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{ "paragraph": [ "John Flammang Schrank\n", "John Flammang Schrank (March 5, 1876 – September 15, 1943) was a Bavarian-born saloonkeeper of New York who attempted to assassinate former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt on October 14, 1912, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Roosevelt, who had left office three and a half years earlier, was running for President as a member of the Progressive Party. While campaigning in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Schrank, who had been stalking him for weeks, shot Roosevelt once in the chest with a .38-caliber Colt Police Positive Special revolver. The 50-page text of his campaign speech folded over twice in Roosevelt's breast pocket and a metal glasses case slowed the bullet, saving his life. Schrank was immediately disarmed, captured and might have been lynched had Roosevelt not shouted for Schrank to remain unharmed.\n", "At Schrank's trial, the would-be assassin claimed that William McKinley had visited him in a dream and told him to avenge his assassination by killing Roosevelt. He was found legally insane and was institutionalized until his death in 1943.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Schrank was born in Erding, Bavaria, on March 5, 1876. He emigrated to America at the age of 9. His parents died soon after, leaving Schrank to work for his uncle, a New York tavern owner and landlord. Upon their deaths Schrank's aunt and uncle left him valuable properties, with the expectation that Schrank could live a quiet and peaceful life. Schrank was heartbroken, not just because he had lost his second set of parents, but also because his first and only girlfriend Emily Ziegler had died in the \"General Slocum\" disaster on New York's East River.\n", "Schrank sold the properties, and drifted around the East Coast for years. He became profoundly religious, and a fluent Bible scholar whose debating skills were well-known around his neighborhood's watering holes and public parks. He wrote spare and vivid poetry. He spent a great deal of time walking around city streets at night but caused no documented trouble.\n", "Section::::Assassination attempt.\n", "The 1912 Presidential election campaign was characterized by a serious split in the Republican Party between the conservative wing under President William Howard Taft and the liberal/reform wing under ex-President Theodore Roosevelt. After a bitter confrontation at the Republican Convention, Taft won renomination. Roosevelt led a bolt of his followers, who held a convention and nominated him for President on the ticket of the Progressive Party, nicknamed the \"Bull Moose Party\". Taft and his supporters attacked Roosevelt for being power-hungry, and seeking to break the tradition that U.S. Presidents only serve up to two terms in office.\n", "On October 14, 1912, while Theodore Roosevelt was campaigning in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Schrank attempted to assassinate him.\n", "According to documents found on Schrank after the attempted assassination, Schrank had written that he was advised by the ghost of William McKinley in a dream to avenge his death, pointing to a picture of Theodore Roosevelt. Different accounts claim that in the dream he instead saw McKinley rise from a coffin and point at Roosevelt, who was wearing a monk's robe.\n", "Roosevelt was at the Gilpatrick Hotel at a dinner provided by the hotel's owner, a supporter. The ex-President was scheduled to deliver a speech at the Milwaukee Auditorium. News had circulated that Roosevelt was at the hotel, and Schrank (who had been following Roosevelt from New Orleans to Milwaukee) went to the hotel. The ex-President had finished his meal, and left the hotel to enter an open car. Roosevelt stood to acknowledge the cheering of the assembled crowd, when Schrank acted.\n", "Schrank did shoot Roosevelt, but the bullet lodged in Roosevelt's chest only after hitting both his steel eyeglass case and a 50-page copy of his speech titled \"\", which he was carrying in his jacket pocket. As onlookers gasped and screamed, Elbert Martin, one of Roosevelt's secretaries, and an ex-football player, was the first to react, leaping at Schrank, wrestling him to the ground and seizing his gun. A. O. Girard, a former Rough Rider and bodyguard of the ex-president, and several policemen were upon Schrank at the same moment. Roosevelt stumbled, but straightened himself, and again raised his hat, with a reassuring smile upon his face. His aide, Harry Cochems, asked Roosevelt if he was hit, and Roosevelt simply said assuredly, \"He pinked me, Harry\". As Schrank was subdued and held up on his feet, the crowd went into a frenzy. Several of the closest men around Schrank began pummeling him, and others screamed \"kill him!\", and \"hang him!\". Roosevelt, seeing what was happening, shouted to the crowd, \"Don't hurt him. Bring him here. I want to see him\". The crowd, hearing Roosevelt's voice, looked at Roosevelt, astonished to see him standing up and talking. A member said, \"Is he okay?\"; Roosevelt, with a reassuring smile, waved his hat in the air and said, \"I'm alright, I'm alright\". In relief, the crowd erupted in cheers, enabling four policemen to gain their way into the crowd and hold Schrank. Roosevelt ordered, \"Bring him to me\". Schrank was led to Roosevelt, and the two men looked into each other's eyes. Putting his hands on Schrank's head so he could look at him, and to determine if he had seen him before, Roosevelt said to Schrank, \"What did you do it for?\" Getting no response, he said, \"Oh, what's the use? Turn him over to the police\". As police held Schrank, Roosevelt looked down at him, and said, \"You poor creature.\" Roosevelt ordered, \"Officers, take charge of him, and see that there is no violence done to him\". Girard and another officer led Schrank away into the hotel, as the crowd booed at him, and applauded for Roosevelt, abiding by his wishes. Roosevelt gave another reassuring tip of the hat to the crowd, before he took off in his car. Schrank was led into the kitchen, where he was turned over to the local police.\n", "Roosevelt, as an experienced hunter and anatomist, correctly concluded that since he was not coughing blood, the bullet had not reached his lung, and he declined suggestions to go to the hospital immediately. Instead, he delivered his with blood seeping into his shirt. He spoke for 90 minutes before completing his speech and accepting medical attention. His opening comments to the gathered crowd were, \"Ladies and gentlemen, I don't know whether you fully understand that I have just been shot, but it takes more than that to kill a Bull Moose.\"\n", "Afterwards, probes and an x-ray showed that the bullet had lodged in Roosevelt's chest muscle, but did not penetrate the pleura. Doctors concluded that it would be less dangerous to leave it in place than to attempt to remove it, and Roosevelt carried the bullet with him for the rest of his life. In later years, when asked about the bullet inside him, Roosevelt would say, \"I do not mind it any more than if it were in my waistcoat pocket.\"\n", "Both Taft and Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson suspended their own campaigning until Roosevelt recovered and resumed his. When asked if the shooting would affect his election campaign, he said to the reporter \"I'm fit as a bull moose\", which inspired the party's emblem. Roosevelt made only two more speeches in the campaign. Although Roosevelt won more votes and electoral votes than Taft, Wilson bested both of them to win the presidency.\n", "Schrank maintained, later, that he had nothing against the man himself, and he did not intend to kill \"the citizen Roosevelt\", but rather \"Roosevelt, the third-termer.\" He claimed to have shot Roosevelt as a warning to other third-termers, and that it was the ghost of William McKinley that told him to perform the act. When Roosevelt died in 1919, Schrank conceded that he was a great American and was sorry to hear of his death.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Soon after the assassination attempt, doctors examined Schrank and reported that he was suffering from \"insane delusions, grandiose in character,\" declaring him to be insane. Schrank was committed to the Central State Hospital for the Criminally Insane in Waupun, Wisconsin, in 1914. He remained there for 29 more years, until he died on September 15, 1943 of bronchial pneumonia. His body was donated to the Medical School at Marquette University (now the Medical College of Wisconsin) for anatomical dissection.\n", "Section::::Archive.\n", "While John F. Schrank was committed, he wrote a number of letters to the doctor he was consulting at the Mental Hospital, Adin Sherman. The University of North Carolina at Wilmington possesses twenty of them. The letters are dated between 1914 and 1918. The accession number in the Manuscripts Collection is 148. \n", "Section::::Portrayals.\n", "For the 100th anniversary of the assassination attempt, a re-enactment was performed on October 14, 2012 near the Hyatt Regency Milwaukee hotel. Schrank was portrayed by Michael Hayden, and Roosevelt played by Scott Paulson.\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Foley, William J. \"A bullet and a Bull Moose.\" \"JAMA\" [Journal of the American Medical Association]] 209.13 (1969): 2035-2038.\n", "BULLET::::- Helferich, Gerard. \"Theodore Roosevelt and the Assassin: Madness, Vengeance, and the Campaign of 1912\" (2013) excerpt\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Theodore Roosevelt (attempted assassination), Wisconsin Dictionary of History, Wisconsin Historical Society\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Images at Library of Congress\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Failed American assassin", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6233371", "wikidata_label": "John Flammang Schrank", "wikipedia_title": "John Flammang Schrank" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Naomi Zaizen\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "Section::::Filmography.:Films.\n", "BULLET::::- (1989)\n", "BULLET::::- (1989)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Heaven and Earth\" (1990)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Best Guy\" (1990)\n", "BULLET::::- (1991)\n", "BULLET::::- (1993)\n", "BULLET::::- (1994)\n", "BULLET::::- (1995)\n", "BULLET::::- (1997)\n", "BULLET::::- (1998)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Avalon\" (2001)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ouran High School Host Club\" (2012)\n", "BULLET::::- (2013)\n", "BULLET::::- (2016)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Perfect World\" (2018)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kazoku no Hanashi\" (2018)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Aiuta: My Promise to Nakuhito\" (2019)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Iwane: Sword of Serenity\" (2019)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Final Fantasy XIV: Daddy of Light\" (2019)\n", "Section::::Filmography.:Television.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Carnation\" (2011)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Onna jōshu Naotora\" (2017)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Scarlet\" (2019–20)\n", "Section::::Filmography.:Anime.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Human Crossing\" (2003)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official agency profile\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Zaizen Naomi" ] }, "description": "Japanese actress", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3543463", "wikidata_label": "Naomi Zaizen", "wikipedia_title": "Naomi Zaizen" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Idrissa Ouédraogo\n", "Idrissa Ouédraogo (21 January 1954 – 18 February 2018) was a Burkinabé filmmaker. His work often explored the conflict between rural and city life and tradition and modernity in his native Burkina Faso and elsewhere in Africa. He is best known for his feature film \"Tilaï\", which won the Grand Prix at the 1990 Cannes Film Festival and \"Samba Traoré\" (1993), which was nominated for the Silver Bear award at the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "Idrissa Ouédraogo was born in Banfora, Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso), in 1954. He grew up in the town of Ouahigouya in the northern region of his homeland, and in 1976 he was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree. To ensure a better life his farmer parents sent him to Ouagadougou for further education, where he attended the African Institute for Cinema Studies () completing his studies in 1981 with a masters. After studying in Kiev in the USSR he moved to Paris, where he graduated from the (IDHEC) in 1985 with a DEA from the Sorbonne.\n", "Section::::Early career.\n", "On graduating from IAFEC in 1981, Ouédraogo set up his own independent film company, \"The Future of Films\", which became \"Les Films de la Plaine\". In 1981, before moving to Kiev, he worked for the Burkina Faso Directorate of Cinema Production (), where he directed several short films.\n", "In his earliest short, \"Pourquoi\" (1981), a man dreams of killing his wife, but is unsure if it is a dream or reality. Ouédraogo followed this with another short film, \"Poko\" (1981), which won the short film prize at that year's Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou (FESPACO). \"Poko\" follows a young pregnant woman who dies after failing to reach medical facilities whilst being transported on a cart. The film highlighted the fact that despite paying their taxes, the poor gain little real help in day to day necessities from the government. This was followed by the shorts \"Les Écuelles\" (\"The Platters\"; 1983), \"Les Funérailles du Larle Naba\", (\"Larle Naba's Funeral\"; 1984), \"Ouagadougou, Ouaga deux roues\" (\"Ouagadougou, Ouaga Two Wheels\"; 1985) and \"Issa le tisserand\" (\"Issa the Weaver\"; 1985). His last short was \"Tenga\" (1985), which explores a villager who after moving to the city, returns to his hometown. In these shorts Ouédraogo explores themes and film techniques that he would return to in his future feature films.\n", "Section::::Feature films.\n", "Ouédraogo's first feature, \"Yam Daabo\" (\"The Choice\"; 1986) was well received, and focuses on a rural family's decision to remain reliant on aid or to move location and become self-sufficient. His first film to receive greater distribution was \"Yaaba\" (\"Grandmother\"), which won awards at festivals, including the FIPRESCI Prize at Cannes, and was shown around the world, popular because of its beauty and simplicity. Despite its popularity, critics felt the \"Yaaba\" lacked the critical insight into the serious issues that affected village life.\n", "His next film \"Tilaï\" (\"A Question of Honour\") won the Grand Prix at the 1990 Cannes Film Festival. Centered around a moment of change in the Mòoré culture, where the lives of the children of a family are torn apart by the unwavering adherence to tradition in a rapidly transforming modern world. The success of both \"Yam Daabo\" and \"Tilaï\" placed pressure on Ouédraogo to produce another international success, and his next film \"Karim and Sala\" was rushed to be shown at the 12th Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou (FESPACO) and was not well received and suffered from poor distribution. \"Samba Traoré\" (1993), returns to the themes of rural versus city life, tradition against change and was well received, being nominated for the Silver Bear at the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival. Ouédraogo followed \"Samba Traoré\" with \"The Heart's Cry\" (\"Le Cri du cœur\"; 1994), \"Kini and Adams\" (1997), \"Anger of the Gods\" (\"La Colère des dieux\"; 2003) and \"Kato Kato\" (2006).\n", "Ouédraogo's output has been criticised as being too focused on appealing to audiences in Africa and the West. Françoise Pfaff names Ouédraogo, amongst a group of African directors, as a storyteller who has a predilection for filming shots of atypical African rural scenes, such as \"monotonous images of women pounding millet or corn\". Pfaff's view is that Ouédraogo's work is too focused on non-African audiences and alienates African viewers. In defence, Sharon A. Russell argues that Ouédraogo must always consider the needs of a director who wishes to keep filming in Africa, and that funding for the next film is a priority and that he is a talented person making films under difficult circumstances.\n", "Section::::Later life and death.\n", "In February 2015, Ouédraogo announced shortly before the opening of the 24th Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou (FESPACO) his desire to direct \"an important film\" on foreign colonization of the African continent, the anti-colonial struggle and the leading figures of that movement. During a March 2015 interview with \"Le Monde\", Ouédraogo underlined what he believed to be three issues facing the film industry of Burkina Faso. Among those issues are the lack of sufficient knowledge and professionalism when it comes to cinematography. Funding shortages and the absence of a demanding local market are the two other problems he mentioned. During his last few years, Ouédraogo's relatives noted his disappointment in modern African cinema due to what he considered to be deficiency in talent and in means of production.\n", "At around 5:30 a.m. GMT on 18 February 2018, Ouédraogo died at the Bois clinic in Ouagadougou at the age of 64 as a result of an unspecified \"illness\", according to a statement by the UNCB (Union nationale des cinéastes du Burkina). Shortly after his death, Burkinabé president Roch Marc Christian Kaboré said that his country \"had lost a filmmaker of immense talent\". On 20 February, he was buried at the Gounghin Cemetery. On its way there, the funeral procession stopped by the Monument of African Filmmakers at the Place des Cinéastes, close to the Ouagadougou City Hall, where he was commemorated by the city's mayor. The convoy then stopped in front of the gate of the FESPACO. Politicians, religious figures and artists were present at the procession, where he was given a military funeral.\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "Section::::Filmography.:Television series.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Entre l'arbre et l'ecorce\" (1999)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kadi Jolie\" (2001)\n", "Section::::Filmography.:Segments.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lumière and Company\" (1995)\n", "BULLET::::- \"11'09\"01 September 11\" (2002)\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Cinema of Burkina Faso\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Senses of Cinema: Great Directors Critical Database\n", "BULLET::::- Ouédraogo on \"Kini and Adams\"\n", "BULLET::::- Film references\n", "BULLET::::- Idrissa Ouedraogo at Culturebase.com\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Burkinabe film director, screenwriter and producer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q113628", "wikidata_label": "Idrissa Ouédraogo", "wikipedia_title": "Idrissa Ouédraogo" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Robert Herbert\n", "Sir Robert George Wyndham Herbert, (12 June 1831 – 6 May 1905), was the first Premier of Queensland, Australia. At 28 years and 181 days of age, he was the youngest person to ever be elected Premier of an Australian state.\n", "Section::::Early years.\n", "Born in Brighton, England on 12 June 1831, Herbert was the only son of the Hon. Algernon Herbert, a younger son of the first Earl of Carnarvon. He was educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. He won a Balliol scholarship in 1849 and subsequently the Hertford and Ireland scholarships. He took a first class in classical moderations, won the Latin verse prize in 1852, and obtained second-class final honours in the classical school. He was elected Fellow of All Souls in 1854 and was Eldon law scholar. In 1855 he was private secretary to William Ewart Gladstone and was called to the bar of the Inner Temple in 1858.\n", "Section::::Queensland colony.\n", "When Queensland was formed into a separate colony Sir George Bowen was appointed the first governor. He arrived at Brisbane on 10 December 1859 and brought Herbert with him as his private secretary. On the day of the governor's arrival, Herbert was gazetted as colonial secretary with Ratcliffe Pring as attorney-general. These with the governor formed an executive council to which additions were made afterwards. At the election held early in 1860 Herbert was returned unopposed for one of the Leichhardt seats in the Legislative Assembly of Queensland and became the first Premier of Queensland. He showed himself to be a good leader and held office from December 1859 to February 1866.\n", "During his time as Premier four land acts were passed, and the education question was also the subject of early measures. The governor, in writing to the secretary of state, stated that the Queensland parliament \"had passed a greater number of really useful measures than any other parliament in any of the Australian colonies\". Certainly the first Queensland government was in marked contrast to those of the other colonies, each of which averaged half a dozen ministries in the same period. Herbert, however, fell into some disfavour when financial difficulties arose. He resigned in February 1866 and was succeeded by Arthur Macalister who was premier until 20 July 1866. Herbert was anxious to return to England on account of private business, but at the request of the governor formed a ministry which lasted less than three weeks and was merged in the second Macalister ministry. Herbert then left for England, having gained much experience which was to be very useful to him in later years.\n", "Section::::Career in England.\n", "A few months after Herbert's arrival in England he was appointed Assistant-Secretary to the Board of Trade, in 1870 was made Assistant Under-Secretary for the Colonies, and in 1871 became Permanent Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies. He held this position for 21 years with great distinction. His attitude was generally conciliatory and he was tactful in dealing with men who came in contact with him. In 1882 he was created K.C.B. and in 1892 G.C.B. In the same year he was appointed chancellor of the Order of St Michael and St George. He left the colonial office in 1892, but afterwards took up his duties again for a few months at the special request of Joseph Chamberlain. In 1893-6 he was agent-general for Tasmania, and did active work in connection with the formation of the British Empire League. In December 1903 he was chairman of the tariff commission.\n", "Section::::Later years.\n", "In later years, Robert Herbert suffered from heart trouble. Believing his health would benefit from a sea voyage, he went for a cruise in the Mediterranean. He met his sister in Marseilles, France where his health worsened and he returned immediately to England. He was taken in an ambulance railway car on the Great Eastern Railway to his residence at Ickleton, Cambridgeshire, where he died on 6 May 1905.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Robert Herbert met his companion, John Bramston, in the early 1850s at Balliol College, Oxford University, England. The pair shared rooms at Oxford, and also in London. When Herbert was Premier of Queensland, and Bramston his Attorney-General, the two created a farm on what is now the site of the Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital. They named the farmhouse in which they both lived \"\"Herston\"\", a combination of their names. It also became the name of the modern-day Brisbane suburb of Herston, in the same location.\n", "Robert Herbert never married, and modern historians, like Robert Aldrich and Garry Wotherspoon, conclude that he was likely gay.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, 1860–1863; 1863–1867\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Sir Robert Herbert", "Robert George Wyndham Herbert", "Sir Robert George Wyndham Herbert" ] }, "description": "1st Premier of Queensland", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2386239", "wikidata_label": "Robert Herbert", "wikipedia_title": "Robert Herbert" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Max Baer Jr.\n", "Maximilian Adalbert Baer Jr. (born December 4, 1937) is an American actor, screenwriter, producer, and director. He is widely known for playing Jethro Bodine, the dim-witted nephew of Jed Clampett (played by Buddy Ebsen) on \"The Beverly Hillbillies\". \n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Baer was born Maximilian Adalbert Baer Jr. in Oakland, California, in 1937, the son of boxing champion Max Baer and his wife Mary Ellen Sullivan. His father was of German, Jewish, and Scots-Irish descent. His brother and sister are James Manny Baer (1941–2009) and Maude Baer (b. 1943). His uncle was boxer and actor Buddy Baer.\n", "He attended Christian Brothers High School in Sacramento, where he earned letters in four sports and twice won the junior title at the Sacramento Open golf tournament. (Playing with Charlie Sifford, he later won the pro-am tournament at the 1968 Andy Williams - San Diego Open.)\n", "Baer earned a bachelor's degree in business administration from Santa Clara University, with a minor in philosophy.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Baer's first acting role was in \"Goldilocks and the Three Bears\" at the Blackpool Pavilion in England in 1949. He began acting professionally in 1960 at Warner Bros., where he made appearances on television programs such as \"Maverick\", \"Surfside 6\", \"Hawaiian Eye\", \"Cheyenne\", \"The Roaring 20s\", and \"77 Sunset Strip\".His career took off two years later, when he joined the cast of \"The Beverly Hillbillies\".\n", "Section::::Career.:\"The Beverly Hillbillies\".\n", "In 1962, Baer was cast in the role of the doltish Jethro Bodine, Jed Clampett's nephew.\n", "He continued to take other parts during the nine-year run of \"The Beverly Hillbilles\" and appeared on the television programs \"Vacation Playhouse\" and \"Love, American Style,\" as well as in the western \"A Time for Killing.\"\n", "Section::::Career.:Later career.\n", "Following the cancellation of \"The Beverly Hillbillies\" in 1971, Baer made numerous guest appearances on television, but he found his TV acting career hampered by typecasting. He concentrated on feature motion pictures, especially behind the camera, writing, producing, and directing. Baer wrote and produced the drama \"Macon County Line\" (1974), in which he played Deputy Reed Morgan, the highest-grossing movie per dollar invested at the time. Made for US$110,000, it earned almost US$25 million at the box office, a record that lasted until \"The Blair Witch Project\" superseded it in 1999. Baer also wrote, produced, and directed the drama \"The Wild McCullochs\" (1975), and played the role of Culver Robinson.\n", "Baer subsequently developed the idea of using the title of a popular song as a movie title, acquiring the rights to Bobbie Gentry's hit song and producing the 1976 film \"Ode to Billy Joe\", which he also directed. Made for US$1.1 million, the film grossed $27 million at the box office, and earned over US$2.65 million outside the US, US$4.75 million from television, and US$2.5 million from video. The film starred Robby Benson and Glynnis O'Connor.\n", "Since the success of \"Ode to Billy Joe\", the motion picture industry has produced more than 100 song-title movies. Baer pursued the rights to the hit song \"Like a Virgin\", recorded by the singer Madonna in 1984. When ABC tried to prevent him from making the film, he sued and won a judgment of more than US$2 million.\n", "He directed the 1979 comedy \"Hometown U.S.A.\" before retiring to his home at Lake Tahoe, Nevada. He continues to make occasional guest appearances on television.\n", "Baer has said that playing Jethro Bodine undermined his acting career. When Paul Henning asked him to reprise the role for a 1981 television movie, he declined. Yet when the feature film \"The Beverly Hillbillies\" was made 22 years later, reports cited Baer's dissatisfaction that only Ebsen was asked to do a cameo. He appeared in the 1993 television special \"The Legend of the Beverly Hillbillies\", reprising his role as Jethro. By 2004, Baer had recognized the marketability of \"The Beverly Hillbillies\" and appeared with actress Donna Douglas at the annual TV Land Awards.\n", "Section::::Career.:Other ventures.\n", "In 1985, Baer began investigating the gambling industry. He noted that tourists paid a US$5 to US$6 admission to tour the \"\"Ponderosa Ranch\"\", which was the location for filming some episodes of TV's \"Bonanza\". There was nothing to see but a working cattle ranch, but people enjoyed it because of the \"Bonanza\" connection. Baer decided that tourists would also pay for something dealing with \"The Beverly Hillbillies\". He began using his Jethro Bodine role as a marketing opportunity toward the gambling and hotel industry. Baer obtained the sublicensing rights, including food and beverage rights, to \"The Beverly Hillbillies\" from CBS in 1991. His business partner estimates the cost of obtaining the rights and developing the ideas has been US$1 million. Sixty-five \"Beverly Hillbillies\" slot machines were built in 1999 and placed in 10 casinos.\n", "In late 2003, Baer attempted the redevelopment of a former Walmart location in Carson City into a \"Beverly Hillbillies\"-themed hotel and casino, but was unsuccessful due to building code conflicts and other developers on the neighboring properties. On May 4, 2007, he announced the sale of the property and the purchase of another parcel just outside Carson City, in neighboring Douglas County, where he expected less resistance to his plans. Baer purchased a parcel in north Douglas County for US$1.2 million, and would purchase an additional once he obtained the required zoning variances. The plans were for a gambling area with 800 slot machines and 16 tables, flanked by various eateries including \"Jethro's All You Ken Et Buffet.\" The project would feature a showroom, cinema complex and a 240-room, five-story hotel.\n", "Plans for Baer's casino included a mock oil derrick spouting a 20- to flame.\n", "As of December 2017, development of Jethro's Casino had been suspended. Ongoing litigation involving Max Baer Jr, the developer and Douglas County has delayed the development of the project indefinitely.\n", "In 2014, Baer sued \"CBS\" after claiming a secret deal with a \"Des Moines\" based Jethro's BBQ was interfering with his opportunity to cash in on his role from the iconic television show. The lawsuit claims that Baer negotiated a deal with CBS for the rights to use the fictional character and other motifs from the show to create a chain of restaurants, hotels and casinos.\n", "Section::::Recent years.\n", "He remained close friends with Buddy Ebsen until Ebsen's death from pneumonia on July 6, 2003. Just before his acting mentor's death, he and Donna Douglas both had visited Ebsen in the hospital.\n", "With the 2015 death of co-star Donna Douglas, Baer is the only surviving regular cast member.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official site of \"Jethro's Beverly Hillbillies Mansion & Casino\"\n", "BULLET::::- Watch Max Baer in Jethro's First Love\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Film and television actor, producer and director", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3302014", "wikidata_label": "Max Baer, Jr.", "wikipedia_title": "Max Baer Jr." }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Kirk Alyn\n", "Kirk Alyn (born John Feggo Jr., October 8, 1910 – March 14, 1999) was an American actor, best known for being the first actor to play the DC Comics character Superman in live-action for the 1948 movie serial \"Superman\" and its 1950 sequel \"Atom Man vs. Superman\", as well as Blackhawk from the \"Blackhawk\" movie serial in 1952, and General Sam Lane in 1978's \"Superman: The Movie\".\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Kirk Alyn was born as John Feggo Jr. on October 8, 1910 in Oxford, New Jersey, to Hungarian immigrant parents. In his youth he lived in Wharton, New Jersey. A plaque commemorating his life in the borough is hung in the municipal building.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Alyn started as a chorus boy for Broadway plays, appearing in notable musicals such as \"Girl Crazy\", \"Of Thee I Sing\", and \"Hellzapoppin'\" during the 1930s.\n", "He also worked as a singer and dancer in vaudeville before relocating to Hollywood during the early 1940s to act for feature movies, but he was successful only in gaining bit parts for low-budget movies before obtaining the role of Superman in 1948. During World War II he served in the United States Navy.\n", "Alyn also featured in movie serials, including \"Federal Agents Vs. Underworld Inc.\" (1948), \"Radar Patrol Vs. Spy King\" (1950) and \"Blackhawk\" (1952).\n", "Alyn recalls the day producer Sam Katzman asked him to play Superman:\n", "I thought it was a publicity stunt. I didn't think you could ever put Superman on film. They brought the people from D.C. Comics [sic] over and they said, 'Hey, he looks just like Clark Kent.' They said take off your shirt, so I did and flexed my muscles. Then the guy said, 'Take off your pants' and I said, 'Wait a minute.' I was 37 when I played Superman. I picked up that girl and ran up that flight of stairs like it was nothing.\"\n", "Alyn played Superman for the first live-action \"Superman\" movie serial, released in 1948. The serial consisted of 15 episodes which recounted Superman’s arrival on Earth, getting a job as a reporter at the \"Daily Planet\" newspaper, and meeting Lois Lane and Jimmy Olsen. The main plot consisted of Superman’s battle against the arch criminal the Spider Lady.\n", "Two years later, \"Atom Man vs. Superman\" was released, featuring Lyle Talbot as Superman’s arch-villain Lex Luthor. This serial also included a sequence involving an eerie alternate dimension, not unlike the Phantom Zone, which would not appear in the comics for another 11 years.\n", "Alyn gave the \"Man of Steel\" a different portrayal to Clark Kent, adding to the element of disguise. This was in the tradition of radio's Superman, Bud Collyer. By contrast, his successor George Reeves played the dual roles more alike, as pointed out in Gary Grossman's book, \"Superman: Serial to Cereal\". The character's flight was effected by having Alyn jump up, at which point he becomes represented by an animated character by way of rotoscoping, which flew away. Alyn had tried \"flying\" while suspended by hidden wires for the first serial but the wires turned out to be clearly visible and that footage was scrapped.)\n", "After playing Superman, he again suffered casting problems. Apart from featuring in some similar comic book-type serials, he had few roles in television series and movies, some even uncredited, until he retired.\n", "Alyn was reportedly offered the part of Superman for the television version of 1951, but refused it. In 1971, he published an autobiography entitled \"A Job for Superman\".\n", "Alyn shared a very brief cameo with his serial co-star, Noel Neill, as Sam and Ellen Lane, the parents of the young Lois Lane for the 1978 feature movie, \"Superman\". In a brief on-set interview, he explains his method of portraying Superman and Clark Kent, contained in a documentary narrated by Ernie Anderson, \"The Making of Superman: The Movie\" (1978).\n", "In 1981, Alyn appeared as \"Pa Cant\" in the parody movie \"Superbman: The Other Movie\", a role that lasted only seconds, as Cant dies from heart failure immediately after discovering the strange visitor from the planet \"Krapton\".\n", "Alyn made his final movie, the horror movie \"Scalps\", In 1983.\n", "In 1988, he participated in the 1988 TV special \"Superman 50th Anniversary Special\" as himself. He also had a very brief appearance in a \"Battlestar Galactica\" episode.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "When he first went to Hollywood, Alyn met another dancer and actress, Virginia O'Brien. They were married in 1942, and had three children: daughters Terri O'Brien and Elizabeth Watkins and son John Feggo III. They were divorced in 1955.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Alyn died on March 14, 1999 in The Woodlands, Texas, at the age of 88 from Alzheimer's disease. He was cremated. His ashes were scattered off the coast of California.\n", "Section::::Honors.\n", "Alyn was the Grand Marshal of the Metropolis, Illinois Christmas parade and Annual Superman Celebrations several times. In 1985, DC Comics named Alyn as one of the honorees in the company's 50th anniversary publication \"Fifty Who Made DC Great\".\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Robert Philp\n", "Sir Robert Philp, (28 December 1851 – 17 June 1922) was a Queensland businessman and politician who was Premier of Queensland from December 1899 to September 1903 and again from November 1907 to February 1908.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Philp was born in Glasgow, Scotland, the second son of John Philp, a lime-kiln operator, and Mary Ann Philp (\"née\" Wylie). He emigrated to Brisbane with his parents and siblings in 1862, where his father took a lease on the municipal baths, and later became involved in the cattle and sugar industries. Philp was educated at the National (Normal) School until 1863 when he started work at Bright Bros & Co shipping company, before moving to Townsville in 1874 to take up the position of junior partner in the trading company Burns, Philp and Company.\n", "Burns, Philp & Co acted as agents and provisioners for the sugar cane and pastoral industries that sustained Northern Queensland, and Philp served as manager of the Townsville office. Beginning in 1881, Philp diverted some of the company's vessels to the labour trade, recruiting South Pacific Islanders (known as Kanakas) to work as indentured labourers on the canefields, despite the reservations of his business partner James Burns. A royal commission into recruiting practices in 1885 coincided with a downturn in the sugar industry, and as a result the company's vessels were returned to other commercial operations. While this affair had been profitable for Burns, Philp, it did not contribute significantly to later commercial success, although it would not be Philp's last interest in the South Pacific labour trade.\n", "Despite the success of Burns, Philp & Co, Philp made some poor personal investments, such as his loss of £5000 on the \"Comet\" mine. Like many others he was affected by the economic depression of the 1890s, borrowing £20,000 to purchase property in Brisbane which three years later was valued at only £16,230. He also owed considerable sums of money to the North Queensland Mortgage & Investment Co., as well as holding a £5000 mortgage with respect to other properties. Although Burns tried to assist him, Philp was forced to sell his shares in Burns, Philp & Co in 1893, and was still in financial difficulty as late as 1898, although by this stage he had restricted his business ventures to more conservative investments.\n", "When the business-friendly McIlwraith government lost office in 1883 it was succeeded by the Liberal government of Samuel Griffith that sought to end the trade in Kanakas. As a prominent businessman who had served several times on the local council Philp was active in bankrolling and supporting candidates in opposition to Griffith. He supported the growing movement for the separation of North Queensland from the rest of the colony.\n", "Section::::Early parliamentary career.\n", "Philp entered the Legislative Assembly of Queensland in 1886 as Member for Musgrave. He supported the North Queensland separatists in their unsuccessful attempts to gain independence, but spent most of his early parliamentary career preoccupied with his business affairs. His seat of Musgrave was abolished and in 1888 he was successfully returned as one of the two members for the electorate of Townsville. His parliamentary activity was mainly in support of North Queensland and his business interests - extending railway links to North Queensland, and the abolition of import tariffs. When the import of Pacific islanders was temporarily halted in 1892 Philp was instrumental in securing its resumption.\n", "Section::::Premier and opposition leader.\n", "Philp was a prolific speculator and in 1893 he was forced by debt to resign from the board of directors of Burns, Philp. In May of the same year McIlwraith, now governing in coalition with Griffith in what was known as the \"Continuous Ministry\", appointed Philp as Minister for Mines. He held several other ministerial posts, such as Public Instruction, Railways, Public Works and Treasurer until 1899. when the Continuous Ministry was briefly unseated by the Labor government of Anderson Dawson. Philp was an able administrator. He codified mining regulations and encouraged the private development of railways throughout the colony. The railway construction process was alleged to be corrupt by the Labor members, and after narrowly winning a vote of confidence in November 1899 James Dickson resigned as Premier. Dawson's government lasted a week before losing Parliamentary support and Philp, despite his protestations in support of Dickson, was chosen as Premier by his colleagues.\n", "The Australian colonies federated in 1901 and the new Prime Minister Edmund Barton immediately ended the trade in Kanakas. By this stage Queensland was severely depleted in revenue, and Federation exacerbated this situation by depriving Queensland of excise and customs funds. Despite a severe drought and the dire state of the state's finances, Philp was re-elected in 1902. Discontent brewed among Ministerialists who were bitter at missing out on Cabinet positions, and in August 1903 Digby Denham crossed the floor with supporters to bring down the government and form a coalition led by Arthur Morgan.\n", "Philp, with his genial nature, was ill-suited to the position of Opposition Leader, and showed little enthusiasm in attacking the new government. Morgan briefly lost control of the Legislative Assembly in 1904 and Philp was called upon by Governor Sir Herbert Chermside to form a ministry, but could not secure sufficient support from among his colleagues. The end result was a dissolution of Parliament and a solid defeat of the Opposition. Philp resumed his position as Leader and his conciliatory treatment of the government continued when fellow Scot William Kidston became Premier. Philp cultivated good relations with Kidston and helped foster the increasing gap between Kidston and the Labor movement.\n", "Philp's party was again unsuccessful in the elections of 1907. Kidston was encountering difficulties in securing the passage of his legislation through the intransigent Legislative Council and after Lord Chelmsford as Governor refused Kidston's request to appoint sufficient new councillors so as to give Kidston a majority, he resigned in November. Lord Chelmsford commissioned Philp as Premier, but, unable to entice any of Kidston's supporters to his cause, he remained without a majority in the Legislative Assembly, which promptly blocked supply. Over Kidston's protests, Lord Chelmsford guaranteed supply through the issuing of writs and then dissolved the Assembly, but Philp failed to win the subsequent election.\n", "In 1908 Kidston, alienated from the Labor party, relied on Philp's support to pass legislation approving construction of private railways. By October the two leaders had sufficient in common that they negotiated a merger of their two parties, ending Philp's career as Opposition Leader.\n", "Section::::Later life.\n", "Philp remained in parliament, and also returned to tending his business interests. He enjoyed the status that his long parliamentary career gave him and participated in the foundation of the University of Queensland in 1912. He was a member of the University's first Senate, and its representative at a conference of universities in Glasgow in 1912. Philp lost his seat by a small margin in the Labor landslide of 1915 but remained active in politics, campaigning for the conscription referendums of the First World War and leading the resistance to the abolition of the Legislative Council. In 1920 he led a delegation to London which thwarted Premier Theodore's attempts to gain loans from London financiers to fund government expenditure.\n", "On 17 June 1922 he died in Brisbane and was buried at Toowong Cemetery.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "Philp married Jessie Banister Campbell (daughter of prominent Brisbane businessman James Campbell) in 1878; she died in 1890. In 1898 he married Wilhelmina Fraser Munro; she died in 1940\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Bolton, G C. Robert Philp: Capitalist as Politician. In Murphy D, Joyce R, Cribb M, and Wear, R (Ed.), \"The Premiers of Queensland\" pp. 1–29. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. .\n", "BULLET::::- Bolton, Professor Geoffrey: Who was Robert Philp? Lecture presented Townsville 9 June 2008 (Sir Robert Philp Lecture Series, Number 1). See http://www.townsville.qld.gov.au/resources/1476.pdf\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Philp, Robert — Brisbane City Council Grave Location Search\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Australian politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3436073", "wikidata_label": "Robert Philp", "wikipedia_title": "Robert Philp" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Samuel Fuller\n", "Samuel Michael Fuller (August 12, 1912 – October 30, 1997) was an American screenwriter, novelist, and film director known for low-budget, understated genre movies with controversial themes, often made outside the conventional studio system. Fuller wrote his first screenplay for \"Hats Off\" in 1936, and made his directorial debut with the Western \"I Shot Jesse James\" (1949). He would continue to direct several other Westerns and war thrillers throughout the 1950s.\n", "Fuller shifted from Westerns and war thrillers in the 1960s with his low-budget thriller \"Shock Corridor\" in 1963, followed by the neo-noir \"The Naked Kiss\" (1964). He was inactive in filmmaking for most of the 1970s, before writing and directing the war epic \"The Big Red One\" (1980), and the experimental \"White Dog\" (1982), whose screenplay he co-wrote with Curtis Hanson.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Samuel Michael Fuller was born in Worcester, Massachusetts of Jewish parents. His parents were Rebecca (Baum) and Benjamin Fuller. His father died in 1923 when Samuel was 11. After immigrating to the United States, the family's surname was changed from Rabinovitch to Fuller, a name possibly inspired by Benjamin Fuller, a doctor who arrived in America on the \"Mayflower\". Fuller tells in his autobiography, \"A Third Face\" (2002), that he did not speak until he was five. His first word was \"Hammer!\".\n", "After his father's death, the family moved to New York City where, at the age of 12, he began working in journalism as a newspaper copyboy. He became a crime reporter in New York City at age 17, working for the \"New York Evening Graphic.\" He broke the story of Jeanne Eagels' death. He wrote pulp novels, including \"The Dark Page\" (1944; reissued in 2007 with an introduction by Wim Wenders), which was later adapted into the 1952 movie, \"Scandal Sheet\".\n", "During World War II, Fuller joined the United States Army. He was assigned as an infantryman to the 16th Infantry Regiment, 1st Infantry Division, and saw heavy fighting. He was involved in landings in Africa, Sicily, and Normandy and also saw action in Belgium and Czechoslovakia. In 1945, he was present at the liberation of a German concentration camp and shot 16 mm footage, known as \"V-E +1\", that was later integrated into the French documentary \"Falkenau: The Impossible\" (1988). In 2014, the footage was selected for the United States National Film Registry. For his military service, Fuller was awarded the Bronze Star, the Silver Star, and the Purple Heart. He reached the rank of Corporal. Fuller used his wartime experiences as material in his films, especially in \"The Big Red One\" (1980), the nickname for the 1st Infantry Division. After the war, Fuller co-authored a regimental history of the 16th Infantry.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Writing and directing.\n", "\"Hats Off\" (1936) marked Fuller's first credit as a screenwriter. He wrote many screenplays throughout his career, such as \"Gangs of the Waterfront\" in 1945. He was unimpressed with Douglas Sirk's direction of his \"Shockproof\" screenplay, and he made the jump to writer/director after being asked to write three films by independent producer Robert Lippert. Fuller agreed to write them if he would be allowed to direct them as well, with no extra fee. Lippert agreed. Fuller's first film under this arrangement was \"I Shot Jesse James\" (1949) followed by \"The Baron of Arizona\" with Vincent Price.\n", "Fuller's third film, \"The Steel Helmet\", established him as a major force. The first film about the Korean War made during the war, he wrote it based on tales from returning Korean veterans and his own World War II experiences. The film was attacked by reporter Victor Riesel for being, as Riesel saw it, \"pro-Communist\" and \"anti-American.\" Critic Westford Pedravy alleged that Fuller was secretly financed by \"the Reds.\" Fuller had a major argument with the U.S. Army, which provided stock footage for the film. When army officials objected to Fuller's American characters executing a prisoner of war, Fuller replied he had seen it done during his own military service. A compromise was reached when the Lieutenant threatens the Sergeant with a court martial. The film marked the first collaboration between Fuller and actor Gene Evans; the studio wanted a more prominent star such as John Wayne, but Fuller was adamant that Evans remain because he was impressed by his fellow veteran's authentic portrayal of a soldier.\n", "After the success of \"The Steel Helmet\", Fuller was sought out by the major studios. All gave him advice on tax shelters, except for Darryl F. Zanuck of 20th Century-Fox, who replied, \"We make better movies,\" the answer Fuller was seeking. Zanuck signed Fuller for a contract for seven films, the first being another Korean War film, \"Fixed Bayonets!\", in order to head off other studio competition copying \"The Steel Helmet\". The U.S. Army assigned Medal of Honor recipient Raymond Harvey as Fuller's technical advisor; the two struck up a long friendship during filming and Harvey later returned to advise him on \"Verboten!\".\n", "The proposed seventh film, \"Tigrero\", based on a book by Sasha Siemel, is the subject of a 1994 documentary by Mika Kaurismäki, \"Tigrero: A Film That Was Never Made\", that featured Fuller and Jim Jarmusch visiting the proposed Amazon locations of the film. Film that Fuller shot on that location at the time was featured in his \"Shock Corridor\".\n", "Fuller's favorite film was \"Park Row\", a story of American journalism. Zanuck had wanted to adapt it into a musical but Fuller refused. Instead, he started his own production company, with his profits to make the film on his own. \"Park Row\" was a labor of love and served as a tribute to the journalists he knew as a newsboy. His flourishes of style on a very low budget led critics such as Bill Krohn to compare the film to \"Citizen Kane\".\n", "Fuller followed this with \"Pickup on South Street\" (1953), a film noir starring Richard Widmark, which became one of his best-known films. Other films Fuller directed in the 1950s include \"House of Bamboo\", \"Forty Guns\" and \"China Gate\", which led to protests from the French government and a friendship with writer Romain Gary. After leaving Fox, Fuller started his Globe Productions that made \"Run of the Arrow\", \"Verboten!\", and \"The Crimson Kimono\" and produced, wrote and directed a television pilot about World War II soldiers called \"Dogface\" that was not picked up.\n", "In 1961 Warner Bros. offered to finance his \"The Big Red One\" in return for his making \"Merrill's Marauders\". When Fuller had problems with Warners' editing of his film, the \"Big Red One\" fell through.\n", "Fuller's films throughout the 1950s and early 1960s generally were lower-budget genre movies that explored controversial subjects. \"Shock Corridor\" (1963) is set in a psychiatric hospital, while \"The Naked Kiss\" (1964) features a prostitute attempting to change her life by working in a pediatric ward. Both films were released by Allied Artists.\n", "Between 1967 and 1980, Fuller directed only one film, the Mexican-produced \"Shark!\" (1969). Fuller unsuccessfully asked the Directors Guild to remove his name from the credits of \"Shark\". He returned in 1980 with the epic \"The Big Red One\", the semi-autobiographical story of a platoon of soldiers and their harrowing experiences during World War II. The film won critical praise but failed at the box office.\n", "In 1981, he was selected to direct the film \"White Dog\", based on a novel by Romain Gary. The controversial film depicts the struggle of a black dog trainer trying to de-program a \"white dog,\" a stray that was programmed to viciously attack any black person. He readily agreed to work on the film, having focused much of his career on racial issues. Already familiar with the novel and with the concept of \"white dogs,\" he was tasked with \"reconceptualizing\" the film to have the conflict depicted in the book occur within the dog rather than the people. He used the film as a platform to deliver an anti-racist message through the film's examination of the question of whether racism is a treatable problem or an incurable disease.\n", "During filming, Paramount Pictures grew increasingly concerned that the film would offend African-American viewers and brought in two consultants to review the work and offer their approval on the way black characters were depicted. One felt the film had no racist connotations, while the other, Willis Edwards, vice president of the Hollywood NAACP chapter, felt the film was inflammatory and should never have been made. The two men provided a write-up of their views for the studio executives, which were passed to producer Jon Davison along with warnings that the studio was afraid the film would be boycotted. Fuller was not told of these discussions nor given the notes until two weeks before filming was slated to conclude. Known for being a staunch integrationist and for his regularly giving black actors non-stereotypical roles, Fuller was furious, finding the studio's actions insulting. He reportedly had both representatives banned from the set afterwards, though he did integrate some of the suggested changes into the film. After the film's completion Paramount refused to release it, declaring that it didn't have enough earnings potential to go against the threatened NAACP boycotts and possible bad publicity.\n", "After his controversial film \"White Dog\" was shelved by Paramount Pictures, Fuller moved to France and never directed another American film. He directed two theatrical French films, \"Les Voleurs de la nuit\" in 1984 and \"Street of No Return\" in 1989. \"Les Voleurs de la nuit\" was entered into the 34th Berlin International Film Festival. He directed his last film, \"The Madonna and the Dragon\", in 1990, and he wrote his last screenplay, \"Girls in Prison\", in 1994.\n", "With his wife, Christa Lang, and Jerry Rudes, Fuller wrote an autobiography \"A Third Face\" (published in 2002). This was the culmination of a long career as an author. Among his books are the novels \"Test Tube Baby\" (1936), \"Make Up and Kiss\" (1938) and \"The Dark Page\" (1944); novelizations of his films \"The Naked Kiss\" (1964) and \"The Big Red One\" (1980; reissued 2005); and \"144 Piccadilly\" (1971) and \"Quint's World\" (1988). A book-length interview of Fuller by Jean Narboni and Noel Simsolo, \"Il etait une fois ... Samuel Fuller\" (with a preface by Martin Scorsese) appeared in 1986.\n", "Section::::Career.:Acting.\n", "Fuller made a cameo appearance in Jean-Luc Godard's \"Pierrot le Fou\" (1965), where he famously intones: \"Film is like a battleground ... Love, hate, action, violence, death. In one word, emotion!\" He also made a cameo appearance at an outdoor cafe in Luc Moullet's \"Brigitte et Brigitte\" (1966) along with French New Wave directors Claude Chabrol, Eric Rohmer and André Téchiné. He plays a film director in Dennis Hopper's ill-fated \"The Last Movie\" (1971); an Army colonel in Steven Spielberg's \"1941\" (1979); a war correspondent in his film \"The Big Red One\" (scene deleted in the original release, restored in the reconstructed version), a talent agent in his film \"White Dog\" (1981), and a cameraman in Wim Wenders' \"The State of Things\" (1982). He portrays an American gangster in two films set in Germany: \"The American Friend\" by Wenders and \"Helsinki Napoli All Night Long\" by Mika Kaurismäki. He also appeared in Larry Cohen's \"A Return to Salem's Lot\" (1987), and played a businessman in \"La Vie de Bohème\" (1992) by Aki Kaurismäki. His last work in film was as an actor in \"The End of Violence\" (1997). A photo of Fuller also appears on one of the mirrors of a stripper in his \"Shock Corridor\".\n", "Section::::Career.:Style and theme.\n", "Fuller's work has been described as primitive by Luc Moullet and by the influential American critics Manny Farber and Andrew Sarris. Grant Tracey has used the term \"narrative tabloid\" to refer to Fuller's style of filmmaking. This was the result of his often lower budgets, but also reflected Fuller's pulp-inspired writing.\n", "Fuller was known for using intense close-ups, off centered framings, and shock editing in many of his films, which were often about men facing death in combat. These scenes were both violent and tragic.\n", "Fuller often featured marginalized characters in his films. The protagonist of \"Pickup on South Street\" is a pickpocket who keeps his beer in the East River instead of a refrigerator. \"Shock Corridor\" concerns the patients of a mental hospital. \"Underworld U.S.A.\" (1961) focuses on an orphaned victim of mobsters. The leading ladies of \"Pickup on South Street\", \"China Gate\", and \"The Naked Kiss\" are prostitutes. These characters sometimes find retribution for the injustices against them. \"White Dog\" and \"The Crimson Kimono\" (1959) have definite anti-racist elements. \"The Steel Helmet\", set during the Korean War, contains dialogue about the internment of Japanese-Americans and the segregation of the American military in World War II, and features a racially mixed cast.\n", "A number of Fuller's films, including \"The Naked Kiss\", \"The Baron of Arizona\", \"Shockproof\", \"House of Bamboo\", \"Forty Guns\" and \"The Big Red One\", feature a leading character with the same name, Griff.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "In the early 90s, Samuel Fuller, along with his wife, Christa, and their daughter Samantha, settled into a small apartment at 61 rue de Reuilly in the 12th arrondissement of Paris, but after suffering a stroke, they returned to the States. They resided in Los Angeles, where Fuller lived until he died at home of natural causes. In November 1997 the Directors Guild held a three-hour memorial in his honor, hosted by Curtis Hanson, his longtime friend and co-writer on \"White Dog.\" He was survived by his wife Christa and daughter Samantha.\n", "Section::::Death.:Legacy.\n", "Although Fuller's films were not considered great cinema in their times, they gained critical respect in the late 1960s. Fuller welcomed the new-found esteem, appearing in films of other directors and associating himself with younger filmmakers.\n", "The French New Wave claimed Fuller as a major stylistic influence, especially Luc Moullet. His visual style and rhythm were seen as distinctly American, and praised for their energetic simplicity. Martin Scorsese praised Fuller's ability to capture action through camera movement. In the 1996 documentary \"The Typewriter, the Rifle & the Movie Camera\", Quentin Tarantino and Jim Jarmusch credited Fuller as influential upon their works. Most recently, his wife Christa Lang produced a documentary directed by their daughter Samantha about him. \"A Fuller Life\" uses footage he captured himself with celebrities such as James Franco reading from his autobiography.\n", "In the mid-1980s, Fuller was the first international director guest at the Midnight Sun Film Festival. The festival's hometown, Sodankylä, Finland, named a street \"Samuel Fullerin katu,\" Samuel Fuller's street.\n", "The moving image collection of Samuel Fuller is housed at the Academy Film Archive. The Academy Film Archive has preserved several of Samuel Fuller's films, including \"The Crimson Kimono\", \"Underworld U.S.A.\", and \"Pickup on South Street\".\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Amiel, Olivier. \"Samuel Fuller\". Paris: Henri Veyrier, 1985.\n", "BULLET::::- A detailed biography of Fuller, describing his narrative style, \"mise en scene\", production, the critical and commercial reception of his films, and his ambitions in directing and screenwriting.\n", "BULLET::::- Dombroski, Lisa, \"If You Die, I'll Kill You: the Films of Samuel Fuller\", Wesleyan University Press, 2008.\n", "BULLET::::- Fuller, Samuel with Christa Lang Fuller and Jerome Henry Rudes. \"A Third Face : My Tale of Writing, Fighting and Filmmaking\". New York: A. Knopf, 2002\n", "BULLET::::- Sam Fuller's autobiography\n", "BULLET::::- Server, Lee. \"Sam Fuller. Film Is a Battleground\". Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. 1994.\n", "BULLET::::- The Subtitle describes the contents: 'A Critical Study, with Interviews, a Filmography and a Bibliography'. Includes an extended interview with Fuller himself, and shorter reminiscences of collaborators, such as Vincent Price, Richard Widmark, Constance Towers and Robert Stack.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- American Film Institute interview from fathom.com\n", "BULLET::::- Jonathan Rosenbaum interview\n", "BULLET::::- Foco - Revista de Cinema, special edition devoted to Samuel Fuller\n", "BULLET::::- Article – Portuguese Magazine\n", "BULLET::::- Cinema's Beautiful Blowhard, Appreciation of Fuller by Meakin Armstrong in Guernica Magazine\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Joan Clos\n", "Joan Clos i Matheu, (; born 29 June 1949) is a Spanish politician who was mayor of Barcelona, Spain from September 1997 to September 2006. He took over from Pasqual Maragall in 1997. In 1999 he was elected to a four-year term, and was then re-elected in the municipal elections of 25 May 2003. In September 2006, he left Barcelona Town Hall, after nine years of office, as he was appointed Minister of Industry, Tourism and Trade by Spanish Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero. After a stint as the Spanish Ambassador in Turkey and Azerbaijan, in 2010 he was appointed as Executive Director of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, (UN-HABITAT), and Under Secretary General of the United Nations.\n", "Section::::Beginnings.\n", "He graduated from the Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB) with a degree in medicine and pursued his studies in the Sant Pau Hospital of Barcelona. During the political transition he took part in anti-Franco movements for the profession and the modernization of the healthcare services. He worked in the Analysis and Healthcare Programs Centre (CAPS) with a group of doctors who defended the political transformation of the country as a means for recovering professional dignity.\n", "Once he graduated in medicine and after having worked for some time as an anaesthetist, he decided to change his professional career and moved into epidemiology, community medicine and healthcare resources management. He studied his specialty at the University of Barcelona, in the United States and in Edinburgh (Scotland). Between 1981 and 1991 he was the chairman of the Spanish Society of Epidemiology and Healthcare Administration.\n", "Section::::Political career.\n", "Continuing this process of involvement and dedication to healthcare management, he joined the Barcelona municipal government as director of healthcare services. In 1993 he was elected councillor on the Barcelona Council for the PSC (Catalonia Socialist Party).\n", "Achieving efficient municipal management and “city making” have been two constant features that have marked his municipal career. He thus directed the regeneration project for the neighbourhood of Ciutat Vella, following a comprehensive plan that combined planning intervention, financial and social investment and facilities strengthening in order to open up this district to the city and to improve the quality of life for its residents. In 1999, the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) awarded the City of Barcelona the Royal Gold Medal personified in the men who have driven the transformation of the city: Narcís Serra, Pasqual Maragall and Joan Clos.\n", "As second deputy mayor with direct responsibility for organisation, economy and treasury, he started a thorough reorganisation of the economic and financial structure of the City Hall with the aim of reaching budgetary stability and, at the same time, establishing a consistent investment programme to tackle the period after the Olympic Games with new projects.\n", "His mayor’s office was enhanced by the design, preparation and holding of the first Universal Forum of Cultures, held in Barcelona during the summer 2004 and by the consequent development of the area of Besós and Diagonal Mar, a project of urban development ten times as big as the one Barcelona went through for the Olympic Games in 1992. The project 22@, a new technological neighbourhood built on the old Poblenou, together with the reorganisation of La Sagrera, are another two examples of his urbanistic activities as Mayor of Barcelona .\n", "In September 2006, the Spanish President José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero appointed Clos as a Minister of Industry, Tourism and Trade. In July 2008, he became the Spanish Ambassador in Turkey and Azerbaijan. Since 18 October 2010, he is the Executive Director of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, UN-HABITAT, and Under Secretary General of the United Nations.\n", "In 2012 the Secretary General of the United Nations, Mr. Ban Ki-moon appointed Clos as a Secretary-General of the Habitat III Conference and to act as a focal point on behalf of the United Nations.\n", "Section::::Awards and Honours.\n", "Dr. Clos received a number of awards, including a gold medal from the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1999 for transforming Barcelona. In 2002, he won the UN-Habitat Scroll of Honour Award for encouraging global cooperation between local authorities and the United Nations.\n", "Section::::Awards and Honours.:Honours.\n", "BULLET::::- Grand-Cross of the Order of Prince Henry, Portugal (25 September 2006)\n", "Section::::Scandals.\n", "On February the 4th 2006, a local police was seriously injured during the eviction of an illegal party held in a squatted theatre owned by the Barcelona city council. The initial version of the events given by Joan Clos to the press described the policeman being hit in the head by a flower pot thrown from one of the windows of the theatre and suffering a vertebra fracture as a result. This version was later changed to fit the official version given by the police, two of whom were later found to have been tortured the detainees and to have fabricated evidence and lied in court in a different case.\n", "Five young people were condemned to up to five years in prison solely based on the second version of these events. One of the condemned, poet Patricia Heras committed suicide during prison leave. These events were later described in detail in the award-winning documentary Ciutat morta.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "Clos i Matheu, Joan. España, China e India: cooperación y oportunidades (Spain and China: cooperation and opportunities). In: Economía industrial. ISSN 0422-2784, Nº 362, 2006 (Volume dedicated to: China and India: opportunities and strategies), p. 15-18.*(Spanish)\n", "Clos i Matheu, Joan. Las crisis sanitarias vistas desde el Ayuntamiento (Public health crisis from the city hall viewpoint). In: Revista de administración sanitaria siglo XXI. ISSN 1696-1641, Vol. 4, Nº 3, 2006, p. 407-409. *(Spanish)\n", "Clos i Matheu, Joan. El Fòrum Universal de les Cultures, Barcelona 2004 (The Universal Forum of Cultures) Ed. Imatge i producció Editorial, Ajuntament de Barcelona, Barcelona, 2003.\n", "Clos i Matheu, Joan. Convivència, seguretat i justícia a Barcelona : conferència de l'alcalde de Barcelona, Excm. Sr. Joan Clos. (Coexistence, security and justice in Barcelona: a conference by the Mayor of Barcelona, His Excellency M. Joan Clos) Ed. Fundació Carles Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, 2002.\n", "Clos i Matheu, Joan. El conocimiento, eje vertebrador de la Barcelona del futuro (Knowledge, the vertebrating axis of Barcelona’s future). In: Papeles y memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas. ISSN 1576-2971, Nº 9, 2001 (Volume dedicated to: Innovation and technological development), p. 198-213. *(Spanish)\n", "Clos i Matheu, Joan. 20 anys d'ajuntaments democràtics (20 years of democratic city councils). in: Papers de la Fundació. ISSN 1138-4514, Nº 114, 1999.\n", "Clos i Matheu, Joan. La Empresa Pública Local: La experiencia de Barcelona (Local public enterprise: the experience of Barcelona). In: Presupuesto y gasto público. ISSN 0210-5977, Nº 16, 1995, p. 159-164.\n", "Clos i Matheu, Joan; Seculi, Elisa; Segura, Andreu; preface by Ramon Espasa i Oliver. L'assitencia sanitaria a les comarques de Catalunya (Healthcare in the Catalan regions) Ed. Laia, Barcelona, 1980.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Royal Gold Medal (English)\n", "BULLET::::- La Barcelona de los barrios: un nuevo impulso (Spanish)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Spanish politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1690734", "wikidata_label": "Joan Clos i Matheu", "wikipedia_title": "Joan Clos" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Narcís Serra\n", "Narcís Serra i Serra (born 30 May 1943) was Mayor of Barcelona from 1979 to 1982 and was Minister of Defense and successor to the vice presidency of Alfonso Guerra in 1991. He also sat in the Spanish Congress of Deputies representing Barcelona region from 1986 to 2004. Currently, he is the chairman of the Institut Barcelona d'Estudis Internacionals.\n", "He is at present pending trial for criminal mismanagement and abusive payments while chairman of the ailed savings bank Caixa Catalunya. He was absolved of all charges in February 2019.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Narcis Serra i Serra", "Narcís Serra i Serra", "Narcís Serra Serra" ] }, "description": "Spanish politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3178484", "wikidata_label": "Narcís Serra", "wikipedia_title": "Narcís Serra" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Sue Bradford\n", "Sue Bradford (born 1 July 1952 in Auckland) is a New Zealand activist, academic, and former New Zealand politician who served as a list Member of Parliament representing the Green Party from 1999 to 2009.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Sue Bradford graduated from the University of Auckland in History and Political Studies, and later obtained an MA in Chinese. Furthering her academic education she undertook postgraduate study at the University of Canterbury where she received a diploma in journalism, and a PhD in Public Policy at Auckland University of Technology. She has also spent time on the unemployment benefit and the domestic purposes benefit.\n", "Throughout the 1980s and 1990s Bradford had a high profile as an activist against various social and economic reforms pursued by the governments of the day. Accordingly, she became something of a \"bête noire\" amongst supporters of the right in New Zealand.\n", "Section::::Member of Parliament.\n", "As a member of the Green Party, Bradford first won election to the Parliament as a list MP in the 1999 election. She had joined the Green Party in 1990, and had contested the 1998 Auckland mayoral election as the Green candidate. Before joining the Greens, she worked actively in the NewLabour Party, and served as its vice-president from 1989 to 1990.\n", "\"The New Zealand Herald\" selected Bradford as \"Backbencher of the Year\" for 2000.\n", "Bradford has successfully pushed through three member's bills: removing the defence of \"reasonable force\" when corporally punishing or smacking children; letting mothers in jail keep their babies for longer; and making the adult minimum wage apply to 16- and 17-year-olds. It is considered an achievement for a backbench MP to pass a single member's bill, let alone three.\n", "In 2009 Sue Bradford ran unsuccessfully against Metiria Turei to replace Jeanette Fitzsimons for the co-leadership of the Green Party. On 25 September 2009, Bradford announced her intention to resign as a Member of Parliament in late October, citing her disappointment at the loss and wish to take new directions. Bradford regretted not becoming a Cabinet Minister, especially a Minister of Housing and Social Development.\n", "Section::::Member of Parliament.:Child discipline bill.\n", "In 2005, a parliamentary ballot allowed the discussion of Bradford's member's bill, the Crimes (Abolition of Force as a Justification for Child Discipline) Amendment Bill 2005. The Bill proposed amending Section 59 of the Crimes Act 1961 to remove the legal defence of \"reasonable force\" for parents prosecuted for assault on their children. The Bill passed the select committee stage and its second parliamentary reading with a huge majority, and became law after it passed its third reading 113 to 8 on 16 May 2007.\n", "The Bill occasioned widespread debate largely due its depiction as an \"anti-smacking\" bill, and a movement led by Family First New Zealand called a citizens initiated referendum on the issue.\n", "In one reaction to the Bill, threats were made against Bradford on the \"CYFS Watch\" website. After the Ministry of Social Development complained about the threats, Google shut down the website. Further death threats were made against her in August 2009.\n", "Section::::After Parliament.\n", "Soon after Bradford's announcement of her resignation, Manukau mayor, Len Brown, suggested that she run to be a councillor on the Auckland Council. Bradford said that she would consider the idea but did not run.\n", "She joined the Mana Party in 2011, and was a losing candidate for the Waitakere seat at the 2011 New Zealand general election.\n", "In May 2014, Bradford resigned from the Mana Party in response to the formation of an alliance with the Internet Party.\n", "Since October 2014 she has been coordinator at Auckland Action Against Poverty. In 2015, on completion of her PhD thesis, she spearheaded the formation of the left wing think tank \"Economic and Social Research Aotearoa (ESRA).\"\n", "In 2017, journalist Jenny Chamberlain published a biography of Bradford: \"Constant Radical - The Life and Times of Sue Bradford\".\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Sue Bradford bio (Green Party website)\n", "BULLET::::- Sue Bradford bio (NZ Parliament website)\n", "BULLET::::- The Holmes Interview: Sue Bradford – a feisty battler. Paul Holmes, \"The New Zealand Herald\", 4 March 2007\n", "BULLET::::- Sue Bradford at \"The Daily Blog\"\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Adna Chaffee\n", "Adna Romanza Chaffee (April 14, 1842 – November 1, 1914) was a lieutenant general in the United States Army. Chaffee took part in the American Civil War and Indian Wars, played a key role in the Spanish–American War, and fought in the Boxer Rebellion in China. He was the Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1904 to 1906, overseeing far-reaching transformation of organization and doctrine in the army.\n", "Section::::Early life and Civil War.\n", "Chaffee was born in Orwell, Ohio. When the American Civil War broke out in July 1861, Chaffee enlisted in the Union Army as a private in the U.S. 6th Cavalry Regiment. In 1862, Chaffee was promoted to sergeant and took part in the Peninsular Campaign and the Battle of Antietam. In September of that year he was made the first sergeant of Company K. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in May 1863. His 6th Cavalry, on detached service from General John Buford's 1st Union Cavalry Division, though outnumbered attacked a Confederate Cavalry regiment at Fairfield, Pennsylvania, just outside Gettysburg on July 3, 1863 (source, Wittenberg, Eric: Gettysburg: Forgotten Cavalry Actions). In the ensuing action he was wounded and briefly held a prisoner of the Confederates. He served with the 6th Cavalry for the remainder of the war, being twice wounded. In February 1865, he was promoted to first lieutenant. For his \"gallant and meritorious\" actions in the Battle of Dinwiddie Court House he was brevetted captain.\n", "After the war, Chaffee became a member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States.\n", "Section::::Indian Wars.\n", "Chaffee decided to remain with the army after the war. He was posted to the western frontier, and was promoted to captain of Regulars in October 1867. For the next thirty years he served in the Indian Wars, fighting the Central Plains and Southwestern tribes. In 1868, he was brevetted major for his actions at Paint Creek, Texas. In the following years he engaged the Indians many times, most notably at Red River, Texas, in 1874, and Big Dry Wash, Arizona, in 1882, for which he was brevetted lieutenant colonel.\n", "In July 1888 he was promoted to major and transferred to the 9th Cavalry. From 1894 to 1896, he was an instructor of tactics at the Army's Infantry and Cavalry School at Fort Leavenworth. In June 1897 he was promoted to colonel and transferred to the 3rd Cavalry, where he served as commandant of the Cavalry School at Fort Riley until 1898.\n", "Section::::Spanish–American War.\n", "With the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in 1898, Chaffee was assigned a brigade and was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers in May of that year, and in July after the victory at El Caney, to major general of volunteers. From late 1898 to May 1900, he served as the chief of staff to the military governor of Cuba, General Leonard Wood, being promoted to colonel of regulars in May 1899. He was a member of Society of the Army of Santiago, a military society for officers who had served in Cuba.\n", "Section::::Boxer Rebellion.\n", "In June 1900, the Boxer Rebellion broke out in China. Chaffee was sent to China in July as the commander of the U.S. Army's China Relief Expedition. The Expedition was a part of the international force sent to rescue Western citizens and put down the rebellion. Chaffee participated in the Gaselee Expedition and subsequently the Battle of Peking, in which the legations were relieved.\n", "Chaffee was one of the founders of the Military Order of the Dragon, a military society for officers who had served in China during the Boxer Rebellion. He served as the society's president from its founding in 1900 until his death.\n", "Section::::Later military service.\n", "In February 1901, he was promoted to major general in the Regular Army. From July of that year until October 1902, he served as the military governor of the Philippines. This included the beginning of the second phase of the Philippine-American War. In October 1902, he became commander of the Department of the East, a position he held until October 1903.\n", "In January 1904, he was promoted to lieutenant general and, from January 9, 1904, until January 14, 1906, served as the Chief of Staff of the United States Army. At his own request, he was retired on February 1, 1906.\n", "General Chaffee was invested with the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor by the president of France.\n", "In his retirement, he moved to Los Angeles, where he was appointed president of the Board of Public Works for the city of Los Angeles.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "Chaffee was married twice; in September 1867 he married Kate Haynie Reynolds, a young widow who died two and a half years later.\n", "In 1875, he married Annie Frances Rockwell. Their son Adna R. Chaffee Jr. also became a general and was one of the fathers of the U.S. Army's armored forces, having a light tank, the M24 Chaffee, named in his honor.\n", "Section::::Tributes.\n", "A historical marker documenting Chaffee's birthplace stands in Orwell, Ohio.\n", "The city of Chaffee, Missouri, was named in his honor when founded in 1905.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Men of Mark in America (1905 book)\n", "BULLET::::- Arlington National Cemetery\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "David Carter (politician)\n", "David Cunningham Carter (born 3 April 1952) is a New Zealand National Party politician and former Speaker of the House, having also previously been a cabinet minister.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Carter attended St Bede's College in Christchurch, and has a Bachelor of Agricultural Science degree from Lincoln University. He has farmed sheep and cattle for over 30 years, and established the first commercial cattle-embryo transplant company in New Zealand in 1974.\n", "Section::::Member of Parliament.\n", "Carter stood in the electorate in the as a successor to Gail McIntosh, but was defeated by Labour's Ruth Dyson. Carter was first elected to Parliament in the 1994 by-election in Selwyn, replacing the resigning Ruth Richardson. In the 1996 general election he won the Banks Peninsula electorate against Dyson. In the 1999 election he was defeated by Dyson, but entered Parliament as a list MP. In the 2002 election, he failed to recapture the seat and remained a list MP.\n", "From 1998 until the National Party's defeat in 1999 Carter was Minister for Senior Citizens, Associate Minister of Revenue, and Associate Minister for Food, Fibre, Biosecurity and Border Control. At the very end of National's term in office, he was also Associate Minister of Education.\n", "In 2008, Carter was initially chosen as the National candidate for the resurrected safe National seat of Selwyn, but opposition to this saw the National candidacy up for grabs again. He pulled out and the candidacy was eventually won by Amy Adams, who won the seat. Carter was given a high list placing of nine instead and did not contest an electorate. After National's election victory, he took the portfolios of Agriculture, Biosecurity and Forestry.\n", "Section::::Member of Parliament.:Minister of Agriculture.\n", "In May 2010, Carter issued a ban on kosher slaughter, rejecting the recommendations of his advisers. Carter held shares in a firm that exports meat, and prior to instituting the ban he met senior managers of the firm who wanted a ban on kosher slaughter to reduce their competition.\n", "Section::::Member of Parliament.:Minister of Primary Industries.\n", "After the 2011 election, Carter was appointed Minister of the new Ministry of Primary Industries. In November 2012 he approved the increased squid fishery SQU6T by 140%, despite recommendations from scientists and the Department of Conservation that this would be detrimental to the endangered New Zealand sealion.\n", "Section::::Member of Parliament.:Speaker of the House.\n", "On 22 January 2013, the Prime Minister John Key announced that Carter was his preference to replace Lockwood Smith as Speaker of the House. Carter's appointment was not without controversy, and the Labour Party questioned whether he actually wanted the job.\n", "As the opposition was not consulted, as per convention, Trevor Mallard was nominated by Labour and the position was put to a vote on 31 January 2013. Carter won by 62 votes to 52. Consistent with the tradition of newly elected speakers, Carter had to be \"dragged to the chair\" following the election.\n", "The office of Speaker entitles Carter to the title The Right Honourable following a reform of the New Zealand Honours System in 2010.\n", "Carter cited his intention to continue as Speaker, \"if that is the will of Parliament\", as the basis for his decision to stand as a list-only candidate in the 2014 general election.\n", "On 10 November 2015, Carter controversially failed to acknowledge offence caused to significant numbers of Labour and Green MPs after John Key had accused them of \"backing rapists\" during a debate about the Christmas Island detention centre. The following day, Carter silenced seven female MPs who stated that they were victims of sexual abuse and stood up to express personal offence to Key's statement, which they called on Key to apologise for. Carter ruled that the manner in which they stood to address the house was inappropriate and dismissed several of the seven; the remainder walked out.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- David Carter MP official site\n", "BULLET::::- Profile at National Party\n" ] }

