Individual manifestations of the will can maintain themselves only at the expense of others—the will, as the only thing that exists, has no other option but to devour itself to experience pleasure. This is a fundamental characteristic of the will, and cannot be circumvented.\n", "Unlike temporal, or human justice, which requires time to repay an evil deed and, \"has its seat in the state, as requiting and punishing.\" Eternal justice, \"rules not the state but the world, is not dependent upon human institutions, is not subject to chance and deception, is not uncertain, wavering, and erring, but infallible, fixed, and sure.\" Eternal justice is not retributive because retribution requires time. There are no delays or reprieves. Instead, punishment is tied the offence, \"to the point where the two become one.\"... \"Tormenter and tormented are one. The [Tormenter] errs in that he believes he is not a partaker in the suffering; the [tormented], in that he believes he is not a partaker in the guilt.\"\n", "Suffering is the moral retribution of our attachment to pleasure. Schopenhauer deemed that this truth was expressed by Christian dogma of original sin and in Eastern religions with the dogma of rebirth.\n", "Section::::Philosophy.:Ethics.:Quietism.\n", "He who sees through the \"principium individuationis\" and comprehends suffering \"in general\" as his own, will see suffering everywhere, and instead of using all his force to fight for the happiness of his individual manifestation, he will abhor life itself, of which he knows how inseparably it is connected with suffering. A happy individual life midst a world of suffering is for him like a beggar who dreams one night that he is a king.\n", "Those who have experienced this intuitive knowledge can no longer affirm life, but will exhibit asceticism and quietism, meaning that they are no longer sensitive to motives, are not concerned about their individual welfare, and accept the evil others inflict on them without resisting. They welcome poverty, do not seek nor flee death.\n", "Human life is a ceaseless struggle for satisfaction, and instead of renewing this contract, the ascetic breaks it. It matters little whether these ascetics adhered to the dogmata of Christianity or Dharmic religions, since their way of living is the result of intuitive knowledge.\n", "Schopenhauer referred to asceticism as the denial of the will to live.\n", "Section::::Philosophy.:Psychology.\n", "Philosophers have not traditionally been impressed by the tribulations of sex, but Schopenhauer addressed it and related concepts forthrightly:\n", "He named a force within man that he felt took invariable precedence over reason: the Will to Live or Will to Life (\"Wille zum Leben\"), defined as an inherent drive within human beings, and indeed all creatures, to stay alive; a force that inveigles us into reproducing.\n", "Schopenhauer refused to conceive of love as either trifling or accidental, but rather understood it as an immensely powerful force that lay unseen within man's psyche, guaranteeing the quality of the human race:\n", "It has often been argued that Schopenhauer's thoughts on sexuality foreshadowed the theory of evolution, a claim that seems to have been met with satisfaction by Darwin as he included a quote of the German philosopher in his Descent of Man after having read such a claim. This has also been noted about Freud's concepts of the libido and the unconscious mind, and evolutionary psychology in general.\n", "Section::::Philosophy.:Political and social thought.\n", "Section::::Philosophy.:Political and social thought.:Politics.\n", "Schopenhauer's politics were, for the most part, an echo of his system of ethics (the latter being expressed in \"Die beiden Grundprobleme der Ethik\", available in English as two separate books, \"On the Basis of Morality\" and \"On the Freedom of the Will\"). Ethics also occupies about one quarter of his central work, \"The World as Will and Representation\".\n", "In occasional political comments in his \"Parerga and Paralipomena\" and \"Manuscript Remains\", Schopenhauer described himself as a proponent of limited government. What was essential, he thought, was that the state should \"leave each man free to work out his own salvation,\" and so long as government was thus limited, he would \"prefer to be ruled by a lion than one of [his] fellow rats\"—i.e., by a monarch, rather than a democrat. Schopenhauer shared the view of Thomas Hobbes on the necessity of the state, and of state action, to check the destructive tendencies innate to our species. He also defended the independence of the legislative, judicial and executive branches of power, and a monarch as an impartial element able to practise justice (in a practical and everyday sense, not a cosmological one). He declared monarchy as \"that which is natural to man\" for \"intelligence has always under a monarchical government a much better chance against its irreconcilable and ever-present foe, stupidity\" and disparaged republicanism as \"unnatural as it is unfavourable to the higher intellectual life and the arts and sciences.\"\n", "Schopenhauer, by his own admission, did not give much thought to politics, and several times he writes proudly of how little attention he had paid \"to political affairs of [his] day\". In a life that spanned several revolutions in French and German government, and a few continent-shaking wars, he did indeed maintain his aloof position of \"minding not the times but the eternities\". He wrote many disparaging remarks about Germany and the Germans. A typical example is, \"For a German it is even good to have somewhat lengthy words in his mouth, for he thinks slowly, and they give him time to reflect.\"\n", "Schopenhauer attributed civilizational primacy to the northern \"white races\" due to their sensitivity and creativity (except for the ancient Egyptians and Hindus, whom he saw as equal):\n", "The highest civilization and culture, apart from the ancient Hindus and Egyptians, are found exclusively among the white races; and even with many dark peoples, the ruling caste or race is fairer in colour than the rest and has, therefore, evidently immigrated, for example, the Brahmans, the Incas, and the rulers of the South Sea Islands. All this is due to the fact that necessity is the mother of invention because those tribes that emigrated early to the north, and there gradually became white, had to develop all their intellectual powers and invent and perfect all the arts in their struggle with need, want and misery, which in their many forms were brought about by the climate. This they had to do in order to make up for the parsimony of nature and out of it all came their high civilization.\n", "Despite this, he was adamantly against differing treatment of races, was fervently anti-slavery, and supported the abolitionist movement in the United States. He describes the treatment of \"[our] innocent black brothers whom force and injustice have delivered into [the slave-master's] devilish clutches\" as \"belonging to the blackest pages of mankind's criminal record\".\n", "Schopenhauer additionally maintained a marked metaphysical and political anti-Judaism. Schopenhauer argued that Christianity constituted a revolt against what he styled the materialistic basis of Judaism, exhibiting an Indian-influenced ethics reflecting the Aryan-Vedic theme of spiritual self-conquest. He saw this as opposed to what he held was the ignorant drive toward earthly utopianism and superficiality of a worldly \"Jewish\" spirit:\n", "While all other religions endeavor to explain to the people by symbols the metaphysical significance of life, the religion of the Jews is entirely immanent and furnishes nothing but a mere war-cry in the struggle with other nations.\n", "Section::::Philosophy.:Political and social thought.:Punishment.\n", "The State, Schopenhauer claimed, punishes criminals to prevent future crimes. It does so by placing \"beside every possible motive for committing a wrong a more powerful motive for leaving it undone, in the inescapable punishment. Accordingly, the criminal code is as complete a register as possible of counter-motives to all criminal actions that can possibly be imagined ...\" He claimed this doctrine was not original to him. Previously, it appeared in the writings of Plato, Seneca, Hobbes, Pufendorf, and Anselm Feuerbach.\n", "Section::::Philosophy.:Political and social thought.:Views on women.\n", "In Schopenhauer's 1851 essay \"On Women\", he expressed his opposition to what he called \"Teutonico-Christian stupidity\" of reflexive unexamined reverence (\"abgeschmackten Weiberveneration\") for the female. Schopenhauer wrote that \"Women are directly fitted for acting as the nurses and teachers of our early childhood by the fact that they are themselves childish, frivolous and short-sighted.\" He opined that women are deficient in artistic faculties and sense of justice, and expressed opposition to monogamy. Indeed, Rodgers and Thompson in \"Philosophers Behaving Badly\" call Schopenhauer \"a misogynist without rival in ... Western philosophy\". He claimed that \"woman is by nature meant to obey\". The essay does give some compliments, however: that \"women are decidedly more sober in their judgment than [men] are\", and are more sympathetic to the suffering of others.\n", "Schopenhauer's writings have influenced many, from Friedrich Nietzsche to nineteenth-century feminists. Schopenhauer's biological analysis of the difference between the sexes, and their separate roles in the struggle for survival and reproduction, anticipates some of the claims that were later ventured by sociobiologists and evolutionary psychologists.\n", "When the elderly Schopenhauer sat for a sculpture portrait by the Prussian sculptor Elisabet Ney in 1859, he was much impressed by the young woman's wit and independence, as well as by her skill as a visual artist. After his time with Ney, he told Richard Wagner's friend Malwida von Meysenbug, \"I have not yet spoken my last word about women. I believe that if a woman succeeds in withdrawing from the mass, or rather raising herself above the mass, she grows ceaselessly and more than a man.\"\n", "Section::::Philosophy.:Political and social thought.:Heredity and eugenics.\n", "Schopenhauer viewed personality and intellect as being inherited. He quotes Horace's saying, \"From the brave and good are the brave descended\" (\"Odes\", iv, 4, 29) and Shakespeare's line from \"Cymbeline\", \"Cowards father cowards, and base things sire base\" (IV, 2) to reinforce his hereditarian argument.\n", "Mechanistically, Schopenhauer believed that a person inherits his level of intellect through his mother, and personal character through one's father. This belief in heritability of traits informed Schopenhauer's view of love – placing it at the highest level of importance. For Schopenhauer the \"final aim of all love intrigues, be they comic or tragic, is really of more importance than all other ends in human life. What it all turns upon is nothing less than the composition of the next generation. ... It is not the weal or woe of any one individual, but that of the human race to come, which is here at stake.\" This view of the importance for the species of whom we choose to love was reflected in his views on eugenics or good breeding. Here Schopenhauer wrote:\n", "With our knowledge of the complete unalterability both of character and of mental faculties, we are led to the view that a real and thorough improvement of the human race might be reached not so much from outside as from within, not so much by theory and instruction as rather by the path of generation. Plato had something of the kind in mind when, in the fifth book of his \"Republic\", he explained his plan for increasing and improving his warrior caste. If we could castrate all scoundrels and stick all stupid geese in a convent, and give men of noble character a whole harem, and procure men, and indeed thorough men, for all girls of intellect and understanding, then a generation would soon arise which would produce a better age than that of Pericles.\n", "In another context, Schopenhauer reiterated his eugenic thesis: \"If you want Utopian plans, I would say: the only solution to the problem is the despotism of the wise and noble members of a genuine aristocracy, a genuine nobility, achieved by mating the most magnanimous men with the cleverest and most gifted women. This proposal constitutes my Utopia and my Platonic Republic.\" Analysts (e.g., Keith Ansell-Pearson) have suggested that Schopenhauer's anti-egalitarianist sentiment and his support for eugenics influenced the neo-aristocratic philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche, who initially considered Schopenhauer his mentor.\n", "Section::::Philosophy.:Political and social thought.:Animal welfare.\n", "As a consequence of his monistic philosophy, Schopenhauer was very concerned about the welfare of animals. For him, all individual animals, including humans, are essentially the same, being phenomenal manifestations of the one underlying Will. The word \"will\" designated, for him, force, power, impulse, energy, and desire; it is the closest word we have that can signify both the real essence of all external things and also our own direct, inner experience. Since every living thing possesses will, then humans and animals are fundamentally the same and can recognize themselves in each other. For this reason, he claimed that a good person would have sympathy for animals, who are our fellow sufferers.\n", "In 1841, he praised the establishment, in London, of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, and also the Animals' Friends Society in Philadelphia. Schopenhauer even went so far as to protest against the use of the pronoun \"it\" in reference to animals because it led to the treatment of them as though they were inanimate things. To reinforce his points, Schopenhauer referred to anecdotal reports of the look in the eyes of a monkey who had been shot and also the grief of a baby elephant whose mother had been killed by a hunter.\n", "He was very attached to his succession of pet poodles. Schopenhauer criticized Spinoza's belief that animals are a mere means for the satisfaction of humans.\n", "Section::::Philosophy.:Political and social thought.:Views on pederasty.\n", "In the third, expanded edition of \"The World as Will and Representation\" (1859), Schopenhauer added an appendix to his chapter on the \"Metaphysics of Sexual Love\". He wrote that pederasty did have the benefit of preventing ill-begotten children. Concerning this, he stated that \"the vice we are considering appears to work directly against the aims and ends of nature, and that in a matter that is all important and of the greatest concern to her it must in fact serve these very aims, although only indirectly, as a means for preventing greater evils\".\n", "Schopenhauer ends the appendix with the statement that \"by expounding these paradoxical ideas, I wanted to grant to the professors of philosophy a small favour. I have done so by giving them the opportunity of slandering me by saying that I defend and commend pederasty.\"\n", "Section::::Philosophy.:Intellectual interests and affinities.\n", "Section::::Philosophy.:Intellectual interests and affinities.:Indology.\n", "Schopenhauer read the Latin translation of the ancient Hindu texts, the Upanishads, which French writer Anquetil du Perron had translated from the Persian translation of Prince Dara Shukoh entitled \"Sirre-Akbar\" (\"The Great Secret\"). He was so impressed by their philosophy that he called them \"the production of the highest human wisdom\", and believed they contained superhuman concepts. The Upanishads was a great source of inspiration to Schopenhauer. Writing about them, he said:\n", "It is the most satisfying and elevating reading (with the exception of the original text) which is possible in the world; it has been the solace of my life and will be the solace of my death.\n", "The book \"Oupnekhat\" (Upanishad) always lay open on his table, and he invariably studied it before sleeping at night. He called the opening up of Sanskrit literature \"the greatest gift of our century\" and predicted that the philosophy and knowledge of the Upanishads would become the cherished faith of the West.\n", "Schopenhauer was first introduced to the 1802 Latin Upanishad translation through Friedrich Majer. They met during the winter of 1813–1814 in Weimar at the home of Schopenhauer's mother according to the biographer Safranski. Majer was a follower of Herder, and an early Indologist. Schopenhauer did not begin a serious study of the Indic texts, however, until the summer of 1814. Safranski maintains that between 1815 and 1817, Schopenhauer had another important cross-pollination with Indian thought in Dresden. This was through his neighbor of two years, Karl Christian Friedrich Krause. Krause was then a minor and rather unorthodox philosopher who attempted to mix his own ideas with that of ancient Indian wisdom. Krause had also mastered Sanskrit, unlike Schopenhauer, and the two developed a professional relationship. It was from Krause that Schopenhauer learned meditation and received the closest thing to expert advice concerning Indian thought.\n", "Most noticeable, in the case of Schopenhauer's work, was the significance of the Chandogya Upanishad, whose Mahāvākya, Tat Tvam Asi, is mentioned throughout \"The World as Will and Representation\".\n", "Section::::Philosophy.:Intellectual interests and affinities.:Buddhism.\n", "Schopenhauer noted a correspondence between his doctrines and the Four Noble Truths of Buddhism. Similarities centered on the principles that life involves suffering, that suffering is caused by desire (taṇhā), and that the extinction of desire leads to liberation. Thus three of the four \"truths of the Buddha\" correspond to Schopenhauer's doctrine of the will. In Buddhism, however, while greed and lust are always unskillful, desire is ethically variable – it can be skillful, unskillful, or neutral.\n", "For Schopenhauer, will had ontological primacy over the intellect. In other words, desire is prior to thought. Schopenhauer felt this was similar to notions of puruṣārtha or goals of life in Vedānta Hinduism.\n", "In Schopenhauer's philosophy, denial of the will is attained by either:\n", "BULLET::::- personal experience of an extremely great suffering that leads to loss of the will to live; or\n", "BULLET::::- knowledge of the essential nature of life in the world through observation of the suffering of other people.\n", "However, Buddhist nirvāṇa is not equivalent to the condition that Schopenhauer described as denial of the will. Nirvāṇa is not the extinguishing of the \"person\" as some Western scholars have thought, but only the \"extinguishing\" (the literal meaning of nirvana) of the flames of greed, hatred, and delusion that assail a person's character. Occult historian Joscelyn Godwin (born 1945) stated, \"It was Buddhism that inspired the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer, and, through him, attracted Richard Wagner.\" This Orientalism reflected the struggle of the German Romantics, in the words of Leon Poliakov, to \"free themselves from Judeo-Christian fetters\". In contradistinction to Godwin's claim that Buddhism inspired Schopenhauer, the philosopher himself made the following statement in his discussion of religions:\n", "If I wished to take the results of my philosophy as the standard of truth, I should have to concede to Buddhism pre-eminence over the others. In any case, it must be a pleasure to me to see my doctrine in such close agreement with a religion that the majority of men on earth hold as their own, for this numbers far more followers than any other. And this agreement must be yet the more pleasing to me, inasmuch as \"in my philosophizing I have certainly not been under its influence\" [emphasis added]. For up till 1818, when my work appeared, there was to be found in Europe only a very few accounts of Buddhism.\n", "Buddhist philosopher Nishitani Keiji, however, sought to distance Buddhism from Schopenhauer. While Schopenhauer's philosophy may sound rather mystical in such a summary, his methodology was resolutely empirical, rather than speculative or transcendental:\n", "Philosophy ... is a science, and as such has no articles of faith; accordingly, in it nothing can be assumed as existing except what is either positively given empirically, or demonstrated through indubitable conclusions.\n", "Also note:\n", "This actual world of what is knowable, in which we are and which is in us, remains both the material and the limit of our consideration.\n", "The argument that Buddhism affected Schopenhauer's philosophy more than any other Dharmic faith loses more credence when viewed in light of the fact that Schopenhauer did not begin a serious study of Buddhism until after the publication of \"The World as Will and Representation\" in 1818. Scholars have started to revise earlier views about Schopenhauer's discovery of Buddhism. Proof of early interest and influence, however, appears in Schopenhauer's 1815/16 notes (transcribed and translated by Urs App) about Buddhism. They are included in a recent case study that traces Schopenhauer's interest in Buddhism and documents its influence. Other scholarly work questions how similar Schopenhauer's philosophy actually is to Buddhism.\n", "Section::::Philosophy.:Intellectual interests and affinities.:Magic and occultism.\n", "Some traditions in Western esotericism and parapsychology interested Schopenhauer and influenced his philosophical theories. He praised animal magnetism as evidence for the reality of magic in his \"On the Will in Nature\", and went so far as to accept the division of magic into left-hand and right-hand magic, although he doubted the existence of demons.\n", "Schopenhauer grounded magic in the Will and claimed all forms of magical transformation depended on the human Will, not on ritual. This theory notably parallels Aleister Crowley's system of magick and its emphasis on human will. Given the importance of the Will to Schopenhauer's overarching system, this amounts to \"suggesting his whole philosophical system had magical powers.\" Schopenhauer rejected the theory of disenchantment and claimed philosophy should synthesize itself with magic, which he believed amount to \"practical metaphysics.\"\n", "Neoplatonism, including the traditions of Plotinus and to a lesser extent Marsilio Ficino, has also been cited as an influence on Schopenhauer.\n", "Section::::Interests.\n", "Schopenhauer had a wide range of interests, from science and opera to occultism and literature.\n", "In his student years Schopenhauer went more often to lectures in the sciences than philosophy. He kept a strong interest as his personal library contained near to 200 books of scientific literature at his death, and his works refer to scientific titles not found in the library.\n", "Many evenings were spent in the theatre, opera and ballet; the operas of Mozart, Rossini and Bellini were especially esteemed. Schopenhauer considered music the highest art, and played the flute during his whole life.\n", "As a polyglot, the philosopher knew German, Italian, Spanish, French, English, Latin and ancient Greek, and he was an avid reader of poetry and literature. He particularly revered Goethe, Petrarch, Calderón and Shakespeare.\n", "If Goethe had not been sent into the world simultaneously with Kant in order to counterbalance him, so to speak, in the spirit of the age, the latter would have been haunted like a nightmare many an aspiring mind and would have oppressed it with great affliction. But now the two have an infinitely wholesome effect from opposite directions and will probably raise the German spirit to a height surpassing even that of antiquity.\n", "In philosophy, his most important influences were, according to himself, Kant, Plato and the Upanishads. Concerning the Upanishads and Vedas, he writes in \"The World as Will and Representation\":\n", "If the reader has also received the benefit of the Vedas, the access to which by means of the Upanishads is in my eyes the greatest privilege which this still young century (1818) may claim before all previous centuries, if then the reader, I say, has received his initiation in primeval Indian wisdom, and received it with an open heart, he will be prepared in the very best way for hearing what I have to tell him. It will not sound to him strange, as to many others, much less disagreeable; for I might, if it did not sound conceited, contend that every one of the detached statements which constitute the Upanishads, may be deduced as a necessary result from the fundamental thoughts which I have to enunciate, though those deductions themselves are by no means to be found there.\n", "Section::::Thoughts on other philosophers.\n", "Section::::Thoughts on other philosophers.:Giordano Bruno and Spinoza.\n", "Schopenhauer saw Bruno and Spinoza as unique philosophers who were not bound to their age or nation. \"Both were fulfilled by the thought, that as manifold the appearances of the world may be, it is still \"one\" being, that appears in all of them. ... Consequently, there is no place for God as creator of the world in their philosophy, but God is the world itself.\"\n", "Schopenhauer expressed his regret that Spinoza stuck for the presentation of his philosophy with the concepts of scholasticism and Cartesian philosophy, and tried to use geometrical proofs that do not hold because of the vagueness and wideness of the definitions. It is the common preference of philosophers of abstraction over perception. Bruno on the other hand, who knew much about nature and ancient literature, presents his ideas with Italian vividness, and is amongst philosophers the only one who comes near Plato's poetic and dramatic power of exposition.\n", "Schopenhauer noted that their philosophies do not provide any ethics, and it is therefore very remarkable that Spinoza called his main work \"Ethics\". In fact, it could be considered complete from the standpoint of life-affirmation, if one completely ignores morality and self-denial. It is yet even more remarkable that Schopenhauer mentions Spinoza as an example of the denial of the will, if one uses the French biography by Jean Maximilien Lucas as the key to \"Tractatus de Intellectus Emendatione\".\n", "Section::::Thoughts on other philosophers.:Immanuel Kant.\n", "The importance of Kant for Schopenhauer, in philosophy as well as on a personal level, can hardly be overstated. The philosophy of Kant was the foundation of his own. Schopenhauer maintained that Kant stands in the same relation to philosophers such as Berkeley and Plato, as Copernicus to Hicetas, Philolaus, and Aristarchus: Kant succeeded in demonstrating what previous philosophers merely asserted.\n", "In his study room one bust was of Buddha, the other was of Kant. The bond which Schopenhauer felt with the philosopher of Königsberg may be esteemed in a poem he dedicated to Kant:\n", "Schopenhauer dedicated one fifth of his main work, \"The World as Will and Representation\", to a criticism of the Kantian philosophy.\n", "Section::::Thoughts on other philosophers.:Post-Kantian school.\n", "The leading figures of post-Kantian philosophy, Fichte, Schelling and Hegel, were not respected by Schopenhauer. He argued that they were no philosophers at all, who merely sought to impress the public.\n", "Schelling was deemed the most talented of the three, and Schopenhauer wrote that he would recommend his \"elucidatory paraphrase of the highly important doctrine of Kant\" concerning the intelligible character, if he had been honest enough to admit he was showing off with the thoughts of Kant, instead of hiding this relation in a cunning manner.\n", "Schopenhauer's favourite subject of attacks was Hegel, whom he considered unworthy even of Fichte and Schelling. Whereas Fichte was merely a windbag, Hegel was a \"stupid and clumsy charlatan\". Karl Popper agreed with this distinction.\n", "Section::::Influence.\n", "Schopenhauer had a large posthumous effect and remained the most influential German philosopher until the First World War. His philosophy was a starting point for a new generation of philosophers, which consisted of Julius Bahnsen, Paul Deussen, Lazar von Hellenbach, Karl Robert Eduard von Hartmann, Ernst Otto Lindner, Philipp Mainländer, Friedrich Nietzsche, Olga Plümacher and Agnes Talbert. His legacy shaped the intellectual debate, and forced movements that were utterly opposed to him, neo-Kantianism and positivism, to address issues they would otherwise have completely ignored, and in doing so he changed them markedly. The French writer Maupassant commented that \"to-day even those who execrate him seem to carry in their own souls particles of his thought.\" Other philosophers of the 19th century who cited his influence include Hans Vaihinger, Volkelt, Solovyov and Weininger.\n", "Schopenhauer was well read amongst physicists, most notably Einstein, Schrödinger, Wolfgang Pauli, and Majorana. Einstein described Schopenhauer's thoughts as a \"continual consolation\" and called him a genius. In his Berlin study three figures hung on the wall: Faraday, Maxwell, Schopenhauer. Konrad Wachsmann recalled: \"He often sat with one of the well-worn Schopenhauer volumes, and as he sat there, he seemed so pleased, as if he were engaged with a serene and cheerful work.\"\n", "When Erwin Schrödinger discovered Schopenhauer (\"the greatest savant of the West\") he considered switching his study of physics to philosophy. He maintained the idealistic views during the rest of his life. Wolfgang Pauli accepted the main tenet of Schopenhauer's metaphysics, that the thing-in-itself is will.\n", "But most of all Schopenhauer is famous for his influence on artists. Richard Wagner became one of the earliest and most famous adherents of the Schopenhauerian philosophy. The admiration was not mutual, and Schopenhauer proclaimed: \"I remain faithful to Rossini and Mozart!\" So he has been nicknamed \"the artist's philosopher\". See also Influence of Schopenhauer on Tristan und Isolde.\n", "Under the influence of Schopenhauer Leo Tolstoy became convinced that the truth of all religions lies in self-renunciation. When he read his philosophy he exclaimed \"at present I am convinced that Schopenhauer is the greatest genius among men. ... It is the whole world in an incomparably beautiful and clear reflection.\" He said that what he has written in \"War and Peace\" is also said by Schopenhauer in \"The World as Will and Representation\".\n", "Jorge Luis Borges remarked that the reason he had never attempted to write a systematic account of his world view, despite his penchant for philosophy and metaphysics in particular, was because Schopenhauer had already written it for him.\n", "Other figures in literature who were strongly influenced by Schopenhauer were Thomas Mann, Afanasy Fet, J.-K. Huysmans and George Santayana.\n", "Sergei Prokofiev, although initially reluctant to engage with works noted for their pessimism, became fascinated with Schopenhauer after reading \"Aphorisms on the Wisdom of Life\" in \"Parerga and Paralipomena.\" \"With his truths Schopenhauer gave me a spiritual world and an awareness of happiness.\"\n", "Friedrich Nietzsche owed the awakening of his philosophical interest to reading \"The World as Will and Representation\" and admitted that he was one of the few philosophers that he respected, dedicating to him his essay \"Schopenhauer als Erzieher\" one of his \"Untimely Meditations\".\n", "As a teenager, Ludwig Wittgenstein adopted Schopenhauer's epistemological idealism. However, after his study of the philosophy of mathematics, he rejected epistemological transcendental idealism for Gottlob Frege's conceptual realism. In later years, Wittgenstein was highly dismissive of Schopenhauer, describing him as an ultimately shallow thinker: \"Schopenhauer has quite a crude mind ... where real depth starts, his comes to an end.\" His friend Bertrand Russell had a low opinion on the philosopher, and attacked him in his famous \"History of Western Philosophy\" for hypocritically praising asceticism yet not acting upon it.\n", "On the opposite aisle of Russell on the foundations of mathematics, the Dutch mathematician L. E. J. Brouwer incorporated the ideas of Kant and Schopenhauer in intuitionism, where mathematics is considered a purely mental activity, instead of an analytic activity wherein objective properties of reality are revealed. Brouwer was also influenced by Schopenhauer's metaphysics, and wrote an essay on mysticism.\n", "Section::::Selected bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason (Ueber die vierfache Wurzel des Satzes vom zureichenden Grunde\"), 1813\n", "BULLET::::- \"On Vision and Colors\" (\"Ueber das Sehn und die Farben\"), 1816\n", "BULLET::::- \"Theory of Colors (Theoria colorum)\", 1830.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The World as Will and Representation\" (alternatively translated in English as \"The World as Will and Idea\"; original German is \"Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung\"): vol. 1818/1819, vol. 2, 1844\n", "BULLET::::- Vol. 1 Dover edition 1966,\n", "BULLET::::- Vol. 2 Dover edition 1966,\n", "BULLET::::- Peter Smith Publisher hardcover set 1969,\n", "BULLET::::- Everyman Paperback combined abridged edition (290 pp.)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Art of Being Right (Eristische Dialektik: Die Kunst, Recht zu Behalten)\", 1831\n", "BULLET::::- \"On the Will in Nature (Ueber den Willen in der Natur)\", 1836\n", "BULLET::::- \"On the Freedom of the Will (Ueber die Freiheit des menschlichen Willens\"), 1839\n", "BULLET::::- \"On the Basis of Morality (Ueber die Grundlage der Moral)\", 1840\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Two Basic Problems of Ethics: On the Freedom of the Will, On the Basis of Morality (Die beiden Grundprobleme der Ethik: Ueber die Freiheit des menschlichen Willens, Ueber das Fundament der Moral\"), 1841.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Parerga and Paralipomena\" (2 vols., 1851) - Reprint: (Oxford: Clarendon Press) (2 vols., 1974) (English translation by E. F. J. Payne)\n", "BULLET::::- Printings:\n", "BULLET::::- 1974 Hardcover, by ISBN\n", "BULLET::::- Vols. 1 and 2, ,\n", "BULLET::::- Vol. 1, ISBN\n", "BULLET::::- Vol. 2, ,\n", "BULLET::::- 1974/1980 Paperback, Vol. 1, , Vol. 2, ,\n", "BULLET::::- 2001 Paperback, Vol. 1, , Vol. 2,\n", "BULLET::::- \"Essays and Aphorisms\", being excerpts from Volume 2 of \"Parerga und Paralipomena\", selected and translated by R. J. Hollingdale, with Introduction by R J Hollingdale, Penguin Classics, 1970, Paperback 1973:\n", "BULLET::::- \"An Enquiry concerning Ghost-seeing, and what is connected therewith (Versuch über das Geistersehn und was damit zusammenhangt)\", 1851\n", "BULLET::::- Arthur Schopenhauer, \"Manuscript Remains\", Volume II, Berg Publishers Ltd.,\n", "Section::::Selected bibliography.:Online.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Illustrated version of the \"Art of Being Right\" and links to logic and sophisms used by the stratagems.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Art Of Controversy (Die Kunst, Recht zu behalten)\". (bilingual) [\"The Art of Being Right\"]\n", "BULLET::::- \"Studies in Pessimism\" – audiobook from LibriVox\n", "BULLET::::- \"The World as Will and Idea\" at Internet Archive:\n", "BULLET::::- \"Volume I\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Volume II\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Volume III\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"On the fourfold root of the principle of sufficient reason\" and \"On the will in nature.\" Two essays:\n", "BULLET::::- Internet Archive. Translated by Mrs. Karl Hillebrand (1903).\n", "BULLET::::- Cornell University Library Historical Monographs Collection. Reprinted by Cornell University Library Digital Collections\n", "BULLET::::- Facsimile edition of Schopenhauer's manuscripts in SchopenhauerSource\n", "BULLET::::- \"Essays of Schopenhauer\"\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Existential nihilism\n", "BULLET::::- Eye of a needle\n", "BULLET::::- God in Buddhism\n", "BULLET::::- \"Massacre of the Innocents\" (Guido Reni)\n", "BULLET::::- Misotheism\n", "BULLET::::- Mortal coil\n", "BULLET::::- Nihilism\n", "BULLET::::- Post-Schopenhauerian pessimism\n", "BULLET::::- More Than 100 Years Later: A Schopenhauerian Revision of Breuer’s Anna O \n", "Section::::References.\n", "Section::::References.:Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- Albright, Daniel (2004) \"Modernism and Music: An Anthology of Sources\". University of Chicago Press.\n", "BULLET::::- Beiser, Frederick C., \"Weltschmerz: Pessimism in German Philosophy, 1860-1900\" (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).\n", "BULLET::::- Hannan, Barbara, \"The Riddle of the World: A Reconsideration of Schopenhauer's Philosophy\" (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).\n", "BULLET::::- Magee, Bryan, \"Confessions of a Philosopher\", Random House, 1998, . Chapters 20, 21.\n", "BULLET::::- Safranski, Rüdiger (1990) \"Schopenhauer and the Wild Years of Philosophy\". Harvard University Press, ; orig. German \"Schopenhauer und Die wilden Jahre der Philosophie\", Carl Hanser Verlag (1987)\n", "BULLET::::- Thomas Mann editor, \"The Living Thoughts of Schopenhauer\", Longmans Green & Co., 1939\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "Section::::Further reading.:Biographies.\n", "BULLET::::- Cartwright, David. \"Schopenhauer: A Biography\", Cambridge University Press, 2010.\n", "BULLET::::- Frederick Copleston, \"Arthur Schopenhauer, philosopher of pessimism\" (Burns, Oates & Washbourne, 1946)\n", "BULLET::::- O. F. Damm, \"Arthur Schopenhauer – eine Biographie\", (Reclam, 1912)\n", "BULLET::::- Kuno Fischer, \"Arthur Schopenhauer\" (Heidelberg: Winter, 1893); revised as \"Schopenhauers Leben, Werke und Lehre\" (Heidelberg: Winter, 1898).\n", "BULLET::::- Eduard Grisebach, \"Schopenhauer – Geschichte seines Lebens\" (Berlin: Hofmann, 1876).\n", "BULLET::::- D. W. Hamlyn, \"Schopenhauer\", London: Routledge & Kegan Paul (1980, 1985)\n", "BULLET::::- Heinrich Hasse, \"Schopenhauer\". (Reinhardt, 1926)\n", "BULLET::::- Arthur Hübscher, \"Arthur Schopenhauer – Ein Lebensbild\" (Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1938).\n", "BULLET::::- Thomas Mann, \"Schopenhauer\" (Bermann-Fischer, 1938)\n", "BULLET::::- Matthews, Jack, \"Schopenhauer's Will: Das Testament\", Nine Point Publishing, 2015. . A recent creative biography by philosophical novelist Jack Matthews.\n", "BULLET::::- Rüdiger Safranski, \"Schopenhauer und die wilden Jahre der Philosophie – Eine Biographie\", hard cover Carl Hanser Verlag, München 1987, , pocket edition Fischer: .\n", "BULLET::::- Rüdiger Safranski, \"Schopenhauer and the Wild Years of Philosophy\", trans. Ewald Osers (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1989)\n", "BULLET::::- Walther Schneider, \"Schopenhauer – Eine Biographie\" (Vienna: Bermann-Fischer, 1937).\n", "BULLET::::- William Wallace, \"Life of Arthur Schopenhauer\" (London: Scott, 1890; repr., St. Clair Shores, Mich.: Scholarly Press, 1970)\n", "BULLET::::- Helen Zimmern, \"Arthur Schopenhauer: His Life and His Philosophy\" (London: Longmans, Green & Co, 1876)\n", "Section::::Further reading.:Other books.\n", "BULLET::::- App, Urs. Arthur Schopenhauer and China. \"Sino-Platonic Papers\" Nr. 200 (April 2010) (PDF, 8.7 Mb PDF, 164 p.). Contains extensive appendixes with transcriptions and English translations of Schopenhauer's early notes about Buddhism and Indian philosophy.\n", "BULLET::::- Atwell, John. \"Schopenhauer on the Character of the World, The Metaphysics of Will\".\n", "BULLET::::- --------, \"Schopenhauer, The Human Character\".\n", "BULLET::::- Edwards, Anthony. \"An Evolutionary Epistemological Critique of Schopenhauer's Metaphysics\". 123 Books, 2011.\n", "BULLET::::- Copleston, Frederick, \"Schopenhauer: Philosopher of Pessimism\", 1946 (reprinted London: Search Press, 1975).\n", "BULLET::::- Gardiner, Patrick, 1963. \"Schopenhauer\". Penguin Books.\n", "BULLET::::- --------, \"Schopenhauer: A Very Short introduction\".\n", "BULLET::::- Janaway, Christopher, 2003. \"Self and World in Schopenhauer's Philosophy\". Oxford University Press.\n", "BULLET::::- Magee, Bryan, \"The Philosophy of Schopenhauer\", Oxford University Press (1988, reprint 1997).\n", "BULLET::::- Mannion, Gerard, \"Schopenhauer, Religion and Morality – The Humble Path to Ethics\", Ashgate Press, New Critical Thinking in Philosophy Series, 2003, 314pp.\n", "BULLET::::- Trottier, Danick. \"L’influence de la philosophie schopenhauerienne dans la vie et l’oeuvre de Richard Wagner; et, Qu’est-ce qui séduit, obsède, magnétise le philosophe dans l’art des sons? deux études en esthétique musicale\", Université du Québec à Montréal, Département de musique, 2000.\n", "BULLET::::- Zimmern, Helen, \"\", London, Longman, and Co., 1876.\n", "Section::::Further reading.:Articles.\n", "BULLET::::- Jiménez, Camilo, 2006, \"Tagebuch eines Ehrgeizigen: Arthur Schopenhauers Studienjahre in Berlin,\" \"Avinus Magazin\" (in German).\n", "BULLET::::- Luchte, James, 2009, \"The Body of Sublime Knowledge: The Aesthetic Phenomenology of Arthur Schopenhauer,\" \"Heythrop Journal\", Volume 50, Number 2, pp. 228–242.\n", "BULLET::::- Mazard, Eisel, 2005, \"Schopenhauer and the Empirical Critique of Idealism in the History of Ideas.\" On Schopenhauer's (debated) place in the history of European philosophy and his relation to his predecessors.\n", "BULLET::::- Moges, Awet, 2006, \"Schopenhauer's Philosophy.\" Galileian Library.\n", "BULLET::::- Sangharakshita, 2004, \"Schopenhauer and aesthetic appreciation.\"\n", "BULLET::::- Oxenford's \"Iconoclasm in German Philosophy,\" (See p. 388)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Arthur Schopenhauer\" an article by Mary Troxell in Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2011\n", "BULLET::::- Schopenhauersource: Reproductions of Schopenhauer's manuscripts\n", "BULLET::::- Kant's philosophy as rectified by Schopenhauer\n", "BULLET::::- Timeline of German Philosophers\n", "BULLET::::- A Quick Introduction to Schopenhauer\n", "BULLET::::- Ross, Kelley L., 1998, \"Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860).\" Two short essays, on Schopenhauer's life and work, and on his dim view of academia.\n", "BULLET::::- κλητος υιος More Than 100 Years Later: A Schopenhauerian Revision of Breuer’s Anna O.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "German philosopher", "enwikiquote_title": "Arthur Schopenhauer", "wikidata_id": "Q38193", "wikidata_label": "Arthur Schopenhauer", "wikipedia_title": "Arthur Schopenhauer" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Johann Friedrich Struensee\n", "Johann Friedrich, Greve Struensee (5 August 1737 – 28 April 1772) was a German doctor. He became royal physician to the mentally ill King Christian VII of Denmark and a minister in the Danish government. He rose in power to a position of \"\"de facto\"\" regent of the country, where he tried to carry out widespread reforms. His affair with Queen Caroline Matilda (\"Caroline Mathilde\") caused a scandal, especially after the birth of a daughter, Princess Louise Augusta, and was the catalyst for the intrigues and power play that caused his downfall and dramatic death.\n", "Section::::Upbringing and early career.\n", "Born at Halle an der Saale and baptized at St. Moritz on 7 August 1737, Struensee was the third child of six born to Pietist theologian and minister Adam Struensee (baptized in Neuruppin on 8 September 1708 – Rendsburg, 20 June 1791), Pfarrer (\"curate\") in Halle an der Saale in 1732, \"Dr. theol. (h. c.) von Halle\" (\"Doctor of Theology (honoris causa, \"for the honor\") from the University of Halle) in 1757, pastor in Altona between 1757 and 1760, \"Kgl. Generalsuperintendant von Schleswig und Holstein\" (\"Royal general superintendent of Schleswig and Holstein\") between 1760 and 1791, and his wife (m. Berleburg, 8 May 1732) Maria Dorothea Carl (Berleburg, 31 July 1716 – Schleswig, 31 December 1792), a respectable middle-class family that believed in religious tolerance. Three of the Struensee sons went to University, but none became theologians like their father; two of the daughters married ministers.\n", "Johann Friedrich entered the University of Halle on 5 August 1752 at the age of fifteen where he studied Medicine, and graduated as a Doctor in Medicine (\"Dr. Med.\") on 12 December 1757. The university exposed him to Age of Enlightenment ideals, and social and political critique and reform. He supported these new ideas, becoming a proponent of atheism, the writings of Claude Adrien Helvétius, and other French materialists.\n", "When Adam and Maria Dorothea Struensee moved to Altona in 1758, where the elder Struensee became pastor of Trinitatiskirche (Trinity’s Church), Johann Friedrich moved with them. He was soon employed as a public doctor in Altona, in the estate of Count Rantzau, and in the Pinneberg District. (\"Stadsfysikus i Altona og Landfysikus i Grevskabet Rantzau\") His wages were meager, and he expected to supplement them with private practice.\n", "His parents moved to Rendsburg in 1760 where Adam Struensee became first superintendent (comparable to bishop) for the duchy, and subsequently superintendent-general of Schleswig-Holstein. Johann Struensee, now 23 years old, had to set up his own household for the first time. His lifestyle expectations were not matched by his economics. His superior intelligence and elegant manners, however, soon made him fashionable in the better circles, and he entertained his contemporaries with his controversial opinions.\n", "He was ambitious, and petitioned the Dano-Norwegian government in the person of Denmark-Norways’s Minister of Foreign Affairs Johann Hartwig Ernst, Count von Bernstorff for funds. He tried his hand at writing Enlightenment treatises, and published many of them in his journal \"Zum Nutzen und Vergnügen\" (\"For benefit and enjoyment\").\n", "Section::::Physician to King Christian VII.\n", "During Struensee's near ten-year residence in Altona he came into contact with a circle of aristocrats who had been sent away from the royal court in Copenhagen. Among them were Enevold Brandt and Count Schack Carl Rantzau, who were supporters of the Enlightenment. Rantzau recommended Struensee to the court as a physician to attend King Christian VII on his forthcoming tour to princely and royal courts in western Germany, the Netherlands, England, and France.\n", "Struensee received the appointment in April 1768. The king and his entourage set forth on 6 May. While in England Struensee received the honorary degree of Doctor in Medicine from the University of Cambridge.\n", "During the eight-month tour he gained the king's confidence and affection. The king's ministers, Bernstorff and Finance Minister H.C. Schimmelmann, were pleased with Struensee's influence on the king, who began making fewer embarrassing \"scenes\". Upon the court's return to Copenhagen in January 1769, Struensee was appointed personal physician to the king. In May, he was given the honorary title of State Councillor, which advanced him to the class of the third rank at court. Struensee wrote an important report on the mental health of the King \n", "Section::::Rise to power.\n", "First he reconciled the king and queen. At first Caroline Matilda (Princess Caroline Matilda) disliked Struensee, but she was unhappy in her marriage, neglected and spurned by the king, and affected by his illness. But Struensee was one of the few people who paid attention to the lonely queen, and he seemed to do his best to alleviate her troubles. Over time her affection for the young doctor grew and by spring 1770 he became her lover; a successful vaccination of the baby crown prince in May still further increased his influence.\n", "Struensee was very involved with the upbringing of the Crown Prince Frederick VI along the principles of Enlightenment, such as outlined by Jean-Jacques Rousseau's challenge to return to nature. However he had his own rather strict interpretation of Rousseau's ideas, by isolating the child, and encouraging him to manage things largely on his own. He also took Rousseau's advice about cold being beneficial for children literally, and the Crown Prince was thus only sparsely clothed even during winter time.\n", "Struensee was named royal adviser (\"forelæser\") and \"konferensråd\" on 5 May 1770.\n", "The royal court and government spent the summer of 1770 in Schleswig-Holstein (Gottorp, Traventhal and Ascheberg).\n", "On 15 September the King dismissed Chancellor Bernstorff and on 18 December Struensee appointed himself \"maître des requêtes\" (privy counsellor), consolidating his power and starting the 16-month period generally referred to as the \"Time of Struensee\".\n", "When in the course of the year the king sank into a condition of mental torpor, Struensee's authority became paramount.\n", "Section::::In control of the government.\n", "At first, Struensee kept a low profile as he began to control the political machine. However, in December he grew impatient, and on the 10th of that month he abolished the council of state. A week later he appointed himself \"maître des requêtes\". It became his official duty to present reports from the various departments of state to the king. Because King Christian was scarcely responsible for his actions, Struensee dictated whatever answers he pleased. Next, he dismissed all department heads, and abolished the Norwegian viceroyship. Henceforth the cabinet, with himself as its motive power, became the one supreme authority in the state. Struensee held absolute sway for almost thirteen months, between 18 December 1770 and 16 January 1772. During this time he issued no fewer than 1069 cabinet orders, or more than three a day.\n", "Reforms initiated by Struensee included:\n", "BULLET::::- abolition of torture\n", "BULLET::::- abolition of unfree labor (corvée)\n", "BULLET::::- abolition of the censorship of the press\n", "BULLET::::- abolition of the practice of preferring nobles for state offices\n", "BULLET::::- abolition of noble privileges\n", "BULLET::::- abolition of \"undeserved\" revenues for nobles\n", "BULLET::::- abolition of the \"etiquette\" rules at the Royal Court\n", "BULLET::::- abolition of the Royal Court's aristocracy\n", "BULLET::::- abolition of state funding of unproductive manufacturers\n", "BULLET::::- abolition of several holidays\n", "BULLET::::- introduction of a tax on gambling and luxury horses to fund nursing of foundlings\n", "BULLET::::- ban of slave trade in the Danish colonies\n", "BULLET::::- rewarding only actual achievements with feudal titles and decorations\n", "BULLET::::- criminalization and punishment of bribery\n", "BULLET::::- re-organization of the judicial institutions to minimize corruption\n", "BULLET::::- introduction of state-owned grain storages to balance out the grain price\n", "BULLET::::- assignment of farmland to peasants\n", "BULLET::::- re-organization and reduction of the army\n", "BULLET::::- university reforms\n", "BULLET::::- reform of the state-owned medical institutions\n", "Other reforms included the abolition of capital punishment for theft, the doing away with such demoralizing abuses as perquisites, and of \"lackey-ism,\" the appointment of powerful men's domestic staff to lucrative public posts.\n", "Critics of Struensee thought that he did not respect native Danish and Norwegian customs, seeing them as prejudices and wanting to eliminate them in favor of abstract principles. He also did not speak Danish, conducting his business in German. To ensure obedience, he dismissed entire staffs of public departments, without pensions or compensation, and substituted with nominees of his own. These new officials were in many cases inexperienced men who knew little or nothing of the country they were supposed to govern.\n", "While initially the Danish people favored his reforms, they began to turn against him. When Struensee abolished all censorship of the press, it mostly resulted in a flood of anti-Struensee pamphlets.\n", "During the initial months of his rule, middle class opinion was in his favor.\" What incensed the people most against him was the way in which he put the king completely on one side; and this feeling was all the stronger as, outside a very narrow court circle, nobody seems to have believed that Christian VII was really mad, but only that his will had been weakened by habitual ill usage; and this opinion was confirmed by the publication of the cabinet order of 14 July 1771, appointing Struensee \"gehejme kabinetsminister\" or \"Geheimekabinetsminister\", with authority to issue cabinet orders which were to have the force of royal ordinances, even if unprovided with the royal sign-manual.\n", "Struensee's relations with the queen were offensive to a nation which had a traditional veneration for the royal House of Oldenburg, while Caroline Matilda's conduct in public scandalized the populace. The society which daily gathered round the king and queen excited the derision of the foreign ambassadors. The unhappy king was little more than the butt of his environment, but occasionally the king would put up a show of obstinacy and refuse to carry out Brandt's or Struensee's orders. And once, when he threatened his keeper, Brandt, with a flogging for some impertinence, Brandt ended up in a struggle with the king, and in the course of this he struck the king in the face.\n", "Section::::Arrest and execution.\n", "Struensee's dismissal of many government officials and officers brought him many political enemies. On 30 November 1771, he declared himself and Brandt Counts. These actions stirred feelings of unease and dissatisfaction in the populace of Denmark and Norway.\n", "Christian VII, along with his queen, Struensee and Enevold Brandt, and members of the royal court, spent the summer of 1771 at Hirschholm Palace north of Copenhagen. They stayed there until late in the autumn. On 7 July the Queen gave birth to a daughter, Louise Augusta. The court moved to Frederiksberg Palace just west of Copenhagen on 19 November.\n", "The general ill will against Struensee, which had been smouldering all through the autumn of 1771, found expression in a conspiracy against him, headed by Rantzau-Ascheburg and others, in the name of the Queen Dowager Juliana Maria, to wrest power away from the king, and secure her and her son’s positions of power.\n", "The court returned to Christiansborg Palace on 8 January 1772. The season's first masquerade ball was held at the Court Theatre on 16 January.\n", "A palace coup took place in the early morning of 17 January 1772, Struensee, Brandt and Queen Caroline Matilda were arrested in their respective bedrooms, and the perceived liberation of the king, who was driven round Copenhagen by his deliverers in a gold carriage, was received with universal rejoicing. The chief charge against Struensee was that he had usurped the royal authority in contravention of the Royal Law (\"Kongelov\"). He defended himself with considerable ability and, at first, confident that the prosecution would not dare to lay hands on the queen, he denied that their liaison had ever been criminal. The queen was taken as prisoner of state to Kronborg Castle.\n", "On 27 April/28 April Struensee and Brandt were condemned first to lose their right hands and then to be beheaded; their bodies were afterwards to be drawn and quartered. The \"Kongelov\" had no provisions for a mentally ill ruler who was unfit to govern. However, as a commoner who had imposed himself in the circles of nobility, Struensee was condemned as being guilty of \"lèse majesté\" and usurpation of the royal authority, both capital offences according to paragraphs 2 and 26 of the \"Kongelov\".\n", "Struensee awaited his execution at Kastellet, Copenhagen. The sentences were carried out on 28 April 1772 with Brandt being executed first. First, Struensee's right hand was cut off; next, after two failed attempts, his head was severed, stuck on a pole and presented to 30,000 bystanders; then, after disembowelment, his remains were quartered.\n", "The King himself considered Struensee a great man, even after his death. Written in German on , three years after Struensee’s execution, was the following: \"\"Ich hätte gern beide gerettet\"\" (\"I would have liked to have saved them both\"), referring to Struensee and Brandt.\n", "Section::::Popular culture.\n", "Romantic retellings of his dramatic rise and horrible fall have inspired numerous novelists. The most recent film is \"A Royal Affair\" (2012). It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 85th Academy Awards. \n", "BULLET::::- \"A faithful narrative of the conversion and death of Count Struensee, late Prime Minister of Denmark\" (1773) by Balthasar Münter (translated Jørgen Hee)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Favorite of the Queen (Der der Königin)\" (1935, novel) by Robert Neumann\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lost Queen\" (1969, historical novel) by Norah Lofts\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Visit of the Royal Physician (Livläkarens besök)\" (1999, novel) by Per Olov Enquist\n", "BULLET::::- \"C'è un re pazzo in Danimarca\" (2015, novel) by Dario Fo\n", "BULLET::::- Michael Meyerbeer wrote a play called \"Struensee\" (Stuttgart and Tübingen: Cotta 1829, premiered in Munich in 1828); Giacomo Meyerbeer wrote music. The play was originally forbidden under the rule of the Prussian King Frederick William III, and finally allowed by his more liberal successor Frederick William IV and premiered in Berlin in 1856.\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Royal Affair\" (Danish: \"En kongelig affære\"), 2012 Danish historical drama film directed by Nikolaj Arcel. Struensee is portrayed onscreen by actor Mads Mikkelsen.\n", "BULLET::::- In \"The Love of a Queen\" (Germany, 1923) Struensee is played by Harry Liedtke\n", "BULLET::::- In \"The Dictator\" (UK, 1935) he is played by Clive Brook\n", "BULLET::::- In \"King in Shadow\" (West Germany, 1957) he is portrayed by O.W. Fischer.\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Barton, H. Arnold. \"Scandinavia in the Revolutionary Era 1760–1815\", University of Minnesota Press, 1986. .\n", "BULLET::::- Commager, Henry Steele. \"Struensee and the Enlightenment,\" \"The search for a usable past, and other essays in historiography\" (1967) pp 349+.\n", "BULLET::::- Dewey, Donald. \"The Danish Rasputin\" \"Scandinavian Review\" (2013) 100#1 online\n", "BULLET::::- Tilliyard, Stella. \"A Royal Affair: George III and his Scandalous Siblings\". Chatto & Windus, 2006.\n", "Section::::Further reading.:In Danish or German.\n", "BULLET::::- Amdisen, Asser. \"Til nytte og fornøjelse Johann Friedrich Struensee (1737–1772)\". Denmark. Akademisk Forlag, 2002. .\n", "BULLET::::- Barz, Paul. \"Doktor Struensee – rebel blandt hofsnoge\" Trans. I. Christensen. Lynge. Bogans forlag, 1986. .\n", "BULLET::::- Bech, Svend Cedergreen. \"Struensee og hans tid\". 2nd ed. Viborg. Forlaget Cicero, 1989.\n", "BULLET::::- Lars Bisgaard, Claus Bjørn, Michael Bregnsbo, Merete Harding, Kurt Villads Jensen, Knud J. V. Jespersen, \"Danmarks Konger og Dronninger\" (Copenhagen, 2004)\n", "BULLET::::- Bregnsbo, Michael. \"Caroline Mathilde – Magt og Skæbne\". Denmark. Aschehoug Dansk Forlag, 2007.\n", "BULLET::::- Gether, Christian (editor), \"Kronprins og Menneskebarn\" (Sorø, 1988)\n", "BULLET::::- Glebe-Møller. \"Struensees vej til skafottet – Fornuft og åbenbaring i oplysningstiden\". Copenhagen. Museum Tusculanums Forlag, 2007.\n", "BULLET::::- Thiedecke, Johnny. \"For Folket. Oplysning, Magt og vanvid i Struensee-tidens Danmark\". Viborg. Forlaget Pantheon, 2004.\n", "BULLET::::- Winkle, Stefan: \"Johann Friedrich Struensee. Arzt – Aufklärer – Staatsmann,\" Stuttgart: Fischer 1989 (2nd ed.). Online excerpt (Ärztekammer Hamburg).\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Johann Friedrich Struensee at the website of the Royal Danish Collection at Rosenborg Castle\n", "BULLET::::- The Ancestry of Johann Friedrich Struensee (1737–1772)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "De facto regent of Denmark", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q61879", "wikidata_label": "Johann Friedrich Struensee", "wikipedia_title": "Johann Friedrich Struensee" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Alyson Hannigan\n", "Alyson Lee Hannigan (born March 24, 1974) is an American actress and television presenter. She is best known for her roles as Willow Rosenberg on the television series \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\" (1997–2003), Lily Aldrin on the sitcom \"How I Met Your Mother\" (2005–2014) for which she won a People's Choice Award in 2009, and Michelle Flaherty in the \"American Pie\" film series (1999–2012).\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Hannigan was born in Washington, D.C., the only child of Emilie (Posner) Haas, a real estate agent, and Alan Hannigan, a Teamsters trucker. Her father is of Irish ancestry and her mother is Jewish.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Childhood and early years.\n", "At age four, Hannigan began appearing in commercials. She moved to Hollywood at age 11. \n", "Living with her mother and attending North Hollywood High School, she successfully auditioned for agents while visiting her father in Santa Barbara. After attending North Hollywood High School, she attended California State University, Northridge, where she was a member of the Alpha Chi Omega sorority and earned a degree in psychology.\n", "Hannigan's first major film role was in \"My Stepmother Is an Alien\", a science-fiction comedy released in 1988; one of her co-stars in the film was actor Seth Green, who later joined her in the regular cast of \"Buffy\" as her on-screen boyfriend. In 1989, her first regular role on a TV series came when she was cast in the short-lived ABC sitcom \"Free Spirit\". As a teenager, Hannigan babysat for the children of her future \"How I Met Your Mother\" costar, Bob Saget.\n", "Section::::Career.:\"Buffy\" years.\n", "In 1997, Hannigan was cast to play Willow Rosenberg, Buffy Summers' best friend, on the television series \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\". \n", "The show became a success, and Hannigan gained recognition, subsequently appearing in several films aimed at teenaged audiences, including \"American Pie\" (1999), \"Boys and Girls\" (2000), \"American Pie 2\" (2001), and \"American Wedding\" (2003). She also had a guest spot on the \"Buffy\" spin-off, \"Angel\", reprising her role of Willow in a few episodes (including most notably \"Orpheus\", during the fourth season of \"Angel\" and the seventh season of \"Buffy\"), but none after \"Buffy\" finished production (the final episode of \"Buffy\" aired May 20, 2003; the \"Angel\" episode \"Orpheus,\" the last in which Hannigan appears, aired March 19, 2003).\n", "Section::::Career.:Stage, television, and movie work.\n", "In early 2004, Hannigan made her West End debut, starring in a stage adaptation of \"When Harry Met Sally...\" at the Theatre Royal Haymarket, opposite Luke Perry.\n", "In 2005, Hannigan returned to starring in a regular television series, taking the main role of Lily Aldrin in the hit comedy \"How I Met Your Mother\", and also playing a recurring guest role on \"Veronica Mars\" as Trina Echolls. In February 2006, she starred as Julia Jones in \"Date Movie\", a parody of romantic comedies. She was also a guest star on the ABC animated sitcom \"The Goode Family\" in 2009.\n", "Hannigan joined forces with Emily Deschanel, Jaime King, Minka Kelly, and Katharine McPhee in a \"video slumber party\" featured on FunnyorDie.com to promote regular breast cancer screenings for the organization Stand Up 2 Cancer.\n", "In 2012, Hannigan reprised the role of Michelle in \"American Reunion\". Since 2016, Hannigan has hosted the television series \"\".\n", "Hannigan plays Ann Possible, Kim's mother, in the Disney Channel original movie \"Kim Possible\", based on the animated series.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Hannigan married her \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\" and \"Angel\" co-star Alexis Denisof at Two Bunch Palms Resort in Desert Hot Springs, California, on October 11, 2003. The couple lives in Encino, Los Angeles with their two daughters; the first born in March 2009 and the second in May 2012.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Alyson Lee Hannigan" ] }, "description": "American actress", "enwikiquote_title": "Alyson Hannigan", "wikidata_id": "Q199927", "wikidata_label": "Alyson Hannigan", "wikipedia_title": "Alyson Hannigan" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ullrich Georg Trendelenburg\n", "Ullrich Georg Trendelenburg (31 December 1922 – 21 November 2006) was a German pharmacologist.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "He was born in Gehlsdorf near Rostock. His paternal grandfather, Friedrich Trendelenburg (1844 to 1924) was the surgeon after whom Trendelenburg's sign for hip abductor weakness and the Trendelenburg test for varicose veins are named, whereas his father, Paul Trendelenburg (1884 to 1931), also was a pharmacologist. In the Institute of Pharmacology in Berlin led by his father, Ullrich got to know opponents of National Socialism such as Otto Krayer, Edith Bülbring and Marthe Vogt. In the Second World War, he volunteered for the Air force in order to escape the SS. After the war he studied medicine in Göttingen and Uppsala. From 1952 to 1956 he worked with Joshua Harold Burn (1892 to 1982)\n", "in the Department of Pharmacology of the University of Oxford as a British Council Scholar and from 1957 to 1968 with Otto Krayer at the Department of Pharmacology of Harvard Medical School. From 1968 to 1991 he held the chair of pharmacology at the University of Würzburg. After his retirement he moved to Tübingen where he lived until his death and where he received lifelong friends such as the Portuguese pharmacologist Serafim Guimarães.\n", "Trendelenburg’s main field of research was the pharmacology of the autonomic nervous system. He discovered new receptors at autonomic ganglion cells. He clarified mechanisms of hypersensitivity and subsensitivity to drugs, and his review of this subject became a citation classic. He also clarified the mode of action of direct-acting and indirect-acting sympathomimetic drugs. He identified pathways of inactivation of catecholamines in which a membrane transport protein and an enzyme are arranged in sequence. He termed such pathways \"inactivating systems\".\n", "From 1975 to 1979 he was president of the \"German Pharmacological Society\" and from 1969 to 1991 editor — from 1977 to 1985 chief editor — of \"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology\", the world's oldest still existing pharmacology journal.\n", "Inspired by his friendship with persons such as Otto Krayer, he published biographies of pharmacologists who had been persecuted by National Socialism\n", "Trendelenburg was honorary member of the Polish, Indian, Czechoslovakian, German and Venezuelan Pharmacological Societies and honorary doctor of the medical faculties of five universities: Tampere, Finland, Porto, Portugal, Ohio State University, Lublin, Poland, and Prague. The German Pharmacologiocal Society awarded hin the Oswald Schmiedeberg medal, the highest scientific honor of the Society.\n" ] }

