annotation_CSV/PMC4871749.csv

anno_start	anno_end	anno_text	entity_type	sentence	section
4	9	Taf14	protein	The Taf14 YEATS domain is a reader of histone crotonylation	TITLE
10	22	YEATS domain	structure_element	The Taf14 YEATS domain is a reader of histone crotonylation	TITLE
38	45	histone	protein_type	The Taf14 YEATS domain is a reader of histone crotonylation	TITLE
46	59	crotonylation	ptm	The Taf14 YEATS domain is a reader of histone crotonylation	TITLE
21	28	histone	protein_type	The discovery of new histone modifications is unfolding at startling rates, however, the identification of effectors capable of interpreting these modifications has lagged behind.	ABSTRACT
19	31	YEATS domain	structure_element	Here we report the YEATS domain as an effective reader of histone lysine crotonylation – an epigenetic signature associated with active transcription.	ABSTRACT
58	65	histone	protein_type	Here we report the YEATS domain as an effective reader of histone lysine crotonylation – an epigenetic signature associated with active transcription.	ABSTRACT
66	72	lysine	residue_name	Here we report the YEATS domain as an effective reader of histone lysine crotonylation – an epigenetic signature associated with active transcription.	ABSTRACT
73	86	crotonylation	ptm	Here we report the YEATS domain as an effective reader of histone lysine crotonylation – an epigenetic signature associated with active transcription.	ABSTRACT
17	22	Taf14	protein	We show that the Taf14 YEATS domain engages crotonyllysine via a unique π-π-π-stacking mechanism and that other YEATS domains have crotonyllysine binding activity.	ABSTRACT
23	35	YEATS domain	structure_element	We show that the Taf14 YEATS domain engages crotonyllysine via a unique π-π-π-stacking mechanism and that other YEATS domains have crotonyllysine binding activity.	ABSTRACT
44	58	crotonyllysine	residue_name	We show that the Taf14 YEATS domain engages crotonyllysine via a unique π-π-π-stacking mechanism and that other YEATS domains have crotonyllysine binding activity.	ABSTRACT
72	86	π-π-π-stacking	bond_interaction	We show that the Taf14 YEATS domain engages crotonyllysine via a unique π-π-π-stacking mechanism and that other YEATS domains have crotonyllysine binding activity.	ABSTRACT
112	125	YEATS domains	structure_element	We show that the Taf14 YEATS domain engages crotonyllysine via a unique π-π-π-stacking mechanism and that other YEATS domains have crotonyllysine binding activity.	ABSTRACT
131	145	crotonyllysine	residue_name	We show that the Taf14 YEATS domain engages crotonyllysine via a unique π-π-π-stacking mechanism and that other YEATS domains have crotonyllysine binding activity.	ABSTRACT
0	13	Crotonylation	ptm	Crotonylation of lysine residues (crotonyllysine, Kcr) has emerged as one of the fundamental histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) found in mammalian chromatin.	INTRO
17	23	lysine	residue_name	Crotonylation of lysine residues (crotonyllysine, Kcr) has emerged as one of the fundamental histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) found in mammalian chromatin.	INTRO
34	48	crotonyllysine	residue_name	Crotonylation of lysine residues (crotonyllysine, Kcr) has emerged as one of the fundamental histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) found in mammalian chromatin.	INTRO
50	53	Kcr	residue_name	Crotonylation of lysine residues (crotonyllysine, Kcr) has emerged as one of the fundamental histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) found in mammalian chromatin.	INTRO
93	100	histone	protein_type	Crotonylation of lysine residues (crotonyllysine, Kcr) has emerged as one of the fundamental histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) found in mammalian chromatin.	INTRO