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theatre", "Northcott Theatre", "Exeter", "Shaw", "\"Saint Joan\"", "National Theatre", "The Beggar's Opera", "Olivier Award", "Best Actress in a Musical", "Most Promising Newcomer of the Year in Theatre", "Guys and Dolls", "Jim Carter", "Laurence Olivier Award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role", "The Corn Is Green", "The Old Vic", "A Chorus of Disapproval", "Royal Shakespeare Company", "The Wizard of Oz", "Barbican Centre", "Into the Woods", "Uncle Vanya", "Entertaining Mr Sloane", "Good People", "Best Actress in a Play", "Almeida Theatre", "Frank McGuinness", "Edward Albee", "A Delicate Balance", "Chichester Festival Theatre", "Stephen Sondheim", "Michael Ball", "Gypsy", "Harold Pinter Theatre", "London West End", "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?", "Conleth Hill", "Luke Treadaway", "Imogen Poots", "Harold Pinter Theatre", "National Theatre Live", "National Theatre", "Stephen Sondheim", "Follies", "Janie Dee", "Philip Quast", "National Theatre Live", "Peter's Friends", "Much Ado About Nothing", "Deadly Advice", "Sense and Sensibility", "Twelfth Night", "Chicken Run", "Another Life", "Bright Young Things", "Nanny McPhee", "Freedom Writers", "How About You", "Screen Actors Guild", "Shakespeare in Love", "European Film Awards", "BAFTA", "Venice Film Festival", "Mike Leigh", "Vera Drake", "Academy Award for Best Actress", "Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama", "Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role", "Dolores Umbridge", "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix", "London Film Critics Circle", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part One", "A Bunch of Amateurs", "Burt Reynolds", "Derek Jacobi", "Samantha Bond", "Ang Lee", "Taking Woodstock", "Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland", "Maleficent", "Pride", "Paddington", "Paddington Bear", "Michael Gambon", "Downton Abbey (film)", "Richard Briers", "Adrian Edmondson", "If You See God, Tell Him", "Citizen X", "Andrei Chikatilo", "The Singing Detective", "Midsomer Murders", "Is It Legal?", "A Bit of Fry and Laurie", "voice artist", "Mole's Christmas", "Little Britain", "Cranford", "BBC", "Psychoville", "Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation (Short Form)", "Doctor Who", "The Girl Who Waited", "Alma Reville", "Alfred Hitchcock", "HBO", "The Girl", "Toby Jones", "Sienna Miller", "BAFTA Television Award", "Primetime Emmy Award", "Julie Enfield Investigates", "ITV", "Elephants to Catch Eels", "Xanthippe", "Acropolis Now", "Anna Massey", "Patrick Barlow", "The Patrick and Maureen Maybe Music Experience", "Julia Donaldson", "The Gruffalo", "The Gruffalo's Child", "Monkey Puzzle", "The Snail and the Whale", "Stick Man", "Zog", "Jim Carter", "Show of Hands", "World War One", "the Milton Rooms", "Malton, North Yorkshire", "Bill Nighy", "Jools Holland", "Kathy Burke", "Jim Carter", "Cranford", "Officer of the Order of the British Empire", "2006 New Year Honours", "Commander of the Order of the British Empire", "2016 New Year Honours", "Repertory theatre", "Waiting for Godot", "Birmingham Repertory Theatre", "Hay Fever", "Watermill, Newbury", "Grease", "York Theatre Royal", "Henry V", "Leeds Playhouse", "The Gingerbread Man", "Northcott Theatre", "Exeter", "Travesties", "A Man for All Seasons", "Elektra", "Dear Daddy", "'Tis Pity She's a Whore", "Macbeth", "Cabaret", "As You Like It", "Saint Joan", "The Beggar's Opera", "Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat", "Side by Side by Sondheim", "Nottingham Playhouse", "Pam Gems", "Mack and Mabel", "Mrs Warren's Profession", "A Little Night Music", "She Stoops to Conquer", "Oxford Stage Company", "Chichester Festival Theatre", "Sweeney Todd", "Gypsy", "Guys and Dolls", "National Theatre Olivier", "National Theatre Cottlesloe", "Schweyk in the Second World War", "National Theatre Olivier", "National Theatre Olivier", "A Mad World, My Masters", "Theatre Royal Stratford East", "Soho Poly", "The Corn Is Green", "Old Vic", "Olivier Award", "A Chorus of Disapproval", "The Fair Maid of the West", "RSC", "Mermaid Theatre", "They Shoot Horses, Don't They?", "The Wizard of Oz", "Barbican Theatre", "Uncle Vanya", "Vaudeville Theatre", "The King's Head Theatre", "Into the Woods", "Phoenix Theatre", "Rona Munro", "Tony Kushner", "Slavs!", "\"Habeas Corpus\"", "Donmar Warehouse", "National Theatre Olivier", "Divas at the Donmar", "Yasmina Reza", "Life X Three", "Michael Hastings", "Duke of York's Theatre", "Frank McGuinness", "Almeida", "Joe Orton", "Entertaining Mr Sloane", "Trafalgar Studios", "Edward Albee", "A Delicate Balance", "Almeida Theatre", "Sweeney Todd", "Adelphi Theatre", "Circle Mirror Transformation", "Royal Court Theatre", "Good People", "Noël Coward Theatre", "Gypsy", "Savoy Theatre", "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?", "Harold Pinter Theatre", "Follies", "National Theatre Olivier", "Into The Woods", "Julia Donaldson", "Gypsy", "Follies", "\"The Prime of Miss Imelda Staunton\"", "The Telegraph: Imelda Staunton interview", 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{ "paragraph": [ "Imelda Staunton\n", "Imelda Mary Philomena Bernadette Staunton, (born 9 January 1956) is an English stage and screen actress. After training at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, Staunton began her career in repertory theatre in the 1970s before appearing in seasons at various theatres in the UK. \n", "Staunton has since performed in a variety of plays and musicals in London, winning four Olivier Awards; three for Best Actress in a Musical for her roles as the Baker's Wife in \"Into the Woods\" (1991), Mrs. Lovett in \"\" (2013) and Madame Rose in \"Gypsy\" (2016), and one for Best Supporting Performance for her work in both \"A Chorus of Disapproval\" (1985) and \"The Corn is Green\" (1985). Her appearances on stage in \"The Beggar's Opera\" (1982), \"The Wizard of Oz\" (1987), \"Uncle Vanya\" (1988), \"Guys and Dolls\" (1996), \"Entertaining Mr Sloane\" (2009) and \"Good People\" (2014) also earned her Olivier nominations. Staunton has been nominated for a total of 13 Olivier Awards.\n", "Staunton drew critical acclaim for her performance in the title role in the 2004 film \"Vera Drake\", for which she won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role and the Venice Film Festival Volpi Cup for Best Actress in addition to being nominated for the Academy Award, the Golden Globe and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actress. Her other film roles include Mrs. Blatherwick in \"Nanny McPhee\" (2005), Dolores Umbridge in two of the \"Harry Potter\" films (2007–2010) and Hefina Headon in \"Pride\" (2014), for which she received a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role.\n", "On television, she starred in the sitcoms \"Up the Garden Path\" (1990–1993) and \"Is it Legal?\" (1995–1998). Her performance in \"My Family and Other Animals\" (2005) earned her a nomination for the International Emmy Award for Best Actress, while her roles in \"Return to Cranford\" (2009) and \"The Girl\" (2012) earned her BAFTA TV Award nominations for Best Supporting Actress. For the latter, she was also nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Staunton was born in Archway, North London, the only child of Bridie (née McNicholas), a hairdresser, and Joseph Staunton, a road-worker and labourer. The family lived over Staunton's mother's salon. Her parents were first-generation Catholic immigrants from County Mayo, Ireland; her father from Ballyvary and her mother from Bohola. Staunton's mother was a musician who could not read music, but could master almost any tune by ear on the accordion or fiddle and had played in Irish showbands.\n", "As a pupil at La Sainte Convent, she took drama classes with her elocution teacher and starred in school productions of plays, including the role of Polly Peachum in a school production of \"The Beggar's Opera\". Encouraged by an elocution teacher at her school, Staunton auditioned for drama schools and got into the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) at the age of 18. She also auditioned for the Central School of Speech and Drama and Guildhall School of Music and Drama, but was rejected by both schools.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Theatre.\n", "Staunton graduated from RADA in 1976, then spent six years in English repertory theatre, including a period at the Northcott Theatre, Exeter, where she had the title role in Shaw's \"Saint Joan\" (1979). She then moved on to roles the National Theatre, including Lucy Lockit in \"The Beggar's Opera\" (1982), which earned her Olivier Award nominations for Best Actress in a Musical and Most Promising Newcomer of the Year in Theatre. She also appeared in two revivals of \"Guys and Dolls\" at the National Theatre; the first in 1982 in which she met her husband Jim Carter and the second in 1996 in which she played Miss Adelaide and was nominated for the Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical. In 1985, Staunton won her first Laurence Olivier Award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role for her work in both \"The Corn Is Green\" and at The Old Vic and \"A Chorus of Disapproval\" at the National Theatre. She also played Dorothy in the Royal Shakespeare Company's 1987 revival of \"The Wizard of Oz\" at the Barbican Centre, which earned her another Olivier nomination for Best Actress in a Musical. Staunton won her first Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical for playing the Baker's Wife in the original London production of \"Into the Woods\" (1990). In the ensuing twenty years, Staunton mainly had roles in plays, including Sonya in \"Uncle Vanya\" (1988), Kath in \"Entertaining Mr Sloane\" (2009) and \"Good People\" (2014), for which she received Olivier nominations for Best Actress in a Play. She also appeared in two productions at the Almeida Theatre, firstly in the premiere of Frank McGuinness's \"There Came a Gypsy Riding\" in 2007 and secondly in a revival of Edward Albee's \"A Delicate Balance\" in 2011.\n", "Most recently, Staunton has appeared in two Chichester Festival Theatre productions, taking on the role of Mrs Lovett in a revival of Stephen Sondheim's \"\" between 2011 and 2012, starring opposite Michael Ball, before starring as Rose in a revival of \"Gypsy\" between 2014 and 2015. Both productions transferred to London for critically and commercially acclaimed runs. Staunton won her second and third Olivier Awards for Best Actress in a Musical for the two productions in 2013 and 2016 respectively.\n", "Staunton returned to the Harold Pinter Theatre in London West End in 2017 as Martha in \"Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?\", starring alongside Conleth Hill, Luke Treadaway and Imogen Poots at the Harold Pinter Theatre. This play was broadcast in National Theatre Live on 18 May 2017.\n", "Staunton performed the role of Sally in the 2017 National Theatre revival of Stephen Sondheim's \"Follies\", alongside Janie Dee as Phyllis, and Philip Quast as Ben. The show was broadcast through the National Theatre Live initiative on 16 November 2017.\n", "Section::::Career.:Film.\n", "Staunton's first big-screen role came in a 1986 film \"Comrades\". She then appeared in the 1992 film \"Peter's Friends\". Other film roles include performances in \"Much Ado About Nothing\" (1993), \"Deadly Advice\" (1993), \"Sense and Sensibility\" (1995) \"Twelfth Night\" (1996), \"Chicken Run\" (2000), \"Another Life\" (2001), \"Bright Young Things\" (2003), \"Nanny McPhee\" (2005), \"Freedom Writers\" (2007) and \"How About You\" (2007).\n", "Staunton shared a Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Performance by a Cast in 1998 for \"Shakespeare in Love.\" In 2004, she received the Best Actress honours at the European Film Awards, the BAFTAs, and the Venice Film Festival for her performance of the title role in Mike Leigh's \"Vera Drake\", which also won Best Picture. For the same role, she received her first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress, the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role.\n", "Staunton portrayed Dolores Umbridge in \"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\" (2007), a performance described as \"coming close to stealing the show.\" She was nominated in the \"British Actress in a Supporting Role\" category at the London Film Critics Circle Awards. Staunton reprised her role as Dolores Umbridge in \"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part One\" in 2010.\n", "Recent film roles include the 2008 movie \"A Bunch of Amateurs\", in which she starred alongside Burt Reynolds, Derek Jacobi and Samantha Bond, and the character of Sonia Teichberg in Ang Lee's \"Taking Woodstock\" (2009). Staunton provided the voice of the Talking Flowers in \"Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland\" (2010), and played one of the lead roles in the ghost film \"The Awakening\" in 2011. In 2014, she co-starred in \"Maleficent\" as well as the British comedy-drama \"Pride\".\n", "In late 2014, she had a voice role in \"Paddington\", a film based on the Paddington Bear books by Michael Bond. Staunton and her \"Harry Potter\" co-star Michael Gambon voiced Paddington's Aunt Lucy and Uncle Pastuzo, respectively.\n", "An August 2018 announcement indicated that Staunton would be among the new cast to join the original actors in Downton Abbey (film) which started principal photography at about the same time.\n", "Section::::Career.:Television.\n", "In 1993, she appeared on television alongside Richard Briers and Adrian Edmondson in \"If You See God, Tell Him\". Staunton also played the wife of Detective Burakov in the 1995 HBO movie, \"Citizen X\", which recounted the pursuit and capture of Russian serial killer Andrei Chikatilo. She has had other television parts in \"The Singing Detective\" (1986), \"Midsomer Murders\", and the sitcom \"Is It Legal?\" (1995–98), as well as \"A Bit of Fry and Laurie\". She was a voice artist on \"Mole's Christmas\" (1994). She had a guest role playing Mrs. Mead in \"Little Britain\" in 2005, and in 2007 played the free-thinking gossip, Miss Pole, in \"Cranford\", the five-part BBC series based on Mrs Gaskell's novels. In 2011, she played Grace Andrews in the second series of \"Psychoville\".\n", "In 2011, she was the \"Voice of the Interface\" in the highly acclaimed and nominee for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation (Short Form) episode of \"Doctor Who\" – \"The Girl Who Waited\". In 2012, she portrayed Alma Reville, the wife of Alfred Hitchcock, in the HBO television movie \"The Girl\", which also starred Toby Jones and Sienna Miller. Her performance saw her nominated for a BAFTA Television Award and a Primetime Emmy Award.\n", "Section::::Career.:Radio.\n", "On radio, she has appeared in the title role of the detective drama series \"Julie Enfield Investigates\", as the lead \"Izzy Comyn\" in the comedy \"Up the Garden Path\" (which later moved to ITV with Staunton reprising the role), in \"Diary of a Provincial Lady\" (from 1999), as \"Courageous Kate\" in Series 1 of \"Elephants to Catch Eels\" and as \"Xanthippe\" in Series 2 of \"Acropolis Now\".\n", "She starred opposite Anna Massey in the post-World War II mystery series \"Daunt and Dervish\", and opposite Patrick Barlow in \"The Patrick and Maureen Maybe Music Experience\". She played the role of a schoolboy as the lead character in the five part (15 minutes each): \"The Skool Days of Nigel Molesworth\" for BBC Radio 4.\n", "Section::::Career.:Other work.\n", "Staunton has narrated unabridged audio-book versions of many of Julia Donaldson's children's books, including \"The Gruffalo\", \"The Gruffalo's Child\", \"Monkey Puzzle\", \"The Snail and the Whale\", \"Stick Man\" and \"Zog\", as well as other children's books. In 2014 she collaborated with her husband, Jim Carter, and Show of Hands on \"Centenary: Words and Music of the Great War\", an album of songs and poetry from and inspired by World War One.\n", "Staunton is also a patron for the Milton Rooms, a new arts centre in Malton, North Yorkshire along with Bill Nighy, Jools Holland and Kathy Burke.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Staunton and her husband, English actor Jim Carter, have a daughter, Bessie, born in 1993. In 2007, the three appeared in the BBC series \"Cranford\" (Carter was Captain Brown and Bessie a maid).\n", "Staunton was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2006 New Year Honours and Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2016 New Year Honours, both for services to drama.\n", "Staunton owns a dog (Molly) who appeared in \"Gypsy\" at the Chichester Festival Theatre from 6 October 8 November as \"Chowsie\" the dog. Staunton played the leading role, Madame Rose.\n", "Section::::Theatre work.\n", "Repertory theatre:\n", "BULLET::::- \"Waiting for Godot\" (Lucky, 1976), Birmingham Repertory Theatre\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hay Fever\", Watermill, Newbury\n", "BULLET::::- \"Grease\", York Theatre Royal\n", "BULLET::::- \"Henry V\", Leeds Playhouse\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Gingerbread Man\", Leeds Playhouse\n", "Two seasons at the Northcott Theatre, Exeter:\n", "BULLET::::- \"Travesties\" (1978) Northcott Exeter\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Man for All Seasons\" (1978) Northcott Exeter\n", "BULLET::::- \"Elektra\" (Elektra, 1978) Northcott Exeter\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dear Daddy\" (1978) Northcott Exeter\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cinderella\" (1978) Northcott Exeter\n", "BULLET::::- \"'Tis Pity She's a Whore\" (1978) Northcott Exeter:\n", "BULLET::::- \"Macbeth\" (1978) Northcott Exeter\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cabaret\" (1978) Northcott Exeter\n", "BULLET::::- \"As You Like It\" (1978) Northcott Exeter\n", "BULLET::::- \"Saint Joan\" (Saint Joan, 1979) Northcott Exeter\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Beggar's Opera\" (1979) Northcott Exeter\n", "BULLET::::- \"Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat\" (1979) Northcott Exeter\n", "BULLET::::- \"Side by Side by Sondheim\" (1979) Northcott Exeter\n", "Two seasons at the Nottingham Playhouse (1980–81?):\n", "BULLET::::- Pam Gems' \"Piaf\" (Piaf) Nottingham Playhouse\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mack and Mabel\" (Mabel) Nottingham Playhouse\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mrs Warren's Profession\", Nottingham Playhouse\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Little Night Music\", Nottingham Playhouse\n", "Touring (1981–82?):\n", "BULLET::::- \"She Stoops to Conquer\" (Kate Hardcastle) Oxford Stage Company UK tour\n", "Two seasons at Chichester Festival Theatre (2011–14):\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sweeney Todd\" (Mrs Lovett, 2011), Chichester Festival Theatre\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gypsy\" (Rose, 2014), Chichester Festival Theatre\n", "Theatre roles in London:\n", "BULLET::::- \"Guys and Dolls\" (Mimi, Hotbox Girl, 1982), National Theatre Olivier\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Beggar's Opera\" (Lucy Lockit, 1982), National Theatre Cottlesloe\n", "BULLET::::- \"Schweyk in the Second World War\" (Anna, 1982) National Theatre Olivier\n", "BULLET::::- \"Guys and Dolls\" (Miss Adelaide, 1983) National Theatre Olivier\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Mad World, My Masters\" (Janet Cloughton, 1984) Theatre Royal Stratford East\n", "BULLET::::- \"Us Good Girls\" (Paulette, 1984) Soho Poly\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Corn Is Green\" (Bessie Watty, 1985), Old Vic – Olivier Award\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Chorus of Disapproval\" (Hannah Llewellyn, 1985) National Olivier – Olivier Award\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Fair Maid of the West\" (Bess Bridges, 1987) RSC Mermaid Theatre\n", "BULLET::::- \"They Shoot Horses, Don't They?\" (Gloria Beatty, 1987) RSC Mermaid\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Wizard of Oz\" (Dorothy, 1987) RSC Barbican Theatre\n", "BULLET::::- \"Uncle Vanya\" (Sonya, 1988) Vaudeville Theatre\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lady and the Clarinet\" (Luba, 1989) The King's Head Theatre, Islington\n", "BULLET::::- \"Into the Woods\" (Baker's Wife, 1990) Phoenix Theatre – Olivier Award\n", "BULLET::::- Rona Munro's \"Bold Girls\" (Cassie, 1991) Hampstead Theatre\n", "BULLET::::- Tony Kushner's \"Slavs!\" (Bonfila, 1994) Hampstead Theatre\n", "BULLET::::- \"Habeas Corpus\" (Mrs Swabb, 1996) Donmar Warehouse\n", "BULLET::::- \"Guys and Dolls\" (Miss Adelaide, 1996) National Theatre Olivier – Olivier Nomination\n", "BULLET::::- \"Divas at the Donmar\"\n", "BULLET::::- Yasmina Reza's \"Life X Three\" (Ines, 2000) National Cottesloe, then transferring to the Old Vic (2001)\n", "BULLET::::- Michael Hastings' \"Calico\" (Nora Barnacle, 2004) Duke of York's Theatre\n", "BULLET::::- Frank McGuinness's \"There Came a Gypsy Riding\" (Margaret, 2007) Almeida\n", "BULLET::::- Joe Orton's \"Entertaining Mr Sloane\" (Kath, 2009) Trafalgar Studios\n", "BULLET::::- Edward Albee's \"A Delicate Balance\" (Claire, 2011) Almeida Theatre\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sweeney Todd\" (Mrs Lovett, 2012), Adelphi Theatre – transfer from Chichester Festival Theatre (2011) – Olivier Award\n", "BULLET::::- \"Circle Mirror Transformation\" (Marty, 2013), Royal Court Theatre\n", "BULLET::::- \"Good People\" (Margie, 2014), Hampstead Theatre and Noël Coward Theatre – Olivier Nomination\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gypsy\" (Rose, 2015), Savoy Theatre – transfer from Chichester Festival Theatre (2014) – Olivier Award\n", "BULLET::::- \"Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?\" (Martha, 2017), Harold Pinter Theatre – Olivier Nomination\n", "BULLET::::- \"Follies\" (Sally, 2017), National Theatre Olivier – Olivier Nomination\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "BULLET::::- 1990: \"Into The Woods\" - Original London Cast; as baker's wife.\n", "BULLET::::- 2010: \"Julia Donaldson Audio Collection\"; as the narrator of the Gruffalo, The Gruffalo's Child, and Charlie Cook's Favourite Book.\n", "BULLET::::- 2012: \"\"; as Mrs. Lovett.\n", "BULLET::::- 2015: \"Gypsy\" – London Cast Recording; as Momma Rose.\n", "BULLET::::- 2019: \"Follies\" — London Cast Recording; as Sally.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Prime of Miss Imelda Staunton\", Sunday Telegraph interview 15 July 2007\n", "BULLET::::- The Telegraph: Imelda Staunton interview\n", "BULLET::::- Imelda Staunton in Conversation, filmed BAFTA event, March 2009\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Imelda Mary Philomena Bernadette Staunton" ] }, "description": "British actress", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q234798", "wikidata_label": "Imelda Staunton", "wikipedia_title": "Imelda Staunton" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "M. B. Nirmal\n", "M. B. Nirmal is the founder and chairman of Exnora International which is a civic movement in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, which deals with environmental issues. In addition to his involvement in Exnora, Nirmal is also involved in consumer advocacy, afforestation programmes, and rehabilitation of convicts among others.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Nirmal did his schooling in Government Higher secondary school Kundrathur and obtained his graduation from Pachiappa’s college Chetpet, Chennai. He obtained his degree in Law from Madras Law College.\n", "Section::::Author/Writer.\n", "He is author of twelve books in Tamil and six books in English written for individual and societal development. He has been writing in leading Magazines and periodicals regularly.\n", "Section::::Awards and recognition.\n", "Section::::Awards and recognition.:Awards.\n", "BULLET::::1. Innovator Recognition, Fellowship and Monetary Assistance from ASHOKA- Innovators for Public, USA (1990).\n", "BULLET::::2. Best Bank Manager Award IOB, 1978.\n", "BULLET::::3. Indira Gandhi Memorial National Award for Excellent Bank Manager of India (1989).\n", "BULLET::::4. Best IOB Branch Award during IOB Golden Jubilee celebrations presented to him by Finance Minister Mr. V P Singh. Founder's Day Award of IOB presented by RBI Governor (1996).\n", "BULLET::::5. For the Sake of Honour Award of the Rotary International (1995).\n", "BULLET::::6. Melvin Jones Award of Lions Club (1994).\n", "BULLET::::7. Example to Youth Award by District Rotract Council (1997).\n", "BULLET::::8. Best Practices of the World Award for Exnora International by UNCHS (Habitat), Turkey (1996).\n", "BULLET::::9. Excellence Award for 1998, on behalf of Tamil Nadu Foundation, INC. USA, the Chapters of Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America, FETNA at St. Louis, USA (1998).\n", "BULLET::::10. Dr.V.V.Giri Birth Centenary Award presented by Governor of Tamil Nadu for contribution to protect environment.\n", "Section::::Awards and recognition.:Recognition.\n", "BULLET::::1. Reader's Digest, the largest circulated magazine of the world in its \"Heroes for Today\" section lauded Dr.M.B.Nirmal and described him as a Peerless Leader who has a remarkable ability to inspire people to work together (Mar, 1999).\n", "BULLET::::2. New India Times again wrote 'Many call him a visionary. Most regard him as a Motivator. He has proved that motivation can move mountains and people too. He is always pregnant with ideas' (8.10.1999).\n", "BULLET::::3. The Inner Wheel Club of Rotary International featured him as one of the eight 'Pathfinders' of India, along with Mother Terasa, Mr.Sunderlal Bahuguna, Dr.Verghese Kurien Dr.M.S.Swaminathan, in their book \"Path Finders\".\n", "BULLET::::4. Rotary News, published by Rotary International commended, \"Dr.M.B.Nirmal is full of new ideas and suggestions\", (April 1999).\n", "BULLET::::5. New India Times (USA) wrote, 'Dr.M.B.Nirmal's speech at FETNA Conference, Missouri was electrifying' (7.8.98).\n", "BULLET::::6. The Hindu, the National daily covered him under Personality Column and described him as a Catalyst of Social change and wrote, \"Dr.M.B.Nirmal's Optimism is infectious\" (2.6.1997)\n", "BULLET::::7. Indian Express, the National daily regarded him as one of the six crusaders who will change India (25.1.1996)\n", "BULLET::::8. The Hindu recognized him as an Outstanding Achiever in their feature 'Achievers' (10.02.1996)\n", "BULLET::::9. India Today, the national weekly chose him as \"one of the Ten Angels of Change\" who are transforming India (Cover Story, 15.01.1995),\n", "BULLET::::10. Gentleman (Indian Express) selected him as One of the Ten Leading Gentlemen of Chennai and wrote, \"Dr.M.B.Nirmal is a walking example of positive thinking.\" (August 1995).\n", "BULLET::::11. Trinity Mirror, the daily honoured him as an Outstanding Environmentalist for 1995 (31.12.1995) and an outstanding Environmentalist of the century (23.12.2000) and described him as a legend.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- M. B. Nirmal's Bio on Exnora's Website\n", "BULLET::::- http://www.deccanherald.com/content/534203/man-creates-oxygen-parlour-his.html\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Indian social worker", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6712420", "wikidata_label": "M. B. Nirmal", "wikipedia_title": "M. B. Nirmal" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Omar Bolden\n", "Omar Bolden (born December 20, 1988) is an American football safety who is currently a free agent. He played college football for Arizona State University and was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the fourth round of the 2012 NFL Draft.\n", "Section::::High school career.\n", "Bolden attended Colony High School in Ontario, California, where he starred at running back and defensive back. As a senior, he ran for 2,003 yards (143.1 yards per game) and 26 touchdowns and amassed over 2,500 all-purpose yards. On defense, he totaled 80 tackles, two blocked punts and one interception. Bolden was named CIF Central Division Most Valuable Player and the Inland Valley Player of the Year after leading Colony to its first CIF title in 2006.\n", "Bolden was first brought up to Varsity as a Freshman against Ontario High School to play running back. This game was played at Chaparral high school due to a massive fire that prevented any local games from being played. His first two carries of his high school career resulted in fumbles.\n", "Considered a four-star recruit by \"Rivals.com\", Bolden was listed as the No. 7 all-purpose back recruit in the nation. He ran a 4.35 40-yard dash at the 2006 \"Scout.com\" Los Angeles Combine, the fastest by any player at the camp and the fourth-fastest among participants at \"Scout.com′s\" 13 nationwide high school combines throughout the year.\n", "Bolden chose Arizona State over Southern California and received several other offers, from schools including Michigan, Nebraska, Oregon State and Washington.\n", "Section::::College career.\n", "As a true freshman in 2007, Bolden played in all 13 games, making nine starts for the Sun Devils. He recorded 33 tackles (24 solo), six pass break-ups, and one interception, which he returned for a touchdown, on the season. He earned First Team Freshman All-American honors by the \"Football Writers Association of America\", as well as Second Team Freshman All-American honors by \"Rivals.com\" and \"College Football News\".\n", "In his sophomore season, Bolden started all 12 games at cornerback and finished fifth on the team with 49 tackles (37 solo). He totaled seven pass break-ups and two interceptions on the season. Bolden received Honorable Mention Sophomore All-American by \"College Football News\" that year.\n", "Section::::Professional career.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Denver Broncos.\n", "Bolden was considered one of the top cornerback prospects of his class. He was selected by the Denver Broncos in the 4th round with the 101st overall pick of the 2012 NFL Draft.\n", "On November 8, 2015, Bolden returned a punt for a touchdown, but the Broncos lost 27–24 to the Indianapolis Colts. On February 7, 2016, Bolden was part of the Broncos team that won Super Bowl 50. In the game, the Broncos defeated the Carolina Panthers by a score of 24–10. Bolden did not play in the game because he was on injured reserve.\n", "'s NFL offseason, Bolden holds at least two Broncos franchise records, including:\n", "BULLET::::- Yds/KR: season (33.0 in 2014)\n", "BULLET::::- Yds/PR: season (24.6 in 2015)\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Chicago Bears.\n", "Bolden signed with the Chicago Bears on March 31, 2016 and was cut one week before training camp on July 22, 2016.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Denver Broncos bio\n", "BULLET::::- Arizona State Sun Devils bio\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American football defensive back", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3882069", "wikidata_label": "Omar Bolden", "wikipedia_title": "Omar Bolden" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Igor Udaly\n", "Igor Alekseyevich Udaly (; born 8 December 1984) is a Russian professional football player.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Shamil Burziyev\n", "Shamil Gasanovich Burziyev (; 1 April 1985 – 5 December 2010) was a Russian professional football player.\n", "Section::::Club career.\n", "Dagestan- born Burziyev played the majority of his career in the lower leagues of Russian football. With Anzhi he also featured in the Russian Premier League and helped them to avoid relegation after reaching the 12th Spot in the Russian Premier League in 2010.\n", "He died in a car accident. The 25-year-old had been returning to Makhachkala when he lost control of his car, sending it off the road. The incident occurred on the Rostov to Baku main road. \n", "Burzi and his friend were killed on the impact of the crash, while another person was in a critical condition in hospital.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Russian footballer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q969886", "wikidata_label": "Shamil Burziyev", "wikipedia_title": "Shamil Burziyev" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Warren L. Miller\n", "Warren L. Miller is a Member and former Chairman of the U.S. Commission for the Preservation of America's Heritage Abroad, the agency of the U.S. Government charged with helping to protect and preserve memorials, historic sites, buildings, cemeteries, and other property in Central and Eastern Europe, including parts of the former Soviet Union, important to the foreign heritage of Americans. While Chairman, he negotiated on behalf of the United States 19 bilateral agreements concluded with governments of the region. These agreements provide for cooperation in preserving sites and commit governments to prevent discrimination against minority groups.\n", "Mr. Miller was appointed to the Commission in 1992 by President George Bush. He was reappointed in 1996 by President Bill Clinton and was appointed Chairman by President George W. Bush in June 2001. As a Commission Member, Mr. Miller initiated and completed several important Holocaust projects, including funding the translation from Polish into English of \"Auschwitz\" 1940-1945, a highly acclaimed five-volume, 1799-page history of the concentration camp published by the State Museum at Auschwitz-Birkenau. The Museum dedicated the books in his honor. Mr. Miller has played a major role in the creation of numerous Holocaust memorials and related projects throughout Europe. Prominent examples include the \"Little Camp\" memorial at Buchenwald, Germany; the Rumbula memorial outside Riga, Latvia; the Kielce pogrom memorial, Poland; national Holocaust memorials in Bucharest, Romania, and Tirana, Albania; and the \"Hidden Synagogue\" restoration at Terezin, Czech Republic. In 1994, he was appointed as the only foreign national to serve on the Board of the German government entity in charge of the memorial sites at Buchenwald and Mittelbau-Dora.\n", "Mr. Miller has spoken on the subject of Holocaust remembrance and anti-semitism throughout Europe and the United States. He has been a \"Newsmaker\" speaker at the National Press Club, has addressed a plenary session of the Parliament of Albania, a special session of the Senate of the Czech Republic, and a session of the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of Romania. He has been a guest speaker at other national Holocaust commemorations in several European countries. In 2002, he was appointed by Secretary of State Colin Powell to be co-leader of the U.S. delegation to an international conference in Warsaw, Poland on the Museum of the History of Polish Jewry. Mr. Miller was awarded a knighthood by the President of Italy with the title of Commendatore of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Italy. He is the recipient of medals conferred by the Presidents of the Republic of Poland (Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit), the Republic of Latvia (Order of the Three Stars with the title of Commander), the Republic of Romania (National Order of Merit in Culture with the rank of Commander), the Republic of Bulgaria (Order of Madara's Horseman, First Class), the Republic of Albania (Medal of Gratitude), and the Republic of Croatia (Order of the Morning Star with the image of Marko Marulić). He was also awarded the Medal of the Senate of the Czech Republic. He was commencement speaker and recipient of an honorary doctorate degree for public service from Central Michigan University. He is a recipient of the equivalent of an honorary degree with the title \"Tel Hai Dignitary\" from Tel-Hai Academic College in Israel. He has received awards from B'nai B'rith International, the Mayor of the City of Vilnius, Lithuania, the Mayor of Bucharest, Romania, the Federation of Jewish Communities in Romania, and the New York Council of the Society of American Registered Architects. The United Jewish Organizations of Williamsburg (Brooklyn, NY) conferred upon him its National Leadership Award. \n", "Mr. Miller has authored op-eds published in major newspapers in the United States and internationally. In 1987, Mr. Miller was appointed by President Ronald Reagan as a Member of the District of Columbia Law Revision Commission, on which he served for four years. Mr. Miller served as an Assistant United States Attorney for the District of Columbia, where he prosecuted the most serious felony cases as a Senior Trial Assistant. He tried in excess of 100 jury trials in the United States District Court and briefed and argued more than 30 cases before the appellate courts. He has also been President of the Assistant United States Attorneys Association for the District of Columbia. Mr. Miller has lectured in criminal law and has also served on the Board of Advisors of the School of Public Affairs at American University.\n", "Mr. Miller is a lawyer in private practice, and specializes in litigation and negotiation, white-collar criminal matters, and international and legislative advocacy. He has represented high-level government officials, Members of Congress and the judiciary, a foreign government, multinational corporations, and the U.S. Government as outside counsel. In these capacities, he has been lead counsel in several cases of national importance. Mr. Miller is a member of the Bars of the District of Columbia, Virginia, and the United States Supreme Court, as well as numerous United States Circuit and District Courts. He is given the highest rating (AV) by his peers in the Martindale and Hubbell Directory. Mr. Miller's biography appears in Who's Who in the World, Who's Who in America, and Who's Who in American Law.\n", "Mr. Miller received his B.A. degree from American University (recipient of University Student Achievement Award) and his J.D. degree (with honors) from George Washington University. He was elected to membership in the Cosmos Club in Washington, D.C. for being distinguished in Diplomacy and Public Service.\n", "Section::::Public remarks.\n", "BULLET::::1. Keynote Address – Holocaust Remembrance Day Commemoration; The Embassy of Italy; Washington, DC, January 27, 2011\n", "BULLET::::2. Presentation of Commission award to Stephen B. Jacobs; Washington, DC, November 30, 2010\n", "BULLET::::3. Rededication of Giurgiului Cemetery; Bucharest, Romania, November 1, 2010\n", "BULLET::::4. Presentation of Commission award to the Honorable Stuart E. Eizenstat; Washington, DC, April 20, 2010\n", "BULLET::::5. Session of the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of Romania; Bucharest, Romania, October 8, 2009\n", "BULLET::::6. Dedication of Commemorative Plaque and Bust of Philip Mazzei; Poggio a Caiano, Italy, July 4, 2009\n", "BULLET::::7. \"Holocaust Memorials and the Future of Holocaust Remembrance\"; International Conference on Holocaust Era Assets Prague, Czech Republic, June 28, 2009\n", "BULLET::::8. Commencement Address and acceptance of Honorary Doctorate Degree of Public Service; Central Michigan University Mt. Pleasant, MI, May 9, 2009\n", "BULLET::::9. \"Memory & Truth: How Holocaust Deniers Distort History and Endanger Us All\"; The Foundation for Jewish Studies Washington, DC, January 13, 2009\n", "BULLET::::10. Signing of U.S.-Italy Bilateral Agreement; Palazzo Chigi, Rome, Italy, December 18, 2008\n", "BULLET::::11. Acceptance of Award; B'nai B'rith International Annual Policy Meeting New York, NY, December 8, 2008\n", "BULLET::::12. Feng Shan Ho Plaque Dedication Ceremony; Vienna, Austria, November 6, 2008\n", "BULLET::::13. Acceptance of Tel Hai Dignitary Award; Tel Hai Academic College, Israel, November 3, 2008\n", "BULLET::::14. Signing of U.S.-Montenegro Bilateral Agreement; Treaty Room - Department of State Washington, DC, October 16, 2008\n", "BULLET::::15. Acceptance of National Leadership Award; United Jewish Organizations New York, NY, March 16, 2008\n", "BULLET::::16. City University of New York; Institute for Holocaust Studies New York, NY, February 20, 2008\n", "BULLET::::17. Plenary Session of the Parliament of Albania; Tirana, Albania, January 29, 2008\n", "BULLET::::18. Council of Ministers National Holocaust Remembrance Ceremony; Tirana, Albania, January 29, 2008\n", "BULLET::::19. Acceptance of Medal of Gratitude from President of Albania; Tirana, Albania, January 28, 2008\n", "BULLET::::20. National Holocaust Remembrance Ceremony and acceptance of Medal of the Senate from President of the Senate; Senate of the Czech Republic; Prague, Czech Republic, January 25, 2008\n", "BULLET::::21. National Holocaust Remembrance Ceremony and Dedication of Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli Plaque; Budapest, Hungary, April 15, 2007\n", "BULLET::::22. Dedication Ceremony of Memorial Commemorating Victims of the Kielce Pogrom; Kielce, Poland, July 4, 2006\n", "BULLET::::23. Synagogue Rededication Ceremony; Daugavpils, Latvia, April 11, 2006\n", "BULLET::::24. Acceptance of Order of the Morning Star from the President of Croatia; Zagreb, Croatia, October 7, 2005\n", "BULLET::::25. Presentation of Commission award to German Ambassador Wolfgang Ischinger; Washington, DC, September 7, 2005\n", "BULLET::::26. Presentation of Commission award to Polish Ambassador Przemyslaw Grudzinski; Washington, DC, May 24, 2005\n", "BULLET::::27. 60th Anniversary of Liberation Ceremony of Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp; Nordhausen, Germany, April 11, 2005\n", "BULLET::::28. Signing of U.S.-Croatia Bilateral Agreement; Indian Treaty Room, The White House; Washington, DC, February 9, 2005\n", "BULLET::::29. Dedication of the Holocaust Markers in Malta and Baldas Townships; Latvia, December 19, 2004\n", "BULLET::::30. \"U.S. Role in Fighting Anti-Semitism and Preserving Holocaust Sites in Europe\"; University of Pennsylvania Law School Philadelphia, PA, October 26, 2004\n", "BULLET::::31. \"Preserving Holocaust Sites in Europe\"; Northern Hills Synagogue; Cincinnati, OH, September 29, 2004\n", "BULLET::::32. Signing of U.S.-Serbia and Montenegro Bilateral Agreement; Serbian Mission to United Nations; New York, NY, September 24, 2004\n", "BULLET::::33. \"Holocaust Remembrance in Europe\"; St.Louis Holocaust Museum and Learning Center; St. Louis, MO, September 20, 1994\n", "BULLET::::34. Anti-Semitism in Europe as it Affects Cultural Property; \"Newsmaker\" Series, National Press Club; Washington, DC, September 14, 2004\n", "BULLET::::35. \"Preservation of Jewish Cultural Heritage and Memorializing the Holocaust\"; Michigan Holocaust Memorial Center Farmington Hills, MI, September 8, 2004\n", "BULLET::::36. Signing of U.S.-Albania Bilateral Agreement; Indian Treaty Room, The White House; Washington, DC, July 12, 2004\n", "BULLET::::37. Signing of U.S.-Poland Bilateral Agreement; Indian Treaty Room, The White House; Washington, DC, May 11, 2004\n", "BULLET::::38. Keynote Address - Holocaust Remembrance Day; Florida Holocaust Museum; St. Petersburg, FL, April 18, 2004\n", "BULLET::::39. Signing of the U.S.-Hungary Bilateral Agreement; Budapest, Hungary, April 14, 2004\n", "BULLET::::40. Czech and Slovak-American Archival Materials Conference; Washington, DC, November 22, 2003\n", "BULLET::::41. Acceptance of Commanders Cross of the Order of Merit from the President of Poland; Embassy of the Republic of Poland; Washington, DC, July 8, 2003\n", "BULLET::::42. Signing of U.S.-Germany Bilateral Agreement; Indian Treaty Room, The White House; Washington, DC, May 19, 2003\n", "BULLET::::43. National Polish-American Jewish-American Council Meeting; Washington, DC, May 5, 2003\n", "BULLET::::44. Signing of U.S.-Estonia Bilateral Agreement; Tallinn, Estonia, January 16, 2003\n", "BULLET::::45. Signing of U.S.-Bulgaria Bilateral Agreement; Bulgarian Embassy; Washington, DC, December 5, 2002\n", "BULLET::::46. Rumbula Holocaust Memorial Dedication; Riga, Latvia, November 27, 2002\n", "BULLET::::47. Signing of U.S.- Lithuania Bilateral Agreement; Vilnius, Lithuania, October 15, 2002\n", "BULLET::::48. Signing of U.S.-Latvia Bilateral Agreement; Riga, Latvia, October 7, 2002\n", "BULLET::::49. Signing of U.S.-Bosnia and Herzegovina Bilateral Agreement; Sarajevo, Bosnia, July 2, 2002\n", "BULLET::::50. 59th Anniversary Commemoration of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising; Warsaw, Poland, April 19, 2002\n", "BULLET::::51. Buchenwald \"Little Camp\" Memorial Dedication; Weimar, Germany, April 14, 2002\n", "BULLET::::52. U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum \"Little Camp\" Memorial Program; Washington, DC, March 13, 2002\n", "BULLET::::53. Reception for Moldova Foreign Affairs Minister; Washington, DC, June 20, 2001\n", "BULLET::::54. Overview of the Holocaust; Landon School; Bethesda, MD, March 13, 1996\n", "BULLET::::55. 50th Anniversary Ceremony of Liberation of Buchenwald; Weimar, Germany, April 9, 1995\n", "BULLET::::56. Publication of the Buchenwald Report; U.S.Holocaust Memorial Museum; Washington, DC, April 4, 1995\n", "Section::::Opinion-editorial articles.\n", "BULLET::::1. \"Preserving America's Heritage Abroad\", \"The European Courier\", November 18, 2010\n", "BULLET::::2. \"Saluting a stand against Holocaust denial\", \"JTA\", July 12, 2010\n", "BULLET::::3. \"Time to confront the past\", \"Ha'aretz\", June 26, 2009\n", "BULLET::::4. \"Bravely honoring the truth\", \"The Philadelphia Inquirer\", May 29, 2009\n", "BULLET::::5. \"Europeans still need Holocaust lessons\", \"JTA\", May 18, 2009\n", "BULLET::::6. \"Bail out memory banks to quash Holocaust deniers\", \"Palm Beach Post\", February 26, 2009\n", "BULLET::::7. \"Albania marks the Holocaust\", \"The Washington Times\", April 18, 2008\n", "BULLET::::8. \"Preserve Memory of Shoah By Maintaining Memorials\", \" Forward\", July 6, 2007\n", "BULLET::::9. \"The evil and the good done at Kielce\", \"The Jerusalem Post\", July 4, 2007\n", "BULLET::::10. \"Remembering the Holocaust\", \"The Washington Times\", April 13, 2007\n", "BULLET::::11. \"Reconciling with History\", \"St. Petersburg Times\", April 25, 2006\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Andrea Rockafellow; \"Graduation Speakers Diverse\" Central Michigan University April 22, 2009.\n", "BULLET::::- U.S. Diplomatic Mission to Poland \"Chairman Of The U.S. Commission For America's Heritage Abroad In Poland\" 26 July 2006 U.S. Diplomatic Mission to Poland\n", "BULLET::::- U.S. Commission for the Preservation of America's Heritage Abroad May 2009\n", "BULLET::::- Embassy of Italy - Holocaust Remembrance Day 2011 \n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- U.S. Commission for the Preservation of America's Heritage Abroad\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7970332", "wikidata_label": "Warren L. Miller", "wikipedia_title": "Warren L. Miller" }

{ "end": [ 58, 81, 14, 33, 45 ], "href": [ "Russia", "Association%20football", "Igor%20Kaleshin%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201952%29", "Vitali%20Kaleshin", "Yevgeni%20Kaleshin" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 2, 2, 2 ], "start": [ 52, 73, 10, 27, 38 ], "text": [ "Russia", "football", "Igor", "Vitali", "Yevgeni" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Igor Kaleshin (footballer, born 1983)\n", "Igor Sergeyevich Kaleshin (; born 29 May 1983) is a Russian professional football player.\n", "His uncle Igor and cousins Vitali and Yevgeni are all footballers as well.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Igor Sergeyevich Kaleshin" ] }, "description": "Russian footballer (b. 1983)", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4209322", "wikidata_label": "Igor Kaleshin", "wikipedia_title": "Igor Kaleshin (footballer, born 1983)" }

{ "end": [ 68, 80, 149, 14, 27, 99, 194, 214, 248, 264, 345, 387, 491, 512, 524, 541, 190, 200, 26, 105, 134, 222, 231 ], "href": [ "Poland", "violin", "Queen%20Sof%C3%ADa%20Chamber%20Orchestra", "Poland", "Ukraine", "Argentina", "University%20of%20Southern%20California", "Jascha%20Heifetz", "Curtis%20Institute", "Philadelphia", "International%20Tchaikovsky%20Competition", "Queen%20Elisabeth%20Music%20Competition", "Zubin%20Mehta", "Wolfgang%20Sawallisch", "Peter%20Maag", "Rudolf%20Kempe", "Queen%20Sof%C3%ADa%20Chamber%20Orchestra", "Madrid", "Ana%20Chumachenco", "Munich", "Eric%20Chumachenco", "Mozarteum", "Salzburg" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ], "start": [ 62, 74, 120, 8, 18, 90, 161, 200, 232, 252, 308, 354, 480, 493, 514, 529, 161, 194, 11, 99, 118, 213, 223 ], "text": [ "Polish", "violin", "Queen Sofía Chamber Orchestra", "Poland", "Ukrainian", "Argentina", "University of Southern California", "Jascha Heifetz", "Curtis Institute", "Philadelphia", "International Tchaikovsky Competition", "Queen Elisabeth Music Competition", "Zubin Mehta", "Wolfgang Sawallisch", "Peter Maag", "Rudolf Kempe", "Queen Sofía Chamber Orchestra", "Madrid", "Ana Chumachenco", "Munich", "Eric Chumachenco", "Mozarteum", "Salzburg" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Nicolas Chumachenco\n", "Nicolas Chumachenco (also known as Nicolas Chumachenko), is a Polish-born violin soloist, professor and director of the Queen Sofía Chamber Orchestra.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Born in Poland to Ukrainian parents, Chumachenco grew and started his musical training in Argentina. Nicolas left Argentina to study in the United States at the University of Southern California with Jascha Heifetz and later at the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia with Efrem Zimbalist and won awards at the International Tchaikovsky Competition and the Queen Elisabeth Music Competition. Nicolas has appeared as soloist with many important orchestras conducted by artist such as Zubin Mehta, Wolfgang Sawallisch, Peter Maag and Rudolf Kempe.\n", "Chumachenco has been first violin of the Zurich Quartet, professor of violin at the Hochschule für Musik Freiburg and serves as leader and music director of the Queen Sofía Chamber Orchestra in Madrid.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "His sister Ana Chumachenco (* 1944) is professor of violin at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Munich. His nephew Eric Chumachenco (* 1964) is classical pianist and holds a teaching position at the University Mozarteum Salzburg.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "violinist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3340200", "wikidata_label": "Nicolas Chumachenco", "wikipedia_title": "Nicolas Chumachenco" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jana Dukátová\n", "Jana Dukátová (born 13 June 1983 in Bratislava) is a Slovak slalom canoeist who has competed at the international level since 1999.\n", "She won eight medals at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships with three golds (C1: 2010; K1: 2006; K1 team: 2011), four silvers (K1: 2010, 2011, 2017; K1 team: 2009) and a bronze (K1 team: 2014).\n", "She won the overall World Cup title four times in the K1 class (2009, 2010, 2011 and 2013). At the European Championships she won a total of 14 medals (4 golds, 5 silvers and 5 bronzes).\n", "Dukátová qualified for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London after defeating double Olympic Champion Elena Kaliská in the Slovak selection process, four years after having lost to Kaliská in the selection trials for the 2008 Olympics. She finished in 6th place in the K1 event in London. She finished in 4th place in the same event at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- 2010 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships 11 September 2010 K1 women's final results. – Retrieved 11 September 2010.\n", "BULLET::::- 12 September 2009 results of the women's K1 team finals at the 2009 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships. – Retrieved 12 September 2009.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Jana Dukatova" ] }, "description": "Canoe slalom racer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3052397", "wikidata_label": "Jana Dukátová", "wikipedia_title": "Jana Dukátová" }

{ "end": [ 71, 94, 20, 46 ], "href": [ "Russia", "Association%20football", "Russia", "Ghana" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 3, 3 ], "start": [ 65, 86, 14, 41 ], "text": [ "Russia", "football", "Russia", "Ghana" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Allan Dugbley\n", "Allan Dzhoakimovich Dugblei (; born 4 January 1985) is a retired Russian professional football player.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "His mother is Russian and father is from Ghana. As a child, he lived in Africa for several years.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Russian footballer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4730574", "wikidata_label": "Allan Dugbley", "wikipedia_title": "Allan Dugbley" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Fiona Pennie\n", "Fiona Pennie (born 9 November 1982) is a British slalom canoeist who has competed internationally since 1997. She lives in Waltham Abbey in Essex.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Pennie won a bronze medal at the Junior World Championships in 2000 and won the overall Junior World Cup Series in the same year. As an Under 23 athlete, she won a team bronze medal in 2004 and an individual bronze medal in 2005, both at the European Under 23 Championships. She competed in the K1 event at the 2008 and 2016 Olympics and placed 17th and 6th, respectively.\n", "She won five medals at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships with three silvers (K1: 2006, 2014; K1 team: 2015) and two bronzes (K1 team: 2007, 2018). She became European Champion in the K1 (solo kayak class) event in 2013. She won a total of 7 medals (2 golds, 1 silver and 4 bronzes) at the European Championships.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "canoeist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3072718", "wikidata_label": "Fiona Pennie", "wikipedia_title": "Fiona Pennie" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Frank Gibson (baseball)\n", "Frank Gilbert Gibson (September 27, 1890 – April 27, 1961) was a Major League Baseball catcher. He played all or part of eight seasons in the majors for the Detroit Tigers and Boston Braves.\n", "Gibson began his professional career in with the Dallas Giants of the Texas League. After two seasons, he was picked up by the Tigers, making his major league debut with them in April . He played in 23 games for the Tigers, batting just .140, with below average fielding. Gibson returned to the minors, playing first in the Southern Association, then returning to the Texas League in with the Beaumont Oilers and San Antonio Bronchos.\n", "After playing four seasons with the Bronchos (renamed the Bears in 1919), Gibson was purchased from the team by the Boston Braves in August 1920. He made his return to the major leagues in after eight years away. For the next four seasons, Gibson served as backup for the Braves starting catcher, Mickey O'Neil. In , Gibson was made the club's starting catcher, and he responded by batting .278 and driving in a career-high 50 runs.\n", "Gibson's tenure as a starter would be brief, however, as the Braves acquired veteran catcher Zack Taylor during the next offseason. In 1927, Shanty Hogan took over the full-time job, and Gibson backed up both men. Following the 1927 season, Gibson was sold to the St. Louis Cardinals, but he never played for them. Instead, he returned to the Texas League in , where he served as player-manager of the San Antonio Bears. He played three more seasons in the minor leagues, finishing his career with the minor league Baltimore Orioles in \n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American baseball player", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q15999588", "wikidata_label": "Frank Gibson", "wikipedia_title": "Frank Gibson (baseball)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Toyo Asayama\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "baseball player", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7830620", "wikidata_label": "Toyo Asayama", "wikipedia_title": "Toyo Asayama" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Mats Foyer\n", "Mats Olof Foyer (born 1954) was the ambassador of the Kingdom of Sweden accredited to and resident in the People's Democratic Republic of Korea (North Korea), a position he held 2005-2010.\n", "Section::::Education.\n", "Foyer has a LLB and BA from the University of Stockholm and speaks Swedish, English, Russian and French.\n", "Section::::Diplomatic career.\n", "From 2002-2005 Foyer was minister in charge of political affairs at the Swedish Embassy in Beijing. Foyer has served in other posts including:\n", "BULLET::::- Russian Federation\n", "BULLET::::- Czechoslovakia\n", "At home in Sweden he worked at the Russian desk at Sweden’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs.\n", "Foyer was involved in the talks to release American journalists held in North Korea. He met with the journalists several times while they were held. The government of Sweden represents the United States in North Korea in lieu of an American embassy.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Swedish diplomat", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3430052", "wikidata_label": "Mats Foyer", "wikipedia_title": "Mats Foyer" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Pablo Heras-Casado\n", "Pablo Heras-Casado (born 1977) is a Spanish conductor.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "The son of a retired police officer, he began singing with a school choir at age 7 and piano lessons at age 9. He studied music at the conservatory in Granada. He later attended the Universidad de Granada, concentrating on art history and acting. He studied conducting further at the Universidad de Alcalá de Henares. His conducting teachers have included Harry Christophers and Christopher Hogwood.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "In the mid-1990s, Heras-Casado participated in the founding of the early music ensemble \"Capella Exaudi\". At the \"Universidad de Granada\", he helped found the ensemble \"SONÓORA\", with a focus on modernist and avant-garde music. In 2000/01, he was an assistant conductor with the Joven Orquesta Nacional de España. He founded the \"Barroca de Granada\" Orchestra in 2002. In 2004, he established an \"International Choral Conducting Masterclass\" in Valle de Ricote (Murcia). In 2006/07, he was an assistant conductor with the Opéra de Paris. In 2007, Heras-Casado cofounded \"La Compañía Teatro del Principe\", a period instrument ensemble based in Aranjuez, Spain which focuses on neglected operas of the Spanish baroque era. His work in contemporary music has included conducting the world premieres of Marc-Olivier Dupin's ballet \"Les enfants du paradis\" for Opéra National de Paris (2008) and of the opera \"Matsukaze\" by Toshio Hosokawa (2011).\n", "Outside of Spain, Heras-Casado made his US debut in June 2008 with the Ensemble ACJW at Carnegie Hall, New York. His UK debut followed in August 2008 with the National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain. Heras-Casado first conducted the Orchestra of St. Luke's in the summer of 2011. In December 2011, the orchestra announced the appointment of Heras-Casado as its principal conductor, with immediate effect, and with an initial contract through 2015. In May 2014, the orchestra announced the extension of his contract through the 2016/17 season. He made his debut at the Metropolitan Opera in New York in 2013 conducting Michael Mayer's production of \"Rigoletto\". In September 2014, he was appointed the next principal guest conductor of the Teatro Real in Madrid, with an initial contract of three seasons over the period 2015-2018. In the 2016 season he debuted with the Vienna Philharmonic, the Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra, the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra and at the Melk Barocktage.\n", "Heras-Casado's honours have included winning the Lucerne Festival Conductors' Competition in 2007. He received the \"Critical Eye\" prize of Radio Clásica, part of RTVE, in November 2010. He has conducted commercial recordings for the harmonia mundi, Decca Classics, and Deutsche Grammophon labels. He will also become the Orchestra of St. Luke’s first Conductor Laureate, a new position created for him, starting in the 2017/18 season.\n", "Musical America’s 2014 Conductor of the Year, Pablo Heras-Casado holds the Medalla de Honor of the Rodriguez Acosta Foundation and the Ambassador Award of the Regional Government of Andalusia. He is an Honorary Ambassador and recipient of the Golden Medal of Merit by the Council of Granada, as well as an Honorary Citizen of the Province of Granada, his hometown. In 2017, Pablo Heras-Casado was appointed as Director of the Granada Festival, presenting his first edition of the festival in summer of 2018 with resounding success, reaching 92.7% occupancy and welcoming more than 45,000 audience members. In 2018 he is bestowed by the French Republic the Chevalier de l’Ordre des Arts et des Lettres as well as “Embajador Solidario 2019” by Fundación Ayuda en Acción.\n", "The concert on June 9, 2019, marked his 1,000th career concert, conducting the Karajan-Akademie der Berliner Philharmoniker and soprano Nika Gorič at the Berliner Philharmonie.\n", "Section::::Awards and honours.\n", "BULLET::::- 2007 - Winner of the Lucerne Festival Conductor's Competition, Switzerland.\n", "BULLET::::- 2010 - 'Critical Eye' award to the best classical music artist by Radio Clásica/RTVE, Spain\n", "BULLET::::- 2011 - Medal of Honour by the Rodríguez Acosta Foundation, Spain\n", "BULLET::::- 2011 - Diapason d'Or by the French music magazine Diapason for the recording of Kurt Weill's 'Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny'\n", "BULLET::::- 2012 - Medal of Honour of the City of Granada, Spain\n", "BULLET::::- 2013 - Musical America Conductor of the Year\n", "BULLET::::- 2015 - Presse musicale internationale (PMI): Grand Prix Antoine Livio\n", "BULLET::::- 2016 - Deutsche Schallplattenkritik Preis for \"Mendelssohn: Symphonies 3 & 4\" album on harmonia mundi\n", "BULLET::::- 2016 - “Granada tourism Ambassador” Award from the City of Granada\n", "BULLET::::- 2016 - “Andalucía Ambassador” Award from the Andalusian Government\n", "BULLET::::- 2017 - Orchestra of St. Luke’s first Conductor Laureate\n", "BULLET::::- 2017 - Appointed Director of the Granada Festival\n", "BULLET::::- 2018 - Named \"Chevalier de l'ordre des Arts et des Lettres\" of the French Republic\n", "BULLET::::- 2018 - Awarded \"Embajador Solidario 2019” by Fundación Ayuda en Acción\n", "BULLET::::- 2019 - Conducts the 1000th concert of his career with the Karajan-Akademie der Berliner Philharmoniker\n", "BULLET::::- 2019 - Diapason d'Or by the French music magazine Diapason for the recording of \"Mendelssohn: Piano Concerto No. 2 & Symphony No. 1\"\n", "Section::::Recordings.\n", "BULLET::::- 2008 - Weihnachten in Europa. Glor Classics (Sono Music)\n", "BULLET::::- 2009 - Puerto – Boreas, Fantasía Primera. Trito\n", "BULLET::::- 2010 - Castel: La Fontana del Placer (Zarzuela in two acts, 1776). Compañía Teatro del Príncipe. World premiere recording. Música Antigua Aranjuez.\n", "BULLET::::- 2010 - Boccherini: Clementina (Zarzuela in two acts). Compañía Teatro del Príncipe World premiere recording. Música Antigua Aranjuez\n", "BULLET::::- 2011 - Weill: Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny (DVD). Teatro Real, Madrid\n", "BULLET::::- 2011 - Schubert: Symphony No. 7 in B minor, \"Unfinished\" (DVD). Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France. Les Clefs de l'Orchestre. Jean-François Zygel, Naïve Records\n", "BULLET::::- 2011 - Rota: Trombone Concerto. Frederic Belli Plays Works By Berio, Rabe, Martin, Delerue & Rota. Hänssler Classic\n", "BULLET::::- 2013 - Verdi: Baritone Arias. Plácido Domingo. Sony\n", "BULLET::::- 2013 - Schubert: Symphonies Nos. 3 and 4. Freiburger Barockorchester. harmonia mundi\n", "BULLET::::- 2014 - El Maestro Farinelli with Concerto Koln. Archiv\n", "BULLET::::- 2014 - Mendelssohn: Symphony No. 2 \"Lobgesang\". Symphonieorchester des Bayerischen Rundfunks. harmonia mundi\n", "BULLET::::- 2014 - Bonno: L'isola disabitata. World first recording. Compañia del Principe, Aranjuez. Maa Ediciones\n", "BULLET::::- 2014 - Donizetti: L’elisir d’amore (Blu-ray & DVD). Deutsche Grammophon\n", "BULLET::::- 2015 - Schumann : Violin Concerto, Isabelle Faust, Freiburger Barockorchester. harmonia mundi\n", "BULLET::::- 2015 - Praetorius. Balthasar-Neumann-Chor und Ensemble. Archiv\n", "BULLET::::- 2015 - Schumann: Piano Concerto, Piano Trio No.2 with pianist Alexander Melnikov, cellist Jean-Guihen Queyras and violinist Isabelle Faust. harmonia mundi\n", "BULLET::::- 2016 - Schumann: Cello Concerto, Piano Trio No.1 with cellist Jean-Guihen Queyras, violinist Isabelle Faust, pianist Alexander Melnikov, and the Freiberger Barockorchester. harmonia mundi\n", "BULLET::::- 2016 - Mendelssohn: Symphonies Nos. 3 & 4.Freiberger Barockorchester. harmonia mundi\n", "BULLET::::- 2016 - Shostakovich: Cello Concertos Nos. 1 & 2 with cellist Alisa Weilerstein and the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra. Decca Classics\n", "BULLET::::- 2016 - Tchaikovsky: Symphony No. 1 and The Tempest with the Orchestra of St. Luke’s. harmonia mundi\n", "BULLET::::- 2016 - Verdi: La Traviata (DVD). C Major Entertainment\n", "BULLET::::- 2016 - Sotelo: El Público (DVD). Naxos\n", "BULLET::::- 2017 - Mendelssohn: Violin Concerto, Symphony No.5, Hebrides Overture. With Isabelle Faust. harmonia mundi\n", "BULLET::::- 2017 - Monteverdi: Selva morale e spirituale. With Balthasar Neumann Choir and Ensemble. harmonia mundi\n", "BULLET::::- 2017 - Wagner: Der fliegende Holländer (DVD). Teatro Real de Madrid. harmonia mundi\n", "BULLET::::- 2018 - Bartók: Concerto for Orchestra, Piano Concerto No.3. With pianist Javier Perianes and Münchner Philharmoniker. harmonia mundi\n", "BULLET::::- 2018 - Debussy: La Mer, Le Martyre de Saint Sébastien. With the Philharmonia Orchestra. harmonia mundi\n", "BULLET::::- 2019 - Mendelssohn: Piano Concerto No. 2 & Symphony No. 1. harmonia mundi\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official Pablo Heras-Casado website\n", "BULLET::::- 'Galardones ganados a pulso', Diario Ideal, 2 February 2013\n", "BULLET::::- Miriam Kreinin Souccar, \"Pablo Heras-Casado, 34\". \"Crain's New York Business\", 12 October 2012\n", "BULLET::::- HarrisonParrott agency page, \"Pablo Heras-Casado awarded by Spanish Broadcasting Corporation\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Suvendu Adhikari\n", "Suvendu Adhikari is an Indian politician and Minister in Charge of Transport, Irrigation and Water resource in Govt. of West Bengal. He was a member of the 15th Lok Sabha and the 16th Lok Sabha. He was elected as a Trinamool Congress candidate from Tamluk. An honours graduate, he was born on 15 December 1970. He is the son of Sisir Adhikari, former Union Minister of State for Rural Development in the Manmohan Singh government.\n", "Credited as the man who galvanised the people of Nandigram under the umbrella of the Bhumi Uchhed Pratirodh Committee, when rumours of land acquisition for a chemical hub had triggered a movement, Suvendu Adhikari was a member of the Legislative Assembly from Contai. Suvendu defeated CPI(M)’s strongman Lakshman Seth, who led the charge in recapturing the villages from Trinamool Congress supporters leading to a bloodbath in 2007, by a margin of 1.72.958 votes.\n", "\"Suvendu Adhikari\" has 5 serious criminal cases against him: 1 charge related to voluntarily causing grievous hurt (IPC Section-325), 1 charge related to theft (IPC Section-379), 1 charge related to attempt to murder (IPC Section-307), 1 charge related to kidnapping or abducting in order to murder (IPC Section-364), 1 charge related to assault or criminal force to women with intent to outrage her modesty (IPC Section-354). \n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Mr. Adhikari was born on 15 December 1970 to Sisir Adhikari and Gayatri Adhikari at Karkuli in Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal. Suvendu's father Sisir is a politician and represents the Kanthi constituency in Lok Sabha. He also served as Minister of State in Second Manmohan Singh ministry. Suvendu's brother Soumen is the chairman of the Kanthi municipal corporation. Suvendu received a Master of Arts degree from Netaji Subhas Open University.\n", "Section::::Political career.\n", "In 2006, Adhikari was elected to the West Bengal Legislative Assembly from Kanthi Dakshin constituency. He also became the chairman of Kanthi Municipal Corporation in the same year.\n", "In 2007, Adhikari spearheaded the anti-land-acquisition movement in the Nandigram. He led the Bhumi Uchhed Pratirodh Committee. The ruling Left Front government in West Bengal planned to acquire 10,000 acres of land in the village to set up a special economic zone. This movement catapulted Mamata Banerjee to the centre-stage of Bengali politics. The state CID alleged that Adhikari had supplied arms to the Maoists to wage an armed movement against the state government.\n", "After Adhikari's success in Nandigram, Banerjee made him the party's observer (in-charge) of the Jangal Mahal i.e. Paschim Medinipur, Purulia and Bankura districts. He was successful in expanding the party's base in these districts. In 2009, he was elected to the Lok Sabha from the Tamluk constituency. He defeated his nearest rival Lakshman Seth of Communist Party of India (Marxist) by a margin of approximately 173,000 votes.\n", "In the 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, Adhikari was pitted against Abdul Kadir Sheikh of the Left Front - Indian National Congress alliance. After getting elected, he resigned as an MP from Tamluk constituency. He was sworn in as the Minister of Transport in the Second Mamata Banerjee ministry on 27 May 2016.\n", "Section::::Controversies.\n", "Adhikari was interrogated by the Central Bureau of Investigation in September 2014 for his alleged role in the Saradha Group financial scandal. A former employee of the company alleged the company's head Sudipto Sen met Adhikari before fleeing to Kashmir. Adhikari rejected such allegations.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Anthony Castonzo\n", "Anthony Salvatore Castonzo (born August 9, 1988) is an American football offensive tackle with the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League (NFL). After a college career at Boston College, Castonzo was selected by the Indianapolis Colts with their first round draft pick in the 2011 NFL Draft.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Castonzo grew up in Hawthorn Woods, Illinois where his parents Shari and Bill family ran an Italian restaurant. He has a brother Billy, and two sisters Kristyn and Carissa.\n", "Section::::High school career.\n", "Castonzo attended Fork Union Military Academy in Virginia, where he was a two-way tackle for the Blue Devils and also saw action at the tight end spot, playing for Coach John Shuman. He previously attended Lake Zurich High School in Lake Zurich, Illinois.\n", "Considered a two-star recruit by \"Rivals.com\", Castonzo ranked No. 44 among prep school prospects in 2007. He did not have any major scholarship offers when he finished high school.\n", "Section::::College career.\n", "Becoming the first true freshman to start on the Boston College offensive line since Paul Zukauskas in 1998, Castonzo helped hold opponents to only 61 tackles-for-loss (fifth in the nation) and 22 quarterback sacks in 2007. By protecting quarterback Matt Ryan at right tackle, he helped pave the way for the Eagles' 5,924 yards in total offense. Castonzo subsequently received All-ACC Freshman honors by \"The Sporting News\" and Freshman All-American honors by the \"Football Writers Association of America\".