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"Just%20the%20Way%20You%20Are%20%28Billy%20Joel%20song%29", "Grammy", "Record%20of%20the%20Year", "Grammy%20Award%20for%20Song%20of%20the%20Year", "52nd%20Street%20%28album%29", "52nd%20Street%20%28Manhattan%29", "CBS%20Records%20International", "Columbia%20Records", "My%20Life%20%28Billy%20Joel%20song%29", "Big%20Shot%20%28song%29", "Honesty%20%28Billy%20Joel%20song%29", "Bosom%20Buddies", "Tom%20Hanks", "Best%20Pop%20Vocal%20Performance%2C%20Male", "Havana", "Havana%20Jam", "Rita%20Coolidge", "Kris%20Kristofferson", "Stephen%20Stills", "Trio%20of%20Doom", "Fania%20All-Stars", "Billy%20Swan", "Bonnie%20Bramlett", "Weather%20Report", "Irakere", "Pacho%20Alonso", "Tata%20G%C3%BCines", "Orquesta%20Arag%C3%B3n", "Ernesto%20Juan%20Castellanos", "Havana%20Jam%20%2779", "ballad", "soft%20rock", "Glass%20Houses%20%28album%29", "New%20wave%20music", "You%20May%20Be%20Right%20%28song%29", "Southside%20Johnny", "Dave%27s%20World", "Don%27t%20Ask%20Me%20Why%20%28Billy%20Joel%20song%29", "Sometimes%20a%20Fantasy", "It%27s%20Still%20Rock%20and%20Roll%20to%20Me", "Billboard%20Hot%20100", "Madison%20Square%20Garden", "Madison%20Square%20Garden%20Gold%20Ticket%20Award", "American%20Music%20Award", "B-side", "The%20Beatles", "Yes%20It%20Is", "Songs%20in%20the%20Attic", "The%20Nylon%20Curtain", "the%20American%20Dream", "Ronald%20Reagan%23First%20term.2C%201981.E2.80.9385", "Long%20Island", "Nassau%20Veterans%20Memorial%20Coliseum", "Uniondale%2C%20New%20York", "HBO", "Allentown%20%28song%29", "Pressure%20%28Billy%20Joel%20song%29", "Goodnight%20Saigon", "An%20Innocent%20Man", "Rhythm%20and%20blues", "doo%20wop", "Billboard%20%28magazine%29", "Tell%20Her%20About%20It", "Stephen%20Thomas%20Erlewine", "WCBS-FM", "Uptown%20Girl", "Elle%20MacPherson", "Christie%20Brinkley", "An%20Innocent%20Man%20%28song%29", "The%20Longest%20Time", "Leave%20a%20Tender%20Moment%20Alone", "Keeping%20the%20Faith%20%28song%29", "Michael%20Jackson", "Thriller%20%28Michael%20Jackson%20album%29", "USA%20for%20Africa", "We%20Are%20the%20World", "Greatest%20Hits%20%28Billy%20Joel%20albums%29", "You%27re%20Only%20Human%20%28Second%20Wind%29", "The%20Night%20Is%20Still%20Young%20%28Billy%20Joel%20song%29", "Diamond%20album", "RIAA", "List%20of%20best-selling%20albums%20in%20the%20United%20States", "The%20Bridge%20%28Billy%20Joel%20album%29", "A%20Matter%20of%20Trust", "Modern%20Woman", "Ruthless%20People", "Airplane%21", "Gibson%20Les%20Paul", "This%20Is%20the%20Time%20%28song%29", "Big%20Man%20on%20Mulberry%20Street", "Moonlighting%20%28TV%20series%29", "Berlin%20Wall", "Saint%20Petersburg", "Tbilisi", "Kontsert", "Back%20in%20the%20U.S.S.R.", "Bob%20Dylan", "The%20Times%20They%20Are%20a-Changin%27%20%28song%29", "Oliver%20%26amp%3B%20Company", "Storm%20Front%20%28album%29", "We%20Didn%27t%20Start%20the%20Fire", "Mick%20Jones%20%28Foreigner%29", "Foreigner%20%28band%29", "Liberty%20DeVitto", "Mark%20Rivera", "Crystal%20Taliefero", "I%20Go%20to%20Extremes", "Leningrad%20%28song%29", "The%20Downeaster%20Alexa", "And%20So%20It%20Goes", "Sam%20%26amp%3B%20Dave", "River%20of%20Dreams", "Christie%20Brinkley", "The%20River%20of%20Dreams", "All%20About%20Soul", "Color%20Me%20Badd", "Lullabye%20%28Goodnight%2C%20My%20Angel%29", "Alexa%20Ray%20Joel", "The%20Essential%20Billy%20Joel", "Madison%20Square%20Garden", "Elton%20John", "Albany%2C%20New%20York", "Times%20Union%20Center", "Rolling%20Stone", "Christie%20Brinkley", "To%20Make%20You%20Feel%20My%20Love", "Hey%20Girl%20%28Freddie%20Scott%20song%29", "Greatest%20Hits%20%28Billy%20Joel%20albums%29%23Greatest%20Hits%20Volume%20III", "Garth%20Brooks", "Central%20Park", "Baby%20Grand", "The%20Bridge%20%28Billy%20Joel%20album%29", "Madison%20Square%20Garden", "We%20Didn%27t%20Start%20the%20Fire", "Scenes%20from%20an%20Italian%20Restaurant", "Fantasies%20%26amp%3B%20Delusions", "Hyung-ki%20Joo", "Movin%27%20Out%20%28musical%29", "Miami%202017%20%28Seen%20the%20Lights%20Go%20Out%20on%20Broadway%29", "the%20Concert%20for%20New%20York%20City", "Your%20Song", "Elton%20John", "The%20Righteous%20Brothers", "Until%20the%20Night", "My%20Lives", "Umixit", "All%20for%20Leyna", "Madison%20Square%20Garden", "Bruce%20Springsteen", "Wells%20Fargo%20Center%20%28Philadelphia%29", "Philadelphia%20Flyers", "Times%20Union%20Center", "Albany%2C%20New%20York", "12%20Gardens%20Live", "United%20Kingdom", "Ireland", "Rome", "Colosseum", "New%20York%20Post", "All%20My%20Life%20%28Billy%20Joel%20song%29", "You%27re%20My%20Home", "Super%20Bowl%20XLI", "Super%20Bowl", "Times%20Union%20Center", "Christmas%20in%20Fallujah", "Cass%20Dillon", "Philadelphia%20Orchestra", "Academy%20of%20Music%20%28Philadelphia%29", "Brad%20Ellis", "John%20Mellencamp", "Rock%20and%20Roll%20Hall%20of%20Fame", "Waldorf%20Astoria%20Hotel", "Mohegan%20Sun%20Casino", "Uncasville%2C%20Connecticut", "Caesars%20Windsor", "Windsor%2C%20Ontario", "Gordon%20Lightfoot", "Shea%20Stadium", "Tony%20Bennett", "Don%20Henley", "John%20Mayer", "John%20Mellencamp", "Steven%20Tyler", "Roger%20Daltrey", "Garth%20Brooks", "Paul%20McCartney", "Last%20Play%20at%20Shea", "Christmas%20in%20Fallujah", "Acer%20Arena", "Liberty%20DeVitto", "Cold%20Spring%20Harbor%20%28album%29", "Piano%20Man%20%28album%29", "Universal%20Music%20Publishing%20Group", "Madison%20Square%20Garden", "Hurricane%20Sandy", "Miami%202017%20%28Seen%20the%20Lights%20Go%20Out%20on%20Broadway%29", "The%20O2%2C%20Dublin", "Manchester", "Birmingham", "Hammersmith%20Apollo", "Huntington%2C%20New%20York", "Madison%20Square%20Garden", "Billy%20Joel%20in%20Concert", "Amway%20Center", "Orlando%2C%20Florida", "Your%20Song", "Billy%20Preston", "You%20Are%20So%20Beautiful", "Joe%20Cocker", "With%20a%20Little%20Help%20from%20My%20Friends", "Can%27t%20Buy%20Me%20Love", "When%20I%27m%2064", "Robert%20Burns", "Auld%20Lang%20Syne", "AC/DC", "You%20Shook%20Me%20All%20Night%20Long", "Brian%20Johnson", "Rufus%20Wainwright", "New%20York%20State%20of%20Mind", "Streetlife%20Serenade", "We%20Didn%27t%20Start%20the%20Fire", "Nassau%20Coliseum", "Camden%20Yards", "Baltimore%20Orioles", "Oyster%20Bay%20%28hamlet%29%2C%20New%20York", "HarperCollins", "Rolling%20Stone", "Christie%20Brinkley", "Attila%20%28rock%20band%29", "She%27s%20Got%20a%20Way", "She%27s%20Always%20a%20Woman", "Piano%20Man%20%28song%29", "divorce", "Christie%20Brinkley", "Alexa%20Ray%20Joel", "Ray%20Charles", "Katie%20Lee%20%28chef%29", "Bridesmaid", "PBS", "Bravo%20%28US%20TV%20network%29", "Top%20Chef", "Hamptons%20%28magazine%29", "Extra%20%28U.S.%20TV%20program%29", "Legal%20separation", "Morgan%20Stanley", "Long%20Island", "Governor%20of%20New%20York", "Andrew%20Cuomo", "Major%20depressive%20disorder", "suicide%20note", "Wood%20finishing", "bleach", "suicide%20watch", "Cold%20Spring%20Harbor%20%28album%29", "Tomorrow%20is%20Today%20%28song%29", "You%27re%20Only%20Human%20%28Second%20Wind%29", "substance%20abuse", "Psychiatry", "New%20Canaan%2C%20Connecticut", "Betty%20Ford%20Center", "alcohol%20abuse", "Democratic%20Party%20%28United%20States%29", "Bruce%20Springsteen", "Barack%20Obama", "Barack%20Obama%202008%20presidential%20campaign", "Republican%20Party%20%28United%20States%29", "Donald%20Trump", "New%20York%20Daily%20News", "Hillary%20Clinton", "Jew", "Catholic%20Church", "Churches%20of%20Christ", "Hicksville%2C%20New%20York", "atheist", "Centre%20Island%2C%20New%20York", "Sag%20Harbor%2C%20New%20York", "Boca%20Raton%2C%20Florida", "honorary%20degree", "Fairfield%20University", "Berklee%20College%20of%20Music", "Hofstra%20University", "Southampton%20College", "Syracuse%20University", "Manhattan%20School%20of%20Music", "Stony%20Brook%20University", "Rock%20and%20Roll%20Hall%20of%20Fame", "Cleveland", "Ray%20Charles", "MusiCares%20Person%20of%20the%20Year", "Grammy%20Awards", "Nelly%20Furtado", "Stevie%20Wonder", "Jon%20Bon%20Jovi", "Diana%20Krall", "Rob%20Thomas%20%28musician%29", "Natalie%20Cole", "Grammy%20Award%20for%20Album%20of%20the%20Year", "Grammy%20Award%20for%20Song%20of%20the%20Year", "Record%20of%20the%20Year", "List%20of%20Madison%20Square%20Garden%20Walk%20of%20Fame%20Inductees", "Hollywood%20Walk%20of%20Fame", "Hollywood%20Boulevard", "Long%20Island%20Music%20Hall%20of%20Fame", "Yankee%20Stadium%20%281923%29", "Shea%20Stadium", "Giants%20Stadium", "Madison%20Square%20Garden", "Nassau%20Veterans%20Memorial%20Coliseum", "Times%20Union%20Center", "Mohegan%20Sun%20Arena", "Wells%20Fargo%20Center%20%28Philadelphia%29", "Hartford%20Civic%20Center", "Carrier%20Dome", "Syracuse%20University", "Steinway", "Kennedy%20Center%20Honors", "Library%20of%20Congress", "Gershwin%20Prize%20for%20Popular%20Song", "James%20H.%20Billington", "Sonia%20Sotomayor", "Andrew%20Cuomo", "Billy%20Joel%20Band", "List%20of%20best-selling%20music%20artists", "List%20of%20highest-grossing%20concert%20tours" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 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"Kama Sutra Productions", "Shadow Morton", "Leader of the Pack", "the Shangri-Las", "Remember (Walking in the Sand)", "Artie Ripp", "Michael Lang", "the Hassles", "United Artists Records", "Jon Small", "Attila", "eponymous", "Cold Spring Harbor", "Cold Spring Harbor", "Long Island", "She's Got a Way", "Songs in the Attic", "Rhys Clark", "Larry Russell", "the J. 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"Uniondale, New York", "HBO", "Allentown", "Pressure", "Goodnight Saigon", "An Innocent Man", "R&B", "doo wop", "Billboard", "Tell Her About It", "Stephen Thomas Erlewine", "WCBS-FM", "Uptown Girl", "Elle MacPherson", "Christie Brinkley", "An Innocent Man", "The Longest Time", "Leave a Tender Moment Alone", "Keeping the Faith", "Michael Jackson", "Thriller", "USA for Africa", "We Are the World", "Greatest Hits Vol. 1 and 2", "You're Only Human (Second Wind)", "The Night Is Still Young", "double diamond", "RIAA", "best-selling albums in American music history", "The Bridge", "A Matter of Trust", "Modern Woman", "Ruthless People", "Airplane!", "Gibson Les Paul", "This is the Time", "Big Man on Mulberry Street", "Moonlighting", "Berlin Wall", "Leningrad", "Tbilisi", "КОНЦЕРТ", "Back in the U.S.S.R.", "Bob Dylan", "The Times They Are a-Changin", "Oliver & Company", "Storm Front", "We Didn't Start the Fire", "Mick Jones", "Foreigner", "Liberty DeVitto", "Mark Rivera", "Crystal Taliefero", "I Go to Extremes", "Leningrad", "The Downeaster Alexa", "And So It Goes", "Sam & Dave", "River of Dreams", "Christie Brinkley", "eponymous first single", "All About Soul", "Color Me Badd", "Lullabye (Goodnight, My Angel)", "Alexa", "The Essential Billy Joel", "Madison Square Garden", "Elton John", "Albany, New York", "Times Union Center", "Rolling Stone", "Christie Brinkley", "To Make You Feel My Love", "Hey Girl", "Greatest Hits Volume III", "Garth Brooks", "Central Park", "Baby Grand", "The Bridge", "Madison Square Garden", "We Didn't Start the Fire", "Scenes from an Italian Restaurant", "Fantasies & Delusions", "Hyung-ki Joo", "Movin' Out", "Miami 2017 (Seen the Lights Go Out on Broadway)", "the Concert for New York City", "Your Song", "Elton John", "The Righteous Brothers", "Until the Night", "My Lives", "Umixit", "All for Leyna", "Madison Square Garden", "Bruce Springsteen", "Wells Fargo Center (Philadelphia)", "Philadelphia Flyers", "Times Union Center", "Albany, New York", "12 Gardens Live", "United Kingdom", "Ireland", "Rome", "Colosseum", "New York Post", "All My Life", "You're My Home", "Super Bowl XLI", "Super Bowl", "Times Union Center", "Christmas in Fallujah", "Cass Dillon", "Philadelphia Orchestra", "Academy of Music", "Brad Ellis", "John Mellencamp", "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame", "Waldorf Astoria Hotel", "Mohegan Sun Casino", "Uncasville, Connecticut", "Caesars Windsor", "Windsor, Ontario", "Gordon Lightfoot", "Shea Stadium", "Tony Bennett", "Don Henley", "John Mayer", "John Mellencamp", "Steven Tyler", "Roger Daltrey", "Garth Brooks", "Paul McCartney", "Last Play at Shea", "Christmas in Fallujah", "Acer Arena", "Liberty DeVitto", "Cold Spring Harbor", "Piano Man", "Universal Music Publishing Group", "Madison Square Garden", "Hurricane Sandy", "Miami 2017 (Seen the Lights Go Out on Broadway)", "O", "Manchester", "Birmingham", "Hammersmith Apollo", "Huntington, New York", "Madison Square Garden", "Billy Joel in Concert", "Amway Center", "Orlando, Florida", "Your Song", "Billy Preston", "You Are So Beautiful", "Joe Cocker", "With a Little Help from My Friends", "Can't Buy Me Love", "When I'm 64", "Robert Burns", "Auld Lang Syne", "AC/DC", "You Shook Me All Night Long", "Brian Johnson", "Rufus Wainwright", "New York State of Mind", "Streetlife Serenade", "We Didn't Start the Fire", "Nassau Coliseum", "Camden Yards", "Baltimore Orioles", "Oyster Bay, Long Island", "HarperCollins", "Rolling Stone", "Christie Brinkley", "Attila", "She's Got a Way", "She's Always a Woman", "Piano Man", "divorce", "Christie Brinkley", "Alexa Ray Joel", "Ray Charles", "Katie Lee", "maid of honor", "PBS", "Bravo", "Top Chef", "Hamptons", "\"Extra\"", "separation", "Morgan Stanley", "Long Island", "Governor of New York", "Andrew Cuomo", "depression", "suicide note", "furniture polish", "bleach", "suicide watch", "Cold Spring Harbor", "Tomorrow Is Today", "You're Only Human (Second Wind)", "substance abuse", "psychiatric", "New Canaan, Connecticut", "Betty Ford Center", "alcohol abuse", "Democratic", "Bruce Springsteen", "Barack Obama", "presidential campaign in 2008", "Republican", "Donald Trump", "New York Daily News", "Hillary Clinton", "Jew", "a Roman Catholic church", "Church of Christ", "Hicksville", "atheist", "Centre Island, New York", "Sag Harbor", "Boca Raton, Florida", "honorary doctorates", "Fairfield University", "Berklee College of Music", "Hofstra University", "Southampton College", "Syracuse University", "Manhattan School of Music", "Stony Brook University", "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame", "Cleveland", "Ray Charles", "MusiCares Person of the Year", "Grammy Awards", "Nelly Furtado", "Stevie Wonder", "Jon Bon Jovi", "Diana Krall", "Rob Thomas", "Natalie Cole", "Album of the Year", "Song of the Year", "Record of the Year", "Madison Square Garden Walk of Fame", "Hollywood Walk of Fame", "Hollywood Boulevard", "Long Island Music Hall of Fame", "Yankee", "Shea Stadium", "Giants Stadium", "Madison Square Garden", "Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum", "Times Union Center", "Mohegan Sun Arena", "Wells Fargo Center", "Hartford Civic Center", "Carrier Dome", "Syracuse University", "Steinway", "Kennedy Center Honors", "Library of Congress", "Gershwin Prize for Popular Song", "James H. Billington", "Sonia Sotomayor", "Andrew Cuomo", "Billy Joel Band", "List of best-selling music artists", "List of highest-grossing concert tours" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Billy Joel\n", "William Martin Joel (born May 9, 1949) is an American singer-songwriter, composer and pianist. Commonly nicknamed the \"Piano Man\" after his signature song of the same name, he has led a commercially successful career as a solo artist since the 70s, having released twelve studio albums from 1971 to 1993. He is one of the best-selling music artists of all time as well as the sixth best-selling recording artist and the third best-selling solo artist in the United States, with over 150 million records sold worldwide. His 1985 compilation album, \"Greatest Hits Vol. 1 & 2\", is one of the best-selling albums in the US.\n", "Joel was born in 1949 in The Bronx, New York, and grew up on Long Island, New York, both places that influenced his music. Growing up, he took piano lessons at the insistence of his mother. After dropping out of high school to pursue a musical career, Joel took part in two short-lived bands, The Hassles and Attila, before signing a record deal with Family Productions and kicking off a solo career in 1971 with his first release, \"Cold Spring Harbor\". In 1972, Joel caught the attention of Columbia Records after a live radio performance of the song \"Captain Jack\" became popular in Philadelphia, prompting him to sign a new record deal with the company and release his second album, \"Piano Man\"; the album's title track went on to become Joel's first hit song. After releasing two more albums, \"Streetlife Serenade\" and \"Turnstiles\", Joel released his critical and commercial breakthrough album, \"The Stranger\", in 1977. This album became Columbia's best-selling release, selling over 10 million copies and spawning several hit singles, including \"Movin' Out (Anthony's Song)\", \"Just the Way You Are\", \"Vienna\", \"Only the Good Die Young\", and \"She's Always a Woman\"; another song on this album, \"Scenes from an Italian Restaurant\", is Joel’s favorite of his own songs.\n", "In 1978, Joel's album \"52nd Street\" was his first album to peak at #1 on the \"Billboard\" 200 chart. Joel released his seventh studio album, \"Glass Houses\", in an attempt to further establish himself as a rock and roll artist; this release featured \"It's Still Rock & Roll to Me\", Joel's first single to top the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, as well as \"Don't Ask Me Why\" and \"Sometimes a Fantasy\". His next album, \"The Nylon Curtain\", was released in 1982, and stemmed from a desire from Joel to create more lyrically and melodically ambitious music. \"An Innocent Man\", released in 1983, served as an homage to genres of music which Joel had grown up with in the 1950s, such as rhythm and blues and doo-wop; this release featured \"Tell Her About It\", \"Uptown Girl\", and \"The Longest Time\". After releasing the albums \"The Bridge\" and \"Storm Front\" in 1986 and 1989 respectively, Joel released his twelfth and final studio album, \"River of Dreams\", in 1993. He went on to release \"Fantasies and Delusions\", a 2001 album featuring classical compositions composed by Joel and performed by British-Korean pianist Richard Hyung-ki Joo. Joel also provided voiceover work in 1988 for the 27th animated Disney film, \"Oliver & Company\", in which he provided the voice of the character Dodger, and contributed to the soundtracks to several different films, including \"Easy Money\", \"Ruthless People\", and \"Honeymoon in Vegas\".\n", "Across the 20 years of his solo career, Joel produced 33 Top 40 hits in the US, all of which he wrote himself, and three of which managed to peak at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 charts. Joel has been nominated for 23 Grammy Awards, winning five of them, including Album of the Year for \"52nd Street\". Joel was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame (1992), the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (1999), and the Long Island Music Hall of Fame (2006). In 2001, Joel received the Johnny Mercer Award from the Songwriters Hall of Fame. In 2013, Joel received the Kennedy Center Honors, for influencing American culture through the arts. Since the advent of his solo career, Joel has held a successful touring career, holding live performances across the globe in which he sings several of his written songs. In 1987, he became one of the very first artists to hold a rock and roll tour in the Soviet Union following the country's alleviation of the ban on rock and roll music. Despite largely retiring from writing and releasing pop music following the release of \"River of Dreams\", he continues to tour. He frequently performs at Madison Square Garden in Manhattan. Joel has been in several relationships, including marriages to Elizabeth Weber Small, model Christie Brinkley, and Katie Lee. Since 2015, he has been married to Alexis Roderick, his 4th spouse.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "William Martin Joel was born in the Bronx on May 9, 1949. When he was one year old, his family moved to the Long Island suburb of Hicksville, New York, in the Town of Oyster Bay, where he and his younger sister were raised in a section of Levitt homes.\n", "Joel's father, Howard (born Helmut) Joel, a classical pianist and businessman, was born in Nuremberg, Germany, to a Jewish family, the son of a merchant and manufacturer, Karl Amson Joel. Helmut was also educated in Switzerland. His father had created a highly successful mail order textile business, Joel Macht Fabrik. To escape the Nazi regime, Helmut's family emigrated to Switzerland. His father was forced to sell his business at a fraction of its value in order to emigrate. The family reached the United States via Cuba, because immigration quotas for German Jews prevented direct immigration at the time. In the United States, Helmut/Howard Joel became an engineer but always loved music. Joel's mother, Rosalind, was born in Brooklyn to Jewish parents, Philip and Rebecca Nyman, who had immigrated from England.\n", "Joel has said that neither of his parents had talked much about World War II, which were such dark years; it was not until later that he learned more about his father's family. After Rosalind and Howard Joel divorced in 1957, Howard returned to Europe, as he had never liked the United States, considering the people uneducated and materialistic. He settled in Vienna, Austria, and later remarried. Billy Joel has a half-brother, Alexander Joel, born to his father in Europe, who became a classical conductor there. Alexander Joel was the chief musical director of the Staatstheater Braunschweig from 2001 to 2014.\n", "Billy Joel reluctantly began piano lessons at an early age, at his mother's insistence. His teachers included the noted American pianist Morton Estrin and musician Timothy Ford. Joel says that he is a better organist than pianist. As a teenager, Joel took up boxing so he could defend himself. He boxed successfully on the amateur Golden Gloves circuit for a short time, winning 22 bouts, but abandoned the sport shortly after his nose was broken in his 24th boxing match.\n", "Joel attended Hicksville High School until 1967, but he did not graduate with his class. He had been playing at a piano bar to help his mother make ends meet, which interfered with his attendance; specifically, he missed a crucial English exam, after playing a late-night gig at a piano bar the evening before. Although Joel was a comparatively strong student, at the end of his senior year he did not have enough credits to graduate. Rather than attend summer school to earn his diploma, Joel decided to begin a career in music: \"I told them, 'To hell with it. If I'm not going to Columbia University, I'm going to Columbia Records, and you don't need a high school diploma over there'.\" In 1992, he submitted essays to the school board and was awarded his diploma at Hicksville High's annual graduation ceremony, 25 years after leaving.\n", "Section::::Music career.\n", "Section::::Music career.:1965–1970: Early career.\n", "Influenced by early-rock-and-roll and rhythm-and-blues artists, including groups such as The Beatles, The Drifters and The Four Seasons, Joel favored tightly structured pop melodies and down-to-earth songwriting.\n", "After seeing The Beatles on \"The Ed Sullivan Show\", Joel decided to pursue a career in music. In an interview he said of the group's effect on him:\n", "Joel joined the Echoes, a group that specialized in British Invasion covers. The Echoes began recording in 1965. Joel (then 16) also played piano on several records released through Kama Sutra Productions and on recordings produced by Shadow Morton. Joel played on a demo version of \"Leader of the Pack\", which would become a major hit for the Shangri-Las. Joel states that in 1964 he played on a recording of the Shangri-Las' \"Remember (Walking in the Sand)\" but he is unaware of whether he played on the demo or master version. The released single included a co-producer credit for Artie Ripp, who later was the first to sign and produce Joel as a solo artist after Michael Lang, who had given Joel a monetary advance, passed Joel along to Ripp to focus his attentions elsewhere.\n", "In late 1965, the Echoes changed their name to the Emeralds, and then to the Lost Souls. Joel left the band in 1967 to join the Hassles, a Long Island group that had signed with United Artists Records. Over the next year and a half they released four singles and two albums (\"The Hassles \"and \"Hour of the Wolf\"). All were commercial failures. Joel and drummer Jon Small left the Hassles in 1969 to form the duo Attila, releasing an eponymous debut album in July 1970. The duo disbanded the following October when Joel began an affair with Small's wife, Elizabeth. The pair later married.\n", "Section::::Music career.:1970–1974: \"Cold Spring Harbor\" and \"Piano Man\".\n", "Joel signed a contract with the record company Family Productions (owned by Artie Ripp but backed by Gulf + Western), with which he recorded his first solo album, \"Cold Spring Harbor\" (a reference to Cold Spring Harbor, a town on Long Island). Ripp states that he spent US$450,000 developing Joel; nevertheless, the album was mastered at too high a speed and as a result, the album was a technical and commercial disappointment.\n", "The popular songs \"She's Got a Way\" and \"Everybody Loves You Now\" were originally released on this album, but went largely unnoticed until being released as live performances on \"Songs in the Attic \"(1981). Columbia released a remastered version of \"Cold Spring Harbor \"in 1983, with certain songs shortened or re-orchestrated. \n", "Joel began his \"Cold Spring Harbor\" tour in the fall of 1971, touring with his band (Rhys Clark on drums, Al Hertzberg on guitar, and Larry Russell on bass guitar) throughout the U.S. and Puerto Rico, opening for groups such as the J. Geils Band, The Beach Boys, Badfinger, and Taj Mahal. Joel's performance at the Puerto Rican Mar y Sol Pop Festival was especially well-received; and although recorded, Joel refused to have it published on the Mar Y Sol compilation album \"\". Nevertheless, interest in his music grew.\n", "During the spring of 1972, the Philadelphia radio station WMMR-FM began playing a concert recording of \"Captain Jack\", which became an underground hit on the East Coast. Herb Gordon, a Columbia Records executive, heard Joel's music and introduced him to the company. Joel signed a recording contract with Columbia in 1972 and moved to Los Angeles, California; he lived there for the next three years. \n", "For six months he worked at The Executive Room piano bar on Wilshire Boulevard as \"Bill Martin\". During that time, he composed his signature hit \"Piano Man\" about the bar's patrons.\n", "Despite Joel's new contract, he was still legally bound to Family Productions. Artie Ripp sold Joel's first contract to Columbia. Walter Yetnikoff, the president of CBS/Columbia Records at the time, bought back the rights to Joel's songs in the late 1970s, giving the rights to Joel as a birthday gift. Yetnikoff notes in the documentary film \"The Last Play at Shea\" that he had to threaten Ripp to close the deal.\n", "Joel's first album with Columbia was \"Piano Man\", released in 1973. Despite modest sales, \"Piano Man\"'s title track became his signature song, ending nearly every concert. That year Joel's touring band changed. Guitarist Al Hertzberg was replaced by Don Evans, and bassist Larry Russell by Patrick McDonald, himself replaced in late 1974 by Doug Stegmeyer, who would stay with Joel until 1989. Rhys Clark returned as drummer and Tom Whitehorse as banjoist and pedal steel player; Johnny Almond joined as saxophonist and keyboardist. The band toured the US and Canada extensively, appearing on popular music shows. Joel's songwriting began attracting more attention; in 1974 Helen Reddy recorded \"You're My Home\" (\"Piano Man\").\n", "Section::::Music career.:1974–1977: \"Streetlife Serenade\" and \"Turnstiles\".\n", "In 1974, Joel recorded his second Columbia album in Los Angeles, \"Streetlife Serenade\". His manager at the time was Jon Troy, an old friend from the New York neighborhood of Bedford-Stuyvesant; Troy would soon be replaced by Joel's wife Elizabeth. \"Streetlife Serenade\" contains references to suburbia and the inner city. It is perhaps best known for \"The Entertainer\", a No. 34 hit in the US. Upset that \"Piano Man\" had been significantly cut for radio play, Joel wrote \"The Entertainer\" as a sarcastic response: \"If you're gonna have a hit, you gotta make it fit, so they cut it down to 3:05.\" Although \"Streetlife Serenade\" is often considered one of Joel's weaker albums (Joel dislikes it himself), it contains the notable songs \"Los Angelenos\" and \"Root Beer Rag\", an instrumental that was a staple of his live set in the 1970s.\n", "In late 1975, Joel played piano and organ on several tracks on Bo Diddley's \"The 20th Anniversary of Rock 'n' Roll\" all-star album.\n", "Disenchanted with Los Angeles, Joel returned to New York City in 1975 and recorded \"Turnstiles\", the first album he recorded with the group of hand-picked musicians who became the Billy Joel Band. Produced by James William Guercio (then Chicago's producer), \"Turnstiles\" was first recorded at Caribou Ranch with members of Elton John's band. Dissatisfied with the result, Joel re-recorded the songs and produced the album himself.\n", "\"Say Goodbye to Hollywood\" was a minor hit; Ronnie Spector recorded a cover as did Nigel Olsson, then drummer with Elton John. In a 2008 radio interview, Joel said that he no longer performs the song because singing it in its high original key \"shreds\" his vocal cords; however, he did finally play it live for the first time since 1982 when he sang it at the Hollywood Bowl in May 2014. Although never released as a single, \"New York State of Mind\" became one of Joel's best-known songs; Barbra Streisand recorded a cover and Tony Bennett performed it as a duet with Joel on \"\". Other notable songs from the album include \"Summer, Highland Falls\", \"Miami 2017 (Seen the Lights Go Out on Broadway)\", \"Say Goodbye to Hollywood\", (a live version of which became a Top 40 hit), and \"Prelude/Angry Young Man\", a concert mainstay.\n", "Section::::Music career.:1977–1979: \"The Stranger\" and \"52nd Street\".\n", "Columbia Records introduced Joel to Phil Ramone, who would produce all of Joel's studio albums from \"The Stranger \"(1977) to \"The Bridge\" (1986). \"The Stranger\" was an enormous commercial success, yielding four Top-25 hits on the \"Billboard\" charts: \"Just the Way You Are\" (#3), \"Movin' Out\" (#17), \"Only the Good Die Young\" (#24), and \"She's Always a Woman\" (#17). Joel's first Top Ten album, \"The Stranger \"was certified multi-platinum and reached number two on the charts, outselling Simon & Garfunkel's \"Bridge over Troubled Water\", Columbia's previous best-selling album. \"The Stranger\" also featured \"Scenes from an Italian Restaurant\", an album-oriented rock classic, which has become one of his best-known songs.\n", "\"The Stranger\" song \"Just the Way You Are\" — written for Joel's first wife, Elizabeth Weber — was inspired by a dream and won Grammy awards for Record of the Year and Song of the Year. On tour in Paris, Joel learned the news late at night in his hotel room. \"Rolling Stone \"ranked \"The Stranger\" the 70th greatest album of all time.\n", "He released \"52nd Street\" in 1978, naming it after Manhattan's 52nd Street, which, at the time of its release, served as the world headquarters of CBS/Columbia. The album sold over seven million copies, propelled to number one on the charts by the following hits: \"My Life\" (#3); followed successes from the album were \"Big Shot\" (#14), and \"Honesty\" (#24). A cover of \"My Life\" (sung by Gary Bennett) became the theme song for a new television sitcom, \"Bosom Buddies\", which featured actor Tom Hanks in one of his earliest roles. \"52nd Street \"won Grammy awards for Best Pop Vocal Performance, Male and Album of the Year.\n", "In 1979, Joel also traveled to Havana, Cuba, to participate in the historic Havana Jam festival that took place between March 2–4, alongside Rita Coolidge, Kris Kristofferson, Stephen Stills, the CBS Jazz All-Stars, the Trio of Doom, Fania All-Stars, Billy Swan, Bonnie Bramlett, Mike Finnegan, Weather Report, and an array of Cuban artists such as Irakere, Pacho Alonso, Tata Güines and Orquesta Aragón. His performance is captured in Ernesto Juan Castellanos's documentary \"Havana Jam '79\".\n", "Section::::Music career.:1979–1983: \"Glass Houses\" and \"The Nylon Curtain\".\n", "The success of his piano-driven ballads like \"Just the Way You Are\", \"She's Always a Woman\", and \"Honesty\" led some critics to label Joel a \"balladeer\" and \"soft rocker\". Joel thought these labels were unfair and insulting, and with \"Glass Houses\", he tried to record an album that proved that he could rock harder than his critics gave him credit for, occasionally imitating and referring to the style of new wave rock music that was starting to become popular at the time. On the front cover of the album, Joel is pictured in a leather jacket, about to throw a rock at a glass house (referring to the adage that \"people who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones\").\n", "\"Glass Houses\" spent six weeks at No. 1 on the \"Billboard\" chart and yielded such hits as \"You May Be Right\" (used as the theme song, covered by Southside Johnny, for the CBS mid-1990s sitcom \"Dave's World\") (#7, May 1980), \"Don't Ask Me Why\" (#19, September 1980), \"Sometimes a Fantasy\" (#36, November 1980) and \"It's Still Rock and Roll to Me\", which became Joel's first \"Billboard\" number-one single (for two weeks) in July 1980. \"It's Still Rock and Roll to Me\" spent 11 weeks in the top 10 of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and was the 7th biggest hit of 1980 according to American Top 40. His five sold-out shows at Madison Square Garden in 1980 earned him the Garden's Gold Ticket Award for selling more than 100,000 tickets at the venue.\n", "\"Glass Houses\" won the Grammy for Best Rock Vocal Performance, Male. It would also win the American Music Award for Favorite Album, Pop/Rock category. The album's closing song, \"Through The Long Night\" (B-side of the \"It's Still Rock & Roll to Me\" single), was a lullaby that featured Joel harmonizing with himself in a song he says was inspired by The Beatles' \"Yes It Is\". In a recorded Masterclass at the University of Pennsylvania, Joel later recollected that he had written to the Beatles asking them how to get started in the music industry. In response, he received a pamphlet about Beatles merchandise. This later led to the idea of Joel conducting Q&A sessions around the world answering questions that people had about the music industry.\n", "His next release, \"Songs in the Attic\", was composed of live performances of less well-known songs from the beginning of his career. It was recorded during larger US arenas and intimate night club shows in June and July 1980. This release introduced many fans, who discovered Joel when \"The Stranger\" became a smash in 1977, to many of his earlier compositions. The album reached No. 8 on the \"Billboard\" chart and produced two hit singles: \"Say Goodbye to Hollywood\" (#17), and \"She's Got a Way\" (#23). It sold over 3 million copies. Although not as successful as some of his previous albums, the album was still considered a success by Joel.\n", "The next wave of Joel's career commenced with the recording of his next studio album, \"The Nylon Curtain\". With \"The Nylon Curtain\", Joel became more ambitious with his songwriting, trying his hand at writing topical songs like \"Allentown\" and \"Goodnight Saigon\". Joel has stated that he wanted the album to communicate his feelings about the American Dream and how changes in American politics during the Reagan years meant that \"all of a sudden you weren't going to be able to inherit [the kind of life] your old man had.\" He also tried to be more ambitious in his use of the recording studio. Joel said that he wanted to \"create a sonic masterpiece\" on \"The Nylon Curtain\". So he spent more time in the studio, crafting the sound of the album, than he had on any previous album. Production of \"The Nylon Curtain\" began in the fall of 1981. However, production was temporarily delayed when Joel was involved in a serious motorcycle accident on Long Island on April 15, 1982, severely injuring his hands. Still, Joel quickly recovered from his injuries, and the album only ended up being delayed by a few months.\n", "In 1982, he embarked on a brief tour in support of the album. From one of the final shows of the tour, Joel made his first video special, \"Live from Long Island\", which was recorded at the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Uniondale, New York on December 30, 1982. It was originally broadcast on HBO in 1983 before it became available on VHS.\n", "\"The Nylon Curtain\" went to No. 7 on the charts, partially due to heavy airplay on MTV for the videos to the singles \"Allentown\" and \"Pressure\". \"Allentown\" spent six weeks at a peak position of No. 17 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, making it one of the most-played radio songs of 1982, pushing it into 1983's year-end Top 70, and making it the most successful song from \"The Nylon Curtain\" album, besting \"Pressure\" which peaked at No. 20 (where it resided for three weeks) and \"Goodnight Saigon\" which reached No. 56 on U.S. charts.\n", "Section::::Music career.:1983–1988: \"An Innocent Man\" and \"The Bridge\".\n", "Joel's next album moved away from the serious themes of \"The Nylon Curtain\" and struck a much lighter tone. The album \"An Innocent Man\" was Joel's tribute to R&B and doo wop music of the 1950s and 1960s and resulted in Joel's second \"Billboard\" number-one hit, \"Tell Her About It\", which was the first single off the album in the summer of 1983. The album itself reached No. 4 on the charts and No. 2 in UK. It also boasted six top-30 singles, the most of any album in Joel's catalog. The album was well received by critics, with Stephen Thomas Erlewine, senior editor for AllMusic, describing Joel as being \"in top form as a craftsman throughout the record, effortlessly spinning out infectious, memorable melodies in a variety of styles.\"\n", "At the time that the album was released, WCBS-FM began playing \"Uptown Girl\" both in regular rotation and on the \"Doo Wop Live\". The song became a worldwide hit upon its release. The music video of the song, originally written about then girlfriend Elle MacPherson, featured future wife Christie Brinkley as a high society girl, whose car pulls into the gas station where Joel's character is working. At the end of the video, Joel's \"grease monkey\" character drives off with his \"uptown girl\" on the back of a motorcycle. When Brinkley went to visit Joel after being asked to star in the video, the first thing Joel said to her upon opening his door was \"I don't dance\". Brinkley had to walk him through the basic steps he does in the video. Their work together on this video shoot sparked a relationship between the two which would later lead to their marriage in 1985.\n", "In December, the title song, \"An Innocent Man\", was released as a single and it peaked at No. 10 in the U.S. and No. 8 in the UK, early in 1984. That March, \"The Longest Time\" was released as a single, peaking at No. 14 on the Hot 100 and No. 1 on the Adult Contemporary chart. That summer, \"Leave a Tender Moment Alone\" was released and it hit No. 27 while \"Keeping the Faith\" peaked at No. 18 in January 1985. In the video for \"Keeping the Faith\", Christie Brinkley also plays the \"redhead girl in a Chevrolet\". \"An Innocent Man\" was also nominated for the Album of the Year Grammy, but lost to Michael Jackson's \"Thriller\".\n", "Joel participated in the USA for Africa \"We Are the World\" project in 1985.\n", "Following the success of \"An Innocent Man\", Joel was asked about releasing an album of his most successful singles. This was not the first time this topic had come up, but Joel had initially considered \"Greatest Hits\" albums as marking the end of one's career. This time he agreed, and \"Greatest Hits Vol. 1 and 2\" was released as a four-sided album and two-CD set, with the songs in the order in which they were released. The new songs \"You're Only Human (Second Wind)\" and \"The Night Is Still Young\" were recorded and released as singles to support the album; both reached the top 40, peaking at No. 9 and No. 34, respectively. \"Greatest Hits\" was highly successful and it has since been certified double diamond by the RIAA, with over 11.5 million copies (23 million units) sold. It is one of the best-selling albums in American music history, according to the RIAA.\n", "Coinciding with the \"Greatest Hits\" album release, Joel released a two-volume \"Video Album\" that was a compilation of the promotional videos he had recorded from 1977 to the present time. Along with videos for the new singles off the \"Greatest Hits\" album, Joel also recorded a video for his first hit, \"Piano Man\", for this project.\n", "Joel's next album, \"The Bridge\" (1986), did not achieve the level of success of his previous albums, but it yielded the hits \"A Matter of Trust\" and \"Modern Woman\" from the film \"Ruthless People\", a dark comedy from the directors of \"Airplane!\" (both #10). In a departure from his \"piano man\" persona, Joel is shown in the video playing a Gibson Les Paul. The ballad \"This is the Time\" also charted, peaking at No. 18.\n", "On November 18, 1986, an extended version of the song \"Big Man on Mulberry Street\" was used on a Season 3 episode of \"Moonlighting\". The episode itself was also titled \"Big Man on Mulberry Street\".\n", "\"The Bridge\" was Joel's last album to carry the Family Productions logo, after which he severed his ties with Artie Ripp. Joel has also stated in many interviews, most recently in a 2008 interview in \"Performing Songwriter\" magazine, that he does not think \"The Bridge\" is a good album.\n", "In October 1986, Joel and his team started planning a trip to the Soviet Union. He became one of the first American rock acts to play there since the Berlin Wall went up. There were live performances at indoor arenas in Moscow, Leningrad and Tbilisi. Joel, his family (including young daughter Alexa), and his full touring band made the trip in August 1987. The entourage was filmed for television and video to offset the cost of the trip, and the concerts were simulcast on radio around the world. Joel's Russian tour was the first live rock radio broadcast in Soviet history.\n", "Most of that audience took a long while to warm up to Joel's energetic show, something that had never happened in other countries he had performed in. According to Joel, each time the fans were hit with the bright lights, anybody who seemed to be enjoying themselves froze. In addition, people who were \"overreacting\" were removed by security. During this concert Joel, enraged by the bright lights, flipped his electric piano and snapped a microphone stand while continuing to sing. He later apologized for the incident.\n", "The album \"КОНЦЕРТ\" (Russian for \"Concert\") was released in October 1987. Singer Pete Hewlett was brought in to hit the high notes on his most vocally challenging songs, like \"An Innocent Man\". Joel also did versions of The Beatles' classic \"Back in the U.S.S.R.\" and Bob Dylan's \"The Times They Are a-Changin\". It has been estimated that Joel lost more than US$1 million of his own money on the trip and concerts, but he has said the goodwill he was shown there was well worth it.\n", "Section::::Music career.:1988–1993: \"Storm Front\" and \"River of Dreams\".\n", "The Disney animated children's film, \"Oliver & Company\", released in November 1988, features Joel in a rare acting (voice only) role, as the character Dodger. The character's design is based on Joel's image at the time, including his trademark Wayfarer sunglasses. Joel also sang his character's song \"Why Should I Worry?\".\n", "The recording of the album \"Storm Front\", which commenced in 1988, coincided with major changes in Joel's career and inaugurated a period of serious upheaval in his business affairs. In August 1989, just before the album was released, Joel dismissed his manager (and former brother-in-law) Frank Weber after an audit revealed major discrepancies in Weber's accounting. Joel subsequently sued Weber for US$90 million, claiming fraud and breach of fiduciary duty and in January 1990 he was awarded US$2 million in a partial judgment against Weber; in April, the court dismissed a US$30 million countersuit filed by Weber.\n", "The first single for the album, \"We Didn't Start the Fire\", was released in September 1989 and it became Joel's third and – to date – most-recent US number-one hit, spending two weeks at the top. \"Storm Front\" was released in October, and it eventually became Joel's first number-one album since \"Glass Houses\", nine years earlier. \"Storm Front\" was Joel's first album since \"Turnstiles\" to be recorded without Phil Ramone as producer. For this album, he wanted a new sound, and worked with Mick Jones of Foreigner fame. Joel is also credited as one of the keyboard players on Jones' 1988 self-titled solo album, and is featured in the official video for Jones' single \"Just Wanna Hold\"; Joel can be seen playing the piano while his then-wife Christie Brinkley joins him and kisses him. Joel also revamped his backing band, dismissing everyone but drummer Liberty DeVitto, guitarist David Brown, and saxophone player Mark Rivera, and bringing in new faces, including multi-instrumentalist Crystal Taliefero.\n", "\"Storm Front\"'s second single, \"I Go to Extremes\" reached No. 6 in early 1990. The album was also notable for its song \"Leningrad\", written after Joel met a clown in the Soviet city of that name during his tour in 1987, and \"The Downeaster Alexa\", written to underscore the plight of fishermen on Long Island who are barely able to make ends meet. Another well-known single from the album is the ballad \"And So It Goes\" (#37 in late 1990). The song was originally written in 1983, around the time Joel was writing songs for \"An Innocent Man\"; but \"And So It Goes\" did not fit that album's retro theme, so it was held back until \"Storm Front\". Joel said in a 1996 Masterclass session in Pittsburgh that \"Storm Front\" was a turbulent album and that \"And So It Goes\", as the last song on the album, portrayed the calm and tranquility that often follows a violent thunderstorm.\n", "In the summer of 1992, Joel filed another US$90 million lawsuit against his former lawyer Allen Grubman, alleging a wide range of offenses including fraud, breach of fiduciary responsibility, malpractice and breach of contract but the case was eventually settled out of court for an undisclosed sum.\n", "In 1992, Joel inducted the R&B duo Sam & Dave into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. That year, Joel also started work on \"River of Dreams\", finishing the album in early 1993. Its cover art was a colorful painting by Christie Brinkley that was a series of scenes from each of the songs on the album. The eponymous first single was the last top 10 hit Joel has penned to date, reaching No. 3 on \"Billboard\"'s Hot 100 chart and ranking at No. 21 on the 1993 year-end Hot 100 chart. In addition to the title track, the album includes the hits \"All About Soul\" (with Color Me Badd on backing vocals) and \"Lullabye (Goodnight, My Angel)\", written for his daughter, Alexa. A radio remix version of \"All About Soul\" can be found on \"The Essential Billy Joel\" (2001), and a demo version appears on \"My Lives\" (2005).\n", "The song \"The Great Wall of China\" was written about his ex-manager Frank Weber and was a regular in the setlist for Joel's 2006 tour. \"2000 Years\" was prominent in the millennium concert at Madison Square Garden, December 31, 1999, and \"Famous Last Words\" closed the book on Joel's pop songwriting for more than a decade.\n", "Section::::Music career.:1993–present: Touring.\n", "Beginning in 1994, Joel toured extensively with Elton John on a series of \"Face to Face\" tours, making them the longest running and most successful concert tandem in pop music history. During these shows, the two played their own songs, covered each other's songs, and performed duets. They grossed over US$46 million in just 24 dates in their sold out 2003 tour. Joel and John resumed the Face to Face tour in March 2009 and it ended again, at least for the time being, in March 2010 in Albany, New York, at the Times Union Center. In February 2010, Joel denied rumors in the trade press that he canceled a summer 2010 leg of the tour, claiming there were never any dates booked and that he intended to take the year off. Joel told \"Rolling Stone\" magazine: \"We'll probably pick it up again. It's always fun playing with him.\"\n", "Joel and second wife Christie Brinkley announced on April 13, 1994, that they had separated, and their divorce was finalized in August 1994. The two remained friends.\n", "1997's \"To Make You Feel My Love\" and \"Hey Girl\" both charted from Joel's \"Greatest Hits Volume III\" album. Joel wrote and recorded the song \"Shameless\" that was later covered by Garth Brooks and reached No. 1 on \"Billboard\"'s country charts. Joel performed with Brooks during his Central Park concert in 1997. To add onto his achievements Joel was inducted into the Rock 'n Roll Hall of Fame in 1999. Ray Charles made the induction speech and mentioned the duet Joel wrote for the two of them, \"Baby Grand\" (a track on Joel's album \"The Bridge\" released in 1986).\n", "On December 31, 1999, Joel performed at New York's Madison Square Garden. At the time, Joel said that it would be his last tour and possibly his last concert. Two of his performances from that night, \"We Didn't Start the Fire\" and \"Scenes from an Italian Restaurant\" were filmed and featured that night as part of ABC's special New Year's Y2K coverage. The concert (dubbed The Night of the 2000 Years) ran for close to four hours and was later released as \"\".\n", "In 2001, Joel released \"Fantasies & Delusions\", a collection of classical piano pieces. All were composed by Joel and performed by Hyung-ki Joo. Joel often uses bits of these songs as interludes in live performances, and some of them are part of the score for the hit show \"Movin' Out\". The album topped the classical charts at No. 1. Joel performed \"New York State of Mind\" live on September 21, 2001, as part of the benefit concert, and on October 20, 2001, along with \"Miami 2017 (Seen the Lights Go Out on Broadway)\", at the Concert for New York City in Madison Square Garden. That night, he also performed \"Your Song\" with Elton John.\n", "In 2003, Joel inducted The Righteous Brothers into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, noting that his song \"Until the Night\" from the album \"52nd Street\" was a tribute to the duo.\n", "In 2005, Columbia released a box set, \"My Lives\", which is largely a compilation of demos, b-sides, live/alternative versions and even a few Top 40 hits. The compilation also includes the Umixit software, in which people can remix \"Zanzibar\" and a live version of \"I Go to Extremes\" with their PC. Also, a DVD of a show from the \"River of Dreams\" tour is included.\n", "On January 7, 2006, Joel began a tour across the U.S. Having not written, or at least released, any new songs in 13 years, he featured a sampling of songs from throughout his career, including major hits as well as obscure tunes like \"Zanzibar\" and \"All for Leyna\". His tour included an unprecedented 12 sold-out concerts over several months at Madison Square Garden in New York City. The singer's stint of 12 shows at Madison Square Garden broke a previous record set by New Jersey native Bruce Springsteen, who played 10 sold-out shows at the same arena. The record earned Joel the first retired number (12) in the arena owned by a non-athlete. This honor has also been given to Joel at the Wells Fargo Center (Philadelphia) (formerly the Wachovia Center) in Philadelphia where a banner in the colors of the Philadelphia Flyers is hung honoring Joel's 46 Philadelphia sold-out shows. He also had a banner raised in his honor for being the highest grossing act in the history of the Times Union Center (formerly the Knickerbocker Arena and Pepsi Arena) in Albany, New York. This honor was given to him as part of the April 17, 2007, show he did there. On June 13, 2006, Columbia released \"12 Gardens Live\", a double album containing 32 live recordings from a collection of the 12 different shows at Madison Square Garden during Joel's 2006 tour.\n", "Joel visited the United Kingdom and Ireland for the first time in many years as part of the European leg of his 2006 tour. On July 31, 2006, he performed a free concert in Rome, with the Colosseum as the backdrop.\n", "Joel toured South Africa, Australia, Japan, and Hawaii in late 2006, and subsequently toured the Southeastern U.S. in February and March 2007 before hitting the Midwest in the spring of 2007. On January 3 of that year, news was leaked to the \"New York Post\" that Billy had recorded a new song with lyrics—this being the first new song with lyrics he'd written in almost 14 years. The song, titled \"All My Life\", was Joel's newest single (with second track \"You're My Home\", live from Madison Square Garden 2006 tour) and was released into stores on February 27, 2007. On February 4, Joel sang the national anthem for Super Bowl XLI, becoming the first to sing the national anthem twice at a Super Bowl. and on April 17, 2007, Joel was honored in Albany, New York, for his ninth concert at the Times Union Center. He is now holding the highest box office attendance of any artist to play at the arena. A banner was raised in his honor marking this achievement.\n", "On December 1, 2007, Joel premiered his new song \"Christmas in Fallujah\". The song was performed by Cass Dillon, a new Long Island based musician, as Joel felt it should be sung by someone in a soldier's age range (though he himself has played the song occasionally in concert.) The track was dedicated to servicemen based in Iraq. Joel wrote it in September 2007 after reading numerous letters sent to him from American soldiers in Iraq. \"Christmas in Fallujah\" is only the second pop/rock song released by Joel since 1993's \"River of Dreams\". Proceeds from the song benefited the Homes For Our Troops foundation.