150	159	mammalian	taxonomy_domain	Crotonylation of lysine residues (crotonyllysine, Kcr) has emerged as one of the fundamental histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) found in mammalian chromatin.	INTRO
4	18	crotonyllysine	residue_name	The crotonyllysine mark on histone H3K18 is produced by p300, a histone acetyltransferase also responsible for acetylation of histones.	INTRO
27	34	histone	protein_type	The crotonyllysine mark on histone H3K18 is produced by p300, a histone acetyltransferase also responsible for acetylation of histones.	INTRO
35	37	H3	protein_type	The crotonyllysine mark on histone H3K18 is produced by p300, a histone acetyltransferase also responsible for acetylation of histones.	INTRO
37	40	K18	residue_name_number	The crotonyllysine mark on histone H3K18 is produced by p300, a histone acetyltransferase also responsible for acetylation of histones.	INTRO
56	60	p300	protein	The crotonyllysine mark on histone H3K18 is produced by p300, a histone acetyltransferase also responsible for acetylation of histones.	INTRO
64	89	histone acetyltransferase	protein_type	The crotonyllysine mark on histone H3K18 is produced by p300, a histone acetyltransferase also responsible for acetylation of histones.	INTRO
111	122	acetylation	ptm	The crotonyllysine mark on histone H3K18 is produced by p300, a histone acetyltransferase also responsible for acetylation of histones.	INTRO
61	75	crotonyllysine	residue_name	Owing to some differences in their genomic distribution, the crotonyllysine and acetyllysine (Kac) modifications have been linked to distinct functional outcomes.	INTRO
80	92	acetyllysine	residue_name	Owing to some differences in their genomic distribution, the crotonyllysine and acetyllysine (Kac) modifications have been linked to distinct functional outcomes.	INTRO
94	97	Kac	residue_name	Owing to some differences in their genomic distribution, the crotonyllysine and acetyllysine (Kac) modifications have been linked to distinct functional outcomes.	INTRO
0	4	p300	protein	p300-catalyzed histone crotonylation, which is likely metabolically regulated, stimulates transcription to a greater degree than p300-catalyzed acetylation.	INTRO
15	22	histone	protein_type	p300-catalyzed histone crotonylation, which is likely metabolically regulated, stimulates transcription to a greater degree than p300-catalyzed acetylation.	INTRO
23	36	crotonylation	ptm	p300-catalyzed histone crotonylation, which is likely metabolically regulated, stimulates transcription to a greater degree than p300-catalyzed acetylation.	INTRO
129	133	p300	protein	p300-catalyzed histone crotonylation, which is likely metabolically regulated, stimulates transcription to a greater degree than p300-catalyzed acetylation.	INTRO
144	155	acetylation	ptm	p300-catalyzed histone crotonylation, which is likely metabolically regulated, stimulates transcription to a greater degree than p300-catalyzed acetylation.	INTRO
53	67	crotonyllysine	residue_name	The discovery of individual biological roles for the crotonyllysine and acetyllysine marks suggests that these PTMs can be read by distinct readers.	INTRO
72	84	acetyllysine	residue_name	The discovery of individual biological roles for the crotonyllysine and acetyllysine marks suggests that these PTMs can be read by distinct readers.	INTRO
18	30	acetyllysine	residue_name	While a number of acetyllysine readers have been identified and characterized, a specific reader of the crotonyllysine mark remains unknown (reviewed in).	INTRO
104	118	crotonyllysine	residue_name	While a number of acetyllysine readers have been identified and characterized, a specific reader of the crotonyllysine mark remains unknown (reviewed in).	INTRO