\n", "Prior to his sophomore season, Castonzo made the move from right tackle to left tackle where he started all 14 games in 2008. Boston College ranked 25th in the country in tackles for a loss allowed (4.77) and 49th in sacks allowed (1.69). Castonzo earned a \"College Football News\" All-Sophomore First Team selection.\n", "In 2009, Castonzo was listed at No. 9 on \"Rivals.com′s\" preseason offensive tackle power ranking. Following a productive junior season, Castonzo was selected 2009 First Team All-Atlantic Coast Conference as voted on by the 40 members of the Atlantic Coast Sports Media Association. He set the record for career starts with 54 straight at Boston College and was a Rhodes Scholar nominee in 2010.\n", "Section::::Professional career.\n", "The Indianapolis Colts selected Castonzo in the first round (22nd overall) of the 2011 NFL Draft. He was the third offensive tackle off the board, after USC's Tyron Smith (9th overall) and Colorado's Nate Solder (17th overall). He was the highest offensive linemen selected from Boston College since Gosder Cherilus (17th overall) in 2008.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:2011.\n", "On July 30, 2011, the Indianapolis Colts signed Castonzo to a four-year, $8.0 million contract with $6.53 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $4.31 million.\n", "Castonzo entered training camp slated as the starting left tackle after it was left vacant by the departure of Charlie Johnson to the Minnesota Vikings in free agency. Head coach Jim Caldwell named him the starting left tackle to begin the regular season.\n", "He made his first career start and professional regular season debut in the Indianapolis Colts' season-opening 34-7 loss at the Houston Texans. Castonzo missed Weeks 5-8 after suffering an ankle injury. He started 12 games during his rookie season and the Colts finished 2-14 without longtime starting quarterback Peyton Manning and head coach Jim Caldwell was fired. He allowed six sacks, 28 quarterback pressures, and received an overall grade of -2.8 from Pro Football Focus. His run blocking received a grade of +0.1 and his pass blocking was graded -0.5.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:2012.\n", "Castonzo remained the starting left tackle to begin the season. He started 16 regular season games and helped the Colts achieve an 11-5 record in their first year under Chuck Pagano and interim head coach Bruce Arians. On January 6, 2013, Castonzo started his first career playoff game as the Indianapolis Colts lost 24-9 to the Baltimore Ravens in the AFC Wildcard playoffs. He received a grade of +3.3 from Pro Football Focus that ranked him the 32nd best offensive tackle in the league. His final PFF grades were -11.1 for pass blocking and +9.7 for run blocking. In 16 games, he only allowed ten sacks and 58 total quarterback pressures.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:2013.\n", "Castonzo returned in 2013 and started 16 consecutive games to help the Colts finish first in the AFC South with an 11-5 record. Pro Football Focus graded him +3.9 overall, -8.7 in pass blocking, and +11.2 in run blocking. Castonzo allowed only four sacks and was responsible for 62 quarterback pressures. His pass blocking grade ranked 56th among all offensive tackles in 2013.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:2014.\n", "On April 28, 2014, the Indianapolis Colts opted to exercise the fifth-year, $7.438 million option on Castonzo's rookie contract. In Week 11, Castonzo recorded his first career reception and touchdown, catching a one-yard pass from Andrew Luck. He started all 16 games and played 1,115 snaps during the 2014 season, the most of any offensive lineman in the NFL. Pro Football Focus gave him a grade of +18.5 overall. His pass blocking immensely improved as he received a grade +18.1 in pass blocking and -2.1 in run blocking. Castonzo ranked sixth among all qualifying offensive tackles in pass blocking grade and an overall grade ranked 12th out of 86 qualifying offensive tackles. Castonzo allowed only two sacks and 36 quarterback pressures as the Indianapolis Colts finish first in their division with an 11-5 record. PFF also ranked him the 66th best player on their 101 NFL Players of 2014 list.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:2015.\n", "On September 10, 2015, the Indianapolis Colts signed Castonzo to a four-year, $43.81 million contract that includes $18 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $14 million.\n", "Castonzo started ten games at left tackle before suffering a knee sprain and missing three games (Weeks 12-14). He finished with 13 starts as the Indianapolis Colts finished second in the AFC South with an 8-8 record. Castonzo received the 12th highest grade among 84 qualifying offensive tackles from Pro Football Focus in 2015. The entire Indianapolis Colts' offensive line was ranked 16th by PFF.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:2016.\n", "Castonzo started all 16 games as the Indianapolis Colts finished third in the AFC South with an 8-8 record.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:2017.\n", "Castonzo once again started all 16 games with the Colts, finishing third in the AFC South with a 4-12 record.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:2018.\n", "After missing the first five games due to a hamstring injury, he made his season debut in Week 6, starting the final 11 games at left tackle.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Indianapolis Colts bio\n", "BULLET::::- Boston College Eagles bio\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Sandra Beasley\n", "Sandra Beasley (born May 5, 1980, in Vienna, Virginia) is an American poet and non-fiction writer.\n", "Section::::Background.\n", "Beasley graduated from Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, earned a B.A. in English \"magna cum laude\" from the University of Virginia, and later received an MFA degree from American University. For several years she worked as an editor at \"The American Scholar\" before leaving the position to write full-time.\n", "Beasley is the author of the poetry collections \"Theories of Falling\" (New Issues, 2008) and \"I Was the Jukebox,\" (W.W. Norton, 2010), as well as the memoir \"Don't Kill the Birthday Girl: Tales from an Allergic Life\" (Crown, 2011), which is also a cultural history of food allergies. Her poetry has been anthologized in \"The Best American Poetry 2010\", \"Poetry Daily\", \"Verse Daily\", and \"Best New Poets 2005\", as well as such journals as \"Poetry\", \"The Believer\", \"AGNI\" online, \"Blackbird\", \"Barrelhouse\", \"Copper Nickel\", \"Gulf Coast\", and \"Black Warrior Review\". She was a regular contributor to the \"XX Files\" column for the \"Washington Post Magazine\" and more recently her prose has appeared in the \"Wall Street Journal\" and \"Psychology Today.\" She has received fellowships to the University of Mississippi (as the Summer Poet in Residence), the Sewanee Writers' Conference (Walter E. Dakin Fellowship), and Virginia Center for the Creative Arts (two Cafritz Fellowships), among others honors. She serves on the Board for the Writer's Center and is also a member of the Arts Club of Washington.\n", "Section::::Honors and awards.\n", "BULLET::::- 2015 Cavafy Prize from \"Poetry International\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2010 Summer Poet in Residence fellowship at the University of Mississippi\n", "BULLET::::- 2010 LegalArt Residence\n", "BULLET::::- 2010 Artist Fellowship from the DC Commission on the Arts and Humanities\n", "BULLET::::- 2009 Friends of Poetry Prize from the Poetry Foundation\n", "BULLET::::- 2009 Cafritz Fellowship to Virginia Center for Creative Arts\n", "BULLET::::- 2009 Barnard Women Poets Prize, selected by Joy Harjo\n", "BULLET::::- 2008 Walter E. Dakin Fellowship to the Sewanee Writers' Conference\n", "BULLET::::- 2008 Maureen Egen Exchange Award from Poets & Writers\n", "BULLET::::- 2007 New Issues Poetry Prize, selected by Marie Howe\n", "BULLET::::- 2006 Elinor Benedict Poetry Prize from \"Passages North\" at Northern Michigan University\n", "BULLET::::- 2005 Cafritz Fellowship to Virginia Center for Creative Arts\n", "Section::::Translated works.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Die Abtastnadel in der Rille eines traurigen Lieds\". Selected poems. Bilingual edition (German, English). Berlin: Hochroth Press, 2011. pp. 28.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Author's website\n", "BULLET::::- Author's \"Chicks Dig Poetry\" blog\n", "BULLET::::- Interview: \"Q&A: Sandra Beasley says allergies can bring out insensitivity in others\" \"The Globe & Mail\" July 19, 2011\n", "BULLET::::- Interview: \"Sandra Beasley: On Food Allergies, Rituals, and Inclusion\" Shana Thornton, July 12, 2011\n", "BULLET::::- Interview: \"Jake Adam York Interviews Sandra Beasley\" \"Southern Spaces\" September 22, 2011.\n", "BULLET::::- Poems: The Plays of Lilliput; The Mangrove House; The Parade, \"Delaware Poetry Review\"\n", "BULLET::::- Poems: The Angels; My Los Alamos; Fireproof, \"Coconut 8\"\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Vladimir Gogberashvili\n", "Vladimir Olegovich Gogberashvili (; born 16 April 1987) is a Russian professional football player. He plays for FC Kolkheti-1913 Poti.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "His twin brother Otar Gogberashvili is also a professional footballer.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Russian footballer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4274349", "wikidata_label": "Vladimir Gogberashvili", "wikipedia_title": "Vladimir Gogberashvili" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Albert Levitt\n", "Albert Levitt (March 14, 1887 – June 18, 1968) was a judge, law professor, attorney, and candidate for political office. While he was a memorable teacher at Washington and Lee University, and as judge of the United States District Court for the Virgin Islands ordered that woman voters must be registered, he later came to hold what some thought were eccentric views on religion.\n", "Levitt was born in Maryland; at the age of 17 he joined the Army and served seven years, rising to the rank of sergeant. He then went to seminary and obtained a degree. After World War I broke out, he twice served, once in the ambulance corps for the French and back in the U.S. Army once the United States joined the war.\n", "After the war, he returned to school, obtaining two legal degrees, and joined the Bar. He had a number of teaching positions at various universities, and served briefly as a Federal judge in the Virgin Islands. While there, he issued decrees forcing reluctant local election officials to allow women to vote.\n", "Levitt published a number of books on religion, and ran for the Republican nomination for U.S. Senate in California in 1950. He finished sixth out of six behind the winner, Richard Nixon, three cross-filing Democrats, and another fringe candidate who would be convicted of bigamy the following year. He died in 1968.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Levitt was born on March 14, 1887, in Woodbine, Maryland. At the age of seventeen, he joined the United States Army and served seven years, rising to the rank of sergeant. After leaving the Army, he attended Meadville Theological School, which was run by the Unitarians, and received his Bachelor of Divinity in 1911. In 1913, he received a B.A. from Columbia University.\n", "Levitt served as a lecturer at Columbia after his graduation, but in 1915 crossed the Atlantic and joined the American Ambulance Corps in the French Army in 1915. He returned to the United States, where he spent a year teaching philosophy at Colgate University. When the United States joined the war in 1917, he joined the army again and served from 1917 to 1919 as a chaplain. During his time on the Western Front, he was both wounded and gassed.\n", "Section::::Harvard and the ERA.\n", "Levitt had spent a brief period at Harvard as an ROTC instructor; he returned there as a law student in 1919 and received his LL.B. the following year. While at Harvard, he came to view Dean Roscoe Pound as his mentor, and, in part due to his romantic relationship to women's activist Elsie Hill, became affiliated with the National Woman's Party. Women's rights leader Alice Paul consulted both Pound and Levitt in seeking to draft what became known as the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), to give equality to women without eroding special protections. Dean Pound was willing to help, so long as his involvement was not publicized. Levitt, seeking to avoid conflict with existing laws protecting women, drafted at least 75 versions of the ERA for Paul. He also consulted with future Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter, who was then counsel to the Washington, D.C. Minimum Wage Board, who commented on various drafts, feeling that any version of the ERA would have the side effect of eviscerating current legal protections for women. Levitt attempted to change Frankfurter's mind, but was unsuccessful. He wrote to Paul, \"The net result of the interview is nothing.\"\n", "Although both Pound and Frankfurter had given Levitt advice on condition that their names not be used, NWP activists falsely claimed that they had approved the text of the ERA as suitable for either legislation or constitutional amendment. Levitt apologized to both, and wrote Paul that he could not now consult anyone he trusted about the ERA for fear of being betrayed again. Nevertheless, influenced by Hill, he continued his work for Paul until the end of 1921. On December 24, 1921, by now working at the University of North Dakota, he married Hill in Chicago.\n", "Section::::Legal and teaching career.\n", "Levitt served a year teaching assignments in law at George Washington University and the University of North Dakota before returning to school himself at Yale University, receiving his J.D. in 1923. From 1923 to 1924, he served as a Special Assistant Attorney General.\n", "In 1924, he was hired as assistant professor of law at Washington and Lee University. He made a deep impression there as, according to the school's web site, \"likely the most unusual, colorful, and, some would contend, eccentric law teacher in the history of Washington and Lee\" but also as a \"teacher of great ability\". His wife retained her maiden name and their daughter was known by the surname \"Hill-Levitt\", unconventional for the conservative southern town of Lexington, Virginia. Levitt also was involved in conflict with the law school dean, and when his contract expired in 1927, it was not renewed.\n", "Levitt next taught law at St. Lawrence University and followed that up with a stint at the New York University School of Commerce and changed coasts to teach at the Hastings School of Law.\n", "Section::::Governmental, political, and judicial career.\n", "Levitt was for many years a resident of Connecticut and involved himself in affairs there, getting the Supreme Court of Errors of Connecticut to order the state's attorney general to take action against railroads for failure to eliminate at-grade crossings as required by law. Levitt ran in 1932 for Governor of Connecticut as an Independent Republican, but failed to receive the nomination.\n", "From 1933 to 1935, Levitt again served as a special assistant attorney general. In 1935, Levitt was appointed as judge of the District Court for the Virgin Islands. He stated in an interview that he did not intend to be a public spectacle, but to live a lonely life. Levitt was interviewed by the local paper, which indicated that he brought a dog and a special supply of tropical dog food for him to assuage the loneliness. He was sworn in on October 17. He also brought Elsie Hill, who busied herself with local women's affairs and was outraged to learn that under Danish Colonial Law, still mostly in force in the Virgin Islands, local women could not vote. According to one local woman, Hill told women activists that if they brought suit, her husband would uphold the right of women to vote in the possession. Hill obtained a prominent New York attorney to represent the islanders without fee, and in November, Judge Levitt ruled the disenfranchisement unconstitutional under the Nineteenth Amendment. The local electoral board still refused to register women, and the following month, Judge Levitt issued a writ of mandamus, forcing the board to comply.\n", "In 1936, Judge Levitt, in response to the Governor's pardon (which included a lengthy harangue against the judge) of a convict he had sentenced, resigned from his post and returned to his position at the Justice Department, where he remained until 1937.\n", "In 1937, Levitt filed a petition in the Supreme Court of the United States, seeking to block the seating of new appointee, Senator Hugo Black. Levitt argued that as Black's predecessor on the Court, Justice Willis Van Devanter, had only retired, and not resigned (a new law had permitted retirement), there was no vacancy, and as that the retirement law had increased the emoluments of the office, Black was ineligible under the Incompatibility Clause of the Constitution. In the decision, \"Ex parte Levitt\", the Court found that Levitt's standing, as a citizen and member of the Supreme Court Bar, was not sufficient to allow him to challenge the seating of Black. When he heard of the decision, Levitt quoted from the Book of Job: \"Though He slay me, yet will I trust in Him; but I will maintain my own ways before Him.\" In 1956, Levitt wrote to Justice Black that although he opposed the nomination he admired Black and was grateful to Black for his \"continuous defense and elucidation of our civil rights.\"\n", "Section::::Later life.\n", "Levitt ran twice for the Republican nomination for the United States Senate. He ran in California in 1950, on an anti-Catholic platform. He finished sixth out of sixth in the primary, behind the winner, Congressman Richard Nixon, three cross-filing Democrats, and another fringe candidate. In 1960, Levitt, running unsuccessfully for the Senate from New Hampshire, telegraphed Pope John XXIII and asked him to clarify whether Senator John F. Kennedy, a Catholic who was seeking the Democratic nomination for President, owed political allegiance to the Vatican or to the United States. According to Levitt's research, some 150 principles of the Roman Catholic Church conflicted with the Constitution. There is no record of any reply by the Pope.\n", "Levitt divorced Elsie Hill in 1956, and later remarried. He died in 1968.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Denys Dedechko\n", "Denys Mykhaylovych Dedechko (; born 2 July 1987) is a Ukrainian professional football player. He plays as a central midfielder for Ararat Yerevan.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "On 17 June 2015, Dedechko signed a 2.5-year contract with Kazakhstan Premier League side FC Astana.\n", "On 25 February 2016, Dedechko joined Ukrainian Premier League side FC Oleksandriya.\n", "On 5 July 2019, Dedechko signed for Ararat Yerevan on a two-year contract.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Isaac Bargrave\n", "Isaac Bargrave (1586 – January 1643) was an English royalist churchman, Dean of Canterbury from 1625 to 1643.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Section::::Life.:Early life.\n", "Isaac was the sixth son of Robert Bargrave, of Bridge, Kent, and was educated at Clare Hall, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. and M.A. On 9 July 1611 he was incorporated M.A. of Oxford, and in the October following became rector of Eythorne. In 1612 he held the office of 'taxor' at Cambridge, and he acted in the Latin comedy \"Ignoramus\" performed at the university before James I on 8 March 1615 and written by George Ruggle of his college.\n", "Section::::Life.:Chaplaincies.\n", "Shortly afterwards Bargrave went to Venice as chaplain to Sir Henry Wotton, the English ambassador there, and befriended Paolo Sarpi. In 1618 he returned to England with a letter of introduction from Wotton to the king. In 1622 he received the degree of D.D. at Cambridge, and was appointed a prebendary of Canterbury Cathedral. It was about the same time that he was granted the living of St. Margaret's, Westminster, and became chaplain to Prince Charles, an office which he retained after the prince ascended the throne in 1625.\n", "Section::::Life.:Dean.\n", "On the death of John Boys of Canterbury, who had married Bargrave's sister, Bargrave succeeded to the deanery, to which he was formally admitted on 16 October 1625. He obtained the vicarage of Tenterden in 1626, and was presented to the benefice of Lydd by the king in September 1627, but only held it for a few weeks. On 5 June 1628 he received the vicarage of Chartham, which he continued to hold till his death.\n", "Section::::Life.:Controversies.\n", "In the last years of James I's reign Bargrave had preached a sermon which threw him into disfavour with the court; but as dean of Canterbury he supported the policy of Charles I. A sermon preached by him before Charles I on 27 March 1627 supported the collection of that year's arbitrary loan. In later years Bargrave did not live on good terms with his diocesan William Laud, or with the cathedral clergy. In 1634-5 he insisted on the Walloon congregation at Canterbury and the Belgian church of Sandwich conforming to the ritual of the church of England; but the archbishop did not approve of these orders. Bargrave claimed precedence over the deans of London and Westminster, and engaged in a dispute with William Somner, the registrar of the diocese. \n", "Soon after the opening of the Long Parliament Bargrave became an object of attack. When the bill for the abolition of deans and chapters was introduced by Sir Edward Dering, the first cousin of his wife, he was fined £1,000 as a prominent member of convocation. On 12 May 1641 he went to the House of Commons to present petitions from the university of Cambridge and from the officers of Canterbury Cathedral against the bill. Although the bill was ultimately dropped, Bargrave's unpopularity increased.\n", "Section::::Life.:Imprisonment & death.\n", "At the beginning of the First English Civil War, in August 1642, Edwin Sandys, a parliamentary colonel who had been on good terms with Bargrave, occupied the deanery. Bargrave was absent, but his wife and children were roughly treated; and Sandys arrested Bargrave at Gravesend, after which he spent time in the Fleet Prison After three weeks' imprisonment Bargrave was released without having been brought to trial. He returned to Canterbury and died there early in January 1643. He was buried in the dean's chapel of the cathedral. In 1679 a memorial was erected above the grave by the dean's nephew, John Bargrave, with a portrait painted on copper of the dean, attributed to Cornelius Jansen.\n", "Section::::Life.:Family.\n", "Bargrave was married to Elizabeth, the daughter of Sir John Dering, of Pluckley, and first cousin of Sir Edward Dering. Of Bargrave's children one son, Thomas, married a niece of Sir Henry Wotton, and was an executor of Sir Henry's will.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "Bargrave published three sermons: one preached from Psalms xxvi. 6 before the House of Commons 28 Feb. 1623-4; another preached from Hosea x. 1 at Whitehall in 1624, and a third preached from 1 Sam. xv. 23 before King Charles 29 March 1627.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Attribution\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Tao Nørager\n", "Tao Nørager (born 18 April 1974) is a Danish Film director specializing in documentaries.\n", "Nørager grew up in the Danish town Virum with his mother, a free lance creative director and graphics designer for the advertising industry, and his father \"CASPER\", a record producer for Polydor Records. At a young age he became friends with Jurij Moskvitin.\n", "During his early years Nørager quickly grew a fondness for the graffiti drawing style and participated in the graffiti subculture of Copenhagen during the 80's. The original 80's subcultural style is still present in most of Nørager's works.\n", "After graduating from the Danish Advertisingschool, Nørager continued onto The Short & Documentary Filmschool where he graduated in 2005 with the short film \"De Personlige\".\n", "Section::::Fashion shows.\n", "After a couple of years working in advertising Nørager became friends with the Welsh fashion designer Andrew Mackenzie. Together with a professional camera crew Nørager directed Mackenzie's Fashion Shows in Milan from 2005 to 2007. The use of an entirely professional camera team using multiple stable camera angles and focusing on the detail in the design, instead of watching the audience and high tempo zoom and tilt, together with a professional film editor resulted in a completely new paradigm for fashion photography.\n", "Section::::\"De Personlige\".\n", "Nørager directed his first picture \"De Personlige\" (\"The Personals\") in 2005. It featured a story about a lonely business man who through a personal ad gets a blind date with what he thinks is a beautiful young woman and her child. During the dinner in the lady's apartment she refers to the picture she sent the man as \"a bit dated\" further more it turns out her now 30-year-old son also lives in the apartment. The business man regrets his involvement and tries to sneak away, with disastrous consequences.\n", "Section::::\"Bible Black: Five Days with Andrew Mackenzie\" (2011).\n", "After his involvement with filming the fashion shows, Nørager decided to make a very personal documentary about his friend Andrew Mackenzie, \"Bible Black\" (2011)\n", ". The documentary features Mackenzie's great comeback to the fashion world after a couple years of obscurity due to legal trouble over the trademark name \"Andrew Mackenzie\". The documentary follows the increasingly anxious Mackenzie in the last days before a fashion show giving a unique view into the fashion world. As opposed to Nørager's fashion shootings featuring a complete film crew, Nørager chose to be the cameraman himself, in that way ensuring that he did not disturb Mackenzie in his work, and also making sure he could track Mackenzie's every move. The production of the movie happened without any public economic support and was screened as a working copy at the Copenhagen International Documentary Festival where it received a standing applause from the audience and positive reviews by numerous newspapers, \"Politiken\" going so far as calling it \"A true view into the fashion industry\". While the Internet magazine \"look4fashion.dk\" praised the camera work and called the movie an expirance for fashion lovers and movie lovers alike \n", "After nearly 2.5 years where the movie was shelved in legal battle, the movie was premiered at the International Film Festival Rotterdam in 2011.\n", "Section::::\"True Family\" (2012).\n", "Documentary about a traditional New Orleans jazz singer and street performer Meschiya Lake and the life of musicians in post Hurricane Katrina New Orleans. The Movie is described as a performance film about the near-death and vivid rebirth of both its subject, Meschiya, and the city that surrounds her and giving a novel glimpse of a thriving young creative crew.\n", "The movie premiered on 15 October 2012 during the New Orleans film festival.\n", "Section::::\"Zusa Street\" (2015).\n", "Documentary about Anders Thordal, a wheelchair bound street artist suffering from Multiple sclerosis who was a famous pioneer in Danish graffiti in the 1980s, his fight for against time, his spirit and humor and his art which consists of large colorful cutout wooden letters spelling ZUSA, an acronym for \"Zusammen\" meaning together in German.\n", "The movie premiered on 17 January 2015 in \"Grand Teatret\" in Copenhagen\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Thomas Warming\n", "BULLET::::- Johan Nissen\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- .\n", "BULLET::::- .\n", "BULLET::::- .\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Trailer for Nørager's Documentary on the traditional New Orleans jazz musician Meschiya Lake\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bible Black\" home page\n", "BULLET::::- Andrew Mackenzie\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Aleksandr Fomichyov\n", "Aleksandr Ivanovich Fomichyov (; born 7 January 1979) is a Russian professional football coach and a former player. He is an assistant manager with FC Dynamo Bryansk.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Charles Lydiard\n", "Charles Lydiard (fl. 13 May 1780 – 29 December 1807) was an officer of the Royal Navy who served during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.\n", "Lydiard's origins are obscure, but he joined the navy in 1780 and rose through the ranks after distinguished service in the early years of the French Revolutionary Wars, particularly during the Siege of Toulon. He saw action in several engagements in the Mediterranean, and had a part in the defeat of a French frigate in 1795. The chance for promotion passed him by however when the French ship escaped. He again demonstrated his qualities on a cutting-out expedition under the guns of a French shore battery, and this time was successful in escaping with his prize. He was promoted and appointed to the command of his prize, and went on to be captain of several small vessels before a period of unemployment caused by his promotion to post-captain. He returned to active service in 1805 with command of the razee , in which ship he distinguished himself in a number of incidents in the West Indies, capturing a Spanish frigate, attacking a French ship of the line, and helping to capture the island of Curaçao. He returned to Britain after these exploits, but his ship was caught in a gale, and despite his best efforts, was driven ashore and wrecked. Lydiard did his utmost to save as many of his men as he could, before being swept away and drowned.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Lydiard's origins are largely unknown, but his entry to the navy is recorded as being on 13 May 1780, when he joined the 100-gun as a captain's servant. The \"Britannia\" was at this time the flagship of Vice-Admiral George Darby, commander of the Channel Fleet. Lydiard was appointed an able seaman on 25 July 1781, and on 27 May 1782 was transferred to the 44-gun , at first as an able seaman, but receiving a promotion to midshipman on 12 October that year. He went on to serve aboard the 74-gun and , and passed his lieutenant's examination on 27 May 1791. He was serving with Lord Hood's fleet during the occupation of Toulon in the early months of the French Revolutionary Wars. Lydiard distinguished himself with his actions during the hard-fought defence of Fort Mulgrave, and received his commission on 25 November 1793.\n", "Section::::Lieutenancy.\n", "He then became first lieutenant of , one of the prizes from Toulon, under the command of Commander William Shield. Shield and Lydiard served along the French Mediterranean coast until October 1794, and were engaged in cutting-out enemy ships from French harbours. \"Sincere\" was then paid off and Lydiard transferred to the 74-gun , where he saw action at the Battle of Genoa on 14 March and the Battle of Hyères Islands on 13 July 1795. His former commander, William Shield, had received command of the 32-gun by July 1795, and Lydiard transferred that month to serve as his first lieutenant. Lydiard remained with \"Southampton\" after Shield's replacement by Captain James Macnamara and in September 1795 they spent 15 days blockading a French grain convoy in the port of Genoa.\n", "Section::::Lieutenancy.:\"Southampton\" and the French.\n", "The convoy was protected by two frigates, the \"Vestale\" and the \"Brun\". The French finally came out on the evening of the fifteenth day, and were engaged by \"Southampton\", despite the French possessing considerably more firepower. After a sustained engagement \"Southampton\" forced \"Vestale\" to strike her colours while the \"Brun\" escaped with the convoy, leaving \"Vestale\" to her fate. But as \"Southampton\" prepared to lower her boats to take possession of the French ship, her fore-mast, which had been damaged during the engagement, went by the board. Taking advantage of this, \"Vestale\" raised her colours and escaped from the scene. Victory over the \"Vestale\" should have brought promotions for \"Southampton\"s officers, including Lydiard, but her escape deprived them of this. Lydiard now had to secure another triumph to ensure his promotion.\n", "Section::::Lieutenancy.:Capture of \"Utile\".\n", "Lydiard's next opportunity to distinguish himself came in June 1796. On 9 June a French corvette was sighted entering Hyères bay, and Vice-Admiral Sir John Jervis, commander of the Mediterranean Fleet, summoned Macnamara to his flagship, . He asked Macnamara to bring out the French ship if he could. Recognising the difficulty and risk that would be involved, he did not make it a formal written order, instead instructing Macnamara 'bring out the enemy's ship if you can; I'll give you no written order; but I direct you to take care of the king's ship under your command.' Macnamara promptly took his ship in under the guns of the batteries, and apparently having been mistaken for a French or neutral frigate, closed to within pistol shot of the French ship, and demanded her captain surrender. The captain replied with a broadside, and Macnamara brought \"Southampton\" alongside and sent Lydiard over in command of the boarders. After subduing fierce resistance Lydiard took possession of the French ship and together he and Macnamara escaped out to sea under heavy fire from the French shore batteries. Macnamara wrote in a letter to Jervis \n", "The prize, a 24-gun corvette named \"Utile\", was taken into service with the Royal Navy as HMS \"Utile\" and Lydiard was promoted and given command of her, a commission confirmed on 22 July 1796.\n", "Section::::Command.\n", "Lydiard spent some time in the Adriatic before returning to Britain in 1797 as a convoy escort, after which \"Utile\" was paid off. He was appointed to command the bomb vessel in May 1798, followed by the sloop in November that year. He served aboard \"Kite\" in the North Sea until his promotion to post-captain on 1 January 1801, at which point he was superseded in the command of the \"Kite\". No further commands could be found for him, and the Peace of Amiens further lengthened his enforced retirement from active service. He went ashore during this time, and took the opportunity to marry. The couple had three sons together.\n", "Lydiard finally returned to active service in December 1805, with an appointment to command the 38-gun . \"Anson\" had originally been a 64-gun third rate, but had been razeed in 1794. He sailed \"Anson\" to the West Indies in early 1806 and in August was sailing in company with Captain Charles Brisbane's when on 23 August they came across the 38-gun Spanish frigate \"Pomona\" off Havana, guarded by a shore battery and twelve gunboats. The \"Pomona\" was trying to enter the harbour, whereupon Lydiard and Brisbane bore up and engaged her. The gunboats came out to defend her, whereupon the two British frigates anchored between the shore battery and gunboats on one side, and the \"Pomona\" on the other. A hard fought action began, which lasted for 35 minutes until the \"Pomona\" struck her colours. Three of the gunboats were blown up, six were sunk, and the remaining three were badly damaged. The shore battery was obliged to stop firing after an explosion in one part of it. There were no casualties aboard \"Anson\", but \"Arethusa\" lost two killed and 32 wounded, with Brisbane among the latter. The captured \"Pomona\" was subsequently taken into the Navy as .\n", "Section::::Command.:\"Anson\" and \"Foudroyant\".\n", "Lydiard remained cruising off Havana, and on 15 September sighted the French 84-gun \"Foudroyant\". The \"Foudroyant\", carrying the flag of Vice-Admiral Jean-Baptiste Willaumez, had been dismasted in a storm and was carrying a jury-rig. Despite the superiority of his opponent and the nearness of the shore Lydiard attempted to close on the French vessel and opened fire. \"Anson\" came under fire from the fortifications at Morro Castle, while several Spanish ships, including the 74-gun \"San Lorenzo\", came out of Havana to assist the French. After being unable to manoeuvre into a favourable position and coming under heavy fire, Lydiard hauled away and made his escape. \"Anson\" had two killed and 13 wounded during the engagement, while the rigging was badly cut. \"Foudroyant\" meanwhile had 27 killed or wounded.\n", "Section::::Command.:Capture of Curaçao.\n", "\"Anson\" was then assigned to Charles Brisbane's squadron and joined Brisbane's \"Arethusa\" and James Athol Wood's . The ships were despatched in November 1806 by Vice-Admiral James Richard Dacres to reconnoitre Curaçao. They were joined in December by and Brisbane decided to launch an attack on 1 January 1807. The British ships approached early in the morning of 1 January and anchored in the harbour. They were attacked by the Dutch, at which Brisbane boarded and captured the 36-gun frigate \"Halstaar\", while Lydiard attacked and secured the 20-gun corvette \"Suriname\". Both Lydiard and Brisbane then led their forces on shore, and stormed Fort Amsterdam, which was defended by 270 Dutch troops. The fort was carried after ten minutes of fighting, after which two smaller forts, a citadel and the entire town were also taken. More troops were landed while the ships sailed round the harbour to attack Fort République. By 10 am the fort had surrendered, and by noon the entire island had capitulated. Lydiard was sent back to Britain carrying the despatches and captured colours. The dramatic success of the small British force carrying the heavily defended island was rewarded handsomely. Brisbane was knighted, and the captains received swords, medals and vases.\n", "Section::::Wreck of \"Anson\".\n", "\"Anson\" was sent back to Britain shortly afterwards, and Lydiard rejoined his ship at Plymouth. After a period refitting \"Anson\" was assigned to the Channel Fleet and ordered to support the blockade of Brest by patrolling off Black Rocks. She sailed from Falmouth on 24 December, and reached Ile de Bas on 28 December. With a gale blowing up from the south west, Lydiard decided to return to port. He made for the Lizard, but in the poor weather, came up on the wrong side and became trapped on a lee shore, with breakers ahead. \"Anson\" rolled heavily in rough seas, having retained the spars from her days as a 64-gun ship after she had been razeed. Lydiard's only option was to anchor, but early on the morning of 29 December the rising storm caused the anchor cables to part and she was driven onto the shore. Lydiard ordered the ship to be run onto a beach in the hope of saving as many lives as possible, and resolved to remain aboard to oversee the evacuation. The pounding surf prevented boats from being launched from the ship or the shore, and a number of the crew were swept away. Some managed to clamber along the fallen main-mast to the shore, while Lydiard clung to the wheel to encourage them on. Eyewitnesses recorded that Lydiard had exhausted himself with the effort of organising the evacuation and clinging to the wreck in the violence of the storm. He attempted to leave the ship, but became distracted by trying to help a boy. In doing so Lydiard was washed away and drowned. The \"Naval Chronicle\"s account of the wreck recorded that \n", "A total of sixty of \"Anson\"s crew were lost, including her captain and her first-lieutenant. Lydiard's body was recovered and a funeral service was held at Falmouth, attended by Admiral Sir Charles Cotton and large numbers of army and navy officers, as well as the local dignitaries. The body was later interred in the family vault at Haslemere, Surrey.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Pir Mazhar Ul Haq\n", "Pir Mazhar Ul Haq () born 14 September 1949 is a Pakistani politician who remained a member of the Provincial Assembly of Sindh from 1988 to 2013. He also remained Senior Minister for Education and Literacy Department Sindh.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "He was born 14 September 1949 to Pir Shahnawaz\n", "He did BA and MA in Political science from University of Sindh.\n", "Section::::Political career.\n", "Pir Mazhar ul Haq was first elected as a member of the Provincial Assembly of Sindh in general elections of 1988 from Constituency PS-74 (Dadu-IV) as a candidate of Pakistan Peoples Party. Pir Mazhar Ul Haq remained as a minister for housing and town planning, and law and parliamentary affairs respectively. He was the Parliamentary leader of Pakistan Peoples Party in Sindh Assembly, a member of the Central Executive Committee of the Pakistan Peoples Party and the Senior Minister in the Sindh Provincial Government, holding the portfolios of Education and Literacy and Criminal Prosecution Service. He was continuously elected in all the general elections except general elections of 2002. His daughter Marvi Mazhar contested general election from Constituency PS-74 (Dadu-IV) in 2002 and became successful for member of the Provincial Assembly of Sindh.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Dawn\n", "BULLET::::- Daily\n", "BULLET::::- \n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Pakistani politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7197599", "wikidata_label": "Pir Mazhar Ul Haq", "wikipedia_title": "Pir Mazhar Ul Haq" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jeremiah F. Shanahan\n", "Jeremiah Francis Shanahan (July 17, 1834 – September 24, 1886) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the first Bishop of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (1868–1886).\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Jeremiah Shanahan was born in Silver Lake, Pennsylvania, to John and Margaret (née Donovan) Shanahan, who came to the United States from County Cork, Ireland. After graduating from St. Joseph's Academy near Binghamton, New York in 1852, he entered St. Charles Borromeo Seminary in Overbrook, on the outskirts of Philadelphia. He was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop John Neumann, C.SS.R., on July 3, 1859. He then served as curate at the Cathedral of Sts. Peter and Paul and rector of the preparatory seminary in Glen Riddle.\n", "On March 3, 1868, Shanahan was appointed the first Bishop of the newly erected Diocese of Harrisburg by Pope Pius IX. He received his episcopal consecration on the following July 12 from Bishop James Frederick Wood, with Bishops John McGill and Michael Domenec, C.M., serving as co-consecrators, at Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral. Located in South Central Pennsylvania, the new diocese comprised Adams, Clinton, Columbia, Cumberland, Dauphin, Franklin, Fulton, Juniata, Lancaster, Lebanon, Mifflin, Montour, Northumberland, Perry, Snyder, Union, and York counties. There were 25,000 Catholics, 22 priests, 40 churches and missions, and seven parochial schools.\n", "Upon arriving in the episcopal see of Harrisburg, Shanahan became pastor of St. Patrick's Church, which he designated as the cathedral. He opened Sylvan Heights Seminary at Harrisburg in October 1883, and introduced into the diocese the Sisters of Mercy, Sisters of St. Joseph, Sisters of Christian Charity, Sisters of the Holy Cross, and Sisters of Charity. He presided over a period of greath growth, and by the time of his death there were 51 priests, 51 churches, 75 chapels and missions, three orphanages, 29 parochial schools, and over 35,000 Catholics.\n", "Shanahan later died in Harrisburg, aged 52. His younger brother John W. Shanahan also served as Bishop of Harrisburg (1899–1916).\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Catholic bishop", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6180826", "wikidata_label": "Jeremiah F. Shanahan", "wikipedia_title": "Jeremiah F. Shanahan" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Stefan Florian Garczyński\n", "Stefan Florian Garczyński (13 October 1805 or 1806 – 20 September 1833) was a Polish patriot and Romantic poet, a passionate Messianist.\n", "During November Uprising he served in Poznań's Riding Regiment. His report about explosion in Fort 54 during storm of Warsaw by Russian Army on 6 September 1831 inspired Adam Mickiewicz to write a poem \"Reduta Ordona (opowiadanie adiutanta) (Ordon's Redoubt - the story of an adjutant)\" (1832).\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Polish writer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7606083", "wikidata_label": "Stefan Florian Garczyński", "wikipedia_title": "Stefan Florian Garczyński" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Shahabuddin Rathod\n", "Shahabuddin Rathod is a Gujarati scholar, teacher and humorist.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Shahabuddin Rathod was born on 9 December 1937 at Thangadh (now in Surendranagar district, Gujarat, India). He was born and raised in a Gujarati Muslim family. He was a teacher from 1958 to 1971 and a school principal from 1971 to 1996. In addition to a good knowledge about his Islamic background and faith, he has also learned about Sanskrit language and Hinduism.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "His humour books include \"Mare Kya Lakhavu Hatu?\", \"Hasata-Hasavata\", \"Anmol Atithya\", \"Sajjan Mitrona Sangathe\", \"Dukhi Thavani Kala\", \"Show Must Go On\", \"Lakh Rupiayani Vaat\", \"Devu To Marad Kare\", \"Maro Gadhedo Dekhay Chhe?\", \"Hasyano Varghodo\", \"Darpan Juth Na Bole\". He had written 10 books in Gujarati and one in Hindi. Jagdish Trivedi has edited four more books from his works.\n", "Section::::Works.:Adaptations of his works.\n", "The television comedy series \"Papad Pol – Shahabuddin Rathod Ki Rangeen Duniya\" is based on his work. His works are also adapted into films such as \"Shahabuddin Rathodno Hasyano Varghodo\" (Gujarati, 2010).\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Exclusive Interview of Shahbuddin Rathod on SpeakBindas by Devang Vibhakar\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "entertainer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7461417", "wikidata_label": "Shahabuddin Rathod", "wikipedia_title": "Shahabuddin Rathod" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Victor Amadeus I, Prince of Carignano\n", "Victor Amadeus of Savoy (1 March 1690 – 4 April 1741) was an Italian nobleman who was Prince of Carignano from 1709 to 1741. He was the son of Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy, Prince of Carignano and his wife, the Maria Angela Caterina d'Este.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Born in Turin, he was the third child of four and the eldest son. \n", "Made a Knight of the Annunciation in 1696, he married, at Moncalieri on 7 November 1714, Marie Victoire Françoise of Savoy (1690–1766), legitimised daughter of Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia, King of Sardinia and of Jeanne Baptiste d'Albert de Luynes, Countess of Verrue.\n", "His father-in-law showed affection for him but ended up depriving him, in 1717, of his 400,000 livres of annual income because of excessive spending. It was then that he ran away to France, at the end of 1718, in order to take possession of his inheritance.\n", "Since he had lost the Château de Condé to Jean-François Leriget de La Faye when it was confiscated from his family by Louis XIV) on 6 March 1719, he established himself in the hôtel de Soissons, which he transformed, with his wife who had followed him there, into a \"sumptuous gaming house\" which for a time sheltered the economist John Law. He died, ruined, and his hôtel was razed to construct in its place a grain-trading hall, now the site of the Bourse de commerce de Paris.\n", "He had a passion for the Paris Opéra, and was named intendant of the Menus-Plaisirs by Louis XV. He brought about the disgrace of the tax farmer Alexandre Le Riche de La Poupelinière after he caught him in the company of his mistress, the actress Marie Antier.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "Victor Amadeus' children were:\n", "BULLET::::- Joseph Victor Amédée (1716 – 1716)\n", "BULLET::::- Anne Thérèse of Savoy (1717–1745), married in 1741 to Charles de Rohan, prince de Soubise (1715–1787)\n", "BULLET::::- Louis-Victor of Savoy (1717–1778), Prince of Carignan, married to Landgravine Christine of Hesse-Rotenburg, had issue.\n", "BULLET::::- Victor Amédée (1722, died young)\n", "BULLET::::- a daughter, born in 1729\n", "Section::::Ancestry.\n", "br\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Vittorio Amedeo I di Savoia-Carignano" ] }, "description": "Italian nobleman", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2254102", "wikidata_label": "Victor Amadeus I, Prince of Carignano", "wikipedia_title": "Victor Amadeus I, Prince of Carignano" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ya'akov Uri\n", "Ya'akov Uri (, 3 March 1888 – 26 July 1970) was an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Mapai between 1951 and 1955.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Born in the Poltava Oblast in the Russian Empire (today in Ukraine), Uri was educated at a yeshiva, and made aliyah to Ottoman-controlled Palestine in 1910. A member of Hapoel Hatzair, he was amongst the founders of Nahalal, the first moshav, and the Moshavim Movement, for whom he edited the monthly publication \"Talamim\".\n", "A member of Mapai, he was a delegate to the Assembly of Representatives. In 1951, he was elected to the Knesset on the Mapai list, but lost his seat in the 1955 elections.\n", "He died in 1970 at the age of 82.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Israeli politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2905252", "wikidata_label": "Ya'akov Uri", "wikipedia_title": "Ya'akov Uri" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Augustus Marie Martin\n", "Augustus Marie Martin (February 1, 1803—September 29, 1875) was a French-born prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the first Bishop of Natchitoches, Louisiana (1853–1875).\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Martin was born in Saint-Malo, Brittany, and studied under Jean-Marie de Lamennais. As a seminarian, he was employed at the Grand Almonry of France in Paris under Cardinal Gustave Maximilien Juste de Croÿ-Solre. He was ordained to the priesthood in September, 1825. He served as pastor in Bleurais and Vern before being assigned as chaplain of the Royal College of Rennes where he served until 1839, when he accepted an invitation from Bishop Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière to join the Diocese of Vincennes in Indiana.\n", "After arriving in the United States, Martin served as pastor of St. Vincent's Church in Logansport and the Vincennes Cathedral (1839–1843) and as vicar general of the diocese (1843–1846), in addition to engaging in the missions of Indiana. During this time he became a confidant of Saint Mother Theodore Guerin, who founded the Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods in the diocese in 1840. The two corresponded often, exchanging letters back and forth.\n", "Although it has been reported that Fr. Martin left the Diocese of Vincennes due to failing health, it was in fact due to the problems created by the Bishop of Vincennes, Celestine Guynemer de la Hailandiere. Fr. Martin had been recruited by Hailandiere but because of Hailandiere's insistence on total control, many priests left the diocese. He then went to Louisiana, where he appointed to St. Martin's Church at Attakapas. In 1847 he became pastor of St. Joseph's in Baton Rouge, St. John's at the Plains, and St. Magdalen's in Manchac, and was transferred to St. Francis of Assisi Church in Natchitoches in 1849. He was made vicar forane of north Louisiana under Archbishop Blanc in 1850.\n", "On July 29, 1853, Martin was appointed the first Bishop of the newly erected Diocese of Natchitoches by Pope Pius IX. He received his episcopal consecration on the following November 30 from Archbishop Antoine Blanc, with Bishops Michael Portier and James Oliver Van de Velde, S.J., serving as co-consecrators, at the St. Louis Cathedral. During his 22-year-long tenure, he recruited priests and religious from Europe for the diocese, established a seminary to train native clergy, founded numerous missions, and erected a cathedral. He guided the diocese during the Civil War (1861–1865), and attended the Second Plenary Council of Baltimore (1866) and First Vatican Council (1869–1870).\n", "Martin later died in Natchitoches, aged 72.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Catholic bishop", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4821491", "wikidata_label": "Augustus Marie Martin", "wikipedia_title": "Augustus Marie Martin" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Saša Stević\n", "Saša Stević (; born 31 May 1981) is a former professional Bosnian Serb footballer.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Born in Banja Luka, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1997, Saša began his football career playing for Rudar Prijedor as a 16-year-old. He made his debut against FK Glasinac Sokolac. Stević played for Rudar Prijedor until 2001 when he moved to Serbian club FK Borac Čačak where he played from 2001 until 2005. Then, he moved to Finland to play in Veikkausliiga club FF Jaro where he played the seasons 2005 and 2006. In 2007, he moved to another Finish club IFK Mariehamn.\n", "In summer 2008 he returned to the Serbian SuperLiga by joining FK Banat Zrenjanin. Played there season and half. And on winter transfers window 2010 he moved to Romania by joining Liga I side Ceahlăul Piatra Neamţ where he played the rest of the season. In summer 2010 he moved to Ukraine and joined FC Volyn Lutsk.\n", "He played much of his career in a central midfield role, but he has also been used as a central defender.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Saša Stević at Srbijafudbal\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Sarah Wollaston\n", "Sarah Wollaston (born 17 February 1962) is a British politician. She is the Member of Parliament for the constituency of Totnes, and Chair of the Liaison Committee and the Health Select Committee in the House of Commons. In February 2019, she resigned from the Conservative Party, along with two of her peers, and joined The Independent Group, later styled Change UK. Four months later, she quit the party to sit as an independent MP.\n", "Wollaston was born in Woking, Surrey, and studied medicine at Guy's Hospital Medical School. She qualified in 1986 and worked as a junior hospital doctor and then as a general practitioner (GP). After more than 20 years in clinical practice, Wollaston ran for political office. She was the first person to be selected as the parliamentary candidate for a major British political party through a postal open primary; during the campaign, she emphasised that she was not a career politician, and had a real job. As the Conservative Party candidate for Totnes at the 2010 general election she won the seat with an increased majority, increasing it further in 2015.\n", "She rebelled against the Cameron-Clegg government on several key votes—voting in favour of a referendum on British membership of the European Union in 2011, for a cut in the EU budget in 2011, and against military intervention in Syria in 2013. She has been a vocal proponent of minimum unit pricing for alcohol and has spoken out against political patronage in Westminster. Initially a prominent Eurosceptic, in June 2016, she announced that she was no longer supporting the Vote Leave campaign in the referendum on European Union membership, and would vote to remain in the EU.\n", "In a House of Commons debate on the rollout of Universal Credit on Wednesday, 18 October 2017, Wollaston said she would defy the Conservative Party whip during the debate and side with the Labour Party, who called for the suspension of Universal Credit.\n", "Wollaston was elected as chair of the Liaison Committee on 13 November 2017.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "Wollaston was born in 1962, in Woking, Surrey, into a military family. Her family moved frequently during her early years as her father – a supplies and catering officer in the Royal Air Force, formerly a diver and bomb disposal specialist in the Royal Navy – was posted around the world, including Hong Kong and Malta.\n", "Wollaston was educated at service and civilian primary schools, later attending a girls' grammar school in Watford, where she was Head Girl in 1979–1980. Whilst at secondary school, Wollaston took on a range of part-time jobs, including a Saturday job at her local branch of John Lewis. She left sixth form with high grades in science subjects at A-level that she needed to study Medicine at university.\n", "Section::::Medical career.\n", "In 1980, Wollaston entered Guy's Hospital Medical School in London as a medical student. She took an intercalated degree in pathology in the third year of her undergraduate career, gaining a Bachelor of Science degree in the subject. While at Guy's, she met her future husband, Adrian. Alongside her studies, she took a part-time role as a healthcare assistant at the hospital to supplement her student grant.\n", "Wollaston graduated with a degree in Medicine in 1986. She embarked on a career in hospital paediatrics but, after five years as a junior doctor in London, she moved to Bristol to train as a general practitioner, qualifying as a family doctor in 1992.\n", "Wollaston then moved to Devon to work as a part-time GP in a town on the edge of Dartmoor. She was also a police surgeon from 1996–2001, dealing with victims of sexual assaults, advising the police on whether suspects were fit to be interviewed, and treating people in custody. After 1999, she became a full-time GP; she taught medical students and trainee GPs and worked as an examiner for the Royal College of General Practitioners.\n", "Wollaston remains on the medical register, but ceased practising medicine in 2010 on election to Parliament.\n", "Section::::Parliamentary career.\n", "Section::::Parliamentary career.:2009 open primary.\n", "Wollaston joined the Conservative Party in 2006, having been spurred into politics by her opposition to the threatened closure of Moretonhampstead Community Hospital. However, Wollaston accepted that she had \"no background in politics\" when in 2009 she put her name forward for the selection of a candidate for the Totnes constituency, citing as qualifications \"only real life experience, approachability and enthusiasm\". The Conservative Association placed her on the shortlist of three to succeed Anthony Steen, who had announced his retirement after criticism as part of the United Kingdom Parliamentary expenses scandal.\n", "Urged to do so by the national party, the local Conservative Association had already decided that the selection would be made by an open primary, in which non-members would have a vote. On 9 July, the Conservative Party leader David Cameron announced that the party would, for the first time, send a postal ballot paper to every voter instead of holding the selection at an open meeting. Wollaston later said that she might not have put her name forward had she known that the selection was to be by open primary.\n", "During the selection process, Wollaston campaigned on the problems of alcohol-related crime, citing also the 8,000 annual deaths from alcohol. She later supported curbs on low priced alcoholic drinks. but highlighted that the selection offered voters a choice between a career politician and \"someone with a real job\". At a public hustings, she was asked whether her lack of political experience would make it difficult for her to throw and take political punches; she replied that this was not what politics was about for her, and that she would not indulge in it. Her reply prompted spontaneous applause.\n", "The primary was conducted under the plurality (\"first past the post\") method used in general elections. In the selection result, Wollaston was proclaimed the winner with 7,914 votes (48%), ahead of Sara Randall Johnson (leader of East Devon District Council) who had 5,495 (33%), and Nick Bye (Mayor of Torbay) who had 3,088 (19%). Nearly a quarter of all voters returned their ballots, a higher turnout than was expected.\n", "Section::::Parliamentary career.:2010, 2015, and 2017 general elections.\n", "As the general election approached, Wollaston made clear her anger at suggestions that she would be a part-time MP, saying that she would not continue her medical practice if elected. The local branch of Liberal Democrats denied that they were behind rumours that Wollaston intended to continue to practise medicine on a part-time basis. She accepted that the scandal over Anthony Steen's expenses claims had damaged the Conservative Party's chances, and declined his offer of the use of his home to run the Conservative campaign. She pledged to vote in a eurosceptic direction and to support a bypass for Kingskerswell.\n", "On election day Wollaston was elected with a 45.9% share of the vote, and more than doubled the Conservative's majority. She supported the formation of a Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition government as being the most appropriate for her constituency in the circumstances after the election, explaining that voters wanted to see politicians working together.\n", "In March 2013, Wollaston was reselected by her local Conservative Association to fight the 2015 general election as the Conservative candidate. On polling day she was re-elected with 53% of the vote, more than tripling her majority to 18,285 (38.8%).\n", "In the 2017 general election, she was returned with a reduced majority of 13,477, despite gaining 2,031 more votes.\n", "Section::::Parliamentary career.:Political positions.\n", "Wollaston's maiden speech in Parliament, on 2 June 2010, outlined her concerns about alcohol-related crime and alcoholic drink pricing, and also mentioned issues of concern in her constituency, including bovine tuberculosis. Soon after her election, she was offered the position of Parliamentary Private Secretary – a junior aide – to one of the Health Ministers, influenced by her professional background. Despite this position being the first rung on the ministerial ladder, Wollaston turned the offer down because it would have required her to avoid speaking out against any Government policy she disagreed with. She later said that she would not have been able to \"look [her] constituents in the eye\" if she had signed away her ability to speak on the issues she had been elected on.\n", "In her first year in the Commons, Wollaston referred to her experience working with sexual assault victims in warning the Government against its plans to introduce anonymity for people suspected of, or charged with, rape. She argued that it would constitute a \"further barrier\" for victims to report their crime and that the vast majority of sexual assaults already went unreported. She successfully pressed the Government to take up the way the European Union's Working Time Directive applied to junior doctors' training, saying that it was causing patient care to suffer. \n", "In October 2010, she announced that she would not vote to repeal the Hunting Act 2004 because \"the overwhelming majority\" in her constituency were opposed to hunting. She broke the Conservative whip in November 2010 to support an amendment setting a threshold of 40% turnout for the result of the referendum on voting systems to be valid, and later that month supported a Labour amendment to allow more policyholders to claim compensation over the collapse in Equitable Life dividends.\n", "Section::::Parliamentary career.:Political positions.:Health.\n", "In March 2011, Wollaston warned David Cameron that the Government's NHS reforms would result in the NHS going \"belly up\". She warned that the reorganisation would result in confusion with doctors being overwhelmed. She said there was a risk that Monitor, the new regulator would be filled with \"competition economists\" who would change the NHS beyond recognition and there was no point \"liberating\" the NHS from political control only to shackle it to an unelected economic regulator. However, her opposition to the NHS reforms calmed after the party leadership changed certain clauses at her suggestions and she eventually voted in favour of passage of the Health and Social Care Bill.\n", "During her campaign for selection as Conservative candidate in Totnes, Wollaston pledged to tackle the issue of alcohol misuse, having seen the impact of it during her medical career. In Westminster, she pushed for an introduction of minimum unit pricing for alcohol, arguing that a 50p minimum unit price would save almost 3,000 lives a year and save the NHS over £6bn over ten years while costing a moderate drinker only £12 extra per year. When plans to introduce minimum pricing were shelved by the Government in 2013, Wollaston strongly criticised David Cameron and Department for Health Ministers, saying that the change in policy was due to lobbying by Conservative Party strategist Lynton Crosby, whose firm had strong ties to the alcohol industry. Following her comments, she was named MP of the Month by \"Total Politics\" for her tough stance.\n", "Having been on the draft Bill Committee for the Care and Support Bill, Wollaston was selected to sit on the Public Bill Committee for the Care Bill in early 2014. There she introduced a number of amendments, including one which would have made terminally ill patients exempt from social care charges.\n", "Wollaston was elected as a member of the Health Select Committee upon entering Parliament, and became Chair of the Committee in June 2014 after Stephen Dorrell retired. She defeated fellow GP Phillip Lee, Caroline Spelman, Charlotte Leslie, and David Tredinnick to the role. She was re-elected to this position after the 2015 general election.\n", "In 2015, an undercover \"Daily Telegraph\" investigation showed that in some cases, locum agencies Medicare and Team24, owned by Capita, were charging some hospitals higher fees than others and giving false company details. The agencies were charging up to 49% of the fee. Wollaston said the Government should publish details of agency charges as transparency would \"drive changes to behaviour\".\n", "Wollaston was reckoned by the \"Health Service Journal\" to be the 20th-most influential person (and second-most influential woman) in the English NHS in 2015.\n", "Section::::Parliamentary career.:Political positions.:Social issues.\n", "Before entering the House of Commons, Wollaston stated that she was \"strongly pro-choice\", and would not support lowering the abortion limit, as such a measure would affect those who are in the greatest need. In 2011, she voted against backbench amendments to the Health and Social Care Bill which would have prevented abortion providers from offering counselling services.\n", "Wollaston voted in favour of allowing same-sex marriage in 2013, writing that \"people who are gay should be allowed to celebrate their love and commitment in a context that society understands\". She branded opponents of the change \"bigots\".\n", "Wollaston rebelled against the Government to vote against setting up a Royal Charter to regulate the press, claiming that many of the activities which had led to the proposal were already illegal and were being exploited to justify censoring the free press. Later, she was the joint winner of \"The Spectator\" magazine's Parliamentarian of the Year award for her stance.\n", "In September 2013, she entered the debate about niqābs, saying that some women found them offensive and urging the Government to ban them in schools on the grounds of gender equality.\n", "Section::::Parliamentary career.:Political positions.:Political reform.\n", "Coming from a non-political background, Wollaston has consistently spoken out in favour of reforming the political system to make it more open and accessible. Citing her own experience in the medical profession, she has called for job-sharing in the Commons, claiming that this would make it easier for women and those with families to stand for Parliament, while helping to improve the experience of MPs.\n", "In 2013, she was a signatory to a campaign for women to be able to inherit noble titles, instead of these being restricted to the male line.\n", "She has often spoken out against political patronage in Westminster and the role of the payroll vote in silencing dissent amongst MPs. She has suggested that vacancies for Parliamentary Private Secretary roles should put out for application and interview to find the most qualified candidate, rather than the candidate most in favour with the Government.\n", "Following her selection through the open primary process, she urged the leaders of all parties to expand their use, particularly in safe seats. She said that the cost could be significantly lower than that of the Totnes primary by combining local and European elections with primary elections. In 2013, she suggested that the idea of expanding primaries had been 'shelved' because it was felt that they produce 'awkward' independently-minded MPs.\n", "Section::::Parliamentary career.:Political positions.:Foreign and European policy.\n", "In August 2013, Wollaston rebelled and voted against military intervention in Syria, saying that such a move could escalate into a wider conflict with hundreds of thousands of victims. She cited strong opposition to intervention by her constituents as a key factor in deciding to vote against.\n", "On the European Union, Wollaston originally supported loosening the relationship between Britain and Brussels and said that she would reluctantly vote to leave the EU if reform could not be achieved. Writing for ConservativeHome in 2013, she expressed support for EU membership because of access to the single market, but questioned whether it was worth the extra bureaucracy for business, loss of sovereignty, and the deficit in democracy. In the House of Commons, she voted in a Eurosceptic manner in several key divisions, voting for a referendum on Britain's EU membership and voting to reduce the EU budget.\n", "Wollaston initially supported the Vote Leave campaign during the 2016 referendum on European Union membership, stating in an article in \"The Guardian\" following David Cameron's renegotiation of membership terms in February 2016 that \"the prime minister has returned with a threadbare deal that has highlighted our powerlessness to effect institutional change\" and that \"the balance of our national interest now lies outside the EU\". However, she announced on 8 June 2016 that she would change sides to campaign for Britain to remain in the EU, claiming that Vote Leave's assertion that exiting the union would make available £350m a week for health spending \"simply isn't true\" and represented \"post-truth politics\". She also suggested that leaving the EU would harm the UK's economy, leading to a \"Brexit penalty\".\n", "Michael Deacon of \"The Daily Telegraph\" wrote that her decision to switch sides had sparked a conspiracy theory among many leave campaigners that she was a \"government plant\", while fellow Conservative MP and Eurosceptic Nadine Dorries said that Wollaston's change of opinion was \"deliberately staged and political\".\n", "In December 2017, Wollaston voted along with fellow Conservative Dominic Grieve and nine other Tory MPs against the government, and in favour of guaranteeing Parliament a \"meaningful vote\" on any deal Theresa May agrees with Brussels over Brexit. She also supports the People's Vote campaign for a public vote on the final Brexit deal between the UK and the European Union, co-founding the group Right to Vote in early 2019. Wollaston strongly opposes a no-deal Brexit. In December 2018, she said: \"If it becomes the main objective of government policy to deliver no deal and no transition, then the consequences of that would be so horrific for the people I represent then I couldn't stay a member of the Conservative party.\"\n", "Section::::Parliamentary career.:The Independent Group.\n", "On 20 February 2019, Wollaston resigned from the Conservative Party, along with two other MPs from her party, joining The Independent Group, later styled Change UK. Prior to her defection, 50 local Conservatives signed a petition calling for a no confidence vote in Wollaston, citing her betrayal of her earlier promise to honour the result of the 2016 referendum. In June 2019, she left Change UK to sit as an independent MP.\n", "Section::::Controversies.\n", "Section::::Controversies.:Call for mandatory by-elections for MPs switching parties.\n", "In March 2019 it emerged that Wollaston had supported a 2011 bill which required MPs who switch parties to face an automatic by-election. Wollaston herself switched parties on 20 February 2019, yet refused to let voters have a say on her switch. Chair of the Labour Party in Totnes and South Devon, Lynn Alderson, said Ms Wollaston \"made her views clear\". Wollaston acknowledged the likely calls for her to face a by-election but refused such a proposal, stating \"neither this nor a general election would answer the fundamental question that is dividing us\".\n", "Section::::Controversies.:Election pledge on accepting result of the EU Referendum.\n", "When campaigning for re-election at the 2017 General Election, Wollaston promised her constituents, at a hustings, that she would \"accept the result\" of the 2016 EU Referendum, noting that 54% of her constituents had voted to Leave. She went on to state that \"one of the things that annoys people is telling them that they didn't know what they were voting for\", rejecting the idea of holding a second referendum.\n", "In 2019 Wollaston defected to The Independent Group, who advocate for a second Referendum.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Wollaston lives in South Devon with her husband Adrian James, a psychiatrist, who is a registrar of the Royal College of Psychiatrists. They met while studying medicine at Guy's Hospital. They have two daughters and one son. She is a keen cyclist and took part in the 2014 RideLondon 100-mile bike race with her husband.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Dr Sarah Wollaston MP official site\n", "BULLET::::- Profile at the Conservative Party\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "British politician", "enwikiquote_title": "Sarah Wollaston", "wikidata_id": "Q261553", "wikidata_label": "Sarah Wollaston", "wikipedia_title": "Sarah Wollaston" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Yehezkel Hen\n", "Yehezkel Hen (, born 1882, died 4 April 1952) was an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Mapai between 1951 and 1952.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Born in Boryslav in Austria-Hungary (today in Ukraine), Hen received a religious education, before studying at a Teachers' Seminary in Kiev. He taught Hebrew in Jewish schools until they were shut down by the Yevsektsiya. He made aliyah to Mandatory Palestine in 1925, where he worked as a teacher and a supervisor for the Histadrut's educational institutions. He also taught at the Levinsky Teachers Seminary in Tel Aviv.\n", "Between 1944 and 1948 he was a member of the Assembly of Representatives for Mapai, and in 1951 he was elected to the Knesset on the Mapai list. However, he died on 4 April the following year whilst still an MK. His seat was taken by Rachel Tzabari.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Israeli politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2901498", "wikidata_label": "Yehezkel Hen", "wikipedia_title": "Yehezkel Hen" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Miki Muster\n", "Nikolaj Muster (22 November 1925 – 7 May 2018), known as Miki Muster, was a Slovenian academic sculptor, illustrator, cartoonist, and animator. He is viewed as a pioneer in the field of comics and animation in Slovenia, known for the series of comics featuring the characters Zvitorepec, Trdonja, and Lakotnik, and animated TV commercials.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Muster first got interested in animation when he saw Disney's \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\". He graduated from the Academy of Fine Arts, University of Ljubljana, with a degree in sculpture. Even during the studies, he wished to join the Disney studios in the US, which was impossible given the post-war political situation. After completing only a couple of statues, he focused on drawing. \n", "In 1952, Muster started drawing his comic strip \"Zvitorepec\", which was running in magazines \"Poletove podobe in povesti\" (PPP) and \"Tedenska tribuna\". PPP was supposed to publish Disney's comics but as they did not arrive in time, Muster filled in with his own one. From 1955 to 1973, he was drawing for \"Slovenski poročevalec\", later renamed \"Delo\"; after that he worked as a freelancer. His work in comics was frowned upon by the Communist Yugoslav government, with socialist realism being the preferred art style and anything too Western undesirable. This attitude continued to some degree even after the Tito–Stalin Split.\n", "In 1973, Muster moved to Munich to pursue a career in animation at Bavaria Film. After Slovenia declared independence, Muster returned home and was for some time drawing caricatures for political magazines \"Mag\" and \"Reporter\". \n", "For his work, Muster received a series of awards. In 2014, the Journalist's Associacion of Slovenia awarded him the Borut Meško Award for his achievements in illustration and caricature. Also in 2014, he was awarded the silver order of merit for his pioneering work in the field of comics and animation by the President of Slovenia Borut Pahor. In 2015 he received the Prešeren Award for lifetime achievements, the highest Slovenian award for arts. In 2015 he was awarded an honorary doctorate at the University of Nova Gorica.\n", "Muster died on 7 May 2018 in a nursing home in Notranje Gorice, aged 92.\n", "Section::::Work.