\n", "On January 26, 2008, Joel performed with the Philadelphia Orchestra celebrating the 151st anniversary of the Academy of Music. Joel premiered his new classical piece titled, \"Waltz No. 2 (Steinway Hall)\" arranged by Brad Ellis. He also played many of his less well-known pieces, with full orchestral backing arranged by Mr. Ellis, including the rarely performed \"Nylon Curtain\" songs \"Scandinavian Skies\" and \"Where's the Orchestra?\".\n", "On March 10, 2008, Joel inducted his friend John Mellencamp into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in a ceremony at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York City.\n", "Joel's staying power as a touring act continues to the present day. He sold out 10 concerts at the Mohegan Sun Casino in Uncasville, Connecticut from May to July 2008. The casino honored him with a banner displaying his name and the number 10 to hang in the arena. On June 19, 2008, he played a concert at the grand re-opening of Caesars Windsor (formerly Casino Windsor) in Windsor, Ontario, Canada to an invite-only crowd for Casino VIPs. His mood was light, and joke-filled, even introducing himself as \"Billy Joel's dad\" and stating \"you guys overpaid to see a fat bald guy\". He also admitted that Canadian folk-pop musician Gordon Lightfoot was the musical inspiration for \"She's Always A Woman\".\n", "On July 16, 2008, and July 18, 2008, Joel played the final concerts at Shea Stadium before its demolition. His guests included Tony Bennett, Don Henley, John Mayer, John Mellencamp, Steven Tyler, Roger Daltrey, Garth Brooks, and Paul McCartney. The concerts were featured in the 2010 documentary film \"Last Play at Shea\". The film was released on DVD on February 8, 2011. The CD and DVD of the show, \"\" were released on March 8, 2011.\n", "On December 11, 2008, Joel recorded his own rendition of \"Christmas in Fallujah\" during a concert at Acer Arena in Sydney and released it as a live single in Australia only. It is the only official release of Joel performing \"Christmas in Fallujah\", as Cass Dillon sang on the 2007 studio recording and the handful of times the song was played live in 2007. Joel sang the song throughout his December 2008 tour of Australia.\n", "On May 19, 2009, Joel's former drummer, Liberty DeVitto, filed a lawsuit in NYC claiming Joel and Sony Music owed DeVitto over 10 years of royalty payments. DeVitto had never been given songwriting or arranging credit on any of Joel's songs, but he claimed that he helped arrange some of them, including \"Only the Good Die Young\". In April 2010, it was announced that Joel and DeVitto amicably resolved the lawsuit.\n", "2011 marked the 40th anniversary of the release of Joel's first album, \"Cold Spring Harbor.\" According to Joel's official website, to commemorate this anniversary, Columbia/Legacy Recordings originally planned \"to celebrate the occasion with a definitive reissue project of newly restored and expanded Legacy editions of the complete Billy Joel catalog, newly curated collections of rarities from the vaults, previously unavailable studio tracks and live performances, home video releases and more\", although this never fully came to fruition. The album \"Piano Man\" was re-released in a two-disc Legacy edition in November 2011.\n", "In 2012, Joel signed an exclusive worldwide publishing agreement with Universal Music Publishing Group (UMPG), and its subsidiary Rondor Music International. Under the agreement, UMPG and Rondor replaced EMI Music Publishing in handling Joel's catalog outside the U.S. Additionally, the agreement marked the first time since Joel regained control of his publishing rights in the 1980s that he began to use an administrator to handle his catalog within the U.S. The agreement's focus is on increasing the use of Joel's music in movies, television programs, and commercials.\n", "On December 12, 2012, Joel performed as part of at Madison Square Garden, a concert held for all the victims of Hurricane Sandy. He changed the lyrics to \"Miami 2017 (Seen the Lights Go Out on Broadway)\" to make it relate to all the damage caused by Sandy.\n", "In May 2013, it was announced that Joel would hold his first ever indoor Irish concert at the O in Dublin on November 1. He subsequently announced his return to the UK for the first time in seven years to perform three dates in October and November. Joel played two arena dates in Manchester and Birmingham plus a very special show at London's Hammersmith Apollo. In October, Joel held a surprise concert on Long Island at The Paramount (Huntington, New York) to benefit Long Island Cares. The venue holds a capacity of 1,555 and sold out in five minutes. Joel headlined a solo arena concert in New York City for the first time since 2006 when he performed at Barclays Center in Brooklyn on December 31, 2013. In 2015, Joel performed 21 concerts (in addition to his Madison Square Garden residency) from January 7 to August 2 in various cities around the U.S. and Canada.\n", "On December 3, 2013, it was announced that Joel would become a franchise of Madison Square Garden, playing one concert a month indefinitely, starting with a date on January 27, 2014.\n", "On January 7, 2014, the Billy Joel in Concert tour began. The tour started in the Amway Center (in Orlando, Florida) and he performed several cover songs such as Elton John's \"Your Song\", Billy Preston's \"You Are So Beautiful\" (in tribute to Joe Cocker), The Beatles' \"With a Little Help from My Friends\", \"Can't Buy Me Love\", and \"When I'm 64\", Robert Burns' \"Auld Lang Syne\", and AC/DC's \"You Shook Me All Night Long\" (with Brian Johnson). Rufus Wainwright joined Joel during the concert to sing \"New York State of Mind\". Joel also performed an unusual set, including the song \"Souvenir\" (from 1974's \"Streetlife Serenade\") and excluding \"We Didn't Start the Fire\".\n", "On August 4, 2015 Joel played the final concert at Nassau Coliseum before the arena underwent a US$261 million renovation.\n", "On April 5, 2017, Joel played the first concert at the newly renovated Nassau Coliseum.\n", "On June 24, 2017, he returned to Hicksville High School fifty years after his would-be graduating class received their diplomas, to deliver the honorary commencement address. It was also the 25th anniversary of receiving his own diploma from the same High School.\n", "In 2019, Joel announced a concert at Camden Yards, home of the Baltimore Orioles, marking the first-ever concert at the baseball stadium.\n", "Section::::Other ventures.\n", "In 1996, Joel merged his long-held love of boating with his desire for a second career. With Long Island boating businessman Peter Needham, he formed the Long Island Boat Company.\n", "In November 2010, Joel opened a shop in Oyster Bay, Long Island, to manufacture custom-made, retro-styled motorcycles and accessories.\n", "In 2011, Joel announced that he was releasing an autobiography that he had written with Fred Schruers, titled \"The Book of Joel: A Memoir\". The book was originally going to be released in June 2011, but in March 2011 Joel decided against publishing the book and officially cancelled his deal with HarperCollins. \"Rolling Stone\" noted, \"HarperCollins acquired the book project for US$3 million in 2008. [However,] Joel is expected to return his advance on that sum to the publisher.\" According to \"Billboard\", \"the HarperCollins book was billed as an 'emotional ride' that would detail the music legend's failed marriage to Christie Brinkley, as well as his battles with substance abuse.\" In explaining his decision to cancel the book's release, Joel said, \"It took working on writing a book to make me realize that I'm not all that interested in talking about the past, and that the best expression of my life and its ups and downs has been and remains my music.\" In 2014, Schruers published a biography, simply titled \"Billy Joel\", based on his extensive personal interviews with Joel.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Marriage and family.\n", "Joel's first wife was Elizabeth Weber Small. When their relationship began, she was married to Jon Small, his music partner in the short-lived duo Attila, with whom she had a son. When the affair was revealed, Weber (temporarily) severed her relationships with both men. Weber and Joel later married in 1973 and she became his manager. His one-time producer Artie Ripp said Joel's songs \"She's Got a Way\" and \"She's Always a Woman\" were inspired by her, as was the waitress character in \"Piano Man\". They divorced on July 20, 1982.\n", "Joel married a second time, to model Christie Brinkley, in March 1985. Their daughter, Alexa Ray Joel, was born December 29, 1985. Alexa was given the middle name of Ray after Ray Charles, one of Joel's musical idols. Joel and Brinkley divorced on August 26, 1994.\n", "On October 2, 2004, Joel married Katie Lee, his third wife. At the time of the wedding, Lee was 23 and Joel was 55. Joel's daughter, Alexa Ray, then 18, served as maid of honor. Joel's second wife, Christie Brinkley, attended the union and gave the couple her blessing. Lee works as a restaurant correspondent for the PBS show, \"George Hirsch: Living it Up!\". In 2006, Katie Lee hosted Bravo's \"Top Chef\". She did not return for a second season, instead going on tour with her husband. She began writing a weekly column in \"Hamptons\" magazine, and became a field correspondent for the entertainment television show \"Extra\". On June 17, 2009, they announced their separation.\n", "On July 4, 2015, Joel married a fourth time, to Alexis Roderick, an equestrian and former Morgan Stanley executive, at his estate on Long Island. Governor of New York Andrew Cuomo conducted the ceremony. The couple had been together since 2009. On August 12, 2015, the couple's daughter, Della Rose Joel, was born. The couple had a second daughter, Remy Anne, on October 22, 2017.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Health issues.\n", "Joel has battled depression for many years. In 1970, a career decline and personal tragedies worsened his moods. He left a suicide note and attempted to end his life by drinking furniture polish. Later he said, \"I drank furniture polish. It looked tastier than bleach.\" His drummer and bandmate, Jon Small, rushed him to the hospital. Joel checked into Meadowbrook Hospital, where he was put on suicide watch and received treatment for depression.\n", "In 1971 Joel released his debut album, \"Cold Spring Harbor\", including the track \"Tomorrow Is Today\", related to this incident. Joel later recorded \"You're Only Human (Second Wind)\" as a message to help prevent teen suicide.\n", "In 2002, Joel entered Silver Hill Hospital, a substance abuse and psychiatric center in New Canaan, Connecticut. In March 2005, he checked into the Betty Ford Center, where he spent 30 days for the treatment of alcohol abuse.\n", "Section::::Fundraising.\n", "Although Joel has donated money to Democratic candidates running for office, he has never publicly affiliated himself with the Democratic Party. Although he is not known for publicly endorsing political candidates, he did play a benefit with Bruce Springsteen to raise money for Barack Obama's presidential campaign in 2008. He has performed at benefit concerts that have helped raise funds for political causes. However, in regards to celebrities endorsing political candidates, Joel has said, \"People who pay for your tickets, I don't think they want to hear who you're going to vote for and how you think they should vote.\" Nonetheless, in 2016, after his sarcastic dedication of \"The Entertainer\" to then-Republican candidate Donald Trump was taken as a serious endorsement, Joel told the \"New York Daily News\" in an email that he would be voting for Hillary Clinton.\n", "Joel's parents were both born into Jewish families, but he was not raised Jewish. He attended a Roman Catholic church with friends. At age 11, he was baptised in a Church of Christ in Hicksville. He now identifies as an atheist.\n", "Joel bought a house in Centre Island, New York in 2002 for US$22 million. He also owns a house in Sag Harbor. Joel's waterfront residence near Boca Raton, Florida went on the market in November 2015. , the 3.76-acre (1.52 ha) property was priced at US$27 million.\n", "Section::::Awards and achievements.\n", "Joel graduated well after his high school peers because of a missed English exam. His high school diploma was finally awarded by the school board 25 years later. Joel has been presented with multiple honorary doctorates:\n", "BULLET::::- Doctor of Humane Letters from Fairfield University (1991)\n", "BULLET::::- Doctor of Music from Berklee College of Music (1993)\n", "BULLET::::- Doctor of Humane Letters from Hofstra University (1997)\n", "BULLET::::- Doctor of Music from Southampton College (2000)\n", "BULLET::::- Doctor of Fine Arts from Syracuse University (2006)\n", "BULLET::::- Doctor of Musical Arts from the Manhattan School of Music (2008)\n", "BULLET::::- Doctor of Music from Stony Brook University (2015)\n", "In 1986, Joel was on the site selection committee for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame board. Seven members of the committee voted for the Hall to be located in San Francisco, and seven voted for Cleveland, Ohio; this tie was broken when Joel voted for Cleveland. Joel was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland in 1999 by one of his chief musical influences, Ray Charles.\n", "Joel was also named MusiCares Person of the Year for 2002, an award given each year at the same time as the Grammy Awards. At the dinner honoring him, various artists performed versions of his songs, including Nelly Furtado, Stevie Wonder, Jon Bon Jovi, Diana Krall, Rob Thomas and Natalie Cole.\n", "Joel has won five Grammys, including Album of the Year for \"52nd Street\" and Song of the Year and Record of the Year for \"Just the Way You Are\".\n", "In 1993, Joel was the second entertainer out of thirty persons to be inducted into the Madison Square Garden Walk of Fame. On September 20, 2004, Joel received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, for his work in the music industry, located at 6233 Hollywood Boulevard. He was inducted into the Long Island Music Hall of Fame on October 15, 2006.\n", "Joel is the only performing artist to have played both Yankee and Shea Stadiums, as well as Giants Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum. Joel has banners in the rafters of the Times Union Center, Nassau Coliseum, Madison Square Garden, Mohegan Sun Arena in Uncasville, Connecticut, Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia, Hartford Civic Center in Hartford, and the Carrier Dome in Syracuse.\n", "He has also sponsored the Billy Joel Visiting Composer Series at Syracuse University.\n", "On December 12, 2011 Joel became the first non-classical musician honored with a portrait in Steinway Hall.\n", "On December 29, 2013 in Washington, D.C., Joel received Kennedy Center Honors, the nation's highest honor for influencing American culture through the arts.\n", "On July 22, 2014, the Library of Congress announced that Joel would be the sixth recipient of the Gershwin Prize for Popular Song. He received the prize at a performance ceremony in November 2014 from James H. Billington, the Librarian of Congress, and Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor.\n", "On July 18, 2018, Governor Andrew Cuomo proclaimed the date to be Billy Joel Day in New York state to mark his 100th performance at Madison Square Garden\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Billy Joel Band\n", "BULLET::::- List of best-selling music artists\n", "BULLET::::- List of highest-grossing concert tours\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "William Martin Joel", "William Martin \"Billy\" Joel" ] }, "description": "American singer-songwriter and pianist", "enwikiquote_title": "Billy Joel", "wikidata_id": "Q194333", "wikidata_label": "Billy Joel", "wikipedia_title": "Billy Joel" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Albert Einstein\n", "Albert Einstein ( ; ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. He is best known to the general public for his mass–energy equivalence formula formula_1, which has been dubbed \"the world's most famous equation\". He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics \"for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect\", a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory.\n", "Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. This led him to develop his special theory of relativity during his time at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern (1902–1909). However, he realized that the principle of relativity could also be extended to gravitational fields, and he published a paper on general relativity in 1916 with his theory of gravitation. He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties of light which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. In 1917, he applied the general theory of relativity to model the structure of the universe.\n", "Except for one year in Prague, Einstein lived in Switzerland between 1895 and 1914, during which time he renounced his German citizenship in 1896, then received his academic diploma from the Swiss federal polytechnic school (later the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH) in Zürich in 1900. After being stateless for more than five years, he acquired Swiss citizenship in 1901, which he kept for the rest of his life. In 1905, he was awarded a PhD by the University of Zurich. The same year, he published four groundbreaking papers during his renowned \"annus mirabilis\" (miracle year) which brought him to the notice of the academic world at the age of 26. Einstein taught theoretical physics at Zurich between 1912 and 1914, before he left for Berlin, where he was elected to the Prussian Academy of Sciences.\n", "In 1933, while Einstein was visiting the United States, Adolf Hitler came to power. Because of his Jewish background, Einstein did not return to Germany. He settled in the United States and became an American citizen in 1940. On the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him to the potential development of \"extremely powerful bombs of a new type\" and recommending that the US begin similar research. This eventually led to the Manhattan Project. Einstein supported the Allies, but he generally denounced the idea of using nuclear fission as a weapon. He signed the Russell–Einstein Manifesto with British philosopher Bertrand Russell, which highlighted the danger of nuclear weapons. He was affiliated with the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, until his death in 1955.\n", "Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers and more than 150 non-scientific works. His intellectual achievements and originality have made the word \"Einstein\" synonymous with \"genius\". Eugene Wigner wrote of Einstein in comparison to his contemporaries that \"Einstein's understanding was deeper even than Jancsi von Neumann's. His mind was both more penetrating and more original than von Neumann's. And that is a very remarkable statement.\"\n", "Section::::Life and career.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Early life and education.\n", "Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, in the Kingdom of Württemberg in the German Empire, on 14 March 1879. His parents were Hermann Einstein, a salesman and engineer, and Pauline Koch. In 1880, the family moved to Munich, where Einstein's father and his uncle Jakob founded \"Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie\", a company that manufactured electrical equipment based on direct current.\n", "The Einsteins were non-observant Ashkenazi Jews, and Albert attended a Catholic elementary school in Munich, from the age of 5, for three years. At the age of 8, he was transferred to the Luitpold Gymnasium (now known as the Albert Einstein Gymnasium), where he received advanced primary and secondary school education until he left the German Empire seven years later.\n", "In 1894, Hermann and Jakob's company lost a bid to supply the city of Munich with electrical lighting because they lacked the capital to convert their equipment from the direct current (DC) standard to the more efficient alternating current (AC) standard. The loss forced the sale of the Munich factory. In search of business, the Einstein family moved to Italy, first to Milan and a few months later to Pavia. When the family moved to Pavia, Einstein, then 15, stayed in Munich to finish his studies at the Luitpold Gymnasium. His father intended for him to pursue electrical engineering, but Einstein clashed with authorities and resented the school's regimen and teaching method. He later wrote that the spirit of learning and creative thought was lost in strict rote learning. At the end of December 1894, he travelled to Italy to join his family in Pavia, convincing the school to let him go by using a doctor's note. During his time in Italy he wrote a short essay with the title \"On the Investigation of the State of the Ether in a Magnetic Field\".\n", "Einstein always excelled at math and physics from a young age, reaching a mathematical level years ahead of his peers. The twelve-year-old Einstein taught himself algebra and Euclidean geometry over a single summer. Einstein also independently discovered his own original proof of the Pythagorean theorem at age 12. A family tutor Max Talmud says that after he had given the 12-year-old Einstein a geometry textbook, after a short time \"[Einstein] had worked through the whole book. He thereupon devoted himself to higher mathematics... Soon the flight of his mathematical genius was so high I could not follow.\" His passion for geometry and algebra led the twelve-year-old to become convinced that nature could be understood as a \"mathematical structure\". Einstein started teaching himself calculus at 12, and as a 14-year-old he says he had \"mastered integral and differential calculus\".\n", "At age 13, Einstein was introduced to Kant's \"Critique of Pure Reason\", and Kant became his favorite philosopher, his tutor stating: \"At the time he was still a child, only thirteen years old, yet Kant's works, incomprehensible to ordinary mortals, seemed to be clear to him.\"\n", "In 1895, at the age of 16, Einstein took the entrance examinations for the Swiss Federal Polytechnic in Zürich (later the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH). He failed to reach the required standard in the general part of the examination, but obtained exceptional grades in physics and mathematics. On the advice of the principal of the Polytechnic, he attended the Argovian cantonal school (gymnasium) in Aarau, Switzerland, in 1895 and 1896 to complete his secondary schooling. While lodging with the family of professor Jost Winteler, he fell in love with Winteler's daughter, Marie. Albert's sister Maja later married Winteler's son Paul. In January 1896, with his father's approval, Einstein renounced his citizenship in the German Kingdom of Württemberg to avoid military service. In September 1896, he passed the Swiss Matura with mostly good grades, including a top grade of 6 in physics and mathematical subjects, on a scale of 1–6. At 17, he enrolled in the four-year mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Zürich Polytechnic. Marie Winteler, who was a year older, moved to Olsberg, Switzerland, for a teaching post.\n", "Einstein's future wife, a 20-year-old Serbian woman Mileva Marić, also enrolled at the Polytechnic that year. She was the only woman among the six students in the mathematics and physics section of the teaching diploma course. Over the next few years, Einstein's and Marić's friendship developed into romance, and they read books together on extra-curricular physics in which Einstein was taking an increasing interest. In 1900, Einstein passed the exams in Maths and Physics and was awarded the Federal Polytechnic teaching diploma. There have been claims that Marić collaborated with Einstein on his 1905 papers, known as the \"Annus Mirabilis\" papers, but historians of physics who have studied the issue find no evidence that she made any substantive contributions.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Marriages and children.\n", "An early correspondence between Einstein and Marić was discovered and published in 1987 which revealed that the couple had a daughter named \"Lieserl\", born in early 1902 in Novi Sad where Marić was staying with her parents. Marić returned to Switzerland without the child, whose real name and fate are unknown. The contents of Einstein's letter in September 1903 suggest that the girl was either given up for adoption or died of scarlet fever in infancy.\n", "Einstein and Marić married in January 1903. In May 1904, their son Hans Albert Einstein was born in Bern, Switzerland. Their son Eduard was born in Zürich in July 1910. The couple moved to Berlin in April 1914, but Marić returned to Zürich with their sons after learning that Einstein's chief romantic attraction was his first and second cousin Elsa. They divorced on 14 February 1919, having lived apart for five years. Eduard had a breakdown at about age 20 and was diagnosed with schizophrenia. His mother cared for him and he was also committed to asylums for several periods, finally being committed permanently after her death.\n", "In letters revealed in 2015, Einstein wrote to his early love Marie Winteler about his marriage and his strong feelings for her. He wrote in 1910, while his wife was pregnant with their second child: \"I think of you in heartfelt love every spare minute and am so unhappy as only a man can be.\" He spoke about a \"misguided love\" and a \"missed life\" regarding his love for Marie.\n", "Einstein married Elsa Löwenthal in 1919, after having a relationship with her since 1912. She was a first cousin maternally and a second cousin paternally. They emigrated to the United States in 1933. Elsa was diagnosed with heart and kidney problems in 1935 and died in December 1936.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Friends.\n", "Among Einstein's well-known friends were Michele Besso, Paul Ehrenfest, Marcel Grossmann, János Plesch, Daniel Q. Posin, Maurice Solovine, and Stephen Wise.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Patent office.\n", "After graduating in 1900, Einstein spent almost two frustrating years searching for a teaching post. He acquired Swiss citizenship in February 1901, but for medical reasons was not conscripted. With the help of Marcel Grossmann's father, he secured a job in Bern at the Federal Office for Intellectual Property, the patent office, as an assistant examiner – level III.\n", "Einstein evaluated patent applications for a variety of devices including a gravel sorter and an electromechanical typewriter. In 1903, his position at the Swiss Patent Office became permanent, although he was passed over for promotion until he \"fully mastered machine technology\". \n", "Much of his work at the patent office related to questions about transmission of electric signals and electrical–mechanical synchronization of time, two technical problems that show up conspicuously in the thought experiments that eventually led Einstein to his radical conclusions about the nature of light and the fundamental connection between space and time.\n", "With a few friends he had met in Bern, Einstein started a small discussion group in 1902, self-mockingly named \"The Olympia Academy\", which met regularly to discuss science and philosophy. Their readings included the works of Henri Poincaré, Ernst Mach, and David Hume, which influenced his scientific and philosophical outlook.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Patent office.:First scientific papers.\n", "In 1900, Einstein's paper \"Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen\" (\"Conclusions from the Capillarity Phenomena\") was published in the journal \"Annalen der Physik\". On 30 April 1905, Einstein completed his thesis, with Alfred Kleiner, Professor of Experimental Physics, serving as \"pro-forma\" advisor. As a result, Einstein was awarded a PhD by the University of Zürich, with his dissertation \"A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions\".\n", "In that same year, which has been called Einstein's \"annus mirabilis\" (miracle year), he published four groundbreaking papers, on the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, special relativity, and the equivalence of mass and energy, which were to bring him to the notice of the academic world, at the age of 26.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Academic career.\n", "By 1908, he was recognized as a leading scientist and was appointed lecturer at the University of Bern. The following year, after giving a lecture on electrodynamics and the relativity principle at the University of Zürich, Alfred Kleiner recommended him to the faculty for a newly created professorship in theoretical physics. Einstein was appointed associate professor in 1909.\n", "Einstein became a full professor at the German Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague in April 1911, accepting Austrian citizenship in the Austro-Hungarian Empire to do so. During his Prague stay, he wrote 11 scientific works, five of them on radiation mathematics and on the quantum theory of solids. In July 1912, he returned to his alma mater in Zürich. From 1912 until 1914, he was professor of theoretical physics at the ETH Zurich, where he taught analytical mechanics and thermodynamics. He also studied continuum mechanics, the molecular theory of heat, and the problem of gravitation, on which he worked with mathematician and friend Marcel Grossmann.\n", "On 3 July 1913, he was voted for membership in the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin. Max Planck and Walther Nernst visited him the next week in Zurich to persuade him to join the academy, additionally offering him the post of director at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, which was soon to be established. (Membership in the academy included paid salary and professorship without teaching duties at the Humboldt University of Berlin.) He was officially elected to the academy on 24 July, and he accepted to move to the German Empire the next year. His decision to move to Berlin was also influenced by the prospect of living near his cousin Elsa, with whom he had developed a romantic affair. He joined the academy and thus the Berlin University on 1 April 1914. As World War I broke out that year, the plan for Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics was aborted. The institute was established on 1 October 1917, with Einstein as its director. In 1916, Einstein was elected president of the German Physical Society (1916–1918).\n", "Based on calculations Einstein made in 1911, about his new theory of general relativity, light from another star should be bent by the Sun's gravity. In 1919, that prediction was confirmed by Sir Arthur Eddington during the solar eclipse of 29 May 1919. Those observations were published in the international media, making Einstein world-famous. On 7 November 1919, the leading British newspaper \"The Times\" printed a banner headline that read: \"Revolution in Science – New Theory of the Universe – Newtonian Ideas Overthrown\".\n", "In 1920, he became a Foreign Member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1922, he was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics \"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect\". While the general theory of relativity was still considered somewhat controversial, the citation also does not treat even the cited photoelectric work as an \"explanation\" but merely as a \"discovery of the law\", as the idea of photons was considered outlandish and did not receive universal acceptance until the 1924 derivation of the Planck spectrum by S. N. Bose. Einstein was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1921. He also received the Copley Medal from the Royal Society in 1925.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:1921–1922: Travels abroad.\n", "Einstein visited New York City for the first time on 2 April 1921, where he received an official welcome by Mayor John Francis Hylan, followed by three weeks of lectures and receptions. He went on to deliver several lectures at Columbia University and Princeton University, and in Washington he accompanied representatives of the National Academy of Science on a visit to the White House. On his return to Europe he was the guest of the British statesman and philosopher Viscount Haldane in London, where he met several renowned scientific, intellectual and political figures, and delivered a lecture at King's College London. \n", "He also published an essay, \"My First Impression of the U.S.A.,\" in July 1921, in which he tried briefly to describe some characteristics of Americans, much as had Alexis de Tocqueville, who published his own impressions in \"Democracy in America\" (1835). For some of his observations, Einstein was clearly surprised: \"What strikes a visitor is the joyous, positive attitude to life ... The American is friendly, self-confident, optimistic, and without envy.\"\n", "In 1922, his travels took him to Asia and later to Palestine, as part of a six-month excursion and speaking tour, as he visited Singapore, Ceylon and Japan, where he gave a series of lectures to thousands of Japanese. After his first public lecture, he met the emperor and empress at the Imperial Palace, where thousands came to watch. In a letter to his sons, he described his impression of the Japanese as being modest, intelligent, considerate, and having a true feel for art. In his own travel diaries from his 1922–23 visit to Asia, he expresses some views on the Chinese, Japanese and Indian people, which have been described as xenophobic and racist judgments when they were rediscovered in 2018.\n", "Because of Einstein's travels to the Far East, he was unable to personally accept the Nobel Prize for Physics at the Stockholm award ceremony in December 1922. In his place, the banquet speech was held by a German diplomat, who praised Einstein not only as a scientist but also as an international peacemaker and activist.\n", "On his return voyage, he visited Palestine for 12 days in what would become his only visit to that region. He was greeted as if he were a head of state, rather than a physicist, which included a cannon salute upon arriving at the home of the British high commissioner, Sir Herbert Samuel. During one reception, the building was stormed by people who wanted to see and hear him. In Einstein's talk to the audience, he expressed happiness that the Jewish people were beginning to be recognized as a force in the world.\n", "Einstein visited Spain for two weeks in 1923, where he briefly met Santiago Ramón y Cajal and also received a diploma from King Alfonso XIII naming him a member of the Spanish Academy of Sciences.\n", "From 1922 to 1932, Einstein was a member of the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations in Geneva (with a few months of interruption in 1923–1924), a body created to promote international exchange between scientists, researchers, teachers, artists and intellectuals. Originally slated to serve as the Swiss delegate, Secretary-General Eric Drummond was persuaded by Catholic activists Oskar Halecki and Giuseppe Motta to instead have him become the German delegate, thus allowing Gonzague de Reynold to take the Swiss spot, from which he promoted traditionalist Catholic values. Einstein’s former physics professor Hendrik Lorentz and the French chemist Marie Curie were also members of the committee.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:1930–1931: Travel to the US.\n", "In December 1930, Einstein visited America for the second time, originally intended as a two-month working visit as a research fellow at the California Institute of Technology. After the national attention he received during his first trip to the US, he and his arrangers aimed to protect his privacy. Although swamped with telegrams and invitations to receive awards or speak publicly, he declined them all.\n", "After arriving in New York City, Einstein was taken to various places and events, including Chinatown, a lunch with the editors of \"The New York Times\", and a performance of \"Carmen\" at the Metropolitan Opera, where he was cheered by the audience on his arrival. During the days following, he was given the keys to the city by Mayor Jimmy Walker and met the president of Columbia University, who described Einstein as \"the ruling monarch of the mind\". Harry Emerson Fosdick, pastor at New York's Riverside Church, gave Einstein a tour of the church and showed him a full-size statue that the church made of Einstein, standing at the entrance. Also during his stay in New York, he joined a crowd of 15,000 people at Madison Square Garden during a Hanukkah celebration.\n", "Einstein next traveled to California, where he met Caltech president and Nobel laureate, Robert A. Millikan. His friendship with Millikan was \"awkward\", as Millikan \"had a penchant for patriotic militarism,\" where Einstein was a pronounced pacifist. During an address to Caltech's students, Einstein noted that science was often inclined to do more harm than good.\n", "This aversion to war also led Einstein to befriend author Upton Sinclair and film star Charlie Chaplin, both noted for their pacifism. Carl Laemmle, head of Universal Studios, gave Einstein a tour of his studio and introduced him to Chaplin. They had an instant rapport, with Chaplin inviting Einstein and his wife, Elsa, to his home for dinner. Chaplin said Einstein's outward persona, calm and gentle, seemed to conceal a \"highly emotional temperament,\" from which came his \"extraordinary intellectual energy\".\n", "Chaplin's film, \"City Lights\", was to premiere a few days later in Hollywood, and Chaplin invited Einstein and Elsa to join him as his special guests. Walter Isaacson, Einstein's biographer, described this as \"one of the most memorable scenes in the new era of celebrity\". Chaplin visited Einstein at his home on a later trip to Berlin, and recalled his \"modest little flat\" and the piano at which he had begun writing his theory. Chaplin speculated that it was \"possibly used as kindling wood by the Nazis.\"\n", "Section::::Life and career.:1933: Immigration to the US.\n", "In February 1933, while on a visit to the United States, Einstein knew he could not return to Germany with the rise to power of the Nazis under Germany's new chancellor, Adolf Hitler.\n", "While at American universities in early 1933, he undertook his third two-month visiting professorship at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. He and his wife Elsa returned to Europe by ship in March, and during the trip they learned that the German Reichstag passed the Enabling Act, which transformed Hitler's government into a de facto legal dictatorship and that they would not be able to proceed to Berlin. Later on they heard that their cottage was raided by the Nazis and his personal sailboat confiscated. Upon landing in Antwerp, Belgium on 28 March, he immediately went to the German consulate and surrendered his passport, formally renouncing his German citizenship. The Nazis later sold his boat and converted his cottage into a Hitler Youth camp.\n", "After staying some days at Castle Cantecroy in Mortsel, a villa was rented in De Haan on the Belgian coast for half a year. On September 9, they took the ferry to Dover, and arrived in the US on October 17.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:1933: Immigration to the US.:Refugee status.\n", "In April 1933, Einstein discovered that the new German government had passed laws barring Jews from holding any official positions, including teaching at universities. Historian Gerald Holton describes how, with \"virtually no audible protest being raised by their colleagues,\" thousands of Jewish scientists were suddenly forced to give up their university positions and their names were removed from the rolls of institutions where they were employed.\n", "A month later, Einstein's works were among those targeted by the German Student Union in the Nazi book burnings, with Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels proclaiming, \"Jewish intellectualism is dead.\" One German magazine included him in a list of enemies of the German regime with the phrase, \"not yet hanged\", offering a $5,000 bounty on his head. In a subsequent letter to physicist and friend Max Born, who had already emigrated from Germany to England, Einstein wrote, \"... I must confess that the degree of their brutality and cowardice came as something of a surprise.\" After moving to the US, he described the book burnings as a \"spontaneous emotional outburst\" by those who \"shun popular enlightenment,\" and \"more than anything else in the world, fear the influence of men of intellectual independence.\"\n", "Einstein was now without a permanent home, unsure where he would live and work, and equally worried about the fate of countless other scientists still in Germany. He rented a house in De Haan, Belgium, where he lived for a few months. In late July 1933, he went to England for about six weeks at the personal invitation of British naval officer Commander Oliver Locker-Lampson, who had become friends with Einstein in the preceding years. To protect Einstein, Locker-Lampson had two assistants watch over him at his secluded cottage outside London, with a photo of them carrying shotguns and guarding Einstein, published in the \"Daily Herald\" on 24 July 1933.\n", "Locker-Lampson took Einstein to meet Winston Churchill at his home, and later, Austen Chamberlain and former Prime Minister Lloyd George. Einstein asked them to help bring Jewish scientists out of Germany. British historian Martin Gilbert notes that Churchill responded immediately, and sent his friend, physicist Frederick Lindemann, to Germany to seek out Jewish scientists and place them in British universities. Churchill later observed that as a result of Germany having driven the Jews out, they had lowered their \"technical standards\" and put the Allies' technology ahead of theirs.\n", "Einstein later contacted leaders of other nations, including Turkey's Prime Minister, İsmet İnönü, to whom he wrote in September 1933 requesting placement of unemployed German-Jewish scientists. As a result of Einstein's letter, Jewish invitees to Turkey eventually totaled over \"1,000 saved individuals\".\n", "Locker-Lampson also submitted a bill to parliament to extend British citizenship to Einstein, during which period Einstein made a number of public appearances describing the crisis brewing in Europe. In one of his speeches he denounced Germany's treatment of Jews, while at the same time he introduced a bill promoting Jewish citizenship in Palestine, as they were being denied citizenship elsewhere. In his speech he described Einstein as a \"citizen of the world\" who should be offered a temporary shelter in the UK. Both bills failed, however, and Einstein then accepted an earlier offer from the Institute for Advanced Study, in Princeton, New Jersey, US, to become a resident scholar.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:1933: Immigration to the US.:Resident scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study.\n", "In October 1933, Einstein returned to the US and took up a position at the Institute for Advanced Study, noted for having become a refuge for scientists fleeing Nazi Germany. At the time, most American universities, including Harvard, Princeton and Yale, had minimal or no Jewish faculty or students, as a result of their Jewish quotas, which lasted until the late 1940s.\n", "Einstein was still undecided on his future. He had offers from several European universities, including Christ Church, Oxford where he stayed for three short periods between May 1931 and June 1933 and was offered a 5-year studentship, but in 1935, he arrived at the decision to remain permanently in the United States and apply for citizenship.\n", "Einstein's affiliation with the Institute for Advanced Study would last until his death in 1955. He was one of the four first selected (two of the others being John von Neumann and Kurt Gödel) at the new Institute, where he soon developed a close friendship with Gödel. The two would take long walks together discussing their work. Bruria Kaufman, his assistant, later became a physicist. During this period, Einstein tried to develop a unified field theory and to refute the accepted interpretation of quantum physics, both unsuccessfully.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:1933: Immigration to the US.:World War II and the Manhattan Project.\n", "In 1939, a group of Hungarian scientists that included émigré physicist Leó Szilárd attempted to alert Washington to ongoing Nazi atomic bomb research. The group's warnings were discounted. Einstein and Szilárd, along with other refugees such as Edward Teller and Eugene Wigner, \"regarded it as their responsibility to alert Americans to the possibility that German scientists might win the race to build an atomic bomb, and to warn that Hitler would be more than willing to resort to such a weapon.\" To make certain the US was aware of the danger, in July 1939, a few months before the beginning of World War II in Europe, Szilárd and Wigner visited Einstein to explain the possibility of atomic bombs, which Einstein, a pacifist, said he had never considered. He was asked to lend his support by writing a letter, with Szilárd, to President Roosevelt, recommending the US pay attention and engage in its own nuclear weapons research.\n", "The letter is believed to be \"arguably the key stimulus for the U.S. adoption of serious investigations into nuclear weapons on the eve of the U.S. entry into World War II\". In addition to the letter, Einstein used his connections with the Belgian Royal Family and the Belgian queen mother to get access with a personal envoy to the White House's Oval Office. Some say that as a result of Einstein's letter and his meetings with Roosevelt, the US entered the \"race\" to develop the bomb, drawing on its \"immense material, financial, and scientific resources\" to initiate the Manhattan Project.\n", "For Einstein, \"war was a disease ... [and] he called for resistance to war.\" By signing the letter to Roosevelt, some argue he went against his pacifist principles. In 1954, a year before his death, Einstein said to his old friend, Linus Pauling, \"I made one great mistake in my life—when I signed the letter to President Roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be made; but there was some justification—the danger that the Germans would make them ...\"\n", "Section::::Life and career.:1933: Immigration to the US.:US citizenship.\n", "Einstein became an American citizen in 1940. Not long after settling into his career at the Institute for Advanced Study (in Princeton, New Jersey), he expressed his appreciation of the meritocracy in American culture when compared to Europe. He recognized the \"right of individuals to say and think what they pleased\", without social barriers, and as a result, individuals were encouraged, he said, to be more creative, a trait he valued from his own early education.\n", "Einstein joined the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in Princeton, where he campaigned for the civil rights of African Americans. He considered racism America's \"worst disease,\" seeing it as \"handed down from one generation to the next\". As part of his involvement, he corresponded with civil rights activist W. E. B. Du Bois and was prepared to testify on his behalf during his trial in 1951. When Einstein offered to be a character witness for Du Bois, the judge decided to drop the case.\n", "In 1946 Einstein visited Lincoln University in Pennsylvania, a historically black college, where he was awarded an honorary degree. (Lincoln was the first university in the United States to grant college degrees to African Americans; alumni include Langston Hughes and Thurgood Marshall.) Einstein gave a speech about racism in America, adding, \"I do not intend to be quiet about it.\" A resident of Princeton recalls that Einstein had once paid the college tuition for a black student.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Personal life.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Personal life.:Assisting Zionist causes.\n", "Einstein was a figurehead leader in helping establish the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, which opened in 1925, and was among its first Board of Governors. Earlier, in 1921, he was asked by the biochemist and president of the World Zionist Organization, Chaim Weizmann, to help raise funds for the planned university. He also submitted various suggestions as to its initial programs.\n", "Among those, he advised first creating an Institute of Agriculture in order to settle the undeveloped land. That should be followed, he suggested, by a Chemical Institute and an Institute of Microbiology, to fight the various ongoing epidemics such as malaria, which he called an \"evil\" that was undermining a third of the country's development. Establishing an Oriental Studies Institute, to include language courses given in both Hebrew and Arabic, for scientific exploration of the country and its historical monuments, was also important.\n", "Chaim Weizmann later became Israel's first president. Upon his death while in office in November 1952 and at the urging of Ezriel Carlebach, Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion offered Einstein the position of President of Israel, a mostly ceremonial post. The offer was presented by Israel's ambassador in Washington, Abba Eban, who explained that the offer \"embodies the deepest respect which the Jewish people can repose in any of its sons\". Einstein declined, and wrote in his response that he was \"deeply moved\", and \"at once saddened and ashamed\" that he could not accept it.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Personal life.:Love of music.\n", "Einstein developed an appreciation for music at an early age. In his late journals he wrote: \"If I were not a physicist, I would probably be a musician. I often think in music. I live my daydreams in music. I see my life in terms of music... I get most joy in life out of music.\"\n", "His mother played the piano reasonably well and wanted her son to learn the violin, not only to instill in him a love of music but also to help him assimilate into German culture. According to conductor Leon Botstein, Einstein began playing when he was 5. However, he did not enjoy it at that age.\n", "When he turned 13, he discovered the violin sonatas of Mozart, whereupon he became enamored of Mozart's compositions and studied music more willingly. Einstein taught himself to play without \"ever practicing systematically\". He said that, \"love is a better teacher than a sense of duty.\" At age 17, he was heard by a school examiner in Aarau while playing Beethoven's violin sonatas. The examiner stated afterward that his playing was \"remarkable and revealing of 'great insight'.\" What struck the examiner, writes Botstein, was that Einstein \"displayed a deep love of the music, a quality that was and remains in short supply. Music possessed an unusual meaning for this student.\"\n", "Music took on a pivotal and permanent role in Einstein's life from that period on. Although the idea of becoming a professional musician himself was not on his mind at any time, among those with whom Einstein played chamber music were a few professionals, and he performed for private audiences and friends. Chamber music had also become a regular part of his social life while living in Bern, Zürich, and Berlin, where he played with Max Planck and his son, among others. He is sometimes erroneously credited as the editor of the 1937 edition of the Köchel catalogue of Mozart's work; that edition was prepared by Alfred Einstein, who may have been a distant relation.\n", "In 1931, while engaged in research at the California Institute of Technology, he visited the Zoellner family conservatory in Los Angeles, where he played some of Beethoven and Mozart's works with members of the Zoellner Quartet. Near the end of his life, when the young Juilliard Quartet visited him in Princeton, he played his violin with them, and the quartet was \"impressed by Einstein's level of coordination and intonation\".\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Personal life.:Political and religious views.\n", "Einstein's political view was in favor of socialism and critical of capitalism, which he detailed in his essays such as \"Why Socialism?\". Einstein offered and was called on to give judgments and opinions on matters often unrelated to theoretical physics or mathematics. He strongly advocated the idea of a democratic global government that would check the power of nation-states in the framework of a world federation. The FBI created a secret dossier on Einstein in 1932, and by the time of his death his FBI file was 1,427 pages long.\n", "Einstein was deeply impressed by Mahatma Gandhi. He exchanged written letters with Gandhi, and called him \"a role model for the generations to come\" in a letter writing about him.\n", "Einstein spoke of his spiritual outlook in a wide array of original writings and interviews. Einstein stated that he had sympathy for the impersonal pantheistic God of Baruch Spinoza's philosophy. He did not believe in a personal God who concerns himself with fates and actions of human beings, a view which he described as naïve. He clarified, however, that \"I am not an atheist\", preferring to call himself an agnostic, or a \"deeply religious nonbeliever.\" When asked if he believed in an afterlife, Einstein replied, \"No. And one life is enough for me.\"\n", "Einstein was primarily affiliated with non-religious humanist and Ethical Culture groups in both the UK and US. He served on the advisory board of the First Humanist Society of New York, and was an honorary associate of the Rationalist Association, which publishes \"New Humanist\" in Britain. For the seventy-fifth anniversary of the New York Society for Ethical Culture, he stated that the idea of Ethical Culture embodied his personal conception of what is most valuable and enduring in religious idealism. He observed, \"Without 'ethical culture' there is no salvation for humanity.\"\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Death.\n", "On 17 April 1955, Einstein experienced internal bleeding caused by the rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, which had previously been reinforced surgically by Rudolph Nissen in 1948. He took the draft of a speech he was preparing for a television appearance commemorating the State of Israel's seventh anniversary with him to the hospital, but he did not live long enough to complete it.\n", "Einstein refused surgery, saying, \"I want to go when I want. It is tasteless to prolong life artificially. I have done my share; it is time to go. I will do it elegantly.\" He died in Princeton Hospital early the next morning at the age of 76, having continued to work until near the end.\n", "During the autopsy, the pathologist of Princeton Hospital, Thomas Stoltz Harvey, removed Einstein's brain for preservation without the permission of his family, in the hope that the neuroscience of the future would be able to discover what made Einstein so intelligent. Einstein's remains were cremated and his ashes were scattered at an undisclosed location.\n", "In a memorial lecture delivered on 13 December 1965, at UNESCO headquarters, nuclear physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer summarized his impression of Einstein as a person: \"He was almost wholly without sophistication and wholly without worldliness ... There was always with him a wonderful purity at once childlike and profoundly stubborn.\"\n", "Section::::Scientific career.\n", "Throughout his life, Einstein published hundreds of books and articles. He published more than 300 scientific papers and 150 non-scientific ones. On 5 December 2014, universities and archives announced the release of Einstein's papers, comprising more than 30,000 unique documents. Einstein's intellectual achievements and originality have made the word \"Einstein\" synonymous with \"genius.\" In addition to the work he did by himself he also collaborated with other scientists on additional projects including the Bose–Einstein statistics, the Einstein refrigerator and others.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:1905 – \"Annus Mirabilis\" papers.\n", "The \"Annus Mirabilis\" papers are four articles pertaining to the photoelectric effect (which gave rise to quantum theory), Brownian motion, the special theory of relativity, and E = mc that Einstein published in the \"Annalen der Physik\" scientific journal in 1905. These four works contributed substantially to the foundation of modern physics and changed views on space, time, and matter. The four papers are:\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:Statistical mechanics.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:Statistical mechanics.:Thermodynamic fluctuations and statistical physics.\n", "Einstein's first paper submitted in 1900 to \"Annalen der Physik\" was on capillary attraction. It was published in 1901 with the title \"Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen\", which translates as \"Conclusions from the capillarity phenomena\". Two papers he published in 1902–1903 (thermodynamics) attempted to interpret atomic phenomena from a statistical point of view. These papers were the foundation for the 1905 paper on Brownian motion, which showed that Brownian movement can be construed as firm evidence that molecules exist. His research in 1903 and 1904 was mainly concerned with the effect of finite atomic size on diffusion phenomena.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:Statistical mechanics.:Theory of critical opalescence.\n", "Einstein returned to the problem of thermodynamic fluctuations, giving a treatment of the density variations in a fluid at its critical point. Ordinarily the density fluctuations are controlled by the second derivative of the free energy with respect to the density. At the critical point, this derivative is zero, leading to large fluctuations. The effect of density fluctuations is that light of all wavelengths is scattered, making the fluid look milky white. Einstein relates this to Rayleigh scattering, which is what happens when the fluctuation size is much smaller than the wavelength, and which explains why the sky is blue. Einstein quantitatively derived critical opalescence from a treatment of density fluctuations, and demonstrated how both the effect and Rayleigh scattering originate from the atomistic constitution of matter.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:Special relativity.\n", "Einstein's \"\"Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper\"\" (\"On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies\") was received on 30 June 1905 and published 26 September of that same year. It reconciled conflicts between Maxwell's equations (the laws of electricity and magnetism) and the laws of Newtonian mechanics by introducing changes to the laws of mechanics. Observationally, the effects of these changes are most apparent at high speeds (where objects are moving at speeds close to the speed of light). The theory developed in this paper later became known as Einstein's special theory of relativity.\n", "This paper predicted that, when measured in the frame of a relatively moving observer, a clock carried by a moving body would appear to slow down, and the body itself would contract in its direction of motion. This paper also argued that the idea of a luminiferous aether—one of the leading theoretical entities in physics at the time—was superfluous.\n", "In his paper on mass–energy equivalence, Einstein produced \"E\" = \"mc\" as a consequence of his special relativity equations. Einstein's 1905 work on relativity remained controversial for many years, but was accepted by leading physicists, starting with Max Planck.\n", "Einstein originally framed special relativity in terms of kinematics (the study of moving bodies). In 1908, Hermann Minkowski reinterpreted special relativity in geometric terms as a theory of spacetime. Einstein adopted Minkowski's formalism in his 1915 general theory of relativity.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:General relativity.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:General relativity.:General relativity and the equivalence principle.\n", "General relativity (GR) is a theory of gravitation that was developed by Einstein between 1907 and 1915. According to general relativity, the observed gravitational attraction between masses results from the warping of space and time by those masses. General relativity has developed into an essential tool in modern astrophysics. It provides the foundation for the current understanding of black holes, regions of space where gravitational attraction is so strong that not even light can escape.