19	31	bromodomains	structure_element	A recent survey of bromodomains (BDs) demonstrates that only one BD associates very weakly with a crotonylated peptide, however it binds more tightly to acetylated peptides, inferring that bromodomains do not possess physiologically relevant crotonyllysine binding activity.	INTRO
33	36	BDs	structure_element	A recent survey of bromodomains (BDs) demonstrates that only one BD associates very weakly with a crotonylated peptide, however it binds more tightly to acetylated peptides, inferring that bromodomains do not possess physiologically relevant crotonyllysine binding activity.	INTRO
65	67	BD	structure_element	A recent survey of bromodomains (BDs) demonstrates that only one BD associates very weakly with a crotonylated peptide, however it binds more tightly to acetylated peptides, inferring that bromodomains do not possess physiologically relevant crotonyllysine binding activity.	INTRO
98	110	crotonylated	protein_state	A recent survey of bromodomains (BDs) demonstrates that only one BD associates very weakly with a crotonylated peptide, however it binds more tightly to acetylated peptides, inferring that bromodomains do not possess physiologically relevant crotonyllysine binding activity.	INTRO
153	163	acetylated	protein_state	A recent survey of bromodomains (BDs) demonstrates that only one BD associates very weakly with a crotonylated peptide, however it binds more tightly to acetylated peptides, inferring that bromodomains do not possess physiologically relevant crotonyllysine binding activity.	INTRO
189	201	bromodomains	structure_element	A recent survey of bromodomains (BDs) demonstrates that only one BD associates very weakly with a crotonylated peptide, however it binds more tightly to acetylated peptides, inferring that bromodomains do not possess physiologically relevant crotonyllysine binding activity.	INTRO
242	256	crotonyllysine	residue_name	A recent survey of bromodomains (BDs) demonstrates that only one BD associates very weakly with a crotonylated peptide, however it binds more tightly to acetylated peptides, inferring that bromodomains do not possess physiologically relevant crotonyllysine binding activity.	INTRO
14	26	acetyllysine	residue_name	The family of acetyllysine readers has been expanded with the discovery that the YEATS (Yaf9, ENL, AF9, Taf14, Sas5) domains of human AF9 and yeast Taf14 are capable of recognizing the histone mark H3K9ac.	INTRO
81	86	YEATS	structure_element	The family of acetyllysine readers has been expanded with the discovery that the YEATS (Yaf9, ENL, AF9, Taf14, Sas5) domains of human AF9 and yeast Taf14 are capable of recognizing the histone mark H3K9ac.	INTRO
88	92	Yaf9	protein	The family of acetyllysine readers has been expanded with the discovery that the YEATS (Yaf9, ENL, AF9, Taf14, Sas5) domains of human AF9 and yeast Taf14 are capable of recognizing the histone mark H3K9ac.	INTRO
94	97	ENL	protein	The family of acetyllysine readers has been expanded with the discovery that the YEATS (Yaf9, ENL, AF9, Taf14, Sas5) domains of human AF9 and yeast Taf14 are capable of recognizing the histone mark H3K9ac.	INTRO
99	102	AF9	protein	The family of acetyllysine readers has been expanded with the discovery that the YEATS (Yaf9, ENL, AF9, Taf14, Sas5) domains of human AF9 and yeast Taf14 are capable of recognizing the histone mark H3K9ac.	INTRO
104	109	Taf14	protein	The family of acetyllysine readers has been expanded with the discovery that the YEATS (Yaf9, ENL, AF9, Taf14, Sas5) domains of human AF9 and yeast Taf14 are capable of recognizing the histone mark H3K9ac.	INTRO
111	115	Sas5	protein	The family of acetyllysine readers has been expanded with the discovery that the YEATS (Yaf9, ENL, AF9, Taf14, Sas5) domains of human AF9 and yeast Taf14 are capable of recognizing the histone mark H3K9ac.	INTRO