\n", "Muster was best known for his comic books featuring the characters Zvitorepec, Trdonja, and Lakotnik; an antropomorphic plucky fox, a wise turtle, and an always-hungry simple-minded wolf. The characters were taken from Slovenian folklore. In a series of volumes, the adventures of the trio took place worldwide, in different historic periods, most notably in the Wild West, in future, and even in space. The episode in space from 1959 caused a minor political incident: the Russian cosmonauts that the trio meets on the trip to the Moon were depicted as bears. The Soviet embassy in Belgrade issued an official protest. In order to resolve the problem, the next volume depicted American astronauts as monkeys, which pleased the Russians (while not bothering the US, where the comics were not published anyway). Some stories outlined real-world problems such as increasing pollution and aggressive driving, while a story about Lakotnik building his own house made fun of the construction process in Yugoslavia in the 1960s. Although some contemporaries criticized Muster's style as \"too American\" and \"too Disneyesque\", he was nevertheless recognized for his artistic talent. The comics were immensely popular with children and teenagers and remained a mainstay of newspapers and book collections for decades.\n", "Muster's other illustrations and comics include stories about Neewa the Bear, Lupinica, Snežko, The Last of the Mohicans, Ostrostrelec, Stezosledec, and others.\n", "He was also well-known for his work in animation, especially for TV commercials. Among his best-known works were the Cikcak bunnies and commercials for Mercator, Čunga Lunga chewing gum, and Viki krema. While in Munich, Muster collaborated with the Argentinian cartoonist Guillermo Mordillo, creating about 400 of shorts based on his characters. He also worked on the animated adventures of German private detective Nick Knatterton.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Kar sem si želel kot mulc, sem uresničil (interview) (\"I Have Realised What a Wished for Myself as a Kid\"; Dnevnik, 9 June 2007)\n", "BULLET::::- Miki Muster: Packanje z barvami mi ni všeč (interview) (\"I Don't Like Blotching with Colours\"; Dnevnik, 7 February 2015)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Nikolaj Muster" ] }, "description": "Slovene illustrator and animator", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6960645", "wikidata_label": "Miki Muster", "wikipedia_title": "Miki Muster" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Joseph Blanco White\n", "Joseph Blanco White, born José María Blanco y Crespo (11 July 1775 – 20 May 1841), was a Spanish theologian and poet.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Blanco White was born in Seville, Spain. He had Irish ancestry and was the son of the merchant Guillermo Blanco (alias White, an English viceconsul, who had established himself in Seville during the reign of Fernando VI) and María Gertrudis Crespo y Neve.\n", "Blanco White was educated for the Roman Catholic priesthood. In Seville, Spain, he had worked with Melchor de Jovellanos, an adviser to the king who advocated reform. After his ordination in 1800, White's religious doubts led him to leave Spain and go to England in 1810. There he ultimately entered the Anglican Church, having studied theology at Oxford and made the friendship of Thomas Arnold, John Henry Newman the Reverend E.T. Daniell and Richard Whately. He became tutor in Whately's family when Whately became the Archbishop of Dublin in 1831. While in this position White embraced Unitarian views. He found asylum amongst the Unitarians of Liverpool, and he died in the city on 20 May 1841.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "Blanco White edited \"El Español\", a monthly Spanish magazine in London, from 1810 to 1814, which was strongly for the independence of Spanish America. In its pages, he commented on the course of the insurgency based on information from Spanish America and British sources. In turn, articles for \"El Español\" were reprinted in the insurgent press. He advocated that the Spanish Cortes (parliament) recognize juntas in Spanish America that remained loyal to the Spanish monarchy after the Napoleon's invasion of Spain and ouster of the Bourbon monarchy. He also was in favor of free trade, not just the closed Spanish system of \"comercio libre\" that allowed free trade ports in Spain with Spanish America and all ports within Spanish America.\n", "He received a civil list pension of £250. His principal writings are \"Doblado's Letters from Spain\" (1822) (under the pseudonym of \"Don Leucado Doblado\", and written in part at Holland House in London), \"Evidence against Catholicism\" (1825), \"Second Travels of an Irish Gentleman in Search of a Religion\" (2 vols., 1834) and \"Observations on Heresy and Orthodoxy\" (1835). They all show literary ability and were extensively read in their day. He also translated Paley's \"Evidences\" and the \"Book of Common Prayer\" into Spanish.\n", "White is best remembered, however, for his sonnet \"Night and Death\" (\"Mysterious Night! when our first parent knew\"), which was dedicated to Samuel Taylor Coleridge on its appearance in the \"Bijou\" for 1828 and has since found its way into several anthologies. Three versions are given in the \"Academy\" of 12 September 1891.\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Life of the Rev. Joseph Blanco White\", written by himself, with portions of his \"Correspondence\", edited by John Hamilton Thom (London, 3 vols., 1845).\n", "BULLET::::- Martin Murphy, \"Blanco White: Self-banished Spaniard\", New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Attribution\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "José María Blanco Crespo", "Jose Maria Blanco Crespo" ] }, "description": "Spanish poet and theologian", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3047406", "wikidata_label": "Joseph Blanco White", "wikipedia_title": "Joseph Blanco White" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Butch Cassidy\n", "Robert LeRoy Parker (April 13, 1866 – November 7, 1908), better known as Butch Cassidy, was a U.S. train robber and bank robber, and the leader of a gang of criminal outlaws known as the \"Wild Bunch\" in the U.S. Old West.\n", "Parker participated in criminal activity for more than a decade at the end of the 19th century, but the pressures of being pursued by law enforcement, notably the Pinkerton detective agency, forced him to flee the country. He fled with his accomplice Harry Alonzo Longabaugh, known as the \"Sundance Kid\", and Longabaugh's girlfriend Etta Place. The trio traveled first to Argentina and then to Bolivia, where Parker and Longabaugh are believed to have been killed in a shootout with police in November 1908; the exact circumstances of their fate continue to be disputed. Parker's life and death have been extensively dramatized in film, television, and literature, and he remains one of the most well-known icons of the \"Wild West\" mythos in modern times.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Robert LeRoy Parker was born on April 13th, 1866 in Beaver, Utah, the first of 13 children of British immigrants Maximillian Parker and Ann Campbell Gillies. The Parker and Gillies families had converted to the Mormon faith while still living in England and Ireland. Maximillian Parker was 12 years old when his family arrived in Salt Lake City in 1856 as Mormon pioneers. Ann Gillies was born and lived in Tyneside in northeast England before emigrating to the U.S. with her family in 1859 at age 14. The couple were married in July 1865.\n", "Robert grew up on his parents' ranch near Circleville, Utah, approximately south of Salt Lake City.\n", "Section::::Criminal career.\n", "Butch Cassidy's first criminal offence was minor. Around 1880, he journeyed to a clothier's shop in another town but found it closed. He entered the shop and stole a pair of jeans and some pie, leaving a note promising to pay on his next visit. The clothier pressed charges, but Cassidy was acquitted by a jury. He continued to work on ranches until 1884, when he moved to Telluride, Colorado, ostensibly to seek work but perhaps to deliver stolen horses to buyers. He led a cowboy's life in Wyoming and Montana before returning to Telluride in 1887 where he met Matt Warner, the owner of a racehorse. Cassidy and Warner raced the horse at various events, dividing the winnings between them.\n", "Section::::Criminal career.:1889–1895.\n", "Cassidy's first bank robbery took place on June 24, 1889 when he, Warner, and two of the McCarty brothers robbed the San Miguel Valley Bank in Telluride, stealing approximately $21,000 (), after which they fled to the Robbers Roost, a remote hideout in southeastern Utah.\n", "In 1890, Cassidy purchased a ranch on the outskirts of Dubois, Wyoming. This location is across the state from the notorious Hole-in-the-Wall, a natural geological formation and a popular hideout for outlaw gangs, including Cassidy's during the era. It is possible that Cassidy's ranching was a façade for clandestine activities, perhaps with Hole-in-the-Wall outlaws, as he was never financially successful at it. His ranch used the \"unmistakable brand\" of \"Reverse-E, Box, E\". \n", "In early 1894, Cassidy became involved romantically with outlaw and rancher Ann Bassett. Her father was a rancher who did business with Cassidy, supplying him with fresh horses and beef. That same year, Cassidy was arrested at Lander, Wyoming for stealing horses and possibly for running a protection racket among the local ranchers there. He was imprisoned in the Wyoming State Prison in Laramie, Wyoming where he served 18 months of a two-year sentence; he was released and pardoned in January 1896 by Governor William Alford Richards. He became involved briefly with Ann Bassett's older sister Josie before returning to Ann.\n", "Section::::Criminal career.:Formation of the Wild Bunch.\n", "Cassidy associated with a wide circle of criminals, most notably his closest friend William Ellsworth \"Elzy\" Lay, Harvey \"Kid Curry\" Logan, Ben Kilpatrick, Harry Tracy, Will \"News\" Carver, Laura Bullion, and George \"Flat Nose\" Curry, who collectively became the so-called \"Wild Bunch\". The gang assembled some time after Cassidy's release from prison in 1896 and took its name from the Doolin–Dalton gang, also known as the \"Wild Bunch\".\n", "On August 13, 1896, Cassidy, Lay, Logan, and Bob Meeks robbed the bank at Montpelier, Idaho, escaping with approximately $7,000. Cassidy recruited Harry Alonzo Longabaugh into the gang soon after, who was also known as \"The Sundance Kid\".\n", "Ann Bassett, Elzy Lay, and Lay's girlfriend Maude Davis all joined Cassidy at Robbers Roost in early 1897. The four hid there until early April when Lay and Cassidy sent the women home so that the men could plan their next robbery. They ambushed a small group of men carrying the payroll of the Pleasant Valley Coal Company on April 22, 1897, in the mining town of Castle Gate, Utah, stealing a sack containing $7,000 in gold with which they fled back to the Robbers Roost.\n", "On June 2, 1899, the gang robbed a Union Pacific \"Overland Flyer\" passenger train near Wilcox, Wyoming, a robbery which earned them a great deal of notoriety and resulted in a massive manhunt. Many notable lawmen took part in the hunt, but they did not find them. Kid Curry and George Curry had a shootout with lawmen following the train robbery, and they killed Sheriff Joe Hazen. Tom Horn was a killer-for-hire employed by the Pinkerton Agency, and explosives expert Bill Speck told him about the Hazen shooting. Pinkerton detective Charlie Siringo was then assigned the task of capturing the outlaws. He became friends with Elfie Landusky, who was using the last name Curry after becoming pregnant by Kid Curry's brother Lonny, and Siringo intended to locate the gang through her.\n", "On July 11, 1899, Lay and others were involved in a Colorado and Southern Railroad train robbery near Folsom, New Mexico, which Cassidy might have planned and personally directed. A shootout ensued with local law enforcement, during which Lay killed Sheriff Edward Farr and Henry Love; Lay was convicted of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment at the New Mexico State Penitentiary.\n", "The Wild Bunch would typically separate following a robbery and flee in different directions, later reuniting at a predetermined location such as the Hole-in-the-Wall hideout, Robbers Roost, or Fannie Porter's brothel in San Antonio, Texas.\n", "Section::::Criminal career.:1899 plea for amnesty.\n", "Cassidy approached Governor Heber Wells of Utah to negotiate an amnesty. Wells advised him to ask the Union Pacific Railroad to drop their criminal complaints against him, and Union Pacific Railroad chairman E. H. Harriman attempted to meet with Cassidy through Matt Warner. On August 29, 1900, Cassidy, Longabaugh, and others robbed Union Pacific train No. 3 near Tipton, Wyoming, violating Cassidy's earlier promise to the Governor of Wyoming and ending any chance for amnesty.\n", "Section::::Criminal career.:1900–01.\n", "On February 28, 1900, lawmen attempted to arrest Kid Curry's brother Lonny at his aunt's home. Lonny was killed in the shootout that followed, and his cousin Bob Lee was arrested for rustling and sent to prison in Wyoming. On March 28, Curry and News Carver were pursued by a posse from St. Johns, Apache County, Arizona after using currency which they had stolen in the Wilcox, Wyoming train robbery. The posse engaged them in a shootout, during which Deputies Andrew Gibbons and Frank LeSueur were killed, while Carver and Curry escaped. On April 17, George Curry was killed in a shootout with Grand County, Utah Sheriff John Tyler and Deputy Sam Jenkins. On May 26, Kid Curry rode into Moab, Utah and killed both Tyler and Jenkins in another shootout in retaliation for the deaths of George and Lonny.\n", "In December, Cassidy posed alongside Longabaugh, Logan, Carver, and Ben Kilpatrick in Fort Worth, Texas for the now-famous \"Fort Worth Five\" photograph. The Pinkerton Detective Agency obtained a copy of the photograph and began to use it for wanted posters.\n", "On July 3, 1901, Curry and a group of men robbed a Great Northern train near Wagner, Montana, stealing more than $60,000 in cash (). The gang split up, but a posse led by Sheriff Elijah Briant caught up with News Carver and killed him. Ben Kilpatrick was captured in Knoxville, Tennessee with Laura Bullion on December 12, 1901. Curry killed Knoxville policemen William Dinwiddle and Robert Saylor in another shoot out on December 13, then escaped. He returned to Montana, pursued by Pinkertons and other law enforcement officers, where he shot and killed rancher James Winters in retaliation for killing his brother Johnny years before.\n", "Section::::Escape to South America.\n", "Cassidy and Longabaugh fled to New York City, feeling continuous pressure from the numerous law enforcement agencies pursuing them and seeing their gang falling apart. They departed from there to Buenos Aires, Argentina aboard the British steamer \"Herminius\" on February 20, 1901, along with Longabaugh's companion Etta Place. Cassidy posed as James Ryan, Place's fictitious brother. They settled in a four-room log cabin on a ranch that they purchased on the east bank of the Rio Blanco near Cholila, just east of the Andes in the Chubut.\n", "Section::::Escape to South America.:1905.\n", "Two English-speaking bandits held up the Banco de Tarapacá y Argentino in Río Gallegos on February 14, 1905, south of Cholila near the Strait of Magellan, and the pair vanished north across the Patagonian grasslands. Cassidy and Longabaugh sold the Cholila ranch on May 1, fearing that law enforcement had located them. The Pinkerton Agency had known their location for some time, but the snow and the hard winter of Patagonia had prevented their agent Frank Dimaio from making an arrest. Governor Julio Lezana issued an arrest warrant, but Sheriff Edward Humphreys tipped them off, a Welsh-Argentine who was friendly with Cassidy and enamored of Etta Place. The trio then fled north to San Carlos de Bariloche where they embarked on the steamer \"Condor\" across Nahuel Huapí Lake and into Chile; they returned to Argentina by the end of the year. Cassidy, Longabaugh, Place, and an unknown male associate robbed the Banco de la Nación Argentina branch in Villa Mercedes on December 19, west of Buenos Aires, taking 12,000 pesos. They fled across the Pampas and the Andes to reach the safety of Chile.\n", "On June 30, 1906, Etta Place decided that she had enough of life on the run, so Longabaugh took her back to San Francisco. Cassidy obtained honest work under the alias James \"Santiago\" Maxwell at the Concordia Tin Mine in the Santa Vera Cruz range of the central Bolivian Andes, where Longabaugh joined him upon his return. Their main duties included guarding the company payroll. The two traveled to Santa Cruz in late 1907, a frontier town in Bolivia's eastern savannah, still wanting to settle down as respectable ranchers.\n", "Section::::Escape to South America.:Death.\n", "A courier was carrying the payroll for the Aramayo Franke and Cia Silver Mine on November 3, 1908, near San Vicente in southern Bolivia, when he was attacked by two masked American bandits believed to be Cassidy and Longabaugh. Witnesses saw them three days later in the small mining town of San Vicente, where they lodged in a small boarding house owned by a miner named Bonifacio Casasola. Casasola became suspicious of them because they had a mule from the Aramayo Mine, identifiable from the company's brand. He notified a nearby telegraph officer, who notified the Abaroa cavalry regiment stationed nearby. The unit dispatched three soldiers under the command of Captain Justo Concha, and they notified the local authorities. \n", "The soldiers, the police chief, the local mayor, and some of his officials all surrounded the lodging house on the evening of November 6, intending to arrest the Aramayo robbers. But as they approached the house, the bandits opened fire, killing one of the soldiers and wounding another and starting a gunfight. The mayor heard a man scream three times inside the house, then two successive shots were fired from inside the house.\n", "The authorities entered the house the next morning where they found two bodies with numerous bullet wounds to the arms and legs. The man assumed to be Longabaugh had a bullet wound in the forehead, and the man thought to be Cassidy had a bullet hole in the temple. The local police report speculated that, judging from the positions of the bodies, Cassidy had probably shot the fatally wounded Longabaugh to put him out of his misery, then killed himself. The Tupiza police identified the bandits as the men who robbed the Aramayo payroll transport, but the Bolivian authorities didn't know their real names, nor could they positively identify them.\n", "The bodies were buried at the small San Vicente cemetery, near the grave of a German miner named Gustav Zimmer. American forensic anthropologist Clyde Snow and his researchers attempted to find the graves in 1991, but they did not find any remains with DNA matching the living relatives of Cassidy and Longabaugh. In 2017, a new search was launched for Cassidy's grave which zeroed in on a mine outside Goodsprings, NV. The dig found human remains, but they did not match the DNA provided.\n", "Section::::Escape to South America.:Rumors of survival.\n", "John McPhee's \"Annals of the Former World\" repeats a story that Dr. Francis Smith told to geologist David Love in the 1930s. Smith stated that he had seen Cassidy, who told him that his face had been altered by a surgeon in Paris, and he showed Smith an old bullet wound which Smith recognized as work that he had done.\n", "Josie Bassett claimed in 1960 that Cassidy came to visit her in the 1920s \"after returning from South America,\" and that he \"died in Johnnie, Nevada about 15 years ago.\" Residents in Cassidy's hometown of Circleville, Utah claimed in an interview that he worked in Nevada until his death. Western historian Charles Kelly observed in his 1938 book \"The Outlaw Trail: A History of Butch Cassidy and His Wild Bunch\" that \"it seems exceedingly strange\" that Cassidy never returned to Circleville, Utah to visit his father if he was in fact still alive.\n", "An episode of the television series \"In Search of...\" (1978) examines the claims and possible evidence for Butch Cassidy's return to America during the 1920s in a series of interviews with residents of Baggs, Wyoming, a popular destination for the Wild Bunch during their raiding years. Residents claimed that Cassidy had visited for several days in 1924, driving a Ford Model T. Cassidy's sister Lula Parker Betenson states that he returned to the family home in Circleville during this period and picked up his brother Mark in a Ford, then drove to the their father's home where she also lived. Her father allegedly said to her, \"I'll bet you don't know who this is. This is your brother Robert Leroy.\" She stated that Cassidy was full of regrets, particularly at having disappointed his mother. She quoted him lamenting that \"all I done is make a wreck of my life.\" Betenson claims that Cassidy lived out his years in \"the Northwest\" and died in 1937, and that the family had agreed not to disclose his final resting place since \"they had chased him all his life, and now he's going to rest in peace.\" This story is also recounted by W. C. Jameson in \"Butch Cassidy: Beyond the Grave\", referencing the 1975 book Betenson co-authored with Dora Flack, \"Butch Cassidy, My Brother\".\n", "On an episode of the series \"Mission Declassified\" (2019), investigative journalist Christof Putzel met with local researcher Marilyn Grace at Cassidy's childhood home, the Parker Ranch in Circleville, Utah, to talk about the alleged burial of Cassidy at the Ranch on 20 July 1937. Grace explains that Cassidy was secretly buried at Toms Cabin, a former sheep herders cabin located in a remote area of the property, a favorite camping spot for Cassidy and his brothers. Grace says an eyewitness, neighbor Dee Crosby, saw the burial take place at the cabin. Earlier Putzel spoke to Alta Orton, another Parker family ranch neighbor who described the family having been dressed in funeral like attire on that same day. Grace goes on to say cadaver dogs had been brought to the cabin in an attempt to locate remains and lead to a positive indication. The underside of the cabin was later dug and two bones discovered, identified as a human spinal bone and toe bone. Putzel had forensic scientist Suzanna Ryan at Pure Gold Forensics in Redlands, California, conduct a DNA test on the bones, Ryan confirmed they were in fact human but lacked enough DNA for a complete profile. It's since believed that as the site may have become public knowledge, the Parker family had excavated Cassidy's remains at the cabin and moved them to a different burial site leaving the spinal and toe bone behind in the process. \n", "Section::::Aliases.\n", "BULLET::::- George Parker\n", "BULLET::::- George Cassidy\n", "BULLET::::- Lowe Maxwell\n", "BULLET::::- James \"Santiago\" Maxwell\n", "BULLET::::- James Ryan\n", "BULLET::::- Butch Cassidy\n", "BULLET::::- Santiago Lowe\n", "Section::::Alleged friends.\n", "William T. Phillips claimed to have known Butch Cassidy since childhood. In his book \"In Search of Butch Cassidy\", Larry Pointer speculated that Phillips was actually Butch Cassidy, based upon stories in Phillip's unpublished manuscript, \"The Bandit Invincible,\" and a resemblance between Phillips and Cassidy. However, in 2012, Pointer obtained a copy of the Wyoming Territorial Prison mugshot of William T. Wilcox, a previously unknown associate of Butch Cassidy. Observing the similarities between the two men, he revised his previous theory and concluded that Phillips was in fact Wilcox, and not Butch Cassidy.\n", "Section::::In popular culture.\n", "Section::::In popular culture.:Literature.\n", "BULLET::::- 1967: \"Alias Butch Cassidy\", a novel written by Henry Wilson Allen under the pseudonym Will Henry\n", "BULLET::::- 1975: \"Butch Cassidy, My Brother\" by Lula Parker Betenson\n", "BULLET::::- 1990: The mystery novel \"Coyote Waits\" by Tony Hillerman is about a fictional 'lost treasure' hidden by Butch Cassidy\n", "BULLET::::- 2009: He appears in Kouta Hirano's \"Drifters\", alongside Sundance Kid, as a Drifter that is sent to unknown realm to battle against the Ends\n", "Section::::In popular culture.:Television.\n", "BULLET::::- 1958: In the \"Tales of Wells Fargo\" (October 13) episode \"Butch Cassidy,\" Butch Cassidy is played by Charles Bronson.\n", "BULLET::::- 1969: In the \"Death Valley Days\" episode \"Drop Out,\" a young Butch Cassidy is played by Michael Margotta.\n", "BULLET::::- 2014: In the \"PBS: American Experience\" episode \"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\".\n", "BULLET::::- 2014: In the \"Murdoch Mysteries\" episode \"Glory Days\".\n", "Section::::In popular culture.:Film.\n", "BULLET::::- 1951: \"The Texas Rangers\" is a film where Cassidy is played by John Doucette and the Sundance Kid is played by Ian MacDonald. They square off against two convicts recruited by John B. Jones to bring them to justice.\n", "BULLET::::- 1956: \"The Three Outlaws\", starring Neville Brand as Butch Cassidy and Alan Hale Jr as the Sundance Kid, is a film about the famed outlaws' lives with Wild Bunch member William \"News\" Carver.\n", "BULLET::::- 1956: Butch and Sundance appear as supporting characters in the film \"The Maverick Queen\".\n", "BULLET::::- 1965: \"Cat Ballou\" is a Comedy Western where a fictionalized version of Butch Cassidy is played by Arthur Hunnicutt.\n", "BULLET::::- 1969: \"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\" is a film where Butch Cassidy is played by Paul Newman and Sundance is played by Robert Redford.\n", "BULLET::::- 1969: \"The Wild Bunch\" is a film, directed by Sam Peckinpah, that is loosely based on Butch Cassidy's exploits.\n", "BULLET::::- 1979: \"\" is a film that is a prequel to the 1969 Paul Newman film. Butch Cassidy is played by Tom Berenger and Sundance is played by William Katt.\n", "BULLET::::- 1994: \"The Gambler V: Playing for Keeps\" is a film about a fictionalized adventure where the main character finds out his son is running with the Wild Bunch. Butch Cassidy is played by Scott Paulin.\n", "BULLET::::- 1999: \"The Secret of Giving\" is a Family movie that has a fictionalized version of Butch Cassidy under the alias Harry Withers. He is played by Thomas Ian Griffith.\n", "BULLET::::- 2006: \"\" is an adventure film about a fictional \"lost treasure\" hidden by Butch Cassidy.\n", "BULLET::::- 2006: \"The Legend of Butch & Sundance\" is a film that has David Clayton Rogers as Butch, Ryan Browning as Sundance, and Rachelle Lefevre as Etta Place.\n", "BULLET::::- 2011: \"Blackthorn\" is a film that stars Sam Shepard as a fictionalized version of Butch who is going by the alias James Blackthorn.\n", "BULLET::::- 2013: \"\" is a film that has a fictionalized version of Butch, played by Kerry James\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\"\n", "BULLET::::- List of fugitives from justice who disappeared\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Butch Cassidy's Surrender Offer article by Richard Patterson\n", "BULLET::::- In Search Of..Butch Cassidy hosted by Leonard Nimoy\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Robert Leroy Parker", "Robert LeRoy Parker" ] }, "description": "American outlaw", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q313574", "wikidata_label": "Butch Cassidy", "wikipedia_title": "Butch Cassidy" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "James Martineau\n", "James Martineau (; 21 April 1805 – 11 January 1900) was an English religious philosopher influential in the history of Unitarianism.\n", "For 45 years he was Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy and Political Economy in Manchester New College, the principal training college for British Unitarianism.\n", "Many portraits of Martineau, including one painted by George Frederick Watts, are held at London's National Portrait Gallery. In 2014, the gallery revealed that its patron, Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, was related to Martineau. The Duchess' great-great-grandfather, Francis Martineau Lupton, was Dr James Martineau's grandnephew. The gallery also holds written correspondence between Martineau and Poet Laureate, Alfred, Lord Tennyson - who records that he \"regarded Martineau as the master mind of all the remarkable company with whom he engaged\". William Ewart Gladstone said of Martineau; \"he is beyond question the greatest of living thinkers\".\n", "One of his children was the Pre-Raphaelite watercolourist Edith Martineau.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "The seventh of eight children, James Martineau was born in Norwich, England, where his father Thomas (1764–1826) was a cloth manufacturer and merchant. His mother, Elizabeth Rankin, was the eldest daughter of a sugar refiner and grocer. The Martineau family were descended from Gaston Martineau, a Huguenot surgeon and refugee, who married Marie Pierre in 1693, and settled in Norwich. His son and grandson — respectively the great-grandfather and grandfather of James Martineau — were surgeons in the same city. Many of the family were active in Unitarian causes, so much so that a room in Essex Hall, the headquarters of British Unitarianism, was eventually named after them. Branches of the Martineau family in Norwich, Birmingham and London were socially and politically prominent Unitarians; other elite Unitarian families in Birmingham were the Kenricks, Nettlefolds and the Chamberlains, with much intermarriage between these families taking place. Essex Hall held a statue of Martineau. His niece, Frances Lupton, who was close to his sister Harriet, had worked to open up educational opportunities for women.\n", "Section::::Education and early years.\n", "James was educated at Norwich Grammar School where he was a school-fellow with George Borrow under Edward Valpy, as good a scholar as his better-known brother Richard, but proved too sensitive for school. He was sent to Bristol to the private academy of Dr. Lant Carpenter, under whom he studied for two years. On leaving he was apprenticed to a civil engineer at Derby, where he acquired \"a store of exclusively scientific conceptions,\" but also began to look to religion for mental stimulation.\n", "Martineau's conversion followed, and in 1822 he entered the dissenting academy Manchester College, then at York - his uncle Peter Finch Martineau was one of its Vice-Presidents. Here he \"woke up to the interest of moral and metaphysical speculations.\" Of his teachers, one, the Rev. Charles Wellbeloved, was, Martineau said, \"a master of the true Lardner type, candid and catholic, simple and thorough, humanly fond indeed of the counsels of peace, but piously serving every bidding of sacred truth.\" The other, the Rev. John Kenrick, he described as a man so learned as to be placed by Dean Stanley \"in the same line with Blomfield and Thirlwall,\" and as \"so far above the level of either vanity or dogmatism, that cynicism itself could not think of them in his presence.\" On leaving the college in 1827 Martineau returned to Bristol to teach in the school of Lant Carpenter; but in the following year he was ordained for a Unitarian church in Dublin, whose senior minister was a relative of his.\n", "Martineau's ministerial career was suddenly cut short in 1832 by difficulties growing out of the \"regium donum\", which had on the death of the senior minister fallen to him. He conceived it as \"a religious monopoly\" to which \"the nation at large contributes,\" while \"Presbyterians alone receive,\" and which placed him in \"a relation to the state\" so \"seriously objectionable\" as to be \"impossible to hold.\" The invidious distinction it drew between Presbyterians on the one hand, and Catholics, members of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), other nonconformists, unbelievers, and Jews on the other, who were compelled to support a ministry they conscientiously disapproved, offended his conscience. His conscience did, however, allow him to attend both the Coronation of Queen Victoria in 1837 and the her Golden Jubilee half a century later. A year prior to the coronation, at St James's Palace, Martineau had \"kissed the hand\" of the queen at the Deputation of British Presbyterians ministers.\n", "Section::::Work and writings.\n", "From Dublin, he was called to Liverpool. He lodged in a house owned by Joseph Williamson. It was during his 25 years in Liverpool that he published his first work, \"Rationale of Religious Enquiry\", which caught the attention of many religious and philosophical figures.\n", "In 1840 Martineau was appointed Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy and Political Economy in Manchester New College, the seminary in which he had been educated, and which had now moved from York back to Manchester. This position, and the principalship (1869-1885), he held for 45 years. In 1853 the college moved to London, and four years later he followed it there. In 1858 he combined this work with preaching at the pulpit of Little Portland Street Chapel in London, which for the first two years he shared with John James Tayler (who was also his colleague in the college), and then for twelve years as its only minister.\n", "In 1866, the Chair of the Philosophy of Mind and Logic at University College, London, fell vacant when the liberal nonconformist Dr John Hoppus retired. Martineau became a candidate, and despite strong support from some quarters, potent opposition was organised by the anti-clerical George Grote, whose refusal to endorse Martineau resulted in the appointment of George Croom Robertson, then an untried man. Martineau, however, sidestepped Grote's opposition, much as Hoppus had learnt to do during his Professorship, and developed a cordial friendship with Robertson.\n", "Martineau was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1872. He was awarded LL.D. of Harvard in 1872, S.T.D. of Leiden in 1874, D.D. of Edinburgh in 1884, D.C.L. of Oxford in 1888 and D. Litt. of Dublin in 1891.\n", "Section::::Life and thought.\n", "Martineau described some of the changes he underwent; how he had \"carried into logical and ethical problems the maxims and postulates of physical knowledge,\" and had moved within narrow lines \"interpreting human phenomena by the analogy of external nature\"; and how in a period of \"second education\" at Humboldt University in Berlin, with Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg, he experienced \"a new intellectual birth\". It made him, however, no more of a theist than he had been before, and he developed Transcendentalist views, which became a significant current within Unitarianism.\n", "Section::::Life and thought.:Early years.\n", "Martineau was in his early life a preacher. Although he did not believe in the Incarnation, he held deity to be manifest in humanity; man underwent an apotheosis, and all life was touched with the dignity and the grace which it owed to its source. His preaching led to works that built up his reputation:\"Endeavours after the Christian Life\", 1st series, 1843; 2nd series, 1847; \"Hours of Thought\", 1st series, 1876; 2nd series, 1879; the various hymn-books he issued at Dublin in 1831, at Liverpool in 1840, in London in 1873; and the \"Home Prayers\" in 1891.\n", "In 1839 Martineau came to the defence of Unitarian doctrine, under attack by Liverpool clergymen including Fielding Ould and Hugh Boyd M‘Neile. In the controversy, Martineau published five discourses, in which he discussed \"the Bible as the great autobiography of human nature from its infancy to its perfection,\" \"the Deity of Christ,\" \"Vicarious Redemption,\" \"Evil,\" and \"Christianity without Priest and without Ritual.\"\n", "In Martineau's earliest book, \"The Rationale of Religious Enquiry\", published in 1836, he placed the authority of reason above that of Scripture; and he assessed the New Testament as \"uninspired, but truthful; sincere, able, vigorous, but fallible.\" The book marked him down, among older British Unitarians, as a dangerous radical, and his ideas were the catalyst for a pamphlet war in America between George Ripley (who favored Martineau's questioning of the historical accuracy of scripture) and the more conservative Andrews Norton. Despite his belief that the Bible was fallible, Martineau continued to hold the view that \"in no intelligible sense can any one who denies the supernatural origin of the religion of Christ be termed a Christian,\" which term, he explained, was used not as \"a name of praise,\" but simply as \" a designation of belief.\" He censured the German rationalists \"for having preferred, by convulsive efforts of interpretation, to compress the memoirs of Christ and His apostles into the dimensions of ordinary life, rather than admit the operation of miracle on the one hand, or proclaim their abandonment of Christianity on the other.\"\n", "Section::::Life and thought.:Transcendentalism.\n", "Martineau came to know German philosophy and criticism, especially the criticism of Ferdinand Christian Baur and the Tübingen school, which affected his construction of Christian history. French influences were Ernest Renan and the Strassburg theologians. The rise of evolution compelled him to reformulate his theism. He addressed the public, as editor and contributor, in the \"Monthly Repository\", the \"Christian Reformer\", the \"Prospective Review\", the \"Westminster Review\" and the \"National Review\". Later he was a frequent contributor to the literary monthlies. More systematic expositions came in \"Types of Ethical Theory\" and \"The Study of Religion\", and, partly, in \"The Seat of Authority in Religion\" (1885, 1888 and 1890). What did Jesus signify? This was the problem which Martineau attempted to deal with in \"The Seat of Authority in Religion\".\n", "Martineau's theory of religious society, or church, was that of an idealist. He propounded a scheme, which was not taken up, that would have removed the church from the hands of a clerical order, and allowed the coordination of sects or churches under the state. Eclectic by nature, he gathered ideas from any source that appealed. Stopford Brooke once asked A. P. Stanley, Dean of Westminster, \"if the Church of England would broaden sufficiently to allow James Martineau to be made Archbishop of Canterbury\".\n", "Although he had opposed the removal (1889) of Manchester New College to Oxford, Martineau took part in the opening of the new buildings, conducting the communion service (19 October 1893) in the chapel of what is today Harris Manchester College, University of Oxford. A wide circle of friends mourned his death on 11 January 1900 — Oscar Wilde references him in his prose.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Endeavours after the Christian Life\" (1843);\n", "BULLET::::- \"Miscellanies\" 1852;\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Rationale of Religious Enquiry: or, The question stated of reason, the Bible, and the church; in six lectures\" (1853);\n", "BULLET::::- \"Studies of Christianity : a series of papers\" (1858);\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Study of Spinoza\" (1882)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Types of Ethical Theory\" (1885)\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Free Christians (Britain)\n", "BULLET::::- General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches\n", "BULLET::::- Unitarianism\n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- J. Hunt, \"Religious Thought in England in the 19th Century\" (1896) pages 246-250;\n", "BULLET::::- A. W. Jackson, \"James Martineau, a Biography and a Study\" (Boston, 1900);\n", "BULLET::::- J. Drummond and C. B. Upton, \"Life and Letters\" (2 volumes, 1901);\n", "BULLET::::- Henry Sidgwick, \"Lectures on the Ethics of Green, Spencer and Martineau\" (1902);\n", "BULLET::::- A. H. Craufurd, \"Recollections of James Martineau\" (1903);\n", "BULLET::::- J. E. Carpenter, \"James Martineau, Theologian and Teacher\" (1905);\n", "BULLET::::- C. B. Upton, \"Dr. Martineau's philosophy, a survey\" (1905);\n", "BULLET::::- Rowe, Mortimer, B.A., D.D. \"The History of Essex Hall\". London:Lindsey Press, (1959) full text reproduced here;\n", "BULLET::::- Frank Schulman, \"James Martineau: This Conscience-Intoxicated Unitarian\" (2002).\n", "BULLET::::- Attribution\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Henry Sidgwick\n", "Henry Sidgwick (; 31 May 1838 – 28 August 1900) was an English utilitarian philosopher and economist. He was the Knightbridge Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Cambridge from 1883 until his death, and is best known in philosophy for his utilitarian treatise \"The Methods of Ethics\". He was one of the founders and first president of the Society for Psychical Research and a member of the Metaphysical Society and promoted the higher education of women. His work in economics has also had a lasting influence.\n", "In 1875 he co-founded Newnham College, a women-only constituent college of the University of Cambridge. It was the second Cambridge college to admit women, after Girton College. Newnham College's co-founder was Millicent Garrett Fawcett.\n", "In 1856 Sidgwick joined the Cambridge Apostles intellectual secret society.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Henry Sidgwick was born at Skipton in Yorkshire, where his father, the Reverend W. Sidgwick (died 1841), was headmaster of the local grammar school, Ermysted's Grammar School. Henry's mother was Mary Sidgwick, née Crofts (1807–79).\n", "Henry Sidgwick was educated at Rugby (where his cousin, subsequently his brother-in-law, Edward White Benson, later Archbishop of Canterbury, was a master), and at Trinity College, Cambridge. While at Trinity, Sidgwick became a member of the Cambridge Apostles. In 1859, he was senior classic, 33rd wrangler, chancellor's medallist and Craven scholar. In the same year, he was elected to a fellowship at Trinity and soon afterwards he became a lecturer in classics there, a post he held for ten years. The Sidgwick Site, home to several of the university's arts and humanities faculties, is named after him.\n", "In 1869, he exchanged his lectureship in classics for one in moral philosophy, a subject to which he had been turning his attention. In the same year, deciding that he could no longer in good conscience declare himself a member of the Church of England, he resigned his fellowship. He retained his lectureship and in 1881 he was elected an honorary fellow. In 1874 he published \"The Methods of Ethics\" (6th ed. 1901, containing emendations written just before his death), by common consent a major work, which made his reputation outside the university. John Rawls called it the \"first truly academic work in moral theory, modern in both method and spirit\".\n", "In 1875, he was appointed praelector on moral and political philosophy at Trinity, and in 1883 he was elected Knightbridge Professor of Philosophy. In 1885, the religious test having been removed, his college once more elected him to a fellowship on the foundation.\n", "Besides his lecturing and literary labours, Sidgwick took an active part in the business of the university and in many forms of social and philanthropic work. He was a member of the General Board of Studies from its foundation in 1882 to 1899; he was also a member of the Council of the Senate of the Indian Civil Service Board and the Local Examinations and Lectures Syndicate and chairman of the Special Board for Moral Science.\n", "He married Eleanor Mildred Balfour, who was a member of the Ladies Dining Society in Cambridge, with 11 other members, and was sister to Arthur Balfour.\n", "A 2004 biography of Sidgwick by Bart Schultz sought to establish that Sidgwick was a lifelong homosexual, but it is unknown whether he ever consummated his inclinations. According to the biographer, Sidgwick struggled internally throughout his life with issues of hypocrisy and openness in connection with his own forbidden desires.\n", "He was one of the founders and first president of the Society for Psychical Research, and was a member of the Metaphysical Society.\n", "He also took in promoting the higher education of women. He helped to start the higher local examinations for women, and the lectures held at Cambridge in preparation for these. It was at his suggestion and with his help that Anne Clough opened a house of residence for students, which developed into Newnham College, Cambridge. When, in 1880, the North Hall was added, Sidgwick lived there for two years. His wife became principal of the college after Clough's death in 1892, and they lived there for the rest of his life. During this whole period, Sidgwick took the deepest interest in the welfare of the college. In politics, he was a liberal, and became a Liberal Unionist (a party that later effectively merged with the Conservative party) in 1886.\n", "Early in 1900 he was forced by ill-health to resign his professorship, and died a few months later. Sidgwick, who died an agnostic, is buried in Terling All Saints Churchyard, Terling, Essex, with his wife.\n", "Section::::Exposure of the fraud of Palladino.\n", "In July 1895, the medium Eusapia Palladino was invited to England to Frederic William Henry Myers's house in Cambridge for a series of investigations into her mediumship. According to reports by the investigators, Myers and Oliver Lodge, all the phenomena observed in the Cambridge sittings were the result of trickery. Her fraud was so clever, according to Myers, that it \"must have needed long practice to bring it to its present level of skill.\"\n", "In the Cambridge sittings, the results proved disastrous for her mediumship. During the séances, Palladino was caught cheating to free herself from the physical controls of the experiments. Palladino was found liberating her hands by placing the hand of the controller on her left on top of the hand of the controller on her right. Instead of maintaining any contact with her, the observers on either side were found to be holding each other's hands, which made it possible for her to perform tricks. Richard Hodgson had observed Palladino free a hand to move objects and use her feet to kick pieces of furniture in the room. Because of the discovery of fraud, the British SPR investigators such as Sidgwick and Frank Podmore considered Palladino's mediumship to be permanently discredited and because of her fraud she was banned from any further experiments with the SPR in Britain.\n", "In the \"British Medical Journal\" on 9 November 1895 an article was published titled \"Exit Eusapia!\". The article questioned the scientific legitimacy of the SPR for investigating Palladino, a medium who had a reputation of being a fraud and imposture. Part of the article read: \"It would be comic if it were not deplorable to picture this sorry Egeria surrounded by men like Professor Sidgwick, Professor Lodge, Mr. F. H. Myers, Dr. Schiaparelli, and Professor Richet, solemnly receiving her pinches and kicks, her finger skiddings, her sleight of hand with various articles of furniture as phenomena calling for serious study.\" This caused Sidgwick to respond in a published letter to the \"British Medical Journal\", 16 November 1895. According to Sidgwick SPR members had exposed the fraud of Palladino at the Cambridge sittings, Sidgwick wrote \"Throughout this period we have continually combated and exposed the frauds of professional mediums, and have never yet published in our Proceedings, any report in favour of the performances of any of them.\" The response from the Journal questioned why the SPR wastes time investigating phenomena that are the \"result of jugglery and imposture\" and not urgently concerning the welfare of mankind.\n", "In 1898, Myers was invited to a series of séances in Paris with Charles Richet. In contrast to the previous séances in which he had observed fraud, he claimed to have observed convincing phenomena. Sidgwick reminded Myers of Palladino's trickery in the previous investigations as \"overwhelming\" but Myers did not change his position. That enraged Richard Hodgson, then editor of SPR publications, to ban Myers from publishing anything on his recent sittings with Palladino in the SPR journal. Hodgson was convinced Palladino was a fraud and supported Sidgwick in the \"attempt to put that vulgar cheat Eusapia beyond the pale\". It was only in the 1908 sittings in Naples that the SPR reopened the Palladino file.\n", "Section::::Opinions.\n", "Sidgwick was a famous teacher. He treated his pupils as fellow students. He was deeply interested in psychical phenomena, but his energies were primarily devoted to the study of religion and philosophy.\n", "Brought up in the Church of England, he drifted away from orthodox Christianity, and as early as 1862 he described himself as a theist, independent from established religion. For the rest of his life, although he regarded Christianity as \"indispensable and irreplaceable – looking at it from a sociological point of view,\" he found himself unable to return to it as a religion.\n", "In political economy he was a utilitarian on the lines of John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham.\n", "His work was characterised by its careful investigation of first principles, as in his distinction of positive and normative reasoning, and by critical analysis, not always constructive. His influence was such that for example Alfred Marshall, founder of the Cambridge School of economics, would describe him as his \"spiritual mother and father.\" In philosophy, he devoted himself to ethics, and especially to the examination of the ultimate intuitive principles of conduct and commonsense morality, which he probes with great depth and subtlety in his major work, \"The Methods of Ethics\" (1874).\n", "He adopted a position that may be described as ethical hedonism, according to which the criterion of goodness in any given action is that it produces the greatest possible amount of personal pleasure. The hedonism, however, is not confined to the self (egoistic), but involves a due regard to the pleasure of others, and is, therefore, distinguished further as universalistic (a version of utilitarianism).\n", "As Sidgwick sees it, one of the central issues of ethics is whether self-interest and duty always coincide. To a great extent they do, Sidgwick argues, but it cannot be proved that they never conflict, except by appeal to a divine system of punishments and rewards that Sidgwick believes is out of place in a work of philosophical ethics. The upshot is that there is a \"dualism of practical reason.\"\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Ethics of Conformity and Subscription\". 1870.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Methods of Ethics\". London, 1874, 7th edition 1907.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Theory of Evolution in its application to Practice\", in \"Mind\", Volume I, Number 1 January 1876, 52–67,\n", "BULLET::::- \"Principles of Political Economy\". London, 1883, 3rd edition 1901.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Scope and Method of Economic Science\". 1885.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Outlines of the History of Ethics for English Readers.\" 1886 5th edition 1902 (enlarged from his article in the \"Encyclopædia Britannica\").\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Elements of Politics\". London, 1891, 4th edition 1919.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Philosophy of Common Sense\", in \"Mind\", New Series, Volume IV, Number 14, April 1895, 145–158.\n", "BULLET::::- \",\" Palgrave's \"Dictionary of Political Economy\", 1896, v. 1, (reprinted in \"\", 1987, v. 2, 58–59.)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Practical Ethics\". London, 1898, 2nd edition 1909.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Philosophy; its Scope and Relations\". London, 1902.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lectures on the Ethics of T. H. Green, Mr Herbert Spencer and J. Martineau\". 1902.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Development of European Polity\". 1903, 3rd edition 1920\n", "BULLET::::- \"Miscellaneous Essays and Addresses\". 1904.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lectures on the Philosophy of Kant and other philosophical lectures and essays\". 1905.\n", "BULLET::::- Sidgwick's writings available online\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- People\n", "BULLET::::- Alfred Marshall\n", "BULLET::::- Derek Parfit\n", "BULLET::::- Peter Singer\n", "BULLET::::- Topics\n", "BULLET::::- Analytic philosophy\n", "BULLET::::- Ethical intuitionism\n", "BULLET::::- Palm Sunday Case\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Schultz, Bart. \"Henry Sidgwick: Eye of the Universe. An Intellectual Biography\". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.\n", "BULLET::::- Schultz, Bart. \"Henry Sidgwick\". \"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy\". 5 October 2004.\n", "BULLET::::- Blum, Deborah. \"Ghost Hunters\". Arrow Books, 2007.\n", "BULLET::::- Dawes, Ann. \"Henry Sidgwick\". Biograph, 2007\n", "BULLET::::- Geninet, Hortense. \"POLITIQUES COMPAREES, Henry Sidgwick et la politique moderne dans les Éléments Politiques\", Edited by Hortense Geninet, France, September 2009.\n", "BULLET::::- Nakano-Okuno, Mariko. \"Sidgwick and Contemporary Utilitarianism\". Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.\n", "BULLET::::- Phillips, David. \"Sidgwickian Ethics\". Oxford University Press, 2011.\n", "BULLET::::- Schneewind, Jerome. \"Sidgwick's Ethics and Victorian Moral Philosophy\". Clarendon Press, 1977.\n", "BULLET::::- Katarzyna de Lazari-Radek, Peter Singer. \"The Point of View of the Universe: Sidgwick and Contemporary Ethics\". Oxford University Press, 2014.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Henry Sidgwick Website\n", "BULLET::::- Official website of the 2nd International congress : Henry Sidgwick Ethics, Psychics, Politics. University of Catania – Italy\n", "BULLET::::- Henry Sidgwick. Comprehensive list of online writings by and about Sidgwick.\n", "BULLET::::- Contains Sidgwick's \"Methods of Ethics\", modified for easier reading\n", "BULLET::::- , Leslie Stephen, \"MInd\", New Series, Vol. 10, No. 37 (January 1901), pp. 1-17 [At Internet Archive]\n", "BULLET::::- , James Seth, \"MInd\", New Series, Vol. 10, No. 38 (April 1901), pp.172-187 [At Internet Archive]\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Twiggy\n", "Dame Lesley Lawson (\"née\" Hornby; born 19 September 1949) is an English model, actress, and singer widely known by the nickname Twiggy. She was a British cultural icon and a prominent teenage model in swinging sixties London.\n", "Twiggy was initially known for her thin build (thus her nickname) and her androgynous look consisting of big eyes, long eyelashes, and short hair. She was named \"The Face of 1966\" by the \"Daily Express\" and voted British Woman of the Year. By 1967, she had modelled in France, Japan, and the US, and had landed on the covers of \"Vogue\" and \"The Tatler\". Her fame had spread worldwide.\n", "After modelling, Twiggy enjoyed a successful career as a screen, stage, and television actress. Her role in \"The Boy Friend\" (1971) brought her two Golden Globe Awards. In 1983 she made her Broadway debut in the musical, \"My One and Only\", for which she earned a Tony nomination for Best Actress in a Musical. She later hosted her own series \"Twiggy's People\", in which she interviewed celebrities; she also appeared as a judge on the reality show \"America's Next Top Model\". Her 1998 autobiography \"Twiggy in Black and White\" entered the best-seller lists. Since 2005, she has modelled for Marks and Spencer, most recently to promote their recent rebranding, appearing in television advertisements and print media, alongside Myleene Klass, Erin O'Connor, Lily Cole, and others. In 2012, she worked alongside Marks & Spencer's designers to launch an exclusive clothing collection for the M&S Woman range.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Lesley Hornby was born on 19 September 1949 and raised in Neasden (then in Middlesex, now a suburb of north-west London). She was the third daughter of Nellie Lydia (\"née\" Reeman), a factory worker for a printing firm, and William Norman Hornby, a master carpenter and joiner from Lancashire: Their first daughter, Shirley, had been born fifteen years earlier; their second, Vivien, had been born seven years earlier. According to Twiggy, her maternal grandfather was Jewish. However, her mother’s genealogy, which was examined on the series \"Who Do You Think You Are?\" in 2014, does not contain Jewish ancestry.\n", "Twiggy's mother taught her to sew from an early age. She used this skill to make her own clothing. She attended the Brondesbury and Kilburn High School. Twiggy's great-great-grandmother, Grace Meadows, died in a stampede of excitable shoppers at a bargain sale at Messrs McIllroys store on Mare Street, in Hackney, in 1897. This event made the news at the time.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Twiggy married American actor Michael Witney in 1977. Their daughter, Carly, was born in 1978. They remained married until his death in 1983 from a heart attack.\n", "She met Leigh Lawson in 1984. In 1988, they worked on the film \"Madame Sousatzka\" and married that year in Sag Harbor, New York (on Long Island). Lawson adopted Twiggy's daughter, who took his surname. The couple resides in London and owns a home in Southwold, Suffolk.\n", "On Twiggy's official website, she states she is a supporter of breast cancer research, animal welfare, and anti-fur campaigns. She was one of the celebrities, including Tom Hiddleston, Jo Brand, E. L. James, Benedict Cumberbatch, and Rachel Riley, to design and sign her own card for the UK-based charity Thomas Coram Foundation for Children. The campaign was launched by crafting company Stampin' Up! UK, and the cards were auctioned off on eBay during May 2014.\n", "Section::::Modelling career (1965–1970).\n", "Section::::Modelling career (1965–1970).:1965–1967.\n", "Twiggy is best remembered as one of the first international supermodels and a fashion icon of the 1960s. Her greatest influence is Jean Shrimpton, whom Twiggy considers to be the world's first supermodel. She has said she based her \"look\" on Pattie Boyd. Twiggy herself has been described as the successor to Shrimpton.\n", "In January 1966, aged 16, she had her hair coloured and cut short in London at Leonard of Mayfair, owned by celebrity hairdresser Leonard. The hair stylist was looking for models on whom to try out his new crop haircut and he styled her hair in preparation for a few test head shots. A professional photographer Barry Lategan took several photos for Leonard, which the hairdresser hung in his salon. Deirdre McSharry, a fashion journalist from the \"Daily Express\", saw the images and asked to meet the young girl.\n", "McSharry arranged to have more photos taken. A few weeks later the publication featured an article and images of Hornby, declaring her \"The Face of '66\". In it, the copy read: \"The Cockney kid with a face to launch a thousand shapes... and she's only 16\".\n", "Hornby's career quickly took off. She was short for a model at 5'6\" (167 cm), weighed eight stone (51 kg; 112 lbs) and had a 31-23-32 figure, \"with a new kind of streamlined, androgynous sex appeal\" Her hairdresser boyfriend, Nigel Davies, became her manager, changed his name to Justin de Villeneuve, and persuaded her to change her name to Twiggy (from \"Twigs\", her childhood nickname). De Villeneuve credits himself for Twiggy's discovery and her modelling success, and his version of events is often quoted in other biographies. In her 1998 book \"Twiggy In Black and White\", she says that she met Justin through his brother, when she worked as a Saturday girl at a hairdressers in London. This is where she began to see the models in the magazines, but never thought she could do something like that. Jean Shrimpton was her idol so she grew her hair long to look like her, before having to have it cut off for her headshots by Barry Lategan. Ten years her senior, De Villeneuve managed her lucrative career for seven years, overseeing her finances and enterprises during her heyday as a model.\n", "Twiggy was soon seen in all the leading fashion magazines, commanding fees of £80 an hour, bringing out her own line of clothes called \"Twiggy Dresses\" in 1967, and taking the fashion world by storm. \"I hated what I looked like,\" she said once, \"so I thought everyone had gone stark raving mad.\" Twiggy's look centred on three qualities: her stick-thin figure, a boyishly short haircut and strikingly dark eyelashes. Describing how she obtained her prominent eyelashes, now known as Twiggy's, she said, \"Back then I was layering three pairs of false eyelashes over my own and would paint extra 'twigs' on my skin underneath.\"\n", "One month after the \"Daily Express\" article, Twiggy posed for her first shoot for \"Vogue\". A year later, she had appeared in 13 separate fashion shoots in international \"Vogue\" editions.\n", "Section::::Modelling career (1965–1970).:1967–1970.\n", "Twiggy arrived in New York in March 1967 at Kennedy Airport, an event covered by the press. \"The New Yorker\", \"Life\" and \"Newsweek\" reported on the Twiggy \"phenomenon\" in 1967, with the \"New Yorker\" devoting nearly 100 pages to the subject.\" That year she became an international sensation, modelling in France, Japan and America, and landing the cover of Paris \"Vogue\" in May, the cover of US \"Vogue\" three times, in April, July and November, and the cover of British \"Vogue\" in October. In 1967, an editorial on page 63 of the edition of 15 March of \"Vogue\" described her as an \"extravaganza that makes the look of the sixties\" Twiggy was, according to feminist critic Linda Delibero, \"the most visible commodity Britain produced that year, and [America] generously complied with the hype, scarfing up skinny little Twiggy pens, Twiggy lunch boxes, Twiggy lashes, an assortment of Twiggy-endorsed cosmetics\".\n", "The Metropolitan Museum of Art's 2009 catalogue of \"Style: Model as Muse Embodying Fashion\" stated:Twiggy's adolescent physique was the perfect frame for the androgynous styles that began to emerge in the 1960s. The trend was manifested in a number of templates: sweet A-line dresses with collars and neckties, suits and dresses that took their details from military uniforms, or, in the case of Yves Saint Laurent, an explicit transposition of the male tuxedo to women. Simultaneously, under the rubric of \"unisex\", designs that were minimalistic, including Nehru suits and space-agey jumpsuits, were proposed by designers such as Pierre Cardin and Andre Courreges, and, most famously in the United States, by Rudi Gernreich.\n", "Twiggy has been photographed by such noted photographers as Cecil Beaton, Richard Avedon, Melvin Sokolsky, Ronald Traeger, Bert Stern, Norman Parkinson, Annie Leibovitz and Steven Meisel.\n", "Section::::Modelling career (1965–1970).:Reaction.\n", "Twiggy and the magazines featuring her image polarised critics from the start. Her boyishly thin image was, and still is, criticised promoting an \"unhealthy\" body ideal for women. \"Twiggy came along at a time when teen-age spending power was never greater,\" said Su Dalgleish, fashion correspondent for the \"Daily Mail\". \"With that underdeveloped, boyish figure, she is an idol to the 14- and 15-year-old kids. She makes virtue of all the terrible things of gawky, miserable adolescence.\" At the height of her fame, Mark Cohen, president of Leeds Women's shop, had an even harsher view: \"Her legs remind me of two painted worms.\" Yet Twiggy had her supporters. Diana Vreeland of \"Vogue\" stated, \"She's no flash in the pan. She is the mini-girl in the mini-era. She's delicious looking.\" In recent years, Twiggy has spoken out against the trend of waif-thin models, explaining that her own thin weight as a teenager was natural: \"I was very skinny, but that was just my natural build. I always ate sensibly – being thin was in my genes.\"\n", "On 10 December 1969, despite being 20 years old, she was selected as the subject for one of the first editions produced by Thames Television of the television series \"This Is Your Life\".\n", "Section::::Stage, film, television, and singing career.\n", "Section::::Stage, film, television, and singing career.:1970–1979.\n", "After four years of modelling, Twiggy retired in 1970, stating: \"You can't be a clothes hanger for your entire life!\" She broke off with Justin de Villeneuve, who had been overseeing her business affairs since 1966 and released him from his duties as her manager, claiming in later years that \"her career had more to do with that famous picture of her with those funny painted eyelashes, which appeared in the \"Daily Express\" under the headline 'The Face of '66' \" than with his promotional efforts.\n", "She has stated several times that she is only really remembered for her modelling career although it was \"only a short part of my life\". She began to develop a film interest through her weekly visits to Ken Russell's house; they would watch old films together, which featured Greta Garbo, Clark Gable, and other Hollywood actors and actresses. This began to give Twiggy a new outlook on the way she dressed and the way she wore her hair; she began wearing a beret, longer skirts, and flowers as the hippie look was beginning to take over London. Ken and Twiggy worked on a film together, called \"The Boy Friend\" (1971), after watching a performance of the original musical, staged by Ken's mother's amateur dramatics group.\n", "Twiggy then embarked on an award-winning acting and singing career, starring in a variety of roles on stage and screen, and recording albums. In 1971, she made her film debut as an extra in Ken Russell's \"The Devils\". The same year, she performed her first leading role as Polly Browne, in Russell's adaptation of Sandy Wilson's pastiche of 1920s hit musicals, \"The Boy Friend\" (1971). This marked her initial collaboration with Tommy Tune, and won her two Golden Globe Awards in 1972 (New Star of the Year – Actress and Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy). Also in 1971, Twiggy released the single \"Zoo de Zoo Zong\", written by Roger Cook and Roger Greenaway, and credited to Twiggy and Friends. In 1974, she made her West End stage debut in \"Cinderella\"; made a second feature, the thriller \"W\" (co-starring with her future husband Michael Witney); and hosted her own British television series, \"Twiggs\" (later renamed \"Twiggy\").\n", "In 1973, she appeared with David Bowie on the cover of his seventh album, \"Pin Ups\". which entered the UK chart on 3 November 1973 and stayed there for 21 weeks, peaking at No. 1. In October 1975, she sang at the live performance of Roger Glover's \"The Butterfly Ball and the Grasshopper's Feast\" album at the Royal Albert Hall in London. The concert was filmed and produced by Tony Klinger and released to cinemas in 1976. In November 1976, she made an appearance on \"The Muppet Show\", in which she sang the Beatles song, \"In My Life\". In 1976, she signed to Mercury Records and released the albums \"Twiggy\" and \"Please Get My Name Right\", that contained both pop and country tunes. \"Twiggy\" sold very well, peaking on the UK charts at No. 33, and gave Twiggy a silver disc for good sales. The album contains Twiggy's top-20 hit single, \"Here I Go Again\". \"Please Get My Name Right\" made it to No. 35 in 1977. The single, \"A Woman in Love\", failed to chart for Twiggy in 1977 but was a hit for the Three Degrees in 1978.\n", "In 1978, the television distribution arm of American International Pictures, in an effort to gain additional syndication value in the US to the LWT rock music series \"Supersonic\", repackaged the musical performances with Twiggy replacing Mike Mansfield's introductions. The new series, titled \"Twiggy's Jukebox\", m ran in most of the major television markets in the US during the 1978–79 TV season. Coincidentally, Twiggy had performed \"Here I Go Again\" and \"Vanilla Olay\" on \"Supersonic\" in September 1976, and these performances were included in the refurbished programme. After the initial season, Twiggy left the series, and American International Television continued \"Jukebox\" with Britt Ekland as host, using standard music videos rather than clips from \"Supersonic\". Twiggy appeared in \"There Goes the Bride\" with Tom Smothers in 1979.\n", "Section::::Stage, film, television, and singing career.:1980–1999.\n", "In 1980, Twiggy made a cameo appearance in \"The Blues Brothers\". She starred as Eliza Doolittle in 1981, opposite Robert Powell, in the Yorkshire TV production of \"Pygmalion\". In 1983, she made her Broadway debut in the musical, \"My One and Only\", starring and co-staged by Tommy Tune, for which she earned a Tony nomination. She played opposite Robin Williams in the 1986 comedy \"Club Paradise\". In 1987, she played a vaudeville performer in the British television special \"The Little Match Girl\", and in 1988, she appeared in a supporting role in \"Madame Sousatzka\" opposite her second husband Leigh Lawson. In 1989, she was cast as Hannah Chaplin, mother to Charles, in the British television movie \"Young Charlie Chaplin\", aired in the United States on PBS' \"WonderWorks\".\n", "In 1991, she co-starred in her first American network dramatic television series, the short-lived CBS sitcom \"Princesses\". Of eight episodes completed, only five aired. (Her \"Princesses\" co-star, Fran Drescher, later spent some time with Twiggy and her family in England while developing Drescher's hit series \"The Nanny\", and modelled the character Maxwell Sheffield on Twiggy's husband Leigh Lawson.)\n", "In 1993, Twiggy appeared alongside Mark Hamill in the short segment \"Eye\" from the made-for-cable horror anthology, \"Body Bags\".\n", "In 1997, Twiggy acted in the Chichester Festival Theatre revival of Noël Coward's \"Blithe Spirit\". A year later, she played Gertrude Lawrence in the biographical stage revue \"Noel and Gertie\" at Bay Street Theatre in Sag Harbor, Long Island. In 1999, she returned to the New York stage in an off-Broadway production \"If Love Were All\", a revised version of \"Noel and Gertie\", written and directed by Leigh Lawson; what set this edition apart were its tap numbers in period style. She starred as Gertrude Lawrence opposite Harry Groener's Noël Coward.\n", "Section::::Stage, film, television, and singing career.:2000–2009.\n", "In 2001, Twiggy co-hosted the British magazine programme \"This Morning\". In 2003, she released another album, \"Midnight Blue\". Seventeen of the CD's 20 tracks had previously unreleased material from 1982–1990, including a duet with Leo Sayer, \"Save the Last Dance for Me\", and a cover of the Rolling Stones' \"Ruby Tuesday\". Two of the tracks (\"Feel Emotion\" and \"Diamond\") had been issued as singles in the mid-1980s. In 2005, she joined the cast of the television show \"America's Next Top Model\" for Cycles 5–9 as one of four judges, and a year later, she appeared on the cover of the \"Icons\" issue of \"Swindle\" magazine. She also returned to modelling, fronting a major television, press, and billboard campaign for Marks & Spencer, the British department-store chain. Her involvement in the advertising campaign has been credited for reviving Marks and Spencer's fortunes.\n", "In 2006, she portrayed herself as a 19-year-old in the radio play \"Elevenses with Twiggy\", for BBC Radio 4's \"The Afternoon Play\" series. She did not return to \"America's Next Top Model\" in its tenth season due to scheduling conflicts. Her replacement was model Paulina Porizkova. Also in 2007, Sepia Records released a previously shelved album that Twiggy recorded in 1979, produced by Donna Summer and Juergen Koppers. \"Heaven in My Eyes [\"Discotheque\"]\" contains the eight original tracks due to be released, plus four remixes by The OUTpsiDER. The album was also made available on iTunes. In 2008, she supported the \"Fashion Targets Breast Cancer\" campaign in support of Breakthrough Breast Cancer, alongside fellow celebrities –comedian Alan Carr, singer Natalie Imbruglia, actress Anna Friel, and DJ & presenter Edith Bowman.\n", "In the summer of 2009, the beauty products company Olay debuted its \"Definity Eye Cream\" campaign depicting Twiggy. Accusations of airbrushing created a stir with the media and public. A website campaign set up by Jo Swinson, the Scottish Liberal Democrat MP, attracted 700 individual complaints. Procter & Gamble admitted to minor retouching and replaced the image. The Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) announced that the ad gave a \"misleading\" impression, but that no further action was required because the image had already been withdrawn. Its announcement said:\n", "Section::::Later career.\n", "Section::::Later career.:2010–present.\n", "Twiggy remains in the forefront of fashion for women of her age. She was one of the few famous celebrities to survive being cut from the Marks & Spencer fashion team in 2009–2010, when Dannii Minogue joined her for the spring/summer women's wear campaign.\n", "She also started a Home Shopping Network fashion line called the \"Twiggy London\" collection, and has begun a fashion blog to discuss the line. Women in their 60s and 70s are remaining stylish today, and this trend has been termed the \"Twiggy effect\".\n", "On 21 November 2011, she released an album, \"Romantically Yours\", through EMI. A collection of pop and easy listening standards spanning several generations, the album features versions of such compositions as \"Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered\", \"Blue Moon\", \"My Funny Valentine\", \"Someone to Watch over Me\" and \"They Can't Take That Away from Me\". The album also includes a guest vocal appearance by Twiggy's daughter, Carly Lawson, on Neil Young's \"Only Love Can Break Your Heart\", a guitar solo by Bryan Adams, and a version of Richard Marx's \"Right Here Waiting\" featuring duet vocals with the American songwriter himself. In 2016, archive images of Twiggy, alongside images of Shrimpton and Jane Birkin were used for Tod's Fall/Winter campaign.\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "She was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2019 New Year Honours for services to fashion, to the arts and to charity. She was gazetted under her married name, Lesley Lawson.\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "Section::::Filmography.:Film.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Devils\" (1971)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Boy Friend\" (1971)\n", "BULLET::::- \"W\" (1974)\n", "BULLET::::- \"There Goes The Bride\" (1979)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Blues Brothers\" (1980)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Doctor and the Devils\" (1985)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Club Paradise\" (1986)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Little Match Girl\" (1986)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Madame Sousatzka\" (1988)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Diamond Trap\" (1988)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sun Child\" (1988)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Istanbul (Keep Your Eyes Open)\" (1990)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Body Bags\" (1993)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Something Borrowed, Something Blue\" (1997)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Edge of Seventeen\" (1998)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Brand New World\" (based on the Jeff Noon play \"Woundings\") (1998)\n", "Section::::Filmography.:Television.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Twiggs\" (1974)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Twiggy \" (1975)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Muppet Show\" (1976) (episode 21)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Victorian Scandals\" (1976)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bing Crosby's Merrie Olde Christmas\" (1977)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Hanna-Barbera Happy Hour\" (1978)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Donna Summer Special\" (1980)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Gift of Music\" (1981)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pygmalion\", Eliza Doolittle. Celebrity Playhouse, Yorkshire Television (December 1981)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Young Charlie Chaplin\" (1989)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Princesses\" (1991)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tales from the Crypt\" (1992) (1 episode)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Nanny\" (1994) (1 episode)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Heartbeat\" (1994) (1 episode)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Absolutely Fabulous\" (2000–2001)\n", "BULLET::::- \"This Morning\" (presenter) (2001)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Take Time With Twiggy\" (host) (2001)\n", "BULLET::::- \"America's Next Top Model\" (judge, cycles 5–9) (2005–2007)\n", "BULLET::::- \"ShakespeaRe-Told: The Taming of the Shrew\" (2005)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Friday Night with Jonathan Ross\" (guest) (2008)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Twiggy's Frock Exchange\" (2008)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Alan Titchmarsh's Walks of Fame\" (2010)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Who Do You Think You Are?\" (episode 100) (2014)\n", "Section::::Stage.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cinderella\", Casino Theatre, London, (1974)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Butterfly Ball and the Grasshopper's Feast\", the Royal Albert Hall, London (1975)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Captain Beaky and His Musical Christmas\" (pantomime), Apollo Victoria Theatre, London (1981)\n", "BULLET::::- \"My One and Only\", St. James Theatre, New York (1983–1984)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Blithe Spirit\", Chichester Festival Theatre, (1997)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Noel and Gertie\", Bay Street Theatre, Long Island, New York, (1998)\n", "BULLET::::- \"If Love Were All\", Lucille Lortel Theatre, New York City (1999)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Blithe Spirit\", Bay Street Theatre, Long Island, New York (2002)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mrs. Warren's Profession\", on tour, England (2003)\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "BULLET::::- Albums\n", "BULLET::::- 1971 \"The Boyfriend\" (Original Soundtrack) (MGM Records)\n", "BULLET::::- 1972 \"Twiggy and the Girlfriends\" (Ember)\n", "BULLET::::- 1976 \"Twiggy\" (Mercury) (UK #33)\n", "BULLET::::- 1977 \"Please Get My Name Right\" (Mercury) (UK #35)\n", "BULLET::::- 1983 \"My One and Only\" (with Tommy Tune) (Atlantic)\n", "BULLET::::- 2003 \"Midnight Blue\" (Eureka) (unreleased material from the 1980s)\n", "BULLET::::- 2007 \"Heaven In My Eyes - Discotheque\" (Eureka) (unreleased material from the 1970s)\n", "BULLET::::- 2009 \"Gotta Sing Gotta Dance\" (Stage Door)\n", "BULLET::::- 2011 \"Romantically Yours\" (EMI)\n", "BULLET::::- Singles\n", "BULLET::::- 1966 \"Some Do Some Don't (Some Will Some Won't)\" (with Anne) (Columbia)\n", "BULLET::::- 1967 \"Beautiful Dreams\" (Ember)\n", "BULLET::::- 1967 \"When I Think of You\" (Ember)\n", "BULLET::::- 1971 \"Zoo De Zoo Zong\" (with Friends) (Bell)\n", "BULLET::::- 1972 \"A Room in Bloomsbury\" (with Christopher Gable) (Columbia)\n", "BULLET::::- 1976 \"Here I Go Again\" (Mercury) (UK #17)\n", "BULLET::::- 1976 \"Vanilla Olay\" (Mercury)\n", "BULLET::::- 1977 \"Rings\" ((UK #35) from her album \"Please Get My Name Right\")\n", "BULLET::::- 1977 \"Please Get My Name Right\" (Mercury)\n", "BULLET::::- 1977 \"I Hope We Get to Love in Time\" (Mercury)\n", "BULLET::::- 1977 \"A Woman in Love\" (Mercury)\n", "BULLET::::- 1977 \"Tomorrow is Another Day\" (Mercury)\n", "BULLET::::- 1978 \"Falling Angel\" (Mercury)\n", "BULLET::::- 1985 \"Feel Emotion\" (Arista) (UK #81)\n", "BULLET::::- 1986 \"Diamond\" (Arista)\n", "BULLET::::- 1989 \"Winter Wonderland\" (Object)\n", "Section::::Books and exhibits.\n", "BULLET::::- Twiggy, \"Twiggy: An Autobiography\" (1975),\n", "BULLET::::- Twiggy, \"Twiggy's Guide to Looking Good\" (1986),\n", "BULLET::::- Twiggy, \"Twiggy in Black and White\" (1998),\n", "BULLET::::- Emma Midgley, \"London Swings Again With Ossie Clark Show At The V&A\" (22 July 2003), \"Culture24\"\n", "BULLET::::- Twiggy, \"Twiggy: Please Get My Name Right\" (2004), Word Power Books,\n", "BULLET::::- Iain R Webb, \"Bill Gibb: Fashion and Fantasy\" (2008), foreword by Twiggy,\n", "BULLET::::- Twiggy, \"A Guide to Looking and Feeling Fabulous Over Forty\" (2008),\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Model as Muse: Embodying Fashion\", Metropolitan Museum of Art, May–August 2009\n", "BULLET::::- \"Twiggy: A Life in Photographs, Terence Pepper, Robin Muir, and Melvin Sokolsky\" (2009),\n", "BULLET::::- \"Twiggy: A Life in Photographs\", National Portrait Gallery (2009–2010)\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Conekin, Becky E. \"Fashioning Mod Twiggy and the moped in ‘swinging’ London.\" \"History and Technology\" 28.2 (2012): 209-215.\n", "BULLET::::- Gross, Michael. \"Model: The ugly business of beautiful women\" (Harper Collins, 2011).\n", "BULLET::::- Sandbrook, Dominic. \"White Heat: A history of Britain in the swinging sixties\" (Abacus, 2015) pp 283-308.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Twiggy – Official website\n", "BULLET::::- 1967 \"Newsweek\" cover and Twiggy article\n", "BULLET::::- \"Images of Twiggy\", National Portrait Gallery\n", "BULLET::::- \"My Best Shot: Twiggy\" by Barry Lategan\n", "BULLET::::- Twiggy at Internet Off-Broadway Database\n", "BULLET::::- Twiggy interview in \"Swindle\" magazine\n", "BULLET::::- \"Twiggy: You Ask the Questions\", \"The Independent\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Twiggy: Fashion Icon\" – slideshow by \"Life\" magazine\n", "BULLET::::- Twiggy interview on BBC Radio 4 \"Desert Island Discs\", 13 January 1989\n", "BULLET::::- Twiggy's appearance on This Is Your Life\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Twiggy", "Lesley Lawson", "Lesley Hornby" ] }, "description": "British model, actress, singer", "enwikiquote_title": "Twiggy", "wikidata_id": "Q229442", "wikidata_label": "Twiggy Lawson", "wikipedia_title": "Twiggy" }