\n", "As Einstein later said, the reason for the development of general relativity was that the preference of inertial motions within special relativity was unsatisfactory, while a theory which from the outset prefers no state of motion (even accelerated ones) should appear more satisfactory. Consequently, in 1907 he published an article on acceleration under special relativity. In that article titled \"On the Relativity Principle and the Conclusions Drawn from It\", he argued that free fall is really inertial motion, and that for a free-falling observer the rules of special relativity must apply. This argument is called the equivalence principle. In the same article, Einstein also predicted the phenomena of gravitational time dilation, gravitational redshift and deflection of light.\n", "In 1911, Einstein published another article \"On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light\" expanding on the 1907 article, in which he estimated the amount of deflection of light by massive bodies. Thus, the theoretical prediction of general relativity could for the first time be tested experimentally.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:General relativity.:Gravitational waves.\n", "In 1916, Einstein predicted gravitational waves, ripples in the curvature of spacetime which propagate as waves, traveling outward from the source, transporting energy as gravitational radiation. The existence of gravitational waves is possible under general relativity due to its Lorentz invariance which brings the concept of a finite speed of propagation of the physical interactions of gravity with it. By contrast, gravitational waves cannot exist in the Newtonian theory of gravitation, which postulates that the physical interactions of gravity propagate at infinite speed.\n", "The first, indirect, detection of gravitational waves came in the 1970s through observation of a pair of closely orbiting neutron stars, PSR B1913+16. The explanation of the decay in their orbital period was that they were emitting gravitational waves. Einstein's prediction was confirmed on 11 February 2016, when researchers at LIGO published the first observation of gravitational waves, detected on Earth on 14 September 2015, exactly one hundred years after the prediction.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:General relativity.:Hole argument and Entwurf theory.\n", "While developing general relativity, Einstein became confused about the gauge invariance in the theory. He formulated an argument that led him to conclude that a general relativistic field theory is impossible. He gave up looking for fully generally covariant tensor equations, and searched for equations that would be invariant under general linear transformations only.\n", "In June 1913, the Entwurf ('draft') theory was the result of these investigations. As its name suggests, it was a sketch of a theory, less elegant and more difficult than general relativity, with the equations of motion supplemented by additional gauge fixing conditions. After more than two years of intensive work, Einstein realized that the hole argument was mistaken and abandoned the theory in November 1915.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:General relativity.:Physical cosmology.\n", "In 1917, Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to the structure of the universe as a whole. He discovered that the general field equations predicted a universe that was dynamic, either contracting or expanding. As observational evidence for a dynamic universe was not known at the time, Einstein introduced a new term, the cosmological constant, to the field equations, in order to allow the theory to predict a static universe. The modified field equations predicted a static universe of closed curvature, in accordance with Einstein's understanding of Mach's principle in these years. This model became known as the Einstein World or Einstein's static universe.\n", "Following the discovery of the recession of the nebulae by Edwin Hubble in 1929, Einstein abandoned his static model of the universe, and proposed two dynamic models of the cosmos, The Friedmann-Einstein universe of 1931 and the Einstein–de Sitter universe of 1932. In each of these models, Einstein discarded the cosmological constant, claiming that it was \"in any case theoretically unsatisfactory\".\n", "In many Einstein biographies, it is claimed that Einstein referred to the cosmological constant in later years as his \"biggest blunder\". The astrophysicist Mario Livio has recently cast doubt on this claim, suggesting that it may be exaggerated.\n", "In late 2013, a team led by the Irish physicist Cormac O'Raifeartaigh discovered evidence that, shortly after learning of Hubble's observations of the recession of the nebulae, Einstein considered a steady-state model of the universe. In a hitherto overlooked manuscript, apparently written in early 1931, Einstein explored a model of the expanding universe in which the density of matter remains constant due to a continuous creation of matter, a process he associated with the cosmological constant. As he stated in the paper, \"In what follows, I would like to draw attention to a solution to equation (1) that can account for Hubbel's [\"sic\"] facts, and in which the density is constant over time\" ... \"If one considers a physically bounded volume, particles of matter will be continually leaving it. For the density to remain constant, new particles of matter must be continually formed in the volume from space.\"\n", "It thus appears that Einstein considered a steady-state model of the expanding universe many years before Hoyle, Bondi and Gold. However, Einstein's steady-state model contained a fundamental flaw and he quickly abandoned the idea.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:General relativity.:Energy momentum pseudotensor.\n", "General relativity includes a dynamical spacetime, so it is difficult to see how to identify the conserved energy and momentum. Noether's theorem allows these quantities to be determined from a Lagrangian with translation invariance, but general covariance makes translation invariance into something of a gauge symmetry. The energy and momentum derived within general relativity by Noether's prescriptions do not make a real tensor for this reason.\n", "Einstein argued that this is true for a fundamental reason: the gravitational field could be made to vanish by a choice of coordinates. He maintained that the non-covariant energy momentum pseudotensor was in fact the best description of the energy momentum distribution in a gravitational field. This approach has been echoed by Lev Landau and Evgeny Lifshitz, and others, and has become standard.\n", "The use of non-covariant objects like pseudotensors was heavily criticized in 1917 by Erwin Schrödinger and others.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:General relativity.:Wormholes.\n", "In 1935, Einstein collaborated with Nathan Rosen to produce a model of a wormhole, often called Einstein–Rosen bridges. His motivation was to model elementary particles with charge as a solution of gravitational field equations, in line with the program outlined in the paper \"Do Gravitational Fields play an Important Role in the Constitution of the Elementary Particles?\". These solutions cut and pasted Schwarzschild black holes to make a bridge between two patches.\n", "If one end of a wormhole was positively charged, the other end would be negatively charged. These properties led Einstein to believe that pairs of particles and antiparticles could be described in this way.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:General relativity.:Einstein–Cartan theory.\n", "In order to incorporate spinning point particles into general relativity, the affine connection needed to be generalized to include an antisymmetric part, called the torsion. This modification was made by Einstein and Cartan in the 1920s.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:General relativity.:Equations of motion.\n", "The theory of general relativity has a fundamental lawthe Einstein field equations, which describe how space curves. The geodesic equation, which describes how particles move, may be derived from the Einstein field equations.\n", "Since the equations of general relativity are non-linear, a lump of energy made out of pure gravitational fields, like a black hole, would move on a trajectory which is determined by the Einstein field equations themselves, not by a new law. So Einstein proposed that the path of a singular solution, like a black hole, would be determined to be a geodesic from general relativity itself.\n", "This was established by Einstein, Infeld, and Hoffmann for pointlike objects without angular momentum, and by Roy Kerr for spinning objects.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:Old quantum theory.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:Old quantum theory.:Photons and energy quanta.\n", "In a 1905 paper, Einstein postulated that light itself consists of localized particles (\"quanta\"). Einstein's light quanta were nearly universally rejected by all physicists, including Max Planck and Niels Bohr. This idea only became universally accepted in 1919, with Robert Millikan's detailed experiments on the photoelectric effect, and with the measurement of Compton scattering.\n", "Einstein concluded that each wave of frequency \"f\" is associated with a collection of photons with energy \"hf\" each, where \"h\" is Planck's constant. He does not say much more, because he is not sure how the particles are related to the wave. But he does suggest that this idea would explain certain experimental results, notably the photoelectric effect.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:Old quantum theory.:Quantized atomic vibrations.\n", "In 1907, Einstein proposed a model of matter where each atom in a lattice structure is an independent harmonic oscillator. In the Einstein model, each atom oscillates independently—a series of equally spaced quantized states for each oscillator. Einstein was aware that getting the frequency of the actual oscillations would be difficult, but he nevertheless proposed this theory because it was a particularly clear demonstration that quantum mechanics could solve the specific heat problem in classical mechanics. Peter Debye refined this model.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:Old quantum theory.:Adiabatic principle and action-angle variables.\n", "Throughout the 1910s, quantum mechanics expanded in scope to cover many different systems. After Ernest Rutherford discovered the nucleus and proposed that electrons orbit like planets, Niels Bohr was able to show that the same quantum mechanical postulates introduced by Planck and developed by Einstein would explain the discrete motion of electrons in atoms, and the periodic table of the elements.\n", "Einstein contributed to these developments by linking them with the 1898 arguments Wilhelm Wien had made. Wien had shown that the hypothesis of adiabatic invariance of a thermal equilibrium state allows all the blackbody curves at different temperature to be derived from one another by a simple shifting process. Einstein noted in 1911 that the same adiabatic principle shows that the quantity which is quantized in any mechanical motion must be an adiabatic invariant. Arnold Sommerfeld identified this adiabatic invariant as the action variable of classical mechanics.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:Old quantum theory.:Bose–Einstein statistics.\n", "In 1924, Einstein received a description of a statistical model from Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose, based on a counting method that assumed that light could be understood as a gas of indistinguishable particles. Einstein noted that Bose's statistics applied to some atoms as well as to the proposed light particles, and submitted his translation of Bose's paper to the \"Zeitschrift für Physik\". Einstein also published his own articles describing the model and its implications, among them the Bose–Einstein condensate phenomenon that some particulates should appear at very low temperatures. It was not until 1995 that the first such condensate was produced experimentally by Eric Allin Cornell and Carl Wieman using ultra-cooling equipment built at the NIST–JILA laboratory at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Bose–Einstein statistics are now used to describe the behaviors of any assembly of bosons. Einstein's sketches for this project may be seen in the Einstein Archive in the library of the Leiden University.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:Old quantum theory.:Wave–particle duality.\n", "Although the patent office promoted Einstein to Technical Examiner Second Class in 1906, he had not given up on academia. In 1908, he became a \"Privatdozent\" at the University of Bern. In \"\"Über die Entwicklung unserer Anschauungen über das Wesen und die Konstitution der Strahlung\"\" (\"\"), on the quantization of light, and in an earlier 1909 paper, Einstein showed that Max Planck's energy quanta must have well-defined momenta and act in some respects as independent, point-like particles. This paper introduced the \"photon\" concept (although the name \"photon\" was introduced later by Gilbert N. Lewis in 1926) and inspired the notion of wave–particle duality in quantum mechanics. Einstein saw this wave–particle duality in radiation as concrete evidence for his conviction that physics needed a new, unified foundation.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:Old quantum theory.:Zero-point energy.\n", "In a series of works completed from 1911 to 1913, Planck reformulated his 1900 quantum theory and introduced the idea of zero-point energy in his \"second quantum theory\". Soon, this idea attracted the attention of Einstein and his assistant Otto Stern. Assuming the energy of rotating diatomic molecules contains zero-point energy, they then compared the theoretical specific heat of hydrogen gas with the experimental data. The numbers matched nicely. However, after publishing the findings, they promptly withdrew their support, because they no longer had confidence in the correctness of the idea of zero-point energy.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:Old quantum theory.:Stimulated emission.\n", "In 1917, at the height of his work on relativity, Einstein published an article in \"Physikalische Zeitschrift\" that proposed the possibility of stimulated emission, the physical process that makes possible the maser and the laser.\n", "This article showed that the statistics of absorption and emission of light would only be consistent with Planck's distribution law if the emission of light into a mode with n photons would be enhanced statistically compared to the emission of light into an empty mode. This paper was enormously influential in the later development of quantum mechanics, because it was the first paper to show that the statistics of atomic transitions had simple laws.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:Old quantum theory.:Matter waves.\n", "Einstein discovered Louis de Broglie's work and supported his ideas, which were received skeptically at first. In another major paper from this era, Einstein gave a wave equation for de Broglie waves, which Einstein suggested was the Hamilton–Jacobi equation of mechanics. This paper would inspire Schrödinger's work of 1926.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:Quantum mechanics.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:Quantum mechanics.:Einstein's objections to quantum mechanics.\n", "Einstein was displeased with modern quantum mechanics as it had evolved after 1925. Contrary to popular belief, his doubts were not due to a conviction that God \"is not playing at dice.\" Indeed, it was Einstein himself, in his 1917 paper that proposed the possibility of stimulated emission, who first proposed the fundamental role of chance in explaining quantum processes. Rather, he objected to what quantum mechanics implies about the nature of reality. Einstein believed that a physical reality exists independent of our ability to observe it. In contrast, Bohr and his followers maintained that all we can know are the results of measurements and observations, and that it makes no sense to speculate about an ultimate reality that exists beyond our perceptions.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:Quantum mechanics.:Bohr versus Einstein.\n", " The Bohr–Einstein debates were a series of public disputes about quantum mechanics between Einstein and Niels Bohr, who were two of its founders. Their debates are remembered because of their importance to the philosophy of science. Their debates would influence later interpretations of quantum mechanics.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:Quantum mechanics.:Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox.\n", "In 1935, Einstein returned quantum mechanics, in particular to the question of its completeness, in the \"EPR paper\". In a thought experiment, he considered two particles which had interacted such that their properties were strongly correlated. No matter how far the two particles were separated, a precise position measurement on one particle would result in equally precise knowledge of the position of the other particle; likewise a precise momentum measurement of one particle would result in equally precise knowledge of the momentum of the other particle, without needing to disturb the other particle in any way.\n", "Given Einstein's concept of local realism, there were two possibilities: (1) either the other particle had these properties already determined, or (2) the process of measuring the first particle instantaneously affected the reality of the position and momentum of the second particle. Einstein rejected this second possibility (popularly called \"spooky action at a distance\").\n", "Einstein's belief in local realism led him to assert that, while the correctness of quantum mechanics was not in question, it must be incomplete. But as a physical principle, local realism was shown to be incorrect when the Aspect experiment of 1982 confirmed Bell's theorem, which J. S. Bell had delineated in 1964. The results of these and subsequent experiments demonstrate that quantum physics cannot be represented by any version of the picture of physics in which \"particles are regarded as unconnected independent classical-like entities, each one being unable to communicate with the other after they have separated.\"\n", "Although Einstein was wrong about local realism, his clear prediction of the unusual properties of its opposite, \"entangled quantum states\", has resulted in the EPR paper becoming among the top ten papers published in Physical Review. It is considered a centerpiece of the development of quantum information theory.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:Unified field theory.\n", "Following his research on general relativity, Einstein entered into a series of attempts to generalize his geometric theory of gravitation to include electromagnetism as another aspect of a single entity. In 1950, he described his \"unified field theory\" in a \"Scientific American\" article titled \"On the Generalized Theory of Gravitation\". Although he continued to be lauded for his work, Einstein became increasingly isolated in his research, and his efforts were ultimately unsuccessful.\n", "In his pursuit of a unification of the fundamental forces, Einstein ignored some mainstream developments in physics, most notably the strong and weak nuclear forces, which were not well understood until many years after his death. Mainstream physics, in turn, largely ignored Einstein's approaches to unification. Einstein's dream of unifying other laws of physics with gravity motivates modern quests for a theory of everything and in particular string theory, where geometrical fields emerge in a unified quantum-mechanical setting.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:Other investigations.\n", "Einstein conducted other investigations that were unsuccessful and abandoned. These pertain to force, superconductivity, and other research.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:Collaboration with other scientists.\n", "In addition to longtime collaborators Leopold Infeld, Nathan Rosen, Peter Bergmann and others, Einstein also had some one-shot collaborations with various scientists.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:Collaboration with other scientists.:Einstein–de Haas experiment.\n", "Einstein and De Haas demonstrated that magnetization is due to the motion of electrons, nowadays known to be the spin. In order to show this, they reversed the magnetization in an iron bar suspended on a torsion pendulum. They confirmed that this leads the bar to rotate, because the electron's angular momentum changes as the magnetization changes. This experiment needed to be sensitive, because the angular momentum associated with electrons is small, but it definitively established that electron motion of some kind is responsible for magnetization.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:Collaboration with other scientists.:Schrödinger gas model.\n", "Einstein suggested to Erwin Schrödinger that he might be able to reproduce the statistics of a Bose–Einstein gas by considering a box. Then to each possible quantum motion of a particle in a box associate an independent harmonic oscillator. Quantizing these oscillators, each level will have an integer occupation number, which will be the number of particles in it.\n", "This formulation is a form of second quantization, but it predates modern quantum mechanics. Erwin Schrödinger applied this to derive the thermodynamic properties of a semiclassical ideal gas. Schrödinger urged Einstein to add his name as co-author, although Einstein declined the invitation.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:Collaboration with other scientists.:Einstein refrigerator.\n", "In 1926, Einstein and his former student Leó Szilárd co-invented (and in 1930, patented) the Einstein refrigerator. This absorption refrigerator was then revolutionary for having no moving parts and using only heat as an input. On 11 November 1930, was awarded to Einstein and Leó Szilárd for the refrigerator. Their invention was not immediately put into commercial production, and the most promising of their patents were acquired by the Swedish company Electrolux.\n", "Section::::Non-scientific legacy.\n", "While traveling, Einstein wrote daily to his wife Elsa and adopted stepdaughters Margot and Ilse. The letters were included in the papers bequeathed to The Hebrew University. Margot Einstein permitted the personal letters to be made available to the public, but requested that it not be done until twenty years after her death (she died in 1986). Einstein had expressed his interest in the plumbing profession and was made an honorary member of the Plumbers and Steamfitters Union. Barbara Wolff, of The Hebrew University's Albert Einstein Archives, told the BBC that there are about 3,500 pages of private correspondence written between 1912 and 1955.\n", "Corbis, successor to The Roger Richman Agency, licenses the use of his name and associated imagery, as agent for the university.\n", "Section::::In popular culture.\n", "In the period before World War II, \"The New Yorker\" published a vignette in their \"The Talk of the Town\" feature saying that Einstein was so well known in America that he would be stopped on the street by people wanting him to explain \"that theory\". He finally figured out a way to handle the incessant inquiries. He told his inquirers \"Pardon me, sorry! Always I am mistaken for Professor Einstein.\"\n", "Einstein has been the subject of or inspiration for many novels, films, plays, and works of music. He is a favorite model for depictions of mad scientists and absent-minded professors; his expressive face and distinctive hairstyle have been widely copied and exaggerated. \"Time\" magazine's Frederic Golden wrote that Einstein was \"a cartoonist's dream come true\".\n", "Many popular quotations are often misattributed to him.\n", "Section::::Awards and honors.\n", "Einstein received numerous awards and honors, and in 1922, he was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics \"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect\". None of the nominations in 1921 met the criteria set by Alfred Nobel, so the 1921 prize was carried forward and awarded to Einstein in 1922.\n", "Section::::Publications.\n", "BULLET::::- . First of a series of papers on this topic.\n", "BULLET::::- . The \"chasing a light beam\" thought experiment is described on pages 48–51.\n", "BULLET::::- Collected Papers: . Further information about the volumes published so far can be found on the webpages of the Einstein Papers Project and on the Princeton University Press Einstein Page\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Albert Einstein House in Princeton\n", "BULLET::::- Einstein's thought experiments\n", "BULLET::::- Einstein notation\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Einstein Theory of Relativity\", an educational film\n", "BULLET::::- \"Genius\", a television series depicting Einstein's life\n", "BULLET::::- Heinrich Burkhardt\n", "BULLET::::- Bern Historical Museum (Einstein Museum)\n", "BULLET::::- History of gravitational theory\n", "BULLET::::- Introduction to special relativity\n", "BULLET::::- List of coupled cousins\n", "BULLET::::- List of German inventors and discoverers\n", "BULLET::::- Jewish Nobel laureates\n", "BULLET::::- List of peace activists\n", "BULLET::::- Political views of Albert Einstein\n", "BULLET::::- Relativity priority dispute\n", "BULLET::::- Religious and philosophical views of Albert Einstein\n", "BULLET::::- Sticky bead argument\n", "Section::::References.\n", "Footnotes\n", "Citations\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- , or\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Einstein's Personal Correspondence: Religion, Politics, The Holocaust, and Philosophy Shapell Manuscript Foundation\n", "BULLET::::- Federal Bureau of Investigation file on Albert Einstein\n", "BULLET::::- Einstein and his love of music, \"Physics World\"\n", "BULLET::::- Albert Einstein on NobelPrize.org\n", "BULLET::::- Albert Einstein, videos on History.com\n", "BULLET::::- – free study course that explores the changing roles of physics and physicists during the 20th century\n", "BULLET::::- Albert Einstein Archives Online (80,000+ Documents) (MSNBC, 19 March 2012)\n", "BULLET::::- Einstein's declaration of intention for American citizenship on the World Digital Library\n", "BULLET::::- Albert Einstein Collection at Brandeis University\n", "BULLET::::- The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein \"Digital Einstein\" at Princeton University\n", "BULLET::::- May 16 1953 letter to William Frauenglass (see resultant NYT on academic freedom / McCarthyism)\n", "BULLET::::- Albert Einstein, Nobel Luminaries – Jewish Nobel Prize Winners, on the Beit Hatfutsot-The Museum of the Jewish People Website.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Einstein's \"I don't believe in God\" letter has sold on eBay...\", 23 October 2012\n", "BULLET::::- Albert Einstein's \"God Letter\" fetches US $2,400,000 at Christie's New York auction house on 4 December 2018 \n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Einstein", "Einstein, Albert", "A. Einstein" ] }, "description": "German-born physicist and founder of the theory of relativity", "enwikiquote_title": "Albert Einstein", "wikidata_id": "Q937", "wikidata_label": "Albert Einstein", "wikipedia_title": "Albert Einstein" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Yitzhak Rabin\n", "Yitzhak Rabin (; , ; 1 March 1922 – 4 November 1995) was an Israeli politician, statesman and general. He was the fifth Prime Minister of Israel, serving two terms in office, 1974–77 and 1992 until his assassination in 1995.\n", "Rabin was born in Jerusalem to Ukrainian-Jewish immigrants and was raised in a Labor Zionist household. He learned agriculture in school and excelled as a student. He led a 27-year career as a soldier. As a teenager he joined the Palmach, the commando force of the Yishuv. He eventually rose through its ranks to become its chief of operations during Israel's War of Independence. He joined the newly formed Israel Defense Forces in late 1948 and continued to rise as a promising officer. He helped shape the training doctrine of the IDF in the early 1950s, and led the IDF's Operations Directorate from 1959 to 1963. He was appointed Chief of the General Staff in 1964 and oversaw Israel's victory in the 1967 Six-Day War.\n", "Rabin served as Israel's ambassador to the United States from 1968 to 1973, during a period of deepening U.S.–Israel ties. He was appointed Prime Minister of Israel in 1974, after the resignation of Golda Meir. In his first term, Rabin signed the Sinai Interim Agreement and ordered the Entebbe raid. He resigned in 1977 in the wake of a financial scandal. Rabin was Israel's minister of defense for much of the 1980s, including during the outbreak of the First Intifada.\n", "In 1992, Rabin was re-elected as prime minister on a platform embracing the Israeli–Palestinian peace process. He signed several historic agreements with the Palestinian leadership as part of the Oslo Accords. In 1994, Rabin won the Nobel Peace Prize together with long-time political rival Shimon Peres and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat. Rabin also signed a peace treaty with Jordan in 1994. In November 1995, he was assassinated by an extremist named Yigal Amir, who opposed the terms of the Oslo Accords. Amir was arrested and convicted of Rabin's murder; he was sentenced to life imprisonment. Rabin was the first native-born prime minister of Israel, the only prime minister to be assassinated and the second to die in office after Levi Eshkol. Rabin has become a symbol of the Israeli–Palestinian peace process.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Family background.\n", "Rabin was born at Shaare Zedek Medical Center in Jerusalem on 1 March 1922, Mandatory Palestine, to Nehemiah (1886 – 1 December 1971) and Rosa (née Cohen; 1890 – 12 November 1937) Rabin, immigrants of the Third Aliyah, the third wave of Jewish immigration to Palestine from Europe. Nehemiah was born Nehemiah Rubitzov in the shtetl Sydorovychi near Ivankiv in the southern Pale of Settlement (present-day Ukraine). His father Menachem died when he was a boy, and Nehemiah worked to support his family from an early age. At the age of 18, he emigrated to the United States, where he joined the Poale Zion party and changed his surname to Rabin. In 1917, Nehemiah Rabin went to Mandatory Palestine with a group of volunteers from the Jewish Legion.\n", "Yitzhak's mother, Rosa Cohen, was born in 1890 in Mogilev in Belarus. Her father, a rabbi, opposed the Zionist movement and sent Rosa to a Christian high school for girls in Gomel, which gave her a broad general education. Early on, Rosa took an interest in political and social causes. In 1919, she traveled to Palestine on the steamship \"Ruslan\". After working on a kibbutz on the shores of the Sea of Galilee, she moved to Jerusalem.\n", "Rabin's parents met in Jerusalem during the 1920 Nebi Musa riots. They moved to Tel Aviv's Chlenov Street near Jaffa in 1923. Nehemiah became a worker for the Palestine Electric Corporation and Rosa was an accountant and local activist. She became a member of the Tel Aviv City Council. The family moved again in 1931 to a two-room apartment on Hamagid Street in Tel Aviv.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Early life and education.\n", "Rabin grew up in Tel Aviv, where the family relocated when he was one year old. He enrolled in the Tel Aviv Beit Hinuch Leyaldei Ovdim (בית חינוך לילדי עובדים, \"School House for Workers' Children\") in 1928 and completed his studies there in 1935. The school taught the children agriculture as well as Zionism. Rabin mostly received good marks in school, but he was so shy that few people knew he was intelligent.\n", "In 1935, Rabin enrolled at an agricultural school on kibbutz Givat Hashlosha that his mother founded. It was here in 1936 at the age of 14 that Rabin joined the Haganah and received his first military training, learning how to use a pistol and stand guard. He joined a socialist-Zionist youth movement, HaNoar HaOved.\n", "In 1937, he enrolled at the two-year Kadoorie Agricultural High School. He excelled in a number of agriculture-related subjects but disliked studying English language—the language of the British \"enemy.\" He originally aspired to be an irrigation engineer, but his interest in military affairs intensified in 1938, when the ongoing Arab revolt worsened. A young Haganah sergeant named Yigal Allon, later a general in the IDF and prominent politician, trained Rabin and others at Kadoorie. Rabin finished at Kadoorie in August 1940. For part of 1939, the British closed Kadoorie, and Rabin joined Allon as a military policeman at Kibbutz Ginosar until the school re-opened. When he finished school, Rabin considered studying irrigation engineering on scholarship at the University of California, Berkeley, although he ultimately decided to stay and fight in Palestine.\n", "Section::::Marriage and family.\n", "Rabin married Leah Schlossberg during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Leah Rabin was working at the time as a reporter for a Palmach newspaper. They had two children, Dalia (born 19 March 1950) and Yuval (born 18 June 1955). Rabin was non-religious; according to American diplomat Dennis Ross, Rabin was the most secular Jew he had met in Israel.\n", "Section::::Military career.\n", "Section::::Military career.:Palmach.\n", "In 1941, during his practical training at kibbutz Ramat Yohanan, Rabin joined the newly formed Palmach section of the Haganah, under the influence of Yigal Allon. Rabin could not yet operate a machine gun, drive a car, or ride a motorcycle, but Moshe Dayan accepted the new recruit. The first operation he participated in was assisting the allied invasion of Lebanon, then held by Vichy French forces (the same operation in which Dayan lost his eye) in June–July 1941. Allon continued to train the young Palmach forces.\n", "As a Palmachnik, Rabin and his men had to lie low to avoid arousing inquiry from the British administration. They spent most of their time farming, training secretly part-time. They wore no uniforms and received no public recognition during this time. In 1943, Rabin took command of a platoon at Kfar Giladi. He trained his men in modern tactics and how to conduct lightning attacks.\n", "After the end of the war the relationship between the Palmach and the British authorities became strained, especially with respect to the treatment of Jewish immigration. In October 1945 Rabin was in charge of planning and later executing an operation for the release of interned immigrants from the Atlit detainee camp for Jewish illegal immigrants. In the Black Shabbat, a massive British operation against the leaders of the Jewish Establishment in the British Mandate of Palestine, Rabin was arrested and detained for five months. After his release he became the commander of the second Palmach battalion and rose to the position of Chief Operations Officer of the Palmach in October 1947.\n", "Section::::Military career.:IDF service.\n", "During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War Rabin directed Israeli operations in Jerusalem and fought the Egyptian army in the Negev. During the beginning of the war he was the commander of the Harel Brigade, which fought on the road to Jerusalem from the coastal plain, including the Israeli \"Burma Road,\" as well as many battles in Jerusalem, such as securing the southern side of the city by recapturing kibbutz Ramat Rachel.\n", "During the he led the Ben Gurion ordered attack by the IDF against the Irgun on the beach of Tel Aviv as part of the Altalena Affair.\n", "In the following period he was the deputy commander of Operation Danny, the largest scale operation to that point, which involved four IDF brigades. The cities of Ramle and Lydda were captured, as well as the major airport in Lydda, as part of the operation. Following the capture of the two towns there was an exodus of their Arab population. Rabin signed the expulsion order, which included the following: \n", "\"... 1. The inhabitants of Lydda must be expelled quickly without attention to age. ... 2. Implement immediately.\" Later, Rabin was chief of operations for the Southern Front and participated in the major battles ending the fighting there, including Operation Yoav and Operation Horev.\n", "In the beginning of 1949 he was a member of the Israeli delegation to the armistice talks with Egypt that were held on the island of Rhodes. The result of the negotiations were the 1949 Armistice Agreements, which ended the official hostilities of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Following the demobilization at the end of the war he was the most senior (former) member of the Palmach that remained in the IDF.\n", "Like many Palmach leaders, Rabin was politically aligned with the left wing pro-Soviet Ahdut HaAvoda party and later Mapam. These officers were distrusted by Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion and several resigned from the army in 1953 after a series of confrontations. Those members of Mapam who remained, such as Rabin, Haim Bar-Lev and David Elazar, had to endure several years in staff or training posts before resuming their careers.\n", "Rabin headed Israel's Northern Command from 1956 to 1959. In 1964 he was appointed chief of staff of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) by Levi Eshkol, who had replaced David Ben-Gurion as Prime Minister and Minister of Defence. Since Eshkol did not have much military experience and trusted Rabin's judgement, he had a very free hand. According to the memoirs of Eshkol's military secretary, Eshkol followed Rabin \"with closed eyes\".\n", "Under his command, the IDF achieved victory over Egypt, Syria and Jordan in the Six-Day War in 1967. After the Old City of Jerusalem was captured by the IDF, Rabin was among the first to visit the Old City, and delivered a famous speech on Mount Scopus, at the Hebrew University. In the days leading up to the war, it was reported that Rabin suffered a nervous breakdown and was unable to function. After this short hiatus, he resumed full command over the IDF.\n", "Section::::Ambassador and Minister of Labour.\n", "Following his retirement from the IDF he became ambassador to the United States beginning in 1968, serving for five years. In this period the US became the major weapon supplier of Israel and in particular he managed to get the embargo on the F-4 Phantom fighter jets lifted. During the 1973 Yom Kippur War he served in no official capacity and in the elections held at the end of 1973 he was elected to the Knesset as a member of the Alignment. He was appointed Israeli Minister of Labour in March 1974 in Golda Meir's short-lived government. While serving as ambassador, Rabin met and formed a relationship with Menachem M. Schneerson.\n", "Section::::First term as Prime Minister.\n", "Following Golda Meir's resignation in April 1974, Rabin was elected party leader, after he defeated Shimon Peres. The rivalry between these two Labour leaders remained fierce and they competed several times in the next two decades for the leadership role, and even for who deserved credit for government achievements. Rabin succeeded Golda Meir as Prime Minister of Israel on 3 June 1974. This was a coalition government, including Ratz, the Independent Liberals, Progress and Development and the Arab List for Bedouins and Villagers. This arrangement, with a bare parliamentary majority, held for a few months and was one of the few periods in Israel's history where the religious parties were not part of the coalition. The National Religious Party joined the coalition on 30 October 1974 and Ratz left on 6 November.\n", "In foreign policy, the major development at the beginning of Rabin's term was the Sinai Interim Agreement between Israel and Egypt, signed on 1 September 1975. Both countries declared that the conflict between them and in the Middle East shall not be resolved by military force but by peaceful means. This agreement followed Henry Kissinger's shuttle diplomacy and a threatened \"reassessment\" of the United States' regional policy and its relations with Israel. Rabin notes it was \"an innocent-sounding term that heralded one of the worst periods in American–Israeli relations.\" But the agreement was an important step towards the Camp David Accords of 1978 and the peace treaty with Egypt signed in 1979.\n", "Operation Entebbe was perhaps the most dramatic event during Rabin's first term of office. On his orders, the IDF performed a long-range undercover raid to rescue passengers of an airliner hijacked by militants belonging to the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine's Wadie Haddad faction and the German Revolutionary Cells (RZ), who had been brought to Idi Amin's Uganda. The operation was generally considered a tremendous success, and its spectacular character has made it the subject of much continued comment and study.\n", "Towards the end of 1976 his coalition government with the religious parties suffered a crisis: A motion of no confidence had been brought by Agudat Yisrael over a breach of the Sabbath on an Israeli Air Force base when four F-15 jets were delivered from the US and the National Religious Party had abstained. Rabin dissolved his government and decided on new elections, which were to be held in May 1977.\n", "Following the March 1977 meeting between Rabin and U.S. President Jimmy Carter, Rabin publicly announced that the U.S. supported the Israeli idea of defensible borders; Carter then issued a clarification. A \"fallout\" in U.S./Israeli relations ensued. It is thought that the fallout contributed to the Israeli Labor Party's defeat in the May 1977 elections. On 15 March 1977, \"Haaretz\" journalist Dan Margalit revealed that a joint dollar account in the names of Yitzhak and Leah Rabin, opened in a Washington, D.C., bank during Rabin's term of office as Israel ambassador (1968–73), was still open, in breach of Israeli law. According to Israeli currency regulations at the time, it was illegal for citizens to maintain foreign bank accounts without prior authorization. Rabin resigned on 8 April 1977, following the revelation by \"Maariv\" journalist S. Isaac Mekel that the Rabins held two accounts in Washington, not one, containing $10,000, and that a Finance Ministry administrative penalty committee fined them IL150,000. Rabin withdrew from the party leadership and candidacy for prime minister.\n", "Section::::Opposition Knesset member and Minister of Defense.\n", "Following his resignation and Labour Party defeat at the elections, Likud's Menachem Begin was elected in 1977. Until 1984 Rabin had been a member of Knesset and had sat on the Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee. From 1984 to 1990, he served as Minister of Defense in several national unity governments led by prime ministers Yitzhak Shamir and Shimon Peres. When Rabin came to office, Israeli troops were still deep in Lebanon. Rabin ordered their withdrawal to a \"Security Zone\" on the Lebanese side of the border. The South Lebanon Army was active in this zone, along with the Israeli Defence Forces.\n", "On 4 August 1985 Minister of Defence Rabin introduced an Iron Fist policy in the West Bank, reviving the use of British Mandate era legislation to detain people without trial, demolish houses, close newspapers and institutions as well as deporting activists. The change in policy came after a sustained public campaign demanding a tougher policy following the May 1985 prisoner exchange in which 1,150 Palestinians had been released.\n", "When the first Intifada broke out, Rabin adopted harsh measures to stop the demonstrations, even authorizing the use of \"Force, might and beatings,\" on the demonstrators. Rabin the \"bone breaker\" was used as an International image. The combination of the failure of the \"Iron Fist\" policy, Israel's deteriorating international image, and Jordan cutting legal and administrative ties to the West Bank with the U.S.'s recognition of the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people forced Rabin to seek an end to the violence through negotiation and dialogue with the PLO. From 1990 to 1992, Rabin again served as a Knesset member and sat on the Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee.\n", "Section::::Second term as Prime Minister.\n", "In 1992 Rabin was elected as chairman of the Labor Party, winning against Shimon Peres. In the elections that year his party, strongly focusing on the popularity of its leader, managed to win a clear victory over the Likud of incumbent Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir. However, the left-wing bloc in the Knesset only won an overall narrow majority, facilitated by the disqualification of small nationalist parties that did not manage to pass the electoral threshold. Rabin formed the first Labor-led government in fifteen years, supported by a coalition with Meretz, a left wing party, and Shas, a Mizrahi ultra-orthodox religious party.\n", "On 25 July 1993, after Hezbollah fired rockets into northern Israel, Rabin authorized a week-long military operation in Lebanon. Rabin played a leading role in the signing of the Oslo Accords, which created the Palestinian National Authority and granted it partial control over parts of the Gaza Strip and West Bank. Prior to the signing of the accords, Rabin received a letter from PLO chairman Yasser Arafat renouncing violence and officially recognizing Israel, and on the same day, 9 September 1993, Rabin sent Arafat a letter officially recognizing the PLO.\n", "After the announcement of the Oslo Accords there were many protest demonstrations in Israel objecting to the Accords. As these protests dragged on, Rabin insisted that as long as he had a majority in the Knesset he would ignore the protests and the protesters. In this context he said, \"they (the protesters) can spin around and around like propellers\" but he would continue on the path of the Oslo Accords. Rabin's parliamentary majority rested on non-coalition member Arab support. Rabin also denied the right of American Jews to object to his plan for peace, calling any such dissent \"chutzpah.\" The Oslo agreement was also opposed by Hamas and other Palestinian factions, which launched suicide bombings at Israel.\n", "After the historical handshake with Yasser Arafat, Rabin said, on behalf of the Israeli people, \"We who have fought against you, the Palestinians, we say to you today, in a loud and a clear voice, enough of blood and tears ... enough!\" During this term of office, Rabin also oversaw the signing of the Israel–Jordan peace treaty in 1994.\n", "Section::::Second term as Prime Minister.:Economic and social reforms.\n", "Rabin significantly reformed Israel's economy, as well as its education and healthcare systems. His government significantly expanded the privatization of business, moving away from the country's traditionally socialized economy. The scheme was described by Moshe Arens as a \"privatization frenzy.\" In 1993, his government set up the \"Yozma\" program, under which attractive tax incentives were offered to foreign venture capital funds that invested in Israel and promised to double any investment with government funding. As a result, foreign venture capital funds invested heavily in the growing Israeli high-tech industry, contributing to Israel's economic growth and status as a world leader in high-tech. In 1995, the National Health Insurance Law was passed. The law created Israel's universal health care system, moving away from the traditionally Histadrut-dominated health insurance system. Doctors' wages were also raised by 50%. Education spending was raised by 70%, with new colleges being built in Israel's peripheral areas, and teachers' wages rising by one-fifth. His government also launched new public works projects such as the Cross-Israel Highway and an expansion of Ben Gurion Airport.\n", "Section::::Second term as Prime Minister.:Nobel Peace Prize.\n", "For his role in the creation of the Oslo Accords, Rabin was awarded the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize, along with Yasser Arafat and Shimon Peres. The Accords greatly divided Israeli society, with some seeing Rabin as a hero for advancing the cause of peace and some seeing him as a traitor for giving away land they viewed as rightfully belonging to Israel. Many Israelis on the right wing often blame him for Jewish deaths in terror attacks, attributing them to the Oslo agreements.\n", "\"Military cemeteries in every corner of the world are silent testimony to the failure of national leaders to sanctify human life.\" Yitzhak Rabin, 1994 Nobel Peace Prize lecture\n", "Section::::Assassination and aftermath.\n", "On the evening of 4 November 1995 (12th of Heshvan on the Hebrew Calendar), Rabin was assassinated by Yigal Amir, a right-wing extremist who opposed the signing of the Oslo Accords. Rabin had been attending a mass rally at the Kings of Israel Square (now Rabin Square) in Tel Aviv, held in support of the Oslo Accords. When the rally ended, Rabin walked down the city hall steps towards the open door of his car, at which point Amir fired three shots at Rabin with a semi-automatic pistol. Two shots hit Rabin, and the third lightly injured Yoram Rubin, one of Rabin's bodyguards. Rabin was taken to the nearby Ichilov Hospital with considerable delay, where he died on the operating table less than 40 minutes later due to blood loss and a punctured lung. Amir was immediately seized by Rabin's bodyguards. He was later tried, found guilty, and sentenced to life imprisonment. After an emergency cabinet meeting, Israel's foreign minister, Shimon Peres, was appointed as acting Israeli prime minister.\n", "Rabin's assassination came as a great shock to the Israeli public and much of the rest of the world. Hundreds of thousands of Israelis thronged the square where Rabin was assassinated to mourn his death. Young people, in particular, turned out in large numbers, lighting memorial candles and singing peace songs. On 6 November 1995, he was buried on Mount Herzl. Rabin's funeral was attended by many world leaders, among them U.S. president Bill Clinton, Australian Prime Minister Paul Keating, Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak and King Hussein of Jordan. Clinton delivered a eulogy whose final words were in Hebrew – \"Shalom, Haver\" (, lit. \"Goodbye, Friend\").\n", "The square where he was assassinated, \"Kikar Malkhei Yisrael\" (Kings of Israel Square), was renamed Rabin Square in his honor. Many other streets and public institutions in Israel have also subsequently been named after him. After his assassination, Rabin was hailed as a national symbol and came to embody the ethos of the \"Israeli peace camp,\" despite his military career and hawkish views earlier in life. In November 2000, his wife Leah died and was buried alongside him.\n", "After the murder, it was revealed that Avishai Raviv, a well known right-wing extremist at the time, was in fact a Shin Bet agent-informer code-named Champagne. Raviv was later acquitted in court of charges that he failed to prevent the assassination. The court ruled there was no evidence that Raviv knew assassin Yigal Amir was plotting to kill Rabin. After Rabin's assassination, his daughter Dalia Rabin-Pelossof entered politics and was elected to the Knesset in 1999 as part of the Center Party. In 2001, she served as Israel's deputy minister of defense.\n", "Section::::Commemoration.\n", "BULLET::::- The Knesset has set the 12th of Cheshvan, the murder date according to the Hebrew calendar, as the official memorial day of Rabin.\n", "BULLET::::- In 1995 the Israeli Postal Authority issued a commemorative Rabin stamp.\n", "BULLET::::- In 1996 Israeli songwriter Naomi Shemer translated Walt Whitman's poem \"O Captain! My Captain!\" to Hebrew and wrote music for it to mark the anniversary of Rabin's assassination. The song is since commonly performed or played in Yitzhak Rabin memorial day services.\n", "BULLET::::- The Yitzhak Rabin Centre was founded in 1997 by an act of the Knesset, to create \"[a] Memorial Centre for Perpetuating the Memory of Yitzhak Rabin.\" It carries out extensive commemorative and educational activities emphasising the ways and means of democracy and peace.\n", "BULLET::::- Mechinat Rabin, an Israeli pre-army preparatory program for training recent high school graduates in leadership prior to their IDF service, was established in 1998.\n", "BULLET::::- In 2005 Rabin received the Dr.Rainer Hildebrandt Human Rights Award endowed by Alexandra Hildebrandt. The award is given annually in recognition of extraordinary, non-violent commitment to human rights.\n", "BULLET::::- Many cities and towns in Israel have named streets, neighbourhoods, schools, bridges and parks after Rabin. The country's largest power station, Orot Rabin, two government office complexes (at the HaKirya in Tel Aviv and the Sail Tower in Haifa), the Israeli terminal of the Arava/Araba border crossing with Jordan, and two synagogues are also named after him. Outside Israel, there are streets and squares named after him in Bonn, Berlin, Chicago, Madrid, Miami, New York City, and Odessa and parks in Montreal, Paris, Rome and Lima. The community Jewish high school in Ottawa is also named after him.\n", "BULLET::::- The Cambridge University Israel Society hosts its annual academic lecture in honour of Yitzhak Rabin.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Israeli Nobel laureates\n", "BULLET::::- List of Jewish Nobel laureates\n", "BULLET::::- Kempler video, assassination of Yitzhak Rabin video\n", "BULLET::::- Shir LaShalom, the \"Peace Song\" sung by Rabin at the peace rally short before his assassination\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- One of the last recorded interviews with Yitzhak Rabin – a six-minute interview with David Esing, recorded one month before his assassination.\n", "BULLET::::- Eulogies at the Funeral of Prime Minister Rabin Jewish Virtual Library\n", "BULLET::::- Yitzhak Rabin Information Page\n", "BULLET::::- Dromi, Uri (5 November 2005). \"Still craving peace 10 years after Rabin\". \"New Straits Times\", p. 20.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Israel marks Rabin assassination\". (5 November 2005). \"BBC\".\n", "BULLET::::- by Leon Charney on The Leon Charney Report\n", "BULLET::::- by Leon Charney on The Leon Charney Report\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Itzhak Rabin" ] }, "description": "Israeli politician, statesman and general", "enwikiquote_title": "Yitzhak Rabin", "wikidata_id": "Q34060", "wikidata_label": "Yitzhak Rabin", "wikipedia_title": "Yitzhak Rabin" }