128	133	human	species	The family of acetyllysine readers has been expanded with the discovery that the YEATS (Yaf9, ENL, AF9, Taf14, Sas5) domains of human AF9 and yeast Taf14 are capable of recognizing the histone mark H3K9ac.	INTRO
134	137	AF9	protein	The family of acetyllysine readers has been expanded with the discovery that the YEATS (Yaf9, ENL, AF9, Taf14, Sas5) domains of human AF9 and yeast Taf14 are capable of recognizing the histone mark H3K9ac.	INTRO
142	147	yeast	taxonomy_domain	The family of acetyllysine readers has been expanded with the discovery that the YEATS (Yaf9, ENL, AF9, Taf14, Sas5) domains of human AF9 and yeast Taf14 are capable of recognizing the histone mark H3K9ac.	INTRO
148	153	Taf14	protein	The family of acetyllysine readers has been expanded with the discovery that the YEATS (Yaf9, ENL, AF9, Taf14, Sas5) domains of human AF9 and yeast Taf14 are capable of recognizing the histone mark H3K9ac.	INTRO
185	192	histone	protein_type	The family of acetyllysine readers has been expanded with the discovery that the YEATS (Yaf9, ENL, AF9, Taf14, Sas5) domains of human AF9 and yeast Taf14 are capable of recognizing the histone mark H3K9ac.	INTRO
198	200	H3	protein_type	The family of acetyllysine readers has been expanded with the discovery that the YEATS (Yaf9, ENL, AF9, Taf14, Sas5) domains of human AF9 and yeast Taf14 are capable of recognizing the histone mark H3K9ac.	INTRO
200	204	K9ac	ptm	The family of acetyllysine readers has been expanded with the discovery that the YEATS (Yaf9, ENL, AF9, Taf14, Sas5) domains of human AF9 and yeast Taf14 are capable of recognizing the histone mark H3K9ac.	INTRO
4	16	acetyllysine	residue_name	The acetyllysine binding function of the AF9 YEATS domain is essential for the recruitment of the histone methyltransferase DOT1L to H3K9ac-containing chromatin and for DOT1L-mediated H3K79 methylation and transcription.	INTRO
41	44	AF9	protein	The acetyllysine binding function of the AF9 YEATS domain is essential for the recruitment of the histone methyltransferase DOT1L to H3K9ac-containing chromatin and for DOT1L-mediated H3K79 methylation and transcription.	INTRO
45	57	YEATS domain	structure_element	The acetyllysine binding function of the AF9 YEATS domain is essential for the recruitment of the histone methyltransferase DOT1L to H3K9ac-containing chromatin and for DOT1L-mediated H3K79 methylation and transcription.	INTRO
98	123	histone methyltransferase	protein_type	The acetyllysine binding function of the AF9 YEATS domain is essential for the recruitment of the histone methyltransferase DOT1L to H3K9ac-containing chromatin and for DOT1L-mediated H3K79 methylation and transcription.	INTRO
124	129	DOT1L	protein	The acetyllysine binding function of the AF9 YEATS domain is essential for the recruitment of the histone methyltransferase DOT1L to H3K9ac-containing chromatin and for DOT1L-mediated H3K79 methylation and transcription.	INTRO
133	135	H3	protein_type	The acetyllysine binding function of the AF9 YEATS domain is essential for the recruitment of the histone methyltransferase DOT1L to H3K9ac-containing chromatin and for DOT1L-mediated H3K79 methylation and transcription.	INTRO
135	139	K9ac	ptm	The acetyllysine binding function of the AF9 YEATS domain is essential for the recruitment of the histone methyltransferase DOT1L to H3K9ac-containing chromatin and for DOT1L-mediated H3K79 methylation and transcription.	INTRO
169	174	DOT1L	protein	The acetyllysine binding function of the AF9 YEATS domain is essential for the recruitment of the histone methyltransferase DOT1L to H3K9ac-containing chromatin and for DOT1L-mediated H3K79 methylation and transcription.	INTRO
184	186	H3	protein_type	The acetyllysine binding function of the AF9 YEATS domain is essential for the recruitment of the histone methyltransferase DOT1L to H3K9ac-containing chromatin and for DOT1L-mediated H3K79 methylation and transcription.	INTRO