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Stanley Jevons\"", "\"On the Variation of Prices and the Value of the Currency since 1782\"", "\"On the Frequent Autumnal Pressure in the Money Market, and the Action of the Bank of England\"", "\"On the Condition of the Metallic Currency of the United Kingdom, with Reference to the Question of International Coinage\"", "\"Who Discovered the Quantification of the Predicate?\"", "\"The Philosophy of Inductive Inference\"", "\"The Use of Hypothesis\"", "\"The Railways and the State\"", "\"The Future of Political Economy\"", "\"Cruelty to Animals: A Study in Sociology\"", "\"The Silver Question\"", "\"John Stuart Mill's Philosophy Tested\"", "Part II", "Part III", "\"Methods of Social Reform, I: Amusements of the People\"", "\"Methods of Social Reform, II: A State Parcel Post\"", "\"The Periodicity of Commercial Crises, and its Physical Explanation,”", "\"Experimental Legislation and the Drink Traffic\"", "\"Recent Mathematico-Logical Memoirs\"", "\"Richard Cantillon and the Nationality of Political Economy\"", "\"The Rationale of Free Public Libraries\"", "\"Bimetallism\"", "\"Married Women in Factories\"", "\"Guide to the Study of Political Economy\"", "\"Jevons and the Logic ‘Piano’\"", "\"William Stanley Jevons and the Extent of Meaning in Logic and Economics\"", "\"Ecological Paradoxes: William Stanley Jevons and the Paperless Office\"", "\"Jevons' 'Theory of Political Economy'\"", "Ivor Grattan-Guinness", "Encyclopedia of Marxism", "www.marxists.org", "New School: William Stanley Jevons", "Royal Society certificate of election 1872", "Jevons and the Logic 'Piano'", "The Rutherford Journal", "The Coal Question – Encyclopedia of Earth", "Letters and Journal of W. Stanley Jevons", "Jevons Family Archive", "John Rylands Library", "Works by W. Stanley Jevons", "Hathi Trust", "Works by W. 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{ "paragraph": [ "William Stanley Jevons\n", "William Stanley Jevons FRS (; 1 September 183513 August 1882) was an English economist and logician.\n", "Irving Fisher described Jevons's book \"A General Mathematical Theory of Political Economy\" (1862) as the start of the mathematical method in economics. It made the case that economics as a science concerned with quantities is necessarily mathematical. In so doing, it expounded upon the \"final\" (marginal) utility theory of value. Jevons's work, along with similar discoveries made by Carl Menger in Vienna (1871) and by Léon Walras in Switzerland (1874), marked the opening of a new period in the history of economic thought. Jevons's contribution to the marginal revolution in economics in the late 19th century established his reputation as a leading political economist and logician of the time.\n", "Jevons broke off his studies of the natural sciences in London in 1854 to work as an assayer in Sydney, where he acquired an interest in political economy. Returning to the UK in 1859, he published \"General Mathematical Theory of Political Economy\" in 1862, outlining the marginal utility theory of value, and \"A Serious Fall in the Value of Gold\" in 1863. For Jevons, the utility or value to a consumer of an additional unit of a product is inversely related to the number of units of that product he already owns, at least beyond some critical quantity.\n", "Jevons received public recognition for his work on \"The Coal Question\" (1865), in which he called attention to the gradual exhaustion of Britain's coal supplies and also put forth the view that increases in energy production efficiency leads to more, not less, consumption. This view is known today as the Jevons paradox, named after him. Due to this particular work, Jevons is regarded today as the first economist of some standing to develop an 'ecological' perspective on the economy. \n", "The most important of his works on logic and scientific methods is his \"Principles of Science\" (1874), as well as \"The Theory of Political Economy\" (1871) and \"The State in Relation to Labour\" (1882). Among his inventions was the logic piano, a mechanical computer. \n", "Section::::Background.\n", "Jevons was born in Liverpool, Lancashire, England. His father, Thomas Jevons, was an iron merchant who wrote about legal and economic subjects as well. His mother Mary Anne Jevons was the daughter of William Roscoe. At the age of fifteen he was sent to London to attend the University College School. Around this time, he seemed to have formed the belief that he was capable of important achievements as a thinker. Towards the end of 1853, after having spent two years at University College, where his favourite subjects were chemistry and botany, he received an offer as metallurgical assayer for the new mint in Australia. The idea of leaving the UK was distasteful, but pecuniary considerations had, in consequence of the failure of his father's firm in 1847, become of vital importance, and he accepted the post.\n", "Jevons left the UK for Sydney in June 1854 to take up a role as an Assayer at the Mint. Jevons lived with his colleague and his wife first at Church Hill, then in Annangrove at Petersham and at Double Bay before returning to England. In letters to his family he described his life, took photographs and produced a social map of Sydney. Jevons returned to England via America five years later.\n", "He resigned his appointment, and in the autumn of 1859 re-entered the University College London as a student. He was granted B.A. and M.A. degrees from the University of London. He now gave his principal attention to the moral sciences, but his interest in natural science was by no means exhausted: throughout his life he continued to write occasional papers on scientific subjects, and his knowledge of the physical sciences greatly contributed to the success of his chief logical work, \"The Principles of Science\". Not long after taking his M.A. degree, Jevons obtained a post as tutor at Owens College, Manchester.\n", "In 1866, he was elected professor of logic and mental and moral philosophy and Cobden professor of political economy at Owens College. \n", "Section::::Theory of utility.\n", "Jevons arrived quite early in his career at the doctrines that constituted his most characteristic and original contributions to economics and logic. The theory of utility, which became the keynote of his general theory of political economy, was practically formulated in a letter written in 1860; and the germ of his logical principles of the substitution of similars may be found in the view which he propounded in another letter written in 1861, that \"philosophy would be found to consist solely in pointing out the likeness of things.\" The theory of utility above referred to, namely, that the degree of utility of a commodity is some continuous mathematical function of the quantity of the commodity available, together with the implied doctrine that economics is essentially a mathematical science, took more definite form in a paper on \"A General Mathematical Theory of Political Economy\", written for the British Association in 1862. This paper does not appear to have attracted much attention either in 1862 or on its publication four years later in the \"Journal of the Statistical Society\"; and it was not till 1871, when the \"Theory of Political Economy\" appeared, that Jevons set forth his doctrines in a fully developed form.\n", "It was not until after the publication of this work that Jevons became acquainted with the applications of mathematics to political economy made by earlier writers, notably Antoine Augustin Cournot and H.H. Gossen. The theory of utility was at about 1870 being independently developed on somewhat similar lines by Carl Menger in Austria and Léon Walras in Switzerland. As regards the discovery of the connection between value in exchange and final (or marginal) utility, the priority belongs to Gossen, but this in no way detracts from the great importance of the service which Jevons rendered to British economics by his fresh discovery of the principle, and by the way in which he ultimately forced it into notice. In his reaction from the prevailing view he sometimes expressed himself without due qualification: the declaration, for instance, made at the commencement of the \"Theory of Political Economy\", that value depends entirely upon utility, lent itself to misinterpretation. But a certain exaggeration of emphasis may be pardoned in a writer seeking to attract the attention of an indifferent public. The Neoclassical Revolution, which would reshape economics, had been started.\n", "Jevons did not explicitly distinguish between the concepts of ordinal and cardinal utility. Cardinal utility allows the relative magnitude of utilities to be discussed, while ordinal utility only implies that goods can be compared and ranked according to which good provided the most utility. Although Jevons predated the debate about ordinality or cardinality of utility, his mathematics required the use of cardinal utility functions. For example, in \"\"The Theory of Political Economy\"\", Chapter II, the subsection on \"Theory of Dimensions of Economic Quantities\", Jevons makes the statement that \"In the first place, pleasure and pain must be regarded as measured upon the same scale, and as having, therefore, the same dimensions, being quantities of the same kind, which can be added and subtracted...\" Speaking of measurement, addition and subtraction requires cardinality, as does Jevons's heavy use of integral calculus. Note that cardinality does not imply direct measurability, in which Jevons did not believe.\n", "Section::::Practical economics.\n", "It was not, however, as a theorist dealing with the fundamental data of economic science, but as a writer on practical economic questions, that Jevons first received general recognition. \"A Serious Fall in the Value of Gold\" (1863) and \"The Coal Question\" (1865) placed him in the front rank as a writer on applied economics and statistics; and he would be remembered as one of the leading economists of the 19th century even had his \"Theory of Political Economy\" never been written. His economic works include \"Money and the Mechanism of Exchange\" (1875) written in a popular style, and descriptive rather than theoretical; a \"Primer on Political Economy\" (1878); \"The State in Relation to Labour\" (1882), and two works published after his death, \"Methods of Social Reform\" and \"Investigations in Currency and Finance\", containing papers that had appeared separately during his lifetime. The last-named volume contains Jevons's speculations on the connection between commercial crises and sunspots. He was engaged at the time of his death upon the preparation of a large treatise on economics and had drawn up a table of contents and completed some chapters and parts of chapters. This fragment was published in 1905 under the title of \"The Principles of Economics: a fragment of a treatise on the industrial mechanism of society, and other papers\".\n", "In \"The Coal Question\", Jevons covered a breadth of concepts on energy depletion that have recently been revisited by writers covering the subject of peak oil. For example, Jevons explained that improving energy efficiency typically reduced energy costs and thereby increased rather than decreased energy use, an effect now known as the Jevons paradox. \"The Coal Question\" remains a paradigmatic study of resource depletion theory. Jevons's son, H. Stanley Jevons, published an 800-page follow-up study in 1915 in which the difficulties of estimating recoverable reserves of a theoretically finite resource are discussed in detail.\n", "In 1875, Jevons read a paper \"On the influence of the sun-spot period upon the price of corn\" at a meeting of the \"British Association for the Advancement of Science\". This captured the attention of the media and led to the coining of the word sunspottery for claims of links between various cyclic events and sun-spots. In a later work, \"Commercial Crises and Sun-Spots\", Jevons analyzed business cycles, proposing that crises in the economy might not be random events, but might be based on discernible prior causes. To clarify the concept, he presented a statistical study relating business cycles with sunspots. His reasoning was that sunspots affected the weather, which, in turn, affected crops. Crop changes could then be expected to cause economic changes. Subsequent studies have found that sunny weather has a small but significant positive impact on stock returns, probably due to its impact on traders' moods.\n", "Section::::Logic.\n", "In 1864 Jevons published a \"Pure Logic; or, the Logic of Quality apart from Quantity\", which was based on Boole's system of logic, but freed from what he considered the false mathematical dress of that system. In the years immediately following he devoted considerable attention to the construction of a logical machine, exhibited before the Royal Society in 1870, by means of which could be mechanically obtained. In 1866 what he regarded as the great and universal principle of all reasoning dawned upon him; and in 1869 he published a sketch of this fundamental doctrine under the title of \"The Substitution of Similars\". He expressed the principle in its simplest form as follows: \"Whatever is true of a thing is true of its like\", and he worked out in detail its various applications including the \"logical abacus\" (a cross between logical abacus and a piano – \"Logic Piano\"), a mechanical computer he designed and had built in 1866.\n", "In the following year appeared the \"Elementary Lessons on Logic\", which soon became the most widely read elementary textbook on logic in the English language. In the meantime he was engaged upon a much more important logical treatise, which appeared in 1874 under the title of \"The Principles of Science\". In this work Jevons embodied the substance of his earlier works on pure logic and the substitution of similars; he also enunciated and developed the view that induction is simply an inverse employment of deduction; he treated in a luminous manner the general theory of probability, and the relation between probability and induction; and his knowledge of the various natural sciences enabled him throughout to relieve the abstract character of logical doctrine by concrete scientific illustrations, often worked out in great detail. An example is his discussion of the use of one-way functions in cryptography, including remarks on the integer factorization problem that foreshadowed its use in public-key cryptography. Jevons's general theory of induction was a revival of the theory laid down by Whewell and criticised by John Stuart Mill; but it was put in a new form, and was free from some of the non-essential adjuncts which rendered Whewell's exposition open to attack. The work as a whole was one of the most notable contributions to logical doctrine that appeared in the UK in the 19th century. \"Though less attractively written than Mill's \"System of Logic\", \"Principles of Science\" is a book that keeps much closer to the facts of scientific practice.\" His \"Studies in Deductive Logic\", consisting mainly of exercises and problems for the use of students, was published in 1880. In 1877 and the following years Jevons contributed to the \"Contemporary Review\" some articles on Mill, which he had intended to supplement by further articles, and eventually publish in a volume as a criticism of Mill's philosophy. These articles and one other were republished after Jevons's death, together with his earlier logical treatises, in a volume, entitled \"Pure Logic, and other Minor Works\". The criticisms on Mill contain much that is ingenious and much that is forcible, but on the whole they cannot be regarded as taking rank with Jevons's other work. His strength lay in his power as an original thinker rather than as a critic; and he will be remembered by his constructive work as logician, economist and statistician.\n", "On Jevons as logician, see Grattan-Guinness (2000).\n", "Section::::Jevons's number.\n", "Jevons wrote in his \"Principles of Science\": \"Can the reader say what two numbers multiplied together will produce the number 8,616,460,799? I think it unlikely that anyone but myself will ever know.\" This became known as Jevons's number and was factored by Charles J. Busk in 1889, Derrick Norman Lehmer in 1903, and later on a pocket calculator by Solomon W. Golomb. It is the product of two prime numbers, 89,681 and 96,079.\n", "Section::::Geometry.\n", "One of Jevons's contemporaries, Hermann von Helmholtz, who was interested in non-Euclidean geometry, discussed two groups of two-dimensional creatures with one group living in the plane while the other living in the surface of a sphere. He asserted that since these creatures were embedded in two dimensions, they would develop a planar version of Euclidean geometry, but that since the nature of these surfaces were different, they would arrive at very different versions of this geometry. He then extended this argument into three dimensions, noting that this raises fundamental questions of the relationship of spatial perception to mathematical truth.\n", "Jevons made an almost immediate response to this article. While Helmholtz focused on how humans perceived space, Jevons focused on the question of truth in geometry. Jevons agreed that while Helmholtz's argument was compelling in constructing a situation where the Euclidean axioms of geometry would not apply, he believed that they had no effect on the truth of these axioms. Jevons hence makes the distinction between truth and applicability or perception, suggesting that these concepts were independent in the domain of geometry.\n", "Jevons did not claim that geometry was developed without any consideration for spatial reality. Instead, he suggested that his geometric systems were representations of reality but in a more fundamental way that transcends what one can perceive about reality. Jevons claimed that there was a flaw in Helmholtz's argument relating to the concept of infinitesimally small. This concept involves how these creatures reason about geometry and space at a very small scale, which is not necessarily the same as the reasoning that Helmholtz assumed on a more global scale. Jevons claimed that the Euclidean relations could be reduced locally in the different scenarios that Helmholtz created and hence the creatures should have been able to experience the Euclidean properties, just in a different representation. For example, Jevons claimed that the two-dimensional creatures living on the surface of a sphere should be able to construct the plane and even construct systems of higher dimensions and that although they may not be able to perceive such situations in reality, it would reveal fundamental mathematical truths in their theoretical existence.\n", "In 1872, Helmholtz gave a response to Jevons, who claimed that Helmholtz failed to show why geometric truth should be separate from the reality of spatial perception. Helmholtz criticized Jevons's definition of truth and in particular, experiential truth. Helmholtz asserts that there should be a difference between experiential truth and mathematical truth and that these versions of truth are not necessarily consistent. This conversation between Helmholtz and Jevons was a microcosm of an ongoing debate between truth and perception in the wake of the introduction of non-Euclidean geometry in the late 19th century.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "In 1867, Jevons married Harriet Ann Taylor, whose father, John Edward Taylor, had been the founder and proprietor of the \"Manchester Guardian\". Jevons suffered from ill health and sleeplessness, and found the delivery of lectures covering so wide a range of subjects very burdensome. In 1876, he was glad to exchange the Owens professorship for the professorship of political economy in University College, London. Travelling and music were the principal recreations of his life; but his health continued to be bad, and he suffered from depression. He found his professorial duties increasingly irksome, and feeling that the pressure of literary work left him no spare energy, he decided in 1880 to resign the post. On 13 August 1882 he drowned whilst bathing near Hastings.\n", "Jevons was brought up a Christian Unitarian. Excerpts from his journals indicate he remained committed to his Christian beliefs until death. He is buried in the Hampstead Cemetery.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Jevons was a prolific writer, and at the time of his death was a leader in the UK both as a logician and as an economist. Alfred Marshall said of his work in economics that it \"will probably be found to have more constructive force than any, save that of Ricardo, that has been done during the last hundred years.\"\n", "Jevons's theory of induction has continued to be influential: \"Jevons's general view of induction has received a powerful and original formulation in the work of a modern-day philosopher, Professor K. R. Popper.\"\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "BULLET::::- 1862. \"A General Mathematical Theory of Political Economy\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1863. \"A Serious Fall in the Value of Gold\", Edward Stanford.\n", "BULLET::::- 1864. \"Pure Logic; or, the Logic of Quality apart from Quantity\", Edward Stanford, London\n", "BULLET::::- 1865. \"The Coal Question\", Macmillan and Co.\n", "BULLET::::- 1869. \"The Substitution of Similars, The True Principle of Reasoning\", Macmillan & Co.\n", "BULLET::::- 1870. \"Elementary Lessons on Logic\", Macmillan & Co., London\n", "BULLET::::- 1871. \"The Match Tax: A Problem in Finance\", Edward Stanford.\n", "BULLET::::- 1871. \"The Theory of Political Economy\", Macmillan & Co.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Theory of Political Economy\". In James R. Newman, ed., \"The World of Mathematics\", Vol. 2, Part IV, 1956.\n", "BULLET::::- 1874. \"Principles of Science\", Macmillan & Co.\n", "BULLET::::- 1875. \"Money and the Mechanism of Exchange\", D. Appleton and Co.\n", "BULLET::::- 1878. \"A Primer on Political Economy\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1880. \"Studies in Deductive Logic\" – 1884 edition (Macmillan & Co., London)\n", "BULLET::::- 1882. \"The State in Relation to Labour\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1883. \"Methods of Social Reform and Other Papers\", Macmillan and Co.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Methods of Social Reform, and Other Papers\", Kelley, 1965.\n", "BULLET::::- 1884. \"Investigations in Currency and Finance\", Macmillan and Co. 1884.\n", "BULLET::::- 1886. \"Letters and Journal of W. Stanley Jevons\", Ed. by Harriet A. Jevons, Macmillan & Co.\n", "BULLET::::- 1972–81. \"Papers and Correspondence\", edited by R. D. Collison Black, Macmillan & the Royal Economic Society (7 vol.)\n", "Section::::Works.:Articles.\n", "BULLET::::- \"On the Variation of Prices and the Value of the Currency since 1782\", \"Journal of the Statistical Society of London\", Vol. 28, No. 2, Jun., 1865.\n", "BULLET::::- \"On the Frequent Autumnal Pressure in the Money Market, and the Action of the Bank of England\", \"Journal of the Statistical Society of London\", Vol. 29, No. 2, Jun., 1866.\n", "BULLET::::- \"On the Condition of the Metallic Currency of the United Kingdom, with Reference to the Question of International Coinage\", \"Journal of the Statistical Society of London\", Vol. 31, No. 4, Dec., 1868.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Who Discovered the Quantification of the Predicate?\", \"The Contemporary Review\", Vol. XXI, December 1872/May 1873.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Philosophy of Inductive Inference\", \"Fortnightly Review\", Vol. XIV, New Series, 1873.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Use of Hypothesis\", \"Fortnightly Review\", Vol. XIV, New Series, 1873.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Railways and the State\". In: \"Essays and Addresses\", Macmillan & Co., 1874.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Future of Political Economy\", \"Fortnightly Review\", Vol. XX, New Series, 1876.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cruelty to Animals: A Study in Sociology\", \"Fortnightly Review\", Vol. XIX, New Series, 1876.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Silver Question\", \"Journal of Social Science\", No. IX, January 1878.\n", "BULLET::::- \"John Stuart Mill's Philosophy Tested\", Part II, \"The Contemporary Review\", Vol. XXXI, December 1877/January 1878; Part III, Vol. XXXII, April 1878.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Methods of Social Reform, I: Amusements of the People\", \"The Contemporary Review\", Vol. XXXIII, October 1878.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Methods of Social Reform, II: A State Parcel Post\", \"The Contemporary Review\", Vol. XXXIV, January 1879.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Periodicity of Commercial Crises, and its Physical Explanation,” \"Journal of The Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland\", Vol. VII, Part 54, 1878/1879.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Experimental Legislation and the Drink Traffic\", \"The Contemporary Review\", Vol. XXXVII, January/June 1880.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Recent Mathematico-Logical Memoirs\", \"Nature\", Vol. XXIII, March 24, 1881.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Richard Cantillon and the Nationality of Political Economy\", \"The Contemporary Review\", Vol. XXXIX, January/June 1881.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Rationale of Free Public Libraries\", \"The Contemporary Review\", Vol. XXXIX, January/June 1881.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bimetallism\", \"The Contemporary Review\", Vol. XXXIX, January/June 1881.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Married Women in Factories\", \"The Contemporary Review\", Vol. XLI, January/June 1882.\n", "Section::::Works.:Miscellany.\n", "BULLET::::- Luigi Cossa, \"Guide to the Study of Political Economy\", with a Preface by W. Stanley Jevons, Macmillan & Co., 1880.\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Bam, Vincent, \"et al\". \"Hypothetical Fallibilism in Peirce and Jevons\", \"Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society\", Vol. 15, No. 2, Spring, 1979.\n", "BULLET::::- Barrett, Lindsay and Connell, Matthew. \"Jevons and the Logic ‘Piano’\", \"The Rutherford Journal\", Vol. 1, Issue 1, 2006.\n", "BULLET::::- Collison Black, R. D. \"Jevons and Cairnes\", \"Economica\", New Series, Vol. 27, No. 107, Aug., 1960.\n", "BULLET::::- Collison Black, R. D. \"Jevons, Bentham and De Morgan\", \"Economica\", New Series, Vol. 39, No. 154, May, 1972.\n", "BULLET::::- De Marchi, N. B. \"The Noxious Influence of Authority: A Correction of Jevons' Charge\", \"Journal of Law and Economics\", Vol. 16, No. 1, Apr., 1973.\n", "BULLET::::- Grattan-Guinness, I. \"'In Some Parts Rather Rough': A Recently Discovered Manuscript Version of William Stanley Jevons's 'General Mathematical Theory of Political Economy' (1862)\", \"History of Political Economy\", Vol. 34, Number 4, Winter 2002.\n", "BULLET::::- Jevons, H. Winefrid. \"William Stanley Jevons: His Life\", \"Econometrica\", Vol. 2, No. 3, Jul., 1934.\n", "BULLET::::- Keynes, J. M. \"William Stanley Jevons 1835–1882: A Centenary Allocation on his Life and Work as Economist and Statistician\", \"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society\", Vol. 99, No. 3, 1936.\n", "BULLET::::- Könekamp, Rosamund. \"William Stanley Jevons (1835–1882). Some Biographical Notes\", \"Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies\", Vol. 30, No. 3, Sept. 1962.\n", "BULLET::::- Konvitz, Milton R. \"An Empirical Theory of the Labor Movement: W. Stanley Jevons\", \"The Philosophical Review\", Vol. 57, No. 1, Jan., 1948.\n", "BULLET::::- La Nauze, J. A. \"The Conception of Jevon's Utility Theory\", \"Economica\", New Series, Vol. 20, No. 80, Nov., 1953.\n", "BULLET::::- Maas, Harro. \"William Stanley Jevons and the Making of Modern Economics\", Cambridge University Press, 2005.\n", "BULLET::::- Madureira, Nuno Luis. \"The Anxiety of Abundance: William Stanley Jevons and Coal Scarcity in the Nineteenth Century\", \"Environment and History\", Volume 18, Number 3, August 2012.\n", "BULLET::::- Mays, W. and Henry, D. P. \"Jevons and Logic\", \"Mind\", New Series, Vol. 62, No. 248, Oct., 1953.\n", "BULLET::::- Mosselmans, Bert. \"William Stanley Jevons and the Extent of Meaning in Logic and Economics\", \"History and Philosophy of Logic\", Volume 19, Issue 2, 1998.\n", "BULLET::::- Mosselmans, Bert. \"William Stanley Jevons and the Cutting Edge of Economics\", Routledge, 2007.\n", "BULLET::::- Noller, Carl W. \"Jevons on Cost\", \"Southern Economic Journal\", Vol. 39, No. 1, Jul., 1972.\n", "BULLET::::- Paul, Ellen Frankel. \"W. Stanley Jevons: Economic Revolutionary, Political Utilitarian\", \"Journal of the History of Ideas\", Vol. 40, No. 2, Apr./Jun., 1979.\n", "BULLET::::- Peart, Sandra. \"'Disturbing Causes', 'Noxious Errors', and the Theory-Practice Distinction in the Economics of J.S. Mill and W.S. Jevons\", \"The Canadian Journal of Economics\", Vol. 28, No. 4b, Nov., 1995.\n", "BULLET::::- Peart, Sandra. \"The Economics of W. S. Jevons\", Routledge, 1996.\n", "BULLET::::- Peart, Sandra. \"Jevons and Menger Re-Homogenized?: Jaffé after 20 Years\", \"The American Journal of Economics and Sociology\", Vol. 57, No. 3, Jul., 1998.\n", "BULLET::::- Peart, Sandra. \"Facts Carefully Marshalled' in the Empirical Studies of William Stanley Jevons\", \"History of Political Economy\", Vol. 33, Annual Supplement, 2001.\n", "BULLET::::- Robertson, Ross M. \"Jevons and His Precursors\", \"Econometrica\", Vol. 19, No. 3, Jul., 1951.\n", "BULLET::::- Schabas, Margaret. \"The 'Worldly Philosophy' of William Stanley Jevons\", \"Victorian Studies\", Vol. 28, No. 1, Autumn, 1984.\n", "BULLET::::- Schabas, Margaret. \"Alfred Marshall, W. Stanley Jevons, and the Mathematization of Economics\", \"Isis\", Vol. 80, No. 1, Mar., 1989.\n", "BULLET::::- Schabas, Margaret. \"A World Ruled by Number: William Stanley Jevons and the Rise of Mathematical Economics\", Princeton University Press, 1990.\n", "BULLET::::- Strong, John V. \"The Infinite Ballot Box of Nature: De Morgan, Boole, and Jevons on Probability and the Logic of Induction\", \"PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association\", Vol. 1976, Volume One: Contributed Papers, 1976.\n", "BULLET::::- Wood, John C. \"William Stanley Jevons: Critical Assessments\", 2 vol., Routledge, 1988.\n", "BULLET::::- York, Richard. \"Ecological Paradoxes: William Stanley Jevons and the Paperless Office\", \"Human Ecology Review\", Vol. 13, No. 2, 2006.\n", "BULLET::::- Young, Allyn A. \"Jevons' 'Theory of Political Economy'\", \"The American Economic Review\", Vol. 2, No. 3, Sep., 1912.\n", "BULLET::::- Shepherdson, John C. \"W. S. Jevons: his Logical Machine and Work Induction and Boolean Algebra\" \"Machine Intelligence\" 15. eds. K. Furukawa; D. Michie; S. Muggleton. OUP, 1998. p. 489–505.\n", "Section::::Notes.\n", "BULLET::::- R.D. Collison Black (1987). \"Jevons, William Stanley\", \"\", v. 2, pp. 1008–14.\n", "BULLET::::- Ivor Grattan-Guinness, 2000. \"The Search for Mathematical Roots 1870–1940\". Princeton University Press.\n", "BULLET::::- Terry Peach (1987). \"Jevons as an economic theorist\", \"The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics\", v. 2, pp. 1014–19.\n", "BULLET::::- The first part of this article was based on an article in the Encyclopedia of Marxism at www.marxists.org.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- New School: William Stanley Jevons\n", "BULLET::::- Royal Society certificate of election 1872\n", "BULLET::::- Jevons and the Logic 'Piano' at \"The Rutherford Journal\"\n", "BULLET::::- The Coal Question – Encyclopedia of Earth\n", "BULLET::::- Letters and Journal of W. Stanley Jevons, edited by his wife (1886). This work contains a bibliography of Jevons's writings.\n", "BULLET::::- Jevons Family Archive at John Rylands Library, Manchester.\n", "BULLET::::- Works available online:\n", "BULLET::::- Works by W. Stanley Jevons at Hathi Trust\n", "BULLET::::- Works by W. Stanley Jevons at Europeana\n", "BULLET::::- The Coal Question (also available here)\n", "BULLET::::- The Theory of Political Economy\n", "BULLET::::- Money and the Mechanism of Exchange\n", "BULLET::::- Richard Cantillon and the Nationality of Political Economy\n", "BULLET::::- \"Elementary Lessons in Logic\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Money and the Mechanism of Exchange\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Theory of Political Economy\"\n", "BULLET::::- William Stanley Jevons\n", "BULLET::::- Brief Account of a General Mathematical Theory of Political Economy\n", "BULLET::::- The Principles of Political Economy, 1871,\n", "BULLET::::- The Theory of Political Economy, 1879, 2nd ed.\n", "BULLET::::- The Theory of Political Economy, 1888, 3rd ed. (1879 ed. + 3rd Preface by Harriet A. Jevons & adds to bibliographic 1st Appendix).\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "David Wark\n", "David Wark, (February 19, 1804 – August 20, 1905) Irish-born, was a prominent Canadian Senator who served nearly 38 years in office.\n", "He represented Kent County in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1843 to 1850. In 1847, he introduced a resolution calling for free trade among the British North American colonies and was, therefore, among the first to seek the closer relations among the colonies that eventually led, 20 years later, to Confederation.\n", "Wark was named to the Legislative Council in 1850 and served until Confederation. He served in the province's Executive Council as a minister without portfolio from 1858 to 1862 and as Receiver General from 1866 to 1867.\n", "Wark was named Senator by a Royal Proclamation in 1867. Known as the \"Grand Old Man of the Canadian Senate\", he served until his death at the age of 101. At the time of his demise, Wark was the longest lived legislator in the world; he was later surpassed by another Canadian Senator, Georges-Casimir Dessaulles, who died in 1930 at the age of 102.\n", "Section::::Family background.\n", "David Wark's family originated in Scotland, but his forebears emigrated to Ireland in the early 17th century as part of an organized colonization known as the Plantation of Ulster. His father was a farmer near Derry and David Wark was born there on February 19, 1804. He received his elementary education in Derry schools before pursuing more advanced studies under the supervision of the resident Presbyterian clergyman.\n", "Section::::Emigration and business career.\n", "In 1825, at the age of 21, Wark emigrated to eastern New Brunswick's Richibucto, Rexton area where he worked as a bookkeeper for local merchants and for six years, taught their children. By 1836, he had saved enough money to buy his own general store and later, he began a successful, 40-year career in the lumber business. His long public service career began when he was appointed county magistrate and then, a judge in the Court of Common Pleas.\n", "Section::::Political career.\n", "In 1842, Wark was elected to the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick as a Liberal. He was re-elected in 1846. In 1850, he was appointed to the upper house or Legislative Council of New Brunswick where he served for 16 years. During that time, he was appointed to the cabinet or Executive Council of New Brunswick as Minister Without Portfolio (1858-1862) and Receiver General (1866-1867).\n", "When New Brunswick joined Confederation in 1867, Wark was appointed to the Senate of Canada. He sat in the senate for 37 years, nine months and 28 days until his death in 1905. During his time there, he served continuously as a member of the powerful standing committee on banking, commerce and railways which became the standing committee on banking and commerce in 1875.\n", "By 1871, he had earned enough money to retire from business pursuits and move to Fredericton.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ali Hassan al-Majid\n", "Ali Hassan Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (; ; 30 November 1941 – 25 January 2010) was a Ba'athist Iraqi Defense Minister, Interior Minister, military commander and chief of the Iraqi Intelligence Service. He was also the governor of Kuwait during the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait.\n", "A first cousin of former Ba'athist Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, he became notorious in the 1980s and 1990s for his role in the Iraqi government's campaigns against internal opposition forces, namely the ethnic Kurdish rebels of the north, and the Shia rebels of the south. Repressive measures included deportations and mass killings; al-Majid was dubbed \"Chemical Ali\" (علي الكيماوي, \"Ali Al-Kīmāwiiyy\") by Iraqis for his use of chemical weapons in attacks against the Kurds.\n", "Al-Majid was captured following the 2003 invasion of Iraq and was charged with war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. He was convicted in June 2007 and was sentenced to death for crimes of genocide against the Kurds committed in the al-Anfal campaign of the 1980s. His appeal of the death sentence was rejected on 4 September 2007, and he was sentenced to death for the fourth time on 17 January 2010 and was hanged eight days later, on 25 January 2010.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Ali Hassan al-Majid is thought to have been born in 1941 in al-Awja near Tikrit, though he claimed in court that he was born three years later in 1944. The US, the United Nations and the Bank of England have also listed an alternative birth year of 1943. 1939 and 1940 have also emerged as possible birth years. Still, official Iraqi court documents and the vast majority of journalistic obituaries cite 1941 as his approximate year of birth. He was a member of the Bejat clan of the al-Bu Nasir tribe, to which his elder cousin Saddam Hussein also belonged; Saddam later relied heavily on the clan to fill senior posts in his government. Like Saddam, al-Majid was a Sunni Muslim who came from a poor family and had very little formal education. He worked as a motorcycle messenger and driver in the Iraqi Army from 1959 until the Ba'ath Party seized power in 1968. Thereafter he was able to gain entry into the Military Academy and was commissioned as an officer in the Infantry.\n", "His rise thereafter, aided by his cousin Saddam, was swift. He initially became an aide to Iraqi defence minister Hammadi Shihab in the early 1970s after joining the Ba'ath party. He then became head of the government's Security Office, serving as an enforcer for the increasingly powerful Saddam. In 1979 Saddam seized power, pushing aside President Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr. At a videotaped assembly of Ba'ath party officials in July 1979, Saddam read out the names of political opponents, denouncing them as \"traitors\", and ordering that they be removed one by one from the room; many were later executed. Al-Majid could be seen in the background telling Saddam, \"What you have done in the past was good. What you will do in the future is good. But there's this one small point. You have been too gentle, too merciful.\"\n", "Al-Majid became one of Saddam's closest military advisors and head of the Iraqi Intelligence Service, Iraqi secret police known as the \"Mukhabarat\". Following an unsuccessful assassination attempt on Saddam in 1983 in the town of Dujail, north of Baghdad, al-Majid directed the subsequent collective punishment operations in which scores of local men were killed, thousands more inhabitants were deported and the entire town was razed to the ground.\n", "Section::::Al-Anfal campaign.\n", "During the late stages of the Iran–Iraq War al-Majid was given the post of Secretary General of the Northern Bureau of the Ba'ath Party, in which capacity he served from March 1987 to April 1989. This effectively made him Saddam's proconsul in the north of the country, commanding all state agencies in the rebellious Kurdish-populated region of the country. He was known for his ruthlessness, ordering the indiscriminate use of chemical weapons such as mustard gas, sarin, tabun and VX against Kurdish targets during a genocidal campaign dubbed Al-Anfal or \"The Spoils of War\". The first such attacks occurred as early as April 1987 and continued into 1988, culminating in the notorious attack on Halabja in which over 5,000 people were killed.\n", "With Kurdish resistance continuing, al-Majid decided to cripple the rebellion by eradicating the civilian population of the Kurdish regions. His forces embarked on a systematic campaign of mass killings, property destruction and forced population transfer (called \"Arabization\") in which thousands of Kurdish and Assyrian villages were razed and their inhabitants either killed or deported to the south of Iraq. He signed a decree in June 1987 stating that \"Within their jurisdiction, the armed forces must kill any human being or animal present in these areas.\" By 1988, some 4,000 villages had been destroyed, an estimated 180,000 Kurds had been killed and some 1.5 million had been deported. The Kurds called him Chemical Ali (\"Ali Kimyawi\") for his role in the campaign; according to Iraqi Kurdish sources, Ali Hassan openly boasted of this nickname. Others dubbed him the \"Butcher of Kurdistan\".\n", "Section::::Persian Gulf War and Iraq War.\n", "He was appointed Minister of Local Government following the war's end in 1988, with responsibility for the repopulation of the Kurdish and Assyrian region with Arab settlers relocated from elsewhere in Iraq. Two years later, after the invasion of Kuwait in August 1990, he became the military governor of the occupied emirate. He instituted a violent regime under which Kuwait was systematically looted and purged of \"disloyal elements\". In November 1990, he was recalled to Baghdad and was appointed Interior Minister in March 1991. Following the Iraqi defeat in the war, he was given the task of quelling the uprisings in the Shi'ite south of Iraq as well as the Kurdish and Assyrian north. Both revolts were crushed with great brutality, with many thousands killed.\n", "He was subsequently given the post of Defense Minister, though he briefly fell from grace in 1995 when Saddam dismissed him after it was discovered that al-Majid was involved in illegally smuggling grain to Iran. In December 1998, however, Saddam recalled him and appointed him commander of the southern region of Iraq, where the United States was increasingly carrying out air strikes in the northern no-fly zone. Al-Majid was re-appointed to this post in March 2003, immediately before the start of the Iraq War. He based himself in the southern port city of Basra and in April 2003 he was mistakenly reported to have been killed there in a U.S. air strike.\n", "He survived the April 2003 attack but was arrested by American forces on 17 August 2003 in Basra. He had been listed as the fifth most-wanted man in Iraq, shown as the King of Spades in the deck of most-wanted Iraqi playing cards. In 2006 he was charged with genocide and crimes against humanity for his part in the Anfal campaign and was transferred to the Iraq Special Tribunal for trial. He received four death sentences for his role in killing Shia Muslims in 1991 and 1999, the genocide of the Kurds in the 1980s, and ordering the gassing of Kurds at Halabja.\n", "Section::::Trial and execution.\n", "The trial began on 21 August 2006, in acrimonious circumstances when al-Majid refused to enter a plea. He subsequently had a not guilty plea entered on his behalf by the court.\n", "He was unapologetic about his actions, telling the court that he had ordered the destruction of Kurdish and Assyrian villages because they were \"full of Iranian agents\". At one hearing, he declared: \"I am the one who gave orders to the army to demolish villages and relocate the villagers. The army was responsible to carry out those orders. I am not defending myself. I am not apologizing. I did not make a mistake.\"\n", "During the trial, the court heard tape-recorded conversations between al-Majid and senior Ba'ath party officials regarding the use of chemical weapons. Responding to a question about the success of the deportation campaign, Ali Hassan told his interlocutors:\n", "I went to Sulaymaniyah and hit them with the special ammunition [i.e. chemical weapons]. That was my answer. We continued the deportations. I told the mustashars [village heads] that they might say that they like their villages and that they won't leave. I said I cannot let your village stay because I will attack it with chemical weapons. Then you and your family will die. You must leave right now. Because I cannot tell you the same day that I am going to attack with chemical weapons. I will kill them all with chemical weapons! Who is going to say anything? The international community? Fuck them! The international community and those who listen to them.\n", "... This is my intention, and I want you to take serious note of it. As soon as we complete the deportations, we will start attacking them everywhere according to a systematic military plan. Even their strongholds. In our attacks we will take back one third or one half of what is under their control. If we can try to take two-thirds, then we will surround them in a small pocket and attack them with chemical weapons. I will not attack them with chemicals just one day, but I will continue to attack them with chemicals for fifteen days. Then I will announce that anyone who wishes to surrender with his gun will be allowed to do so. Anyone willing to come back is welcome, and those who do not return will be attacked again with new, destructive chemicals. I will not mention the name of the chemical because that is classified information. But I will say with new destructive weapons that will destroy you. So I will threaten them and motivate them to surrender.\n", "During the next few days of the trial, more recordings of al-Majid were heard in which he once again discussed the government's goals in dealing with the Iraqi Kurds. In the recordings, Ali Hassan calls the Iraqi Kurdish leader Jalal Talabani \"wicked and a pimp,\" and promises not to leave alive anyone who speaks the Kurdish language.\n", "Ali Hassan's defence claimed that he used such language as \"psychological and propaganda\" tools against the Kurds, to prevent them from fighting government forces. \"All the words used by me, such as 'deport them' or 'wipe them out,' were only for psychological effect,\" Ali Hassan said.\n", "On 24 June 2007, the court returned a verdict of guilty on all counts. The presiding judge, Mohamed Oreibi al-Khalifa, told al-Majid: \"You had all the civil and military authority for northern Iraq. You gave orders to the troops to kill Kurdish and Assyrian civilians and put them in severe conditions. You subjected them to wide and systematic attacks using chemical weapons and artillery. You led the killing of villagers. You ... committed genocide. There are enough documents against you.\"\n", "He received five death sentences for genocide, crimes against humanity (specifically willful killing, forced disappearances and extermination), and war crimes (intentionally directing attacks against a civilian population). He was also sentenced to multiple prison terms ranging from seven years to life for other crimes. As his sentences were upheld, under Iraqi law, sentence was to be carried out by hanging, subject to the convictions being upheld following an automatic appeal, and he was to be executed in the following 30 days along with two others – Sultan Hashim Ahmad al-Tai, military commander of the Anfal campaign; and Hussein Rashid Mohammed, deputy general commander of the Iraqi armed force, assistant chief of staff for military operations, and former Republican Guard commander. However, the executions were postponed to 16 October, because of the arrival of the holy month of Ramadan. He was supposed to be executed 16 October 2007, but the execution was delayed when Iraqi President Jalal Talabani and Vice President Tariq al-Hashemi expressed opposition to the sentences of al-Majid's co-defendants and refused to sign the execution orders. He then entered into a legal row with Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki, and as a result the Americans refused to hand any of the condemned prisoners over until the issue was resolved.\n", "In February 2008 an anonymous informant stated that Ali Hassan al-Majid's execution was finally approved by Talabani, al-Hashemi, and al-Maliki; this was the final hurdle in the way of the execution.\n", "On 2 December 2008, al-Majid was once again sentenced to death, but this time for playing a role in killing between 20,000 and 100,000 Shi'ite Muslims during the revolt in southern Iraq that followed the 1991 Persian Gulf War.\n", "On 2 March 2009, al-Majid was sentenced to death for the third time, this for the assassination of Grand-Ayatollah Mohammad al-Sadr in 1999.\n", "The Iraqi Cabinet put pressure on the Presidential council on 17 March 2009 for Al-Majid's execution.\n", "The situation was similar on 17 January 2010 prior to 9 am (GMT); a fourth death penalty was issued against him in response to his acts of genocide against Kurds in the 1980s. He was also convicted of killing Shia Muslims in 1991 and 1999. Alongside him in the trial was former defense minister Sultan Hashem, who was also found guilty by The Iraqi High Tribunal for the Halabja attack and sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment. Al-Majid was executed by hanging on 25 January 2010. He was buried in Saddam's family cemetery in al-Awja the next day; near Saddam's sons, half-brother and the former vice president, but outside the mosque housing the marble tomb of Saddam himself. While he was sentenced to death on four separate occasions, the original 2007 verdict sentenced him to five death sentences, and so the combined tally of death sentences handed out was eight.\n", "Amnesty International's Middle East and North Africa Director Malcolm Smart later criticized the execution as \"only the latest of a mounting number of executions, some of whom did not receive fair trials, in gross violation of human rights...\"\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Ali Hassan Al Majeed\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "former Ba'athist Iraqi Defense Minister and commander; first cousin of former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q214955", "wikidata_label": "Ali Hassan al-Majid", "wikipedia_title": "Ali Hassan al-Majid" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "William Mulock\n", "Sir William Mulock (January 19, 1843 – October 1, 1944), was a Canadian lawyer, businessman, educator, farmer, politician, judge, and philanthropist.\n", "He served as vice-chancellor of the University of Toronto from 1881 to 1900, negotiating the federation of denominational colleges and professional schools into a modern university.\n", "He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada as a Liberal Member of Parliament and served from 1882 to 1905. Sir Wilfrid Laurier appointed him to the Canadian Cabinet as Postmaster General from 1896 to 1905. In 1900, Mulock established the Department of Labour, bringing William Lyon Mackenzie King into public life as his Deputy Minister.\n", "He initiated the final agreement for a transpacific cable linking Canada to Australia and New Zealand, and funded Marconi to establish the first transatlantic radio link from North America to Europe. In 1905 he chaired the parliamentary inquiry into telephones that led to regulation of Canadian telecommunications, and he participated in the negotiations that led to the creation of the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan.\n", "He was Chief Justice of the Exchequer Division of the Supreme Court of Ontario from 1905 until appointed by King in 1923 as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Ontario, a position he held until 1936. From 1931 to 1932, he served as the acting Lieutenant Governor of Ontario.\n", "Mulock was extremely active in both business and the community, being involved in the foundation of organizations as diverse as the Toronto-Dominion Bank, the Toronto Star, Toronto Wellesley Hospital, and Canada's first national peace organization. In later life he was known as the \"Grand Old Man\" of Canada.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Mulock was born in Bond Head, Canada West, the son of Irish immigrant Thomas Homan Mulock and Mary, the daughter of John Cawthra. His father, a physician educated in Dublin at the Royal College of Surgeons and the Medical School of Trinity College, died when Mulock was 4 years old. His mother then moved the family to Newmarket, Ontario, where he was educated at the Newmarket Grammar School. Mulock's older brother, John, died in 1852; he had two sisters Marian and Rosamund (later married to George W. Monk). The family endured genteel poverty after the father's death, so Mulock spent much time chopping wood, milking the family cow, growing vegetables in the family garden, and on outside work such as repairing the local corduroy roads.\n", "Section::::University of Toronto.\n", "Section::::University of Toronto.:Student.\n", "Mulock entered the new University College in Toronto in 1859; his classmates included J.M. Gibson, W.D. Lesueur, and W.B. McMurrich. On November 9, 1861, Mulock captained one of the teams in the first gridiron football game ever recorded.\n", "During the Trent Affair of 1862, Mulock asked the head of the college John McCaul to call a student meeting that led to the formation of the University Company of volunteers, later K Company of the Queen's Own Rifles. At the time of the Fenian Raids in 1866, Mulock received training at the Royal Military School and was enlisted in the regiment for three weeks, but never saw action.\n", "Starting at the same time that Mulock arrived, Egerton Ryerson led a sustained attack on the University over money and the proper purpose of a university education. Ryerson did not think that modern languages or history, practical courses, nor even law or medicine belonged in a university, and a Royal Commission was struck which recommended that the endowment of the University be distributed among all Ontario colleges. The defence of the university culminated in a large meeting at the St. Lawrence Hall on March 5, 1863, where Mulock moved the concluding motion. These efforts allowed the University to \"escape extinction\", according to Sir Daniel Wilson.\n", "After graduating in 1863 with the Gold Medal for Modern Languages, Mulock became a law student, first articled to Alfred Boultbee in Newmarket, and then in Toronto, eventually in the firm of Senator John Ross. To support himself, Mulock became a house-master at Upper Canada College. Mulock was called to the bar in 1868.\n", "Section::::University of Toronto.:University Senator (1873–1944).\n", "After graduating, Mulock, Edward Blake, Thomas Moss, and James Loudon led the struggle to broaden the University of Toronto Senate to include elected members. As a result, Ontario Minister of Education Adam Crooks passed legislation in 1873 that added 15 new senators elected by the alumni. Mulock was elected and remained a member for 71 years. Mulock moved and passed the first requirement that University finances be reported to the senate and made public. Largely due to the efforts of Mulock and Loudon, in 1876 a School of Science was established and in 1878 an independent School of Practical Science (which joined the university in 1889 as the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering).\n", "In 1873 the Law Society of Upper Canada established a law school, and Mulock soon became Lecturer and Examiner in Equity. After the school closed in 1878, the Osgoode Literary and Legal Society attempted to provide replacement instruction, with Mulock lecturing on partnership. When Mulock became Vice-Chancellor, one of his goals was to establish the best law faculty on the continent.\n", "Section::::University of Toronto.:Vice-Chancellor (1881–1900).\n", "Mulock was elected Vice-Chancellor in 1881. The University of Toronto then consisted of two small buildings, and the rest of higher education in Ontario was distributed among a variety of denominational colleges and small independent professional schools. Mulock believed that a single federated university would be more efficient, less expensive, and provide better educational opportunities to students, especially in sciences and the professions. He negotiated around resistance from many quarters, leading to the Federation Act in 1887 and affiliation (and later federation) with St. Michael's College in 1881, Wycliffe College and Knox College in 1885, the Ontario College of Agriculture and the Royal College of Dental Surgeons in 1888, Victoria College, the Ontario Medical College for Women and the Toronto College of Music in 1890, the College of Pharmacy in 1891, the Toronto Conservatory of Music in 1896, and the Ontario Veterinary College in 1897. In opposition to followers of John Rolph who believed medical education should be paid for by students since they would soon have a good income treating patients, Mulock thought it better to reduce disease by spending public money to train doctors. The Federation Act established new faculties of medicine and law. Mulock efforts were not popular with everyone, but he survived several attempts to remove him from office, resigning in 1900 because of his increased political responsibilities. As part of his internecine battles, Mulock secretly aided William Lyon Mackenzie King and other student leaders of the February 1895 student strike.\n", "In June 1893, Mulock provided the articling position needed by pioneering student-at-law Clara Brett Martin. Martin was so badly treated by her fellow male students that she eventually switched to another firm, but in 1897 she became the first female lawyer in the British Empire.\n", "In 1897, Mulock hired surgeon Herbert Bruce into the Faculty of Medicine without consultation. Mulock later helped finance Bruce's new Wellesley Hospital and was the first chair of its board of directors.\n", "The University awarded Mulock an Honorary Doctorate of Laws in 1894.\n", "While Vice-Chancellor, Mulock accepted no salary, and the money accumulated was donated to the university.\n", "In 1906, the elected office of Vice-Chancellor was abolished; the unelected President of the University took over as Chair of the Senate. Mulock later spoke out against this \"reactionary step\", especially since the act also \"put the elected members of the senate in a hopeless minority\" and reduced the senate's responsibilities to academic matters only.\n", "Section::::University of Toronto.:Chancellor (1924–1944).\n", "After Sir William Meredith's death in 1923, Mulock was nominated for the primarily ceremonial role of Chancellor. Mulock was supported by most elected representatives, but opposed by most professors. The senate elected Sir Edmund Walker, but Walker died shortly thereafter. Mulock was subsequently elected unanimously as Chancellor on April 28, 1924 and served until his death.\n", "Mulock's proudest achievements were his contributions to the University of Toronto. His memorials at the university include the Mulock Cup, Canada's oldest continuously awarded sporting trophy, the William Mulock Prize in Mathematics and Physics, the William Mulock Prize in Classics, and Mulock House in Whitney Hall residence.\n", "Section::::Politics and law.\n", "Mulock entered politics in 1881, unsuccessfully seeking the Liberal nomination in the then strongly Conservative federal riding of York North. The winning nominee, Dr. John Widderfield, later withdrew and was replaced by Mulock, who then unexpectedly defeated the Conservative incumbent in the 1882 election. Mulock remained in Opposition through two subsequent elections until 1896 when the Liberals under Wilfrid Laurier took power. In order to provide \"clean government\", Mulock raised sufficient funds that year to provide Laurier with financial independence.\n", "Section::::Politics and law.:Postmaster General (1896–1905).\n", "Laurier appointed Mulock as Postmaster General.\n", "He inherited an inefficient bureaucracy that was losing almost a million dollars a year, but he believed that improved service and lower prices would increase revenue and better connect Canada and the British Empire. He campaigned for lower rates throughout the Empire, and when met by resistance decided to go it alone, announcing that at the end of 1897 Canada would unilaterally lower the letter rate to Britain from five to three cents. In response, a conference of all British Empire postal authorities was called for the summer of 1898. Over the objections of the Australian colonies and New Zealand, Mulock succeeded in implementing an Imperial Penny Post. Mulock also took advantage of this meeting to negotiate the final financial agreement for the transpacific cable first proposed by Sir Sandford Fleming to link Canada to Australia and New Zealand. The cable was completed on October 31, 1902, finishing the All Red Line. By 1903, the Post Office was generating a surplus of almost a million dollars a year.\n", "To mark the start of the Imperial Penny Post, Mulock personally designed and issued a new stamp with a map of the world showing the extent of the British Empire. Partly by accident, this became the world's first Christmas stamp.\n", "On April 1, 1898, Mulock introduced an amendment to the Post Office Act that made Canada the first country in the world to give franking privileges, i.e. free postage, for Braille materials and books for the blind. He also initiated a program to provide Post Office employment for the deaf.\n", "After the first successful transatlantic radio communication in 1901 to his station at Signal Hill, Newfoundland, Guglielmo Marconi learned that the Anglo-American Cable Company had a monopoly on transatlantic telegraphy from Newfoundland, so he planned to move to a new location in the United States. When Mulock learned this, he immediately negotiated an agreement with Marconi for him to set up his North American radio station in Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, where the first transatlantic message from North America was sent on December 17, 1902.\n", "Mulock was Canada's representative at the opening of Australia's first Parliament in 1901, and was one of Canadian representatives at the coronation of King Edward VII. Mulock was knighted in 1902 for his services, in particular for the Penny Post, Transpacific Cable, and wireless telegraphy between Canada and Great Britain.\n", "In order to protect the public against quackery Mulock amended the Post Office in 1904 to curtail advertising of \"marvellous, extravagant or grossly improbable cures\". Mulock was also active in the negotiations that led to the formation of the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan in 1905.\n", "In 1905, Mulock chaired the select parliamentary inquiry into telephone systems, especially the unregulated Bell Telephone monopoly.\n", "The committee shed much light on the operations and finances of Bell, but Mulock was replaced when it became apparent that he was likely to recommend the telephone service be a government owned utility. The committee's work nevertheless led in 1906 to the first federal regulation of telephone and telegram service by the Board of Railway Commissioners, the ancestor of the current Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission. Despite being a wealthy businessman and fervent anticommunist, Mulock believed that government operation of public franchises provided better service at lower cost, with greater protection of personal privacy and public interest.\n", "Mulock was probably the best administrator in the Laurier Cabinet, but he did not always consider the political consequences of his actions. Without consulting Laurier, he fired the influential journalist as Montreal's Postmaster. Mulock had ample cause, but Laurier immediately ordered Dansereau reinstated, straining Laurier's relationship with Mulock.\n", "Mulock once let politics try to overrule physics. He proposed the Newmarket Canal to the centre of his riding to help local industry, despite engineering reports that that natural water flow would leave the canal dry for much of the year. \"Mulock's Madness\" was cancelled when Robert Borden became Prime Minister in 1911, but its partially completed remains are still prominent.\n", "Section::::Politics and law.:Minister of Labour (1900–1905).\n", "While Postmaster-General, Mulock learned from Mackenzie King that Post Office uniforms were being produced in sweatshops. He immediately revised Post Office contracting policy so that all uniforms would be produced under Government approved conditions. In 1900, Mulock introduced \"The Fair Wages Resolution\" governing all Canadian government contracting, and an act that created the Department of Labour and the \"Labour Gazette\" (one of the ancestors of Statistics Canada). Mulock became Canada's first Minister of Labour in addition to his Post Office responsibilities. In response to an urgent telegram from Mulock, Mackenzie King turned down a better paid academic position at Harvard to become Editor of the \"Labour Gazette\" and subsequently the first Deputy Minister of Labour. King eventually became Canada's longest serving Prime Minister, and remained friends with Mulock for the rest of his life. In 1903 Mulock introduced compulsory arbitration to Canada through the Railway Disputes Act.\n", "Mulock retired from politics in 1905 due to rheumatism and neuritis exacerbated by overwork, but the movement of his political views to the left may also have contributed to his decision.\n", "Section::::Politics and law.:Chief Justice.\n", "Mulock was appointed Chief Justice of the Exchequer (1905–1923) and subsequently Chief Justice of Ontario (1923–1936). He served until age 93, probably a record for a Canadian court; lawyers referred to Mulock and his elderly colleagues as \"murderers' row\". As Chief Justice of Ontario, Mulock participated in many widely publicized cases, such as quashing the rape conviction from Louis-Mathias Auger's first trial in 1929.\n", "On February 28, 1930, a Ku Klux Klan mob invaded the home of a mixed race couple in Oakville, Ontario. Several men were eventually convicted, but given only a small fine. On appeal, Mulock described the fine as a \"travesty of justice\", and replaced it with a three-month prison term. Mulock reported himself as an ardent abolitionist in his youth, and as a politician he actively campaigned in black communities, but in his ruling Mulock denounced only mob law, not the underlying racial issues. This ruling marked the start of a significant decline in Klan activity in Canada.\n", "In 1931, Tim Buck and seven other members of the Communist Party of Canada were convicted of seditious conspiracy and membership in an unlawful organization. The strongly anticommunist Mulock presided over the appeal of the convictions in 1932, and despite dismissing the conspiracy charge, upheld the other convictions and his lengthy written decision established the Communist Party as an unlawful organization, effectively banning it.\n", "By modern standards, Mulock's judgements were not always free of apparent bias or conflicts of interest. In the long and very public case of \"Campbell v Hogg\", he was close to all participants, and Elizabeth Campbell was so unhappy with his court's judgement that to overturn it she became the first woman to argue a case before the Privy Council.\n", "Section::::Business and community.\n", "Section::::Business and community.:Farming.\n", "In 1880, Mulock purchased a large property on what is now the northwest corner of Mulock Drive and Yonge Street in Newmarket. On almost 400 acres Mulock established a manorial estate and model farm, known for its flowers, black walnut grove, apple orchard, and prize shorthorn cattle and Shetland ponies. In political life, Mulock was often referred to as \"Farmer Bill\". The farm was used to try out new methods and crops, and provided agricultural and leadership training for many students from the Ontario College of Agriculture. In 1926, Mulock purchased a second farm in Markdale, Ontario for trout fishing and reforestation.\n", "Section::::Business and community.:Banking and commerce.\n", "Mulock's (and later his son's) firm represented many commercial interests, including Consumers Gas (Enbridge), the American Bank Note Company, and Sun Life. He was President of the Victoria Rolling Stock Company and the Farmers' Loan and Savings Co., and had real estate interests. In 1911, Mulock, Sir Henry Pellatt, and Charles Millar took control of O'Keefe Brewing, a brand now owned by Molson Coors Brewing Company.\n", "Mulock was one of the founders of The Dominion Bank,\n", "which opened for business in 1871 and in 1955 merged with the Bank of Toronto to form the Toronto-Dominion Bank, currently Canada's second largest bank. He was also one of the founders (1882) and Directors of Toronto General Trust, Canada's first trust company and an ancestor of TD Canada Trust.\n", "In 1899, as chief Liberal Party organizer in Ontario, Mulock wanted a Liberal paper to counterbalance the Conservative \"Toronto Telegram\". He led a group that purchased the ailing \"Toronto Star\" and offered Joseph Atkinson the position as editor. Atkinson accepted on the condition that he have editorial independence and that part of his pay would be in shares. Mulock unhappily agreed, and Mulock and Atkinson clashed for the rest of their lives. It gave Atkinson great pleasure at the 1913 annual shareholders' meeting to interrupt Mulock in mid-tirade to announce that he was now the majority shareholder and would do what he chose.\n", "Section::::Business and community.:Community and philanthropy.\n", "Throughout his life, Mulock's strong interest in \"plain people (and) public practical problems\" involved him in leadership in innumerable community organizations. These included the CNIB, the Federation for Community Service (an ancestor of the United Way), St. John Ambulance, the Working Boys Home, and the Soldiers Rehabilitation Fund.\n", "Cardinal McQuigan credited Mulock with helping Catholics fully participate in the civic life of Ontario.\n", "In 1925, Mulock was the leading organizer of the Banting Research Foundation, Canada's first medical research foundation.\n", "Despite playing a key role in forcing Laurier to commit Canadian forces in the Boer War, after his retirement from politics, Mulock spoke out against militarism. Mulock became the first president of Canada's first national, secular peace organization, the Canadian Peace and Arbitration Society, founded in 1905 by Charles Ambrose Zavitz. When Britain entered World War I, Mulock immediately started organizing the Toronto and York County Patriotic Fund (later part of the Canadian Patriotic Fund) to assist soldier's families. Mulock was President of the Toronto and York Fund for its entire existence (and chair of the Canadian executive); the Toronto fund raised $8,939,143, with only about 2% spent on expenses. At age 99 during World War II, he served as Chair of the Canadian Committee of the International YMCA, responsible for supervising enemy prisoners in Canada. He considered information from Canadian prison camp officials to be hearsay that could not replace direct inspection.\n", "Section::::Personal life and character.\n", "William Mulock married in May 1870 Sarah Ellen Crowther, daughter of James Crowther. She was born and educated in Toronto. The couple lived at 518 Jarvis Street in Toronto. The couple had six children (William, Edith, Sarah, Ethel, James, Cawthra).\n", "Mulock's grandson William Pate Mulock was also a MP for York North.\n", "Mulock's use of profanity was said to be the most picturesque in parliament, and he was known for his consumption of Cuban cigars and rye whisky. Just before Prohibition came into force in Ontario in 1916, he had special concrete compartments built in his house into which he stored a lifetime supply of whisky.\n", "Mulock was described as \"The man who did\", his work ethic recognized even by those who sometimes disagreed with what he did. Sir Daniel Wilson referred to him as \"the mule\". At a luncheon in his honour shortly after his 87th birthday, Mulock described his attitude on growing old:\n", "Mulock is buried in Newmarket Cemetery. Named is his honour in Ontario are:\n", "BULLET::::- Sir William Mulock Secondary School and Mulock Drive (York Regional Road 74) in the town of Newmarket;\n", "BULLET::::- the dispersed rural communities of Mulock in Grey County and Mulock in Nipissing District, and geographic Mulock Township in Nipissing District;\n", "BULLET::::- Mulock Island in the North Channel, Lake Huron, in Algoma District;\n", "BULLET::::- Mulock Creek, a tributary of the Barron River (Ontario), in Nipissing District; and\n", "BULLET::::- Little Mulock Lake in Nipissing District.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Mulock Family Tree\n", "BULLET::::- Ontario Plaques – Sir William Mulock\n", "BULLET::::- Some editorial cartoons featuring Mulock from the Conservative Toronto Telegram at the McCord Museum: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , \n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Canadian politician, judge, academic administrator", "enwikiquote_title": "William Mulock", "wikidata_id": "Q8015915", "wikidata_label": "William Mulock", "wikipedia_title": "William Mulock" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Elizabeth Smart (Canadian author)\n", "Elizabeth Smart (December 27, 1913 – March 4, 1986) was a Canadian poet and novelist. Her book, \"By Grand Central Station I Sat Down and Wept\", detailed her romance with the poet George Barker. She is the subject of the 1991 biography, \"By Heart: Elizabeth Smart a Life\", by Rosemary Sullivan, and a film, \"\", produced by Maya Gallus of Red Queen Productions.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Early years.\n", "Smart was born to a prominent family in Ottawa, Ontario; her father, Russel Smart, was a lawyer, and the family had a summer house on Kingsmere Lake located next door to the future Prime Minister of Canada, William Lyon Mackenzie King. Her sister, Jane became a filmmaker, teacher and sculptor.\n", "Smart attended the Ottawa Normal School in her formative years, but was soon transferred to the Elmwood School, a private prep school for girls located in an affluent Ottawa neighbourhood. She later attended Hatfield Hall in Cobourg, Ontario for secondary school. \n", "At the age of 11, Smart was confined to bed for a year due to a misdiagnosed \"leaky heart valve\". She began writing at an early age, publishing her first poem at the age of 10 and compiling a collection of poetry at 15. In her youth, she often kept regular journals, a habit she would keep up throughout most of her life.