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lingua", "Augustinian", "monastery", "Sankt Florian", "Linz", "Windhaag", "Prelate", "Kronstorf", "Enns", "Leopold von Zenetti", "Enns", "\"Asperges me\"", "Michael Haydn", "Johann Georg Albrechtsberger", "Franz Joseph Aumann", "Simon Sechter", "\"Missa solemnis\"", "Otto Kitzler", "Richard Wagner", "Symphony in F minor", "three orchestral pieces", "March in D minor", "Overture in G minor", "Seventh Symphony", "Franz Liszt", "Ave Maria", "Mass in D Minor", "music theory", "Vienna Conservatory", "Richard Robert", "Vienna University", "Vienna", "Eduard Hanslick", "Theodor Helm", "Arthur Nikisch", "Franz Schalk", "Austrian National Library", "masses", "motets", "choral", "chamber works", "string quintet", "romantic", "contrapuntal", "Te Deum", "Helgoland", "Psalm 150", "Fourth Symphony", "Hans Richter", "Maria Theresa thaler", "Henry Willis", "Royal Albert Hall", "the Crystal Palace", "Hans Rott", "Franz Schmidt", "Gustav Mahler", "Order of Franz Joseph", "embalming", "Anton Bruckner Private University for Music, Drama, and Dance", "Linz", "Bruckner Orchestra Linz", "Deryck Cooke", "Robert Haas", "International Bruckner Society", "Leopold Nowak", "Leon Botstein", "Study Symphony in F minor", "Symphony No. 9 in D minor", "Symphony No. 4", "woodwinds", "horn", "trumpet", "trombone", "tuba", "Fourth", "timpani", "strings", "Wagner tuba", "Eighth", "harp", "Seventh", "cymbal", "pipe organ", "Beethoven", "4/4", "2/2", "Symphony No. 2", "allegro", "sonata form", "piano", "pianissimo", "tremolo", "crescendo", "tutti", "lied", "contrapuntal structure", "rhythm", "unison", "Symphony No. 4", "development", "reprise", "coda", "adagio", "melody", "Symphony No. 2", "Symphony No. 8", "Symphony No. 9", "scherzo", "3/4", "minor mode", "Ländler", "da capo", "Symphony No. 4", "major mode", "Finale", "introduction", "Symphony No. 2", "Symphony No. 7", "Symphony No. 8", "New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (1980)", "Beethoven", "Ninth Symphony", "Schubert", "development", "transformation of themes", "Liszt", "Bernard Holland", "Jack Ox", "musicologist", "Deryck Cooke", "Brucknerian rhythm \"2 + 3\"", "quintuplet", "No. 6", "No. 7", "3", "4", "8", "Robert Haas", "critical edition", "World War II", "Leopold Nowak", "William Carragan", "Benjamin-Gunnar Cohrs", "Te Deum", "psalm settings", "Psalm 150", "Festive cantata", "Magnificat", "motets", "Tantum ergo", "Christus factus est", "Ave Maria", "Masses", "Windhaager Messe", "Kronstorfer Messe", "Messe für den Gründonnerstag", "Requiem in D minor", "\"Missa solemnis\"", "installation", "Psalm 146", "1 in D minor", "3 in F minor", "ad libitum", "No. 2 in E minor", "No. 3", "plainsong", "Bruckner's secular choral music", "\"Abendzauber\"", "yodeler", "horns", "Lieder", "Austrian National Library", "\"Kitzler-Studienbuch\"", "name-day cantatas", "Germanenzug", "Helgoland", "August Silberstein", "TTBB", "three short orchestral pieces", "March in D minor", "Overture in G minor", "String Quartet", "Rondo in C minor", "String Quintet", "Intermezzo in D minor", "Symphonisches Präludium", "Gustav Mahler", "Benjamin-Gunnar Cohrs", "Bruckner's Two Aequali", "Military march", "\"Abendklänge\"", "character piece", "small works for piano", "St Florian's Priory", "work for organ", "Gertrud Bollé-Hellmund", "Götterdämmerung", "Leopold Nowak", "Benjamin-Gunnar Cohrs", "Nazis", "zeitgeist", "German", "volk", "Hitler", "Regensburg", "Walhalla temple", "Nazi Germany", "Adolf Hitler", "Hitler's death", "Brucknerhaus", "Israel Philharmonic Orchestra", "Zubin Mehta", "Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra", "Jan Schmidt-Garre", "Ken Russell", "Peter Mackriel", "obsessive-compulsive disorder", "Visconti", "Senso", "Carl Davis", "Ben-Hur", "Bruckner Orchestra Linz", "International Bruckner Society", "List of Austrians", "List of Austrians in music", "Cambridge University Press", "The Bruckner Society of America", "The Bruckner Journal", "Bruckner Discography edited by John F. Berky and Hans Roelofs", "Extensive article (35 pages) by Aart van der Wal on Bruckner's Symphony No. 9, unfinished finale", "Classical Net", "UV.es", "Bruckner biography, 19th century Austrian culture and society", "Bruckner MIDIs", "Classical Archives", "The Music of Eternity" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Anton Bruckner\n", "Josef Anton Bruckner (; ) was an Austrian composer, organist, and music theorist best known for his symphonies, masses, Te Deum and motets. The first are considered emblematic of the final stage of Austro-German Romanticism because of their rich harmonic language, strongly polyphonic character, and considerable length. Bruckner's compositions helped to define contemporary musical radicalism, owing to their dissonances, unprepared modulations, and roving harmonies.\n", "Unlike other musical radicals such as Richard Wagner and Hugo Wolf, Bruckner showed extreme humility before other musicians, Wagner in particular. This apparent dichotomy between Bruckner the person and Bruckner the composer hampers efforts to describe his life in a way that gives a straightforward context for his music. Hans von Bülow described him as \"half genius, half simpleton\". Bruckner was self-critical of his work, and often reworked his compositions. There are several versions of many of his works.\n", "His works, the symphonies in particular, had detractors, most notably the influential Austrian critic Eduard Hanslick, and other supporters of Johannes Brahms who pointed to their large size and use of repetition, as well as to Bruckner's propensity for revising many of his works, often with the assistance of colleagues, and his apparent indecision about which versions he preferred. On the other hand, Bruckner was greatly admired by subsequent composers, including his friend Gustav Mahler.\n", "Section::::Life and career.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Early life.\n", "Anton Bruckner was born in Ansfelden (then a village, now a suburb of Linz) on 4 September 1824. The ancestors of Bruckner's family were farmers and craftsmen; their history can be traced as far back as the 16th century. They lived near a bridge south of Sindelburg, which led to their being called \"Pruckhner an der Pruckhen\" (bridgers on the bridge). Bruckner's grandfather was appointed schoolmaster in Ansfelden in 1776; this position was inherited by Bruckner's father, Anton Bruckner Sr., in 1823. It was a poorly paid but well-respected position in the rural environment. Bruckner Sr. married Therese Helm, and they had eleven children, Anton Bruckner being the eldest.\n", "Music was a part of the school curriculum, and Bruckner's father was his first music teacher. Bruckner learned to play the organ early as a child. He was very dedicated to the instrument just as he was later in life in composing, often practicing for 12 hours a day. He entered school when he was six, proved to be a hard-working student, and was promoted to upper class early. While studying, Bruckner also helped his father in teaching the other children. After Bruckner received his confirmation in 1833, Bruckner's father sent him to another school in Hörsching. The schoolmaster, Johann Baptist Weiß, was a music enthusiast and respected organist. Here, Bruckner completed his school education and refined his skills as an organist. Around 1835 Bruckner wrote his first composition, a \"Pange lingua\" – one of the compositions which he revised at the end of his life. When his father became ill, Anton returned to Ansfelden to help him in his work.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Teacher's education.\n", "Bruckner's father died in 1837, when Bruckner was 13 years old. The teacher's position and house were given to a successor, and Bruckner was sent to the Augustinian monastery in Sankt Florian to become a choirboy. In addition to choir practice, his education included violin and organ lessons. Bruckner was in awe of the monastery's great organ, which was built during the late baroque era and rebuilt in 1837, and he sometimes played it during church services. Later, the organ was to be called the \"Bruckner Organ\". Despite his musical abilities, Bruckner's mother sent her son to a teaching seminar in Linz in 1841.\n", "After completing the seminar with an excellent grade, Bruckner was sent as a teacher's assistant to a school in Windhaag. The living standards and pay were appalling and Bruckner was constantly humiliated by his superior, teacher Franz Fuchs. Despite the difficult situation, Bruckner never complained or rebelled; a belief of inferiority was to remain one of Bruckner's main personal characteristics during his whole life. He stayed at Windhaag from age 17 to 19, teaching subjects that had nothing to do with music.\n", "Prelate Michael Arneth noticed Bruckner's bad situation in Windhaag and awarded him a teacher's assistant position in the vicinity of the monastic town of Sankt Florian, sending him to Kronstorf an der Enns for two years. Here he would be able to have more of a part in musical activity. The time in Kronstorf was a much happier one for Bruckner. Between 1843 and 1845, Bruckner was the pupil of Leopold von Zenetti in Enns. Compared to the few works he wrote in Windhaag, the Kronstorf compositions from 1843–1845 show a significantly improved artistic ability, and finally the beginnings of what could be called \"the Bruckner style\". Among the Kronstorf works is the vocal piece \"Asperges me\" (WAB 4), which the young teacher's assistant, out of line of his position, signed with \"Anton Bruckner m.p.ria. Comp[onist]\". This has been interpreted as a lone early sign of Bruckner's artistic ambitions. Otherwise, little is known of Bruckner's life plans and intentions.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Organist in Sankt Florian.\n", "After the Kronstorf period, Bruckner returned to Sankt Florian in 1845, where, for the next 10 years, he would work as a teacher and an organist. In May 1845, Bruckner passed an examination, which allowed him to begin work as an assistant teacher in one of the village schools of Sankt Florian. He continued to improve his education by taking further courses, passing an examination giving him the permission to also teach in higher education institutes, receiving the grade \"very good\" in all disciplines. In 1848 Bruckner was appointed an organist in Sankt Florian and in 1851 this was made a regular position. In Sankt Florian, most of the repertoire consisted of the music of Michael Haydn, Johann Georg Albrechtsberger and Franz Joseph Aumann. During his stay in Sankt Florian Bruckner continued to work with Zenetti.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Study period.\n", "In 1855, Bruckner, aspiring to become a student of the famous Vienna music theorist Simon Sechter, showed the master his \"Missa solemnis\" (WAB 29), written a year earlier, and was accepted. The education, which included skills in music theory and counterpoint among others, took place mostly via correspondence, but also included long in-person sessions in Vienna. Sechter's teaching would have a profound influence on Bruckner. Later, when Bruckner began teaching music himself, he would base his curriculum on Sechter's book \"Die Grundsätze der musikalischen Komposition\" (Leipzig 1853/54).\n", "Bruckner was largely self-taught as a composer, but only started composing seriously at age 37 in 1861. Bruckner studied further with Otto Kitzler, who was nine years younger than him and who introduced him to the music of Richard Wagner, which Bruckner studied extensively from 1863 onwards. Bruckner considered the earliest orchestral works (the \"study\" Symphony in F minor, the three orchestral pieces, the March in D minor and the Overture in G minor, which he composed in 1862-1863), mere school exercises, done under the supervision of Otto Kitzler. He continued his studies to the age of 40. Broad fame and acceptance did not come until he was over 60 (after the premiere of his Seventh Symphony in 1884). In 1861 he had already made the acquaintance of Franz Liszt who, like Bruckner, had a strong, Catholic religious faith and who first and foremost was a harmonic innovator, initiating the new German school together with Wagner. In May 1861 he made his concert debut, as both composer and conductor of his \"Ave Maria\", set in seven parts. Soon after Bruckner had ended his studies under Sechter and Kitzler, he wrote his first mature work, the Mass in D Minor. From 1861 to 1868, he alternated his time between Vienna and Sankt Florian. He wished to ensure he knew how to make his music modern, but he also wanted to spend time in a more religious setting.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:The Vienna period.\n", "In 1868, after Sechter had died, Bruckner hesitantly accepted Sechter's post as a teacher of music theory at the Vienna Conservatory, during which time he concentrated most of his energy on writing symphonies. These symphonies, however, were poorly received, at times considered \"wild\" and \"nonsensical\". His students at the Conservatory included Richard Robert.\n", "He later accepted a post at the Vienna University in 1875, where he tried to make music theory a part of the curriculum. Overall, he was unhappy in Vienna, which was musically dominated by the critic Eduard Hanslick. At the time, there was a feud between advocates of the music of Wagner and Brahms; by aligning himself with Wagner, Bruckner made an unintentional enemy out of Hanslick. He was not without supporters, though. \"Deutsche Zeitung\"'s music critic Theodor Helm, and famous conductors such as Arthur Nikisch and Franz Schalk constantly tried to bring his music to the public, and for this purpose proposed \"improvements\" for making Bruckner's music more acceptable to the public. While Bruckner allowed these changes, he also made sure in his will to bequeath his original scores to the Austrian National Library in Vienna, confident of their musical validity.\n", "In addition to his symphonies, Bruckner wrote masses, motets and other sacred choral works, and a few chamber works, including a string quintet. Unlike his romantic symphonies, some of Bruckner's choral works are often conservative and contrapuntal in style; however, the Te Deum, Helgoland, Psalm 150 and at least one Mass demonstrate innovative and radical uses of chromaticism.\n", "Biographers generally characterize Bruckner as a \"simple\" provincial man, and many biographers have complained that there is huge discrepancy between Bruckner's life and his work. For example, Karl Grebe said: \"his life doesn't tell anything about his work, and his work doesn't tell anything about his life, that's the uncomfortable fact any biography must start from.\" Anecdotes abound as to Bruckner's dogged pursuit of his chosen craft and his humble acceptance of the fame that eventually came his way. Once, after a rehearsal of his Fourth Symphony in 1881, the well-meaning Bruckner tipped the conductor Hans Richter: \"When the symphony was over,\" Richter related, \"Bruckner came to me, his face beaming with enthusiasm and joy. I felt him press a coin into my hand. 'Take this' he said, 'and drink a glass of beer to my health.'\" Richter, of course, accepted the coin, a Maria Theresa thaler, and wore it on his watch-chain ever after.\n", "Bruckner was a renowned organist in his day, impressing audiences in France in 1869, and England in 1871, giving six recitals on a new Henry Willis organ at Royal Albert Hall in London and five more at the Crystal Palace. Though he wrote no major works for the organ, his improvisation sessions sometimes yielded ideas for the symphonies. He taught organ performance at the Conservatory; among his students were Hans Rott and Franz Schmidt. Gustav Mahler, who called Bruckner his \"forerunner\", attended the conservatory at this time.\n", "In July 1886, the Emperor decorated him with the Order of Franz Joseph. He most likely retired from his position at the University of Vienna in 1892, at the age of 68. He wrote a great deal of music that he used to help teach his students.\n", "Bruckner died in Vienna in 1896 at the age of 72. He is buried in the crypt of the monastery church at Sankt Florian, immediately below his favorite organ. He had always had a morbid fascination with death and dead bodies, and left explicit instructions regarding the embalming of his corpse.\n", "The Anton Bruckner Private University for Music, Drama, and Dance, an institution of higher education in Linz, close to his native Ansfelden, was named after him in 1932 (\"Bruckner Conservatory Linz\" until 2004). The Bruckner Orchestra Linz was also named in his honor.\n", "Section::::Compositions.\n", "Sometimes Bruckner's works are referred to by WAB numbers, from the \"Werkverzeichnis Anton Bruckner\", a catalogue of Bruckner's works edited by Renate Grasberger.\n", "The revision issue has generated controversy. A common explanation for the multiple versions is that Bruckner was willing to revise his work on the basis of harsh, uninformed criticism from his colleagues. \"The result of such advice was to awaken immediately all the insecurity in the non-musical part of Bruckner's personality,\" musicologist Deryck Cooke writes. \"Lacking all self-assurance in such matters, he felt obliged to bow to the opinions of his friends, 'the experts,' to permit ... revisions and even to help make them in some cases.\" This explanation was widely accepted when it was championed by Bruckner scholar Robert Haas, who was the chief editor of the first critical editions of Bruckner's works published by the International Bruckner Society; it continues to be found in the majority of program notes and biographical sketches concerning Bruckner. Haas's work was endorsed by the Nazis and so fell out of favour after the war as the Allies enforced denazification.\n", "Haas's rival Leopold Nowak was appointed to produce a whole new critical edition of Bruckner's works. He and others such as Benjamin Korstvedt and conductor Leon Botstein argued that Haas's explanation is at best idle speculation, at worst a shady justification of Haas's own editorial decisions. Also, it has been pointed out that Bruckner often started work on a symphony just days after finishing the one before. As Cooke writes, \"In spite of continued opposition and criticism, and many well-meaning exhortations to caution from his friends, he looked neither to right nor left, but simply got down to work on the next symphony.\" The matter of Bruckner's authentic texts and the reasons for his changes to them remains politicised and uncomfortable.\n", "Section::::Compositions.:Symphonies.\n", "\"Bruckner expanded the concept of the symphonic form in ways that have never been witnessed before or since. … When listening to a Bruckner symphony, one encounters some of the most complex symphonic writing ever created. As scholars study Bruckner's scores they continue to revel in the complexity of Bruckner's creative logic.\"\n", "Bruckner composed eleven symphonies, the first, the Study Symphony in F minor in 1863, the last, the unfinished Symphony No. 9 in D minor in 1887–96. With the exception of Symphony No. 4 (\"Romantic\"), none of Bruckner's symphonies has a subtitle and in the case of those that now do, the nicknames or subtitles did not originate with the composer.\n", "Section::::Compositions.:Symphonies.:Style.\n", "Bruckner's symphonies are scored for a fairly standard orchestra of woodwinds in pairs, four horns, two or three trumpets, three trombones, tuba (from the second version of the Fourth), timpani and strings. The later symphonies increase this complement, but not by much. Notable is the use of Wagner tubas in his last three symphonies. Only the Eighth has harp, and percussion besides timpani (though legend has it the Seventh is supposed to have a cymbal crash at the exact moment Wagner died. Bruckner's style of orchestral writing was criticized by his Viennese contemporaries, but by the middle of the twentieth century, musicologists recognized that his orchestration was modeled after the sound of his primary instrument, the pipe organ, \"i.e.\", alternating between two groups of instruments, as when changing from one manual of the organ to another.\n", "Section::::Compositions.:Symphonies.:Structure.\n", "The structure of Bruckner's symphonies is in a way an extension of that of Beethoven's symphonies. Bruckner's symphonies are in four movements. \n", "BULLET::::- The first movement, in 4/4 or 2/2, is, from Symphony No. 2 on, an allegro in modified sonata form with three thematic groups. The first group is mostly displayed in piano or pianissimo on a tremolo of the string instruments and is, after a long crescendo, repeated in tutti. The second group, melodious and in A-B-A’ lied form, is mostly of contrapuntal structure. The third group, mostly rhythmical and often in unison, is sometimes a variant of the first group, as in Symphony No. 4. The often extensive development is followed by a modified and somewhat shortened reprise and a powerful coda.\n", "BULLET::::- The second movement, mostly an adagio in 4/4, is generally in ABA’B’A’’ lied form. The first thematic group, sometime rhythmical, is developed and magnified in the third and fifth parts. The second group is mostly a melody in cantilena form. The adagio is put in third position in the first version of Symphony No. 2, and in Symphony No. 8 and Symphony No. 9.\n", "BULLET::::- The scherzo in 3/4 and in minor mode is often fiery. The, sometimes very short, trio is more melodious and often in Ländler form. The \"da capo\" reprise is, in Bruckner's early symphonies, ending with a short, powerful coda. The revised version of the Symphony No. 4 features a scherzo – the \"Hunt scherzo\" – in which the outer sections are in 2/4 and in major mode.\n", "BULLET::::- The Finale, in 4/4 or 2/2, is, as the first movement, an allegro in modified sonata form with three thematic groups. The first group, often a kind of introduction, is followed by a second, melodious and often contrapuntal group, and a third, rhythmical and often in unison, group, which is sometimes a variant of the first group, as in Symphony No. 2. The development, often of dramatic character, is followed by a less formal reprise, which is sometimes inverted (C’-B’-A’) as in Symphony No. 7, and a coda in which the first thematic group of the first movement is magnified. In the coda of Symphony No. 8, the first thematic group of all four movements are magnified.\n", "Nicholas Temperley writes in the \"New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (1980)\" that Bruckner\n", "alone succeeded in creating a new school of symphonic writing... Some have classified him as a conservative, some as a radical. Really he was neither, or alternatively was a fusion of both... [H]is music, though Wagnerian in its orchestration and in its huge rising and falling periods, patently has its roots in older styles. Bruckner took Beethoven's Ninth Symphony as his starting-point... The introduction to the first movement, beginning mysteriously and climbing slowly with fragments of the first theme to the gigantic full statement of that theme, was taken over by Bruckner; so was the awe-inspiring coda of the first movement. The scherzo and slow movement, with their alternation of melodies, are models for Bruckner's spacious middle movements, while the finale with a grand culminating hymn is a feature of almost every Bruckner symphony.\n", "Bruckner is the first composer since Schubert about whom it is possible to make such generalizations. His symphonies deliberately followed a pattern, each one building on the achievements of its predecessors... His melodic and harmonic style changed little, and it had as much of Schubert in it as of Wagner... His technique in the development and transformation of themes, learnt from Beethoven, Liszt and Wagner, was unsurpassed, and he was almost the equal of Brahms in the art of melodic variation.\n", "Cooke adds, also in the \"New Grove\",\n", "Despite its general debt to Beethoven and Wagner, the \"Bruckner Symphony\" is a unique conception, not only because of the individuality of its spirit and its materials, but even more because of the absolute originality of its formal processes. At first, these processes seemed so strange and unprecedented that they were taken as evidence of sheer incompetence... Now it is recognized that Bruckner's unorthodox structural methods were inevitable... Bruckner created a new and monumental type of symphonic organism, which abjured the tense, dynamic continuity of Beethoven, and the broad, fluid continuity of Wagner, in order to express something profoundly different from either composer, something elemental and metaphysical.\n", "In a concert review, Bernard Holland described parts of the first movements of Bruckner's sixth and seventh symphonies as follows: \"There is the same slow, broad introduction, the drawn-out climaxes that grow, pull back and then grow some more – a sort of musical coitus interruptus.\"\n", "In the 2001 Second Edition of the \"New Grove\", Mark Evan Bonds called the Bruckner symphonies \"monumental in scope and design, combining lyricism with an inherently polyphonic design... Bruckner favored an approach to large-scale form that relied more on large-scale thematic and harmonic juxtaposition. Over the course of his output, one senses an ever-increasing interest in cyclic integration that culminates in his masterpiece, the Symphony No. 8 in C minor, a work whose final page integrates the main themes of all four movements simultaneously.\"\n", "In 1990, The American artist, Jack Ox, gave a paper called \"The Systematic Translation of Anton Bruckner's Eighth Symphony into a series of Thirteen Paintings\" at the Bruckner Symposium in Linz Austria; here she structurally analyzed all of the Eighth Symphony's themes. She then proceeded to show how she mapped this musical data into a series of twelve large, painted visualizations. The conference report was published in 1993.\n", "Section::::Compositions.:Symphonies.:The Bruckner Problem.\n", "\"The Bruckner Problem\" refers to the difficulties and complications resulting from the numerous contrasting versions and editions that exist for most of the symphonies. The term gained currency following the publication (in 1969) of an article dealing with the subject, \"The Bruckner Problem Simplified\" by musicologist Deryck Cooke, which brought the issue to the attention of English-speaking musicians.\n", "The first versions of Bruckner's symphonies often presented an instrumental, contrapuntal and rhythmic complexity (Brucknerian rhythm \"2 + 3\", use of quintuplets), the originality of which has not been understood and considered unperformable by the musicians. In order to make them \"performable\", the symphonies, except Symphonies No. 6 and No. 7, have been revised several times. Consequently, there are several versions and editions, mainly of Symphonies 3, 4 and 8, which have been deeply emended by Bruckner's friends and associates, and it is not always possible to tell whether the emendations had Bruckner's direct authorization.\n", "Looking for authentic versions of the symphonies, Robert Haas produced during the 1930s a first critical edition of Bruckner's works based on the original scores. After World War II other scholars (Leopold Nowak, William Carragan, Benjamin-Gunnar Cohrs \"et al.\") carried on with this work.\n", "Section::::Compositions.:Sacred choral works.\n", "Bruckner was a devoutly religious man, and composed numerous sacred works. He wrote a Te Deum, five psalm settings (including Psalm 150 in the 1890s), a Festive cantata, a Magnificat, about forty motets (among them eight settings of \"Tantum ergo\", and three settings of both \"Christus factus est\" and \"Ave Maria\"), and at least seven Masses.\n", "The three early masses (\"Windhaager Messe\", \"Kronstorfer Messe\" and \"Messe für den Gründonnerstag\"), composed between 1842 and 1844, were short Austrian \"Landmessen\" for use in local churches and did not always set all the numbers of the ordinary. His Requiem in D minor of 1849 is the earliest work Bruckner himself considered worthy of preservation. It shows the clear influence of Mozart's Requiem (also in D minor) and similar works of Michael Haydn. The seldom performed \"Missa solemnis\", composed in 1854 for Friedrich Mayer's installation, was the last major work Bruckner composed before he started to study with Simon Sechter, with the possible exception of Psalm 146, a large work, for SATB soloists, double choir and orchestra.\n", "The three Masses, which Bruckner wrote in the 1860s and revised later on in his life, are more often performed. The Masses numbered 1 in D minor and 3 in F minor are for solo singers, mixed choir, organ \"ad libitum\" and orchestra, while No. 2 in E minor is for mixed choir and a small group of wind instruments, and was written in an attempt to meet the Cecilians halfway. The Cecilians wanted to rid church music of instruments entirely. No. 3 was clearly meant for concert, rather than liturgical performance, and it is the only one of his Masses in which he set the first line of the Gloria, \"Gloria in excelsis Deo\", and of the Credo, \"Credo in unum Deum\", to music. In concert performances of the other Masses, these lines are intoned by a tenor soloist in the way a priest would, with a line of plainsong.\n", "Section::::Compositions.:Secular vocal works.\n", "As a young man Bruckner sang in men's choirs and wrote music for them. Bruckner's secular choral music was mostly written for choral societies. The texts are always in German. Some of these works were written specifically for private occasions such as weddings, funerals, birthdays or name-days, many of these being dedicated to friends and acquaintances of the composer. This music is rarely performed. Biographer Derek Watson characterizes the pieces for men's choir as being \"of little concern to the non-German listener\". Of about 30 such pieces, a most unusual and evocative composition is the song \"Abendzauber\" (1878) for men's choir, man soloist, yodelers and four horns.\n", "Bruckner also composed 20 Lieder, of which only a few have been published. The Lieder that Bruckner composed in 1861-1862 during his tuition by Otto Kitzler have not been WAB classified. In 2013 the Austrian National Library was able to acquire a facsimile of the \"Kitzler-Studienbuch\", the autograph manuscript hitherto unavailable to the public. The facsimile is edited by Paul Hawkshaw and Erich Wolfgang Partsch in Band XXV of Bruckner's \"\".\n", "Bruckner composed also five name-day cantatas, as well as two patriotic cantatas, \"Germanenzug\" and \"Helgoland\", on texts by August Silberstein. \"Germanenzug\" (WAB 70), composed in 1863–1864, was Bruckner's first published work. \"Helgoland\" (WAB 71), for TTBB men's choir and large orchestra, was composed in 1893 and was Bruckner's last completed composition and the only secular vocal work that he thought worthy enough to bequeath to the Austrian National Library.\n", "Section::::Compositions.:Other works.\n", "During his apprenticeship with Otto Kitzler, Bruckner composed three short orchestral pieces and a March in D minor as orchestration exercises. At that time he also wrote an Overture in G minor. These works, which are occasionally included in recordings of the symphonies, show already hints of Bruckner's emerging style.\n", "A String Quartet in C minor and the additional Rondo in C minor, also composed in 1862, were discovered decades after Bruckner's death. The later String Quintet in F Major of 1879, contemporaneous with the Fifth and Sixth symphonies, has been frequently performed. The Intermezzo in D minor, which was intended to replace its scherzo, is not frequently performed.\n", "A \"Symphonisches Präludium\" (Symphonic Prelude) in C minor was discovered by Mahler scholar Paul Banks in the Austrian National Library in 1974 in a piano duet transcription. Banks ascribed it to Gustav Mahler, and had it orchestrated by Albrecht Gürsching. In 1985 Wolfgang Hiltl, who had retrieved the original score by Rudolf Krzyzanowski, had it published by Doblinger (issued in 2002). According to scholar Benjamin-Gunnar Cohrs, the stylistic examination of this \"prelude\" shows that it is all Bruckner's. Possibly Bruckner had given a draft-score to his pupil Krzyzanowski, which already contained the string parts and some important lines for woodwind and brass, as an exercise in instrumentation.\n", "Bruckner's Two Aequali of 1847 for three trombones are solemn, brief works. The Military march of 1865 is an occasional work as a gesture of appreciation for the \"Militär-Kapelle der Jäger-Truppe\" of Linz. \"Abendklänge\" of 1866 is a short character piece for violin and piano.\n", "Bruckner also wrote a Lancer-Quadrille () and a few other small works for piano. Most of this music was written for teaching purposes. Sixteen other pieces for piano, which Bruckner composed in 1862 during his tuition by Kitzler, have not been WAB classified. A facsimile of these pieces is found in the \"Kitzler-Studienbuch\".\n", "Bruckner was a renowned organist at the St Florian's Priory, where he improvised frequently. Those improvisations were usually not transcribed, so that only a few of his work for organ has survived. The five Preludes in E-flat major (1836–1837), classified WAB 127 and WAB 128, as well as a few other WAB-unclassified works, which have been found in Bruckner's \"Präludienbuch\", are probably not by Bruckner.\n", "Bruckner never wrote an opera, and as much as he was a fan of Wagner's music dramas, he was uninterested in drama. In 1893 he thought about writing an opera called \"Astra\" based on a novel by Gertrud Bollé-Hellmund.\n", "Although he attended performances of Wagner's operas, he was much more interested in the music than the plot. After seeing Wagner's \"Götterdämmerung\", he asked: \"Tell me, why did they burn the woman at the end?\" Nor did Bruckner ever write an oratorio.\n", "Section::::Compositions.:Bruckner Gesamtausgabe.\n", "Published by Musikwissenschaftlicher Verlag in Vienna, the \"\" (Bruckner's Critical Complete Edition) comprises three successive editions.\n", "BULLET::::- The first edition (1934–1944, Editorial Head: Robert Haas) included 'hybrid' scores for Symphonies 2 and 8 and other similar conflations for some other revised works.\n", "BULLET::::- In the second edition (1951–1989, Editorial Head: Leopold Nowak) Nowak \"et al.\" went about publishing several versions of some works, in the process correcting some mistakes of Haas. After Nowak's resignation, (1990 onwards, Editorial Head: Herbert Vogg) William Carragan, Paul Hawkshaw, Benjamin-Gunnar Cohrs \"et al.\" are in the process of reviewing and further correcting the work of Haas and Nowak.\n", "BULLET::::- In 2011 it has been decided to issue a new edition (Editorial board: Paul Hawkshaw, Thomas Leibnitz, Andreas Lindner, Angela Pachovsky, Thomas Röder), which will include the content of the current edition and integrate the in the meantime retrieved sources.\n", "Section::::Reception in the 20th century.\n", "Because of the long duration and vast orchestral canvas of much of his music, Bruckner's popularity has greatly benefited from the introduction of long-playing media and from improvements in recording technology.\n", "Decades after his death, the Nazis strongly approved of Bruckner's music because they saw it as expressing the zeitgeist of the German volk, and Hitler even consecrated a bust of Bruckner in a widely photographed ceremony in 1937 at Regensburg's Walhalla temple. Bruckner's music was among the most popular in Nazi Germany.\n", "Near the end of World War II, Adolf Hitler became enamored of the music of Bruckner, and, as a result, planned to convert the monastery of St. Florian in Linz – where Bruckner had played the organ, and where he was buried – into a repository of Bruckner's manuscripts. Hitler evicted the monks from the building and personally paid for the restoration of the organ and the institution of a Bruckner study center there. He also paid for the Haas collection of Bruckner's works to be published, and himself purchased material for the proposed library. Additionally, Hitler caused the founding of the Bruckner Symphony Orchestra, which began presenting concerts in Fall 1943. His plan for one of the bell towers in Linz to play a theme from Bruckner's Fourth Symphony never came to pass. The Adagio from Bruckner's Seventh Symphony was broadcast by German radio (Deutscher Reichsrundfunk) when it announced the news of Hitler's death on 1 May 1945.\n", "Today the Brucknerhaus in Linz, which opened in 1974, is named after him.\n", "The approval by Hitler and the Nazis of his music did not hurt Bruckner's standing in the postwar media, and several movies and TV productions in Europe and the United States have used excerpts from his music ever since the 1950s, as they already did in the 1930s. Nor did the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra ever ban Bruckner's music as they have Wagner's, even recording the Eighth Symphony with Zubin Mehta.\n", "Bruckner's symphonic works, much maligned in Vienna in his lifetime, now have an important place in the tradition and musical repertoire of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra.\n", "Section::::Reception in the 20th century.:In popular culture.\n", "The life of Bruckner was portrayed in Jan Schmidt-Garre's 1995 film \"Bruckner's Decision\", which focuses on his recovery in an Austrian spa. Ken Russell's TV movie \"The Strange Affliction of Anton Bruckner\", starring Peter Mackriel, also fictionalizes Bruckner's real-life stay at a sanatorium because of obsessive-compulsive disorder (or 'numeromania' as it was then described).\n", "In addition, \"Visconti used the music of Bruckner for his \"Senso\" (1954), its plot concerned with the Austrian invasion of Italy in the 1860s.\" The score by Carl Davis for the restoration of the 1925 film \"Ben-Hur\" takes \"inspiration from Bruckner to achieve reverence in biblical scenes.\"\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Bruckner Orchestra Linz\n", "BULLET::::- International Bruckner Society\n", "BULLET::::- List of Austrians\n", "BULLET::::- List of Austrians in music\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Notes\n", "BULLET::::- Sources\n", "BULLET::::- Bruckner, Anton. Symphony No. 8/2, C minor, 1890 version. Edited by Leopold Nowak. New York: Eulenberg, 1994.\n", "BULLET::::- Uwe Harten, \"Anton Bruckner. Ein Handbuch\". Residenz Verlag, Salzburg, 1996. .\n", "BULLET::::- Korstvedt, Benjamin M. Anton Bruckner: Symphony No. 8 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 19.\n", "BULLET::::- ed. Stanley Sadie, \"The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians\" (London: Macmillan, 1980), 20 vols. .\n", "BULLET::::- ed. Stanley Sadie, \"The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Second Edition\" (London: Macmillan, 2001), 29 vols. .\n", "BULLET::::- Horton, Julian, \"\"Bruckner's Symphonies: Analysis, Reception and Cultural Politics\"\", 2004, Cambridge.\n", "BULLET::::- James R. Oestreich, \"\"Problems and Detours On Bruckner's Timeline\"\", New York Times, 10 July 2005, Sec. Arts and Leisure, Pg. 23.\n", "BULLET::::- Cornelis van Zwol, \"Anton Bruckner 1824-1896 - Leven en werken\", uit. Thoth, Bussum, Netherlands, 2012 -\n", "BULLET::::- Further reading\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- The Bruckner Society of America abruckner.com\n", "BULLET::::- The Bruckner Journal devoted to Anton Bruckner, edited by Ken Ward, caters for lay enthusiasts, musicians and academics. Produced in the UK\n", "BULLET::::- Bruckner Discography edited by John F. Berky and Hans Roelofs – Detailed listing recordings of Anton Bruckner's works. Also includes articles and free downloads\n", "BULLET::::- Extensive article (35 pages) by Aart van der Wal on Bruckner's Symphony No. 9, unfinished finale\n", "BULLET::::- Classical Net – Bruckner Bio, Recordings, and Essays\n", "BULLET::::- UV.es – Anton Bruckner Bibliography\n", "BULLET::::- Bruckner biography, 19th century Austrian culture and society\n", "BULLET::::- Bruckner MIDIs at Classical Archives\n", "BULLET::::- The Music of Eternity by David B. Hart, \"First Things\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Josef Anton Bruckner", "Bruckner", "Anton Josef Bruckner", "Joseph Anton Bruckner", "Anton Joseph Bruckner", "Anton Brückner" ] }, "description": "Austrian composer", "enwikiquote_title": "Anton Bruckner", "wikidata_id": "Q81752", "wikidata_label": "Anton Bruckner", "wikipedia_title": "Anton Bruckner" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Vinko Pintarić\n", "Vinko Pintarić (3 April 1941 – 25 May 1991) was a Croatian serial killer and outlaw who murdered five people over the course of 17 years and escaped from prisons and police stakeouts on multiple occasions. His violent, vindictive nature and proficiency with firearms struck fear into inhabitants of Hrvatsko Zagorje, a region of northern Croatia where he spent years at large, hiding from the law enforcement and engaging in various crimes, until his 1991 death in a shootout with the police.\n", "Protracted media coverage of his exploits made Pintarić a household name in Croatia and Yugoslavia and even brought him a degree of sympathy from the general public, who saw him as a Robin Hood-like figure, and dubbed him \"Čaruga of Zagorje\", after an infamous post-World War I outlaw Jovo Stanisavljević Čaruga.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Pintarić was born in 1941 in Zrinski Topolovac near Bjelovar. During World War II, his father Ilija joined the Partisan resistance, but near the end of the war he was taken away by the Ustaše and spent several months with them. Because of this, in June 1945 Ilija was beaten by Department of National Security (OZNA) agents in the presence of his family, including Pintarić and his elder brother Josip, and then taken away. Pintarić's mother urged Ilija's Partisan comrades to intervene on his behalf, but they refused. Ilija never returned; according to rumors, he was shot the day after his arrest.\n", "Pintarić's mother remarried after a couple of years, and his alcoholic stepfather physically abused him. All these traumatic events instilled a permanent sense of betrayal in Pintarić and fueled his anger and resentment; he would often talk about \"avenging his father\". In his adolescence, he developed an interest in firearms, using them for poaching. On several occasions he had his illegally owned weapons confiscated by the police.\n", "His first marriage lasted only a couple of months. Angered by demeaning treatment from his in-laws, he assaulted them, for which he spent some time in prison. He never returned to his wife. Instead, he moved to Zabok and married Katica Tisanić, a divorced woman with a child. They built a house in Zabok and had a daughter. For a while, Pintarić was a good husband and father, a man who wanted to move away from his traumatic childhood and failed marriage.\n", "Section::::First murders.\n", "Pintarić committed his first murder on 26 April 1973. On that day, he applied for a job in a local factory, but was rejected. Disappointed over his repeated failures to secure a job in the factory and suspecting undue influence of his brothers-in-law, who were already employed there, he went to a local inn and drank heavily. On his way home, he got into a quarrel and physical confrontation with his neighbors. Pintarić went to his home to get a pistol, shot the neighbor dead, and wounded his neighbor's tenant. He hid for 18 days before turning himself in to the police. He was committed to Vrapče Psychiatric Hospital for evaluation, but he escaped from the institution on 18 September 1973 and went into hiding again.\n", "Pintarić was suspicious towards his wife, believing that she was helping the police to capture or even kill him. On 24 October 1973 Pintarić shot her dead through the window of his brother's house and fled into the night. Again, Pintarić was drunk when he committed the crime, and had no recollection of the event on the following day. Only after inquiring about what had happened in Zabok, he realized that he had murdered his wife.\n", "Pintarić was captured on 20 January 1974. The police learned of his whereabouts and surrounded the house in which he was hiding. After brief negotiations, Pintarić surrendered without resistance. He was tried for two murders, an attempted murder, and endangering his neighbors by shooting at their homes. He admitted the crimes, but pleaded not guilty, arguing that he was provoked into murder while intoxicated. On 18 November 1974 he was pronounced guilty and sentenced to death, an outcome Pintarić had feared the most. However, to his relief, this was quickly commuted to 20 years imprisonment, the maximum prison term under the law.\n", "Section::::Imprisonment and escape.\n", "Pintarić served his sentence in Stara Gradiška prison. Due to his good behavior, he was assigned duties which were not accessible to other prisoners, such as preparing coffee and growing flowers. Still, after eight years in prison some problems emerged, as Pintarić was issuing threats to his former neighbors. At the same time, he was petitioning for a leave. The authorities were aware of his threats and denied all his petitions, assessing that he might commit more crimes upon release.\n", "On 21 February 1982 Pintarić managed to escape from the prison by simply adding his name to a list of prisoners to be released on a leave. Five days later, he wrote a letter to his attorney, saying that he escaped because writing petitions made no sense any more. He announced that he was going to kill \"a lot of people\", and that what he had done was just the beginning.\n", "Pintarić got involved with Barbara Šipek, a woman from the village of Andraševec, near Donja Stubica. They lived together in her house, and even went stealing together. She knew about his identity, as did the villagers. When she was apprehended by the police in April 1983, Pintarić barged into a nearby Kucelj family house armed with a shotgun, and threatened to kill \"thirty people\" unless she was released. However, Milan and Matija Kucelj managed to surprise Pintarić and overpower him, hacking him with a cleaver in the process. They left him for dead and promptly alarmed the Oroslavje police. Pintarić was severely injured, but he survived. As a result of his injuries, he lost full use of his right arm.\n", "Section::::Imprisonment in Lepoglava and final escape.\n", "Pintarić was charged with threats, attempted murder, and 30 counts of burglary. He was again sentenced to 20 years and sent to Lepoglava prison. Life behind bars bored him, so he decided to escape again. On 3 September 1989 he was given a day's leave from which he did not return.\n", "Pintarić went back to his outlaw lifestyle. He kept breaking into cottages across Hrvatsko Zagorje, carefully picking those which had a clear view towards the road and were close to a forest, making the escape easier.\n", "In June 1990 the police received a tip about Pintarić having been seen in Prosenik Začretski, near Zabok. They talked to Rudolf Belina, owner of a nearby cottage. A couple of days later, he was visited and shot dead by Pintarić, who thought Belina had betrayed him to the authorities. Shortly after that, Pintarić murdered Barbara Šipek's neighbor for having killed one of her chickens. His fifth and final victim was Božo Habek, shot dead on 2 August 1990 simply for asking the already paranoid Pintarić if he was looking for somebody.\n", "The police was closing in on Pintarić, and twice came very near to apprehending him. However, on both of these occasions Pintarić opened fire, wounded a policeman, and managed to escape.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "By 1991, the Zabok police had set up a team dedicated to locating and capturing Pintarić. Over time, they learned more about his habits. He was getting increasingly careless, partly due to alcohol abuse. In May 1991 they received an information that Pintarić was visiting his lover Ankica Buhiniček and decided to set up a stakeout on her house near Veliko Trgovišće. On the third night, the policemen saw a man coming from the woods and approaching the house. After they radioed for backup, they were joined by a special forces team from Kumrovec, and the compound was quickly surrounded.\n", "When Pintarić exited the house in the morning, he was called to surrender, but he opened fire instead. There was a brief exchange in which Pintarić was wounded and he ran back into the house. He still refused to surrender, and asked for his attorney. When the attorney came, Pintarić asked him to come to the house, which the police did not allow. By noon of the same day, it was apparent that voluntary surrender is very unlikely, and the police fired tear gas into the compound. Pintarić then shot Buhiniček in the stomach, accusing her of \"ratting\" him, and fired on the police. One of the policemen then entered the house and killed Pintarić by a single gunshot to the head. The woman survived the shooting.\n", "Pintarić is buried in the Lepoglava cemetery, in an unmarked grave.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- 'Noćima sam tumarao cestama, molio Boga da naleti. Bojao sam se da će opet ubiti'\n", "BULLET::::- Pokolj u Zagorju jezivo podsjetio na zloglasnog ubojicu Vinka Pintarića\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Croatian serial killer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q628306", "wikidata_label": "Vinko Pintarić", "wikipedia_title": "Vinko Pintarić" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Beate Gangås\n", "Beate Gangås (born 24 April 1963) is a Norwegian police officer and civil servant.\n", "She was born in Asker. She graduated from the University of Oslo with the cand.jur. degree in 1991. She worked for the Norwegian Directorate for Health from 1991 to 1992, served as a police prosecutor in Vest-Finnmark in 1992 before being hired in the Oslo police. From 2001 to 2006 she worked in the National Police Directorate. In 2006 she was appointed as the Norwegian Equality and Anti-Discrimination Ombud, a merger between the Centre for Equality, the Equality Ombud and the Centre Against Ethnic Discrimination. She became the chief of police in Østfold Police District in 2010.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Norwegian police chief", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4877031", "wikidata_label": "Beate Gangås", "wikipedia_title": "Beate Gangås" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Sunniva Ørstavik\n", "Sunniva Ørstavik (born 13 June 1967) is a Norwegian civil servant.\n", "She is a sociologist by education, and was secretary-general of the Norwegian Council for Mental Health from 2005 to 2010 and the Gender Equality and Anti-Discrimination Ombud from 2010 to 2016.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Norwegian civil servant", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7640611", "wikidata_label": "Sunniva Ørstavik", "wikipedia_title": "Sunniva Ørstavik" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Damir Sadikov\n", "Damir Maratovich Sadikov (; born 12 July 1991) is a Russian professional football player. He plays for FC Ararat-2 Moscow.\n", "Section::::Club career.\n", "He made his debut in the Russian Premier League on 26 March 2010 for FC Amkar Perm.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Profile by the Russian Football Premier League\n", "BULLET::::- Career profile at sportbox.ru\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Damir Maratovich Sadikov" ] }, "description": "Russian footballer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4404548", "wikidata_label": "Damir Sadikov", "wikipedia_title": "Damir Sadikov" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Sergei Bryzgalov\n", "Sergei Vladimirovich Bryzgalov (; born 15 November 1992) is a Russian footballer. He plays for FC Ural Yekaterinburg. He normally plays as a defensive midfielder or centre-back.\n", "Section::::Club career.\n", "He made his debut in the Russian Premier League on 28 March 2010 for FC Saturn Moscow Oblast in a game against FC Rostov.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Profile by the Russian Football Premier League\n", "BULLET::::- Career profile at sportbox.ru\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Sergey Vladimirovich Bryzgalov" ] }, "description": "Russian footballer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4097329", "wikidata_label": "Sergei Bryzgalov", "wikipedia_title": "Sergei Bryzgalov" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ernest Taylor (rugby union)\n", "Ernest William Taylor (20 February 1869 – 9 April 1936) was a rugby union player who represented England from 1892 to 1899. He also captained the national team.\n", "Taylor, nicknamed Little Billie, made his international debut on 6 February 1892 at Whalley Range, Greater Manchester, against Ireland. He played his final international match on 4 February 1899, at Lansdowne Road, again against Ireland. Of his 14 international matches his team won 7.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "English rugby union player", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5393880", "wikidata_label": "Ernest Taylor", "wikipedia_title": "Ernest Taylor (rugby union)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ishmael ben Elisha ha-Kohen\n", "Ishmael ben Elisha ha-Kohen (, \"\"Rabbi Ishmael ben Elisha Kohen Gadol\"\", lit. \"Rabbi Ishmael ben (son of) Elisha [the] Kohen Gadol (High priest)\"; sometimes in short Ishmael ha-Kohen, lit. \"\"Ishmael the Priest\"\") was one of the prominent leaders of the first generation of the Tannaim. \n", "Jewish tradition describes his father as High Priest in the Second Temple of Jerusalem, though no High Priest by the name Elisha is historically known.\n", "Ishmael was also one of the Ten Martyrs, along with Shimon ben Gamliel. Ishmael's tomb is located in the Druze village of Sajur in the Upper Galilee.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Ishmael ha-Kohen" ] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2070152", "wikidata_label": "Ishmael ben Elisha ha-Kohen", "wikipedia_title": "Ishmael ben Elisha ha-Kohen" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Richard Lockwood\n", "Richard \"Dickie\"/\"Dicky\" Evison Lockwood (11 November 1867 – 10 November 1915) was a rugby union, and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1880s, 1890s and 1900s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for England from 1887 to 1894, and was captain in January and February 1894, and Yorkshire, and at club level for Dewsbury and Heckmondwike, as a Three-quarter, and club level rugby league (RL) for Wakefield Trinity (Heritage № 33), as a Forward, e.g. front row, back row, or lock. Prior to 3 September 1898, Dewsbury was a rugby union club, and prior to the 1896–97 Northern Rugby Football Union season, Heckmondwike was also a rugby union club.\n", "Section::::Background.\n", "Dicky Lockwood was born in Crigglestone, Wakefield, West Riding of Yorkshire, England, and he died aged 47 in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire, England.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Dicky Lockwood was born on 11 November 1867 in Crigglestone. Dicky Lockwood's marriage was registered during first ¼ 1889 in Dewsbury district. Dicky Lockwood was the landlord of The Queen Hotel, Westgate, Heckmondwike.\n", "Section::::Rugby union.\n", "Lockwood made his international début on Saturday 8 January 1887 in Llanelli against Wales in the 1887 Home Nations Championship. The match was to have been held at Stradey Park, which would have been that ground's first international rugby union match. The game was arranged for 8 January and a temporary stand was erected to allow a seating area so the club could charge higher ticket prices; but on the day the English team refused to play on the ground as the pitch was frozen. The adjacent cricket ground was in better condition, so the match was moved there along with the entire crowd, many members of which were extremely unhappy as they lost their seating area. Of the 14 matches he played for his national side he was on the winning side on 8 occasions.\n", "He played his last match for England on Saturday 3 February 1894 at Rectory Field, Blackheath in the England vs Ireland match.\n", "Section::::Rugby league.\n", "When Heckmondwike converted from the rugby union code to the rugby league code for the 1896–97 Northern Rugby Football Union season, Dicky Lockwood had already transferred from Heckmondwike to Wakefield Trinity the previous season, consequently, he only ever played rugby union for Heckmondwike, he played rugby league for Wakefield Trinity at centre from October 1895 finishing in the 1900–01 season, having scored 31-tries, and 60-goals, scoring 222-points for Wakefield Trinity.\n", "Section::::Rugby league.:Drop-goals (field-goals).\n", "Lockwood appears to have scored no drop-goals (or field-goals as they are currently known in Australasia), but prior to the 1974–75 season all goals, whether; conversions, penalties, or drop-goals, scored 2-points, consequently prior to this date drop-goals were often not explicitly documented, therefore '0' drop-goals may indicate drop-goals not recorded, rather than no drop-goals scored. In addition, prior to the 1949–50 season, the archaic field-goal was also still a valid means of scoring points.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Biography of Arthur Budd with an England team photograph including Richard Lockwood\n", "BULLET::::- Search for \"Lockwood\" at rugbyleagueproject.org\n", "BULLET::::- (archived by web.archive.org) Legends: Richard 'Dicky' Lockwood\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Dicky Lockwood" ] }, "description": "English rugby union footballer, and rugby league footballer and administrator", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3026669", "wikidata_label": "Richard Lockwood", "wikipedia_title": "Richard Lockwood" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Adam Posen\n", "Adam Simon Posen (born 1966 in Brookline, Massachusetts) is an American economist and President of the Peterson Institute for International Economics. He became President of the Peterson Institute on January 1, 2013, having first joined PIIE in July 1997. Under his leadership, the Peterson Institute has been named the top think tank in international economics by the Prospect Think Tank Awards and in the UPenn Global Go To Think Tank Index . \n", "Section::::Life and career.\n", "Posen received a PhD in Political Economy and Government from Harvard University, where he was a National Science Foundation (NSF) Graduate Fellow, after graduating from Harvard College in 1988. His research focuses on macroeconomic policy in the industrial democracies, G-20 economic relations, the resolution of financial crises, and central banking issues. He has been a consultant to the IMF and to several US government agencies, as well as to the British and Japanese Cabinet Offices, and a visiting scholar at central banks in Europe and East Asia, and in the US Federal Reserve System. From 1994 to 1997, he was an economist in international research at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and from 1993 to 1994 was Okun Memorial Fellow in Economic Studies at the Brookings Institution. He was a Bosch Foundation Fellow in Germany in 1992 to 1993, where he worked for the Bundesbank in Frankfurt and for Deutsche Bank in Berlin. He has also been a Public Policy Fellow at the American Academy in Berlin (2001). In 2006 he was a Houblon-Norman Senior Fellow at the Bank of England, on sabbatical from Peterson Institute for International Economics.\n", "From September 1, 2009 to August 31, 2012, he was a voting External Member of the Monetary Policy Committee of the Bank of England, by appointment of the UK Chancellor of the Exchequer. During this critical period for the world economy, he was a prominent advocate of activist policy response to the financial crisis, successfully led the MPC into quantitative easing, pushed efforts to stimulate business investment to the top of the UK economic agenda, and accurately forecast global inflation developments. He consulted for the UK Cabinet Office on the successful London G-20 Summit of 2009, prior to being appointed to the MPC. In April 2012, an article in the \"Atlantic\" magazine named Dr. Posen to its international team of \"superstar central bankers,\" and in December 2012 he was profiled in the \"New York Times Magazine\" article \"God Save the British Economy.\" He was later made an Honorary Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (CBE) by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II for his service to the United Kingdom.\n", "Posen's other appointments include being a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Trilateral Commission, a research associate of the Center for the Japanese Economy and Business of Columbia University, and a member of the Bellagio Group of international finance officials and scholars. He has been a member of the faculty of the World Economic Forum and of the WEF Think Tank Leaders Forum, and of the Working Group of the Coalition for Inclusive Capitalism. From 2005 to 2019, he was a member of the Panel of Economic Advisers to the Congressional Budget Office. He has been the recipient of major research grants from the Bank of England, the Centre for International Governance Innovation, the European Commission, the International Monetary Fund, the Sloan Foundation, the Ford Foundation, and the German Marshall Fund of the United States. In February 2019, he was appointed a Distinguished Fellow of the Centre for Economic Policy Research [CEPR].\n", "He resides in the Washington metropolitan area with his wife.\n", "Section::::Writing.\n", "His most cited and influential publications include the books \"Restoring Japan's Economic Growth\" (1998) and \"Inflation Targeting: Lessons from the International Experience\" (1999, co-authored with Ben Bernanke, Thomas Laubach, and Frederic Mishkin), a series of articles on the political economy of central bank independence, and more recent works on the global roles of the dollar and the euro. Prior to joining the MPC, Posen was a columnist for the \" International Economy\" magazine, the German newspaper \"Welt am Sonntag\" and for the Eurointelligence syndicate. He has been published and/or cited frequently in \"Business Week\", \"The Economist\", the \"Financial Times\", \"Foreign Affairs\", \"The Independent\", \"The New York Times\", \"Wall Street Journal\", \"The Washington Post\", \"Handelsblatt\", \"Die Welt\", \"Asahi Shimbun\", and \"Nihon Keizai Shimbun\", among other publications globally. He is a contributor to the 360 Viewpoint column of the Nikkei.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American economist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4679618", "wikidata_label": "Adam Posen", "wikipedia_title": "Adam Posen" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Nikolai Zarudny\n", "Nikolai Alekseyvich Zarudny (; 13 September 1859 – 17 March 1919) was a Ukrainian-Russian explorer and zoologist of Ukrainian origin, who studied the fauna, especially the birds of Central Asia. He was born in Gryakovo, Ukraine (then part of the Russian Empire). He wrote his first ornithology book in 1896 and made five expeditions in the Caspian region in 1884–1892. He led other expeditions to Persia supported by the Russian Geographic Society and the St. Petersburg Zoological Institute. He collected nearly 3,140 specimens of birds and 50,000 insects. After the Russian Revolution, his collection was nationalized by the Bolsheviks and moved to the museum at the University of Tashkent. For his work the Russian Geographical Society awarded him the Przhevalsky Medal. While at Tashkent, his last work on the ornithology of Turkestan region was not completed as he died of accidental poisoning. He published 218 monographs in the course of his life and named many species. Among the species and other taxa named after Zarudny are Zarudny's jird, Zarudny's rock shrew, Zarudny's worm lizard, \"Schizothorax zarudnyi\", and the distinctive Asian subspecies of the desert sparrow (\"Passer simplex zarudnyi\").\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- National University of Uzbekistan\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Nicolai Alekseyivich Zarudny" ] }, "description": "Ukrainian/Russian ornithologist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1397325", "wikidata_label": "Nikolai Zarudny", "wikipedia_title": "Nikolai Zarudny" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jaroslav Tuček\n", "Jaroslav Tuček (born 24 August 1882, date of death unknown) was a Bohemian fencer. He won a bronze medal in the team sabre event at the 1908 Summer Olympics.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Czech fencer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2603068", "wikidata_label": "Jaroslav Tuček", "wikipedia_title": "Jaroslav Tuček" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Vito De Grisantis\n", "Vito De Grisantis (20 August 1941 – 1 April 2010) was an Italian Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ugento-Santa Maria di Leuca from his appointment by Pope John Paul II on 26 June 2000, until his death on 1 April 2010.\n", "Vito De Grisantis was born in Lecce, Italy.\n", "He died on 1 April 2010, in Tricase, Italy, at the age of 68.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Catholic Hierarchy: Bishop Vito De Grisantis †\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Roman Catholic bishop", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q458497", "wikidata_label": "Vito De Grisantis", "wikipedia_title": "Vito De Grisantis" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Josef Homeyer\n", "Josef Homeyer (August 1, 1929 – March 30, 2010) was a German Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Hildesheim, located in Hildesheim, from his appointment by Pope John Paul II on August 25, 1983, until his retirement on August 20, 2004.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "He was born in Harsewinkel, Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. He died in Hildesheim, Germany, on March 30, 2010, at the age of 80.\n", "One of his many activities was to set the foundation of the Forschungsinstitut für Philosophie Hannover in 1988.\n", "In 2005 he got the Honorary citizenship of Hildesheim.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Catholic Hierarchy: Bishop Josef Homeyer †\n", "BULLET::::- Bishop Josef Homeyer dies\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "German Roman Catholic bishop", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q85615", "wikidata_label": "Josef Homeyer", "wikipedia_title": "Josef Homeyer" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Vojin Popović\n", "Vojin Popović, known as Vojvoda Vuk (; 9 December 1881 – 29 November 1916) was a Serbian \"voivode\" (military commander), who fought for the Macedonian Serb Chetniks (i.e. komiti) in the Struggle for Macedonia, and then the national army in the Balkan Wars and World War I. \n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Vojin was born on 9 December 1881 at Sjenica, Kosovo Vilayet, Ottoman Empire (present-day southwestern Serbia). Shortly after his birth, the family moved to Kragujevac, where Vojin attended school. He chose a career in the military. On 3 November 1901, he became \"second lieutenant\". He was among the first \"cheta\" (bands, 'čete') heading for \"Old Serbia\", i.e. Makedonia (1905). He died at Grunište during the Battle of Kaymakchalan on 29 November 1916 during the height of World War I. There is a Monument to Vojvoda Vuk in Belgrade. \n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Anonymous, \"One eyewitness of the Vojvoda Vuk`s death speaks about his last minutes\", Politika, 25 October 1936.\n", "BULLET::::- Anonymous, „The monument to Vojvoda Vuk – Vojin Popović was unveiled in Belgrade“, Belgrade municipal newspapers, no. 10, October 1936, 780-781\n", "BULLET::::- Danilo Šarenac, Tradition of the irregular troops: the monument to Vojvoda Vuk in Belgrade, in: The Collection Premises of the Memory, 2, Department for the History of Art at the Faculty of Philosophy, the University of Belgrade, Belgrade 2013, 49-65\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Serbian soldier", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1267637", "wikidata_label": "Vojin Popović", "wikipedia_title": "Vojin Popović" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Hermann Kreuzer\n", "Hermann Kreuzer was a German rugby union player who competed in the 1900 Summer Olympics.\n", "He was a member of the German rugby union team, which won the silver medal. Germany was represented at the tournament by the FC 1880 Frankfurt rather than an official national team.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "German rugby union player", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2443428", "wikidata_label": "Hermann Kreuzer", "wikipedia_title": "Hermann Kreuzer" }