186	189	K79	residue_name_number	The acetyllysine binding function of the AF9 YEATS domain is essential for the recruitment of the histone methyltransferase DOT1L to H3K9ac-containing chromatin and for DOT1L-mediated H3K79 methylation and transcription.	INTRO
190	201	methylation	ptm	The acetyllysine binding function of the AF9 YEATS domain is essential for the recruitment of the histone methyltransferase DOT1L to H3K9ac-containing chromatin and for DOT1L-mediated H3K79 methylation and transcription.	INTRO
68	73	yeast	taxonomy_domain	Similarly, activation of a subset of genes and DNA damage repair in yeast require the acetyllysine binding activity of the Taf14 YEATS domain.	INTRO
86	98	acetyllysine	residue_name	Similarly, activation of a subset of genes and DNA damage repair in yeast require the acetyllysine binding activity of the Taf14 YEATS domain.	INTRO
123	128	Taf14	protein	Similarly, activation of a subset of genes and DNA damage repair in yeast require the acetyllysine binding activity of the Taf14 YEATS domain.	INTRO
129	141	YEATS domain	structure_element	Similarly, activation of a subset of genes and DNA damage repair in yeast require the acetyllysine binding activity of the Taf14 YEATS domain.	INTRO
45	50	Taf14	protein	Consistent with its role in gene regulation, Taf14 was identified as a core component of the transcription factor complexes TFIID and TFIIF.	INTRO
124	129	TFIID	complex_assembly	Consistent with its role in gene regulation, Taf14 was identified as a core component of the transcription factor complexes TFIID and TFIIF.	INTRO
134	139	TFIIF	complex_assembly	Consistent with its role in gene regulation, Taf14 was identified as a core component of the transcription factor complexes TFIID and TFIIF.	INTRO
9	14	Taf14	protein	However, Taf14 is also found in a number of chromatin-remodeling complexes (i.e., INO80, SWI/SNF and RSC) and the histone acetyltransferase complex NuA3, indicating a multifaceted role of Taf14 in transcriptional regulation and chromatin biology.	INTRO
82	87	INO80	complex_assembly	However, Taf14 is also found in a number of chromatin-remodeling complexes (i.e., INO80, SWI/SNF and RSC) and the histone acetyltransferase complex NuA3, indicating a multifaceted role of Taf14 in transcriptional regulation and chromatin biology.	INTRO
89	96	SWI/SNF	complex_assembly	However, Taf14 is also found in a number of chromatin-remodeling complexes (i.e., INO80, SWI/SNF and RSC) and the histone acetyltransferase complex NuA3, indicating a multifaceted role of Taf14 in transcriptional regulation and chromatin biology.	INTRO
101	104	RSC	complex_assembly	However, Taf14 is also found in a number of chromatin-remodeling complexes (i.e., INO80, SWI/SNF and RSC) and the histone acetyltransferase complex NuA3, indicating a multifaceted role of Taf14 in transcriptional regulation and chromatin biology.	INTRO
114	139	histone acetyltransferase	protein_type	However, Taf14 is also found in a number of chromatin-remodeling complexes (i.e., INO80, SWI/SNF and RSC) and the histone acetyltransferase complex NuA3, indicating a multifaceted role of Taf14 in transcriptional regulation and chromatin biology.	INTRO
148	152	NuA3	complex_assembly	However, Taf14 is also found in a number of chromatin-remodeling complexes (i.e., INO80, SWI/SNF and RSC) and the histone acetyltransferase complex NuA3, indicating a multifaceted role of Taf14 in transcriptional regulation and chromatin biology.	INTRO
188	193	Taf14	protein	However, Taf14 is also found in a number of chromatin-remodeling complexes (i.e., INO80, SWI/SNF and RSC) and the histone acetyltransferase complex NuA3, indicating a multifaceted role of Taf14 in transcriptional regulation and chromatin biology.	INTRO