\n", "Smart grew up among the social elite of Ottawa through her father's connections as a lawyer. Her mother often hosted parties for prominent politicians and civil servants. As a result, Smart socialized with many members of Ottawa's political class who were or would become important figures in Canadian history, including acquaintances such as Graham Spry, Charles Ritchie, Lester B. Pearson, and William Lyon Mackenzie King. \n", "At the age of 18, following graduation from secondary school, Smart traveled to England to study music at the University of London.\n", "In 1937 Smart took a job as secretary to the noted Mrs. Alfred Watt, head of the Associated Country Women of the World, an international organization for rural women, travelling extensively throughout the world accompanying Watt to various conferences. It was during this time that Smart happened across a book of poetry by George Barker, immediately falling in love not only with the poetry, but with the man himself.\n", "After her travels with Mrs. Watt, Smart returned to Ottawa where she spent six months writing society notes for the women's page of \"The Ottawa Journal\". At parties she would often ask about Barker, saying she wanted to meet and marry him. Soon Smart began a correspondence with the poet.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Relationship with George Barker.\n", "Eager to launch her writing career, Smart quit the \"Journal\" and left Ottawa for good. Traveling on her own, she visited New York, Mexico and California, joining a writers' colony at Big Sur. While there, Smart made contact with Barker through Lawrence Durrell, paying to fly Barker and his wife to the United States from Japan where he was teaching. Soon after meeting, they began a tumultuous affair which was to last for years.\n", "In 1941, after becoming pregnant, Smart returned to Canada, settling in Pender Harbour, British Columbia to have the child she would name Georgina. Barker attempted to visit her in Canada, but Smart's family exerted influence on government officials, and consequently he was turned back at the border, cited with \"moral turpitude.\" It was during this time that Smart produced what would become her best-known work, \"By Grand Central Station I Sat Down and Wept\" (1945).\n", "Smart soon returned to the United States and began work as a file clerk for the British embassy in Washington. Two years later, in 1943, during the height of the war, she sailed to the United Kingdom to join Barker. There she gave birth to their second child, Christopher Barker, and obtained employment at the British Ministry of Defence to support her children.\n", "Just 2000 copies of \"By Grand Central Station I Sat Down and Wept\" were published in 1945, and it did not achieve popularity until a good deal later. It is a fictional work, largely based on Smart's affair with Barker up until that point. \"The power of emotion to transform one’s perspective on the world,\" a recent \"Open Letters Monthly\" review of the novel states, \"is the theme of this wildly poetic novel. The inspiration for Smart’s classic work of prose poetry is just as famous as the book itself.\n", "Smart's mother Louise (\"Louie\") was not pleased with the book. Again availing influence with government officials, she led a successful campaign to have its publication banned in Canada. Of those copies that made their way into the country from overseas, Louise Smart bought up as many as she could find and had them burned. \n", "Barker visited Smart often in London where she worked. She became pregnant again, and was fired from the Ministry of Information. Their affair produced two more children (Sebastian, born 1945, and Rose Emma, born 1947). Through it all Barker, who was Catholic, said he would leave his wife for Smart, but this never happened (he was to have fifteen children by several different women). They lived a bohemian lifestyle and associated with many of the 'Soho' artists. Christopher Barker writing in the Guardian about this period noted: \"On many occasions through the early Sixties, writers and painters such as David Gascoyne, Paddy Kavanagh, Roberts MacBryde and Colquhoun and Paddy Swift [Swift lived downstairs from Smart and his wife, Agnes, wrote cookbooks with Smart] would gather at Westbourne Terrace in Paddington, our family home at that time. They came for editorial discussions about their poetry magazine, \"X\".\"\n", "In addition to the unconventional nature of the relationship, the affair was fraught with turmoil. Barker was a heavy drinker and Smart took up the habit, which intensified when the two were together. The couple were involved in numerous fights; during one argument, Smart bit off part of Barker's upper lip. Nonetheless, as evidenced from writings in her journals, Smart's love for Barker continued for the remainder of her life.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Single mother and writer.\n", "Raising four children on her own, Smart worked for 13 years as an advertising copywriter. She then joined the staff of \"Queen\" magazine in 1963, later becoming an editor. She became at length the highest-paid copywriter in England. During this time her physical involvement with Barker waned; she lived a bohemian lifestyle in Soho and took several other lovers, some men and some women.\n", "Meanwhile, \"By Grand Central Station I Sat Down and Wept\" had been circulating in London and New York, acquiring a cult following that led to its paperback reissue in 1966 and critical acclaim. In the same year, Smart retired from commercial writing and relocated to a cottage in north Suffolk named \"The Dell\".\n", "It was at The Dell that Smart produced the bulk of her subsequent literary work, much of which has been published posthumously. Eager to make up for the time away from creative writing forced by the demands of raising her children, Smart wrote voluminously and on a number of subjects, poetry and prose, even her passion for gardening.\n", "In 1977, following a 32-year absence from the book world, Smart published two new works, \"The Assumption of the Rogues & Rascals\" and a small collection of poetry, titled \"A Bonus\". Later, \"In the Meantime\" (1984), a collection of Smart's unpublished poetry and prose appeared, and her two volumes of journals, \"Necessary Secrets: The Journals of Elizabeth Smart\" (1986) were published posthumously.\n", "Smart returned to Canada for a brief stay from 1982 to 1983, becoming writer-in-residence at the University of Alberta. Afterward she spent a year in Toronto on a Canada Council writer's grant before returning to England. In 1986 she died in London of a heart attack. She is buried in St George's churchyard, Saint Cross South Elmham, Suffolk.\n", "An hour-long documentary, \"\"(1991) by Maya Gallus starred renowned actor Jackie Burroughs as Elizabeth Smart and was narrated by author Michael Ondaatje. The publication of her journals in \"On The Side of the Angels\" brought further posthumous critical appreciation.\n", "Section::::Quotes.\n", "BULLET::::- \"I will not give up belief in true love.\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"We can include the world in our love, and no irritations can disrupt it, not even envy.\"\n", "Section::::Influence.\n", "Morrissey, former lead singer of the British band the Smiths, has talked of his love for Elizabeth Smart. References to \"By Grand Station Central I Sat Down And Wept\" are found in a number of Smiths songs, in particular \"The Headmaster Ritual\", \"Reel Around The Fountain\" and \"Shakespeare's Sister\", and as well, the title of the Smiths compilation album \"Louder Than Bombs\".\n", "Ian Brown used a passage from Elizabeth's poem \"A Musical Note\" to name his third solo album \"The Music of the Spheres\".\n", "Canadian playwright Wendy Lill wrote a play entitled \"Memories of You\" (1989) about the life of Elizabeth Smart.\n", "Section::::Elizabeth Smart bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- Smart, Elizabeth. \"The Assumption of the Rogues and Rascals\". New York: HarperCollins, 1978. .\n", "BULLET::::- Smart, Elizabeth. \"A Bonus\". London: Jay Landesman Publishing, 1977. .\n", "BULLET::::- Smart, Elizabeth. \"By Grand Central Station I Sat Down and Wept\". New York: Vintage Press, 1992, First edition 1945. .\n", "BULLET::::- Smart, Elizabeth.\"The Collected Poems of Elizabeth Smart\". London: Paladin, 1992. .\n", "BULLET::::- Smart, Elizabeth. \"Eleven Poems\". Bath, UK: Bath Place Community Arts Press, 1982.\n", "BULLET::::- Smart, Elizabeth. \"In the Meantime\". Ottawa: Deneau, 1984. .\n", "BULLET::::- Smart, Elizabeth. \"Ten Poems\". Bath, UK: Bath Place Community Arts Press, 1981.\n", "BULLET::::- Smart, Elizabeth. \"Elizabeth's Garden: Elizabeth Smart on the Art of Gardening\". Toronto: Coach House Press, 1989. .\n", "BULLET::::- Smart, Elizabeth and Agnes Ryan. \"Cooking the French Way (%00 Recipes)\". London: Littlehampton Book Services Ltd., 1966, first edition 1958. .\n", "Section::::Elizabeth Smart bibliography.:Edited collections.\n", "BULLET::::- Smart, Elizabeth, Christina Burridge ed. \"Autobiographies\". Vancouver: William Hoffer, 1987.\n", "BULLET::::- Smart, Elizabeth, Alice VanWart, ed. \"Necessary Secrets: The Journals of Elizabeth Smart\". Toronto: Harper/Collins Canada, 1987. .\n", "BULLET::::- Smart, Elizabeth, Alice VanWart, ed. \"Juvenilia: Early Writings of Elizabeth Smart\". Toronto: Coach House Press, 1987. .\n", "BULLET::::- Smart, Elizabeth, Alice VanWart, ed. \"On the Side of the Angels: The Second Volume of the Journals of Elizabeth Smart\". Toronto: Harper/Collins Canada, 1997. .\n", "Section::::References.\n", "Section::::References.:Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- Barker, Christopher. \"The Arms of the Infinite\". Keighley, UK: Pomona Press, 2006. .\n", "BULLET::::- Barker, Christopher. \"Life at Tilty Mill\" (A sketch by Smart's son Christopher.). \"Granta\" Issue 80, Winter 2002.\n", "BULLET::::- Carson, Marilyn. \"Elizabeth Smart: Poetry and Passion in Ottawa\". in Brooks, Victoria. \"Literary Trips: Following in the Footsteps of Fame 1\". Vancouver: Greatest Escapes, 2000. .\n", "BULLET::::- Echlin, Kim. \"Elizabeth Smart: A Fugue Essay on Women and Creativity\". Toronto: Women's Press, 2004.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Elizabeth Smart.\" \"Canadian Writers\", an examination of archival manuscripts, typescripts, correspondence, journals and notebooks at Library and Archives Canada.\n", "BULLET::::- Fraser, Robert. \"The Chameleon Poet: A Life of George Barker\". London: Jonathan Cape Ltd, 2002. .\n", "BULLET::::- Ritchie, Charles. \"My Grandfather's House\". Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 2002. .\n", "BULLET::::- Smart, Elizabeth.\"Necessary Secrets: The Journals of Elizabeth Smart\". Toronto: Deneau, 1986. .\n", "BULLET::::- Sullivan, Rosemary. \"By Heart: Elizabeth Smart a Life\". Toronto: Viking Canada, 1991. .\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Elizabeth Smart's entry in The Canadian Encyclopedia\n", "BULLET::::- Elizabeth Smart's Grave\n", "BULLET::::- Elizabeth Smart: On The Side of the Angels, produced & directed by Maya Gallus\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Canadian poet and novelist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3051272", "wikidata_label": "Elizabeth Smart", "wikipedia_title": "Elizabeth Smart (Canadian author)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Elizabeth Smart\n", "Elizabeth Ann Gilmour (née Smart; born November 3, 1987) is an American child safety activist and contributor for ABC News. She first gained national attention at the age of 14 when she was abducted from her home in Salt Lake City by Brian David Mitchell. Mitchell and his wife, Wanda Barzee, held Smart captive for nine months until she was rescued by authorities on a street in Sandy, Utah.\n", "After her abduction, Smart has gone on to work as an activist and advocate for missing persons. Her life and abduction have been the subject of numerous non-fiction books and films.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Elizabeth Ann Smart was born November 3, 1987 in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Edward \"Ed\" and Lois Smart. She was raised in a family that was a part of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, with four brothers and one sister; she is the second-oldest child in her family. Smart attended Bryant Middle School and East High School in Salt Lake City, and later, Brigham Young University, where she earned her Bachelor of Music in harp performance.\n", "Section::::Abduction and rescue.\n", "On June 5, 2002, 14-year-old Elizabeth Smart was abducted at knife point from her bedroom in her family's house in Salt Lake City, Utah. Smart was raped daily, tied up, and threatened with death if she attempted to escape. She was rescued by police officers nine months later on March 12, 2003, on a public street in Sandy, Utah, 18 miles from her home, following the help of two witnesses who recognized abductors Brian David Mitchell and Wanda Ileen Barzee from an \"America's Most Wanted\" episode. \n", "Her abduction and rescue were widely reported and were the subject of a made-for-TV movie, titled \"The Elizabeth Smart Story\", and non-fiction books.\n", "Section::::Abductor trials.\n", "On November 16, 2009, Barzee pled guilty to assisting in the kidnapping of Elizabeth Smart as part of a plea bargain with prosecutors. On May 19, 2010, Barzee was sentenced to 15 years in federal prison. As part of a plea deal between the defense and federal prosecutors, federal Judge Dale A. Kimball gave Barzee credit for seven years that she had already served.\n", "Mitchell, found competent to stand trial for the kidnapping and sexual assault charges, was found guilty on both counts, and sentenced in May 2011 to two life terms in federal prison.\n", "Section::::Activism and journalism.\n", "On March 8, 2006, Smart went before Congress to support sexual predator legislation and the AMBER Alert system, and on July 26, 2006, she spoke after the signing of the Adam Walsh Act. In May 2008, she traveled to Washington, D.C., where she helped present a book, \"You're Not Alone\", published by the U.S. Department of Justice, which has entries written by her as well as four other recovered young adults. In 2009, Smart commented on the kidnapping of Jaycee Lee Dugard, stressing that dwelling upon the past is unproductive. On October 27, 2009, Elizabeth spoke at the 2009 Women's Conference in California, hosted by Maria Shriver, on overcoming obstacles in life.\n", "In 2011, Smart founded the Elizabeth Smart Foundation, which aims to support the Internet Crimes Against Children task force and to educate children about violent and sexual crime. The Foundation is in the process of merging with Operation Underground Railroad to combine efforts in the fight against human trafficking.\n", "In March 2011, Smart was one of four women awarded the Diane von Furstenberg Award.\n", "On July 7, 2011, it was announced that she would be a commentator for ABC News, mainly focusing on missing persons.\n", "In July 2012, Smart was honored by Theta Phi Alpha National Fraternity with the Siena Medal award. The medal is the highest honor the organization bestows upon a non-member and is named after their patroness, St. Catherine of Siena.\n", "On May 1, 2013, in a speech at a human trafficking conference at Johns Hopkins University, Smart discussed the need to emphasize individual self-worth in fighting human trafficking, and the importance of dispelling cultural myths surrounding girls' loss of value upon sexual contact. Having been raped by her captor, she recalled the destructive impact of exposure to sexual education programs where a sexually active girl is compared to a chewed piece of gum. \"I thought, 'Oh, my gosh, I'm that chewed up piece of gum, nobody re-chews a piece of gum, you throw it away.' And that's how easy it is to feel like you no longer have worth, you no longer have value,\" Smart said. \"Why would it even be worth screaming out? Why would it even make a difference if you are rescued? Your life still has no value.\" Smart went on to ask that listeners educate children on having self-worth, and how to avoid becoming a victim.\n", "In February 2014, Smart testified before the Utah State House of Representatives in favor of HB 286, a bill that would create an optional curriculum for use in Utah schools to provide training on child sexual abuse prevention.\n", "In early 2015, Smart was featured in a video produced by Faith Counts in which she explains how her religious belief sustained her through her ordeal and helped her heal.\n", "As of September 2016, Smart was a correspondent with true-crime show Crime Watch Daily.\n", "Various politicians have proposed a state bill that would require all computers to have a pornography filter, branding the bill the \"Elizabeth Smart Law\". However, in March 2018 her spokesman has denied she is related to the proposal, and her lawyer sent a cease-and-desist letter to demand her name not be used.\n", "Section::::Adult life.\n", "On November 11, 2009 (a week after her 22nd birthday), Smart left Salt Lake City to serve as a missionary for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Paris. Smart returned temporarily from her mission in November 2010 to serve as the chief witness in the federal trial of Brian David Mitchell. After the end of the trial, she returned to France to finish her mission, coming home to Utah in early 2011.\n", "While serving as missionaries in the Paris Mission, Smart met Scotland native Matthew Gilmour. In January 2012, after a courtship of one year, they became engaged. They married on February 18, 2012, in a private ceremony in the Laie Hawaii Temple.\n", "In February 2015, Smart gave birth to a daughter, Chloe. \n", "In April 2017, she gave birth to a son, James.\n", "In late June 2018, Smart announced a third pregnancy through her social media account.\n", "In November 2018, her third child, Olivia, was born.\n", "Section::::Media.\n", "In October 2013, \"My Story\", a memoir of Smart's experience written with Chris Stewart, was published by St. Martin's Press. The book details both Smart's kidnapping and the formation of the Elizabeth Smart Foundation which works to promote awareness about abduction.\n", "Smart has played the harp on national television in the United States.\n", "Smart's uncle, Tom Smart, and author Lee Benson wrote a book about the search for Smart, \"In Plain Sight: The Startling Truth Behind the Elizabeth Smart Investigation\". Another book about Smart's kidnapping was written by her father, called \"Bringing Elizabeth Home\". A television movie, \"The Elizabeth Smart Story\", was made in 2003, based on the book by Smart's father.\n", "In 2017 on the 15th anniversary of her abduction, Lifetime aired the made-for-TV film titled \"I Am Elizabeth Smart\", narrated and produced by Smart, which tells the story of her kidnapping from her own perspective. The film starred Alana Boden as Elizabeth Smart, Skeet Ulrich as Brian David Mitchell, and Deirdre Lovejoy as Wanda Ileen Barzee.\n", "In 2018, Smart published \"Where There's Hope: Healing, Moving Forward, and Never Giving Up\" with St. Martin's Press.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Elizabeth Smart Missing Child Profile at \"America's Most Wanted\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American activist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q13462978", "wikidata_label": "Elizabeth Smart", "wikipedia_title": "Elizabeth Smart" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Vince Clarke\n", "Vince Clarke (born Vincent John Martin; 3 July 1960) is an English synth-pop musician and songwriter. Clarke has been the main composer and musician of the band Erasure since its inception in 1985, and was previously the main songwriter of several groups, including Depeche Mode, Yazoo, and the Assembly.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Vincent John Martin was born in South Woodford, Essex and then he moved to Basildon, Essex. He initially studied the violin and then the piano, but he was inspired to make electronic music upon hearing Wirral synth band Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD). Along with OMD, other early influences included The Human League, Daniel Miller, and Fad Gadget.\n", "Section::::Early bands and Depeche Mode.\n", "In the late-1970s, Clarke and schoolmate Andy Fletcher formed a short-lived band called No Romance in China. In 1980, he teamed up with Robert Marlow and Martin Gore to form French Look. Another band, named Composition of Sound, followed in 1980 with another addition of Martin Gore and Andy Fletcher. Clarke provided vocals until singer Dave Gahan joined the band, which was renamed Depeche Mode. At that time, he adopted the stage name Vince Clarke, by which he is currently known. The band initially adopted a slick synthesised electropop sound, which produced the album \"Speak & Spell\" and the Clarke-penned singles \"Dreaming of Me\", \"New Life\", and \"Just Can't Get Enough\" in 1981.\n", "Clarke left Depeche Mode shortly thereafter. There were many rumoured reasons pertaining to his departure. He commented on Depeche Mode's later material as being a little dark for his taste, but good nonetheless. Clarke also stated that he did not enjoy the public aspects of success, such as touring and interviews, and found himself frequently at odds with his bandmates, particularly on the tour bus. He also stated: \"I think everybody in the band, especially myself, imagined that the reason we were doing so well was because of themselves ... We were pretty young and very lucky, and things had happened very quickly for us, and I don't think we were really mature to handle the situation.\" Clarke was replaced by musician Alan Wilder, and Depeche Mode went on to achieve international stardom.\n", "Section::::Yazoo.\n", "Clarke then teamed up with singer Alison Moyet (at the time known by the nickname of \"Alf\") to form the popular synthpop band Yazoo (known as Yaz in the U.S.), which produced two albums and a string of hits including \"Only You\", \"Don't Go\", \"Situation\", \"The Other Side of Love\", \"Nobody's Diary\", and \"Walk Away from Love\".\n", "Yazoo disbanded in 1983, and Moyet went on to have a successful solo career. Yazoo reformed in 2008 for a series of live dates to celebrate 25 years since the duo's split.\n", "Section::::The Assembly.\n", "In 1983, Clarke teamed up with Eric Radcliffe, and it was their idea to collaborate as one-off associations with different artists on each new single, under the name The Assembly; notably with singer Feargal Sharkey they scored the Top 5 hit \"Never Never\". Meanwhile, he founded the label Reset Records with Eric Radcliffe. During 1983 and further on in 1984, he produced four singles \"The Face of Dorian Gray\", \"I Just Want to Dance\", \"Claudette\", and \"Calling All Destroyers\" for his friend Robert Marlow, which were released on this label. They also produced an album, which was shelved but was released much later in 1999 under the name \"The Peter Pan Effect\". In 1985, another collaboration took place with Paul Quinn of Bourgie Bourgie, the result was the single \"One Day\" by Vince Clarke & Paul Quinn. However, the project never took off, and Clarke moved on to other projects.\n", "Section::::Erasure.\n", "In early 1985, Clarke put an ad in \"Melody Maker\" for a singer, and one applicant was Andy Bell, who was a fan of his earlier projects. He teamed with Bell to form the group Erasure, and the duo became one of the major selling acts in British music with international hits like \"Oh L'amour\", \"Sometimes\", \"Chains of Love\", \"A Little Respect\", \"Drama!\", \"Blue Savannah\", \"Chorus\", \"Love to Hate You\", \"Take a Chance on Me\", and \"Always\".\n", "The band has released 16 albums to date and has enjoyed a long string of hit singles spanning their three decades together, most recently topped-off by the 2005 top five hit \"Breathe\" taken from their \"Nightbird\" album. In 2006, Erasure produced a country-western style acoustic album consisting of mostly non-single cuts from their previous albums. This album, \"Union Street\" was preceded by the single \"Boy\" originally included on their 1997 \"Cowboy\" album.\n", "On 26 January 2007, in a video message on the official Erasure website, the band announced the release of their sixteenth (thirteenth studio) album, entitled \"Light at the End of the World\". Released in the UK on 21 May 2007, with a US release the following day, it was preceded by the single \"I Could Fall in Love with You\", released on 2 April 2007. The second single, \"Sunday Girl\" was subsequently released.\n", "The album was produced by Gareth Jones and was a more \"dance orientated\" effort than some of their more recent work with Clarke making reference to the new material sounding potentially a bit more like Andy Bell's 2005 solo effort \"Electric Blue\".\n", "Erasure went on to tour with Cyndi Lauper, Deborah Harry, Margaret Cho, and other artists, for the 2007 True Colors Tour of the United States, a tour which benefited gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender freedoms and rights. Erasure then went out on their own, headlining the \"Light at the End of the World\" tour in Europe and North America.\n", "The band released a new EP, \"Storm Chaser\", in September 2007. The EP contains nine tracks, one of them the winner of an online fan remix contest, for the track \"When a Lover Leaves You\", from the \"Light at the End of the World\" album.\n", "The Erasure album, \"Tomorrow's World\", was released on 3 October 2011, featuring production by Frankmusik. The album was done in two locations, Vince in his Cabin Studio in Maine composing the music and vocal arrangement, and production done by Andy in Los Angeles. The album featured three singles; When I Start To Break It All Down, Be With You, and Fill Us With Fire. A very limited edition of \"Tomorrow's World\" box sets were issued through the EIS and gathered a bunch of remixes, demos, and videos of this project.\n", "The Erasure Christmas album \"Snow Globe\" was released on 11 November 2013. A new collection of material was released on 22 September 2014 named \"The Violet Flame\", featuring production by Richard X.\n", "Section::::Additional work.\n", "In July 1984, Clarke teamed up with Stephen Luscombe of Blancmange, Pandit Dinesh, and Asha Bhosle. The group, West India Company, released a four track, self-titled EP.\n", "Clarke worked with synthpop producer Martyn Ware (of Heaven 17 and The Human League) in 1999 as \"The Clarke & Ware Experiment\" and released the album \"Pretentious\". The duo collaborated again in 2001 for the album \"Spectrum Pursuit Vehicle\", which was created with \"3D music technology\" specifically designed for listening in headphones. 2001 also saw the release of the Clarke-produced album \"Erasure's Vince Clarke\" which featured \"The Peter Pan Effect,\" an album that he and Eric Radcliffe produced for his long-time friend, Robert Marlow. Clarke wrote \"Let's Get Together\" for the pop girl group Girl Authority for their second album, \"Road Trip\". The song was originally meant to be for Depeche Mode, but was never recorded by them. Clarke also co-wrote \"What Do I Want From You?\" with Freeform Five, for their album \"Strangest Things\" (2005).\n", "Also in 2001, Clarke founded Illustrious Co. Ltd. with Martyn Ware, to create new forms of spatialised sound composition using their unique 3D AudioScape system, collaborating with fine artists, educational establishments, the performing arts, live events, corporate clients, and educational settings round the world.\n", "In 2004, Clarke provided additional music for an episode of Johnny Bravo entitled \"The Time of My Life\". This was a collaboration with Richard Butler.\n", "Clarke was an essential component of a 2000 project called Family Fantastic. They produced the album \"Nice!\". In 2008 Family Fantastic released a second album, entitled \"Wonderful\".\n", "On 21 May 2009, Clarke was awarded by an \"Outstanding Song Collection\" prize, during the Ivor Novello Awards ceremony of the same day, in recognition of 30 years in the music industry.\n", "Clarke was featured in the BBC Four documentary \"Synth Britannia\".\n", "Clarke collaborated with his former Depeche Mode colleague Martin Gore for the first time since 1981 as techno duo VCMG on an instrumental minimalist electronic dance album called \"Ssss\", released on 12 March 2012. The first EP entitled \"Spock\" was released worldwide exclusively on Beatport on 30 November 2011. The second EP \"Single Blip\" was once again first released exclusively on Beatport on 20 February 2012. Their third EP \"Aftermaths\" was released on 20 August 2012.\n", "In 2012, Vince collaborated with the band The Good Natured on a track called \"Ghost Train\", available as a free download on their website, in exchange for a Tweet.\n", "Also in 2012, Vince produced a cover of the Depeche Mode song \"Fly on the Windscreen\" featuring Ane Brun.\n", "In 2013, Vince worked with Andy Bell on a new Erasure Christmas LP which was released in November 2013. There is also a rumour that a collection of original materials will also be ready by mid-2014. Vince Clarke is currently doing DJ sets in various locations in North America and Europe and has also continued his production work of remixing songs for Dido and Chad Valley. Clarke is holding a competition online for synth guring, which is composed of making synth-like noises with your mouth, registration ends at the end of August 2013, judging shortly thereafter.\n", "In October 2013, Vince announced on his Twitter page that he was providing assistance to musicians BT and Christian Burns for their All Hail the Silence project.\n", "On 14 July 2015, Vince announced a collaboration with Jean Michel Jarre called \"Automatic\", which was released as a part of the full album \"\" on 16 October 2015.\n", "Section::::Influences.\n", "In December 2013, Clarke listed his \"13 LPs that mean the most to him\" for The Quietus:\n", "BULLET::::- Pink Floyd – \"The Dark Side of the Moon\"\n", "BULLET::::- Kraftwerk – \"Computer World\"\n", "BULLET::::- The Human League – \"Travelogue\"\n", "BULLET::::- Simon & Garfunkel – \"Bookends\"\n", "BULLET::::- T. Rex – \"Electric Warrior\"\n", "BULLET::::- David Bowie – \"\"Heroes\"\"\n", "BULLET::::- The Eagles – \"Hotel California\"\n", "BULLET::::- Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark – \"Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark\"\n", "BULLET::::- Philip Glass – \"Glassworks\"\n", "BULLET::::- Genesis – \"A Trick of the Tail\"\n", "BULLET::::- Michael Jackson – \"Dangerous\"\n", "BULLET::::- The Sex Pistols – \"Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols\"\n", "BULLET::::- Led Zeppelin – \"Led Zeppelin IV\"\n", "Section::::Production and recording methods.\n", "When Clarke started using synthesisers, they were predominantly analogue (digital synthesisers were rare, and would remain that way until the launch of the Yamaha DX7 in 1983). In order to connect analogue synthesisers, analogue drum machines, and analogue sequencers together, multiple CV/Gate cables were required between each device. This system was not standardised, so inter-operability between instruments from different manufacturers was not always straightforward. In addition, some manufacturers used their own proprietary interfaces. When an industry-wide standard called MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) was introduced in 1983, Clarke, like most other electronic musicians, gradually migrated to the new technology. However, he continued to prefer his older analogue instruments:\n", "\"... CV and Gate is tighter. I can hear and feel that it's tighter than MIDI – we can even prove it using 'scopes. Because everything is clocked simply, it arrives bang on the beat. The whole production starts to 'tick over'. Just look at Kraftwerk's stuff. I think that 'feel' has been lost with MIDI sequencers. No matter what you do with MIDI, the music will never sound as good as it did in the good old Futurist days. That's why our tracks sound the way they do.\"\n", "For the \"Chorus\" album in 1991, he gathered together his collection of analogue synthesisers from various recording studio locations in London and set up a small studio in Amsterdam. This led Clarke to assemble an intricate patch system to more easily enable the control of his analogue instruments:\n", "\"... the secret is having a good patch system – not as in patching to the mixing desk, but in patching CV and Gate. Because we don't use MIDI at all, you have to run three or four cables between each synth module – CV, Gate, Filter, Amplitude or whatever – and you've got to have a really unique system to do that.\"\n", "In 1993 Clarke described his approach to songwriting:\n", "\"Andy [Bell] and I get together with a guitar and a tape recorder, I'll strum some chords, he'll sing a melody, and we work in little sections, four or eight bars long. Then we'll try stringing the sections together. It's like a jigsaw puzzle. I find it very hard to relate songwriting to synthesisers, actually – we write songs in a very traditional way. The electronic side of things is just to create the atmosphere. It's mostly just messing about..!\n", "\"Once we've worked out a song, I start programming up the arrangement on the BBC UMI sequencer, which lets me run 16 synths simultaneously. That way you get a better idea if parts are working together or not. Then we start refining the individual sounds. And finally the whole lot is transferred to my Roland MC4, piece by piece, so it's being run in CV and Gate. Once we've got that, it's a case of Andy sketching out vocal ideas – in the studio we use two 48 track digital tape machines, which gives Dinger 24 tracks just for his voice!\"\n", "Clarke continued to expand his collection of analogue synthesisers and in 1994 set up \"37B\", a recording studio built adjacent to his custom-made home, \"Ammonite\", in Chertsey, Surrey. From 1994 to 2003, all Erasure albums were either wholly or in part recorded at \"37B\".\n", "In 2004 Clarke moved to Maine, USA. While waiting for his studio equipment to be shipped from the UK, he began using an Apple Mac laptop with Logic Pro, Max/MSP, and various software synthesisers (many of which were analogue emulations). Since then, he has continued to use Logic Pro, along with both software and analogue synthesisers:\n", "\"Nowadays, you can take the best bits from digital and analogue. On certain projects – say, if I'm doing library music – where you need to have instant recall all the time, then it's obviously much more convenient to use the computer. When it comes to writing a new song, though, I still like to have the old analogue gear there, too. But, a lot of soft synths have a character of their own, too; the Moog Modular V is just crazy!\n", "\"I think that analogue has an inherent sound to it – it's like the old argument over vinyl versus CD. It seems that you hear more frequencies coming from an analogue synth than you do from a software synth, but the great thing about the latter is that you can do far more complex modulation, both within the synth itself and on the keyboard. To emulate any of those really complex modulations on an analogue ... well, you'd need a mile of cable.\"\n", "As of 2009, Clarke has installed his analogue synthesisers alongside his Logic Pro-based workstation in a custom-built commercial studio called \"The Cabin\" in Maine.\n", "Current/recent studio equipment: Dave Smith Instruments Mopho, Roland System 700, Roland System-100M, Roland Jupiter-8, Roland Jupiter-4, Roland MKS-80, Roland SH-1, Roland VP-330, Roland JP-8000, Roland Juno-60, Roland Juno-106, Roland Super JX, Roland D-550, ARP 2500 Modular, ARP 2600, PPG Wave 2.2, Waldorf Microwave, Waldorf Pulse, Moog Modular, Minimoog, Moog Source, E-Mu Modular System, Buchla 100 series Modular, Sequential Circuits Prophet-5, Sequential Circuits Pro-One, Oxford Synthesiser Company OSCar, Synton Syrinx, Korg MS-20, Korg MS-10, Korg 700, Korg M1, Korg DVP, Serge Modular, Polyfusion Modular, Oberheim Xpander, Oberheim SEM System, RSF Kobol, Electronic Music Studios VCS 3, Matten and Wiechers x2 48 track sequencers total 96 track, Sennheiser Vocoder VSM201, Apple iPad 2, Apple Power Mac G5, Apple MacBook Pro.\n", "Current/recent software: Apple Logic Pro, Cycling '74 Max/MSP, Arturia ARP 2600 V, Arturia Minimoog V, Arturia Moog Modular V, GForce impOSCar, GForce Oddity, LinPlug Octopus, Muon Tau Pro, Native Instruments Absynth, Native Instruments Reaktor, Native Instruments FM7, Native Instruments FM8, Vienna Symphonic String & Choir Libraries.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Clarke has been married to Tracy Hurley since 2004. They have a son named Oscar and live together in the United States, in Brooklyn, New York, and have another home in Maine. Tracy Hurley is co-founder of the Morbid Anatomy Museum (now closed) in Brooklyn. Her twin sister, the American author Tonya Hurley is married to Michael Pagnotta, the former manager of Erasure. In 2012, Clarke and his family moved into a new house in Brooklyn, where he also relocated his Cabin studio and synthesiser collection.\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "BULLET::::- with Depeche Mode\n", "BULLET::::- \"Speak & Spell\" (1981, album)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dreaming of Me\" (1981, single)\n", "BULLET::::- \"New Life\" (1981, single)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Just Can't Get Enough\" (1981, single)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Singles 81>85\" (1985, compilation)\n", "BULLET::::- with Yazoo\n", "BULLET::::- \"Upstairs at Eric's\" (1982, album)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Only You\" (1982, single)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Don't Go\" (1982, single)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Other Side of Love\" (1982, single)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Situation\" (1982, single)\n", "BULLET::::- \"You and Me Both\" (1983, album)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nobody's Diary\" (1983, single)\n", "BULLET::::- with The Assembly\n", "BULLET::::- \"Never Never\" (1983, single)\n", "BULLET::::- In collaboration with Paul Quinn (singer)\n", "BULLET::::- \"One Day\" (1985, single)\n", "BULLET::::- With Erasure\n", "BULLET::::- See Erasure discography\n", "BULLET::::- Solo\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lucky Bastard\" (1993, Sample CD)\n", "BULLET::::- In collaboration with Martyn Ware\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pretentious\" (1999, as The Clarke and Ware Experiment)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Spectrum Pursuit Vehicle\" (2001, as Vincent Clarke & Martyn Ware)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The House of Illustrious\" (2012, as The Clarke and Ware Experiment)\n", "BULLET::::- with Family Fantastic\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nice!\" (2000)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wonderful\" (2008)\n", "BULLET::::- In RadioActivators\n", "BULLET::::- \"Knock on Your Door\" (2001, single)\n", "BULLET::::- In VCMG\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ssss\" (2012, album)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Spock\" (2011, EP)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Single Blip\" (2012, EP)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Aftermaths\" (2012, EP)\n", "BULLET::::- In collaboration with Paul Hartnoll\n", "BULLET::::- \"2Square\" (2016, album)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Better Have a Drink to Think\" (2016, single)\n", "BULLET::::- Remixes\n", "He has remixed the following songs for artists other than Erasure:\n", "BULLET::::- 1988 Happy Mondays – \"WFL (Wrote for Luck)\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1990 Betty Boo – \"24 Hours\" (Oratronic Mix)\n", "BULLET::::- 1991 Fortran 5 – \"Heart on the Line\" (V.C. Mix)\n", "BULLET::::- 1991 Habit – \"Power\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1992 Nitzer Ebb – \"Ascend\" (Anonymous Mix)\n", "BULLET::::- 1992 The Wolfgang Press – \"Angel\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1992 Betty Boo – \"I'm On My Way\" (The Batman And Robin Mix)\n", "BULLET::::- 1993 The Time Frequency – \"Real Love '93\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 1994 Sparks – \"When Do I Get to Sing 'My Way'\" (Vince Clarke Remix & Vince Clarke Extended Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 1994 Alison Moyet – \"Whispering Your Name\" (A Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 1995 Egebamyasi – \"Remont\" (Vince Version)\n", "BULLET::::- 1995 Wubble-U – \"Down – Get 'Em Down\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 1997 White Town – \"Wanted\" (Vince Clarke Mix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2001 Marlow – \"My Teenage Dream\" (Stealth Mix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2001 Marlow – \"No Heart\" (Vince Clarke 2001 Dance Mix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2002 Simple Minds – \"Homosapien\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2005 Andy Bell – \"Crazy\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2005 Rammstein – \"Mann Gegen Mann\" (Popular Music Mix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2006 Rosenstolz – \"Nichts Von Alledem (Tut Mir Leid)\" (Mixed Up Mix & Maxed Up Mix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2006 Noirhaus – \"It's Over\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2009 The Saturdays – \"Issues\" (Vince Clarke Extended & Vince Clarke Radio Edit)\n", "BULLET::::- 2009 Marlow – \"Home\" (Vince Clarke's Starstruck Mix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2009 Polly Scattergood – \"Other Too Endless\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2009 Franz Ferdinand – \"No You Girls\" (Vince Clarke Mix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2009 The Presets – \"If I Know You\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2009 Space Cowboy – \"Falling Down\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2009 A Place to Bury Strangers – \"In Your Heart\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2009 Ash – \"True Love 1980\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2010 Andy Bell – \"Call On Me\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2010 Andy Bell – \"Non-Stop\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2010 Goldfrapp – \"Believer\" (Vince Clarke Remix & Vince Clarke Remix Edit)\n", "BULLET::::- 2011 Billie Ray Martin – \"Sweet Suburban Disco\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2011 Depeche Mode – \"Behind the Wheel\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2011 Plastikman – \"Elektrostatik\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2011 The Present Moment – \"Loyal to a Fault\" (Analogue Edit)\n", "BULLET::::- 2012 Liars – \"No.1 Against the Rush\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2012 VCMG – \"Aftermaths\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2012 Kidnap Kid – \"Lazarus Taxon\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2013 Chad Valley – \"Up & Down\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2013 Dido – \"End of Night\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2013 Blancmange – \"Living on the Ceiling\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2014 Polly Scattergood – \"Subsequently Lost\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2014 Bleachers – \"I Wanna Get Better\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2014 Future Islands – \"Doves\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2015 Simon Lowery – \"I am an Astronaut\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2016 Nitzer Ebb – \"Once You Say\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2016 Andy Bell – \"My Precious One\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2016 Reed & Caroline – \"Electrons\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2017 Bright Light Bright Light – \"Running Back to You\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2017 Miss Kittin & Dubfire – \"Ride\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2017 The Overlords – \"God’s Eye\" (Vince Clarke Loony Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2017 Alka – \"Truncate\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2018 Ladytron – \"The Animals\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2018 Robert Görl – \"Part 1\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2018 Lanah P - \"Pistol in My Pocket\" (Erasure 2018 Mix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2018 Reed & Caroline – \"Before\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2018 Soft Cell – \"Bedsitter\" (Erasure Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2018 Space – \"Magic Fly\" (Vince Clarke Rework)\n", "BULLET::::- 2018 Benjamin Lowery - \"Imagine\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2019 James Yorkston - \"Shallow\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2019 All Hail the Silence – \"The Alarm\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "BULLET::::- 2019 Fujiya & Miyagi – \"Fear Of Missing Out\" (Vince Clarke Remix)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Erasure Information Service, the official Erasure website\n", "BULLET::::- Vince Clarke Feature by Cold War Night Life\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Vincent John Martin" ] }, "description": "musician and actor", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q312060", "wikidata_label": "Vince Clarke", "wikipedia_title": "Vince Clarke" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Gérard Deprez\n", "Gérard M.J. Deprez (born 13 August 1943 in Noville, Bastogne) is a Belgian politician. He was the president of the Walloon Christian Social Party (PSC) from 1981 to 1996. In 1998 he left the PSC and founded the Citizens' Movement for Change (MCC). He was a Member of the European Parliament representing the French Community of Belgium for six terms from 1984 to 2009 and again from 2014 until 2019. He is the Delegate General of the European Democratic Party.\n", "Section::::Life and political career.\n", "Deprez studied philosophy, language and literature and added postgraduate studies in sociology. He worked as an assistant lecturer at the Catholic University of Louvain from 1966 to 1974 and did his doctorate at the same time.\n", "Subsequently, he went into politics, serving as adviser in the office of the Minister for French Culture for one year. Then he became political adviser to the president of the PSC. In 1979 he became the head of the Deputy Prime Minister's office. In 1981 he was elected president of the PSC and stayed for 15 years. In this capacity, he was a member of the European People's Party's policy bureau, as well. In 1984 he was elected to the European Parliament for the first time. In 1995, he was conferred the honorary title of Minister of State. In the same year, he announced his retirement as party leader.\n", "His successor was, to Deprez' discontent, Charles-Ferdinand Nothomb. Deprez proposed to confederate the PSC with the Liberal Reformist Party (PRL), but could not convince his party colleagues. Therefore, he was edged out of the party and founded the MCC in 1998. He immediately forged an alliance of his new party with the PRL and the regionalist Democratic Front of the Francophones (FDF), which became the Reformist Movement (MR) in 2002 and of which Deprez has since been a vice-chairman. In 2004 he left the European Parliament's group of the European People's Party and joined the European Democratic Party and the parliamentary group Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE). He served in the European Parliament's Committee on Budgets, was the chairman of the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs and a member of the Delegation to the EU-Turkey Joint Parliamentary Committee.\n", "Deprez was the winner of the Justice and Civil Liberties Award, MEP Awards 2017.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Gerard Deprez" ] }, "description": "Belgian politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1399098", "wikidata_label": "Gérard Deprez", "wikipedia_title": "Gérard Deprez" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Héctor Scarone\n", "Héctor Pedro Scarone Beretta (26 November 1898 – 4 April 1967) was a Uruguayan footballer who was considered as one of the best players in the world during his time.\n", "Section::::Club career.\n", "At club level, Scarone spent most of his career with Nacional, with whom he won the Uruguayan championship eight times. He scored a total of 301 goals for the club in 369 appearances.\n", "He also played for Spanish side FC Barcelona, and Inter Milan and Palermo in Italy.\n", "Section::::International career.\n", "He won the South American Championship four times: in 1917, 1923, 1924, and 1926, and the Olympic gold medal twice: in 1924 and 1928 recognized as FIFA World Cup.\n", "At the age of 19, he scored the goal that gave Uruguay the title at the 1917 South American Championship, in the final against Argentina, his fourth international match.\n", "Scarone finished his international career by leading Uruguay to the 1930 FIFA World Cup, and although his international career ended that same year, the 31 goals in 52 matches (actually 52, but 21 goals were in unofficial matches) he scored for his country stood until as the national record.\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "Club Nacional\n", "BULLET::::- Primera División Uruguaya: (8) 1916, 1917, 1919,1920, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1934\n", "Uruguay\n", "BULLET::::- Copa América: (4) 1917, 1923, 1924, 1926\n", "BULLET::::- Copa América: Silver Medal: (2) 1919, 1927\n", "BULLET::::- Copa América: Bronze Medal: (3) 1921, 1922, 1929\n", "BULLET::::- Olympic gold: (2) 1924, 1928\n", "BULLET::::- FIFA World Cup: 1930\n", "Section::::Managerial career and later life.\n", "After retiring as a player, Scarone became a football coach. He was the second manager of Millonarios since its origins, from 1947 to 1948, while the club was still an amateur team. He was manager of Nacional and Real Madrid in the 1950s. He died in 1967 in Montevideo, aged 68.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "!colspan=\"3\" style=\"background:#C1D8FF;\"| World Cup-winners status\n", "BULLET::::- International statistics at rsssf\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Hector Scarone" ] }, "description": "Uruguayan footballer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q318172", "wikidata_label": "Héctor Scarone", "wikipedia_title": "Héctor Scarone" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Juan Gundlach\n", "Juan Cristóbal Gundlach (17 July 1810 in Marburg – 14 March 1896 in Havana), born Johannes Christoph Gundlach was a Cuban naturalist and taxonomist.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Gundlach graduated from Marburg University, where his father was professor of physics, as Doctor of Philosophy in 1837. In 1839, he left Europe to make collections on the Caribbean island of Cuba, where he lived ever since. During a short trip to Puerto Rico, at the request of Jesuit fathers to offer assistance in the creation of a zoological collection, in 1868, when revolutionary activities were beginning in Cuba as well as Puerto Rico, he met with don Tomás Blanco, according to naturalist Dr. Agustin Stahl. A friend of Carl Wilhelm Leopold Krug, who served as German Vice Consul in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico and who paid for some of Gundlach's travels, he visited Puerto Rico in 1873, leaving Havana on 4 June 1873 on the ship Manuela, arriving in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico on 13 June, staying in Puerto Rico for approximately six months. During that trip, Gundlach contributed to the founding of the Civil Institute for Secondary Learning or \"Instituto Civil de Segunda Enseñanza\". This institute was closed several months later, in keeping with the Spanish government's policy, expressed to the bishops of Santiago in Cuba and of San Juan, of limiting the opportunities for higher learning, both in Cuba as well as Puerto Rico. He subsequently travelled from Havana to Puerto Rico's west coast aboard the \"Marsella\" in September 1875. He remained in Puerto Rico for approximately one year during that trip. While he was there, he changed his name from \"Johannes Christoph\" to its Spanish equivalent \"Juan Cristóbal\". He wrote the first major work on the birds of Cuba, \"Ornitología Cubana\", and his name is recorded in the scientific names of over sixty species. His collections passed into the care of the Museo Poey in Havana, named after Cuban intellectual Dr. Felipe Poey y Aloy (1799–1891), upon his death in 1896.\n", "In 1986, on the 90th anniversary of his death, Cuba issued a series of postal stamps commemorating Gundlach.\n", "His visits to Puerto Rico were considered so important to the development of the study of natural sciences in Puerto Rico that he is considered \"the Father of Natural Sciences in Puerto Rico\" and his portrait, painted by Andrés Garcés, hangs in the School of Natural Sciences at the University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras campus. To honor him, Dr. Agustín Stahl named a species of the cupey tree in his honor as \"Clusia gundlachi\". The Puerto Rico Academy of Arts and Sciences on June 26, 2008, awarded recognitions that carry Gundlach's name to 25 prominent scientists in Puerto Rico.\n", "He wrote \"Contribucion á la Erpetologia Cubana\" (1880) and \"Contribucion á la entomologia Cubana\" in 4 volumes (1881–1884).\n", "Section::::Species named for Gundlach.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Accipiter gundlachii\" – Gundlach's hawk\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bufo gundlachi\" – Gundlach's Caribbean toad\n", "BULLET::::- \"Eleutherodactylus gundlachi\" – Gundlach's robber frog\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cazierus gundlachii\" – a Cuban scorpion\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dendroica petechia gundlachi\" – subspecies of yellow warbler (petechia group)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Palinurellus gundlachi\" – Caribbean furry lobster\n", "BULLET::::- \"Vireo gundlachii\" – Cuban vireo\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gundlachia\" – a genus of land snails\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gundlachia\" – a genus of plants\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nephronaias gundlachii\" – another land snail\n", "BULLET::::- \"Anolis gundlachi\" – a Puerto Rican lizard\n", "BULLET::::- \"Anolis juangundlachi\" – a Cuban lizard\n", "BULLET::::- \"Clusia gundlachi\" – a vine endemic to Puerto Rico\n", "BULLET::::- \"Unio gundlachi\" – a freshwater bivalve\n", "BULLET::::- \"Strumigenys gundlachi\" – a Neotropical dacetine ant\n", "BULLET::::- \"Camponotus gundlachi\" – a Cuban carpenter ant\n", "BULLET::::- \"Temnothorax gundlachi\" – a Cuban ant\n", "BULLET::::- \"Acmaeodera gundlachi\" – a buprestid beetle\n", "BULLET::::- \"Neolema gundlachiana\" – a leaf beetle\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lasioglossum (Dialictus) gundlachii\" – a halictid bee\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- Complete bibliography at WorldCat\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Plants named for Gundlach at IPNI\n", "BULLET::::- Vilaro, Juan, \"Sketch of John Gundlach,\" Popular Science vol 50, no 42, March 1897 (Google Books)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Gundlach", "J. Gundlach", "J.C. Gundlach" ] }, "description": "German scientist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q71520", "wikidata_label": "Juan Gundlach", "wikipedia_title": "Juan Gundlach" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno\n", "Claude Victor-Perrin, First Duc de Belluno (7 December 1764 – 1 March 1841) was a French soldier and military commander during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. He was made a Marshal of France in 1807 by Napoleon.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "He was born at Lamarche in the Vosges, son of Charles Perrin and wife Marie Anne Floriot, paternal grandson of Charles Perrin and wife Gabrielle Guerin, born in 1696, and great-grandson of Pierre Perrin and wife Anne Louvière. In 1781 he entered the army as a private soldier, and after ten years' service he received his discharge and settled at Valence. Soon afterwards he joined the local volunteers, and distinguishing himself in the war on the Alpine frontier, in less than a year he had risen to the command of a battalion. In Drôme, Valence, on 16 May 1791 he married Jeanne Josephine Muguet, by whom he had issue which was extinct in the male line by 1917.\n", "Section::::Military career.\n", "Section::::Military career.:The Revolutionary Wars.\n", "For his bravery at the siege of Toulon in 1793 he was raised to the rank of général de brigade. He afterwards served for some time with the army of the Eastern Pyrenees, and in the Italian campaign of 1796–1799 he so acquitted himself at Mondovì, Rovereto and Mantua that he was promoted to be general of the division.\n", "After commanding for some time the forces in the department of Vendée, he was again deployed to Italy, where he performed well in service against the papal troops, and took an important part in the battle of Marengo. In 1802 he was made governor of the colony of Louisiana for a short time, in 1803 he commanded the Batavian army, and afterwards he acted for eighteen months (1805–1806) as French plenipotentiary at Copenhagen. \n", "In that year he married for a second time in June at 's-Hertogenbosch to Julie Vosch van Avesaat (1781–1831), by whom he had an only daughter who died unmarried and without issue.\n", "Section::::Military career.:The Napoleonic Wars.\n", "On the outbreak of hostilities with Prussia (the War of the Fourth Coalition) he joined the V Army Corps under Marshal Jean Lannes as chief of the general staff. He distinguished himself at the battles of Saalfeld and Jena, and at Friedland he commanded the I Corps in such a manner that Napoleon made him a Marshal of France.\n", "After the peace of Tilsit he became governor of Berlin, and in 1808 he was created duke of Belluno (the title was extinguished in 1853). In the same year he was sent to Spain, where he took a prominent part in the Peninsular War (especially against Blake at the Battle of Espinosa, and later at the battles of Talavera, Barrosa and Cádiz), until his appointment in 1812 to a corps command in the invasion of Russia. Here his most important service was in protecting the retreating army at the crossing of the Berezina River.\n", "He took an active part in the wars of 1813–1814, until in February 1814 he arrived too late at Montereau-sur-Yonne. The result was a scene of violent recrimination and his supersession by the emperor, who transferred his command to Gérard. Thus wounded in his \"amour-propre\", Victor now transferred his allegiance to the Bourbon dynasty, and in December 1814 received from Louis XVIII the command of the second military division. In 1815, on the return of Napoleon from exile in Elba Victor accompanied the king to Ghent.\n", "Section::::The Bourbon Restoration.\n", "When the second restoration followed the Battle of Waterloo he was made a peer of France. He became president of a commission which inquired into the conduct of the officers during the Hundred Days, and dismissed Napoleon's sympathizers. In 1821 he was appointed war minister and held this office for two years. In 1830 he was major-general of the royal guard, and after the July Revolution of that year he retired altogether into private life. He died in Paris on 1 March 1841. \n", "His papers for the period 1793–1800 have been published (Paris, 1846).\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "He married firstly in May 1791 Jeanne-Josephine Muguet and had four children:\n", "BULLET::::- Victorine (1792–1822)\n", "BULLET::::- Charles (1795–1827)\n", "BULLET::::- Napoleon-Victor (1796–1853)\n", "BULLET::::- Eugene (1799–1852)\n", "He married secondly in June 1803 Julie Vosch van Avesaet (1781–1831) and had a daughter:\n", "BULLET::::- Stephanie-Josephine (1805–1832)\n", "Section::::Evaluation.\n", "Victor had mixed military talents. He was an excellent organizer and tactician. During his time in Spain he destroyed entire Spanish armies with Cannae like envelopments and even fought Wellington to a virtual tactical draw at Talavera. However he was a timid strategist often afraid of taking risks. Nevertheless, he recognized new developments in warfare and implemented them throughout his career. At the Beresina River in 1812, he made excellent use of reverse slope defenses showing that he learned something from Wellington. \n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Attribution\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "French soldier and military commander", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q372750", "wikidata_label": "Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno", "wikipedia_title": "Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke\n", "Field Marshal Alan Francis Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke, & Bar (23 July 1883 – 17 June 1963), was a senior officer of the British Army. He was Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS), the professional head of the British Army, during the Second World War, and was promoted to field marshal in 1944. As chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee, Brooke was the foremost military advisor to Winston Churchill, the British Prime Minister, and had the role of co-ordinator of the British military efforts in the Allies' victory in 1945. After retiring from the British Army, he served as Lord High Constable of England during the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953. His war diaries attracted attention for their criticism of Churchill and for Brooke's forthright views on other leading figures of the war.\n", "Section::::Background and early life.\n", "Alan Brooke was born in 1883 at Bagnères-de-Bigorre, Hautes-Pyrénées, to a prominent Anglo-Irish family from West Ulster in Ireland with a long military tradition as the \"Fighting Brookes of Colebrooke\". He was the seventh and youngest child of Sir Victor Brooke, 3rd Baronet, of Colebrooke Park, Brookeborough, County Fermanagh, Ulster, Ireland, and the former Alice Bellingham, second daughter of Sir Alan Bellingham, 3rd Baronet, of Castle Bellingham in County Louth. Brooke was educated at a day school in Pau, France, where he lived until the age of 16; he was bi-lingual in French (which he spoke with a heavy Gascon accent) and English. He spoke both French and English very fast, leading some Americans to distrust a \"fast-talking Limey\". He was also fluent in German, and had learnt Urdu and Persian.\n", "He \"only just\" qualified for the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, coming sixty-fifth out of seventy-two in the entrance exam, but passed out at seventeenth. Had he done any better he would have qualified for a commission in the Royal Engineers and probably would not have ended up on the General Staff after the \"Great War\", showing that initial lack of success could be invaluable later on.\n", "So Brooke was, on 24 December 1902, commissioned into the Royal Regiment of Artillery as a second lieutenant. During the First World War, he served with the Royal Artillery in France where he gained a reputation as an outstanding planner of operations. At the Battle of the Somme in 1916, he introduced the French \"creeping barrage\" system, thereby helping the protection of the advancing infantry from enemy machine gun fire. Brooke was with the Canadian Corps from early 1917 and planned the barrages for the Battle of Vimy Ridge. In 1918 he was appointed GSO1 as the senior artillery staff officer in the First Army. Brooke ended the conflict as a lieutenant-colonel with the Distinguished Service Order and Bar.\n", "Between the wars, he was a lecturer at the Staff College, Camberley and the Imperial Defence College, where Brooke knew most of those who became leading British commanders of the Second World War. From the mid-1930s Brooke held a number of important appointments: Inspector of Artillery, Director of Military Training and then GOC of the Mobile Division. In 1938, on promotion to lieutenant-general he took command of the Anti-Aircraft Corps (renamed Anti-Aircraft Command in April 1939) and built a strong relationship with Air Marshal Hugh Dowding, the AOC-in-C of Fighter Command, which laid a vital basis of co-operation between the two commands during the Battle of Britain. In July 1939 Brooke moved to command Southern Command. By the outbreak of the Second World War, Brooke was already seen as one of the British Army's foremost generals.\n", "Section::::Second World War.\n", "Section::::Second World War.:Commander in Flanders, France and Britain.\n", "Following the outbreak of the Second World War, in September 1939, Brooke commanded II Corps in the British Expeditionary Force (BEF)—which included in its subordinate formations the 3rd Infantry Division, commanded by the then Major-General Bernard Montgomery, as well as Major-General Dudley Johnson's 4th Infantry Division. As corps commander, Brooke had a pessimistic view of the Allies' chances of countering a German offensive. He was sceptical of the quality and determination of the French Army, and of the Belgian Army. This scepticism appeared to be justified when he was on a visit to some French front-line units; and was shocked to see unshaven men, ungroomed horses and dirty vehicles.\n", "He had also little trust in Lord Gort, Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of the BEF, whom Brooke thought took too much interest in details while being incapable of taking a broad strategic view. Gort, on the other hand, regarded Brooke as a pessimist who failed to spread confidence, and was thinking of replacing him.\n", "When the German offensive began Brooke, aided by Neil Ritchie, his Brigadier General Staff (BGS), distinguished himself in the handling of the British forces in the retreat to Dunkirk. In late May 1940 II Corps held the major German attack on the Ypres-Comine Canal but then found its left flank exposed by the capitulation of the Belgian army. Brooke swiftly ordered Montgomery's 3rd Division to switch from the Corps' right flank to cover the gap. This was accomplished in a complicated night-time manoeuvre. Pushing more troops north to counter the threat to the embarking troops at Dunkirk from German units advancing along the coast, II Corps retreated to their appointed places on the east or south-east of the shrinking perimeter of Dunkirk.\n", "Then on 29 May Brooke was ordered by Gort to return to England, leaving the Corps in Montgomery's hands. According to Montgomery, Brooke was so overcome with emotion at having to leave his men in such a crisis that \"he broke down and wept\" as he handed over to Monty on the beaches of La Panne. He was told by Gort to \"proceed home ... for (the) task of reforming new armies\" and so returned on a destroyer (30 May). Then \"on June 2nd set out for the War Office to find out what I was wanted for\" with a \"light heart\" and with no responsibility, and was then told by Dill (CIGS) that he was to \"Return to France to form a new BEF\"; he later said that hearing the command from Dill was \"one of his blackest (moments) in the war\". He had already realised that there was no hope of success for the \"Brittany plan\" (Breton redoubt) to keep an allied redoubt in France. He told the Secretary for War (Eden) that the mission had \"no military value and no hope of success\" although he could not comment on its political value. In his first conversation with Prime Minister Winston Churchill (Brooke had been rung by Dill who was at 10 Downing Street) he insisted that all British forces should be withdrawn from France. Churchill initially objected but was eventually convinced by Brooke and around 200,000 British and Allied troops were successfully evacuated from ports in northwestern France.\n", "After returning for a short spell at Southern Command he was appointed in July 1940 to command United Kingdom Home Forces to take charge of anti-invasion preparations. Thus it would have been Brooke's task to direct the land battle in the event of German landings. Contrary to his predecessor General Sir Edmund Ironside, who favoured a static coastal defence, Brooke focused on developing a mobile reserve which was to swiftly counterattack the enemy forces before they were established. A light line of defence on the coast was to assure that the landings were delayed as much as possible. Writing after the war, Brooke acknowledged that he also \"had every intention of using sprayed mustard gas on the beaches\".\n", "Brooke believed that the lack of a unified command of the three services was \"a grave danger\" to the defence of the country. Despite this, and the fact that the available forces never reached the numbers he thought were required, Brooke considered the situation far from \"helpless\" in case the Germans invaded. \"We should certainly have a desperate struggle and the future might well have hung in the balance, but I certainly felt that given a fair share of the fortunes of war we should certainly succeed in finally defending these shores\", he wrote after the war. But in the end, the German invasion plan was never taken beyond the preliminary assembly of forces.\n", "Section::::Second World War.:Chief of the Imperial General Staff.\n", "In December 1941 Brooke succeeded Field Marshal Sir John Dill as Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS), the professional head of the British Army, in which appointment he also represented the British Army on the Chiefs of Staff Committee. In March 1942 he succeeded Admiral of the Fleet Sir Dudley Pound as chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee.\n", "For the remainder of the Second World War, Brooke was the foremost military adviser to the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill (who was also Minister of Defence), the War Cabinet, and to Britain's allies. As CIGS, Brooke was the functional head of the British Army, and as chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee, which he dominated by force of intellect and personality, he took the leading military part in the overall strategic direction of the British war effort. In 1942, Brooke joined the Western Allies' ultimate command, the U.S.-British Combined Chiefs of Staff. \n", "Brooke was responsible for commanding the entire British Army; he focused on grand strategy, and his relationships, through the Combined Chiefs of Staff, with his American counterparts. He was also responsible for the appointment and evaluation of senior commanders, allocation of manpower and equipment and the organization of tactical air forces in support of land operations of field commanders. In addition he had primary responsibility for supervising the military operations of the Free French, Polish, Dutch, Belgian, and Czech units reporting to their governments in exile in London. Brooke vigorously allocated responsibilities to his deputies. Despite the traditional historical distrust that had existed between the military and the political side of the War Office, he got along quite well with his counterpart, the Secretary of State for War, first the Conservative politicians David Margesson and later Sir James Grigg, a former civil servant in the department. \n", "Brooke's focus was primarily on the Mediterranean Theatre of Operations. Here, his key issues were to rid North Africa of Axis forces and knock Italy out of the war, thereby opening up the Mediterranean for Allied shipping, and then mount the cross channel invasion when the Allies were ready and the Germans sufficiently weakened.\n", "Brooke's and the British view of the Mediterranean operations contrasted with the American commitment to an early invasion of western Europe, which led to several heated arguments at the many conferences of the Combined Chiefs of Staff.\n", "During the first years of the Anglo-American alliance, it was often the British who got their way. At the London Conference in April 1942, Brooke and Churchill seem to have misled General George Marshall, the U.S. Army Chief of Staff, about the British intentions on an early landing in France. At the Casablanca Conference in January 1943, it was decided that the Allies should invade Sicily, under the command of General Dwight D. Eisenhower, a decision that effectively postponed the planned invasion of Western Europe until 1944. The Casablanca agreement was in fact a compromise, brokered largely by Brooke's old friend Field Marshal Sir John Dill, Chief of the British Joint Staff Mission in Washington DC. \"I owe him [Dill] an unbounded debt of gratitude for his help on that occasion and in many other similar ones\", Brooke wrote after the war.\n", "The post of CIGS was less rewarding than command in an important theatre of war but the CIGS chose the generals who commanded those theatres and decided what men and munitions they should have. When it came to finding the right commanders he often complained that many officers who would have been good commanders had been killed in the First World War and that this was one reason behind the difficulties the British had in the beginning of the war. When General Sir Claude Auchinleck was to be replaced as the commander of the British Eighth Army in 1942, Brooke preferred Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery instead of Lieutenant General William Gott, who was Churchill's candidate. Soon thereafter Gott was killed in an air crash and Montgomery received the command. Brooke would later reflect upon the tragic event which led to the appointment of Montgomery as an intervention by God. Earlier in 1942 Brooke had been offered the command of British forces in the Middle East. Brooke declined, believing he now knew better than any other general how to deal with Churchill.\n", "A year later, the war had taken a different turn and Brooke no longer believed it necessary to stay at Churchill's side. He therefore looked forward to taking command of the Allied invasion of Western Europe, a post Brooke believed he had been promised by Churchill on three occasions. During the first Quebec Conference in August 1943, it was decided that the command would go to General George Marshall. (Although in the event Marshall's work as U.S. Army Chief of Staff was too important for him to leave Washington DC and Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed instead.) Brooke was bitterly disappointed, both at being passed over and of the way the decision was conveyed to him by Churchill, who according to Brooke \"dealt with the matter as if it were one of minor importance\".\n", "Brooke or \"Brookie\" as he was often known, is reckoned to be one of the foremost of all the heads of the British Army. He was quick in mind and speech and deeply respected by his military colleagues, both British and Allied, although his uncompromising style could make the Americans wary.\n", "As CIGS, Brooke had a strong influence on the grand strategy of the Western Allies. The war in the west unfolded more or less according to his plans, at least until 1943 when the American forces still were relatively small in comparison to the British. Among the most crucial of his contributions was his opposition to an early landing in France, which was important for delaying Operation \"Overlord\" until June 1944.\n", "He was a cautious general with a great respect for the German war machine. Some American planners thought that Brooke's participation in the campaigns of the First World War and in the two evacuations from France in the Second World War made him lack the aggression they believed necessary for victory. According to Max Hastings, Brooke's reputation as a strategist was \"significantly damaged\" by his remarks at the Trident Conference in Washington in May 1943, where he claimed that no major operations on the continent would be possible until 1945 or 1946. His diary says that he wanted \"operations in the Mediterranean to force a dispersal of German forces, help Russia, and thus eventually produce a situation where cross Channel operations are possible\" but that Churchill \"entirely repudiated\" (or half repudiated) the paper we (the CCOS) had agreed on; Harry Hopkins got him to withdraw his proposed amendments but that Churchill had aroused suspicions with his talk of \"ventures in the Balkans.\"\n", "Section::::Second World War.:Relationship with Churchill.\n", "During the years as CIGS, Brooke had a stormy relationship with Winston Churchill. Brooke was often frustrated with the Prime Minister's habits and working methods, his abuse of generals and constant meddling in strategic matters. At the same time Brooke greatly admired Churchill for the way he inspired the Allied cause and for the way he bore the heavy burden of war leadership. In one typical passage in Brooke's war diaries Churchill is described as a \"genius mixed with an astonishing lack of vision – he is quite the most difficult man to work with that I have ever struck but I should not have missed the chance of working with him for anything on earth!\"\n", "Shortly after Pearl Harbor, Churchill and his senior military staff used the Arcadia Conference in Washington to decide the general strategy for the war. The American Army Chief of Staff George Marshall came up with the idea of a Combined Chiefs of Staff that would make final military decisions (subject to approval by Roosevelt and Churchill). Marshall sold it to Roosevelt and together the two sold the idea to Churchill. Churchill's military aides were much less favorable, and Brooke was strongly opposed. However, Brooke was left behind in London to handle the daily details of running the British war effort, and was not consulted. The combined board was permanently stationed in Washington, where Field Marshall John Dill represented the British half. The Combined Board did have thirteen in-person full meetings, which Brooke attended.\n", "When Churchill's many fanciful strategic ideas collided with sound military strategy it was only Brooke on the Chiefs of Staff Committee who was able to stand up to the Prime Minister. Churchill said about Brooke: \"When I thump the table and push my face towards him what does he do? Thumps the table harder and glares back at me. I know these Brookes – stiff-necked Ulstermen and there's no one worse to deal with than that!