{ "end": [ 120, 162, 300, 51, 50, 78 ], "href": [ "Cambridge%2C%20Massachusetts", "Boston", "Kidder%20Peabody", "http%3A//www.scripophily.net/kidpeabcotra.html", "https%3A//query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html%3Fres%3D9F07E6DB1F39E533A25754C0A9649C94679FD7CF", "https%3A//books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DpJl4AAAAMAAJ%26amp%3Bpg%3DPA243" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 3, 4, 5 ], "start": [ 96, 156, 286, 12, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "Cambridge, Massachusetts", "Boston", "Kidder Peabody", "Scriptophily: History of Kidder Peabody", "NY Times: Will of Henry Purkitt Kidder", "New England Historical Genealogical Soc.: Henry Purkitt Kidder bio" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Henry P. Kidder\n", "Henry Purkitt Kidder (January 18, 1823 – January 28, 1886) was an American bank founder born in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His parents were Thomas Kidder, a Boston civil servant in charge of meat and fish inspection, and Clarissa Purkitt. Henry Kidder was the founder of investment bank Kidder Peabody and served on several charitable boards.\n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- Scriptophily: History of Kidder Peabody\n", "BULLET::::- NY Times: Will of Henry Purkitt Kidder\n", "BULLET::::- New England Historical Genealogical Soc.: Henry Purkitt Kidder bio\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American banker", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5726623", "wikidata_label": "Henry P. Kidder", "wikipedia_title": "Henry P. Kidder" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Arnold Landvoigt\n", "Arnold Landvoigt (February 6, 1879 – December 15, 1970) was a German rugby union player who competed in the 1900 Summer Olympics. He was a member of the German rugby union team, which won the silver medal. Germany was represented at the tournament by the FC 1880 Frankfurt rather than an official national team.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "German rugby union player", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1992095", "wikidata_label": "Arnold Landvoigt", "wikipedia_title": "Arnold Landvoigt" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Mickaël Simon\n", "Mickaël Simon (born 2 April 1987) is a French rugby league footballer who plays as a for the Catalans Dragons in the Betfred Super League and for France at international level.\n", "He previously played for the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats and Catalans in the Super League. \n", "Section::::Background.\n", "Simon was born in Carcassonne, France.\n", "He played for the Limoux Grizzlies as a youth.\n", "Section::::Playing career.\n", "Simon starter his career in the Elite One Championship with Limoux, before joining Catalans Dragons. He made his Super League début in 2010 and established himself as a regular member of the Dragons forward pack in 2011. Simon played all four of France's matches at the 2013 Rugby League World Cup. He left the Dragons to join English club Wakefield Trinity Wildcats in 2015.\n", "He played in the 2014 and 2015 European Cup competitions. During the 2015 tournament, there was a mid-tournament test-match against England. Simon played in the team which was considered a 'weakened' French side due to injury and it showed with an appalling showing against their opponents. Simon played in the 2016 end of year test match against England in Avignon.\n", "In November 2016 the Frenchman went back to his home country to play for Catalans Dragons again. The Wakefield Trinity Wildcats and the Dragons agreed on a two year deal for Simon, this will last until the end of the 2018 Super League season.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Dragons profile\n", "BULLET::::- Super League profile\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "French rugby league footballer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3311809", "wikidata_label": "Michael Simon", "wikipedia_title": "Mickaël Simon" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Yael Rom\n", "Yael Rom (; 1932–2006), born Yael Finkelstein, was one of the first female pilots of the Israeli Air Force and the first trained and certified by the force. She was co-pilot of the lead C-47 at the parachute drop at the Mitla Pass which launched the 1956 Suez War.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Military career.\n", "Although often referred to as the IAF's first female pilot, this was not the case. Rom was among the first women trained and certified by the force and the only one to go on to active service.\n", "Born in Tel Aviv in 1932, Rom graduated high school in 1950 and was soon drafted into the Israel Defense Forces Youth Corps. Along with 29 other members of the corps she passed the IAF pilot examinations and along with six other cadets continued on to the basic pilot's course, finishing second in her class. Initially trained on the Stearman Kaydet, Rom went on to fly twin-engined aircraft and was certified as a flight instructor. Rom received her wings on December 27, 1951, graduating the IAF's 5th flying course. She was then transferred back to the Youth Corps to instruct future cadets. For six months she petitioned the IDF to return to the air force, meeting with considerable resistance, before her request was finally granted. In 1953 Rom joined the ranks of the 103rd \"Flying Elephants\" Squadron, flying the Douglas C-47 Dakota.\n", "After her discharge from the IDF, Rom continued to fly as a reserve pilot. She was called up in October 1956 to participate in \"Operation Machbesh\" (Press), the Israeli parachute drop that launched the Suez War. Rom was the co-pilot of the lead C-47 in the 16-ship formation which dropped Israeli paratroops at the Mitla Pass. She spent the rest of the war shuttling supplies to the troops in the Sinai and evacuating the wounded. Rom was on board the first aircraft to land at Sharm el-Sheik after its capture by Israeli forces, and dropped paratroops at El-Tor on November 3.\n", "Rom retired from reserve service in 1962 after the birth of her first daughter, although she had initially failed to report the birth in order to evade the IDF policy of discharging mothers.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Civilian career.\n", "Rom graduated from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem with a degree in history and political science, as well as a teacher's certificate. In 1957 she was invited to join Arkia Airlines, working as a first officer for three years. Between 1960 and 1982 she worked for the Technion Institute of Technology in educational research, consultation and administration. She initiated and developed a unit providing academic support for under-represented groups such as minorities and the handicapped. Later in life she initiated and developed ORT's \"Young Women in the 21st Century\" program which encourages young women to pursue careers in engineering.\n", "In 1974 Rom established the Women's Council of the Haifa mayor's office. Although a longtime member of the Likud, in 1983 she ran for the post of mayor at the head of an independent list, coming in second with 17.9 percent of the vote.\n", "Rom, a mother of three, was married to Yosef Rom, a professor of aeronautics at the Technion and a former Likud member of the Knesset. She died in Haifa on May 24, 2006. On May 26, 2008, the city of Petah Tikva named a local street in her honor, in a ceremony attended by family and members of 103 Squadron.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Roni Zuckerman\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Israeli pilot", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5461203", "wikidata_label": "Yael Rom", "wikipedia_title": "Yael Rom" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Tanja Fajon\n", "Tanja Fajon (; born May 9, 1971) is a Slovenian politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Slovenia. She is a member of the Social Democrats, part of the Party of European Socialists.\n", "She is currently a head of the Slovenian delegation within the political group of Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats, and a vice-president of the Social Democrats. She is also the author of several documentaries, including \"Rise of the extreme right in Europe\", \"Human tragedies at the doorstep of Europe\", and \"Constitution of European Union\".\n", "Section::::Education.\n", "Tanja Fajon graduated in journalism at the Faculty of Political and Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana. In 2005, she obtained a master's degree in Science and International Politics at the College of Interdisciplinary Studies, University of Paris.\n", "Tanja Fajon speaks Slovenian, English, German, French, and Croatian.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Career in journalism.\n", "Tanja Fajon worked as a journalist and assistant editor at Radio Glas Ljubljana from 1991 to 1995. She was also a reporter and a writer for the Slovenian daily newspaper Republika in 1993. She worked for RTV Slovenia from 1995 to 2001 as a local journalist, and as a correspondent for RTV Slovenia in Brussels from 2001 to 2009. She was also a reporter for CNN from 1995 to 2001. She covered issues from politics, to economy and business, in different States of the European Union, particularly in Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and France.\n", "Section::::Career.:Member of the European Parliament, 2009–present.\n", "In 2009, Tajon was elected to the European Parliament on behalf of the Social Democrats, associated with the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats. She was a vice chairwoman of the European Parliament delegation with Croatia until Croatia's membership in the European Union, and a member of the Committee on Organised Crime, Corruption and Money Laundering.\n", "She is a full member of the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs, a substitute member in the Committee on Transport and Tourism, and a substitute member of the European Union-United States delegation. She is also a vice chairwoman of the European Parliament Intergroup on Media, responsible for monitoring freedom of the press in Europe; a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on Integrity (Transparency, Anti-Corruption and Organized Crime); a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on LGBT Rights; and a member of the delegation for the EU-Croatia Joint Parliamentary Committee. In addition, she serves as a substitute member of the Delegation for relations with Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro and Kosovo, and was a rapporteur on the visa liberalisation process for the Western Balkans.\n", "Fajon contributed greatly to the Albanian citizens getting the right to freely travel in EU Schengen Area without visas. This is the first step on Albania's path to European Union accession. In December 2010, a cafe named after Tanja Fajon was opened in her honor in Tirana, the capital of Albania. She helped Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Moldova gain freedom of Schengen movement as well.\n", "In late 2014, the two main political groups in the European Parliament agreed with Jean-Claude Juncker, then president-elect of the European Commission, that Fajon should be Slovenia’s member of the European Commission. However, the Slovenian government later announced that Violeta Bulc was going to be the country's nominee for the position of the European Commissioner on the Juncker Commission, replacing Alenka Bratušek.\n", "In 2016, Slovenian opinion polls showed her to be one of the most popular political figures in the country.\n", "Section::::Other activities.\n", "BULLET::::- European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR), Member\n", "BULLET::::- Friends of Europe, Member of the Board of Trustees\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Fajon lives mostly in Brussels with her husband Veit-Ulrich Braun, a German journalist. Her hobbies are sports, music, and traveling.\n", "Section::::Honors and awards.\n", "BULLET::::- Tanja Fajon was named \"Person of the Year 2009\" in Bosnia and Herzegovina, for her endeavors to abolish visa requirements for the Western Balkan citizens.\n", "BULLET::::- On October 22, 2010, Tanja Fajon received a copy of the key of the city of Tirana, on the occasion of state visit to Albania.\n", "BULLET::::- On December 2010, Tanja Fajon was the first to receive an honorary doctorate from the American University in Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo.\n", "BULLET::::- On May 2014, Tanja Fajon received a \"Key of Heart from citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina\" in Sarajevo.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Slovenian politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q462744", "wikidata_label": "Tanja Fajon", "wikipedia_title": "Tanja Fajon" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Alexander Mirsky\n", "Alexander Tomasovich Mirsky (, ; born 20 March 1964) is a Latvian politician of Russian and Jewish descent.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Mirsky was born in Vilnius. In 1986 he graduated in civil engineering from the Kaunas Polytechnic Institute. He worked as a building project leader from 1986 to 1989 and from 1990 to 1992, taking a one year break for service in the Soviet Army as commander of a radiation reconnaissance unit. Upon ending his service, with the rank of first lieutenant, he resumed his work in construction.\n", "In 1992, Mirsky was made a technical director and seven years later became the general manager of a construction company. He retired from business to become an adviser to the mayor of Riga Gundars Bojārs from 2001 until 2005, later being elected to the Saeima, the Latvian parliament 2006 until 2009.\n", "From July 2009 to July 2014 he was 1 of 9 Latvian MEPs in the European parliament, a member of the Harmony party elected as part of the Harmony Centre electoral alliance. He was affiliated with the Socialists and Democrats parliamentary group. Mirsky was a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and a substitute in the Committee on Regional Development. In 2014 he ran as a candidate of his own political party Alternative and was not re-elected at the European election.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official website of the Alternative party\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Latvian politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2632117", "wikidata_label": "Aleksandrs Mirskis", "wikipedia_title": "Alexander Mirsky" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Peter (Păduraru)\n", "Petru Păduraru (; born Ion Chirilovici Păduraru ; October 24, 1946, Țiganca) is a Bessarabian priest and the current Metropolitan of Bessarabia.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Petru Păduraru was born on October 24, 1946 in Țiganca, Moldavian SSR.\n", "He has been the Metropolitan of Bessarabia since October 3, 1995.\n", "Section::::Awards.\n", "BULLET::::- The Order \"The Cultural Merit\" ()\n", "BULLET::::- Medalia Patriarhiei Ecumenice din Constantinopol (1993)\n", "BULLET::::- Premiul Fundației Culturale Române pentru contribuția la afirmarea identității românești a românilor din Basarabia (1996)\n", "BULLET::::- Titlul de Cetățean de onoare al orașului Galați (2000)\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of members of the Holy Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church\n", "BULLET::::- Metropolis of Bessarabia\n", "BULLET::::- St. Teodora de la Sihla Church\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- Jurnal Moskovskoi Patriarhii, nr. 9/1990, p. 33-35 - \"Numirea şi hirotonirea arhimandritului Petru (Păduraru) întru episcop de Bălţi\";\n", "BULLET::::- Alfa şi Omega, nr. 17/1995, p. 1 şi 3 - \"A fost ales Mitropolitul Basarabiei\" şi \"Mitropolitul Petru, date biografice\".\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Biografia sa pe situl Mitropoliei Basarabiei\n", "BULLET::::- Ortho-rus.ru - Петр (Пэдурару)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Metropolitan of Bessarabia", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4360371", "wikidata_label": "Petru Păduraru", "wikipedia_title": "Peter (Păduraru)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Edílson Mendes\n", "Edílson Mendes Guimarães (born 27 July 1986 in Nova Esperança), most commonly known as Edílson, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays for Cruzeiro.\n", "He made his debut for Grêmio on 3 March 2010, against Avenida. The final score was 3–1 for Grêmio and Edílson made a goal and an assistance during the match. On 12 July 2011, he joined Atlético Paranaense on a one-and-half-year loan deal at the request of head coach Renato Gaúcho.\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "BULLET::::- Vitória\n", "BULLET::::- Campeonato Baiano: 2005\n", "BULLET::::- Botafogo\n", "BULLET::::- Taça Rio: 2013\n", "BULLET::::- Taça Guanabara: 2013\n", "BULLET::::- Campeonato Carioca: 2013\n", "BULLET::::- Corinthians\n", "BULLET::::- Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: 2015\n", "BULLET::::- Grêmio\n", "BULLET::::- Copa do Brasil: 2016\n", "BULLET::::- Copa Libertadores: 2017\n", "BULLET::::- Cruzeiro\n", "BULLET::::- Copa do Brasil: 2018\n", "BULLET::::- Campeonato Mineiro: 2018, 2019\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Edílson" ] }, "description": "Brazilian footballer and manager", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5346996", "wikidata_label": "Edílson Mendes Guimarães", "wikipedia_title": "Edílson Mendes" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Pete Bethune\n", "Captain Peter James Bethune (born 4 April 1965) is a New Zealand ship's captain with 500 ton master licence, published author, producer of \"The Operatives\" TV Show, and public speaker. He is the founder of \"Earthrace Conservation\" . He works assisting countries in Asia, Central America and Africa with fisheries enforcement and anti-poaching. He is the holder of the world record for circumnavigating the globe in his powerboat \"Earthrace\", a wavepiercing trimaran powered with biofuels.\n", "\"Earthrace\" was renamed the \"Ady Gil\" in 2009 and Captain Bethune sailed it in Antarctica for Sea Shepherd Conservation Society to disrupt Japanese whaling activities. The vessel was involved in a collision with a Japanese whaling vessel. He subsequently boarded the whaling vessel the \"Shonan Maru 2\" and presented the Captain with an invoice for the \"Ady Gil\". Captain Bethune was taken back to Japan and charged with a number of offences related to his anti-whaling activities and received a suspended sentence.\n", "In 2012, Captain Bethune started \"Earthrace Conservation\" that works on conservation and environmental campaigns. His team consists of former military personnel, and they are involved in fisheries enforcement, anti-poaching, and stopping wildlife smuggling. Many of the missions have been filmed and made into the TV Series \"The Operatives\" that has now aired in around 90 countries. More recently his work has involved training government teams on coastal and offshore surveillance, fisheries enforcement, and maritime security.\n", "Captain Bethune is currently developing \"Earthrace-2\", a 60m trimaran for conservation work, fisheries enforcement and scientific research.\n", "Section::::Personal life and early career.\n", "Captain Bethune grew up in Hamilton West, New Zealand as one of five children. He completed a Master of Business Administration at the Macquarie Graduate School of Management, Bachelor of Science at the University of Waikato, and a Bachelor of Engineering at the University of Auckland. He has two daughters with his wife, Sharyn, his high school sweetheart, from whom he divorced in 2009.\n", "He began his career as an oil exploration engineer for Schlumberger Wireline Services and worked in the North Sea and Libya. In 1997, he co-founded CamSensor Technologies. The company manufactures automated camera systems for controlling robots used in complex tasks such as cutting up and grading meat carcasses. He later moved to Sydney to establish a subsidiary there.\n", "His entry into conservation started when he wrote a 20,000-word paper titled \"Alternative Fuels for Road Transport\" while pursuing his Master of Business Administration degree from Macquarie University in 2004 He concluded that hydrogen as a fuel was a dead-end, but that biofuels such as biodiesel and ethanol could become mainstream in use. He also predicted the battery electric vehicle could eventually replace the combustion engine in terms of road transport. For leisure, Captain Bethune enjoys camping, scuba, freediving, kayaking, and CrossFit. He told a reporter for \"The New Zealand Herald\": \"I've come from a very unusual background to be a conservationist.\"\n", "Section::::Captain of Earthrace.\n", "Based on his research at Macquarie Graduate School of Management, Captain Bethune set out to prove that hydrocarbon fuels could be replaced by sustainable bio-fuels. He had \"Earthrace\" designed by LOMOcean Design and built in order to break the world record for a circumnavigation of the globe by a powerboat in hopes that it would call attention to the viability of biodiesel as an alternative fuel. He mortgaged his New Zealand home and financed the building in the hopes of recouping the expenses from sponsorship. He declined a $4 million sponsorship from a company that would have required them to use regular diesel.\n", "His first attempt began in Barbados on 10 March 2007. He encountered significant delays due to issues with the propellers and other mechanical problems. On the night of 19 March, while around offshore from Guatemala, \"Earthrace\" collided with a local fishing boat. The crew was absolved of any responsibility after a 10-day investigation during which they were held in custody under armed guard in the military compound in Puerto Quetzal. The delays prevented them from completing the circumnavigation in record time using their original start location. \"The\" crew took \"Earthrace\" to San Diego where they made repairs. They then restarted their record attempt, leaving San Diego on 7 April 2007. Once they rounded Aceh in Indonesia and started crossing the Indian Ocean the vessel encountered significant bad weather in the first monsoon of the season. The monsoon remained with them all the way to Salalah in Oman. The vessel passed through the Suez Canal, then when getting close to Spain, crew discovered a structural failure around the depth transducer. Bethune said the \"failure was a result of the constant pounding in crossing the Indian Ocean\". Crew made temporary repairs and headed out to cross the Atlantic, however the repairs failed and Earthrace limped back to port in Málaga, Spain. Bethune decided to abandon the attempt.\n", "Captain Bethune returned to New Zealand to recover from what he said was \"a brutal ordeal\". After meeting with some of his original sponsors, he assembled a new team. The vessel was repaired and departed from Sagunto, Spain, in another record attempt on 1 March 2008. The second record attempt also suffered a large number of setbacks. The auto-pilot system failed in the Atlantic crossing. This was repaired in Puerto Rico. There was a general strike in Panama Canal causing 3 days in delays waiting to transit the canal. In the leg between Hawaii and Marshall Islands, there was a problem with the common rail injection system, which was repaired in Majuro. The crew then had their biggest setback in Palau, when \"Earthrace\" hit a submerged log a few nautical miles offshore. The vessel limped back into Palau with extensive damage. A list of problems included a bent driveshaft, propeller damage, smashed P-Bracket, smashed engine mounts, broken gearbox, rudder damage, and a 5-metre gouge down the starboard side of the composite hull. Crew determined it would be almost impossible to repair the vessel quickly in Palau. They made temporary repairs and ran on one engine to Singapore. On arrival, the initial assessment was repairs would take at least 2 weeks, which would make the record almost impossible to get. Marine salvage company Posh Semco offered to help with haul-out, and the vessel was pulled from the water. Crew worked around the clock for 3 days. \"Earthrace\" was put back into the water with what Captain Bethune described as \"the ugliest composite repair\" he'd ever seen. Crew continued on their voyage towards their finish line in Spain.\n", "Section::::Earthrace Promotional Tour.\n", "When \"Earthrace\" was first launched in 2006, Captain Bethune took her on a promotional tour around New Zealand. The vessel was given a Maori blessing in Raglan before she left to cross the Pacific. Over the next three years, the team took the boat to 186 cities around the world, opening the boat to school groups, public, media, and sponsors. Through this time, over 250,000 people walked aboard the vessel. Captain Bethune used the tour to promote awareness of alternative fuels such as biodiesel.\n", "As a publicity stunt, Bethune underwent liposuction surgery in order to convert body fat into fuel. A cosmetic surgeon removed around 50ml of fat from his back. The surgeon provided a further 10 litres of human fat from 2 other patients. Bethune converted this into 7 litres of biodiesel in his kitchen at home. Bethune ran the fuel in his vessel, claiming the 7 litres of fuel ran the boat for an estimated 8 nautical miles.\n", "Section::::Captain of Ady Gil.\n", "After touring ports around the globe, the \"Earthrace\" was put on sale for $3 million and Captain Bethune considered using it to interfere with Japanese whaling in the Southern Ocean if a buyer could not be found. Hollywood production-house owner Ady Gil purchased the boat and \"Earthrace\" was renamed after him on 17 October 2009. Gil leased the ship to Sea Shepherd Conservation Society for $1 / year to pursue Japanese whalers in Antarctica. Captain Bethune was put in charge of the refit and was to captain the vessel in its anti-whaling activities. Captain Bethune said before the operation: \"I'm a conservationist. One of the things I've learned on \"Earthrace\" is stand up for stuff you believe in. Year after year the Japanese go down there and nothing seems to change … If they want to go amping things up a bit, then bring it on.\" His wife later told the press that he first became alarmed by the state of the oceans when skippering the vessel during the record attempts.\n", "On 6 January 2010 the \"Ady Gil\" was involved in a collision with the Japanese whaling vessel in the Southern Ocean when the \"Shonan Maru No 2\" hit it, and the \"Ady Gil\" was subsequently abandoned. An investigation into the collision by the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) was inconclusive in assigning blame for the collision. AMSA was unable to verify claims made by Sea Shepherd, while the Japanese government declined to participate with the investigation saying any information it had might be needed for an inquiry by its own authorities. However Maritime New Zealand investigators released a report that the \"Ady Gil\" was the stand on vessel and had right of way. The \"Shonan Maru No 2\" was the port side vessel, and the overtaking vessel, and under both circumstances, had an obligation to keep well clear of the Ady Gil. The report did conclude however that the captains of both the \"Ady Gil\" and the whaler, the \"Shonan Maru No 2\", \"were partly responsible for either contributing to, or failing to respond to the 'close quarters' situation that led to the collision\".\n", "Section::::Arrest, trial, and conviction.\n", "On 15 February 2010 in the middle of the night, Captain Bethune attempted to board the \"Shōnan Maru 2\" from a jet ski. On his first attempt he fell into the water, and was recovered by his Engineer, Larry Routledge a few minutes later. On his second attempt, Captain Bethune managed to climb between the anti-boarding spikes and onto the side of the hull, where he then cut through the protective netting and clambered aboard. The purpose of the boarding was to conduct a citizen's arrest on her captain, Hiroyuki Komiya, alleging attempted murder, and to present a claim for $3 million for the ramming of his vessel. Captain Bethune was not successful in arresting Komiya, nor did he receive any compensation. Captain Bethune was successful however in getting taken to Japan to face charges, which he hoped would increase public awareness of Japanese whaling. Japan's Institute of Cetacean Research issued a statement calling it a publicity stunt. He was detained by the ship's crew and taken to Tokyo, where he was arrested by the Japanese Coast Guard on 12 March on charges of trespassing.\n", "On 2 April 2010, Captain Bethune was indicted in Japan on five charges: boarding a vessel without due cause, illegal possession of a knife, destruction of property, assault and obstruction of business. The assault charge was based on the allegation that he threw a bottle of butyric acid onto the \"Shōnan Maru 2\" days before the boarding, causing chemical burns to a whaler's face. The Sea Shepherd group claimed the burns were self-inflicted when the crewman was shooting pepper spray at the protesters. Captain Bethune could have faced up to 15 years in prison if found guilty of injury, or up to three years if found guilty of trespass. His lawyer claimed the charges were unfounded and stated that his client would strongly deny them. He was held without bond in the maximum security Tokyo Detention Center while he stood trial. Bethune's trial began on 27 May. Captain Bethune was charged with intruding on the ship, forcibly obstructing business, violating the Firearms and Swords Control Law and damaging property.\n", "Several major news media reported that Captain Bethune pleaded guilty to four charges while others reported that he admitted four charges or that he conceded four of the charges but has contested an assault charge. News review.com claims that Bethune did not \"plead\" guilty as there is no such thing as a plea in Japanese criminal proceedings and he and his Japanese lawyers claim that Sea Shepherd's actions are protected by the United Nations World Charter for Nature, which allows private organisations to interfere in government-like ways in the interest of the environment. Though he admitted to launching a projectile of butyric acid, he contested the assault charge against him on the grounds that the Japanese crew injured themselves in firing of their own pepper spray guns into the wind. In his tearful final statement delivered on 10 June, Bethune said: \"I did not have the intention of hurting crew members, nor do I believe I injured them. I took action because I wanted to stop Japan's illegal whaling.\" Prosecutors demanded a sentence of two years in prison.\n", "The Labour Party's Chris Carter accused the New Zealand Government of \"washing their hands of the fate\" of Bethune. Bethune received visitations from consular staff. Prime Minister John Key said \"...it's worth noting that I can't get involved in a prosecution in another country any more than I can get involved in a prosecution in New Zealand. What I can do is make sure the person is being treated fairly.\"\n", "On 4 June, in what was later claimed by Paul Watson to be a legal strategy on the part of Sea Shepherd, Sea Shepherd announced that it was no longer going to be formally associated with Captain Bethune since a set of bow and arrows was on the \"Ady Gil\" during the anti-whaling operation. The group stressed that the weapon was not intended to be used against any person, and Captain Bethune previously had stated to Animal Planet cameras during \"Whale Wars\" filming that he intended to use the bow and arrows to spoil whale meat for commercial use. Captain Bethune later said he felt betrayed by Sea Shepherd abandoning him. He claimed Watson had agreed to the bow and arrow being taken aboard Sea Shepherd said it would continue to support Bethune during the trial in Japan.\n", "On 7 July, Pete Bethune was convicted of disruption of business, destruction of property, boarding a vessel without due cause, assault and possession of a knife without due cause and given a two-year suspended sentence. Bethune was deported to New Zealand on 9 July. Bethune held a press conference upon returning to New Zealand. He told reporters: \"My trial in Japan represents a miscarriage in justice. Not because I stood before that court, but because the captain of the \"Shōnan Maru 2\" did not.\" He also called the New Zealand Government a \"lap dog\" for what he considered a lack of backbone in standing up to Japan over whaling.\n", "Section::::Disassociation from Sea Shepherd.\n", "Captain Bethune disassociated himself from Sea Shepherd by posting an open letter on his Facebook page on 4 October 2010, condemning the organisation and its leader Paul Watson as \"dishonest\" and \"morally bankrupt\". According to his letter, he was directed by Paul Watson to sink the \"Ady Gil\" deliberately for PR purposes after the collision with the Japanese whaling ship. He insists that the senior members of Sea Shepherd regularly lie and conspire over serious matters, detailing many cases in his letter.\n", "Based largely on testimony from Captain Bethune and former Sea Shepherd Bob Barker Captain, Chuck Swift, Ady Gil successfully sued Sea Shepherd for the deliberate abandonment of his vessel in Antarctica. In siding with Mr. Gil, the arbitrator awarded him compensatory damages of $500,000 plus interest from 8 January 2010 forward.\n", "In characterising testimony for the suit, the arbitrator was particularly harsh on Paul Watson; finding the Sea Shepherd founder in some instances to \"be highly evasive, internally contradictory, or at odds with his own prior written statements, and in certain areas simply lacking the basic indicia of genuineness that instinctively inspires confidence and trust.\" As for Gil, the arbitrator stated his \"testimony appeared genuine in intent if somewhat fuzzy in detail, and perhaps colored in hindsight by strong emotions of betrayal on the part of those in whom he had placed a perhaps naïve degree of trust.\"\n", "Section::::Earthrace Conservation.\n", "Captain Bethune founded his own conservation organisation in 2011, Earthrace Conservation. and he assists government agencies with Illegal Fishing, Wildlife Poaching and other Environmental crimes. It has non-profit or charity status in New Zealand, US and UK. He also has a Television Show \"The Operatives\" that follows his team's work. Captain Bethune employs former military personnel that undertake the missions.\n", "In 2013, Captain Bethune was running fisheries patrols in the Guanacaste region of Costa Rica. His team had been flying a Skylark military drone at night over the surrounding waters when they detected a vessel the \"Amelita\", allegedly fishing inside a Marine protected areas. Bethune launched his patrol boat from shore and approached the \"Amelita\". The team covertly filmed the \"Amelita\" engaged in \"shrimp trawling,\" following her for 7 hours. On daybreak, crew of the \"Amelita\" pulled in their trawl nets. Bethune boarded the vessel, filmed the catch, and interviewed the Captain, who claimed to be the President of the Commercial Fisherman's Association in Puntarenas. Bethune handed the evidence over to a local NGO and Costa Rican authorities who prosecuted the Captain. Bethune travelled back to Costs Rica in 2015 to provide additional evidence in the court case.\n", "In another fishery patrol mission in Costa Rica, Bethune and a crew of 4 took their 7.7m \"Sealegs\" vessel 300 nautical miles offshore to Cocos Island. The voyage was expected to take just 24 hours, but due to mechanical issues, fuel problems and bad weather, ended up at 72 hours. Bethune later claimed \"5 broken men arrived on Cocos Island\". Several days later on night patrols near the island, Bethune was able to film 7 boats allegedly involved in shark finning activities inside the Cocos Island Marine protected area. Evidence of the illegal fishing was handed over to Authorities who prosecuted Captains of the 7 vessels.\n", "In 2017, Captain Bethune was in the Philippines training local fisheries enforcement teams consisting of personnel from Navy special forces, Ministry of Fisheries (BFAR) and local police (Bantay Dagat). While on patrols at night on 26 May, they came across a Danish Seine trawler the \"Dan Israel R\", allegedly fishing inside municipal waters. Danish Seine is a form of destructive bottom trawling banned in the Philippines. Crew of the \"Dan Israel R\" were arrested and the vessel escorted into the BFAR impound facility in Cavite. The vessel was one of 23 in a so-called Alphabet fleet. Owners of the vessel subsequently made a cash offer of 2 million pesos to settle the case.\n", "Section::::The Operatives.\n", "In 2011 Captain Bethune formed a team of military veterans and specialist civilians to catch and prosecute environmental criminals. This led to the development of \"The Operatives\" TV Series, which so far has run for two seasons and aired in over 90 countries. Units represented in the team included former US Navy SEAL Team 6 and 2, US Marine Recon, US Army Ranger, French 1er regiment (SAS) and New Zealand Paratrooper. Each episode involves Captain Bethune and his team examining some form of environmental criminal activity working alongside existing law enforcement units. 18 episodes have been filmed dealing with issues such as shark finning, illegal logging, marine protected area, IUU FIshing, wildlife smuggling, blast fishing, cyanide fishing, seal hunting and wildlife poaching\n", "In July 2012, Captain Bethune and Jack Waldron, a former New Zealand Paratrooper, entered a De Beers Diamond Mine near Luderitz in Namibia. They were dropped a mile offshore at night by a zodiac, and swam ashore into the mine area. Over the next four days, Captain Bethune and Waldon avoided security patrols while trying to film the government sanctioned seal clubbing. On the final day, Captain Bethune is hiding in a gillie suit about 50 meters from where a group of seal clubbers have assembled. He films the clubbing of around 500 baby seals. The two men by now are out of food and water, and bad weather prevents them from being picked up by zodiac. They end up hiking out of the diamond mine at night. The video has since been used by various animal rights and conservation groups including PETA. It was also used in the first episode of \"The Operatives\" TV Show. In 2015, Captain Bethune presented a 200,000 strong petition to Jake Jacobs, Secretary of the Namibian National Assembly, asking the government to abandon the seal clubbing industry.\n", "In 2013, Captain Bethune assembled his team in Costa Rica and they ran several missions targeting illegal gold mining in the Corcovado National Park, training and working alongside the government MINAE forces. Rangers claimed the gold miners were destructive by killing and eating endangered wildlife, causing extensive erosion along creek and river beds, and using cyanide poison to separate gold from the silt. Jack Waldron gathers aerial intelligence by flying a paramotor over the jungle, locating multiple areas of interest. The full team is inserted into the jungle by rappelling from a Bell UH1H helicopter. The campaign led to a number of successful prosecutions and 2 illegal gold mining operations were closed down. There were 2 cases of gunshots being fired at the Rangers by fleeing gold miners.\n", "Section::::Public Speaking.\n", "Captain Bethune has spoken at various events and conferences on topics such as conservation, leadership, motivation and maritime security. These have included:\n", "BULLET::::1. Keynote address. US National Biodiesel Board Conference, San Antonio, TX, USA, 2009.\n", "BULLET::::2. President Lecture Series. Maritime Security. CAL Maritime Academy. Oakland, CA, USA. 2016.\n", "BULLET::::3. Keynote address. Jeronimo Martens Seafood Sustainability Conference. Lisbon, Portugal, 2016.\n", "BULLET::::4. Keynote address. Campus Party. São Paulo, Brazil. 2017.\n", "BULLET::::5. Lightning in a Bottle. Saving the World's Endangered Wildlife, Bradley, CA, USA, 2017.\n", "BULLET::::6. Guest speaker. IDEX Dive Expo, Illegal Fishing and its global impact. Singapore, 2017.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Pete Bethune's official Facebook page\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "George Gomori (writer)\n", "George Gomori () born 3 April 1934, is an award-winning Hungarian-born poet, writer and academic. He has lived in England since 1956, after fleeing Budapest after the Hungarian Revolution, in which he played a pivotal role. He writes poems in Hungarian, many of which have been translated into English and Polish, and other writings across all three languages. He is a regular contributor to British newspaper \"The Guardian\" and to \"The Times Literary Supplement\".\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "Gomori was born in Budapest in 1934. From 1953 to 1956 he studied Hungarian and Polish at Eötvös Loránd University. He took part in the 1956 revolution both as a student organiser and editor of the newspaper \"Egyetemi ifjúság\" (\"University Youth\"). After the suppression of the revolution he fled to England and continued his studies at the University of Oxford where in 1962 completed a B.Litt. thesis on Polish and Hungarian literature later published as his first book in English (\"Polish and Hungarian Poetry 1945 to 1956\"; Oxford,1966). Between 1958 and 1961 he was member of the Executive of the Hungarian Writers Association Abroad.\n", "Section::::Teaching and scholarly career.\n", "His first teaching job was at the University of California, Berkeley, after which he researched at Harvard University (1964–65). Having spent four years as researcher and librarian at the University of Birmingham, in 1969 he took up a position at the University of Cambridge teaching Polish and Hungarian literature until his retirement in 2001.\n", "In May 2017 he was appointed as Senior Research Associate of the UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies.\n", "Section::::Literary publications.\n", "He has published twelve books of poetry in Hungarian, four in English and one in Polish, and is the author of numerous critical works on Polish and Hungarian literature, the latest of which were \"Magnetic Poles\" (London, 2000), and \"Erdélyi Merítések\" (\"Transylvanian Catches\", Cluj-Kolozsvár, 2004). With Clive Wilmer he has translated two books of poems by Miklós Radnóti (1979, 2003), two collections by György Petri (1991,1999, the second collection shortlisted for the Weidenfeld Translation Prize) and co-edited with George Szirtes a representative anthology of modern Hungarian poetry, \"The Colonnade of Teeth\" (Bloodaxe Books, Newcastle, 1996). From 1992 to 2006 he was a member of the Executive of the Association of the Hungarian Language and Culture of Budapest, also serving on the Board of the Hungarian Writers' Association (2001–2004).\n", "Section::::Awards and medals.\n", "In 1995 he was awarded the Officer's Cross of the Republic of Hungary and in 2007 the Commander's Cross of the Republic of Hungary. His literary and scholarly prizes include the Jurzykowski Award (1972), Medal of the Polish Committee of National Education (1992), Salvatore Quasimodo Prize (1993), the Ada Negri Memorial Prize (1995), the Pro Cultura Hungarica (1999) the Lotz Memorial Medal (2006), and the Alföld Prize (2009). He is a member of the Hungarian PEN Club and the Society of Hungarian Studies (London), also of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences (PAU) of Cracow. In 2001, he was shortlisted alongside his translation partner Clive Wilmer for the Oxford-Weidenfeld Translation Prize for a book of György Petri poems which they translated from Hungarian to English. In 2014 he was awarded the Janus Pannonius prize for Translation of Poetry and the Hídverő ('Bridge Builders') Prize in Székelyudvarhely, Romania.\n", "In 2014 he was made Senator of the University of Szeged in recognition of his scholarly and artistic achievements.\n", "Section::::Recent work.\n", "Gömöri is a regular contributor to the British press (\"The Guardian\", \"The Independent\") as well as to the American bimonthly \"World Literature Today\". Several essays of his were published in Polish publication \"Odra Wrocław\". He also continues publishing in Hungarian, English and Polish. His reminiscences of Czesław Miłosz were included in Cynthia L. Haven's \"An Invisible Rope: Portraits of Czesław Miłosz\" in 2011.\n", "He is also a member of Trinity College, Cambridge and emeritus fellow of Darwin College, Cambridge, where for a number of years edited the college newsletter. For over three decades he has been on the Editorial Board of the American quarterly \"Books Abroad\" and its continuation World Literature Today. He is also on the editorial board of Lymbus Budapest and Litteraria Copernicana Toruń.\n", "2014 saw a new book of his poetry published, \"Rózsalovaglás\" (Riding with Roses), by Pro Pannonia Publishers and his collected essays on the late Renaissance poet Bálint Balassi (\"A rejtőzködő Balassi\") published in Hungarian by Komp-Press in Romania. His latest poetry collection in English, \"Polishing October: New and Selected Poems\" (Shoestring Press) was recently reviewed in World Literature Today.\n", "Section::::Family life.\n", "He has two daughters from his first marriage and some years ago he moved to London to be near to his two sons, Pete and Ben, and his stepson, Daniel.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Virág-bizonyság\" (Evidence of Flowers, poems in Hungarian),London,1958\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hajnali úton\" (On a Dawn Road, poems in Hungarian) London, 1963\n", "BULLET::::- \"Borisz Paszternák: Karácsonyi csillag\" (BP's post-1945 poetry in Hungarian.With Vince Sulyok), Occidental Press, Washington, 1965\n", "BULLET::::- \"Polish and Hungarian Poetry 1945 to 1956\",(a study in comparative literature), Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1966\n", "BULLET::::- \"New Writing of East Europe \" (Anthology based on the East European number of Tri-Quarterly; edited with Charles Newman), Quadrangle Press, Chicago,1968\n", "BULLET::::- \"Átváltozások\" (Metamorphoses, poems in Hungarian and verse translations into Hungarian),London,1969\n", "BULLET::::- \"Új égtájak\" (anthology of the 1956 generation of Hungarian poets in exile. Ed with Vilmos Juhász) Occidental Press,Washington, 1969\n", "BULLET::::- \"Attila József: Selected Poems and Texts\" (tr. John Batki; ed. with James Atlas), Carcanet Press, Cheadle Hulme, 1973\n", "BULLET::::- \"László Nagy: Love of the Scorching Wind. Selected Poems\", (partly tr., and ed. with Gyula Kodolányi), OUP, Oxford-New York-Toronto, 1974\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cyprian Norwid\" (monograph),Twayne, New York, 1974\n", "BULLET::::- \"Levél hanyatló birodalomból\" (Letter from a Declining Empire, poems in Hungarian) Munich,1976\n", "BULLET::::- \"Az ismeretlen fa.. Mai lengyel költők\" (The Unknown Tree. Anthology of Modern Polish poets in Hungarian translation,ed. and tr.), Occidental Press, Washington, 1978\n", "BULLET::::- \"Miklós Radnóti: Forced March. Selected Poems\", (ed. and transl. With Clive Wilmer), Carcanet Press, Manchester,1979\n", "BULLET::::- \"Homage to Mandelstam\" (multilingual verse anthology, ed. with Richard Burns), LOS, Cambridge, 1981\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nyugtalan koranyár\" (Restless Early Summer,poems in Hungarian), Occidental Press, Washington, 1984\n", "BULLET::::- \"Polscy poeci o wegierskim pazdzierniku\" (Polish Poets on the Hungarian October, verse anthology in Polish and partly in Hungarian, ed. and tr.),Polish Cultural Foundation, London, 1986; 2nd, enlarged edition London, 1996\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cyprian Norwid. Poet, thinker, craftsman\" (essays by different hands, introduced and an essay; ed. with B.Mazur),SSEES-Univ.of London/ Orbis Books, London, 1988\n", "BULLET::::- \"Angol-magyar kapcsolatok a XVI-XVII században\" (Anglo-Hungarian Contacts in the 15–16th centuries, essays), Akadémiai Kiadó, 1989\n", "BULLET::::- \"Búcsú a romantikától\" (Farewell to Romanticism- Selected Poems in Hungarian), Magvető, Budapest, 1990\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nyugatról nézve\" (Seen from the West, essays), Szépirodalmi, Budapest, 1990\n", "BULLET::::- \"Erdélyiek és angolok\" (Transylvanians and Englishmen,essays) Héttorony, Budapest,1991\n", "BULLET::::- \"György Petri: Night Song of the Personal Shadow. Selected Poems.\"(Tr.and ed. with Clive Wilmer)Bloodaxe, Newcastle, 1991\n", "BULLET::::- \"As if...Three Hungarian Poets\" (Verse anthology ed. by George Szirtes; poems of Győző Ferencz, Zsuzsa Rakovszky and George Gömöri), The Cheltenham Festival,Cheltenham,1991\n", "BULLET::::- \"Angol és skót utazók a régi Magyarországon, 1541–1737\" (English and Scottish Travellers in the Hungary of the Past, 1541–1737, ed. and translated), Argumentum, Budapest, 1994\n", "BULLET::::- \"George Gömöri: My Manifold City.Selected Poems\" (Tr. from the Hungarian with Clive Wilmer,also by Tony Connor and George Szirtes), The Alba Press, Cambridge,1996, 2nd ed. printed in Budapest, 1996\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Colonnade of Teeth. Modern Hungarian Poetry, ed. and introduced with George Szirtes, notes by George Gömöri, Bloodaxe, Newcastle, 1996\n", "BULLET::::- \"Egy szigetlakó feljegyzéseiből\" (From the Notebook of an Islander, essays, reviews), Cserépfalvi, Budapest, 1996\n", "BULLET::::- \"Őszi magánbeszéd. Versek 1945–1996\", (Autumn Monologue, Poems in Hungarian), Szivárvány; Chicago-Budapest, 1997\n", "BULLET::::- \"Zbigniew Herbert: Az izlés hatalma\" (a selection translated from Herbert’s poems into Hungarian), Orpheus, Budapest, 1998\n", "BULLET::::- \"A bujdosó Balassitól a meggyászolt Zrínyi Miklósig\", (From the Exiled Balassi to the Mourned Nicholas Zrínyi, essays on literary and cultural history), Argumentum, Budapest,1999\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Life and Poetry of Miklós Radnóti\", ed. with Clive Wilmer (essays by different hands) East European Monographs, Boulder,Co.,1999, distr.by Columbia Univ.Press\n", "BULLET::::- \"György Petri: Eternal Monday. New and Selected Poems\", tr. with Clive Wilmer, Bloodaxe, Newcastle, 1999\n", "BULLET::::- \"Jőjj el, szabadság...Irások a huszadik századi magyar költészetről\" (Come, Freedom! Essays on Twentieth-Century Hungarian Poetry), Nyelv és Lélek Könyvek, Anyanyelvi Konferencia, Budapest, 1999\n", "BULLET::::- \"Váltott hangokon. Szerepversek és újabb versek\" (On Different Voices,Poems), Kortárs kiadó, Budapest, 2000\n", "BULLET::::- \"Magnetic Poles\", (essays on Polish and Comparative Literature), Polish Cultural Foundation, London, 2000\n", "BULLET::::- \"Czeslaw Milosz: Ahogy elkészül a világ.Versek\" (Poems tr. into Hungarian by Cz.Milosz: How the World is Made, selected and translated ),AB-ART, Bratislava, 2001\n", "BULLET::::- \"Clive Wilmer: Végtelen változatok.Versek\" (Infinite Variations, Hungarian tr. of poems by C.Wilmer, with Anna T. Szabó), JATE Press, Szeged, 2002\n", "BULLET::::- \"Miklós Radnóti, Forced March. Selected Poems\", 2nd, extended ed., tr. with Clive Wilmer, Enitharmon Press, London, 2003\n", "BULLET::::- \"A tél illata. Versek\" (The Fragrance of Winter. Poems), Ister, Budapest,2003\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dylemat królika doswiadczalnego.Wybór wierszy\" (The Guinea Pig’s Dilemma.Poems tr. into Polish,tr. by Feliks Netz), Biblioteka Slaska, Katowice, 2003\n", "BULLET::::- \"Erdélyi merítések. Tanulmányok és írások\" (Transylvanian Catches.Essays and Writings),Komp-Press, Ariadné, Cluj-Kolozsvár, 2004\n", "BULLET::::- \"Magyarországi diákok angol és skót egyetemeken 1526–1789.Hungarian Students in England and Scotland 1526–1789\", Egyetemi Könyvtár, Budapest, 2005 (Database: Magyar diákok egyetemjárása az újkorban, 14.)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Versek Marinak – Poems for Mari\", (bilingual selection of poems), PONT kiadó, Budapest, 2006\n", "BULLET::::- \"Az én forradalmam. Emlékezések és írások az 1956-os forradalomról\" (My Revolution. Reminiscences and Writings about the 1956 Hungarian revolution), PONT kiadó, Budapest, 2006\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ez, és nem más (Válogatott és ujabb versek)\"(This One and Noone Else, Poems selected by Tibor Zalán), Argumentum, Budapest,2007\n", "BULLET::::- \"Polishing October\" (New and Selected Poems), tr. Clive Wilmer and George Gömöri, Shoestring Press, 2008, 80 pp.\n", "BULLET::::- \"A száműzetés kertje (Ujabb versek)\", with the photos of Kaiser Ottó, Komp-Press, Cluj-Napoca, 2009\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kulturánk követei a régi Európában\", Tanulmányok, Editio Princeps, Piliscsaba, 2009, 215 pp. and illustrations.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lapszéli jegyzetek Londonból\" (Marginal notes from London) Feuilletons, sketches, \"Irodalmi jelen\", Arad, 2010, 119 pp.\n", "BULLET::::- \"János Pilinszky: Passio\", tr. with Clive Wilmer, Worple Press, Tonbridge, 2011, 20 pp.\n", "BULLET::::- \"I lived on this earth... Hungarian Poets on the Holocaust\", anthology ed. with Mari Gomori, Foreword by Sir Martin Gilbert, Alba Press, London, 2012, 87 pp.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Békássy Ferenc szerelmes levelei\" (Love Letters to Noel Olivier), ed. With Tibor Weiner Sennyey, tr. Virág Balogi, Aranymadár Books, Budapest, 2013, 166 pp.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wiktor Woroszylski: A határ átlépése\" (Crossing the Border. Selected Poems and Prose) Tr. and ed. György Gömöri, Irodalmi jelen, Arad, 2013, 195 pp.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Polish Swan Triumphant. Essays from Kochanowski to Norwid\", Cambridge Scholars, Newcastle u. Tyne, 2013, 159 pp.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Polishing October. New and Selected Poems.\" Shoestring Press, Nottingham, 2013, tr. mostly with Clive Wilmer, 90 pp.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rózsalovaglás\" (Riding with Roses)\",\" Pro Pannonia Publishers, 2014.\n", "BULLET::::- \"A rejtőzködő Balassi\", Komp-Press, 2014.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Alien in the Chapel: Ferenc Békássy, Rupert Brooke's Unknown Rival\" co-edited with Mari Gömöri, 2016, 256 pp.,\n", "BULLET::::- \"Magyar-lengyel változatok, (Hungarian-Polish variations, essays), Pro Pannonia, Pécs, 2016\n", "BULLET::::- \"Az ajtó monológja\" (Monologue of A Door), poems, Orpheusz, Budapest, 2017\n", "BULLET::::- \"Erdélyi arcok\" (Selection of poems on Transylvania), Bookart, Csíkszereda-Miercurea Ciuc, Romania, 2018 (with illustrations from the portfolio of Győző Somogyi)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Polski redaktor i węgierski polonista\", Korespondencja Jerzego Giedroycia i Györgya (George’a) Gömöriego, 1958-2000, ed.Gábor Lagzi, Neriton, Warsaw, 2018\n", "BULLET::::- \"Steep Path\", Poems translated from the Hungarian by Clive Wilmer and George Gömöri, Selected by Clive Wilmer, Corvina, Budapest, 2018\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Excerpt from Literature and Revolution in Hungary, Journal article by George Gömöri; World Literature Today, Vol. 65, 1991\n", "BULLET::::- Tongue tied: an article by George Gomori on the demise of Eastern European and Slavonic languages at Cambridge University, in The Guardian\n", "BULLET::::- Review of George Gomori & Wilmer's collection of translations of Miklós Radnóti poems, 'Forced March', on Popmatters.com\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jordan Norberto\n", "Jordan Norberto Vallenilla (born December 8, 1986) is a Dominican professional baseball pitcher who is currently a free agent. He previously played in Major League Baseball for the Arizona Diamondbacks and Oakland Athletics, and in the Nippon Professional Baseball League for the Chunichi Dragons and Tokyo Yakult Swallows.\n", "Section::::Professional career.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Arizona Diamondbacks.\n", "Norberto made the Diamondbacks Opening Day roster in 2010.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Oakland Athletics.\n", "On July 31, 2011, Norberto was traded to the Oakland Athletics with Brandon Allen for Brad Ziegler. He made the Oakland Athletics Opening Day bullpen in 2012. He missed two portions of the season on the disabled list with shoulder issues. He pitched in 39 games and finished the season with a 2.77 ERA and a 4-1 record. He failed to make the Opening Day bullpen in 2013 and opened the season with AAA Sacramento River Cats. On May 8, 2013 he was released to make room on the 40-man roster for Daric Barton.\n", "On August 5, 2013, Norberto agreed to a 50-game suspension for his role in the Biogenesis baseball scandal.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Tampa Bay Rays.\n", "Norberto signed a minor league deal with the Tampa Bay Rays in January 2014. He was assigned to the Double-A Montgomery Biscuits on January 22.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Chunichi Dragons.\n", "Norberto was signed by the Chunichi Dragons of the NPB to start the 2016 season. Norberto made his first appearance for the Dragons as a relief pitcher but was converted into a starter taking his first win against the Hanshin Tigers on April 15, 2016 in a 6-0 win.\n", "On December 2, 2016 it was announced that Norberto had been released by Chunichi, however by December 23, it was reported that Norberto had been in talks to be re-signed by the Dragons for the 2017 season. It was announced on January 6, 2017 that Norberto had been given a 1-year extension by the Dragons.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Tokyo Yakult Swallows.\n", "On December 16, 2017, Norberto signed with the Tokyo Yakult Swallows of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). On June 20, 2018 it was announced that he had been placed on waivers.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Jordan Norberto Vallenilla", "Jordan Armengot Norberto Vallenilla" ] }, "description": "Major League Baseball pitcher in the Tampa Bay Rays organization", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3120907", "wikidata_label": "Jordan Norberto", "wikipedia_title": "Jordan Norberto" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Luke Ayling\n", "Luke David Ayling (born 25 August 1991) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for Championship club Leeds United. Although normally playing as a right back, he can also function as a centre back or as a defensive midfielder.