33	38	Taf14	protein	In this study, we identified the Taf14 YEATS domain as a reader of crotonyllysine that binds to histone H3 crotonylated at lysine 9 (H3K9cr) via a distinctive binding mechanism.	INTRO
39	51	YEATS domain	structure_element	In this study, we identified the Taf14 YEATS domain as a reader of crotonyllysine that binds to histone H3 crotonylated at lysine 9 (H3K9cr) via a distinctive binding mechanism.	INTRO
67	81	crotonyllysine	residue_name	In this study, we identified the Taf14 YEATS domain as a reader of crotonyllysine that binds to histone H3 crotonylated at lysine 9 (H3K9cr) via a distinctive binding mechanism.	INTRO
96	103	histone	protein_type	In this study, we identified the Taf14 YEATS domain as a reader of crotonyllysine that binds to histone H3 crotonylated at lysine 9 (H3K9cr) via a distinctive binding mechanism.	INTRO
104	106	H3	protein_type	In this study, we identified the Taf14 YEATS domain as a reader of crotonyllysine that binds to histone H3 crotonylated at lysine 9 (H3K9cr) via a distinctive binding mechanism.	INTRO
107	119	crotonylated	protein_state	In this study, we identified the Taf14 YEATS domain as a reader of crotonyllysine that binds to histone H3 crotonylated at lysine 9 (H3K9cr) via a distinctive binding mechanism.	INTRO
123	131	lysine 9	residue_name_number	In this study, we identified the Taf14 YEATS domain as a reader of crotonyllysine that binds to histone H3 crotonylated at lysine 9 (H3K9cr) via a distinctive binding mechanism.	INTRO
133	135	H3	protein_type	In this study, we identified the Taf14 YEATS domain as a reader of crotonyllysine that binds to histone H3 crotonylated at lysine 9 (H3K9cr) via a distinctive binding mechanism.	INTRO
135	139	K9cr	ptm	In this study, we identified the Taf14 YEATS domain as a reader of crotonyllysine that binds to histone H3 crotonylated at lysine 9 (H3K9cr) via a distinctive binding mechanism.	INTRO
14	16	H3	protein_type	We found that H3K9cr is present in yeast and is dynamically regulated.	INTRO
16	20	K9cr	ptm	We found that H3K9cr is present in yeast and is dynamically regulated.	INTRO
35	40	yeast	taxonomy_domain	We found that H3K9cr is present in yeast and is dynamically regulated.	INTRO
56	58	H3	protein_type	To elucidate the molecular basis for recognition of the H3K9cr mark, we obtained a crystal structure of the Taf14 YEATS domain in complex with H3K9cr5-13 (residues 5–13 of H3) peptide (Fig. 1, Supplementary Results, Supplementary Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 1).	INTRO
58	62	K9cr	ptm	To elucidate the molecular basis for recognition of the H3K9cr mark, we obtained a crystal structure of the Taf14 YEATS domain in complex with H3K9cr5-13 (residues 5–13 of H3) peptide (Fig. 1, Supplementary Results, Supplementary Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 1).	INTRO
83	100	crystal structure	evidence	To elucidate the molecular basis for recognition of the H3K9cr mark, we obtained a crystal structure of the Taf14 YEATS domain in complex with H3K9cr5-13 (residues 5–13 of H3) peptide (Fig. 1, Supplementary Results, Supplementary Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 1).	INTRO
108	113	Taf14	protein	To elucidate the molecular basis for recognition of the H3K9cr mark, we obtained a crystal structure of the Taf14 YEATS domain in complex with H3K9cr5-13 (residues 5–13 of H3) peptide (Fig. 1, Supplementary Results, Supplementary Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 1).	INTRO
114	126	YEATS domain	structure_element	To elucidate the molecular basis for recognition of the H3K9cr mark, we obtained a crystal structure of the Taf14 YEATS domain in complex with H3K9cr5-13 (residues 5–13 of H3) peptide (Fig. 1, Supplementary Results, Supplementary Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 1).	INTRO