\" It has been claimed that part of Churchill's greatness was that he appointed Brooke as CIGS and kept him for the whole war. \n", "Brooke was particularly annoyed by Churchill's idea of capturing the northern tip of Sumatra. But in some cases Brooke did not see the political dimension of strategy as the Prime Minister did. The CIGS was sceptical about the British intervention in the Greek Civil War in late 1944 (during the \"Dekemvriana\"), believing this was an operation which would drain troops from the central front in Germany. But at this stage the war was practically won and Churchill saw the possibility of preventing Greece from becoming a communist state.\n", "The balance of the Chiefs of Staff Committee was tilted in October 1943 when Admiral Sir Dudley Pound, Brooke's predecessor as chairman, retired as a result of poor health and Admiral Sir Andrew Cunningham succeeded Pound as First Sea Lord and naval representative on the Chiefs of Staff Committee. Brooke as a consequence got a firm ally in his arguments with Churchill. This was reflected in the most serious clash between the Prime Minister and the Chiefs of Staff, regarding the British preparations for final stages of the Pacific War. Brooke and the rest of the Chiefs of Staff wanted to build up the forces in Australia while Churchill preferred to use India as a base for the British effort. It was an issue over which the Chiefs of Staff were prepared to resign, but in the end a compromise was reached.\n", "Despite their many disagreements Brooke and Churchill held an affection for each other. After one fierce clash Churchill told his chief of staff and military adviser, Sir Hastings Ismay, that he did not think he could continue to work any longer with Brooke because \"he hates me. I can see hatred looking from his eyes.\" Brooke responded to Ismay: \"Hate him? I don't hate him. I love him. But the first time I tell him that I agree with him when I don't will be the time to get rid of me, for then I can be no more use to him.\" When Churchill was told this he murmured, \"Dear Brookie.\"\n", "The partnership between Brooke and Churchill was a very successful one and led Britain to victory in 1945. According to historian Max Hastings, their partnership \"created the most efficient machine for the higher direction of the war possessed by any combatant nation, even if its judgments were sometimes flawed and its ability to enforce its wishes increasingly constrained\".\n", "Brooke's diary entry for 10 September 1944 is particularly revealing of his ambivalent relationship with Churchill:\n", "Section::::War diaries.\n", "Brooke kept a diary during the whole of the Second World War. Originally intended for his wife, Benita, the diaries were later expanded on by Brooke in the 1950s. They contain descriptions on the day-to-day running of the British war effort (including some quite indiscreet references to top secret interceptions of German radio traffic), Brooke's thoughts on strategy, as well as frequent anecdotes from the many meetings he had with the Allied leadership during the war.\n", "The diaries have become famous mostly because of the frequent remarks on and criticisms of Churchill. Although the diaries contain passages expressing admiration of Churchill, they also served as a vent for Brooke's frustration with working with the Prime Minister. The diaries also give sharp opinions on several of the top Allied leaders. The American generals Eisenhower and Marshall, for example, are described as poor strategists and Field Marshal Sir Harold Alexander as unintelligent. Among the few individuals of whom Brooke seems to have kept consistently positive opinions, from a military standpoint, were General of the Army Douglas MacArthur, Field Marshal Sir John Dill, and Joseph Stalin. Brooke admired Stalin for his quick brain and grasp of military strategy. Otherwise he had no illusions about the man, describing Stalin thus: \"He has got an unpleasantly cold, crafty, dead face, and whenever I look at him I can imagine his sending off people to their doom without ever turning a hair.\"\n", "Edited by the distinguished historian Sir Arthur Bryant, the diaries were first released (in abridged and censored versions) during 1957 (\"The Turn of the Tide\") and 1959 (\"Triumph in the West\"). Originally Alanbrooke intended that the diaries were never to be published but one reason that he changed his mind was the lack of credit to him and the Chiefs of Staff in Churchill's own war memoirs, which essentially presented their ideas and innovations as the Prime Minister's own. Although censorship and libel laws accounted for numerous suppressions of what Alan Brooke had originally written concerning persons who were still alive, the Bryant books became controversial even in their truncated state, mainly as a result of the comments on Churchill, Marshall, Eisenhower, Gort, and others. Churchill himself did not appreciate the books. In 2001, Alex Danchev of Keele University and Daniel Todman of Cambridge University published an unexpurgated version of the Alanbrooke Diaries including original critical remarks that Alanbrooke made at various times that had been suppressed in the Bryant versions. Danchev and Todman also criticised Bryant's editing, but this is balanced by an assessment by Dr Christopher Harmon, advisor to the Churchill Centre and Professor at the US Marine Corps University. The fact appears to be that Bryant was inhibited by Alanbrooke's desire not to publish in full his critical diary entries about people who were still alive when Bryant's books were published. \n", "Section::::Post-war career.\n", "Following the Second World War and his retirement from the regular army, Lord Alanbrooke, as he was now, who could have chosen almost any honorary position he wanted, chose to be the Colonel Commandant of the Honourable Artillery Company. He held this position from 1946 to 1954. In addition, he served on the boards of several companies, both in industry and in banking. He was director of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, the Midland Bank, the National Discount Company and the Belfast Banking Company. Lord Alanbrooke was particularly fond of being a director of the Hudson's Bay Company where he served for eleven years from 1948.\n", "Section::::Private life and ornithology.\n", "Lord Alanbrooke was married twice. After six years of engagement he married Jane Richardson in 1914, a neighbour in County Fermanagh in Ulster. Six days into their honeymoon, the then Alan Brooke was recalled to active duty when the First World War started. The couple had one daughter and one son, Rosemary and Thomas. Jane Brooke died following a car accident in 1925 in which her husband was at the steering wheel.\n", "He married Benita Lees (1892–1968), daughter of Sir Harold Pelly, 4th Bt., and the widow of Sir Thomas Lees, 2nd Bt., in 1929. The marriage was very happy for the uxorious Brooke and resulted in one daughter and one son, Kathleen and Victor. During the war the couple lived in Hartley Wintney in Hampshire. After the war, the Brookes' financial situation forced the couple to move into the gardener's cottage of their former home, where they lived for the rest of their lives. Their last years were darkened by the death of their daughter, Kathleen, in a riding accident in 1961.\n", "Lord Alanbrooke had a love of nature. Hunting and fishing were among his great interests. His foremost passion, however, was birds. Lord Alanbrooke was a noted ornithologist, especially in bird photography. He was president of the Zoological Society of London between 1950 and 1954 and vice-president of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) between 1949 and 1961.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "On 17 June 1963, Lord Alanbrooke suffered a heart attack and died quietly in his bed with his wife beside him. The same day, he had been due to attend the Garter Service in St George's Chapel, Windsor. Nine days later he was given a funeral in Windsor and buried in St Mary's churchyard, near his home in Hartley Wintney.\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "Section::::Honours.:United Kingdom.\n", "Brooke was created Baron Alanbrooke, of Brookeborough in the County of Fermanagh, in 1945, and Viscount Alanbrooke in 1946. Other awards included:\n", "BULLET::::- Knight of the Garter (KG) in 1946.\n", "BULLET::::- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) in 1942,\n", "BULLET::::- Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in 1940,\n", "BULLET::::- Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in 1937\n", "BULLET::::- Member of the Order of Merit (OM) in 1946\n", "BULLET::::- Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) in 1953\n", "BULLET::::- Distinguished Service Order in 1916 and Bar in 1918\n", "BULLET::::- ADC General to the King, 1944 to 1946\n", "BULLET::::- Colonel Commandant The Glider Pilot Regiment 19??–1951\n", "BULLET::::- Colonel Commandant Honourable Artillery Company 1946–1954\n", "BULLET::::- Master Gunner, St. James's Park, the ceremonial head of the Royal Regiment of Artillery 1946–1956\n", "BULLET::::- Constable of the Tower of London, 1950–1955\n", "BULLET::::- Colonel Commandant Royal Artillery 19??–1957\n", "BULLET::::- Deputy Lieutenant County of Southampton and the Town of Southampton 1950\n", "BULLET::::- Lord Lieutenant of the County of London 1950–1957\n", "He also served as Chancellor of The Queen's University of Belfast from 1949 until his death. At the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II he was appointed Lord High Constable of England, thus commanding all troops taking part in the event. In 1993, a statue of Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke was erected in front of the Ministry of Defence in Whitehall in London. The statue is flanked by statues of Britain's other two leading generals of the Second World War, Viscount Slim and Viscount Montgomery.\n", "Section::::Honours.:Foreign decorations.\n", "BULLET::::- Order of Polonia Restituta 1st Class (Poland) (1943)\n", "BULLET::::- Order of Suvorov 1st Class (USSR) (1944)\n", "BULLET::::- Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold with Palm (Belgium) (1946)\n", "BULLET::::- Croix de Guerre 1940 with Palm (Belgium) (1946)\n", "BULLET::::- Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer (Greece) (1946)\n", "BULLET::::- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion (1948)\n", "BULLET::::- Croix de guerre (Belgium) (1918)\n", "BULLET::::- Grand Cross of the Order of Dannebrog (Denmark) (1951)\n", "BULLET::::- Order of Christ (Portugal) (1955)\n", "Section::::Honours.:Coat of arms.\n", "His coat of arms as issued to him by the College of Arms is: \"Or, a cross engrailed per pale Gules and Sable, in dexter chief a crescent for difference.\"\n", "Section::::Memorials.\n", "Welbeck College and the Duke of York's Royal Military School named one of their houses after him.\n", "Several military barracks are named after him, such as Alanbrooke Barracks in Paderborn Garrison, Germany, and Alanbrooke Barracks in Topcliffe, North Yorkshire.\n", "Section::::In popular culture.\n", "Brooke was portrayed in the television drama \"Churchill and the Generals\" by Eric Porter and in the film \"Churchill\" by Danny Webb.\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Alanbrooke's Official Despatch published in\n", "BULLET::::- Bryant, Arthur. (1957) \" The turn of the tide; a history of the war years based on the diaries of Field-Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, chief of the Imperial General Staff\" online free to borrow; \"Triumph in the west; a history of the war years based on the diaries of Field-Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, chief of the Imperial General Staff\" (1959) online free to borrow\n", "BULLET::::- These two books have been attacked as \"travesties,\" \"tendentious and mendacious\" by A, Danchev and D. Todman. \"The Alanbrooke Diaries.\" \"Archives-London-British Records Association\" 27 (2002): 57-74.\n", "BULLET::::- online free to borrow\n", "BULLET::::- Hart, BH Liddell. \"Western War Strategy: A Critical Analysis of the Alanbrooke Diaries.\" \"Royal United Services Institution. Journal\" vol 105 #617 (1960): 52-61.\n", "BULLET::::- (pb 2009) Online free to borrow\n", "BULLET::::- Smith, Greg. \"British Strategic Culture And General Sir Alan Brooke During World War II\" \"Canadian Military Journal\" (2017) 1: 32-44. Online free\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Alan Brooke, Baron Alanbrooke of Brookeborough : Biography\n", "BULLET::::- BBC – Archive – Remembering Winston Churchill – The Alanbrooke Diaries\n", "BULLET::::- British Army Officers 1939–1945\n", "BULLET::::- Generals of World War II\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Alan Brooke Alanbrooke" ] }, "description": "British Field Marshal", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q335889", "wikidata_label": "Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke", "wikipedia_title": "Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Will Demps\n", "William Henry Demps, Jr. (born November 7, 1979) is a former American football safety who was signed by the Baltimore Ravens as an undrafted free agent in 2002. He played college football at San Diego State.\n", "Demps also played for the New York Giants and Houston Texans. He is the older brother of former NFL safety Marcus Demps.\n", "Section::::College career.\n", "Demps was a walk-on who was a two-year starter at San Diego State University where he was also a member of Sigma Pi fraternity. He was a two-time All-Mountain West first-team selection. During his college career, Demps recorded 229 career tackles (135 solo), including 15 tackles for loss, and five interceptions.\n", "Demps played primarily on special teams as a red-shirt freshman. He majored in Information Decision Systems.\n", "Demps posted 140 tackles (125 solo) and one interception as a sophomore in 1999. He recorded his first career interception and returned it 73 yards for a touchdown against Wyoming. Demps also had five tackles, including one tackle for a loss against the Cowboys.\n", "Demps started all 11 games at strong safety as a junior. He earned first-team All-Mountain West honors and finished second on the team and sixth in Mountain West with 97 tackles (51 solo). He also had two interceptions and led the team with 15 tackles for loss. He opened the season with 15 tackles (ten solo), including three tackles for a loss.\n", "Demps started all 11 games at strong safety as a senior in 2001 and earned a second consecutive First-team All-Mountain West honors. He posted 92 tackles, including a career-high 59 solo, along with two interceptions.\n", "Section::::Professional career.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Baltimore Ravens.\n", "Demps went undrafted in the 2002 NFL Draft, but was signed by the Baltimore Ravens where he played from 2002 to 2005.\n", "He played in 14 games, starting 10 after making the Ravens roster as a rookie free agent. He recorded 53 tackles, one sack, one forced fumble and a game-saving interception vs. Jacksonville.\n", "In 2003, Demps saw action in all 16 regular season games with nine starts for Ravens and recorded 59 total tackles, two interceptions and one forced fumble. He made his first career post-season start in Baltimore's Wild Card loss to Tennessee.\n", "In 2004, Demps started all 16 games for the first time in his career, tying for sixth on the team (Gary Baxter) with 86 tackles, including 72 solo. He also recorded 2.5 sacks, two forced fumbles, two fumble recoveries and one interception on the season. Demps notched career highs with 15 tackles, including 14 solo against the Bengals.\n", "Demps started in all 11 games in which he played at free safety for Baltimore in 2005 before tearing his ACL and being placed on injured reserve on December 2, 2005. Before his injury, he tallied 70 tackles and two fumble recoveries, plus seven special teams tackles.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:New York Giants.\n", "Demps was signed by the New York Giants in the offseason. He started all 16 games for the Giants in 2006.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Houston Texans.\n", "Demps was signed by the Houston Texans on September 11, 2007. He played in 15 games, starting the last 8 games of the season. He was named an AFC Pro Bowl alternate.\n", "The Texans released Demps on February 25, 2009.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Demps is the oldest brother of Marcus Demps. He was born in SC but moved to California. He went to Highland High School, located in Palmdale, California and occasionally works as a model in his spare time. He made an appearance in ex-Destiny's Child, Letoya Luckett's first solo video \"\"Torn\"\".\n", "Demps' mother is Korean while his father is African American of European descent. He lived in San Diego Bay and his home was featured in on the MTV show Cribs; however, since being picked up by the New York Giants he now owns a home in northern New Jersey. Demps can speak conversationally in Spanish and Korean. As a child he also lived on Mather Air Force Base in Sacramento, California.\n", "Demps was also the owner of a Wet Willie's chain bar in San Diego, California, the first on the West Coast, which celebrated its Grand Opening on October 8, 2010 and featured dishes influenced by his mother's home cooking such as the Seoul tacos. Demps hired a muralist to paint the walls with San Diego landmark scenes including Unconditional Surrender that stands next to the USS Midway Museum. Several of Demps's celebrity friends attended to show their support, including Shaun Phillips and Stephen Cooper of the San Diego Chargers, Carlos Emmons (formerly with the Steelers, Eagles and Giants) and Robert Griffith of the Minnesota Vikings. Demps and his friends sported pink scarves in honor of breast cancer awareness month and a few of the slushy daiquiri drinks sported names in reference to the issue including one by the name of \"Save the Tatas.\"\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official Website\n", "BULLET::::- Houston Texans bio\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "William Henry Demps, Jr." ] }, "description": "Player of American football", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q13472055", "wikidata_label": "Will Demps", "wikipedia_title": "Will Demps" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Hertha Ayrton\n", "Phoebe Sarah Hertha Ayrton (28 April 1854 – 26 August 1923) was a British engineer, mathematician, physicist and inventor, and suffragette. Known in adult life as Hertha Ayrton, born Phoebe Sarah Marks, she was awarded the Hughes Medal by the Royal Society for her work on electric arcs and ripples in sand and water.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "Hertha Ayrton was born Phoebe Sarah Marks in Portsea, Hampshire, England, on 28 April 1854. She was the third child of a Polish Jewish watchmaker named Levi Marks, an immigrant from Tsarist Poland; and Alice Theresa Moss, a seamstress, the daughter of Joseph Moss, a glass merchant of Portsea. Her father died in 1861, leaving Sarah's mother with seven children and an eighth expected. Sarah then took up some of the responsibility for caring for the younger children.\n", "At the age of nine, Sarah was invited by her aunts, who ran a school in northwest London, to live with her cousins and be educated with them. She was known to her peers and teachers as a fiery, occasionally crude personality. Her cousins introduced Ayrton to science and mathematics. By age 16, she was working as a governess.\n", "At Girton, Ayrton studied mathematics and was coached by physicist Richard Glazebrook. George Eliot supported Ayrton's application to Girton College. During her time at Cambridge, Ayrton constructed a sphygmomanometer (blood pressure meter), led the choral society, founded the Girton fire brigade, and, together with Charlotte Scott, formed a mathematical club. In 1880, Ayrton passed the Mathematical Tripos, but Cambridge did not grant her an academic degree because, at the time, Cambridge gave only certificates and not full degrees to women. Ayrton passed an external examination at the University of London, which awarded her a Bachelor of Science degree in 1881.\n", "Section::::Mathematics and electrical engineering work.\n", "Upon her return to London, Ayrton earned money by teaching and embroidery, ran a club for working girls, and cared for her invalid sister. She also put her mathematical skills to practical use – she taught at Notting Hill and Ealing High School, and was also active in devising and solving mathematical problems, many of which were published in \"Mathematical Questions and Their Solutions\" from the \"Educational Times\". In 1884 Ayrton patented a line-divider, an engineering drawing instrument for dividing a line into any number of equal parts and for enlarging and reducing figures. The line-divider was her first major invention and, while its primary use was likely for artists for enlarging and diminishing, it was also useful to architects and engineers. Ayrton's patent application was financially supported by Louisa Goldsmid and feminist Barbara Bodichon, who together advanced her enough money to take out patents; the invention was shown at the Exhibition of Women's Industries and received much press attention. Ayrton's 1884 patent was the first of many – from 1884 until her death, Hertha registered 26 patents: five on mathematical dividers, 13 on arc lamps and electrodes, the rest on the propulsion of air.\n", "In 1884 Ayrton began attending evening classes on electricity at Finsbury Technical College, delivered by Professor William Edward Ayrton, a pioneer in electrical engineering and physics education and a fellow of the Royal Society. On 6 May 1885 she married her former teacher, and thereafter assisted him with experiments in physics and electricity. She also began her own investigation into the characteristics of the electric arc.\n", "In the late nineteenth century, electric arc lighting was in wide use for public lighting. The tendency of electric arcs to flicker and hiss was a major problem. In 1895, Hertha Ayrton wrote a series of articles for \"the Electrician\", explaining that these phenomena were the result of oxygen coming into contact with the carbon rods used to create the arc. In 1899, she was the first woman ever to read her own paper before the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE). Her paper was entitled \"The Hissing of the Electric Arc\". Shortly thereafter, Ayrton was elected the first female member of the IEE; the next woman to be admitted to the IEE was in 1958. She petitioned to present a paper before the Royal Society but was not allowed because of her sex and \"The Mechanism of the Electric Arc\" was read by John Perry in her stead in 1901. Ayrton was also the first woman to win a prize from the Society, the Hughes Medal, awarded to her in 1906 in honour of her research on the motion of ripples in sand and water and her work on the electric arc. By the late nineteenth century, Ayrton's work in the field of electrical engineering was recognised more widely, domestically and internationally. At the International Congress of Women held in London in 1899, she presided over the physical science section. Ayrton also spoke at the International Electrical Congress in Paris in 1900. Her success there led the British Association for the Advancement of Science to allow women to serve on general and sectional committees.\n", "In 1902, Ayrton published \"The Electric Arc\", a summary of her research and work on the electric arc, with origins in her earlier articles from \"the Electrician\" published between 1895 and 1896. With this publication, her contribution to the field of electrical engineering began to be cemented. However, initially at least, Ayrton was not well received by the more prestigious and traditional scientific societies such as the Royal Society. In the aftermath of the publication of \"The Electric Arc\", Ayrton was proposed as a Fellow of the Royal Society by renowned electrical engineer John Perry in 1902. Her application was turned down by the Council of the Royal Society, who decreed that married women were not eligible to be Fellows. However, in 1904, she became the first woman to read a paper before the Royal Society when she was allowed to read her paper \"The Origin and Growth of Ripple Marks\" and this was later published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society. In 1906, she was awarded the Royal Society's prestigious Hughes Medal \"for her experimental investigations on the electric arc, and also on sand ripples.\" She was the fifth recipient of this prize, awarded annually since 1902, in recognition of an original discovery in the physical sciences, particularly electricity and magnetism or their applications, and as of 2018, one of only two women so honoured, the other being Michele Dougherty in 2008.\n", "Section::::Support for women's suffrage.\n", "As a teenager, Ayrton became deeply involved in the women's suffrage movement, joining the WSPU in 1907 after attending a celebration with released prisoners. In 1909 Ayrton opened the second day of the Knightsbridge \"Women's Exhibition and Sale of Work in the Colours\" which included new model bicycles painted in purple, white and green and raised from 50 stalls and tea etc. £5,664 for the movement. Ayrton was with the delegation that went with Mrs Emily Pankhurst to see the Prime Minister and met his private secretary instead on 18 November 1910 (Black Friday). Ayrton permitted Christabel Pankhurst to transfer sums to her bank account to avoid confiscation in 1912, and hosted Mrs Pankhurst in times of recovery from imprisonment and force feeding. One attempt to re-arrest Mrs Pankhurst on 29 April 1913 to continue her sentence, was driven back by suffragettes picketing outside, but Mrs Pankhurst was eventually re-arrested outside Ayrton's home on her way to the funeral of Emily Davison (who was killed after running in front of the King's horse at the Derby).\n", "Ayrton was a close friend of the scientist Marie Curie, and she gave her daughter, Irène Curie, Mathematics lessons. Although Curie typically opted to withhold her name from any petitions, Ayrton managed to persuade her to sign a protest against the imprisonment of suffragettes through her daughter.\n", "It was through suffrage activism, she met suffragist and co-founder of Cambridge's Girton College, Barbara Bodichon. Bodichon helped make it financially possible to attend Girton, and would go on to financially support Ayrton throughout her education and career including by bequeathing her estate to Ayrton.\n", "Section::::Later life and research.\n", "Ayrton delivered seven papers before the Royal Society between 1901 and 1926, the last posthumously.\n", "She also presented the results of her research before audiences at the British Association and the Physical Society. Ayrton's interest in vortices in water and air inspired the Ayrton fan, or flapper, used in the trenches in the First World War to dispel poison and foul gas. Ayrton fought for its acceptance which took a year from her offering it to the War Office to being used in the forces in 1916, and organised its production, over 100,000 being used on the Western Front.\n", "Ayrton helped found the International Federation of University Women in 1919 and the National Union of Scientific Workers in 1920. She died of blood poisoning (resulting from an insect bite) on 26 August 1923 at New Cottage, North Lancing, Sussex.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Hertha Ayrton was agnostic. In her teens she adopted the name \"Hertha\" after the eponymous heroine of a by Algernon Charles Swinburne that criticised organised religion.\n", "In 1885, Ayrton married the widower William Edward Ayrton, a physicist and electrical engineer who was supportive of her scientific endeavours. Ayrton honoured Barbara Bodichon by naming her first child, a daughter born in 1886, Barbara Bodichon Ayrton (1886–1950). The daughter was called \"Barbie\", and she later became a member of parliament for the Labour Party. Her daughter's son was the artist, Michael Ayrton.\n", "Section::::Commemoration.\n", "BULLET::::- Two years after her death in 1923, Ayrton's lifelong friend Ottilie Hancock endowed the Hertha Ayrton Research Fellowship at Girton College. This fellowship continues today.\n", "BULLET::::- A blue plaque unveiled in 2007 commemorates Ayrton at 41 Norfolk Square in Paddington.\n", "BULLET::::- In 2009, the Panasonic Trust inaugurated the Hertha Marks Ayrton Fellowship to mark the trust's 25th anniversary. Its purpose is to promote the further education of under-represented groups in the engineering profession by supporting a suitably qualified engineer to study a full-time master's degree course specifically related to sustainable development or some other environmental technology.\n", "BULLET::::- In 2010, a panel of female Fellows of the Royal Society and science historians selected Ayrton as voted one of the ten most influential British women in the history of science.\n", "BULLET::::- In 2015, the British Society for the History of Science created the Ayrton Prize for web projects and digital engagement in history of science. It awarded the inaugural prize to Voices of Science, a project of the British Library.\n", "BULLET::::- On 28 April 2016, Google commemorated Ayrton's 162nd birthday with a Google Doodle on its homepage.\n", "BULLET::::- In 2016 the Council of the University of Cambridge approved the use of Ayrton's name to mark a physical feature of the North West Cambridge Development.\n", "BULLET::::- In 2017 Sheffield Hallam University named their new STEM centre after Ayrton.\n", "BULLET::::- In February 2018, a Blue Plaque was unveiled in Ayrton's honour on Queen Street, Portsmouth. The city also boasts a street named after her on The Hard, in postcode PO1 3DS.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Timeline of women in science\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Reminiscences of Hertha Ayrton by A. P. Trotter in CWP at UCLA\n", "BULLET::::- Joan Mason (2006) \"Hertha Ayrton\" in \"OUT OF THE SHADOWS: Contributions of 20th Century Women to Physics\" Nina Byers and Gary Williams, ed., Cambridge University Press.\n", "BULLET::::- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vBQbKDDpX-s\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Hertha Marks Ayrton in CWP at UCLA\n", "BULLET::::- Science in the Making Hertha Ayrton's papers in the Royal Society's archives\n", "BULLET::::- Digital copy of \"the Electric Arc\" (1902)\n", "BULLET::::- Project Continua: Biography of Hertha Ayrton Project Continua is a web-based multimedia resource dedicated to the creation and preservation of women's intellectual history from the earliest surviving evidence into the 21st Century.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Phoebe Sarah Hertha Ayrton", "Hertha Marks Ayrton" ] }, "description": "English engineer, mathematician and inventor", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q17522", "wikidata_label": "Hertha Ayrton", "wikipedia_title": "Hertha Ayrton" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Arte Johnson\n", "Arthur Stanton Eric Johnson (January 20, 1929 – July 3, 2019) was an American comic actor who was a regular on television's \"Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In\" — where he played characters including a German soldier with the catchphrase \"verrrry interesting...\", and an old man who habitually propositioned Ruth Buzzi's spinster character.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Early life.\n", "Johnson was born January 20, 1929, in Benton Harbor, Michigan, the son of Abraham Lincoln and Edythe Mackenzie (Goldberg/Golden) Johnson. His father was an attorney. Johnson attended the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, where he worked at the campus radio station and the UI Theater Guild with his brother Coslough \"Cos\" Johnson, and graduated in 1949.\n", "He sought employment in Chicago advertising agencies but was unsuccessful and left for New York City to work for Viking Press. In early 1954, Johnson performed in several New York nightclubs, including Le Ruban Bleu and the Village Vanguard. His first job in show business came when he impulsively stepped into an audition line and was cast in \"Gentlemen Prefer Blondes\". Johnson appeared in Ben Bagley's \"The Shoestring Revue\", which opened off-Broadway on February 28, 1955, at the President Theater in New York.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Early television and film roles.\n", "Johnson appeared three times in the 1955–1956 CBS sitcom \"It's Always Jan\", starring Janis Paige and Merry Anders. In 1958, he joined the cast of the short-lived NBC sitcom \"Sally\", starring Joan Caulfield. On that program he played Bascomb Bleacher, Jr., the son of a co-owner of a department store, portrayed by Gale Gordon. He played Ariel Lavalerra in the film adaptation of Jack Kerouac's novel \"The Subterraneans\" (1960). In 1960 and 1961, he appeared in three episodes of Jackie Cooper's military sitcom/drama series, \"Hennesey\", also on CBS. In \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\", he played Mr. Bates in the episode \"A Secret Life\" (1962). He was cast in an episode of Frank Aletter's sitcom, \"Bringing Up Buddy\". He also appeared in an episode of \"The Twilight Zone\", (\"The Whole Truth\", 1961) as an underpaid car salesman who punches dishonest used car lot owner Jack Carson. Before his big breakthrough in \"Laugh-In\", Johnson was cast for a guest role as Corporal Coogan in the anthology series, \"GE True\" (\"The Handmade Private\", 1962), hosted by Jack Webb. He played a bumbling navy cameraman on an episode of \"McHale's Navy\" in the first season and \"The Andy Griffith Show\" as a hotel clerk in the episode \"Andy and Barney in the Big City\" (also 1962).\n", "Johnson appeared in a comedic role as Charlie, a boom-microphone operator who demonstrates to Jack Benny how to tell a joke properly, on \"The Jack Benny Program\" that aired on October 2, 1964. The joke performed in the sketch was the \"ugly baby\" story, later associated with Flip Wilson. He made a first-season guest appearance on ABC's sitcom, \"Bewitched\" as Samantha's (Elizabeth Montgomery) Cousin Edgar in 1965. A mute elf, Edgar is initially sent to observe and undermine Samantha's marriage to the non-witch/non-warlock, Darrin---all with the blessing of Endora (Agnes Moorehead). Once he sees how happily married Samantha and Darrin Stephens (Dick York) are, Edgar reverses his mischief and gives his (albeit quiet) blessing to their still-new marriage.\n", "Johnson appeared in one of the final episodes of ABC's \"The Donna Reed Show\" in 1966. He was cast in the satirical James Coburn film \"The President's Analyst\" (1967), in which he gave a comically chilling performance as a federal agent with a blindly obedient \"orders are orders\" mentality. He acted in the Season 3 episode of \"Lost in Space\", \"Princess of Space\" (1968). Johnson played the traitorous robot space pirate Fedor helping the machines to win the war.\n", "Johnson also starred in an episode of Rod Serling's \"Night Gallery\" titled \"The Flip-Side of Satan\" (1971), playing ruthless disk jockey J.J. Wilson, who is forced to confront his past transgressions.\n", "Section::::Biography.:\"Laugh-In\".\n", "Johnson is best known for his work on \"Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In\" from 1968 to 1973, on which he played many characters, including \"Wolfgang\", a cigarette-smoking German soldier who believed that World War II was still ongoing, as he scouted the show while hidden behind bushes. He would then invariably comment on the preceding sketch with the catchphrase \"Very interesting ...\", which Johnson claimed was inspired by a Nazi character who spoke the line during an interrogation scene in the film \"Desperate Journey\" (1942). Often toward the show's close, he (as the Nazi) would offer words of affection to \"Lucy and Gary\" (Lucille Ball and her second husband, Gary Morton). \"The Lucy Show\" on CBS was in direct competition with NBC's \"Laugh-In\" on Monday night. Johnson reprised the role while voicing the Nazi-inspired character Virman Vundabar on an episode of \"Justice League Unlimited\".\n", "His other prominent \"Laugh-In\" character was \"Tyrone F. Horneigh\" (pronounced \"horn-eye,\" a \"clean\" variant of the vulgar term \"horny\"), the white-haired, trench coat-wearing \"dirty old man\" who repeatedly sought to seduce \"Gladys Ormphby\", (Ruth Buzzi's brown-clad \"spinster\" character) on a park bench. Tyrone would enter the scene, muttering a song (usually \"In the Merry, Merry Month of May\"), and, spying Gladys on the bench, would sit next to her. He would ask her a question, and regardless of the answer, turn it into a double entendre. She would then start hitting him with her purse and he would fall off the bench, sometimes with a plea for help.\n", "To boost ratings in the third season, Tyrone successfully courted Gladys which led to an on-air wedding on the March 16, 1970 episode during the spring ratings sweep. Tiny Tim played best man, with Carol Channing as the bridesmaid and Henry Gibson officiating. (This event is included on the DVD recording of the episode. Both the bride-to-be and groom-to-be walk out of the church just before the wedding vows were to be said.)\n", "Years after \"Laugh-In\" ended, the two characters were made into an animated Saturday-morning children's show, \"Baggy Pants and the Nitwits\" with Tyrone as a helpful, muttering \"superhero\".\n", "Johnson and his brother Coslough earned Emmy Awards while working on \"Laugh-In\".\n", "Section::::Biography.:Later work.\n", "Johnson guest-starred in two episodes of \"The Partridge Family\" (\"My Heart Belongs to a Two Car Garage\" and \"For Whom the Bell Tolls... and Tolls... and Tolls\") and the situation comedy \"A Touch of Grace\" (1973). He appeared in the first season of the Detroit-produced children's show \"Hot Fudge\" (1974) and, for one week, as a celebrity guest panelist on the game show \"Match Game\". In the late 1970s, he was a semi-regular celebrity guest panelist on \"The Gong Show\".\n", "In 1976, he played the animated cartoon character Misterjaw, a blue, German-accented shark (with a bow tie and top hat), who liked to leap out of the water and shout \"HEEGotcha!\" or \"Gotcha!\" at unsuspecting folks on \"The Pink Panther Laugh-and-a-Half Hour-and-a-Half Show\". He also voiced the character \"Rhubarb\" on \"The Houndcats\" and appeared as a guest on Canadian TV show \"Celebrity Cooks\" (1976) with host Bruno Gerussi. Johnson appeared on an episode of the NBC daytime version of \"Wheel of Fortune\" in September 1977, as a substitute letter-turner, both to fill-in for an injured Susan Stafford, and to promote his short-lived NBC game show \"Knockout\", which aired through early 1978. Instead of being introduced by the show's announcer, he would start the show with a small monologue, then the announcer would introduce the day's contestants. He was cast as Renfield, the comic sidekick of George Hamilton's Dracula in the surprise hit, \"Love At First Bite\" (1979) and appeared in the all-star television disaster movie \"Condominium\" (1980). He voiced \"Weerd\" in \"The 13 Ghosts of Scooby-Doo\" (1985), and played a disgruntled employee denied severance pay in an episode of \"Airwolf\". He also voiced several other characters: Dr. Ludwig Von Strangebuck and Count Ray on two episodes of \"Ducktales\"; Devil Smurf on \"The Smurfs\"; Top Cat and Lou on \"Yo Yogi!\"; and Newt on \"Animaniacs\".\n", "Johnson guest-starred in the \"Murder, She Wrote\" episode, \"No Laughing Murder\" (1987). His character, Phil Rinker, is a guest at a wedding engagement party for the children of a legendary, but bitterly estranged, comedy team, Mack & Murray (played by Buddy Hackett and Steve Lawrence and based loosely on the genuine Dean Martin/Jerry Lewis split). After discovering that their ongoing dispute is a result of the theft of a video deal's residuals, Johnson's character is murdered but the death is made to look like a suicide. Johnson appeared in an episode of \"Night Court\" (1990).\n", "From 1991 to 1992 Johnson appeared in multiple episodes of \"General Hospital\" as Finian O'Toole.\n", "He played the old laboratory head of a team of scientists working on a serum of youth in \"Second Chance\" (1996).\n", "He performed more than 80 audiobook readings, including Gary Shteyngart's \"Absurdistan\" (2006) and Carl Hiaasen's \"Bad Monkey\". He appeared in the \"Justice League Unlimited\" episode \"The Ties That Bind\" (2005) as the voice of Virman Vundabar.\n", "Johnson retired from acting in 2006.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Johnson lived in Southern California with his wife, Gisela. He was a non-Hodgkins lymphoma survivor, having been diagnosed and successfully treated in 1997. Johnson died on July 3, 2019, after being ill for three years with bladder and prostate cancer; he was 90. His ashes were sprinkled off Hawaii.\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Miracle in the Rain\" (1956)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Subterraneans\" (1960)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bewitched\" (1965)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Third Day\" (1965)\n", "BULLET::::- \"That Funny Feeling\" (1965)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The President's Analyst\" (1967)\n", "BULLET::::- \"P.J.\" (1968)\n", "BULLET::::- \"I Dream of Jeannie\" (1969)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Night Gallery\" (1971, TV)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Partridge Family\" (1972)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Charge of the Model T's\" (1977)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Once Upon a Brothers Grimm\" (1977, TV)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fantasy Island\" (1977, 1978, TV)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Love At First Bite\" (1979)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Dukes of Hazzard\" (1979, TV)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Condominium\" (1980, TV)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Love Tapes\" (1980, TV)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Making of a Male Model\" (1983)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cannonball Run II\" (1984)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The A-Team\" (1986)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Evil Spirits\" (1990)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Evil Toons\" (1992)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Munchie\" (1992)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Justice League Unlimited\" (2005, TV)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Philippe Druillet\n", "Philippe Druillet (; born 28 June 1944) is a French comics artist and creator, and an innovator in visual design.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Druillet was born in Toulouse, Haute-Garonne, France but spent his youth in Spain, returning to France in 1952 after the death of his father. A science fiction and comics fan, Philippe worked as a photographer after graduating from high school, drawing only for his own pleasure.\n", "His first book appeared in 1966, entitled \"Le Mystère des abîmes\" (\"The Mystery of the Abyss\"). It introduced his recurring hero \"Lone Sloane\" and played on science-fiction themes partially inspired by his favourite writers, H. P. Lovecraft and A.E. van Vogt. Later Druillet created book covers for republications of Lovecraft's work, as well as numerous movie posters.\n", "After Druillet became a regular contributor to the Franco-Belgian comics magazine \"Pilote\" in 1970, his \"Lone Sloane\" saga grew steadily more flamboyant, as he pursued innovations including bold page designs and computer-generated images. His backdrops of gigantic structures inspired by \"Art Nouveau\", Indian temples and Gothic cathedrals earned him the nickname of \"space architect\". Six tales about Sloane's exploits were collected in \"Les six voyages de Lone Sloane\" in 1972, hailed by many as his masterpiece, and Sloane was again the hero of the graphic novel \"Délirius\" (1973), written by Jacques Lob. In 1973, Druillet also produced the Moorcock's \"Elric\"-inspired \"Yragaël\" for \"Pilote\", and \"Vuzz\" for the magazine \"Phénix\"\n", "In 1975 Druillet joined Jean-Pierre Dionnet, Bernard Farkas and Moebius to form the publishing house Les Humanoïdes Associés, and the magazine \"Métal Hurlant\". This was to be a vehicle for his finest stories, and showcased a steady evolution in his graphical skills. His series \"Lone Sloane\" and \"Vuzz\" continued, and other stories of this period include \"La Nuit\", and \"Nosferatu\". In 1980 Druillet produced \"Salammbô\", a comic-book trilogy based upon Flaubert's proto-heroic fantasy novel \"Salammbô\".\n", "Outside his work as a cartoonist and illustrator, Druillet has also been active in architecture, rock opera, painting, sculpture and digital art. He worked as a designer on the film, \"Sorcerer\" directed by William Friedkin in 1976. He collaborated on Rolf Liebermann's \"Wagner Space Opera\" in the Opera de Paris in the late 70s to early 80s, and founded the Space Art Création in 1984. More recently he created the artwork and designed large parts of the background of the 2005 TV miniseries remake \"Les Rois maudits\".\n", "Section::::Awards.\n", "BULLET::::- 1972: European SF award for Comics for \"Lone Sloane\" at the first Eurocon in Trieste, Italy\n", "BULLET::::- 1976: Grand Prix de la Science Fiction Française, Special Prize for \"Urm le Fou\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1990: ESFS Hall of Fame (best artist) at the 1990 Eurocon in Fayence, France\n", "BULLET::::- 1996: Grand Prix National des Arts Graphiques, France\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lone Sloane\":\n", "BULLET::::- \"Le mystère des abîmes\" (1966, republished as \"Lone Sloane 66\", 1982, Les Humanoïdes Associés, )\n", "BULLET::::- \"Les six voyages de Lone Sloane\" (1972, Dargaud, )\n", "BULLET::::- \"Délirius\" (1973, with Jacques Lob, Dargaud, )\n", "BULLET::::- \"Chaos\" (2000, Albin Michel, )\n", "BULLET::::- \"Firaz et la ville fleur\" / \"City of Flowers\" (with Picotto (art), 1974 in Heavy Metal, 1980, Dargaud, )\n", "BULLET::::- \"Yragaël\" (1974, with Michel Demuth, Dargaud, )\n", "BULLET::::- \"Vuzz\" (1974, Dargaud, republished 1981, Les Humanoïdes Associés, )\n", "BULLET::::- \"Urm le fou\" / \"Urm the Mad\" (1975, Dargaud, )\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mirages\" (1976, Les Humanoïdes Associés, )\n", "BULLET::::- \"La nuit\" (1976, Les Humanoïdes Associés, )\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gail\" (1978, self-published republished Les Humanoïdes Associés, 1982, )\n", "BULLET::::- \"Salammbô\":\n", "BULLET::::- \"Salammbô\" (1980, Les Humanoïdes Associés, )\n", "BULLET::::- \"Carthage\" (1982, Dargaud, )\n", "BULLET::::- \"Matho\" (1986, Dargaud, )\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nosferatu\" (1989, Dargaud, )\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Philippe Druillet publications in \"Pilote\", \"Métal Hurlant\" at BDoubliées\n", "BULLET::::- Philippe Druillet at Bedetheque\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Johann Moritz Rugendas\n", "Johann Moritz Rugendas (29 March 1802 – 29 May 1858) was a German painter, famous for his works depicting landscapes and ethnographic subjects in several countries in the Americas, in the first half of the 19th century. Rugendas is considered \"by far the most varied and important of the European artists to visit Latin America\" whom Alexander von Humboldt influenced. Rugendas is also the subject of César Aira's 2000 novel, \"An Episode in the Life of a Landscape Painter\".\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Rugendas was born in Augsburg, then part of the Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg in the Holy Roman Empire, now (Germany), into the seventh generation of a family of noted painters and engravers of Augsburg (he was a great grandson of Georg Philipp Rugendas, 1666–1742, a celebrated painter of battles), and studied drawing and engraving with his father, Johann Lorenz Rugendas II (1775–1826). From 1815-17, he studied with Albrecht Adam (1786–1862), and later in the Academy de Arts of Munich, with Lorenzo Quaglio II (1793–1869). When Rugendas was born, Augsburg was a Free Imperial City of the Holy Roman Empire, and after the Napoleonic Wars, it became in 1806 a city in the newly created Kingdom of Bavaria.\n", "Inspired by the artistic work of Thomas Ender (1793–1875) and the travel accounts in the tropics by German naturalists Johann Baptist von Spix (1781–1826) and Carl von Martius (1794–1868), in the course of the Austrian Brazil Expedition, Rugendas arrived in Brazil in 1822, hired as an illustrator for Baron von Langsdorff's scientific expedition to Brazil. Langsdorff was the consul-general of the Russian Empire in Brazil and had a farm in the northern region of Rio de Janeiro, where Rugendas went to live with other members of the expedition.\n", "In this capacity, Rugendas visited the Serra da Mantiqueira and the historical towns of Barbacena, São João del Rei, Mariana, Ouro Preto, Caeté, Sabará and Santa Luzia. Just before the fluvial phase of the expedition started (a fateful journey to the Amazon), he became alienated from von Langsdorff, left the expedition and was replaced by the artists Adrien Taunay and Hércules Florence. However, Rugendas remained on his own in Brazil until 1825, exploring and recording his many impressions of daily life in the provinces of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro, and quickly the coastal provinces of Bahia and Pernambuco on his journey back to Europe. He produced mostly drawings and watercolors.\n", "On his return to Europe between 1825 and 1828, Rugendas lived successively in Paris, Augsburg and Munich, with the aim of learning new art techniques, such as oil painting. There, he published from 1827 to 1835, with the help of Victor Aimé Huber, his monumental book \"Voyage Pittoresque dans le Brésil\" (Picturesque Voyage to Brazil), with more than 500 illustrations, which became one of the most important documents about Brazil in the 19th century.\n", "He studied in Italy, but re-inspired by explorer and naturalist, Alexander Humboldt (1769–1859), Rugendas sought financial support for a much more ambitious project of recording pictorially the life and nature of Latin America; in his words \"\"an endeavor to truly become the illustrator of life in the New World\"\". In 1831 he traveled first to Haiti, and then to Mexico. In Mexico, he did drawings and watercolors of Morelia, Teotihuacan, Xochimilco, and Cuernavaca. He also began to use oil painting, with excellent results. Unfortunately, Rugendas was incarcerated and expelled from the country after he became involved in a failed coup against Mexico's president, Anastasio Bustamante, in 1834.\n", "From 1834 to 1844 he travelled to Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Peru and Bolivia, and finally went back to Rio de Janeiro, in 1845. Well-accepted and feted by the court of Emperor Dom Pedro II, he executed portraits of several members of the royal court and participated in an artistic exposition. At the age of 44, in 1846, Rugendas departed for Europe.\n", "Section::::Depicting black people in Brazil.\n", "From 1822 to 1825, as part of the Langsdorff expedition, Johann Moritz Rugendas depicted black people living in Brazil. Along with other ethnographic artists who worked in Brazil, like Jean-Batiste Debret, and François-August Biard, Rugendas is part of the tropical romanticism. This movement challenged the dichotomy between nature and civilization and considered places like colonial Brazil a harmonious environment to racial mixing.\n", "Tropical romanticism was one of the elements that influenced the representations of black people made by Rugendas. According to Freitas, one type of illustration Rugendas used was the bust of black people of varied origins. This type of illustration details the physical characteristics of black men and women focusing on hairstyles, adornments, marks and scars, and types of nose, lips, and eyes, demonstrating the ethnographic purpose of these drawings. In the same lithograph, the artist depicts four or five busts of men and women to compare differences and similarities among nations of origin, but also to identify different degrees of civilization. He identified more savage people depicting them with skin marks and deformities and normally without clothes. On the other hand, criollos were represented wearing clothes and jewelry which meant a step forward toward civilization if compared with black Africans. Rugendas celebrated black people born in Brazil, who were more polished and benevolent than Africans.\n", "The second type of representation in which Rugendas depicted black people was the painting of scenes. These images presented activities of urban work such as street commerce, water transportation, and laundry. The main focus was in the activity and the landscape rather than in detailing variation between blacks of different origins. For this reason, a generic type of black was represented in these scenes. In other words, the differential traces that were highlighted in the busts were neutralized in the pictures of scenes. The work performed by black people was represented by Rugendas as a civilizing element that allowed black people to develop themselves and to have social mobility. \n", "Rugendas, by influence of Alexander von Humboldt, considered environmental conditions as determinant factors to human development and thus believed that the lack of education and civilizing elements in Africa contributed to the inferiority of the African race. Also by influence of Humboldt, who was an abolitionist, Rugendas disapproved Brazilian slavery system and defended a gradual and progressive emancipation. The historian Robert Slenes defended that Rugendas had a political agenda that worked together with his ethnographic work. To Slenes, the artist had a compromise with a conservative Christian reformism, characteristic of French abolitionist movement. Although Rugendas defended the gradual emancipation, the artist understood Brazilian slavery as a new life for Africans, who got the chance to the Christian experience. In some images, for example the \"Enterro de um Negro na Bahia,\" Rugendas identified the dead body of a \"black man with another corpse: the suffering Christ the ‘Savior’ honored by the city’s name.\" There are other images where elements of Catholicism are present such as \"Mercado de Negros\" and \"Familia de Agricultores\", the latter one of the few images Rugendas represents black people in private environments. \n", "Petrônio Domingues defends that the artistic work of foreigner painters and ethnographers in the nineteenth-century Brazil had a deep impact in the built of racial imaginary. The romantic point of view on how slavery worked in Brazil contributed to creation of the myth of racial democracy. Outside Brazil, the images Rugendas produced had relative success, for he published a book with his travel log and a collection of one hundred pictures, called \"Viagem Pitoresca através do Brazil,\" in Portuguese, \"Voyage Pittoresque dans le Brésil\", in French, and \"Malerische Reise in Brasilien\", in German. Moreover, the nineteenth century experienced the spreading of travel books and the development of lithographs. Rugendas’ images helped to spread the idea of racial harmony inside and outside Brazil.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "He died on 29 May 1858 in Weilheim an der Teck, Germany, King Maximilian II of Bavaria having acquired most of his works in exchange for a life pension. His painting \"Columbus taking Possession of the New World\" (1855) is on view at the Neue Pinakothek, in Munich.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Ludwig Riedel\n", "BULLET::::- Francis de Castelnau\n", "BULLET::::- Sigismund Ernst Richard Krone\n", "BULLET::::- Peter Claussen\n", "BULLET::::- Jean-Batiste Debret\n", "BULLET::::- François-August Biard\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Ades, Dawn, \"Art in Latin America\". 1989.\n", "BULLET::::- Diener, P.: \"Rugendas, 1802–1858\". Wissner; Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, Augsburg and Santiago de Chile, 1997. A massive catalogue of works in Spanish and Portuguese.\n", "BULLET::::- Diener, P.; COSTA, M. de F. (org.). \"Rugendas e o Brasil. Obra completa\". Rio de Janeiro: Editora Capivara, 2012.\n", "BULLET::::- Lemos, Carlos. \"The Art of Brazil\" 1983.\n", "BULLET::::- Miles, Mary Jo. \"Johann Moritz Rugendas\" in \"Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture\", vol. 4, p. 619. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.\n", "BULLET::::- Milla Batres, Carlos. \"Juan Mauricio Rugendas: El Perú Romántico del siglo XIX\". Lima: Milla Batres 1975.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Juan Mauricio Rugendas en Mexico (1831–1834) : un pintor en la senda de Alejandro de Humboldt ; exposición del Instituto Ibero-Americano, Patrimonio Cultural Prusiano, Berlin\". Berlin : Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut, 2002.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Moritz Rugendas", "joh. moriz rugendas", "Moriz Rugendas", "Juan Mauricio Rugendas", "Maurice Rugendas", "João Maurício Rugendas", "joh. mor. rugendas", "moritz rugendas", "Rugendas", "johann moriz rugendas" ] }, "description": "German artist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q652305", "wikidata_label": "Johann Moritz Rugendas", "wikipedia_title": "Johann Moritz Rugendas" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Rob Morrow\n", "Robert Alan Morrow (born September 21, 1962) is an American actor and director. He is known for his portrayal of Dr. Joel Fleischman on \"Northern Exposure\", a role that garnered him three Golden Globe and two Emmy nominations for Best Actor in a Dramatic Series, and later for his role as FBI agent Don Eppes on \"Numb3rs\".\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Morrow was born in New Rochelle, New York, the son of Diane Francis (née Markowitz), a dental hygienist, and Murray Morrow, an industrial lighting manufacturer. His family is Jewish. His parents divorced when he was nine years old. He attended Miami Sunset High School, but dropped out at the beginning of his senior year to begin his acting career.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Morrow's film career began when he appeared as an extra at 18 on \"Saturday Night Live\". co-starred alongside Johnny Depp in \"Private Resort\". Morrow played the lead role of Joel Fleischman in the award-winning television show \"Northern Exposure\" from 1990 to 1995. He left the CBS comedy-drama several episodes before its conclusion to act in movies. He starred in the critically acclaimed film \"Quiz Show\" as Dick Goodwin, a congressional investigator intent on uncovering the corruption behind the 1950s game show scandal. Morrow played the sports agent brother of Albert Brooks' character in \"Mother\". At one point, he was slated to play the protagonist in the 1996 film version of \"The Island of Dr. Moreau\", but he dropped out of the project and was replaced by David Thewlis. In 2000, he directed and starred in \"Maze\", about an artist with Tourette syndrome.\n", "In 2002, he played Kevin Hunter on the Showtime television series \"Street Time\". He also appeared in the television film \"Custody\". In 2007, he played Jack Nicholson's doctor, Dr. Hollins, in \"The Bucket List\". From 2005 to 2010, he starred with David Krumholtz and Judd Hirsch, playing an F.B.I. agent in \"Numb3rs\" on CBS. On March 8, 2010, it was announced that Morrow had signed on to star in Jerry Bruckheimer's new series, \"The Whole Truth\", on ABC. The series aired on September 13, 2010, but was pulled from the ABC schedule in December. Morrow filmed 13 episodes. Morrow starred as Henry Rearden in \"\", which was released September 12, 2014. In 2017, Morrow starred in the recurring role of reporter Abe Leonard in the first season of the ABC political drama \"Designated Survivor\". He also starred in \"\" as Barry Scheck. As of November 2018, news was released that a revival of \"Northern Exposure\" is in the works at CBS and that Rob Morrow will be returning as Joel Fleischman.\n", "He has a recurring role on the Showtime drama \"Billions\" as judge Adam DeGiulio.\n", "Morrow is a teacher at the Ruskin Group Theatre in Santa Monica. During the summer of 2019 he starred as Willy Loman in the theater's production of \"Death of a Salesman\".\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Morrow married actress Debbon Ayer in October 1998, and they have a daughter named Tu.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "William Henry Andrews\n", "William Henry \"Bull\" Andrews (January 14, 1846 – January 16, 1919) was an American politician who served as a Republican representative in the Pennsylvania General Assembly and as a delegate from the New Mexico Territory.\n", "Andrews was born in Youngsville, Pennsylvania. He was educated in public schools and engaged in the mercantile and railroad industries early in his life. He was a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate in 1895, and a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1889 to 1893. From 1889 to 1890, he was chair of the Pennsylvania Republican State Central Committee. When the voters \"retired him from office\" in 1902, Andrews moved to Sierra County, New Mexico, where he managed a gold mine (the mining camp now ghost town of Andrews, New Mexico, northeast of Hillsboro, was named for him). He later moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico to get himself re-involved in politics.\n", "Andrews became an astute and dominant politician in territorial New Mexico. A year after arriving, he was elected to the New Mexico Territorial Council. He was elected to Congress in 1905 (narrowly defeating Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo), and reelected twice, serving in the 59th, 60th and 61st Congress, 1905–1911 until New Mexico became a state.\n", "Andrews, working with old contacts in the federal government from his days in Pennsylvania politics, was influential in obtaining statehood for New Mexico. He expected to be rewarded by election to the U.S. Senate; however, an alliance between Thomas B. Catron and Albert B. Fall thwarted Andrews' efforts.\n", "Andrews organized and promoted the Pennsylvania Development Company, builders of the New Mexico Central Railroad. While in office, he was blamed for a $300,000 shortage in a Pennsylvania bank, money allegedly used to finance the Santa Fe Central Railway.\n", "Andrews died in Carlsbad, New Mexico virtually penniless. His body was shipped back to his home in Titusville, Pennsylvania and buried at Woodlawn Cemetery. He spent a fortune in politics, always hopeful that he would get a seat in the U.S. Senate. Ironically, Albert B. Fall, after being appointed to a Cabinet position in 1921, said that if Andrews were still alive, he would have convinced the Governor to appoint him to Fall's senate seat.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q966483", "wikidata_label": "William Henry Andrews", "wikipedia_title": "William Henry Andrews" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Guy Rocher\n", "Guy Rocher (born April 20, 1924) is a Canadian academic and sociologist.\n", "Born in Berthierville, Quebec, he received a B.A. from the Université de Montréal in 1943, an M.A. in sociology from Université Laval in 1950, and a Ph.D. in sociology from Harvard University in 1958. From 1952 until 1960 he taught at Université Laval. From 1960 he has taught at the Université de Montréal.\n", "Section::::Professional career.\n", "While a professor at Laval, Rocher in 1957 became one of the founders of the Association internationale des sociologues de langue française, of which organization he was treasurer and a member of its first executive. In 1960, he became a full professor of sociology at Université de Montréal. There he was director of the sociology department (1960–1965), vice-dean of the social sciences faculty (1962–1967), and from 1979 onwards he has been a researcher in the Centre de recherche en droit public. Rocher also worked for the government of Quebec, as deputy minister for cultural development (1977–1979) and as deputy minister for social development (1981–1983).\n", "Rocher was a key contributor to Bill 101 in 1977.\n", "Section::::Work.\n", "Rocher is one of the pioneers in the application of contemporary social sciences to Quebec society, especially including the relationship between Church and State, intergenerational mobility and education, and the sociology of law. He is the author of several books and of numerous articles and scientific reports. He has lectured extensively throughout Canada and abroad.\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "BULLET::::- In 1971 he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada.\n", "BULLET::::- In 1991 he was made a Knight of the National Order of Quebec. This was upgraded to Officer in 2018.\n", "BULLET::::- In 1991 he received the Royal Society of Canada's Pierre Chauveau Medal\n", "BULLET::::- He received the 1997 Molson Prize in the Social Sciences and Humanities.\n", "BULLET::::- In 1999 he received the Royal Society of Canada's Sir John William Dawson Medal.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Agustín Díaz de Mera García Consuegra\n", "Agustín Díaz De Mera García Consuegra (born 27 September 1947 in Daimiel (Ciudad Real))\n", "is a Spanish politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament with the People's Party, part of the European People's Party, from 2004 until 2019.\n", "Díaz de Mera was elected to the Spanish Senate in 1989 and from 1996 to 2004 and to the Spanish Congress of Deputies in 1993 representing Avila.\n", "In Parliament, De Mera was a member of the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs. On the committee, he served as the Parliament’s rapporteur on the reform of Europol and visa requirements for non-EU nationals. He was also a substitute for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development and a member of the Delegation for relations with Iran.\n", "Section::::Education.\n", "BULLET::::- Graduate in modern and contemporary history\n", "BULLET::::- Diploma in European Community studies\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "BULLET::::- Director of the 'San Juan Evangelista' school (Madrid)\n", "BULLET::::- Secretary-General of the PP (Ávila)\n", "BULLET::::- Member of the PP National Executive Committee and of the PP Standing Committee in Castile and Leon\n", "BULLET::::- 1996-2000: Chairman of the PP in Ávila\n", "BULLET::::- Deputy Mayor (Ávila)\n", "BULLET::::- 1999-2002: Mayor of Ávila\n", "BULLET::::- Chairman of the Committee on Defence\n", "BULLET::::- 2002-2004: Director-General of the Police\n", "BULLET::::- Member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe\n", "BULLET::::- Member of the WEU Assembly\n", "BULLET::::- 1997-2001: Chairman of the Council of Europe Committee on Migration, Refugees and Demography\n", "BULLET::::- 2000-2002: Chairman of the Spanish Delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the WEU\n", "Section::::Decorations.\n", "BULLET::::- Grand Cross of the Military Order of Merit with White Distinction\n", "BULLET::::- Knight Commander of the Order of St Gregory the Great, awarded by the Holy See\n", "BULLET::::- Gold medal of the ICPO-Interpol Secretariat-General\n", "\"See also:\" 2004 European Parliament election in Spain\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Agustin Diaz de Mera Garcia Consuegra" ] }, "description": "Spanish politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q399192", "wikidata_label": "Agustín Díaz de Mera García Consuegra", "wikipedia_title": "Agustín Díaz de Mera García Consuegra" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Alfred Rouleau\n", "Alfred Rouleau, (August 19, 1915 – October 19, 1985) was a Canadian businessman and President of the Fédération du Québec des Caisses Populaires Desjardins, Quebec's largest credit union.\n", "Born in Sherbrooke, Quebec, he was elected President of Desjardins in 1972 and served until 1981.\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "BULLET::::- In 1973 he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada.\n", "BULLET::::- In 1985 he was made a Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Alfred Rouleau at The Canadian Encyclopedia.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Élie Baup\n", "Élie Baup () born 17 March 1955) is a French football manager and a former footballer who played as a goalkeeper. His last post was the manager of Ligue 1 side Marseille.\n", "Section::::Managerial career.\n", "Section::::Managerial career.:1994–2009.\n", "As the club manager of Bordeaux, Baup won the French Division 1 championships in 1999 and the Coupe de la Ligue in 2002. He was sacked on 24 October 2003 by the club president Jean-Louis Triaud.\n", "Baup signed on as the manager of Saint-Étienne in 2004, bringing to the club one of his favourite players, Pascal Feindouno. Saint-Étienne had won promotion to Ligue 1 at the end of the 2003–04 season. During Baup's tenure, the club finished sixth and thirteenth in the table respectively in the 2004–05 Ligue 1 and 2005–06 Ligue 1 seasons. He resigned from the club at the end of the 2005–06 season.\n", "In his first season as the manager of the club, Baup guided Toulouse to finish third in the table in the 2006–07 Ligue 1 season. Toulouse thus earned a place in the 2007–08 UEFA Champions League third qualifying round, where it lost to Liverpool 5–0 on aggregate. With Toulouse finishing only 17th in the table in the 2007–08 Ligue 1 season and barely escaping relegation to Ligue 2, Baup was sacked on 30 May 2008, with one year left on his contract.\n", "Baup became the manager of Ligue 1 club Nantes on 28 August 2008. He resigned from the club on 2 June 2009, with over a year to run on his contract, after he had failed to save it from relegation to Ligue 2.\n", "From 2009 to 2012, Baup worked as a football consultant in Canal Football Club, a program that shows highlights of Ligue 1 matches on Canal+.\n", "Section::::Managerial career.:Marseille.\n", "On 4 July 2012, Baup signed a two-year contract with Marseille as its new manager, succeeding Didier Deschamps, who had left the club two days earlier to become the manager of France. On 2 August 2012, Baup oversaw his first competitive match as Marseille manager, a 1–1 away draw in the 2012–13 Europa League third qualifying round first leg against Turkish club Eskişehirspor. Seven days later, Marseille beat Eskişehirspor 3–0 in the return leg, winning the tie 4–1 on aggregate and thus secured a place in the 2012–13 Europa League play-off round. Marseille eventually qualified for the 2012–13 Europa League group stage, but did not progress from it to the knockout phase. On 12 August 2013, Baup's Marseille won its opening 2012–13 Ligue 1 match away against Reims with a 1–0 scoreline. The club would later achieve its best-ever start to a Ligue 1 or Division 1 season by winning its first six 2012–13 Ligue 1 matches. Marseille would eventually finish the 2012–13 Ligue 1 season in runner-up position, 12 points behind Paris Saint-Germain. Coincidentally, Marseille was defeated in the round of 16 of the 2012–13 Coupe de France and 2012–13 Coupe de la Ligue by Paris Saint-Germain by the same scoreline of 2–0.\n", "In the afternoon of 7 December 2013, the club announced on its website that Baup was no longer the Olympqiue de Marseille manager. The club president (Vincent Labrune) and Baup had earlier held a meeting right after the end of the training session conducted in the morning of 7 December 2013. \"The board feel that, after 17 league matches into the season, results have not corresponded with our objectives and a firm decision had to be taken to get the team moving in the right direction again in the coming weeks,\" read a statement on the club's official website. Vincent Labrune said that the decision to dismiss Baup was \"the most difficult and painful he had had to take since he came to the club\". \"Elie Baup is unanimously appreciated for his qualities as a person,\" Labrune added. \"Nobody can forget the job he has done at Olympique de Marseille. He enabled us to finish second last season when nobody expected us to.\" The decision to sack Baup came just a day after Marseille went down 1–0 to Nantes at the Stade Velodrome in a Ligue 1 match that left them in 5th position and 13 points behind leaders Paris Saint-Germain in the Ligue 1 table at the conclusion of the week 17 matches. Marseille had also fared poorly in the 2013–14 UEFA Champions League. They had so far failed to pick up a single point from their first five Group F matches against Arsenal, Borussia Dortmund and Napoli, thus ensuring that they would finish at the bottom of the group.\n", "Section::::Trophies as a manager.\n", "Bordeaux\n", "BULLET::::- French Division 1 champions(1): 1998–99\n", "BULLET::::- Coupe de la Ligue champions(1): 2001–02\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Élie Baup at Goal.com\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Bernard Shandon Rodey\n", "Bernard Shandon Rodey (March 1, 1856 – March 10, 1927), Irish-American politician who was a Delegate from the New Mexico Territory and later a federal judge in Puerto Rico.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Rodey was born in County Mayo, Ireland. He emigrated with his parents in 1862 to Canada, and was educated in Sherbrooke, Quebec. After leaving Canada, he went to Massachusetts where he studied law at Harvard University. Rodey moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico in 1881 where he became employed as a private secretary for the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad Company. He left the railroad to practice law and was admitted to the bar in 1883. Active in politics from a young age, Bernard was elected to the territorial senate representing Bernalillo County in 1889. He introduced legislation to create the University of New Mexico. The bill detailed the acquisition of funds and land for the institution, locating its construction in New Albuquerque. Passage of the bill on February 28, 1889 earned Rodey the title \"Father of the University\" and Rodey Hall was named in his honor.\n", "Section::::Congressional seat.\n", "In 1900 Rodey was elected as a Republican to the U.S. House of Representatives as a Delegate from the New Mexico Territory. During his two terms in office, he was best known for his unrelenting fight to gain statehood not only for New Mexico, but Arizona and Oklahoma as well. He fought against a consortium of Eastern senators led by Albert J. Beveridge of Indiana that was threatened by the admission of Western territories as states. Rodey was defeated in a primary fight against William Henry Andrews in 1904.\n", "Section::::Judicial tenure.\n", "After his terms in Congress, President Theodore Roosevelt appointed Rodey as federal judge for the United States District Court for Puerto Rico in 1906. Rodey's tenure on the bench was controversial and he became involved in the political dispute that culminated in adoption of the Olmsted Amendment and led some prominent Puerto Rican attorneys to unsuccessfully advocate for the abolition of the federal court in Puerto Rico or severely limit its jurisdiction. Rodey left the bench in 1910 and was succeeded by John J. Jenkins.\n", "At the 1908 Republican National Convention, Rodey was one of several Republicans who convinced Taft to promise statehood for New Mexico and Arizona in his election campaign. Rodey was appointed by President William Taft as a federal government attorney in the Territory of Alaska, and then helped investigate a coal scandal in Alaska in 1913. He returned to Albuquerque to found the law firm of Rodey and Rodey, which ultimately grew into the present-day firm of Rodey, Dickason, Sloan, Akin & Robb.\n", "Section::::Private life.\n", "Although President Warren Harding attempted to persuade Rodey back into politics, he never sought another public office. He died in Albuquerque in 1927 at the age of 71.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Petr Duchoň\n", "Petr Duchoň (born 6 September 1956 in Brno) is a Czech politician and\n", "Member of the European Parliament with the Civic Democratic Party, part of the European Democrats and is vice-chair of the European Parliament's Committee on Budgetary Control and its Committee on Transport and Tourism.\n", "He is a substitute for the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs and a member of the Delegation for Relations with the United States. Eisenhower Fellowships selected Petr Duchoň in 2001 to represent the Czech Republic.\n", "Section::::Education.\n", "BULLET::::- Studied physics at Masaryk University (Brno)\n", "BULLET::::- Completed postgraduate studies in vacuum technology at the Czech Technical University, Prague, and a period of study in Heidelberg\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "BULLET::::- Electron lithography research engineer, coherent electron beam source designer\n", "BULLET::::- Began political career as Deputy Mayor of the metropolitan district of Brno Bystrc\n", "BULLET::::- Was later elected to the city council representing ODS (Civic Democratic Party)\n", "BULLET::::- 1998-2004: Lord Mayor of Brno\n", "BULLET::::- Participation in a number of study visits concerning local autonomous authorities\n", "BULLET::::- Fellow of the Eisenhower Foundation\n", "\"See also:\" 2004 European Parliament election in the Czech Republic\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Czech politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q741983", "wikidata_label": "Petr Duchoň", "wikipedia_title": "Petr Duchoň" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Darnell Martin\n", "Darnell Martin (born January 7, 1964) is a television and film director, screenwriter, and film producer.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Martin was born in Bronx, New York, the daughter of Marilyn, a dancer of Irish-American descent, and an African-American attorney. From the Bronx, she went on to Sarah Lawrence College and New York University Film School. Along the way, she worked in film labs and camera rental houses and as a bartender, made music videos and short films, and wrote the first draft of \"I Like It Like That\".