\n", "Ayling began his career at Arsenal joining the club at the age of 10. He was part of Arsenal youth team's double-winning team of the 2008–09 season, before signing his first professional contract in July 2009. Ayling was loaned out to Yeovil Town in March 2010 and played four matches. At the end of the season he agreed a permanent deal with Yeovil. After four seasons with Yeovil, Ayling signed for Bristol City.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Arsenal.\n", "Ayling was born in Lambeth, London. He joined Arsenal at the age of 10, despite being a Chelsea fan, progressing through the Arsenal youth teams, playing alongside Jack Wilshere and Kyle Bartley, before signing scholarship forms with the club in the summer of 2007. Ayling featured in the Reserves whilst he was still a schoolboy, and was an integral part of Arsenal youth team's Premier Academy League and FA Youth Cup double-winning team of the 2008–09 season, forming a crucial defensive partnership with Kyle Bartley. In June 2009, Ayling signed his first professional contract with Arsenal.\n", "Ayling's only call into the first-team squad came during the 2009–10 season. Ayling was an unused substitute for a dead rubber 1–0 UEFA Champions League group stage defeat to Greek team Olympiacos on 9 December 2009. Ayling departed the club in June 2010 after his contract expired.\n", "Section::::Career.:Yeovil Town.\n", "In March 2010, Ayling joined League One club Yeovil Town on loan for an initial month, and on 2 April 2010, made his professional debut as a second-half substitute in a 0–0 draw away at Southend United. Ayling's loan was extended until the end of the season, Ayling played four matches in total, including his first league start in the final match of the season against Brighton & Hove Albion, on 8 May 2010.\n", "On 30 June 2010, Ayling agreed a permanent contract with Yeovil. He made his debut in a 2–1 victory over Leyton Orient. Ayling made forty appearances in his first full season with Yeovil but had discipline issues receiving thirteen yellow and two red cards. On 19 May 2013, Ayling played in the 2013 League One play-off Final at Wembley Stadium as Yeovil beat Brentford 2–1 to earn promotion to the Championship.\n", "After relegation from the Championship during the 2013–14 season with Yeovil Town, his contract expired at the end of the season in June 2014. After rejecting the offer of a new contract at Yeovil, he left the club.\n", "Section::::Career.:Bristol City.\n", "Following his departure from Yeovil Town, Ayling signed for their fellow League One club Bristol City on 8 July 2014 for an undisclosed compensation fee, signing a three-year deal. Ayling made his debut for Bristol City, on 9 August 2014, in their opening day victory over Sheffield United.\n", "During the 2014–15 season, Ayling won the Football League Trophy, with Bristol beating Walsall 2–0 at Wembley Stadium on 22 March 2015. On 18 April 2015, Ayling impressed for Bristol City playing 58 matches that season in all competitions as they were crowned League One champions following a 0–0 draw at home to Coventry City and earned promotion to the Championship. Playing 33 times either playing right back or centre back during the 2015–16 season in the Championship, Ayling's form at the back helped Bristol City retain their Championship status.\n", "Section::::Career.:Leeds United.\n", "On 11 August 2016, Ayling signed for Championship club Leeds United for an undisclosed fee on a three-year contract. Ayling made his debut for Leeds in a 2–1 loss to Birmingham City on 13 August 2016. With first choice right back Gaetano Berardi out injured, Ayling started the season as the club's first choice right back, his impressive form also kept Berardi out the team despite Berardi's return from injury in October. On 7 November, Ayling was named in the English Football League Team of the Week after his impressive performance in Leeds' 3–2 victory against Norwich City.\n", "On 9 August 2017, he captained Leeds for the first time when he was named as captain for Leeds' League Cup tie 4–1 win against Port Vale. He was appointed Vice Captain for the 2017–18 season.\n", "On 19 October 2017, Ayling signed a new 4-year contract, with the long term deal keeping him at Leeds until the end of the 2020–21 season.\n", "An ever present, after being injured after a tackle by former Leeds teammate Liam Bridcutt on 1 January 2018 in Leeds 0–0 draw against Nottingham Forest. The injury was ruled as a season ending ankle ligament injury that required surgery and initially ruled him out for the remainder of the 2017–18 season. However, on 5 May 2018, Ayling was able to return for the final game of the season in Leeds' 2–0 victory against Queens Park Rangers, starting the match after returning to training two weeks before the season had finished.\n", "On 18 August 2018, Ayling scored his first competitive goal for Leeds against Rotherham United. On 6 October 2018, Ayling was red carded in a controversial performance from the referee in Leeds' 1-1 draw against Brentford. After returning from suspension, Ayling picked up a serious knee injury against Nottingham Forest on 27 October which would rule Ayling out for several months.\n", "He returned from injury earlier than expected when he started for Leeds on 23 December 2018, when he started and captained the side in a 3–2 win against Aston Villa at Villa Park. He continued to feature as a central member of the team, on the right side of defence, starting almost all games for the remainder of the regular season, and contributing a crucial second goal at home to Millwall on 30 March to level the game in a thriller that Leeds eventually won 3-2.\n", "During the 2018–19 Leeds United F.C. season, Ayling played 42 games scoring 2 goals in all competitions, after Leeds finished the regular season in third place after dropping out of the automatic promotion places with 3 games left after a defeat to 10 man Wigan Athletic on 19 April, Leeds qualified for the playoffs, with Ayling starting for Leeds in the semi-final playoffs matches versus sixth-placed Derby County, as Leeds were beaten on 3–4 aggregate over the two legs. Despite taking a 1–0 win at Pride Park, to bring into a 1-0 aggregate lead into the home leg at Elland Road, Leeds lost 2–4 in an encounter that saw both teams reduced to 10 men and Derby progress to the final against Aston Villa.\n", "After being injured towards the very start of 2019/20 pre-season training, Ayling would miss all the pre-season games and the start of the new season after undergoing ankle surgery.\n", "Section::::Style of play.\n", "Ayling plays as a Right back but can also play as a Centre back or as a defensive midfielder. Former \"Guardian\" sports writer Steve Claridge lauded Ayling for his \"reading of the game, communications skills, organisation skills, aerial prowess, two footedness and use of the ball\" in his scouting reports column. Ayling was praised for his defensive work which gave Leeds United a solid start to the 2017–18 season.\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "Arsenal\n", "BULLET::::- Premier Academy League: 2008–09\n", "BULLET::::- FA Youth Cup: 2008–09\n", "Yeovil Town\n", "BULLET::::- Football League One play-offs: 2012–13\n", "Bristol City\n", "BULLET::::- Football League One: 2014–15\n", "BULLET::::- Football League Trophy: 2014–15\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Luke Ayling profile at the Leeds United F.C. website\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Bedford Pim\n", "Admiral Bedford Clapperton Trevelyan Pim, RN, MP, FRGS (12 June 1826 – 30 September 1886) was a Royal Navy officer, Arctic explorer, barrister, and author. He was the first man who travelled from a ship on the eastern side of the Northwest Passage to one on the western side.\n", "Section::::Early years.\n", "Pim was born in Bideford, Devon, England, son of Edward Bedford Pim of Weirhead, Exeter, a British navy officer who died of yellow fever in 1830 off the coast of Africa while engaged in the suppression of the slave trade, and Sophia Soltau Harrison, eldest daughter of John Fairweather Harrison, Esquire of Totnes. Educated at the Royal Naval School, the younger Pim went to India in the British Merchant Navy, and in 1842, upon return to England, was appointed a volunteer in the Royal Navy.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "In 1845, Pim was posted to the survey ship, HMS \"Herald\", under Captain Henry Kellett. For the next six years he took part in surveys in the Falkland Islands, the western coast of South America, and north to British Columbia. During this time he took part in three detours to search for the missing Sir John Franklin expedition. He transferred from \"Herald\" to HMS \"Plover\", wintering at Chamisso Island in Kotzebue Sound during 1849/50, spending considerable time with the local Malemiut, before returning to \"Herald\". He was promoted to lieutenant in 1851, and in April 1852 he returned to the Arctic, taking part in the rescue of Robert McClure and the crew of . Pim was the first man to travel from a ship on the eastern side of the Northwest Passage to one on the western side.\n", "Pim served in the Baltic in 1855 during the Crimean War commanding HMS \"Magpie\" where he was wounded. He was wounded again in 1857 while commanding HMS \"Banterer\" in Chinese waters. He was made a commander in 1858. The following year, he investigated the possibility of a transoceanic canal and became a proponent of the Nicaragua Canal. Pim went to the West Indies in command of HMS \"Gorgon\" in 1860 and returned home on HMS \"Fury\". He made post captain in 1868 and was compulsorily retired in 1870. He studied law after retirement and was called to the Bar of the Inner Temple in 1873. Pim practiced law in Bristol, mainly on admiralty cases, and became a magistrate for the county of Middlesex. He wrote, \"When Do Sheriffs Take Office?\" in 1879.\n", "A Conservative, Pim stood unsuccessfully for election in Totnes in July 1865 and Gravesend in December 1868. He was elected Member of Parliament for Gravesend in 1874. Pim was made rear-admiral in 1885.\n", "Pim wrote several articles, books, and pamphlets. \"Remarks on the Isthmus of Suez, with Special Reference to the Proposed Canal\" was published in the \"Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London\" in 1859, and \"Proposed Transit-Route across Central America, from a New Harbour in Nicaragua\" was published three years later. His 1839 \"A Brief sketch of the life of the late Zachary Macaulay, Esq., F.R.S. As connected with the subjects of the abolition of the slave trade and slavery\" was his only biography. His journals as a Midshipman aboard the \"Herald\" provided most of the discussion for the Arctic portions of the six-year cruise.\n", "Section::::Organisations.\n", "Pim belonged to several scientific organisations. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society in 1854. In 1861, he became an associate of the Institute of Civil Engineers. He was also an honorary member of the Dulwich College Science Society.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Pim was a major landowner in Central America and the Caribbean. He married Susanna Locock on 3 October 1861 and they had two sons, including the Rev. Henry Bedford Pim. They lived for a time at Belsize and Dulwich. Pim died at Deal, Kent, England, on 30 September 1886. A brass plaque honoring Pim was moved in 1981 from The Missions to Seamen Institute to St. Nicholas Church, Bristol, England.\n", "Pim was a virulent racist. In both The Negro and Jamaica and Dottings on the Roadside he articulated personal concerns with the supposed \"savagery\" of African peoples. Despite the acclaim Pim has garnered for his explorations, many of his personal observations of Africans in Jamaica perpetuated falsely racist claims about cannibalism and profligacy.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "BULLET::::- Pim Island, Nunavut, Canada.\n", "BULLET::::- Pim's Bay (variant Monkey Point), of Greytown, Nicaragua\n", "Section::::Partial works.\n", "BULLET::::- (1857) \"An earnest appeal to the British public on behalf of the missing Arctic Expedition.\"\n", "BULLET::::- (1858) \"Notes on Cherbourg.\"\n", "BULLET::::- (1863) \" The Gate of the Pacific.\"\n", "BULLET::::- (1868) \"The negro and Jamaica. Read before the Anthropological Society of London, etc.\"\n", "BULLET::::- (1869) \"Dottings on the Roadside in Panama, Nicaragua, and Mosquito ... Illustrated with plates and maps.\"\n", "BULLET::::- (s.d.) \"War chronicle, with memoirs of the emperor Napoleon III, the emperor-King William I, map and official documents, from the breaking out of the war to the final evacuation of French territory by the German troops.\"\n", "BULLET::::- I\"n the 1870's he was the proprietor of a newspaper \"The Navy Royal and Mercantile\". Edition no.38 volume II bears the date \"Saturday, Feb 13, 1875\".\"\n", "BULLET::::- (1876) \"British Manufacturing Industries series\", vol. 10: \"Ship-building\"\n", "BULLET::::- (1877) \"The Eastern question, past, present and future : with official documents.\"\n", "BULLET::::- (1881). \"Gems from Greenwich Hospital.\"\n", "BULLET::::- (1883). \"Transit across Central America.\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Admiral Bedford Clapperton Trevelyan Pim", "Bedford Clapperton Trevelyan Pim" ] }, "description": "Royal Navy officer, Arctic explorer, barrister, and author", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4879118", "wikidata_label": "Bedford Pim", "wikipedia_title": "Bedford Pim" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "William Bonner (newscaster)\n", "William Bonemer Júnior (born 16 November 1963), known professionally as William Bonner, is a Brazilian newscaster, publicist and journalist. He is the current editor-in-chief and anchorman of Jornal Nacional, the most-watched Brazilian news program, aired by Rede Globo.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "He graduated with a degree in Mass Communications with an emphasis in Advertising and Publicity from the School of Arts and Communication, University of São Paulo (ECA-USP). He began his professional career in 1983 in advertising.\n", "In 1985 he began working at Radio Usp FM, after that moved to TV Bandeirantes in São Paulo, as an announcer and presenter. In June 1986, he moved to Rede Globo in São Paulo, where he was the editor and presenter of a local television news show, \"SPTV\".\n", "In 1988 he also became host of \"Fantástico\". The following year he moved to Rio de Janeiro. He presented \"Jornal da Globo\" between 1989 and 1992 alongside Fátima Bernardes. Between 1994 and 1996, he was editor-in-chief and newscaster for the program \"Jornal Hoje\"; in April 1996, he became lead anchor of Jornal Nacional, a news program that airs from Mondays to Saturdays on Rede Globo, alongside Renata Vasconcellos.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Bonner and Fátima Bernardes are parents of triplets: Beatriz, Laura, and Vinicius. The end of their marriage was announced on August 29, 2016 on Twitter. He lives in Rio de Janeiro\n", "Bonner authored the book \"Jornal Nacional: Modo de Fazer\", a tribute to the 40 years of Jornal Nacional news program that documents the making of the show. \n", "Section::::News programs.\n", "BULLET::::- SPTV (1986-1989);\n", "BULLET::::- Fantástico (1988-1990);\n", "BULLET::::- Jornal da Globo (1989-1993);\n", "BULLET::::- Jornal Hoje (1993-1996);\n", "BULLET::::- Jornal Nacional (since 1996)\n", "Section::::News programs.:Stand-in presenter.\n", "BULLET::::- Jornal Nacional (1988-1996)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Vicki DiMartino\n", "Victoria Teresa DiMartino (born September 4, 1991) is an American former soccer player from Massapequa, New York. She was a forward for the Western New York Flash in the National Women's Soccer League, and a defender for the United States U-20 women's national soccer team.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "DiMartino grew up in Massapequa, New York and attended Massapequa High School where she was a 2009 Parade All-American. During her three seasons at Massapequa, she scored 52 goals and provided 27 assists. She was named All-County as a freshman, sophomore and junior. In 2007, she was named an NSCAA Youth All-American. As a junior, she earned All-Long Island and Big Apple Player of the Year honors. She played in three games as a senior due to national team commitments.\n", "As a teenager, she played for club team, the Alberston Fury. She won the New York State Cup every year she played in the tournament.\n", "Section::::Early life.:Boston College.\n", "DiMartino attended Boston College and played for the Eagles for four years. She finished her career at Boston as the third all-time in points scored with 93 career points. She finished third on the goals scored list with 34 and fifth in assists with 25.\n", "Section::::Playing career.\n", "Section::::Playing career.:Club.\n", "In 2013, DiMartino was drafted to the Western New York Flash in the National Women's Soccer League. She was selected seventh in the third round during the 2013 NWSL College Draft.\n", "Section::::Playing career.:International.\n", "DiMartino has represented the United States on the U-15, U-16, U-17, U-20, and U-23 national teams. A multi-dimensional player, she played as forward for the U-17 team, as outside back and outside midfield for the U.S. U-20 team and also played forward at the U-20 World Cup. She is a member of the U.S. team that won the 2010 CONACAF U-20 Women's Championships in Guatemala to earn a berth to the 2010 FIFA U-20 Women’s World Cup.\n", "DiMartino was one of the leading scorers for the U-17 team in 2008. She scored five goals in five consecutive games (the only U.S. player ever to achieve that feat in a World Cup) and won the Silver Boot as the second-leading scorer at the U-17 Women's World Cup in New Zealand. She scored twice at the CONCACAF U-17 Women’s Qualifying Tournament. She finished her U-17 international career with nine goals in 14 matches.\n", "Section::::Personal.\n", "DiMartino has two older sisters who played professional soccer. Her oldest sister Christina DiMartino, a former star at UCLA, was a midfielder for the United States women's national soccer team and Philadelphia Independence. Another sister, Gina DiMartino, was a forward for the Philadelphia Independence.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Boston College player profile\n", "BULLET::::- US Soccer player profile\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Rachel Stowell\n", "Rachel \"Macca\" Stowell (née McArthur; born 27 July 1977) is a former English football player, who played as a central midfielder. She finished her career with Leicester City Women after season 2009–10, and is a former member of the England squad.\n", "Section::::Club career.\n", "Stowell joined Bristol City Women aged 12 and played with her local club for seven years before moving to Southampton Saints. With Southampton, Stowell played in the 1999 FA Women's Cup final. She was a full-time professional player with Fulham from 2000 until 2003. Stowell later played for Bristol City Ladies again, Arsenal Ladies and Leeds United Ladies. Stowell joined Leicester City after a period of inactivity after childbirth and an ACL injury. She captained Leicester to third place in the 2009–10 FA Women's Premier League Northern Division, then retired at the end of the season.\n", "Section::::International career.\n", "Stowell made her senior England debut against Norway, playing at right-back in a 3–1 defeat at the Algarve Cup in March 2002.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "She married former Wolves goalkeeper Mike Stowell in June 2009, following the birth of their daughter in April of the previous year. The two married whilst they both were in Leicester. Rachel being a Leicester City Women's player and her husband, Mike Stowell, being the goalkeeping coach at Leicester City FC\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Bernard Gravier\n", "Bernard Gravier (20 February 1881 – 13 August 1923) was a French fencer. He won a gold medal in the team épée event at the 1908 Summer Olympics.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Nicole Jung\n", "Nicole Yongju Jung (born October 7, 1991), referred to as Nicole, is a Korean-American singer. She is a former member of South Korean girl group Kara.\n", "In 2014, Jung left DSP Media and moved to B2M Entertainment to pursue her solo career. Her solo debut mini album, \"First Romance\", was released on November 19, 2014.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Jung was born on October 7, 1991 in Los Angeles, California to Korean parents. She attended Mark Keppel Elementary School and Toll Middle School in Glendale, California; however, she lived in downtown Los Angeles. She participated in choir, drill team, played the violin for 4 years and took dance classes. \n", "She auditioned for DSP Media by sending a video of her singing an Ivy and Black Eyed Peas song. Jung made the decision to go to South Korea and experienced hardships such as adjusting to the culture and missing her friends. She accepted DSP's offer, her mom moved with her to South Korea and has opened up a Korean BBQ restaurant called \"Aura The Grill\".\n", "Jung was on a show called \"\"KAIST\"\" which was renamed to \"\"Nicole The Entertainer's Introduction to Veterinary Science\"\" in Konkuk University. The first episode aired on November 12, 2009. She \"graduated\" from college in January 2010.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:2007–2013: Kara.\n", "Kara debuted on March 29, 2007 with \"Break It\" on M! Countdown as a 4-member group. Jung was one of the four along with Park Gyuri, Han Seungyeon, and Kim Sunghee. Kara was often compared to Fin.K.L because of their concept and the fact that they are from the same company (DSP Entertainment). In March 2008, Sunghee left the group due to parental pressure. Sunghee had failed her college exams. On July 24, 2008, Kara came back with two new members, Goo Hara and Kang Jiyoung. Their new concept was \"cute\" and \"playful\".\n", "On December 4, 2008, Kara released their 2nd mini-album \"Pretty Girl\" and had their comeback starting on M! Countdown with \"Pretty Girl\". In February 2009, Kara followed up with their album \"Honey\". \"Honey\" became the group's first #1 single when it topped the M! Countdown and The Music Trend.\n", "In late July 2009, Kara revealed their second album named \"Revolution\". Due to the popularity of the songs, Wanna and Mister, Kara's overall popularity increased. Kara currently started promotions with their third mini-album \"Lupin\". Lupin was a success, it won KBS Music Bank K-Chart on March 12, March 19, and March 26, 2010.\n", "In August 2010, Kara officially debuted in Japan with \"Mister\". After this, Kara released their fourth mini-album Jumping in November 2010.\n", "On January 19, 2011, Kang Jiyoung, Han Seung-yeon and Jung announced that they were terminating their contract with DSP. On April 28, 2011, the dispute between DSP Entertainment and Kara's 3 members was officially announced as resolved.\n", "Jung injured her ankle during Kara's first stand-alone concert in Korea, which was held on February 18, 2012. She was performing a solo performance cover of Michael Jackson's \"Beat It\", when she hurt her ankle while leaving through a lift. After she got hurt, she did limp a little during performances but she still finished the concert. Afterwards in the dressing room, she received acupuncture for her injury. Despite her injury, she still performed on the very next day. Afterwards, Jung's injury was publicly revealed as she was photographed at airports in a wheelchair. Despite her injury, Nicole still hosted SBS \"Inkigayo\" with a cast on her leg. Due to the ankle injury, she was unable to perform in group performance choreography during their Speed Up promotion in Japan from March to April 2012.\n", "Kara has released Kara Collection in 2012, both in South Korea and Japan, an album containing each of the girls' solo songs. Jung's song was \"Lost\", which featured close friend Jinwoon.\n", "Jung performed with the group for the last time at the \"2013 MBC Gayo Daejejeon\" on December 31, 2013. The group performed a medley of their past hit singles along with \"Damaged Lady\", from the group's fourth album \"Full Bloom\".\n", "Section::::Career.:2014: \"First Romance\".\n", "On January 13, 2014, it was announced that Jung would be withdrawing from the group due to the expiration of her contract with DSP Media, and that she would be flying to the States for two months to focus on improving her vocal and dance skills while preparing to make a solo debut.\n", "On October 14, 2014, Jung signed an exclusive contract with B2M Entertainment. The agency revealed, \"Following the end of her contract with DSP Media, Nicole is currently preparing for her solo debut after confirming a new agency and completing the contract signing. Nicole's new agency was established by CEO Gil Jong Hwa, who had been with KARA from their debut to their peak. Since their connection under DSP Media, they have maintained close relations with one another.\"\n", "Jung's solo debut mini album, \"First Romance\" was released on November 19, 2014 and the title song \"MAMA\", which was used to promote the mini album.\n", "\"First Romance\" in November sold 8,754 copies. By the end of 2014, the mini album had sold 10,137 copies.\n", "Section::::Career.:2015: Japanese debut.\n", "On April 22, 2015, it was revealed that Jung would debut in Japan on June 24. She performed her debut song before release at the 'KCON 2015 Japan X M! Chttp://series-top.com/new-showsountdown'. On June 17, she released a short PV of her debut single \"Something Special\". On June 24, Jung released the PV for \"Something Special\"\n", "In December 2015, Jung released news that she would be coming back in Japan with her second Japanese single in 2016. It was revealed that the single would be called \"Don't Stop\" to be released on February 17. On January 16, she released a short PV version of \"Don't Stop\"\n", "Section::::Career.:2016: Bliss.\n", "On March 2, 2016, Jung revealed on her Instagram that she would be releasing her first solo Japanese album, titled \"Bliss\" on April 27, 2016. The title track from the album is titled \"HAPPY\", the PV teaser was released on March 31, 2016. She had her first solo concerts titled \"2016 Nicole The 1st Live\" spanning two days, April 29, 2016 and May 1, 2016.\n", "Section::::Career.:Other activities.\n", "Jung was featured on former DSP Media artist Sunha's first album Fahrenheit in the song \"String\" (2008). In April 2009, she sang a duet with former Noel member Kang Kyun-seong called \"Happy And\". In August 2009, she and singer Jay Park became part of historical culture variety show Nodaji, replacing Choi Min-yong and Kim Tae-hyun. But the show was cancelled due to low ratings in October 2009.\n", "In September 2009, Jung was featured in numerous live performances of Mighty Mouth's single \"Love Class\". In July 2010, she sang a duet with Park Myung Soo for his single \"Whale\" (고래).\n", "Jung was a member of \"Dazzling Red\", one of the idol project groups for the 2012 SBS Korean Music Festival – The Color of K-Pop concert with fellow idols After School's Nana, 4Minute's Hyuna, Secret's Hyoseong, and SISTAR's Hyorin. Dazzling Red released a single, \"This Person\", in December 2012.\n", "Jung was invited to the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards Japan (as the only Korean artist invited that year) on June 22, 2013 and performed her solo song \"Lost\" from \"Kara Collection\".\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Nicole at B2M Entertainment\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Jung Yong-ju", "Jung Nicole", "Nicole Jeong", "Jeong Nicole", "니콜", "Nicole", "정 니콜", "정니콜", "니콜 정", "Jung Yong Ju", "Jung Yongju", "Jung Yong-joo", "Jung Yong Joo", "Jung Yongjoo", "Jeong Yong-joo", "Jeong Yong Joo", "Jeong Yongjoo", "Jeong Yong-ju", "Jeong Yong Ju", "Jeong Yongju", "정용주", "정 용주" ] }, "description": "South Korean-American singer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q494992", "wikidata_label": "Nicole Jung", "wikipedia_title": "Nicole Jung" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Bertrand Marie de Lesseps\n", "Bertrand Marie de Lesseps (3 February 1875 – 28 August 1918) was a French fencer. He competed in the individual and team sabre events at the 1908 Summer Olympics. He was killed in action during World War I. He was the brother of Ismaël de Lesseps.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Olympians killed in World War I\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "French fencer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4895881", "wikidata_label": "Bertrand Marie de Lesseps", "wikipedia_title": "Bertrand Marie de Lesseps" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Teodor Kufel\n", "Teodor Kufel (sometimes known as Teoch) (6 March 1920 – 17 October 2016) was a Polish general of the Ludowe Wojsko Polskie. He later served as commander of the Internal Military Service from 1964 until 1979. He was born in Płock and died in Warsaw.\n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- Janusz Królikowski, \"Generałowie i admirałowie Wojska Polskiego 1943-1990\", Toruń 2010, .\n", "BULLET::::- Lech Kowalski, \"Generał ze skazą, Wydawnictwo Rytm\", Warszawa, 2001\n", "BULLET::::- Mirosław R. Krajewski, \"Płock w okresie okupacji 1939-1945\", Wyższa Szkoła Humanistyczno-Ekonomiczna we Włocławku, 2001\n", "BULLET::::- Kufel Death Info\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Robert F. Coleman\n", "Robert F. Coleman (November22 1954March24, 2014) was an American mathematician, and professor at the University of California, Berkeley.\n", "After graduating from Nova High School, he completed his bachelor's degree at Harvard University in 1976 and subsequently attended Cambridge University for Part III of the mathematical tripos. While there John H. Coates provided him with a problem for his doctoral thesis (\"Division Values in Local Fields\"), which he completed at Princeton University in 1979 under the advising of Kenkichi Iwasawa.\n", "He then had a one-year postdoctoral appointment at the Institute for Advanced Study and then taught at Harvard University for three years. In 1983, he moved to University of California, Berkeley. In 1985, he was struck with a severe case of multiple sclerosis, in which he lost the use of his legs. Despite this, he remained an active faculty member until his retirement in 2013. He was awarded a MacArthur fellowship in 1987.\n", "He worked primarily in number theory, with specific interests in p-adic analysis and arithmetic geometry. In particular, he developed a theory of p-adic integration analogous to the classical complex theory of abelian integrals. Applications of Coleman integration include an effective version of Chabauty's theorem concerning rational points on curves and a new proof of the Manin-Mumford conjecture, originally proved by Raynaud. Coleman is also known for introducing p-adic Banach spaces into the study of modular forms and discovering important classicality criteria for overconvergent p-adic modular forms. With Barry Mazur, he introduced the eigencurve and established some of its fundamental properties. In 1990, Coleman found a gap in Manin's proof of the Mordell conjecture over function fields and managed to fill it in. With José Felipe Voloch, Coleman established an important unchecked compatibility in Benedict Gross's theory of companion forms.\n", "Robert Coleman died on March24, 2014 and is survived by his wife Tessa, sister Rosalind, brother Mark, nephew Jeffrey and niece Elise, and service dog Julep.\n", "Section::::Selected works.\n", "BULLET::::- PhD thesis\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Robert Coleman's Home Page\n", "BULLET::::- Robert F. Coleman's facebook page\n", "BULLET::::- Matt Baker's blog: Robert F. Coleman 1954-2014\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ducky Hemp\n", "William H. \"Ducky\" Hemp (December 27, 1862 – March 3, 1923) was a professional baseball player whose career spanned seven seasons. Hemp played two of those seven seasons in Major League Baseball. Over his major league career, Hemp compiled a batting average of .214 with 25 hits, 2 doubles, 2 triples, 5 RBIs, and 4 stolen bases.\n", "Section::::Professional career.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Louisville Colonels.\n", "Before entering the major leagues, Hemp played in the minors with the Memphis Browns of the Southern League in 1885, and later the Wichita Braves of the Western League in 1887. With the Braves, Ducky was noted as a fan favorite, and his nickname \"Ducky\" was given to him while he played with the Braves. Hemp would later become the first player from the Braves to play in the majors. Later in 1887, Hemp joined the major league Louisville Colonels. In 1 game with the Colonels, Hemp got 1 hit, 1 run, 1 double, and 1 base on balls in 4 plate appearances. He played the entire game in the outfield as well.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Alleghenys.\n", "After he parted with the Colonels, Hemp played the rest of the 1887 season with the minor league Lincoln Tree Planters of the Western League. In 1888, Hemp again played in the minors, this time with the Dallas Hams of the Texas League. The next season, Hemp played with the Evansville Hoosiers of the Central Interstate League. In 1890, Hemp returned to the majors, this time with the Pittsburgh Alleghenys of the National League. Hemp played 21 games with the Alleghenys, and batted .235 with 19 hits, 2 doubles, 4 RBIs, and 3 stolen bases. On the defensive side, Hemp played all of his 21 games in the outfield and committed 6 errors.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Syracuse Stars.\n", "Hemp played the rest of the 1890 season with the major league Syracuse Stars. In 9 games with the Stars, Hemp batted .152 with 5 hits, 1 doubles, 1 RBI, and 1 stolen base. In the field, Hemp played all of his 9 games in the outfield, and committed 1 error.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Later career.\n", "After his major league career was over, Hemp played in the minor leagues. He spent the rest of the 1890 season with the Lincoln Rustlers (who later that season became the Des Moines Prohibitionist) of the Western Association. In 1891, Hemp played for the Green Bay, Wisconsin baseball club of the Wisconsin State League, the Terre Haute Hottentots of the Northwestern League, and the Peoria Distillers, also of the Northwestern League. Hemp's final season in professional baseball came in 1892 with the Rock Island-Moline Twins, and the Terre Haute Hottentots, both of the Illinois–Indiana League.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Hemp died on March 3, 1923 in his hometown of St. Louis, Missouri at the age of 60. He was buried at Calvary Cemetery in St. Louis.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Nikolai Kuryanovich\n", "Nikolai Kuryanovich (); 19 June 1966, Tulun, Irkutsk Oblast) - Russian politician, nationalist, Director of the Irkutsk branch of the Russian State Trade-Economic University, deputy of State Duma 4 convocation (2003-2007), member of the Central Council of the National Socialist Movement \"Slavic Union\".\n", "Former Liberal Democratic Party of Russia member.\n", "Section::::Education.\n", "BULLET::::- 1983 - graduated with honors from high school Tulun\n", "BULLET::::- 1987 - graduated from the Novosibirsk Higher Military-Political Combined Arms School. 60 th anniversary of the Great October Revolution.\n", "BULLET::::- 1998 - graduated from Irkutsk State University.\n", "BULLET::::- 2004 - graduated from the Higher Academic Courses General Staff Military Academy.\n", "BULLET::::- 2007 - graduated from the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Николай Курьянович в Лентапедии\n", "BULLET::::- Правозащитники требуют привлечь к уголовной ответственности депутата Курьяновича\n", "BULLET::::- Политическое заявление депутата ГД РФ Курьяновича Н.В о вступлении в Славянский Союз в качестве члена Центрального Совета\n", "BULLET::::- Националист Курьянович идет в президенты РФ, чтобы остановить предательство интересов русских\n", "BULLET::::- Правозащитники ответили на открытое письмо депутата Николая Курьяновича\n", "BULLET::::- ЛДПР изгнала Курьяновича\n", "BULLET::::- ЛДПР не переживет исключения Курьяновича\n", "BULLET::::- Сообщество о деятельности Н. В. Курьяновича в Живом Журнале\n", "BULLET::::- Живой Журнал соратника Н. В. Курьяновича Евгения Валяева («Русский Образ»)\n", "BULLET::::- Николай Курьянович о власти, выборах и политике — интервью журналу «Иркутские кулуары» (10 номер 2008 года)\n", "BULLET::::- Kuryanovich's blog at LiveJournal\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Olivia Anderson\n", "Olivia Victoria Anderson (born 18 November 1987) is a cricketer who has made 5 One Day International and 2 Twenty20 International appearances for South Africa national women's cricket team in 2008.\n", "In the English 2010 season, she played for Shepperton, both for the ladies team, and the men's second team, in both of which she was the leading run scorer (also coming 5th in the men's league averages) as well as keeping wicket. She also led the scoring for Surrey Women.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Play-Cricket Statistics\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Alexander Burutin\n", "Alexander Germanovich Burutin () (born 24 December 1956) is a Lieutenant General of the Russian Armed Forces. Used to be Adviser to the President of Russia in 2003-2007 and First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation until late 2010.\n", "First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in 2007–2010, Lieutenant general, Advisor to the President of Russia on military-technical policy in 2003-2007. From 2011 to 2013 - Deputy Director for Research of the Institute for Economic Safety and Strategic Planning of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation. From 2013 to 2014, Director for Planning and Organization of Research and Development of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation. Since 2014, an Advisor to the General Director, and since 2018, Deputy General Director for Strategy of ARMZ Uranium Holding, the Mining Division of the State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Born on December 24, 1956 in Tapa, Estonia, Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, in the family of a soldier. Hereditary officer, the son of a general and became a general. Father - German Alexandrovich Burutin was a colonel-general, first deputy chief of the Main Operations Directorate of the General Staff. Grandfather - Alexander Konstantinovich and great-grandfather - Konstantin Fedorovich Burutiny, also militaries.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Education.\n", "He graduated from the Moscow Higher Military Command School in 1978, the Military Academy. Frunze (with honor) in 1986, the Russian Armed Forces (with honor) in 1997.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Military service.\n", "After graduating from military school, he began military service in the Armed Forces as a commander of a motorized rifle platoon and held various command and staff positions in military units and formations that are part of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany.\n", "From 1983 to 1986 - student of the N.V. Frunze Military Academy.\n", "From 1986 to 1989 - in the military rank of the major held the posts of commander of a motorized rifle battalion, chief of staff and first deputy commander of a motorized rifle regiment of the Far Eastern Military District.\n", "From 1989 to 1992 - Senior Officer of the Operational Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Ground Forces.\n", "From 1992 to 1995 - Senior Officer - Operator of the Directorate of the Main Operational Directorate of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces.\n", "From 1995 to 1997 - a student of the Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia.\n", "From 1997 to 2003 - Head of the Group, Head of the Direction, - Deputy Head of the Directorate of the Main Operational Directorate of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Political and state activities.\n", "In April 2003, he was appointed adviser to the President of the Russian Federation on military technical policy. In March 2004, after reorganization of the Presidential Administration of Russia, he was again approved to this position. As an adviser to the President of the Russian Federation, he was in charge of defense industry of Russia and the state weapon program.\n", "From 2003 to 2007 the member of the Military-Industrial Commission of Russia (Commission under the Government of the Russian Federation on military-industrial issues).\n", "From 2004 to 2007 the member of the Maritime Collegium under the Government of the Russian Federation.\n", "From 2004 to 2007 – the Chairman of the Board of directors of the JSC “Military-Industrial Corporation“ Scientific and Production Association of Mechanical Engineering ”.\n", "Engaged in scientific activities. In 2007, PhD in political science.\n", "In March 2007, he headed the United Shipbuilding Corporation (USC), the main task at this position was to implement a project to build new shipyards and strengthen relations with private shareholders of shipyards.\n", "On June 20, 2007, he was appointed the Deputy Chairman of the Government Commission for Ensuring the Integration of Enterprises of the Shipbuilding Complex of the Russian Federation.\n", "In August 2007, resigned from USC. In September 2007, he was appointed First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. At this position he was in charge of strategic planning, international military cooperation, Russian Federation’ Armed Forces and other troops command and control system development.\n", "He took part in the counter-terrorist operation in the North Caucasus. Member of the National Anti-Terrorism Committee (2008-2010). Combat veteran(2008).\n", "In 2010, he participated in the preparation of a nuclear arms reduction treaty between the United States and the Russian Federation with the formal name of Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms called New START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty). Represented the draft of the Treaty in the State Duma of the Russian Federation.\n", "In 2009 - 2010, criticized the plans of the Ministry of Defense headed by the Minister Anatoliy Serdyukov and Chief of the General Staff (Russia) Nikolay Yegorovich Makarov related to the Armed Forces reshaping. In September 2010, because of the disagreements with the leadership of the Ministry of Defence, resigned from the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. In November 2010, by a decree of the President of the Russian Federation has been fired from active military service at the age of 53 years, not achieving the age limit for that position (60 years).\n", "In 2009, got the Russian Federation Government Award in the field of science and technology for the development and creation of new equipment.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Scientific activity.\n", "Since retiring, he resumed his scientific activities. In 2012, he became a doktor nauk in technical sciences, got the professor degree (in 2011) and became a fellow (in 2017) of the Academy of Military Science (Russia). Author of over 80 scientific papers and publications.\n", "He was deputy director in charge of science activity of the Institute for Economic Safety and Strategic Planning of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation. In 2013-2014, at the working group, he participated in preparing of the draft Federal Law “On Strategic Planning of the Russian Federation”.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Production activity.\n", "In 2013, he was appointed advisor to the general director of JSC Atomredmetzoloto (ARMZ Uranium Holding), the main activity - interaction with government authorities. From August 2018 - present, is the Deputy General Director for Strategy. Along with issues related to the development and implementation of the ARMZ Uranium Holding Co. strategy, follows the interaction of the Rosatom mining division enterprises with the media and the public (government bodies, public, environmental organizations, the local population of the regions of presence, etc.)\n", "Since 2015, headed the board of directors of JSC Dalur, the youngest and most effective asset of ARMZ Uranium Holding, engaged in the extraction of uranium using an environmentally friendly method of underground leaching.\n", "In 2017, appointed the Head of the Expert Council of the State Duma Committee on Defence.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "He is married, has two sons (both became militaries).\n", "Section::::Awards.\n", "BULLET::::- Order of Military Merit 1998\n", "BULLET::::- Order of Honour 2006\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Advisor to the President of Russia", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4099936", "wikidata_label": "Alexander Burutin", "wikipedia_title": "Alexander Burutin" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Marizanne Kapp\n", "Marizanne Kapp (born 4 January 1990) is an international cricketer who plays for South Africa national women's cricket team.\n", "In December 2017, she was named as one of the players in the ICC Women's ODI Team of the Year.\n", "In March 2018, she was one of fourteen players to be awarded a national contract by Cricket South Africa ahead of the 2018–19 season. In September 2018, she took her 100th wicket in WODIs, during the series against the West Indies.\n", "In October 2018, she was named in South Africa's squad for the 2018 ICC Women's World Twenty20 tournament in the West Indies. She was the leading run-scorer for South Africa in the tournament, with 98 runs in four matches.\n", "In November 2018, she was named in the Sydney Sixers' squad for the 2018–19 Women's Big Bash League season. In May 2019, in the first WODI against Pakistan, Kapp became the third cricketer for South Africa to play in 100 WODI matches.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "In July 2018, she married her teammate Dane van Niekerk.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Tom McDermott (engineer)\n", "Tom McDermott is the Deputy Director and Director of Research at the Georgia Tech Research Institute, a position he has held since 2007.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "McDermott attended the Georgia Institute of Technology, where he received a Bachelor of Science in Physics in 1982, and a Master of Science in Electrical Engineering in 1984. While at Georgia Tech, he played drums in the Georgia Tech Yellow Jacket Marching Band.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Lockheed Martin.\n", "On graduation, McDermott joined the nearby Lockheed Martin Aeronautical Systems in Marietta, Georgia where he would eventually be Chief Engineer and Program Manager for Lockheed Martin’s F-22 Raptor Avionics Team. McDermott worked for Lockheed Martin from 1984 to 2002.\n", "Section::::Career.:Georgia Tech.\n", "In 2002, McDermott would join the Georgia Tech Research Institute's Electronic Systems Laboratory, where he assumed control of their largest contract, the C-130 Avionics Modernization Program (AMP). In 2006, McDermott was promoted to Director of the Electronic Systems Laboratory.\n", "While at Georgia Tech, McDermott has been involved in the creation of a new professional master's degree program in systems engineering, a collaboration between GTRI and the College of Engineering. He teaches short courses on topics including electronic warfare principles, systems engineering team leadership, and earned value principles.\n", "In September 2007, McDermott was named Deputy Director and Director of Research, where he oversaw GTRI's research agenda, its seven research labs, field offices, and new operations in Athlone, Ireland. He was Interim Director of GTRI between Stephen E. Cross's start as Executive Vice President for Research on May 1, 2010 and the placement of former GTRI director Robert McGrath on February 1, 2011.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Marcellus Hall\n", "Marcellus Hall is an American artist and musician best known for his illustration work in magazines including \"The New Yorker\", \"Time\" and others.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Marcellus Hall was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from the Rhode Island School of Design where he also learned guitar and harmonica.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Illustration.\n", "As a freelance illustrator, Hall has worked for publications including \"The Wall Street Journal\", \"The Atlantic\", \"Time\", \"The Christian Science Monitor\", \"New York Magazine\", \"The New York Times\", \"Fortune\", and \"The New Yorker\". His first cover for \"The New Yorker\" was published in 2005. His second in 2008. His third in 2013. And his fourth in 2016. About his fourth cover Hall said \"...I did that in 2008 ...it got printed in 2016 ...it took eight years.\n", "In March 2018 Hall published with Bittersweet Editions a debut comic narrative (also known as a graphic novel) called Kaleidoscope City. The book is an existentialist meditation in words and drawings on a year in the life of an unnamed protagonist who seeks meaning through art and city life following the end of a romance. The book earned accolades from actor Bob Odenkirk, comics artist Adrian Tomine, and musician Adam Green.\n", "\"I loved this book and it’s understandable why people like Adrian Tomine and Bob Odenkirk do too. It’s something I haven’t seen or felt in a piece of art before. I haven’t stopped thinking about it since finishing reading it. This is a nice and refreshing change of pace for comics and a great book for early spring,” said Lenny Schwartz of Forces of Geek. “…a wonderfully unique book.”\n", "“We wake up, trudge to work, eat, sleep, repeat. However, illustrator Marcellus Hall challenges that view of life and beckons us to look at life in a different way in his lyrical, sometimes ethereal, always lovely new graphic novel Kaleidoscope City,\" said Jed W. Keith of Freak Sugar.\n", "About Kaleidoscope City Hall has said “Life is a lonely business. Religion and art tell stories to make us feel less alone. The fact that we inhale air speaks to our need for air. The fact that we have religion and art speaks to our need for connection. I can’t say why we need connection anymore than why we need air, except to say that we would die without either of them.”\n", "Hall's work has also appeared in The Society of Illustrators, American Illustration, and Communication Arts annuals.\n", "In his first years in New York, Hall also created the weekly comic strip \"Bill Dogbreath\" for alternative weekly newspapers that included The Onion, The Seattle Stranger, New York Perspectives, and Baltimore City Paper.\n", "In addition to illustrating the books \"White Pigeons\" and \"57 Octaves\" for Fifth Planet Press, Hall has self-published books of drawings and writing including \"Hard Luck Stories\" and \"Legends of the Infinite City\" (a collection of black & white drawings of New York City).\n", "A selection of Hall's sketches was published in Le Sketch #05, 2008.\n", "In 2008 Hall began illustrating children's books. Among them are \"Because You Are My Baby\" (2008) by Sherry North, \"City I Love\" (2009) by Lee Bennett Hopkins, \"Because You Are My Daddy\" (2010) by Sherry North, \"The Cow Loves Cookies\" (2010) by Karma Wilson, \"Full Moon and Star\" (2011) by Lee Bennett Hopkins, \"Because I Am Your Teacher\" (2012) by Sherry North, \"What's New? The Zoo!\" (2014) by Kathleen Krull, and \"Duddle Puck The Puddle Duck\" (2015) by Karma Wilson.\n", "In May 2013, \"Everybody Sleeps\", Hall's first children's book as both author and illustrator, was published by Nancy Paulsen Books, an imprint of Penguin.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Music.\n", "After graduation, Hall moved to New York City, New York and became a founding member of and main songwriter for the band Railroad Jerk. The group released four albums on Matador Records and was influential in the blues/punk/folk/grunge genre. The song \"Rollerkoaster\" from the album \"One Track Mind\" appeared on MTV's Beavis and Butthead.\n", "After the dissolution of Railroad Jerk, Hall went on to form the band White Hassle with Railroad Jerk drummer Dave Varenka. Using accompanying guitarists, a theremin player, and a DJ, White Hassle released albums on Matador Records, Fargo Records, Mazri Records, and Orange Recordings. The band toured Europe and America before disbanding in 2006.\n", "Hall has since performed as a solo artist with his band, The Hostages (which includes mainstays Damon Smith and Mike Shapiro, as well as others including Michael DuClos, Alex Berman, Troy Fannin, Jimmy Ansourian, Joachim Kearns, and Matt Martin). Hall released a debut album, \"First Line\", on Modest Mouse singer Isaac Brock's label Glacial Pace in 2011. The album is accompanied by a 44-page illustrated book.\n", "On May 8, 2013, Hall's Kickstarter campaign to fund his next album with his band The Hostages was successful. The self-produced album, \"Afterglow\", was released on December 10, 2013.\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "Section::::Discography.:Railroad Jerk.\n", "BULLET::::- Railroad Jerk discography (1990-2000)\n", "Section::::Discography.:White Hassle.\n", "BULLET::::- White Hassle discography (1997-2005)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Solo discography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"I Like Walt\" compilation (1994)\n", "BULLET::::- \"4 Track Recordings\" (1995)\n", "BULLET::::- \"More 4 Track Recordings\" (1996)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The First Line\" (2011)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Afterglow\" (2013)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- MarcellusHall.com\n", "BULLET::::- Marcellus Hall's blog\n", "BULLET::::- VH1.com: Railroad Jerk\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Vasik Rajlich\n", "Vasik Rajlich (born 1971 in Cleveland, Ohio) is an International Master in chess and the author of Rybka, previously one of the strongest chess playing programs in the world. Rajlich is a dual Czechoslovakian-American citizen by birth; he was born in the United States of America to Czech parents, at that time graduate students, but grew up in Prague. He later spent years in the United States as a student, graduating from MIT.\n", "He married Iweta (née Radziewicz) on 19 August 2006. Iweta, who is also an International Master in chess, helps him with the development of Rybka as its tester. In April 2012, the couple was living in Budapest, Hungary and had one child, a son.\n", "In April 2012, Rajlich participated in an April Fools' Day prank on ChessBase - claiming by using Rybka he had proven to a \"\"99.99999999% certainty\"\" that the accepted King's Gambit is a draw for White, but only after 3. Be2. Rajlich later admitted on ChessBase, that, \"\"we're still probably a good 25 or so orders of magnitude away from being able to solve something like the King's Gambit. If processing power doubles every 18 months for the next century, we'll have the resources to do this around the year 2120, plus or minus a few decades\"\".\n", "Rajlich's handle on the Internet Chess Club is \"vrajlich\".\n", "Section::::WCCC disqualification and banning.\n", "On 28 June 2011, the International Computer Games Association (ICGA) determined that Rajlich had plagiarized two other chess software programs: Crafty and Fruit. The ICGA sanction for Vasik Rajlich and Rybka was the disqualification from the World Computer Chess Championship (WCCC) of 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010. Vasik Rajlich is banned for life from competing in the WCCC or any other event organized by or sanctioned by the ICGA. Rajlich had already responded to these charges with an e-mail to David Levy, president of the ICGA, in which he stated:\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Rybka games at ChessGames.com\n", "BULLET::::- UCI engines.de: Interview with Vasik Rajlich (December 2005)\n", "BULLET::::- SCHACH MAGAZIN 64 (May 2007)\n", "BULLET::::- CHESS Magazine (May 2007)\n", "BULLET::::- \n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Sig Haugdahl\n", "Sigurd Olson \"Sig\" Haugdahl (January 10, 1891 – February 4, 1970) was an IMCA champion 1927 – 1932 and an early promoter of stock car racing in the United States.\n", "Section::::Background.\n", "Sig Haugdahl was born on the Tiller farm in Verdal, Nord-Trøndelag, Norway and migrated to the United States in 1910 making his home with an uncle in Albert Lea, Minnesota. He started his racing career in 1912 on an ice motorbike powered by an Indian (motorcycle) engine that reached a speed of 70 M.P.H. He soon switched to racing motorcycles but gave those up to race automobiles in 1912.\n", "Section::::Racing career.\n", "Haugdahl's U.S. racing career in 1912, when he drove a specially equipped Indian Motorcycle in ice races in Minnesota. He began dirt track racing in 1918. He became the IMCA champion six years in a row, between 1927 and 1932. He built the Wisconsin Special to unseat USAC champion Tommy Milton. The car was named after its 836 cubic inch Wisconsin Airplane 6-cylinder motor, which was directly connected to the rear wheels. The car was long, wide, and had . The speed would first be exceeded after over ten years.\n", "Section::::World speed record.\n", "Haugdahl is reported to have set a world land speed record of 180 miles per hour in his Wisconsin Special car at the Daytona Beach Road Course on April 7, 1922. A world record was not awarded, however, because the run was not timed by the American Automobile Association and as such could not be verified. It is considered by some that the record speed was claimed by IMCA for the promotional benefits that it would offer. If true, this record would have represented a record speed faster than the official record, set by a car with a quarter less power than the current holder, five years before the official record reached this level.\n", "Section::::Daytona Beach Road Course.\n", "World land speed record attempts moved from Daytona to the more consistent surface at the Bonneville Salt Flats with Campbell's Blue Bird in 1935. Not wishing to lose the valuable visitor trade, Daytona Beach officials asked local racer Haugdahl to organize and promote an automobile race along the course. Haugdahl is credited for designing the track. The city posted at $5,000 purse. The ticket-takers arrived at the event to find thousands of fans already at the track. The sandy turns became virtually impassable, and the event was stopped after 75 of 78 laps. The city has not promoted an event since.\n", "Haugdahl talked with another local driver named William France Sr., and they talked the Daytona Beach Elks Club to host another event in 1937. The event was more successful, but still lost money. Haugdahl didn't promote any more events. France used the experience to found NASCAR.\n", "Section::::Award.\n", "Sig Haugdahl died at 79 years of age in Jacksonville, Florida. Haugdahl was inducted in the National Sprint Car Hall of Fame in 1994.\n", "Section::::Other sources.\n", "BULLET::::- Fleischman, Bill and Al Pearce \"The Unauthorized NASCAR Fan Guide 1998-99\" (Visible Ink Press: 1999) ,\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Historic Racing.com\n", "BULLET::::- IMCA National Driving Champion\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Aaron Sandilands\n", "Aaron Sandilands (born 6 December 1982) is an Australian rules footballer who plays for the Fremantle Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). At tall, and with a peak weight of , he is the heaviest and equal tallest player to ever play in the AFL.\n", "Originally from Mount Barker, Western Australia, Sandilands played with the East Fremantle Football Club in the West Australian Football League (WAFL), before being rookie listed by Fremantle in the 2002 Rookie Draft. Upgraded from the rookie list at the end of the 2002 season, he made his senior debut for the club in round one of the 2003 season. Due to his height, Sandilands plays almost exclusively as a ruckman, occasionally resting in the forward line. He was named in the All-Australian team in three consecutive years between 2008 and 2010, and again in 2014. He is also a dual Doig Medallist as Fremantle's best and fairest player, won in 2009 and 2015.