\n", "Section::::Career as filmmaker.\n", "In 1992, Martin's short film, \"Suspect\", which examined the treatment of young black people as assumed criminals, won critical acclaim at the New York Public Theater's Young Black Cinema showcase. After directing her first short film, \"Suspect\", Martin served as assistant camera operator for Jonathan Demme's documentary \"Cousin Bobby\", a film about his cousin Robert Castle, an Episcopal pastor who works in Harlem. The film was well-received from the majority of critics.\n", "In 1994, she directed the Columbia Pictures release \"I Like It Like That\", a romantic comedy-drama film about a young woman trying to love her man, keep her family together, assert her self-worth as a person, and keep her sanity all at the same time. The film was well received by critics, but it didn't perform well at the box office. In 2001 Martin directed \"Prison Song\". She has directed episodes of TV shows like \"Law & Order\", \"Grey's Anatomy\" and \"The Walking Dead\". In 2008, Martin returned to the big screen in which she wrote and directed a musical-drama film based on Leonard Chess and the singers who recorded for Chess Records titled \"Cadillac Records\". In 2012, she directed the well-received television film \"Firelight\". In 2016 she directed \"The Walking Dead\" episode \"Go Getters\" from season 7.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American film director", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q454290", "wikidata_label": "Darnell Martin", "wikipedia_title": "Darnell Martin" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Carlo Fatuzzo\n", "Carlo Fatuzzo (born 14 March 1944 in Genoa) is an Italian politician, leader of the Pensioners' Party.\n", "His daughter Elisabetta, a lawyer, is also an exponent of the Pensioners' Party.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "In 1979 Fatuzzo founded the \"Christian Party of Social Action\", that ran in the 1979 and 1983 italian general elections, limitedly in the Brescia-Bergamo constituency for the Chamber and in the Lombardy constituency for the Senate. After the poor election results obtained, Fatuzzo dissolved the party.\n", "In the 1987 general election he was candidate for the Chamber among the ranks of the Venetian League (without being elected), while on 19 October 1987 he founded the Pensioners' Party.\n", "Subsequently he was elected municipal and provincial councillor of Bergamo and regional councillor of Lombardy.\n", "In the 1996 general election he was candidate for the Chamber in the constituency of Albino, with the support of the Pole for Freedoms, but he was not elected. \n", "Fatuzzo he was elected MEP in the european election of 1999, and he was re-confirmed also in the 2004 election; he sat in the European People's Party–European Democrats group. \n", "In the 2018 general election he has been elected MP among the ranks of Forza Italia.\n", "Section::::Political career.\n", "BULLET::::- since 1987: National Secretary of the Pensioners' Party\n", "BULLET::::- Member of Bergamo City (1985-1990) and Provincial (1990-1995) Councils\n", "BULLET::::- 1990-1995: Member of Lombardy Regional Council\n", "BULLET::::- 2002-2004: Secretary of the European Association of Parties for the Protection of the Elderly\n", "BULLET::::- 1999-2009: Member of the European Parliament\n", "BULLET::::- since 2018: Member of the Chamber of Deputies (Italy)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Luis Herrero-Tejedor Algar\n", "Luis Francisco Herrero-Tejedor Algar (born 4 October 1955 in Castellón de la Plana)\n", "is a Spanish politician and\n", "Member of the European Parliament with the People's Party,\n", "part of the European People's Party and sits on\n", "the European Parliament's Committee on Culture and Education.\n", "He is a substitute for the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs,\n", "a member of the Delegation for relations with the countries of Central America and a\n", "substitute for the Delegation to the EU-Mexico Joint Parliamentary Committee.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "BULLET::::- B.A. in Journalism and Information Sciences (University of Navarre)\n", "BULLET::::- Director of Diario Mediterráneo\n", "BULLET::::- Deputy director for news at the Antena 3 radio station\n", "BULLET::::- Editor-in-chief of \"Época\" magazine\n", "BULLET::::- Political correspondent for the Antena 3 television channel\n", "BULLET::::- Director of the midday news programme and the evening news on the Antena 3 television channel\n", "BULLET::::- Director of the \"La Linterna\" news programme on the COPE channel\n", "BULLET::::- Director of the programme 'La Mañana' on the COPE channel\n", "\"See also:\" 2004 European Parliament election in Spain\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "José Manuel García-Margallo\n", "José Manuel García-Margallo y Marfil (born 13 August 1944) is a Spanish politician. Between 2011 and 2016, he served as Spain's Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation.\n", "Previously García-Margallo was a Member of the European Parliament with the People's Party, part of the European People's Party and vice-chair of the European Parliament's Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs. He was also a substitute for the Committee on International Trade and a vice-chair of the Delegation for relations with the countries of Central America.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "García-Margallo was born in Madrid. In 1960, he joined the Young Spanish Monarchists. He graduated in Law and Economics from the University of Deusto in Bilbao (1965) and subsequently received a master's degree in Law (LLM) from Harvard University (1972). His great-grandfather was Juan García y Margallo, who was killed during the First Melillan campaign, otherwise known as the Margallo War.\n", "Section::::Political career.\n", "In 1976, Margallo was one of the founding members of the center-right People's Party (Partido Popular), a party unrelated to the current party of the same name. In 1977, that party joined others in forming the Union of the Democratic Centre, a coalition which won the first democratic elections of the modern era in Spain and formed the government from 1977 to 1982. At the 1977 election, he was elected to the Spanish Congress of Deputies as member for the single member district of Melilla and was re-elected in 1979, although he lost his seat at the 1982 election to the PSOE.\n", "After the UCD disbanded in 1983, Margallo joined the Democratic Popular Party (Partido Demócrata Popular/PDP) and returned to the Congress at the 1986 election as member for Valencia Province, retaining his seat until 1994 when he resigned after being elected to the European Parliament.\n", "Section::::Political career.:Member of the European Parliament, 1994–2011.\n", "Throughout his time in the European Parliament, Margallo served on the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs and Industrial Policy; between 2002 and 2011, he was the committee's vice-chairman. In this capacity, he led the Parliament's work on the European Banking Authority (EBA). He also called for the creation of a European Financial Protection Fund that would bail out large banks in times of crisis and would be financed primarily by contributions from banks themselves.\n", "Margallo also served on the Special Committee on the Financial, Economic and Social Crisis between 2009 and 2011 as well as on the Special Committee on the policy challenges and budgetary resources for a sustainable European Union after 2013 between 2010 and 2011. In addition to his committee assignments, he was a member of the parliament's delegation for relations with the countries of Central America.\n", "Margallo led the EU-Election Observer Mission for the 2010 presidential election in Togo.\n", "Section::::Political career.:Foreign Minister of Spain, 2011–2016.\n", "On 22 December 2011, Margallo was inaugurated as the Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation in the government of Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy.\n", "In March 2012, Margallo announced that, in response to savage killings and human rights abuses in Syria, his country would cease activities at its embassy in Damascus, but would not formally close its mission.\n", "In November 2012, Margallo announced that Spain would follow France in announcing it will support a bid of the Palestinian National Authority for enhanced status at the United Nations when the issue goes to a vote of the General Assembly.\n", "In 2014, amid negotiations towards an accord with the European Union aimed at opening up Cuba, Margallo irritated Raúl Castro's government with his call for Cuba to grant free travel rights to dissidents arrested in the Black Spring of 2003 and later released under strict conditions. During a visit to the country, Margallo was denied an audience with Castro and instead met with First Vice-President Miguel Diaz-Canel.\n", "Following the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action on the nuclear program of Iran in 2015, Margallo led a high-level government and business delegation to Iran, joining other countries drawn to Tehran by the possibility of lucrative opportunities that could be unlocked by a nuclear deal. A day after sanctions against Iran were lifted in January 2016, Margallo entered into negotiations with the Iranian government over the construction of an Iranian-owned oil refinery at the Gibraltar strait.\n", "Almost 50 years after coming close to possibly provoking a nuclear disaster, Margallo and his counterpart John Kerry of the United States agreed in 2015 to remove contaminated soil from an area in southern Spain where an American warplane accidentally dropped hydrogen bombs. The deal, announced on a visit by Kerry to Spain, followed years of wrangling between the two countries over how to clean up the area around the seaside village of Palomares, over which the accident took place in 1966.\n", "Section::::Other activities.\n", "BULLET::::- ELCANO – Royal Institute for International and Strategic Studies, Member of the Board of Trustees\n", "BULLET::::- Instituto Cervantes, Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Trustees\n", "Section::::Controversy.\n", "Often seen as a controversial figure, Margallo has often been critical of Gibraltar. In February 2015 he ordered the closure of the Instituto Cervantes in Gibraltar stating that there was no need for Spanish classes in Gibraltar as 'everyone speaks (Spanish) except for the apes'.\n", "In June 2016 Margallo said Spain would demand control of Gibraltar the \"very next day\" after a British withdrawal from the EU. Under Margallo's leadership, the Foreign Ministry on 11 July 2016 summoned Britain's ambassador following what it said were \"reckless\" moves by a Royal Gibraltar Police patrol boat.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "José Manuel Garcia-Margallo y Marfil", "Jose Garcia-Margallo y Marfil", "Jose Manuel Garcia-Margallo y Marfil" ] }, "description": "Spanish politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q58095", "wikidata_label": "José García-Margallo y Marfil", "wikipedia_title": "José Manuel García-Margallo" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Wanda Orlikowski\n", "Wanda Janina Orlikowski is a South African-born, US-based organizational theorist and Information Systems researcher, and the Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Information Technologies and Organization Studies at the MIT Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Orlikowski received her B.Comm from the University of the Witwatersrand in 1977, an M. Comm from the same university in 1982, and a Ph.D. from the New York University Stern School of Business in 1989.\n", "She has served as a visiting Centennial Professor of Information Systems at the London School of Economics and Political Science, and was a visiting professor at the Judge Business School at the University of Cambridge. She is currently the Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Information Technologies and Organization Studies at MIT's Sloan School of Management. \n", "Orlikowski has served as a senior editor for \"Organization Science\", and currently serves on the editorial boards of \"Information and Organization\" and \"Organization Science\".\n", "She is a member of the Academy of Management, the Association of Computing Machinery, the Institute of Management Science, the Society of Information Management, and the Society for Organizational Learning.\n", "Section::::Work.\n", "Orlikowski's research examines relations between technology and organizations over time, with emphases on organizing structures, cultural norms, communication genres, and work practices. She is best known for her work in studying the implementation and use of technologies within organisations by drawing on Giddens' Theory of Structuration.\n", "Orlikowski has written extensively on the use of electronic communication technologies, most notably collaborating with JoAnne Yates, a professor of communications at the MIT Sloan School of Management. She has also written papers on research methodology and her 1991 paper with Jack Baroudi in \"Information Systems Research\" is particularly widely cited. Her most recent work examines the sociomaterial practices entailed in social media.\n", "Section::::Work.:Structurational studies of technology and organizations.\n", "Structurational studies of technology and organizations have been highly influenced by the social studies of technology. Initially arguing for a view of the \"duality of technology,\" Orlikowski went on to argue for a practice-based understanding of the recursive interaction between people and technologies over time. Orlikowski (2000) argues that emergent structures offer a more generative view of technology use, suggesting that users do not so much appropriate technologies as they enact particular technologies-in-practice with them. The ongoing enactment of technologies-in-practice either reproduce existing structural conditions or they produce changes that may lead to structural transformation.\n", "Based on a series of empirical studies of collaborative technologies (groupware), Orlikowski identified at least three types of enactment produced within different conditions and producing different consequences associated with humans engagement with technology in practice. \n", "BULLET::::- Social inertia leads to reinforcement and preservation of structural status quo. Human action with the use of technology tends to be incremental, with people using technology to continue their existing work practices. In the case of collaborative software, this included rigid career hierarchies, individualistic incentives, and competitive cultures.\n", "BULLET::::- Application which arises as people begin to use the technology in new ways within their practices. Such use tends to produce noticeable changes to existing information, tools, and artifacts, as well as work relations and practices.\n", "BULLET::::- Social change, where people tend to integrate the technology into their ways of working so as to produce transformations in work relations and practices. Such changes can lead to important transformations in the structural status quo.\n", "Section::::Work.:New ways of dealing with materiality in organizational research.\n", "In more recent work, Orlikowski argues that our primary ways of dealing with materiality in organizational research are conceptually problematic and proposes an alternative approach that posits materiality as constitutive of everyday life. This work draws on Karen Barad's agential realism and the notion of sociomateriality as influenced by the work of Lucy Suchman and Annemarie Mol.\n", "In co-authored work, Orlikowski and Susan Scott of the London School of Economics argue for a focus on sociomaterial practices within organizational and information system studies. This recognizes that all practices are always and everywhere sociomaterial, and that this sociomateriality is constitutive of the contours and possibilities of everyday organizing.\n", "Section::::Work.:Awards.\n", "Orlikowski won the Lasting Impact Award from the ACM CSCW conference in 2015 for her paper \"Learning from Notes: organizational issues in groupware implementation\".\n", "Section::::Select bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- Orlikowski, W.J. and J.J. Baroudi. \"Studying Information Technology in Organizations: Research Approaches and Assumptions.\" \"Information Systems Research\", 2, 1, 1991: 1-28.\n", "BULLET::::- Orlikowski, W.J. \"The Duality of Technology: Rethinking the Concept of Technology in Organizations.\" \"Organization Science\", 3, 3, 1992: 398-427.\n", "BULLET::::- Orlikowski, W.J. and JoAnne Yates. \"Genre Repertoire: The Structuring of Communicative Practices in Organizations.\" \"Administrative Science Quarterly\", 39, 4, 1994: 541-574.\n", "BULLET::::- Beath, Cynthia Mathis, and Wanda J. Orlikowski. \"The contradictory structure of systems development methodologies: deconstructing the IS-user relationship in information engineering.\" \"Information Systems Research\" 5.4 (1994): 350-377.\n", "BULLET::::- Orlikowski, W.J. \"Improvising Organizational Transformation over Time: A Situated Change Perspective.\" \"Information Systems Research\", 7, 1, 1996: 63-92.\n", "BULLET::::- Orlikowski, W.J. \"Using Technology and Constituting Structures: A Practice Lens for Studying Technology in Organizations.\" \"Organization Science\", 11, 4, 2000: 404-428.\n", "BULLET::::- Orlikowski, W.J. \"Knowing in Practice: Enacting a Collective Capability in Distributed Organizing.\" \"Organization Science\", 13, 4, 2002: 249-273.\n", "BULLET::::- Shultze, U. and W.J. Orlikowski. \"A Practice Perspective on Technology-Mediated Network Relations: The Use of Internet-based Self-Serve Technologies.\" \"Information Systems Research\", 15, 1, 2004: 87-106.\n", "BULLET::::- Orlikowski, W.J. \"Sociomaterial Practices: Exploring Technology at Work.\" \"Organization Studies\", 28, 2007: 1435-1448.\n", "BULLET::::- Levina, N. and W.J. Orlikowski. \"Understanding Shifting Power Relations within and across Fields of Practice: A Critical Genre Analysis.\" \"Academy of Management Journal\", 52, 4, 2009: 672–703.\n", "BULLET::::- Orlikowski, W.J. and Scott, S.V. Sociomateriality: Challenging the Separation of Technology, Work and Organization, \"Annals of the Academy of Management\", 2, 1, 2008: 433-474.\n", "BULLET::::- Schultze, U. and W.J. Orlikowski. \"Virtual Worlds: A Performative Perspective on Globally Distributed, Immersive Work.\" \"Information Systems Research\", 21, 4, 2010: 810-821.\n", "BULLET::::- Orlikowski, W.J. \"The Sociomateriality of Organizational Life: Considering Technology in Management Research.\" \"Cambridge Journal of Economics\", 34, 1, 2010: 125-141.\n", "BULLET::::- Feldman, M. and W.J. Orlikowski. \"Theorizing Practice and Practicing Theory.\" \"Organization Science\", 22, 5, 2011: 1240-1253.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official webpage\n", "BULLET::::- MIT Profile\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Wanda Janina Orlikowski", "Wanda J. Orlikowski" ] }, "description": "American computer scientist", "enwikiquote_title": "Wanda Orlikowski", "wikidata_id": "Q14102", "wikidata_label": "Wanda Orlikowski", "wikipedia_title": "Wanda Orlikowski" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ayesha Takia\n", "Ayesha Takia Azmi (born 10 April 1986) is an Indian film actress who appeared in Bollywood films. She made her film debut in \"\" for which she won the Filmfare Best Debut Award in 2004. Her notable films also include \"Socha Na Tha\" (2005), \"Dor\" (2006), for which she won the Screen Award for Best Actress (Critics), and \"Wanted\" (2009).\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Ayesha Takia was born in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India to a Gujarati father and Muslim mother. She is an alumnus of St Anthony's Girls High School, Chembur. She married restauranteur Farhan Azmi, son of Samajwadi Party leader Abu Azmi, on March 1, 2009. She has a son with her husband Farhan Azmi.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Takia began her career as a model when she was 15, appearing in the \"I am a Complan Boy! I’m a Complan Girl!\" campaign and also in Falguni Pathak's \"Meri Chunar Udd Udd Jaye\" music video. Later she appeared in the music video \"Shake It Daddy\" Remix of song Nahin Nahin Abhi Nahin along with actor Keith Sequeira, both the songs were directed by Vinay Sapru and Radhika Rao. Which brought her to the attention of Bollywood, and a few film offers followed. She signed a contract to appear in \"Socha Na Tha\", then for \"\". However, delays making \"Socha Na Tha\" meant that \"Taarzan\" was released first and was therefore her \"debut\" film. She won the Filmfare Best Debut Award in 2004 for her performance in the film.\n", "Takia has appeared in a number of films that did poorly at the box office. However, she has been highly praised for her work in the 2006 \"Dor\", a smaller budget film in which she plays the role of a young widowed Rajasthani woman living in a traditional joint family. She went on to win several awards for her performance in the film, including the Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Actress.\n", "Apart from Bollywood, Takia has also appeared in the 2005 Telugu film \"Super\", with Tollywood star Akkineni Nagarjuna, for which she was nominated for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu. Her most recent hit was Prabhu Deva's \"Wanted\", co-starring Salman Khan, which emerged as one of the biggest blockbusters of 2009. The film was the third-highest-grossing movie of the year and her role met with positive reviews.\n", "In 2011, she starred in \"Mod\", which met with a good response. In 2012, she hosted the only season of musical-reality show \"Sur Kshetra\".\n", "Section::::Personal Life.\n", "She is very active on social media, especially Twitter and has been a supporter for wildlife protection. In April 2014, Ayesha denounced her father-in-law, the Samajwadi Party legislator Abu Azmi, for saying that rape victims should also be punished. In a public statement, she has claimed to be a vegan while posing for a vegan ad for PETA India.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Indian film actresses\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Miguel Antonio Otero (born 1829)\n", "Miguel Antonio Otero (June 21, 1829 – May 30, 1882) was a prominent American politician of the New Mexico Territory and instrumental in the economic development of the territory.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Miguel Antonio Otero was born in Valencia, Nuevo México to Don Vicente Otero and Doña Gertrudis Aragón de Otero. Don Vicente had held prominent civic positions as judge and mayor in Valencia County, under both Spanish and Mexican Governments.\n", "Otero received his early education in Valencia. In 1841 he enrolled at St. Louis University in the state of Missouri and subsequently graduated from Pingree College in Fishkill, New York, where he taught while he began his study of law. In 1851 he returned to Missouri, where he studied law and was admitted to the bar. He was a public advocate of the Mexican–American War.\n", "Section::::Career as politician.\n", "In 1852 Otero became the private secretary to the Governor of New Mexico, William C. Lane, and was elected to the second Legislative Assembly of the territory of New Mexico. In 1854 he was appointed attorney general for the territory, and served for two years. On July 23, 1856 he was seated as a Democratic Delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives, after successfully contesting the election of José Manuel Gallegos. With the support of the Bishop of New Mexico, Jean Baptiste Lamy, Otero was reelected to the next two Congresses, but was not a candidate for renomination in 1860.\n", "An outspoken Congressman and a strong supporter of the railroad, Otero devoted much of his efforts to the construction of the transcontinental railroad through New Mexico. He introduced the \"Memorial of the New Mexican Railway Company, in Relation to the Pacific Railroad\" on May 21, 1860.\n", "After Otero had completed his term in Congress, President Abraham Lincoln nominated him to be minister to Spain in 1861. Otero declined that office to accept an appointment as secretary of the territory of New Mexico, but the Senate did not confirm him because of his involvement in the 1860 Democratic National Convention in South Carolina and his pro-confederate tendencies.\n", "Otero failed in another reelection bid in 1880. His business endeavors, however, in merchandizing, banking, and farming, were highly successful. In addition, he was a strong supporter of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. And he became one of the founders and later president of the San Miguel National Bank in Las Vegas, New Mexico. He also engaged in out-of-state endeavors, mostly in Kansas City, Missouri.\n", "He died in 1882 at the age of 52 and was buried in Denver's Riverside Cemetery. His son, also named Miguel Antonio Otero, and nephew Mariano S. Otero would continue the family tradition of civic service, his son becoming Governor of New Mexico, and his nephew a delegate.\n", "Both Otero County, New Mexico and Otero County, Colorado are named in his honor.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Hispanic Americans in the United States Congress\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1932568", "wikidata_label": "Miguel Antonio Otero", "wikipedia_title": "Miguel Antonio Otero (born 1829)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jimmy Ray\n", "Jimmy Ray (born 3 October 1970) is an English pop musician.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "In press interviews and promotional materials he cited his influence by the music of Elvis Presley and other rock and roll stars such as Buddy Holly, Eddie Cochran and Tommy Steele. His manager was Simon Fuller, who also managed The Spice Girls and produced the hit show \"American Idol\".\n", "Jimmy Ray's recording career began as one half of techno-pop outfit AV (Alternative Vision). The duo was founded in 1994 by Graham Drinnan (AKA 'Gypsy' or 'Gipsy') who previously as a solo artist had scored a number of critically acclaimed techno / house hits in the early 90's, most notably 'I Trance You' & 'Funk De Fino' & 'Skinnybumblebee'. AV signed to Sony S2 Records in 1994 but no recordings were ever released.\n", "After splitting from Drinnan in 1996, Ray went on to score a hit single in both the United Kingdom and the United States with his song \"Are You Jimmy Ray?\" the following year. \"Are You Jimmy Ray?\" reached No. 13 in the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart and sold over 500,000 copies in the U.S. alone.\n", "Ray released his self-titled album in the U.S. in March 1998, but the album was never issued in the UK. The song \"Are You Jimmy Ray?\" was successful in his native country reaching No. 13 in the UK Singles Chart in November 1997.\n", "He followed up this single in 1998 (primarily in the UK) with \"Goin' to Vegas\", including a televised performance on \"Live and Kicking Friday\". It failed to enter the UK Top 40, only peaking at No. 47. A video for the single was made, but it (and the single) never aired in the U.S. In the summer of 1998, Ray went on a U.S. tour with the Backstreet Boys. In the autumn of 1998, a third promotional single and video clip, \"I Got Rolled\" was given minimal airplay.\n", "Ray re-emerged in 2009 as a member of the Airplayers, a song production team.\n", "In a November 2015 announcement on his official fan page, Ray stated that he is working on material for a comeback record. This was later confirmed in September 2016 on his Record label's website \"La Rocka Records was created in 2016 as a launchpad for UK singer Jimmy Ray's 'comeback' album tentatively titled 'Live to Fight Another Day'\". \n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "Section::::Discography.:Albums.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Jimmy Ray\" (1998)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Live to Fight Another Day\" (2017)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Singles.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Are You Jimmy Ray?\" (1997) UK No. 13 US No. 13\n", "BULLET::::- \"Goin' to Vegas\" (1998) UK No. 49\n", "BULLET::::- \"I Got Rolled\" (1998)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Who Wants to Know?\" (2018)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dangerous Feeling\" (2018)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \"La Rocka Records\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"MTV Artist page\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Goin' to Vegas\" fansite\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "British singer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6201118", "wikidata_label": "Jimmy Ray", "wikipedia_title": "Jimmy Ray" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Aaron Ruell\n", "Derek Aaron Ruell (born June 23, 1976 in Fresno, California), is an American director and photographer. He is most recognized for his performance as Kip Dynamite in the indie movie \"Napoleon Dynamite\".\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Director.\n", "Ruell is an accomplished commercial director and photographer. As a director he is represented by Sanctuary in Los Angeles. He was declared one of the most promising new directors in the world of advertising by \"Shoot\" magazine in 2009, and \"one of the emerging directors to know now\" by \"Creativity\". He has directed commercials for clients ranging from T-Mobile and Nintendo to Coke and Burger King.\n", "He was the only filmmaker to have two films, \"Everything's Gone Green\" and \"Mary\", which he wrote and directed, premiere at the 2005 Sundance Film Festival.\n", "Section::::Career.:Actor.\n", "Ruell is best known for playing the role of Kipland Dynamite in the movie \"Napoleon Dynamite\". In 2007, he starred in \"On the Road With Judas,\" which premiered in the Dramatic Competition section of the 2007 Sundance Film Festival. Ruell played a successful New York businessman who led a double life as a computer thief.\n", "Ruell studied film at Brigham Young University.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Ruell was born and grew up in Fresno, California, where he attended Clovis West High School. He was a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and served an LDS Mission in Guatemala but left the church in 2015. Ruell and his wife, Yuka, were at one time members of the Los Angeles Latebirds, an official Moped Army branch. Ruell and his wife currently reside in Portland, Oregon after having resided in Pasadena, California.\n", "Section::::Awards and nominations.\n", "Teen Choice Awards\n", "BULLET::::- 2005: Nominated, \"Choice Movie Rockstar Moment\" - \"Napoleon Dynamite\"\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Aaron Ruell's photography site\n", "BULLET::::- Aaron Ruell's commercials\n", "BULLET::::- Aaron Ruell's Book\n", "BULLET::::- Interview with Aaron Ruell\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American actor", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q392126", "wikidata_label": "Aaron Ruell", "wikipedia_title": "Aaron Ruell" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Mieczysław Janowski\n", "Mieczysław Edmund Janowski (born 16 November 1947 in Zduńska Wola) is a Polish politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Subcarpathian Voivodship with the Law and Justice, part of the Union for a Europe of Nations. He sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Regional Development.\n", "Janowski is a substitute for the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy and the Committee on Petitions. Janowski is also a member of the Delegation for relations with Switzerland, Iceland and Norway and to the European Economic Area (EEA) Joint Parliamentary Committee.\n", "Section::::Education.\n", "BULLET::::- 1972: Master's in Engineering Warsaw University of Technology\n", "BULLET::::- graduate of the Dept\n", "BULLET::::- 1972: of Pedagogy, Warsaw University of Technology\n", "BULLET::::- 1980: Doctor of Engineering, Rzeszów University of Technology\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "BULLET::::- 1972-1973: Design specialist at WSK PZL - Rzeszów\n", "BULLET::::- 1973-1982: Lecturer at the Rzeszów University of Technology\n", "BULLET::::- since 1980: Member of the independent self-governing trade union NSZZ Solidarność\n", "BULLET::::- 1998-2003: Member of Solidarity Election Action - Social Movement (RS AWS)\n", "BULLET::::- 1990-1998: Councillor\n", "BULLET::::- 1991-1999: Mayor of Rzeszów\n", "BULLET::::- 2001-2004: Senator of the Republic of Poland, Chairman of the Committee for Territorial Autonomy and State Administration, member of the Committee on National Economy (1997-2001), Vice-Chairman Committee for Territorial Autonomy and State Administration, member of the Committee on Environmental Protection\n", "BULLET::::- 1994-1998: Delegate to the Local Chamber of the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe\n", "BULLET::::- Member of the Association of Polish Engineers and Mechanical Technicians\n", "BULLET::::- Member of the National League, Catholic Action, Polish Community\n", "Section::::Decorations.\n", "BULLET::::- Bronze Cross of Merit\n", "\"See also:\" 2004 European Parliament election in Poland\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Bernat Joan i Marí\n", "Bernat Joan i Marí (born 22 February 1960 in Ibiza, Balearic Islands, Spain)\n", "was a\n", "Member of the European Parliament with the Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya,\n", "part of the European Free Alliance and sat on\n", "the European Parliament's Committee on Culture and Education.\n", "He was a substitute for the Committee on Development, a vice-chair of the Delegation to the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly and a substitute for the Delegation for relations with the Maghreb countries and the Arab Maghreb Union (including Libya).\n", "Section::::Education.\n", "BULLET::::- Graduate in Catalan Philology\n", "BULLET::::- Doctor in Catalan Philology\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "BULLET::::- 1993-1996: Vice-president of the ERC National Council\n", "BULLET::::- President of the ERC in the Balearic Islands\n", "BULLET::::- Professor of Catalan Language and Literature\n", "BULLET::::- Lecturer in the field of retraining at the Institute of Educational Science, University of the Balearic Islands\n", "BULLET::::- Lecturer at the Universitat Catalana d'Estiu (Catalan Summer University)\n", "BULLET::::- Member of the Social Council for the Catalan Language (Balearic Islands)\n", "BULLET::::- Researcher in the field of sociolinguistics\n", "BULLET::::- Author of essays including \"Normalitat lingüística i llibertat nacional\" (Linguistic normalcy and national liberty), \"Integració nacional i evolució electoral\" (National integration and electoral evolution), and \"Una altra Europa és possible\" (Another Europe is possible), as well as novels and theatrical works.\n", "Section::::Trivia.\n", "In December 2006, he contributed to the Flemish Secession hoax, by giving an interview in which he congratulated Flemings for their purported independence.\n", "He is a supporter of the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which campaigns for democratic reform in the United Nations.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Bernat Joan i Marí on The Association of Catalan Language Writers, AELC.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Bernat Joan i Mari" ] }, "description": "Spanish politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q823149", "wikidata_label": "Bernat Joan i Marí", "wikipedia_title": "Bernat Joan i Marí" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jan Kułakowski\n", "Jan Jerzy Kułakowski (25 August 1930 – 25 June 2011) was a Polish politician and Member of the European Parliament for the Greater Poland Voivodship (2004–2009) with the Freedom Union, part of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe and sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Employment and Social Affairs.\n", "Kułakowski was a substitute for the Committee on Development, a member of the Delegation to the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly and a substitute for the Delegation for relations with the countries of the Andean Community.\n", "Kulakowski was a Member of the National Council of the European Integration, Advisory Group appointed by President Aleksander Kwasniewski. He was a member of the Royal Institute of International Affairs in Belgium. He was the Vice-President of Association France-Pologne pour l’ Europe and the Polish Council of the European Movement.\n", "Section::::Education.\n", "BULLET::::- 1953: Doctor of Law, Catholic University of Leuven\n", "BULLET::::- Work in radio (1953–54), Paris\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "BULLET::::- 1954–1957: Member of the General Secretariat of the International Federation of Christian Trade Unions\n", "BULLET::::- 1974–1976: Secretary, General Secretary of the European Organisation of the International Federation of Christian Trade Unions\n", "BULLET::::- Secretary of the European Trade Union Confederation\n", "BULLET::::- 1976–1989: General Secretary, World Confederation of Labour\n", "BULLET::::- 1990–1996: Ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary of the Republic of Poland, head of the Polish mission to the European Community\n", "BULLET::::- 1998–2001: secretary of state in the Chancellery of the Prime Minister, government plenipotentiary for Poland's accession negotiations to the European Union\n", "BULLET::::- Vice-Chairman of the Programme Board of the Polish Robert Schuman Foundation (since 1996)\n", "BULLET::::- since 2004: Vice-Chairman of the Polish Council of the European Movement\n", "BULLET::::- since 2003: Chairman of the Public Diplomacy Council\n", "BULLET::::- since 2002: Vice-Chairman of the Franco-Polish Association for Europe\n", "BULLET::::- Member of the National Council for European Integration, member of the Research Group to the President of the Polish Republic\n", "BULLET::::- 2004–2009: Member of the European Parliament.\n", "Section::::Decorations.\n", "Knight of the Order of the White Eagle (2002)\n", "Commander with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta\n", "Grand Officer of the Order of Leopold II of Belgium\n", "Legion of Honour (France – January 19, 2007)\n", "National Order of Grand Officer of Merit\n", "Official Patron of the International European School of Warsaw (2012)\n", "In 2001, Kulakowski won the Kisiel Prize. He was a member of the Royal Institute of International Relations in Belgium.\n", "Author and co-author of numerous reports, documents, articles and essays devoted to world’s trade union movement and issues resulting in bilateral relations of Poland and the European Union.\n", "Jan Kulakowski was married to Zofia Kulakowska-Wajs. They had three daughters.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- 2004 European Parliament election in Poland\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Zbigniew Kuźmiuk\n", "Zbigniew Krzysztof Kuźmiuk (born 19 September 1956 in Komorowo) is a Polish politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for Masovian Voivodeship with the Law and Justice party, part of the European Conservatives and Reformists and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Budgets. Prior to 2006, Kuźmiuk was a leading member of the Polish People's Party.\n", "Kuźmiuk is a substitute for the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs and a member of the Delegation to the EU-Bulgaria Joint Parliamentary Committee.\n", "Section::::Education.\n", "BULLET::::- 1989: Master of Economics, Kielce University of Technology (1979), Doctor of Economics Warsaw School of Planning and Statistics (now the Warsaw School of Economics)\n", "BULLET::::- Lecturer at the Radom Polytechnic (since 1979), chairman of the production-service-trading company (PPHU) Teks SA\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "BULLET::::- 1990–94: and director PPHU Bakumar SA\n", "BULLET::::- 1994–96: Voivode of Radom\n", "BULLET::::- 1997: Minister, member of the Cabinet, Chairman of the State Centre for Strategic Studies\n", "BULLET::::- 1998–2001: Councillor of the Masovian Voivodeship, Marshal of the Masovian Voivodeship\n", "BULLET::::- 2001–04: Member of Parliament of the Republic of Poland, Chairman of the Parliamentary Committee on Local Self-Government and Regional Policy, Chairman of the Polish People's Party (PSL) parliamentary party\n", "BULLET::::- 2003: Vice-Chairman of the Chief Executive Committee of the PSL (since March 2004), Vice-Chairman of the Masovian Voivodship Association of the PSL (since October\n", "Section::::Decorations.\n", "BULLET::::- Knight's Cross of the Order of Poland Reborn\n", "\"See also:\" 2004 European Parliament election in Poland\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Thomas Shaughnessy, 1st Baron Shaughnessy\n", "Thomas George Shaughnessy, 1st Baron Shaughnessy (6 October 1853 – 10 December 1923) was an American-born Canadian railway administrator who rose from modest beginnings as a clerk and bookkeeper for the Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad (a predecessor of the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad) to become the president of the Canadian Pacific Railway, serving in that capacity from 1899 to 1918. In recognition of his stewardship of the CPR and its contributions to the war effort during the Great War, Shaughnessy was elevated to the Peerage of the United Kingdom on 1 January 1916 as Baron Shaughnessy, of the City of Montreal in the Dominion of Canada and of Ashford in the County of Limerick.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Shaughnessy was born October 6, 1853, at Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He was the son of Irish Catholics, Lieutenant Tom Shaughnessy (1818–1903), \"one of the shrewdest detectives and patrolmen\" in the early Milwaukee Police Department, and his wife Mary Kennedy (1826–1905). His father was born at Ashford, in Killeedy, County Limerick, and like his wife they came to the United States during the Irish Potato Famine, about 1840.\n", "Shaughnessy briefly attended the Spencerian Business College, but at the age of 16 went to work for the Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad, first as a clerk, then as a bookkeeper.\n", "In 1875, he became the adjutant of the 1st Regiment of the Wisconsin State Militia. That same year he was elected to the Milwaukee Common Council from the Third Ward, at that time heavily Irish-American. He was re-elected from 1875 through 1882, serving in the latter year as President of the Council. and briefly, in 1882, as its president.\n", "In 1880 William Cornelius Van Horne, the new general superintendent of what was now called the Milwaukee Road, appointed him as a purchasing agent. In the wake of a report by Shaughnessy and two colleagues on best practices of stores departments of other large railroads and recommending changes in the Road's own practices, Shaughnessy, now appointed storekeeper, was charged with implementing on the Milwaukee Road.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Canadian Pacific Railway.\n", "Shaughnessy arrived in Montreal in November 1882 to work for the Canadian Pacific Railway. He is described by E. A. James, Van Horne's private telegrapher, as \"a fashionably-dressed, alert young man, sporting a cane and giving general evidence of being what we call a live wire.\" The perpetually well-dressed perfectionist Shaughnessy (who appears to have been obsessive-compulsive as well; he obsessed over cleanliness, washed his hands repeatedly every day, and as president would refuse to share an elevator with anyone else) became known for tight cost controls and a meticulous scrutiny of purchases and other expenditures. The \"Dictionary of Canadian Biography\" states, Shaughnessy had an essentially pessimistic view of human nature... He was convinced that, given the opportunity, suppliers, contractors, carriers, workers, and anyone else would cheat the company. Constant vigilance was essential. Everything had to be done in accordance with the many rules and regulations he introduced. He delighted in tracing even minor transgressions and then publicly humiliating the perpetrators, usually in writing to ensure that the information became a part of the permanent record. Even the company's most trusted contractors and senior officials were exposed to his wrath if, in their efforts to get necessary work done on time, they paid prices higher than was deemed appropriate or if they failed in any other way to follow his system. He also managed expenditures by delaying payments as long as possible on whatever excuse, to the extent permitted by law and practicalities: a practice which is credited in most histories of the CPR as being in part responsible for the ability of the line to stay afloat, particularly during the period in the early months of 1885, when the very difficult section of the line along Lake Superior was being financed by the faith and credit of the corporation.\n", "Shaughnessy became CPR's assistant general manager in 1885; assistant president in September 1889; and in 1891 Shaughnessy became a director and vice-president of the railroad. He succeeded Van Horne as president in 1899. He immediately proceeded to centralize financial operations in the Montreal corporation headquarters, taking centralized control over budget, earnings, and allocations, while devolving operational control to divisional heads in the field; a policy he had been urging upon Van Horne for some time. He was a great admirer of Van Horne, and continued grateful for his long-time patron's friendship and help, but was outspoken about what he saw as Van Horne's legacy of a lack of systematic organization and management.\n", "Section::::Biography.:CPR under Shaughnessy's presidency.\n", "During his presidency, the Canadian Pacific's steamship services, first domestic, then from Vancouver to Asia (the Empress Line), then trans-Atlantic, were steadily expanded and upgraded, eventually making this railroad one of the world's major shipping owners as well. To promote tourism and passenger traffic, new or existing CPR-owned hotels, chalets and mountain camps were expanded or built in from the Maritimes to Victoria, each held to Shaughnessy's meticulous standards for cleanliness. The CPR under Shaughnessy controlled the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada and The Crow's Nest Pass Railway.\n", "Under Shaughnessy's administration, the CPR's mileage in western Canada almost doubled. The Canadian Northern Railway and the Grand Trunk Railway sought and often received subsidies in order to compete effectively with the politically-unpopular CPR (which had itself benefitted by federal cash and land subsidies in its early years). Shaughnessy held his own before the newly created Board of Railway Commissioners, successfully arguing that higher rates in Western Canada were justified by the high costs, an argument which would finally be officially accepted by the Board in 1914.\n", "Section::::Biography.:World War I.\n", "At the outbreak of World War I, Shaughnessy was a strong backer of the Empire's war, and put CPR's resources behind it as well. Shaughnessy's work in support of the war effort was the reason for his elevation to the peerage in 1916. By this point the former Milwaukeean was \"an Imperialist's Imperialist, a staunch supporter of Monarch, Empire and Nation\", so British in outlook that he is reported to have been offered (but declined) a cabinet post under H. H. Asquith.\n", "The younger of his two sons (both were serving overseas), Alfred Thomas, was killed in action in France while serving in the Canadian Expeditionary Force.\n", "Shaughnessy resigned from the presidency of the CPR in 1918, citing his deteriorating eyesight. He would continue to serve as chairman of the board until his death.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Death.\n", "Shaughnessy died 10 December 1923 after a heart attack the day before. On his deathbed, he instructed his successor as head of the CPR, Edward Wentworth Beatty: \"Maintain the property. It is a great Canadian property, and a great Canadian enterprise.\" His eldest son, William James Shaughnessy, succeeded him as second Baron Shaughnessy.\n", "Section::::Business and political leadership.\n", "Shaughnessy represented the CPR on the boards of major financial institutions with which it had extensive dealings, including the Bank of Montreal, the Royal Trust Company, the Accident Insurance Company of North America, and The Guarantee Company of North America. He was in agreement with most of the Anglophone Canadian corporate élite, (including ex-Americans like Van Horne and himself), in opposing the Liberal government's suggestion of a reciprocal free trade agreement with the United States, and like most of them, joined in providing powerful support for Robert Borden's Conservative opposition in the 1911 election which swept Laurier's Liberals out of power after 15 years in power. When Shaughnessy urged, \"Fix the channels of Canadian trade eastward and westward,\" it was immediately pointed out that this policy was in accordance with the financial interest of his railway.\n", "Section::::Personal life and legacy.\n", "Shaughnessy House, his home in Montreal's Golden Square Mile, was designed by Montreal architect William Thomas in 1876. Though reduced from its original size, it was declared a National Historic Site of Canada in 1974 and is now part of the Canadian Centre for Architecture. The surrounding district is named Shaughnessy Village. Vancouver's prestigious neighbourhood of Shaughnessy is also named after him.\n", "He married Elizabeth Bridget Nagle in 1880. The Shaughnessys had two sons (William James Shaughnessy served as captain and adjutant of the Duchess of Connaught's Irish-Canadian Rangers, second Baron Shaughnessy; and Alfred Thomas Shaughnessy, killed in action in 1916 while serving as a captain in the Canadian Expeditionary Force in France ) and three daughters, including Marguerite Kathleen Shaughnessy for whom the CPR coastal liner SS Princess Marguerite was named. Alfred Thomas was the father of the writer and producer Alfred Shaughnessy, best known for serving as the script editor of \"Upstairs, Downstairs\" and father of director and voice over actor David Shaughnessy and actor Charles Shaughnessy (\"Days of Our Lives, The Nanny\"), who is the fifth and current holder of the title Baron Shaughnessy.\n", "Archives Canada has his papers from later years at the CPR (1913–1922), plus other materials connected with the family, particularly the second Baron Shaughnessy. They are housed in the Glenbow Archives in Calgary, Alberta.\n", "Section::::Titles and honours.\n", "BULLET::::- Knight Bachelor – October 1901 – during the visit to Canada of the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York (later King George V and Queen Mary)\n", "BULLET::::- Order of the Sacred Treasure of the 2nd class Japan, 1907\n", "BULLET::::- KCVO: Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order – 1907\n", "BULLET::::- Knight of Grace, Order of St. John, 1910\n", "BULLET::::- Baron Shaughnessy, 1916\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Canadian Hereditary Peers\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Pat Hughes (sportscaster)\n", "Vergil Patrick \"Pat\" Hughes (born May 27, 1955) is an American sportscaster. He has been the radio play-by-play announcer for the Chicago Cubs of Major League Baseball (MLB) since 1996.\n", "The 2019 season will mark the 37th consecutive year Hughes has served as an MLB announcer. Hughes's MLB career began in 1983 performing as a TV play-by-play man for the Minnesota Twins, after which he spent 12 years in Milwaukee for the Brewers. Hughes also spent 17 years as a radio/TV game-caller for Marquette University basketball. In November 1995, Pat Hughes was selected by WGN Radio in Chicago to be the new \"Voice of the Cubs\". Hughes partnered with color commentator Ron Santo, former Hall of Fame third baseman for the Cubs, from 1996 to 2010, until Santo died of bladder cancer. Their on-air chemistry came to be known as the \"Pat and Ron Show\". Besides Santo, Hughes has worked regularly as an on-air partner with other luminaries Harry Caray, Bob Uecker, and Al McGuire.\n", "Section::::Broadcasting career.\n", "Pat Hughes made Chicago Cubs history in the 2016 World Series. Since baseball broadcasting did not begin until the 1920s, and the Cubs previous World Title had been in 1908, Hughes became the first Cubs announcer ever to say \"The Chicago Cubs win the World Series!\" Here is Pat's final call of the 2016 World Series:\n", "\"A little bouncer slowly toward Bryant. He will glove it and throw to Rizzo. It's in time! And the Chicago Cubs win the World Series! The Cubs come pouring out of the dugout, jumping up and down like a bunch of delirious 10-year-olds. The Cubs have done it! The longest drought in the history of American sports is over, and the celebration begins!\"\n", "Hughes has announced 57 Cubs postseason games, more than any other Cubs broadcaster.\n", "Pat has called six no-hitters in his career, comprising those tossed by Juan Nieves, Scott Erickson, Carlos Zambrano, Cole Hamels and two by Jake Arrieta.\n", "In April 2018, Hughes broadcast his 6,000th Big League Baseball game. This total includes Cactus League pre-season games, regular season, and post-season contests.\n", "After the end of the 2017 season, Hughes estimated that he had only missed five games for health reasons, despite undergoing three throat surgeries in the preceding years.\n", "After Ron Santo's death in 2010, former Cub Keith Moreland was Pat's partner on Cubs Radio for 3 seasons.\n", "In December 2013, another former Cub—and Chicago native—Ron Coomer joined Hughes. The two called games on WGN Radio in 2014, switching to WBBM in 2015, and to WSCR-\"The Score\"-in 2016. 2019 is the 6th season for the Hughes/Coomer Cubs Radio partnership.\n", "In addition to Major League Baseball and Marquette Basketball, Hughes has also covered games for the Minnesota North Stars of the NHL, Minor League baseball teams the Columbus Clippers and the San Jose Missions, both football and basketball games of the University of Wisconsin, and basketball games of Northwestern University.\n", "Pat Hughes graduated from Branham High School in San Jose, California in 1973, and from San Jose State University in 1978 with a degree in Radio/TV Journalism.\n", "Section::::Awards and Honors.\n", "In 2016, Pat Hughes was a finalist for the Ford C. Frick Award, in conjunction with the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, NY.\n", "The National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association has awarded Hughes nine Illinois Sportscaster of the Year awards (1996, 1999, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2019), in addition to three Wisconsin Sportscaster of the Year awards (1990–92).\n", "In 2017, The National Sports Media Association awarded Hughes with the Illinois Sportscaster of the Year.\n", "In 2017, Hughes was inducted into the Irish/American Baseball Hall of Fame in New York City.\n", "In 2016, Hughes received the Ring Lardner Award for Excellence in Sports Journalism, Broadcast category\n", "In 2014, Hughes was inducted into the WGN Radio Walk of Fame, only the 3rd sportscaster to be honored.\n", "In 2012, Hughes was inducted into the Branham High School Athletic Hall of Fame.\n", "Section::::Baseball Voices.\n", "Pat Hughes is the sole proprietor of \"Baseball Voices\", commemorative audio tributes to MLB's greatest announcers. On each CD, Pat performs as Producer, Writer, and Narrator. Featured broadcasters include Hughes' former colleagues Harry Caray, Ron Santo and Bob Uecker, as well as Hall of Famers Mel Allen, Red Barber, Marty Brennaman, Jack Buck, Milo Hamilton, Harry Kalas, Denny Matthews, Dave Niehaus, Bob Prince, Chuck Thompson, Russ Hodges and Lon Simmons. After the Cubs 2016 Championship, a Special Edition of Baseball Voices was created entitled \"The Chicago Cubs Win the World Series!\"\n", "Section::::Family and personal life.\n", "Born in Tucson, Arizona, Pat Hughes grew up in San Jose, California. Hughes has been married to his wife, Trish, since 1987. They have two daughters, Janell and Amber.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- WGN's Pat Hughes named 2006 Illinois Sportscaster of the Year \n", "BULLET::::- Pat Hughes Wins \"Sportscaster of the Year\" Award For Fifth Time\n", "BULLET::::- Bio at Chicago Cubs web site\n", "BULLET::::- Baseball Voices\n", "BULLET::::- Pat Hughes Eulogy for Ron Santo\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Vladimír Maňka\n", "Vladimír Maňka (born 19 September 1959 in Lučenec) is a Slovak politician and Member of the European Parliament with the Direction, part of the Socialist Group.\n", "In parliament, Maňka sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Budgets. He is a substitute for the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs, substitute for the Delegation for relations with the countries of Southeast Asia and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).\n", "In January 2017, Maňka was elected as quaestor of the European Parliament for two and a half years. His role as quaestor made him part of the Parliament’s leadership under President Antonio Tajani.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "BULLET::::- 1978–1983: Slovak University of Technology (Bratislava), Faculty of Civil Engineering\n", "BULLET::::- 1995–1998: City University (Bratislava)\n", "BULLET::::- 1983–1992: Detva heavy engineering works\n", "BULLET::::- 1992–1998: Manager of a commercial company\n", "BULLET::::- 1995–1998: Chairman of the economic council of SDĽ (Party of the Democratic Left)\n", "BULLET::::- 1996–1998: Head of the economy section\n", "BULLET::::- since 2003: Deputy Chairman of SDĽ\n", "BULLET::::- 1997–1998: Member of the finance committee\n", "BULLET::::- since 1999: Lord Mayor of Zvolen\n", "BULLET::::- 2002–2004: Chairman of the board of the Banská Bystrica regional development agency\n", "Section::::Education.\n", "BULLET::::- Member of the National Council of the Slovak Republic\n", "BULLET::::- Vice-Chairman of the Committee for Finance, the Budget and Currency\n", "BULLET::::- Member of the Committee for European Integration\n", "BULLET::::- 1998–2002: Member of the EU-Slovak Republic Joint Parliamentary Committee\n", "BULLET::::- 1998–2002: Vice-Chairman of the academic senate of City University (Bratislava)\n", "BULLET::::- since 2003: Chairman of the board of directors of Zvolen Technical University\n", "BULLET::::- 2002: Holder of the 'Cena mesta Banská Bystrica' (City of Banská Bystrica Award)\n", "\"See also:\" 2004 European Parliament election in Slovakia\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Slovak politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7938821", "wikidata_label": "Vladimír Maňka", "wikipedia_title": "Vladimír Maňka" }

{ "end": [ 60, 71, 101, 131, 51, 61, 118, 266, 472, 16, 23, 23, 21, 31, 29, 28, 25, 26, 28, 27, 27, 25, 44, 50, 56, 31, 50, 33, 52, 58, 29, 48, 54, 26, 45, 22, 19, 25, 40, 38, 42, 76, 78, 92, 40, 57 ], "href": [ "Hungary", "water%20polo", "Vasas%20SC%20%28men%27s%20water%20polo%29", "Orsz%C3%A1gos%20Bajnoks%C3%A1g%20I%20%28men%27s%20water%20polo%29", "Summer%20Olympic%20Games", "Athens", "Serbia%20and%20Montenegro", "Serbia%20and%20Montenegro", "Tam%C3%A1s%20K%C3%A1s%C3%A1s", "BVSC%20%28men%27s%20water%20polo%29", "Tungsram%20SC%20%28men%27s%20water%20polo%29", "Ferencv%C3%A1rosi%20TC%20%28men%27s%20water%20polo%29", "CN%20Posillipo", "%C3%9Ajpesti%20TE%20%28men%27s%20water%20polo%29", "CC%20Napoli", "AS%20President%20Bologna", "Budapesti%20Honv%C3%A9d%20SE%20%28men%27s%20water%20polo%29", "VK%20Primorac%20Kotor", "Vasas%20SC%20%28men%27s%20water%20polo%29", "Budapesti%20Honv%C3%A9d%20SE%20%28men%27s%20water%20polo%29", "Valletta%20United", "Summer%20Olympic%20Games", "Water%20polo%20at%20the%202000%20Summer%20Olympics", "Water%20polo%20at%20the%202000%20Summer%20Olympics", "Water%20polo%20at%20the%202000%20Summer%20Olympics", "FINA%20World%20Aquatics%20Championships", "2003%20World%20Aquatics%20Championships", "European%20Water%20Polo%20Championship", "1997%20Men%27s%20European%20Water%20Polo%20Championship", "1999%20Men%27s%20European%20Water%20Polo%20Championship", "FINA%20Water%20Polo%20World%20League", "2003%20FINA%20Men%27s%20Water%20Polo%20World%20League", "2004%20FINA%20Men%27s%20Water%20Polo%20World%20League", "FINA%20Water%20Polo%20World%20Cup", "1999%20FINA%20Men%27s%20Water%20Polo%20World%20Cup", "LEN%20Champions%20League", "LEN%20Euro%20Cup", "LEN%20Super%20Cup", "Orsz%C3%A1gos%20Bajnoks%C3%A1g%20I%20%28men%27s%20water%20polo%29", "Magyar%20Kupa%20%28men%27s%20water%20polo%29", "Szuperkupa%20%28men%27s%20water%20polo%29", "Order%20of%20Merit%20of%20the%20Republic%20of%20Hungary", "Order%20of%20Merit%20of%20the%20Republic%20of%20Hungary", "Order%20of%20Merit%20of%20the%20Republic%20of%20Hungary", "Budapest", "International%20Swimming%20Hall%20of%20Fame" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 20, 20, 20, 21, 21, 22, 22, 22, 23, 23, 23, 24, 24, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 38, 40, 41, 42, 45 ], "start": [ 51, 61, 93, 109, 38, 55, 97, 245, 461, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 40, 46, 52, 12, 46, 12, 48, 54, 12, 44, 50, 12, 41, 12, 12, 12, 36, 27, 32, 12, 12, 12, 32, 22 ], "text": [ "Hungarian", "water polo", "Vasas SC", "Hungarian Championship", "2004 Olympics", "Athens", "Serbia and Montenegro", "Serbia and Montenegro", "Tamás Kásás", "BVSC", "Tungsram SC", "FTC-Vitalin", "Posillipo", "Újpesti TE-Taxi2000", "Canottieri Napoli", "Universo Bologna", "Domino-Honvéd", "Primorac Kotor", "TEVA-Vasas-UNIQA", "RacioNet Honvéd", "Valletta United", "Olympic Games", "2000", "2004", "2008", "World Championships", "2003", "European Championship", "1997", "1999", "FINA World League", "2003", "2004", "FINA World Cup", "1999", "Euroleague", "LEN Cup", "LEN Super Cup", "OB I", "Magyar Kupa", "Szuperkupa", "Officer's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary", "Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary", "Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary with the Star", "Budapest", "International Swimming Hall of Fame" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Gergely Kiss\n", "Gergely \"Gergő\" Kiss (born 21 September 1977) is a Hungarian water polo player who plays for Vasas SC in the Hungarian Championship. He plays on the right side, but moves to 2-meters on offense sometimes. He is considered to be one of the best left-handed water polo players in the world.\n", "Kiss dominated internationally in the 2004 Olympics in Athens, especially in final match against Serbia and Montenegro. The Hungarian team was not at its best in the first quarter, but Kiss was able to score thrice, helping them to keep up with Serbia and Montenegro. After the Hungarian side came back to tie the game in the fourth quarter, Kiss put in the game-winning goal on a 'power play' opportunity. He was voted to the all-star team along with teammate Tamás Kásás. Kiss first became known internationally at Olympic level during the 2000 Olympics helping Hungary win gold in the finals.\n", "Kiss, nicknamed \"Geri\", is greatly influenced by his coach Dénes Kemény. He finished studying law in 2005.\n", "Section::::Club career.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Clubs.\n", "BULLET::::- BVSC (1986–1990)\n", "BULLET::::- Tungsram SC, Kordax BSC (1990–1996)\n", "BULLET::::- FTC-Vitalin (1996–1997)\n", "BULLET::::- Posillipo (1997–1998)\n", "BULLET::::- Újpesti TE-Taxi2000 (1998–1999)\n", "BULLET::::- Canottieri Napoli (1999–2000)\n", "BULLET::::- Universo Bologna (2000–2001)\n", "BULLET::::- Domino-Honvéd (2001–2008)\n", "BULLET::::- Primorac Kotor (2008–2010)\n", "BULLET::::- TEVA-Vasas-UNIQA (2010–2012)\n", "BULLET::::- RacioNet Honvéd (2012–____ ) 2x\n", "BULLET::::- Valletta United (2015)\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "Section::::Honours.:National.\n", "BULLET::::- Olympic Games: Gold medal - 2000, 2004, 2008\n", "BULLET::::- World Championships: Gold medal - 2003; Silver medal - 1998, 2005, 2007\n", "BULLET::::- European Championship: Gold medal - 1997, 1999; Silver medal - 2006; Bronze medal - 2001, 2003, 2008, 2012\n", "BULLET::::- FINA World League: Gold medal - 2003, 2004; Silver medal - 2007; Bronze medal - 2002\n", "BULLET::::- FINA World Cup: Gold medal - 1999; Silver medal - 2002, 2006; Bronze medal - 1997\n", "BULLET::::- Junior World Championships: (Gold medal - 1995; Silver medal - 1997)\n", "BULLET::::- Junior European Championship: (Gold medal - 1994)\n", "Section::::Honours.:Club.\n", "BULLET::::- Euroleague Winners (3): (1998 - with Posillipo; 2004 - with Bp. Honvéd; 2009 - with Primorac Kotor)\n", "BULLET::::- LEN Cup Winners (1): (1999 - with UTE)\n", "BULLET::::- LEN Super Cup Winner (2): (2004 - with Bp. Honvéd; 2009 - with Primorac Kotor)\n", "BULLET::::- Hungarian Championship (OB I): 6x (2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 - with Bp. Honvéd; 2012 - with Vasas)\n", "BULLET::::- Hungarian Cup (Magyar Kupa): 2x (1997 - with FTC; 2006 - with Bp. Honvéd)\n", "BULLET::::- Hungarian SuperCup (Szuperkupa): 1x (2005 - with Bp. Honvéd)\n", "BULLET::::- Montenegrin Cup (Kup Crne Gore): 1x (2010 - with Primorac Kotor)\n", "Section::::Awards.\n", "BULLET::::- Masterly youth athlete: 1995, 1996, 1997\n", "BULLET::::- Member of the Hungarian team of year: 1997, 1999, 2000, 2003, 2004, 2008\n", "BULLET::::- Officer's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (2000)\n", "BULLET::::- Golden cap (2000, 2004)\n", "BULLET::::- Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (2004)\n", "BULLET::::- Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary with the Star (2008)\n", "BULLET::::- Honorary Citizen of Budapest (2008)\n", "BULLET::::- Hungarian Water Polo Player of the Year: 2009\n", "BULLET::::- Ministerial Certificate of Merit (2012)\n", "BULLET::::- Member of International Swimming Hall of Fame (2015)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Hungarian water polo player", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q461628", "wikidata_label": "Gergely Kiss", "wikipedia_title": "Gergely Kiss" }

{ "end": [ 57, 70, 81, 119, 165, 202, 238, 274, 93, 170, 232, 452, 45, 70, 62, 39, 100, 57 ], "href": [ "Doln%C3%BD%20Kub%C3%ADn", "Politics%20of%20Slovakia", "politician", "Member%20of%20the%20European%20Parliament", "Krestansko-demokraticke%20hnutie", "European%20People%27s%20Party", "European%20Parliament", "Committee%20on%20Regional%20Development", "Committee%20on%20the%20Environment%2C%20Public%20Health%20and%20Food%20Safety", "Euro-Mediterranean%20Parliamentary%20Assembly", "Israel", "cardiovascular%20disease", "postgraduate", "anaesthesiology", "general", "European%20Union", "Canada", "2004%20European%20Parliament%20election%20in%20Slovakia" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 6, 6, 7, 18, 20, 22 ], "start": [ 46, 64, 71, 86, 135, 179, 219, 241, 34, 129, 226, 430, 33, 55, 55, 37, 94, 12 ], "text": [ "Dolný Kubín", "Slovak", "politician", "Member of the European Parliament", "Krestansko-demokraticke hnutie", "European People's Party", "European Parliament", "Committee on Regional Development", "Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety", "Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly", "Israel", "cardiovascular disease", "postgraduate", "anaesthesiology", "general", "EU", "Canada", "2004 European Parliament election in Slovakia" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Miroslav Mikolášik\n", "Miroslav Mikolášik (born 11 September 1952 in Dolný Kubín) is a Slovak politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) with the Krestansko-demokraticke hnutie, part of the European People's Party and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Regional Development.\n", "Mikolášik is a substitute for the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety, a member of the delegation to the Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly and a substitute for the delegation for relations with Israel. In addition to his committee assignments, he is also a supporter of the MEP Heart Group, a group of parliamentarians who have an interest in promoting measures that will help reduce the burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVD).\n", "He still lives in Dolný Kubín along with his wife. He has four children; three sons and one daughter.\n", "Section::::Education.\n", "BULLET::::- 1972-1978: Charles' University (Prague), Medical Faculty\n", "BULLET::::- 1982: Certificate of postgraduate study in anaesthesiology and reanimation\n", "BULLET::::- 1984: Certificate of postgraduate study in general medicine\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "BULLET::::- since 1978: Doctor at an anaesthesiological and resuscitation department\n", "BULLET::::- since 1994: General practitioner\n", "BULLET::::- 1991-1992: External teacher at the Institute of Medical Ethics and Bioethics (Bratislava)\n", "BULLET::::- 1990-1991: Vice-Chairman of a District National Committee (Dolný Kubín)\n", "BULLET::::- 1991-1992: Head of the Department for International Relations at the Ministry of Health of the Slovak Republic\n", "BULLET::::- 1992-1994: Chairman of KDH (Christian Democratic Movement) (Orava region)\n", "BULLET::::- 1994-1998: Member of the National Council of the Slovak Republic for KDH\n", "BULLET::::- 1998-1999: Member of the National Council of the Slovak Republic for SDK (Slovak Democratic Coalition) /KDH\n", "BULLET::::- 1994-1998: Member of the Committee on Social Affairs and Health Care\n", "BULLET::::- 1995-1998: Member of the EU-Slovak Republic Joint Parliamentary Committee\n", "BULLET::::- 1998-1999: Member of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the National Council of the Slovak Republic\n", "BULLET::::- 1999-2002: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Slovak Republic to Canada\n", "BULLET::::- President of the citizens' association 'Donum Vitae'\n", "\"See also:\" 2004 European Parliament election in Slovakia\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Bogdan Pęk\n", "Bogdan Marek Pęk (, born on 8 April 1953 in Kraków) is a Polish politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Lesser Poland Voivodeship & Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship with the League of Polish Families, part of the Independence and Democracy and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs.\n", "Pęk is a substitute for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development, a member of the Delegation for relations with the People's Republic of China and a substitute for the Delegation for relations with Belarus.\n", "Section::::Education.\n", "BULLET::::- 1979: Graduate of the Agricultural Academy of Kraków\n", "BULLET::::- 1996: Course for members of the Treasury Management Supervisory Councils\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "BULLET::::- 1980–1985: Factory farm manager\n", "BULLET::::- 1985–1990: Chairman of the Organisation of Farmers' Cooperatives\n", "BULLET::::- 1980–1984: Vice-Chairman of the independent, self-governing trade union NSZZ Solidarność to the Regional Enterprise for the Meat Industry (OPPM)\n", "BULLET::::- 1990–1992: Secretary (1990–1992) and Chairman of the Voivodeship Administration of the Polish Peasant Party (PSL) in Kraków\n", "BULLET::::- 1996–1997: Vice-Chairman of the National Administration of the PSL\n", "BULLET::::- 1988–2003: Member of the High Council of the PSL\n", "BULLET::::- since 2003: Vice-Chairman of the board of the League of Polish Families\n", "BULLET::::- 1986–1990: Councillor of the commune ('gmina') of Zielonka\n", "BULLET::::- Member of Parliament of the Republic of Poland\n", "BULLET::::- 1993–1994: Chairman of the Committee on Privatisation\n", "BULLET::::- 1995–1997: Chairman of the Committee on Inspections\n", "BULLET::::- 1997–2001: Vice-Chairman of the Treasury Committee and on affairs of the Institute of National Remembrance\n", "BULLET::::- 1997–2003: Vice-Chairman of the PSL Parliamentary Union\n", "BULLET::::- 1994: Member of the Polish Angling Association (1970) and the Polish Hunting Association\n", "Section::::Decorations.\n", "BULLET::::- 1986: Bronze Cross of Merit\n", "\"See also:\" 2004 European Parliament election in Poland\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Polish politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4937468", "wikidata_label": "Bogdan Pęk", "wikipedia_title": "Bogdan Pęk" }

{ "end": [ 74, 93, 100, 111, 149, 190, 225, 270, 301, 340, 117, 42, 73, 135, 215, 81, 60, 98, 152, 197, 236 ], "href": [ "Zielona%20G%C3%B3ra", "Independent%20%28politician%29", "Politics%20of%20Poland", "politician", "Member%20of%20the%20European%20Parliament", "2004%20European%20Parliament%20election%20in%20Poland", "League%20of%20Polish%20Families", "Independence%20and%20Democracy", "2009%20European%20Parliament%20election%20in%20Poland", "Law%20and%20Justice", "European%20Conservatives%20and%20Reformists", "European%20Parliament", "Committee%20on%20Foreign%20Affairs%20%28EU%29", "Committee%20on%20Regional%20Development", "Delegation%20for%20Relations%20with%20Australia%20and%20New%20Zealand", "John%20Paul%20II%20Catholic%20University%20of%20Lublin", "Herder%20Institut", "Konrad%20Adenauer%20Foundation", "Conference%20of%20German%20Academies%20of%20Sciences", "Foundation%20for%20Polish%20Science", "Katholieke%20Universiteit%20Leuven" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7 ], "start": [ 62, 82, 94, 101, 116, 183, 200, 244, 288, 325, 80, 23, 45, 102, 160, 52, 45, 72, 110, 168, 216 ], "text": [ "Zielona Góra", "independent", "Polish", "politician", "Member of the European Parliament", "in 2004", "League of Polish Families", "Independence and Democracy", "2009 election", "Law and Justice", "European Conservatives and Reformists", "European Parliament", "Committee on Foreign Affairs", "Committee on Regional Development", "Delegation for Relations with Australia and New Zealand", "Catholic University of Lublin", "Herder Institut", "Konrad Adenauer Foundation", "Conference of German Academies of Sciences", "Foundation for Polish Science", "University of Leuven" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Mirosław Piotrowski\n", "Professor Mirosław Mariusz Piotrowski (born 9 January 1966 in Zielona Góra) is an independent Polish politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP). He was originally elected in 2004 with the League of Polish Families, then part of the Independence and Democracy grouping. At the 2009 election, he was re-elected for Law and Justice.\n", "He left Law and Justice in January 2012 and to sit as an independent MEP in the European Conservatives and Reformists group, alongside Law and Justice, but became reconciled with his old party, to again become its representative for the 2014 European Parliamentary elections.\n", "Piotrowski sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs. He is a substitute for the Committee on Regional Development and a vice-chair of the Delegation for Relations with Australia and New Zealand.\n", "Section::::Education.\n", "BULLET::::- 2003: Masters (1990), Doctorate (1993), Catholic University of Lublin (KUL), assistant professor, Nicolas Copernicus University (2001) and associate professor KUL\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "BULLET::::- 1994-2000: Scholarships from the Herder Institut (Germany), Konrad Adenauer Foundation (Germany), Conference of German Academies of Sciences (Germany), the Foundation for Polish Science (Poland), and the University of Leuven (Belgium).\n", "BULLET::::- 2002: Prize of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland awarded to the qualifying thesis for assistant professorship on the remigration of Poles from Germany 1918-1939 'Reemigracja Polaków z Niemiec 1918-1939'\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "member of the European Parliament", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q8273288", "wikidata_label": "Mirosław Piotrowski", "wikipedia_title": "Mirosław Piotrowski" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Zdzisław Podkański\n", "Zdzisław Zbigniew Podkański (born 18 October 1949 in Guzówka, Poland) is a Polish politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Lublin Voivodship with the Polish People's Party, part of the European People's Party and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Culture and Education.\n", "Podkański is a substitute for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development and a vice-chair of the Delegation to the EU-Moldova Parliamentary Cooperation Committee.\n", "Section::::Education.\n", "BULLET::::- 1972: Master of History, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "BULLET::::- 1973-1975: Employee of the Society for the Dissemination of General Knowledge (1972–1973), then on the Voivodship Committee of the ZSL (United Peasant's Party)\n", "BULLET::::- 1975-1980: Vice-Chairman of the Voivodship Administration of the Naval Sports Group (ZSMW) and section head in youth organisations\n", "BULLET::::- 1980-1984: Section head on the Voivodship Committee of the ZSL\n", "BULLET::::- 1984-1992: Director of the central administration of the Association of Folk Craftsmen (STL)\n", "BULLET::::- 1992-1994: Plenipotentiary to the Minister of Culture and Art\n", "BULLET::::- Councillor (1984–1989) and Vice-Chairman (1988–1989) People's Town Council in Lublin\n", "BULLET::::- 1991-: Chairman of the Voivodship Administration of the Polish People's Party (PSL) in Lublin\n", "BULLET::::- since 2004: Vice-Chairman PSL\n", "BULLET::::- 1994-1996: Under-secretary of State at the Ministry of Culture and Art\n", "BULLET::::- 1996-1997: Minister of Culture and Art\n", "BULLET::::- Member of Parliament of the Republic of Poland (1993–2004), Vice-Chairman of the Parliamentary Culture and Media Committee\n", "Section::::Decorations.\n", "BULLET::::- Gold Cross of Merit\n", "\"See also:\" 2004 European Parliament election in Poland\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Polish politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6271125", "wikidata_label": "Zdzisław Podkański", "wikipedia_title": "Zdzisław Podkański" }