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Originally from the small town of Mount Barker in the Great Southern region of Western Australia, Sandilands originally played at Under 17s level for the Mount Barker Football Club. He moved to Perth, joined Willeton Junior Football Club and was selected by Fremantle in the rookie draft prior to the 2002 season. He spent the entire 2002 year playing for East Fremantle in the WAFL, before being elevated to the senior list prior to the 2003 season.\n", "Playing in 19 games in his first season, the highlights were being nominated for the AFL Rising Star and earning a Brownlow Medal vote for a dominant display against the reigning premiers, Brisbane Lions in Round 14 and playing in Fremantle's first ever finals match. Despite Essendon being convincing winners, Sandilands was one of the few to perform well, with 41 hitouts.\n", "As ruckmen are generally considered to peak in their late 20s, Sandilands has impressed many to rank 6th or 5th in total hitouts in each of his first three seasons in the AFL, improving to 2nd (with the highest average) in 2006. Despite this dominance in hitouts, it does not always result in Fremantle winning the clearances.\n", "In 2006 Sandilands suffered a broken jaw in the round 6 Western Derby in a clash with then West Coast Eagles ruckman Mark Seaby. Following an investigation by the AFL, no charges were laid over the incident.\n", "Sandilands has been named in the All-Australian Team four times: on the interchange bench in 2008, as the only ruckman in the 2009 team, and as the key ruckman in 2010 and 2014.\n", "In 2010, Sandilands polled a team-high 20 votes in the Brownlow Medal, placing equal sixth overall alongside Matthew Boyd. This represents one of the highest vote tallies and best finishes by a ruckman in the recent history of the medal, which has been dominated by midfielders.\n", "Sandilands suffered broken ribs and a collapsed lung after being kneed in the back by Nic Naitanui in the Western Derby in round 3, 2016. He did not return to football until round 20, playing two of the final three games of the season.\n", "Section::::Statistics.\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2003\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2004\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2005\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2006\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2007\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2008\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2009\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2010\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2011\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2012\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2013\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2014\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2015\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2016\n", "! colspan=3| Career\n", "! 244\n", "! 92\n", "! 52\n", "! 1115\n", "! 2009\n", "! 3124\n", "! 885\n", "! 313\n", "! 7468\n", "! 0.4\n", "! 0.2\n", "! 4.6\n", "! 8.2\n", "! 12.8\n", "! 3.6\n", "! 1.3\n", "! 30.6\n", "Section::::Honours and achievements.\n", "Individual\n", "BULLET::::- Doig Medal (Fremantle F.C. Best & Fairest Award): 2009, 2015\n", "BULLET::::- All-Australian: 2008, 2009, 2010, 2014\n", "BULLET::::- Geoff Christian Medal: 2009\n", "BULLET::::- Ross Glendinning Medal: 2009 (Round 17), 2010 (Round 18)\n", "BULLET::::- AFL Rising Star Nominee: 2003 (Round 14)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Edward Gómez\n", "Private First Class Edward Gómez (August 10, 1932 – September 14, 1951) was a United States Marine from Omaha, Nebraska who posthumously received the Medal of Honor — the United States' highest decoration for valor — for gallantly sacrificing his life to save the lives of four fellow Marines on his machine gun team during the Battle of the Punchbowl. PFC Gomez was the 18th Marine to receive the Medal of Honor for heroism during the Korean War.\n", "Section::::Early years.\n", "Gomez attended Omaha High School before enlisting in the Marine Corps Reserve on August 11, 1949, at the age of 17. After recruit training at MCRD San Diego, California, he trained at Camp Pendleton, California, and went to Korea with the 7th Replacement Draft.\n", "Section::::Awards and decorations.\n", "The United States' highest decoration for valor was awarded to Gomez for extraordinary heroism on September 14, 1951, at Kajon-ni, during the Battle of the Punchbowl when he smothered a hand grenade with his own body to prevent destruction of his Marine machine gun team. In addition to the Medal of Honor, PFC Gomez was awarded the Purple Heart with a Gold Star in lieu of a second award, the Korean Service Medal with bronze star, and the United Nations Service Medal.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients\n", "BULLET::::- List of Korean War Medal of Honor recipients\n", "BULLET::::- List of Hispanic Medal of Honor recipients\n", "BULLET::::- Hispanics in the United States Marine Corps\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipient", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5343129", "wikidata_label": "Edward Gomez", "wikipedia_title": "Edward Gómez" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Harry M. Wurzbach\n", "Harry McLeary Wurzbach (May 19, 1874 – November 6, 1931) was an attorney and politician. He was the first Republican elected from Texas since Reconstruction to be elected for more than two terms and was re-elected to the Sixty-eighth, Sixty-ninth, and Seventieth congresses, representing Texas's 14th congressional district for several terms, from 1921 to 1929. He was re-elected in 1930 to the Seventy-second Congress and died in office. The first Republican elected from Texas who was born in the state, he was the only Republican from Texas serving in Congress during this period.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "Wurzbach was born in San Antonio to Charles Louis Wurzbach and the former Kate Fink, who were ethnic Germans, descendants of immigrants. He attended public schools. He went to Virginia for college, graduating in 1896 from Washington and Lee University School of Law in Lexington. That same year, he was admitted to the Texas bar and established his practice in San Antonio.\n", "Section::::Marriage and family.\n", "After starting his law practice, Wurzbach married Frances Darden Wagner of Columbus, Texas, in the Episcopal Church there.\n", "Section::::Military service.\n", "During the Spanish–American War (1896–98), Wurzbach volunteered as a private in Company F, First Regiment, Texas Volunteer Infantry. The unit served three months in the army of occupation in Cuba.\n", "Section::::Political career.\n", "After the war, in 1900 Wurzbach and his wife relocated to Seguin in Guadalupe County, where he continued his law practice.\n", "Guadalupe County had a high proportion of people of ethnic German ancestry, many of whom were immigrants or their descendants from after the revolutions of 1848 in the German states. Historically many, and perhaps most, of the German immigrants who settled in Central Texas before the American Civil War had opposed slavery and quietly favored the Union.\n", "After the Civil War, during the Reconstruction era and well into the mid-20th century, many German-American Texans supported the Republican Party. The party was also supported by African-American voters, but most were disfranchised after 1901, when the legislature imposed a poll tax. With its German-American heritage, Guadalupe County was the third-most reliably Republican county in the state through 1964.\n", "In the late 19th century, the Populist Party attracted many white voters, including in the agrarian South. In 1896 Republican Robert B. Hawley of Galveston, Texas was elected as a Representative from Texas' 10th congressional district of the Greater Houston area; he won again in 1898, serving in total from 1897 to 1901. He won both elections by a plurality, when many white voters split between supporting the Democratic and Populist parties.\n", "The Democratic-dominated legislature worked to prevent losing power again through split tickets or coalitions, as well as to disfranchise blacks, which was the goal of all southern legislatures. It adopted a poll tax in 1901, which resulted in the intended effect of almost eliminating voting by blacks, as well as many Latinos and poor whites. In addition, the state adopted white primaries. The blacks had been loyal Republicans since emancipation and passage of amendments granting citizenship and suffrage. The Democrat-dominated Texas state legislature was following those of other states of the former Confederacy in working to disfranchise blacks; from 1890 to 1910, southern states passed constitutional amendments, new constitutions and laws that achieved this. The Democrats essentially established a one-party state.\n", "Immediately becoming active in local politics after moving to Seguin, Wurzbach was elected as the Guadalupe County prosecuting attorney from 1900 to 1902. Running as a Democrat in 1902, he lost a race for County Judge (the chief administrative officer of a Texas county). But after \"seeing the error of my ways,\" he ran as a Republican and was elected as County Judge from 1904 to 1910. The campaign in 1910 was personally bitter, and he resigned a few days after the election, returning to his law practice.\n", "Section::::Political career.:1916 return to politics.\n", "By 1916 Harry Wurzbach had returned to campaigning. He ran on the Republican ticket for United States Congressman from Texas's 15th congressional district, against the popular incumbent, John Nance Garner, who had held the seat since 1902 when the district was created. Wurzbach lost 3 to 1 across the district, failing to carry Guadalupe County. Garner was elected for a total of 14 consecutive terms from this district.\n", "When the U.S. entered the war against the German Empire in 1917, the local German Americans suffered a wave of hatred, and were accused of being traitorous sympathizers to the Kaiser's side. To defuse tensions, Wurzbach helped to organize a show of loyalty by his fellow German Americans, who became active in the Red Cross and the \"First Aid Legion\", and publicized their purchase of many war bonds.\n", "Wurzbach took Alvin J. Wirtz as a law partner. His wife was the daughter of a popular and well-connected doctor in Seguin. Wirtz was from Columbus, Texas as was Wurzbach's wife. They opened their offices in the First National Bank Building in 1917. They also worked in the Guadalupe County Abstract Company, Wurzbach as Manager and Wirtz as Secretary. Wurzbach became a lifelong mentor to his partner, who was 14 years younger.\n", "Wurzbach had a place on the Republican ticket in 1918, as a state-wide candidate for judge of the Court of Criminal Appeals. He was crushed, losing by 7 to 1 to the Democratic candidate, but he carried his home county.\n", "In 1920, redistricting moved Guadalupe County out of Garner's 15th district, and into the 14th congressional district. Wurzbach ran for Congress in the general election, and unseated the freshman Democratic Representative Carlos Bee of San Antonio, 17,265 (55.6 percent) to 13,777 (44.4 percent). Reflecting the high rate of immigration and migration to Texas for decades, Wurzbach was the first native Texan to win election as a Republican to Congress. In 1922, 1924, and 1926, Wurzbach won by margins of 54.8, 62.4, and 57.2 percent, respectively, the first Republican since Reconstruction to win more than two terms. He won his seat even as the Republican presidential candidates in 1920 and 1924, Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge, lost the electoral vote of Texas. The Democratic-majority state had supported Democrats for president since the end of Reconstruction and continued to do so into the 1940s. \n", "Wurzbach was a delegate to the 1924 Republican National Convention in Cleveland, Ohio, which nominated President Coolidge. But despite the opportunity that Wurzbach's election gave the Republicans, the national party leaders did not welcome him. They preferred to keep control of patronage jobs to themselves, and worked to undermine him.\n", "In 1928, the powerful, patronage-based Democratic machine in San Antonio (along with Sam Johnson and Archie Parr) targeted Wurzbach for defeat, and returns appeared to show him losing reelection. That year, the Republican Presidential candidate Herbert Hoover carried Texas over the Democrat Al Smith, whom many Southern Democrats opposed because he was Roman Catholic. But, Wurzbach polled 27,206 (49.7 percent) to a reported 29,055 (50.3 percent) for the Democrat Augustus McCloskey of San Antonio.\n", "Wurzbach contested the election, claiming irregularities. He appealed his case to the Republican-controlled House of Representatives. After an investigation into the corrupt voting practices in San Antonio, the House ultimately reversed McCloskey's election (after he had served for eleven months) and seated Wurzbach on February 10, 1930. Wurzbach won another term in November 1930, when he polled an impressive 27,206 (59.3 percent) to Democrat Henry B. Dielmann's 18,707 (40.7 percent).\n", "Section::::Political career.:1930 indictment.\n", "While contesting the 1928 election, Wurzbach was charged in 1930 with violating the Federal Corrupt Practices Act for receiving money from federal employees for his primary campaign. The District Court threw out the indictment, based on two grounds: 1) That the term \"political purpose\" in the law did not include the behavior in question; and 2) If the term did include the behavior, then the Act was unconstitutional, as it was applied to state activities beyond its scope, not a federal election. The Democratic US Attorney appealed the case to the United States Supreme Court, which ruled in \"United States v. Wurzbach\" against the lower court, and remanded the case for resolution. The case may have been dropped; Wurzbach died in 1931 and his official congressional biography does not refer to the charges.\n", "With the Great Depression gathering force, Republican incumbents lost many seats in 1930, but the party still had majority control of the House of Representatives. Wurzbach died in office in 1931. His seat was filled by a special election, won by the Democrats. They gained control of Congress with 217 seats to the Republicans' 215. The Republican Party did not regain a majority in the House until after the 1946 elections.\n", "Because of the disfranchisement of African Americans by the dominant Democratic Party in the state, after Wurzbach, no other Republican was elected to represent Texas in Congress until 1950, when Ben Guill won a special election, serving the remaining eight months of the term. Until the late 20th century, the state was dominated by the Democratic Party. After Congress passed the Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts in the mid-1960s, the black minority in Texas switched to the Democratic Party, which nationally had supported their cause of enforcing constitutional rights, even though the Act was passed only due to heavy Republican support in spite of Southern Democratic opposition within the Congress.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Wurzbach died at 2 A.M. on November 6, 1931 at his home in Seguin, from complications following an appendectomy. His death was a surprise; his surgery was not considered an emergency and he had otherwise been in good health. Wurzbach is interred at the San Antonio National Cemetery, based on his military service.\n", "Section::::Legacy and honors.\n", "BULLET::::- In 1922, Wurzbach was the only Representative from Texas to vote for the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill, sponsored by Congressman Leonidas C. Dyer of St. Louis, Missouri.\n", "BULLET::::- Harry Wurzbach Road in his hometown of San Antonio, TX, is named after him.\n", "BULLET::::- His papers were collected by the University of Texas at Austin.\n", "BULLET::::- The bell tower at St Andrew's Episcopal Church in Seguin, where he had served on the Vestry, was erected in his memory.\n", "BULLET::::- Bob Eckhardt of Houston, a nephew of Wurzbach, became a politician and was elected as a Democratic Congressman.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", " Retrieved on 2008-02-10\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Smead Jolley\n", "Smead Powell Jolley (January 14, 1902 – November 17, 1991) was a professional baseball outfielder in Major League Baseball for four seasons during the 1930s.\n", "He compiled a .305 lifetime batting average and had considerable power. However, Jolley was a famously poor fielder, and in an era before the designated hitter, when all starting players had to play a defensive position, Jolley's glove was too great a liability to sustain an MLB career.\n", "As an outfielder, Jolley made 44 errors in 788 career chances for a .944 fielding percentage. Jolley once committed three errors on one play. First, he let a ground ball roll through his legs; trying to play the ball off the wall, he let it roll through his legs; and finally he overthrew the cut-off man for the third error.\n", "Jolley is known to many only for his major league career; however, before and after his major league career, he had a long, successful career in the minor leagues, in an era when the minor leagues were independent teams. He hit .367 lifetime in 16 minor league seasons, playing ten seasons in the Pacific Coast League (PCL) for San Francisco, Hollywood and Oakland. The PCL was the top minor league of that era. The league had a minimum salary of $5,000 per year, comparable to the two major leagues, and often paid their established players as well as the National and American Leagues. The PCL was sometimes called \"The Third Major League\" (Source: Baseball's Hometown Teams, by Bruce Chadwick, pp. 88–97).\n", "He was a 2003 inductee in the Pacific Coast League Hall of Fame.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Smead Jolley at Baseball-Reference\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jean-François Deniau\n", "Jean-François Deniau (31 October 1928 in Paris – 24 January 2007 in Paris) was a French statesman, diplomat, essayist and novelist. Until 1998, he was a member of the UDF (Union for French Democracy).\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Minister and diplomat.\n", "In 1958, he became the director of Foreign Relations for the European Commission. He was the author of the foreword of the Treaty of Rome. In 1963, he was named French ambassador to Mauritania and in 1967 he was appointed as one of the French European Commissioners, as a member of the Rey Commission, in 1970 followed by his membership of the Malfatti Commission. He was responsible for the accession negotiations of Great Britain, the Republic of Ireland, Denmark and Norway, and for assistance to developing countries.\n", "In 1973, he entered the government of Pierre Messmer as Secretary of State for Coopération, and was then named Secretary of State to the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development in the government formed by Jacques Chirac after the election of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing to the presidency of the French Republic in 1974. In 1976, J.F. Deniau became France's ambassador to Madrid, on the request of the new king Juan Carlos, with whom he had begun a friendship during regattas. Deniau would play an active advisory role to the king and the government during Spain's democratic transition following the death of general Franco.\n", "In September 1977, Jean-François Deniau was named Secretary of State to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the government of Raymond Barre, then Minister of Foreign Commerce (1978), and finally Minister of Administrative Reform in Raymond Barre's last government (1981).\n", "From 1978 to 1981 and from 1986 to 1997 he was a member of the French parliament.\n", "Section::::Biography.:As a writer.\n", "He was elected to the Académie française on 9 April 1992.\n", "He died in Paris in 2007, aged 78.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Le Bord des larmes\" (1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Le Marché commun\" (1958)\n", "BULLET::::- \"La mer est ronde\" (1975)\n", "BULLET::::- \"L'Europe interdite\" (1977)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Deux heures après minuit\" (1985)\n", "BULLET::::- \"La Désirade\" (1988)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Un héros très discret\" (1989)\n", "BULLET::::- \"L'Empire nocturne\" (1990)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ce que je crois\" (1992)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Le Secret du Roi des serpents\" (1993)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mémoires de sept vies. Tome 1 : Les temps aventureux\" (1994)\n", "BULLET::::- \"L'Atlantique est mon désert\" (1996)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mémoires de sept vies. Tome 2 : Croire et oser\" (1997)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Le Bureau des secrets perdus\" (1998)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tadjoura\" (1999)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Histoires de courage\" (2000)\n", "BULLET::::- \"La bande à Suzanne\" (2000)\n", "BULLET::::- \"L'île Madame\" (2001)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dictionnaire amoureux de la mer\" (2002)\n", "BULLET::::- \"La gloire à 20 ans\" (2003)\n", "BULLET::::- \"La Double Passion écrire ou agir\" (2004)\n", "BULLET::::- \"La Lune et le miroir\" (2004)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Le Secret du roi des Serpents\" (2005)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Le grand jeu\" (2005)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- L'Académie française\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Olaf Henriksen\n", "Olaf Henriksen (April 26, 1888 – October 17, 1962) was a Major League Baseball outfielder who remains to date the only Danish-born person ever to play in the major leagues. He played seven seasons (1911–17) for the Boston Red Sox as a teammate of Hall of Famers Babe Ruth and Tris Speaker, among others, and he played a role in three World Series victories, namely in 1912, 1915 and 1916.\n", "Defensively Olaf Henriksen solely played the outfield. His primary offensive skill was to get on base, and he recorded the second highest on-base percentage in modern baseball history among rookies with more than 100 plate appearances. He never showed much power, though, as he only had one career home run. Henriksen was mainly a bench player for the Red Sox, but he delivered a decisive hit against the famous pitcher Christy Mathewson in Boston's World Series victory in 1912.\n", "Henriksen's nickname was \"Swede\". In his active baseball career he was 5 ft. 7½ in. tall and weighed 158 lb.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Olaf Henriksen was born in the Danish village Kirkerup on Western Zealand in 1888. Not much is known about the reason for his immigration to the United States. His baseball talents were first discovered by the Boston Americans while he played for their minor league affiliate Brockton in the New England League, and he debuted in the Major Leagues on August 11, 1911 at the age of 23. Boston lost the game 5–11 to the Philadelphia Athletics.\n", "At the beginning of the 1912 season rumour had it that Olaf Henriksen and his teammate Hugh Bradley were to be traded to the New York Highlanders in exchange for star player Hal Chase. The New York Times described it as \"\"one of the most important trades of recent years\"\", but the deal was never finalized. The public began to take notice of Henriksen, as evidenced by this preseason analysis of Boston's roster:\n", "His last game was against the Washington Senators on June 27, 1917. Three days later Olaf Henriksen was released from the team and sent back to the minor leagues, but he refused to report. A year later the \"New York Times\" reported that the Brooklyn Robins was attempting to sign Henriksen with the intention of letting him reassume his familiar role as a pinch hitter, but the negotiations apparently stalled. After his own professional career ended, Olaf Henriksen became the manager of the baseball team at Boston College. He also managed the semipro team of the Grow Tire Company of Boston \n", "Henriksen's family included his wife Mary and daughter Catherine. On October 17, 1962 Olaf Henriksen died in Norwood, Massachusetts. He is buried in St. Mary Cemetery in the town of Canton, Massachusetts.\n", "Section::::Playing style and role on the team.\n", "Henriksen batted and threw left-handed. A baseball card from 1912, which was produced by a cigar company, calls him the \"\"viking descended outfielder\"\". He is described as a \"\"slashing\"\" hitter who quickly gathered interest from scouts of the Boston Americans. In the Major Leagues he was typically used as a pinch hitter, and as a consequence he only had an average of 1.9 plate appearances per game played over the course of his career. He never became a regular in the lineup but instead he served as a backup for Red Sox' famous outfield trio consisting of Tris Speaker, Harry Hooper and Duffy Lewis. In 1915 he appeared in 73 regular season games and 2 additional games in the playoffs which was his personal record.\n", "Defensively Henriksen exclusively played the outfield. He had most appearances (61) as right fielder, second most (42) as left fielder and finally some (22) as center fielder.\n", "Probably the greatest moment in Olaf Henriksen's professional baseball career occurred when Red Sox manager Jake Stahl decided to use Henriksen as a pinch hitter for Hugh Bedient in the 7th inning of the eighth and final game of the 1912 World Series. Boston was behind by a run and the opposing pitcher was Christy Mathewson, later to become one of the first five players elected into the Hall of Fame. With a late swing Henriksen hit a curveball from Mathewson directly against 3rd base. The ball ricocheted off the base and went far enough into foul territory for the runner on 2nd to score. Henriksen, whom the New York World described as \"\"the confounded son of Thor\"\", ended up with a double. The Red Sox went on to win the game and thereby the World Series.\n", "On March 17, 1916 the Red Sox played an internal spring training match. Babe Ruth launched a long shot which looked like a sure home run, but Olaf Henriksen managed to surprise everybody by literally running through the wooden outfield fence and catching the ball.\n", "Olaf Henriksen is furthermore one of the few players to ever have pinch hit for Babe Ruth. On June 7, 1916, when Ruth had pitched 7 innings versus the Cleveland Indians, Henriksen was substituted into the game and got a base on balls, which ultimately tied the score at 1–1. The Red Sox won the game 2–1.\n", "Section::::Statistics.\n", "Henriksen's aggregate batting average, on-base percentage and slugging percentage for his career was .269/.392/.329, respectively. His best season was probably 1913, in which he batted .375/.468/.400 in 31 games, although he played a more significant role on the team the following year when he in 63 games batted .263/.407/.337.\n", "Among rookies with a minimum of 100 plate appearances in their first season in Major League Baseball, Olaf Henriksen registered the second highest on-base percentage since the year 1900 when he in 1911 posted a mark of .449.\n", "Judging from his (even for that era) low slugging percentage, Henriksen was a pretty light-hitting player, and he did only hit 1 career home run, with only 20 of his 131 career hits going for extra bases. In addition, he scored 84 runs and got 48 runs batted in in his career.\n", "Henriksen seems to have had tremendous plate discipline, as evidenced by his 97 career walks versus only 43 recorded strikeouts. However, strikeout data for hitters only dates back to 1913, so in the years with complete statistics his walk/strikeout ratio was 69/43 = 1.6, which is far above the Major League average of that period (approximately 0.8).\n", "He recorded 15 stolen bases versus 9 caught stealing over the course of his career, although the last figure is doubtful due to insufficient data from that age in that particular statistical category.\n", "Of a total of 176 total chances he committed 6 errors and had 8 outfield assists. His career fielding percentage was .966 which is a little higher than the league-average fielding percentage of the time (0.956).\n", "Olaf Henriksen played in five World Series games, with a minimum of one appearance in each of the three Series which Boston participated in (and won) during his tenure on the team. In these games he totalled four plate appearances, of which one resulted in a hit, one in a base on balls and the last two in outs.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Basilio Paraíso\n", "Basilio Paraíso (14 June 1849 in Laluenga, Huesca – 29 April 1930 in Madrid) was an Aragonese businessman and politician.\n", "The son of a teacher, he studied in Huesca and Zaragoza, where he obtained a degree in medicine and began his career as a businessman.\n", "He was the president of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry (1893–1919), founder of the editorial society of the Heraldo de Aragón (1898), member of the Congreso de los Diputados (1901) and senator-for-life. He also helped organize the Hispano-French Exposition of 1908.\n", "In 1916 (in the middle of World War I), the Conde de Romanones named him president of the executive committee of the Central Board of Subsistencies, which regulated the production, the level and the price, of commerce, but he resigned in 1917 because of differences with the government that later elevated García Prieto to the same post.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- \"This article draws heavily on the in the , which was accessed in the version of 6 April 2006.\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Basilio Paraiso" ] }, "description": "Spanish politician (1849-1930)", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2886886", "wikidata_label": "Basilio Paraíso Lasús", "wikipedia_title": "Basilio Paraíso" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Chuck Stobbs\n", "Charles Klein Stobbs (July 2, 1929 – July 11, 2008) was a Major League Baseball pitcher for the Boston Red Sox (1947–51), Chicago White Sox (1952), Washington Senators/Minnesota Twins (1953–58 and 1959–61) and St. Louis Cardinals (1958).\n", "He led the American League in walks per nine innings pitched (2.03) in 1956 and led the American League in losses (20) and earned runs allowed (126) in .\n", "Stobbs is best remembered as the pitcher who gave up an estimated 565 feet home run to Mickey Mantle that flew entirely out of Griffith Stadium in 1953.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Stobbs, a native of West Virginia, spent his early years in Springfield, Ohio and Vero Beach, Florida. His father, Bill Stobbs, played professional football in 1921. As a teenager his family moved to Norfolk, Virginia, where his father took a coaching job at Granby High School.\n", "In high school, Stobbs excelled in three sports: football, basketball and baseball. He led the Granby High School football team to three consecutive state championships and was named all-state quarterback three times. Stobbs was also an all-American in baseball and a two-time all-state basketball player. In 1947, Stobbs was named by the Washington Post as one of the \"greatest athletes to be developed in the Virginia high schools during recent years\". In 1957, Washington Post sports columnist Bob Addie wrote that Stobbs was \"one of the greatest athletes ever to come out of Virginia.\" For his storied high-school career, Stobbs was later named to the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame in 2002.\n", "Section::::Major League Baseball career.\n", "Stobbs declined several college scholarships to play with the Boston Red Sox under the supervision of scout Specs Toporcer, who offered him a $50,000 signing bonus, one of the first players to qualify for baseball's bonus rule. Stobbs was only 18 years old when he pitched in his first big-league game, against the Chicago White Sox on September 15, 1947. He was the youngest player in Major League Baseball that year, appearing in four games. Stobbs played in six games in 1948 before being a full-time starter for the Red Sox in 1949. That season, Stobbs participated in 26 games, starting 19. He had an 11-6 win-loss record with a 4.03 earned run average while striking out 70 batters in 152 innings pitched.\n", "He was turned down for service by the United States Army for the Korean War because of an asthmatic condition. Stobbs' production diminished in 1957, as he won eight games and led the league in losses with 20. He had a 16-game consecutive losing streak dating back to the previous September. In his last game of the 1957 season, Stobbs pitched 10 innings against the Baltimore Orioles before losing the game 7-3. That season he lost 20 games and joined the St. Louis Cardinals the next year after being purchased by the team. He rejoined the Senators prior to the 1959 season, and stayed in the organization through 1961, when the Senators moved to Minnesota.\n", "Section::::Post-career.\n", "After leaving professional baseball, Stobbs spent a brief time as an insurance salesman and a coach at George Washington University.\n", "In 1971, Stobbs moved to Florida and worked at a baseball academy operated by the Kansas City Royals. He worked for the Cleveland Indians as a pitching coach in the minor leagues in the early 1980s.\n", "Stobbs died after a seven-year battle with throat cancer on July 11, 2008.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Baseball Library\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Willem Kes\n", "Willem Kes (16 February 1856 – 22 February 1934), was a Dutch conductor and violinist. \n", "He was the first principal conductor of the Concertgebouw Orchestra of Amsterdam, holding that position from 1888 to 1895. He left the Concertgebouw Orchestra to take up a conducting post with the Scottish Orchestra in Glasgow. From 1905 to 1926, Kes was director of a music conservatory in Koblenz.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jean-Louis Jeanmaire\n", "Jean-Louis Jeanmaire (25 March 1910 in Biel/Bienne – 29 January 1992) was a brigadier in the Swiss army who passed highly classified Swiss military secrets to the Soviet Union from 1962 up until his retirement at 65 in 1975. \n", "Section::::Background and significant events.\n", "He was recruited as a spy by Colonel Vassily Denissenko, the Soviet air attaché.\n", "He never accepted money for the information he passed to the Soviets; his motivation appeared to be the result of bitterness at being passed over for promotion.\n", "He was sentenced to a prison term of eighteen years but served only twelve due to good conduct. Jeanmaire was released from prison in 1988, and died of natural causes in 1992 in Bern.\n", "Section::::Literature.\n", "BULLET::::- Urs Widmer: \"Jeanmaire: ein Stück Schweiz.\" Verlag der Autoren, Frankfurt am Main 1992 – (play)\n", "BULLET::::- John le Carré: \"Unbearable peace.\" Harmondsworth 1991 –\n", "BULLET::::- Jürg Schoch: \"Fall Jeanmaire, Fall Schweiz. Wie Politik und Medien einen «Jahrhundertverräter» fabrizierten.\" «hier + jetzt», Verlag für Kultur und Geschichte, Baden 2006 –\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "John M. Rogers\n", "John Marshall Rogers (born June 26, 1948 in Rochester, New York) is a Senior United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit.\n", "Section::::Background.\n", "Rogers received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Stanford University and his Juris Doctor from the University of Michigan Law School. Prior to his service as a federal judge, Rogers had been a law professor at the University of Kentucky College of Law for nearly 25 years, where he remains a professor emeritus. Rogers also served in the United States Department of Justice. Rogers was an officer in the Kentucky Army National Guard from 1970 to 1998.\n", "Rogers currently resides in Lexington, Kentucky.\n", "Section::::Sixth Circuit nomination and confirmation.\n", "Rogers was nominated to that court by President George W. Bush on December 19, 2001 to fill a seat vacated by Judge Eugene Edward Siler, Jr., and his nomination was confirmed by the United States Senate on November 26, 2002, by voice vote. Rogers was the second judge nominated to the Sixth Circuit by Bush and confirmed by the Senate. He assumed senior status on May 15, 2018.\n", "Section::::Sixth Circuit decisions.\n", "Judge Rogers is one of the Sixth Circuit's most prolific judges. Over a five-year span, Judge Rogers tied with Judge Jeffrey Sutton as the author of the most opinions.\n", "On June 3, 2010, Judge Rogers (joined by Judge Siler) interpreted a union contract agreement between Detroit Diesel Corporation (owned by Daimler AG) and UAW Local 163 as altering the terms of DDC's obligations to its retirees. On that interpretation of their union contract, retirees (applies to the 1993-2004 retirees) now pay 66% of their pension towards their medical insurance.\n", "On March 17, 2006, Judge Rogers dissented from a decision of a Sixth Circuit majority panel in \"Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association\", 442 F.3d 410 (6th Cir. 2006). Contrary to the majority, Judge Rogers concluded that the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution does not prevent government-run athletic associations from limiting or prohibiting their members from recruiting student athletes. Judge Rogers reasoned as follows: \"This is no more a case involving our nation's ideal of freedom of expression than a case involving a coach who is thrown out of a game for talking back to a referee.\" The U.S. Supreme Court subsequently granted a writ of certiorari to the Sixth Circuit in the same case and took the same position as Judge Rogers on the First Amendment issue. The Court held that \"[t]he antirecruiting rule strikes nowhere near the heart of the First Amendment.\" \"Tennessee Secondary Sch. Athletic Ass'n v. Brentwood Acad\".\n", "Judge Rogers authored a notable majority opinion in \"ACLU v. Bredesen\", 441 F.3d 370 (6th Cir. 2006). Over the dissent of Circuit Judge Boyce Martin, Judge Rogers held that specialty license plates bearing a government-controlled message qualify as \"government speech.\" Such license plates, as a result, do not create a \"forum\" for speech that is subject to First Amendment viewpoint-neutrality requirements. In \"Bredesen\", the Tennessee state legislature had authorized a \"Choose Life\" license plate but had rejected during legislative consideration a license plate with a conflicting message. The majority opinion authored by Judge Rogers held that \"the medium in this case, a government-issued license plate that every reasonable person knows to be government-issued, . . . conveys a government message.\" The First Amendment, the opinion reasoned, does not require state governments to issue contradictory messages to remain viewpoint neutral. For instance, a government entity that gives out \"Register and Vote\" pins is not compelled by the Constitution to issue \"Don't Vote\" pins. In the years following \"Bredesen\", every other circuit court to address the issue disagreed with its interpretation of the First Amendment. The Fifth Circuit observed as follows in an opinion holding that specialty license plates are not government speech: \"The Sixth Circuit's conclusion that specialty license plates are government speech makes it the sole outlier among our sister circuits.\" \"Texas Div., Sons of Confederate Veterans, Inc. v. Vandergriff\", 759 F.3d 388, 396 (5th Cir. 2014). The U.S. Supreme Court subsequently granted \"certiorari\" and reversed the Fifth Circuit's decision in \"Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans, Inc\". In an opinion that echoed the \"Bredesen\" ruling, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5–4 that specialty license plates are government speech.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ashkan Dejagah\n", "Seyed Ashkan Dejagah (, born 5 July 1986), known as Ashkan Dejagah, is an Iranian professional footballer who captains the Iran national football team and playing for Iranian club Tractor as a midfielder.\n", "He represented Germany at youth levels between 2001 and 2009, going on to win the 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship. He has played for the Iranian national team since 2011, helping them qualify for the 2014 World Cup, 2015 Asian Cup and the 2018 FIFA World Cup, although he did not play in the last. In 2015, Dejagah was voted by fans on Navad as Iran's best ever Left midfielder.\n", "Dejagah made his professional debut for Hertha BSC in the 2004–05 Bundesliga season. In 2007, he joined VfL Wolfsburg, winning the Bundesliga in the 2008–09 season. In 2012, he joined Premier League side Fulham in London, England on a €2.5 million three-year deal.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Dejagah was born in Tehran, Iran, and moved to Berlin, Germany, at the age of one. He became a German citizen at the age of 16. He played for German national youth teams from 2001 until 2009, winning the 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship.\n", "Section::::Club career.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Hertha.\n", "Dejagah made his professional debut for Hertha BSC against VfL Bochum in the opening match of the 2004–05 Bundesliga season, playing the last five minutes in a 2–2 home draw in his only first team appearance that year, thus becoming the youngest player to ever play for the club since it was founded in 1892. In his three years at Hertha, he also played in the regional league. Despite starting out as a central defender, he was quickly moved to the forward position and finished as the team's top scorer in 2005–06, with twelve goals in 23 appearances. Hertha's manager, Falko Götz, showed continuous faith in Dejagah by gradually giving the youngster playing time in the Bundesliga, as well as three UEFA Cup showdowns in 2005–06, playing the following season in the Intertoto Cup against FC Moscow.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Wolfsburg.\n", "In 2007, Dejagah joined VfL Wolfsburg. In his first season at Wolfsburg, he showed himself as a talent by scoring eight goals and in his second season, he was a regular part of the Bundesliga winning team. In the 2009–10 season, after the selection of Armin Veh as club manager, he lost his place in the starting line up and he could not return to the starting team under Steve McClaren. With the return of Felix Magath, he found his form and in the 2011–12 season, he showed himself as a key player by scoring and assisting several goals for his club. After Dejagah stated a desire to join Fulham FC in order to fulfill his childhood dream of playing in the Premier League, Magath stated that he wanted Dejagah to stay at Wolfsburg; however, he later sided with the player's wishes to play at Fulham. Dejagah ended his career in the Bundesliga with 19 goals and 25 assists.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Fulham.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Fulham.:2012–13 season.\n", "On 31 August 2012, Dejagah joined Fulham on a three-year deal with an additional year's option, reportedly for €2.5 million, reuniting with his former Wolfsburg teammate Sascha Riether. He became only the third Iranian, after Andranik Teymourian and Karim Bagheri, to play in the Premier League. He made his league debut on 20 October, in a 1–0 home win against Aston Villa, coming off the bench for Fulham with 20 minutes remaining. He made his first start at Arsenal on 10 November, less than a month after his debut, in a 3–3 draw, while his first assist came on New Year's Day to Dimitar Berbatov in a 2–1 win at West Bromwich Albion.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Fulham.:2013–14 season.\n", "Dejagah played his first game of the season for Fulham in a League Cup win over Burton Albion, and started his first league match of the season against Manchester United on 2 November. On 4 December, Dejagah scored his first goal for Fulham against Tottenham Hotspur in René Meulensteen's first game as manager. On 14 January, Dejagah scored a goal and provided an assist to Darren Bent in an FA Cup match against Norwich City. On 22 February, Dejagah scored at West Bromwich Albion in his manager's first game again, this time being Felix Magath, his former coach at Wolfsburg. On 15 March, Dejagah scored the winner against Newcastle United, eight minutes after coming on as a substitute, for his fourth Fulham goal. On 30 March, he scored a similar goal against Everton, cutting into his right foot and shooting from outside the 18-yard box. He was named the man of the match after scoring a goal against Hull City on 26 April. Dejagah was voted by fans as Fulham's player of the year at the end of the season.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Al-Arabi.\n", "On 29 July 2014, Dejagah joined Qatari club Al-Arabi. In his first season with Al-Arabi, Dejagah scored 5 goals in 24 appearances and helped Al-Arabi to an eight place finish. Dejagah scored his first goal of the 2015–16 season on 9 December 2015 in Al-Arabi's 4–1 victory against Al-Mesaimeer. Dejagah was named as Al-Arabi's player of the season for 2015–16. Despite this, the new board members of the club sought to remove him from the squad. In July 2016 Dejagah was linked with loan moves to German club Hertha BSC and English club Watford.\n", "After two years with Al Arabi, Dejagah was removed from the clubs squad on 16 September 2016. Al Arabi could not loan out Dejagah, and in January 2017, after not coming to an agreement with the club, Dejagah was released.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Return to Wolfsburg.\n", "On 30 January 2017, Dejagah signed with his former team VfL Wolfsburg on a six-month deal. He was given the shirt number 25. Shortly after joining Wolfsburg however, Dejagah suffered a hamstring injury and was sidelined for an extended period of time. Dejagah made his return to the pitch on 29 April 2017 with VfL Wolfsburg II. Playing 45 minutes in their 3–0 victory.\n", "Dejagah made his competitive first team debut on 25 May 2017 in the first leg of the relegation play-off against Eintracht Braunschweig. He came on as a late substitute in the second half as Wolfsburg won the match 1–0. He also appeared in the return leg as a second half substitute, a match that Wolfsburg again won 1–0. In June 2017, Wolfsburg announced that Dejagah would leave the club and would not be returning for the 2017–18 season.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Nottingham Forest.\n", "On 31 January 2018, Dejagah joined EFL Championship club Nottingham Forest on a short-term deal until the end of the 2017–18 season. He made his debut on 3 February against his former club Fulham appearing as a second-half substitute in a 2–0 defeat. On 14 February, Iran's coach Carlos Queiroz announced on his Facebook that Dejagah has gone trough [sic] surgery.\n", "He was released by Forest at the end of the 2017–18 season.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Tractor.\n", "On 2 August 2018, Dejagah signed a three-year contract with Tractor in the Iran Pro League.\n", "Section::::International career.\n", "Section::::International career.:Germany.\n", "In 2004, upon being called up to the German U-19 team, Dejagah scored seven goals in 15 international games, including two against the Netherlands after his team was down 2–0. In 2005, he was invited to play for Germany's U-21.\n", "In October 2007, Dejagah refused to play an under-21 international match for Germany against Israel, in Tel Aviv. He cited \"very personal reasons\", and said, variously: \"There are political reasons. Everyone knows I'm a German-Iranian\", \"I have more Iranian than German blood in my veins. Besides, I'm doing this out of respect. After all, my parents are Iranian\"; and \"I have nothing against Israel. But I'm worried about having problems later when travelling to Iran\". \"Bild\" (Germany's top-selling newspaper), Ronald Pofalla and Friedbert Pflüger (the General Secretary and a leading member of the Christian Democratic Union), and Charlotte Knobloch (President of the Central Council of Jews in Germany) demanded that Dejagah be excluded from Germany's national team.\n", "Dejagah said in a \"Stern\" interview that he chose not to play in Israel because, since the Iranian Revolution, Iranians travelling to Israel are subjected by the Iranian government to harsh punishments and several years in prison, and he had concern for his parents who travel to Iran and his other relatives who live in Iran. He also said he did not make his choice because of personal political, antisemitic, or racist reasons. Since the revolution, the Iranian government has warned Iranian athletes not to travel to Israel or compete against Israeli athletes.\n", "After a meeting with Theo Zwanziger, the president of the German Football Association, and national technical director Matthias Sammer, Dejagah stated that his reason was that he was concerned because of his Iranian origins about the welfare of his family and relatives if he were to play in Israel; therefore, he was not excluded from Germany's national team. Zwanziger said, \"He clearly stated that his request not to be nominated for the game in Israel had no racist or anti-Semitic background. He credibly assured us that, because of his Iranian origins, he had only been concerned with the well-being of his family and relatives.\" Zwanziger added that Dejagah was now prepared to play in the home tie against Israel if selected.\n", "Seven years later, in April 2014, Dejagah spoke on the matter, saying, \"This was a long time ago; it is in the past. Yes, it helped me grow up but now I only look to the future.\"\n", "In 2009, Dejagah won the 2009 UEFA Euro U-21s with Germany and scored a goal in the group stages against Finland.\n", "Section::::International career.:Iran.\n", "It had been suggested that Dejagah might play for Iran at the international level rather than Germany, but he said he never really considered it an option. Having played for Germany at the age of 21, he was originally no longer eligible to play for Iran. However, FIFA rule changes in July 2009 meant that he could play for Iran. In late December, Iran's coach Afshin Ghotbi approached Dejagah about playing for Iran at the 2011 AFC Asian Cup in Qatar, but he declined because he wanted to focus on playing first team football with his club VfL Wolfsburg instead.\n", "On 21 September 2011, he was invited to the Iranian national team by Carlos Queiroz. He scored twice on his debut for Iran against Qatar on 29 February 2012 in a World Cup qualifier. Upon qualification to the 2014 World Cup, his next international goals came on 15 and 19 November in Asian Cup qualifying wins over Thailand and Lebanon, sealing Iran's place in the 2015 Asian Cup as well. Dejagah was named in Iran's 2014 FIFA World Cup squad by Carlos Queiroz. He started for Iran in their opening match against Nigeria, but was substituted in the 73rd minute by Alireza Jahanbakhsh. He also played 85 and 68 minutes in the next matches against Argentina and Bosnia and Herzegovina, respectively. He was called into Iran's 2015 AFC Asian Cup squad on 30 December 2014 by Carlos Queiroz.\n", "On 12 November 2015 after captain Andranik Teymourian was suspended, Dejagah captained the national team for the first time in his career and also scored in a 3–1 victory against Turkmenistan.\n", "He was named in Iran's squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia but did not feature in any matches as Iran was eliminated in the group stage.\n", "on 26 December 2018, Dejagah was selected for Iranian squad for 2019 AFC Asian Cup. He started Iran's first match of the tournament and scored the second goal in a 5–0 win Yemen.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "During his time with Fulham, Dejagah resided in London, England, with wife and daughters whose names are inscribed on the external surfaces of his Nike Mercurial boots. He has tattoos with Berlin on one arm and Tehran on the other, and the phrase, \"Never forget where you're from\" on his neck. His wife is Azerbaijani and was raised in Baku.\n", "In May 2014, Dejagah donated his DNA profile for scientific research on sports-related injuries and training.\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "Section::::Honours.:Club.\n", "BULLET::::- VfL Wolfsburg\n", "BULLET::::- Bundesliga: 2008–09\n", "Section::::Honours.:International.\n", "BULLET::::- Germany under-21\n", "BULLET::::- UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship: 2009\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- German-Iranians\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Thomas Ulsrud\n", "Thomas Ulsrud (born 21 October 1971) is a Norwegian curler from Oslo. He is the skip of the 2014 World champion Norwegian national team, a two-time European champion and Olympic silver medalist. Ulsrud is also the current holder of the record for most wins by a skip at the World Men's Curling Championship.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Ulsrud has curled since 1983. In his second World Junior Curling Championship in 1988, Ulsrud skipped Norway to a bronze medal.\n", "In 1997, he skipped in his first European Curling Championships, finishing in seventh place. Team Ulsrud competed again in 2000–2003, 2006–2009, winning bronze in 2002, silver in 2007, and bronze in 2009.\n", "In his first World Curling Championship in 1998, Ulsrud skipped Norway to fifth place. After serving as the alternate for Pål Trulsen's team in 1999, he returned again as skip in 2006–2009, making the playoffs for the first time in 2006 and then defeated USA's Team Pete Fenson to win the bronze medal. Two more bronze medals followed in 2008 and 2009.\n", "Between 2007 and 2010, Team Ulsrud won six World Curling Tour events, namely, the 2007 & 2009 Lucerne Curling Trophies, 2008 Baden Masters, 2008 Radisson SAS Oslo Cup, 2009 Swiss Cup Basel, and 2009 Bern Open.\n", "At the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics, Team Ulsrud attracted worldwide attention, not only for introducing Loudmouth Golf's colourful harlequin pants to the arena, but also for winning the silver medal after the final game against Canada's Team Kevin Martin.\n", "Immediately at the start of the 2010 World Curling Championship in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, Ulsrud had to return home for family reasons. With Torger Nergård acting as skip, Ulsrud's teammates took first place at the end of round-robin games (10–1 score) and won the silver medal.\n", "Team Ulsrud began the 2010-11 curling season by winning their first European Curling Championship gold medal in Champéry, Switzerland. The team topped the season off by finishing fourth at the 2011 Ford World Men's Curling Championship.\n", "The rink won a second straight European Championships by winning the gold medal at the 2011 European Curling Championships. Later that season they would once again finish 4th at the 2012 World Men's Curling Championship. That season, the team won one WCT event, the 2012 European Masters.\n", "The Ulsrud rink would continue their domination at the European championship by winning the silver medal at both the 2012 and 2013 events. They were less successful at the 2013 Ford World Men's Curling Championship, finishing in 5th place. The rink represented Norway once again at the 2014 Winter Olympics, where they finished 5th, with a 5-5 record. They lost in a tie-breaker match to Great Britain, skipped by David Murdoch. On the World Curling Tour, the team won one event in 2013-14, the 2013 Swiss Cup Basel. The team capped off their season by winning a gold medal at the 2014 World Men's Curling Championship.\n", "The World champion Ulsrud rink began the 2014–15 curling season by winning the first WCT event of the year, the 2014 Baden Masters. That season, he won another silver medal at the 2014 European Curling Championships and won a silver medal at the 2015 World Men's Curling Championship, losing to Sweden's Niklas Edin rink in the final. The next season, Ulsrud led his team to a silver medal at the 2015 European Curling Championships and a disappointing sixth place finish at the 2016 World Men's Curling Championship.\n", "In 2016, Ulsrud won another silver medal at the European Curling Championships, which he followed up by winning the Qinghai China Men's International on the tour the next month. Later in the season, he lost in a best-of-five challenge against Steffen Walstad which would have qualified his team for the 2017 World Championships, the first Worlds that Ulsrud would miss since 2010. Ulrsud and co. did get to represent Norway one last time at the 2017 European Curling Championships, where they finished in fourth place. They represented Norway at the 2018 Winter Olympics, placing sixth. \n", "The Ulsrud rink began the 2018–19 curling season by winning the Baden Masters for the third time in their career. Ulsrud paired up with Kristin Skaslien at the third leg of the 2018–19 Curling World Cup in the mixed doubles event. The pair made it to the final, losing to Canada's Kadriana Sahaidak and Colton Lott. It was Ulsrud's first experience in mixed doubles. After a light curling season, where they didn't play in any Grand Slam events, or in the Europeans or Worlds, Team Ulsrud announced they would be disbanding after the season.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Ulsrud is married to Elin Grødal, and they have one son. He is employed as a business owner.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official homepage of Team Ulsrud\n", "BULLET::::- 2014 Olympic profile\n", "BULLET::::- Complete coverages of Team Norway's Olympics performances at the official Vancouver Olympic Games 2010 Channel\n", "BULLET::::- Thomas Ulsrud and Håvard Vad Petersson interviewed on Eurosport Norge. \"EurosportNorge møter curlinggutta\". 4 December 2009.\n", "BULLET::::- Team Norway interviewed on Grand Slam of Curling. Olympic Curling – Team Norway. 17 February 2010.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Norwegian male curler", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2092087", "wikidata_label": "Thomas Ulsrud", "wikipedia_title": "Thomas Ulsrud" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Dalibor Brazda\n", "Born in Fryšták, Moravia, he studied at the conservatory in Brno (JAMU) and the Academy of Music in Prague (AMU). Trained in bassoon, he played in two orchestras simultaneously: Czech Chamber Orchestra and National Theatre of Prague, and later in the Czech Philharmonic and the Filmorchestra-Concert (FOK). As a student of the famous conductor Rafael Kubelík he soon started his career as conductor at Karlín Theatre Prague where he remained for 20 years. Brázda achieved great success as guest-conductor for Every Man Opera in New York with Porgy and Bess.\n", "He became prominent in the 1950s and 1960s in Prague as an accomplished arranger for Supraphon. His lush string arrangements for popular artists including British singer Gery Scott, German pianist Igo Fischer and Czech singer Karel Gott are highly regarded. His orchestra later became known as \"Dalibor Brázda Magic Strings\".\n", "Brázda also conducted the German cast recording of Fiddler on the Roof in the Mid 1960s (released as \"Anatevka\" on CBS, Teldec and Decca) with the Grosses Musical-Orchester und Chor des Operettenhauses Hamburg, for which he won a Gold Record Award. Instead of returning to Prague at the end of the Anatevka-Performances in Hamburg, he emigrated to Dietikon (Switzerland, near Zurich), where he stayed till his death in 2005. In 1985 he became Swiss.\n", "In 2001 he was honoured with the first Cultural Award of Dietikon for his work in musical education of young people and for his musical direction for 25 years of a youth wind-orchestra (Stadtjugendmusik Dietikon) and the Stadtmusik Dietikon, a wind orchestra also, for 15 years.\n", "Till his death he worked as arranger for several orchestras (DRS Big Band, Ambros Seelos, Hugo Strasser, Original Egerländer Musikanten and Trio Festivo).\n", "On 27 May 2006, the Stadtmusik Dietikon in Switzerland held a concert entitled \"The Best Of Dalibor Brázda\" as a tribute to his musical greatness.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Stadtmusik Deitikon\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Czech conductor and composer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5210955", "wikidata_label": "Dalibor Brazda", "wikipedia_title": "Dalibor Brazda" }