127	142	in complex with	protein_state	To elucidate the molecular basis for recognition of the H3K9cr mark, we obtained a crystal structure of the Taf14 YEATS domain in complex with H3K9cr5-13 (residues 5–13 of H3) peptide (Fig. 1, Supplementary Results, Supplementary Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 1).	INTRO
143	153	H3K9cr5-13	chemical	To elucidate the molecular basis for recognition of the H3K9cr mark, we obtained a crystal structure of the Taf14 YEATS domain in complex with H3K9cr5-13 (residues 5–13 of H3) peptide (Fig. 1, Supplementary Results, Supplementary Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 1).	INTRO
164	168	5–13	residue_range	To elucidate the molecular basis for recognition of the H3K9cr mark, we obtained a crystal structure of the Taf14 YEATS domain in complex with H3K9cr5-13 (residues 5–13 of H3) peptide (Fig. 1, Supplementary Results, Supplementary Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 1).	INTRO
172	174	H3	protein_type	To elucidate the molecular basis for recognition of the H3K9cr mark, we obtained a crystal structure of the Taf14 YEATS domain in complex with H3K9cr5-13 (residues 5–13 of H3) peptide (Fig. 1, Supplementary Results, Supplementary Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 1).	INTRO
4	9	Taf14	protein	The Taf14 YEATS domain adopts an immunoglobin-like β sandwich fold containing eight anti-parallel β strands linked by short loops that form a binding site for H3K9cr (Fig. 1b).	INTRO
10	22	YEATS domain	structure_element	The Taf14 YEATS domain adopts an immunoglobin-like β sandwich fold containing eight anti-parallel β strands linked by short loops that form a binding site for H3K9cr (Fig. 1b).	INTRO
33	66	immunoglobin-like β sandwich fold	structure_element	The Taf14 YEATS domain adopts an immunoglobin-like β sandwich fold containing eight anti-parallel β strands linked by short loops that form a binding site for H3K9cr (Fig. 1b).	INTRO
84	107	anti-parallel β strands	structure_element	The Taf14 YEATS domain adopts an immunoglobin-like β sandwich fold containing eight anti-parallel β strands linked by short loops that form a binding site for H3K9cr (Fig. 1b).	INTRO
124	129	loops	structure_element	The Taf14 YEATS domain adopts an immunoglobin-like β sandwich fold containing eight anti-parallel β strands linked by short loops that form a binding site for H3K9cr (Fig. 1b).	INTRO
142	154	binding site	site	The Taf14 YEATS domain adopts an immunoglobin-like β sandwich fold containing eight anti-parallel β strands linked by short loops that form a binding site for H3K9cr (Fig. 1b).	INTRO
159	161	H3	protein_type	The Taf14 YEATS domain adopts an immunoglobin-like β sandwich fold containing eight anti-parallel β strands linked by short loops that form a binding site for H3K9cr (Fig. 1b).	INTRO
161	165	K9cr	ptm	The Taf14 YEATS domain adopts an immunoglobin-like β sandwich fold containing eight anti-parallel β strands linked by short loops that form a binding site for H3K9cr (Fig. 1b).	INTRO
4	6	H3	protein_type	The H3K9cr peptide lays in an extended conformation in an orientation orthogonal to the β strands and is stabilized through an extensive network of direct and water-mediated hydrogen bonds and a salt bridge (Fig. 1c).	INTRO
6	10	K9cr	ptm	The H3K9cr peptide lays in an extended conformation in an orientation orthogonal to the β strands and is stabilized through an extensive network of direct and water-mediated hydrogen bonds and a salt bridge (Fig. 1c).	INTRO
30	51	extended conformation	protein_state	The H3K9cr peptide lays in an extended conformation in an orientation orthogonal to the β strands and is stabilized through an extensive network of direct and water-mediated hydrogen bonds and a salt bridge (Fig. 1c).	INTRO
88	97	β strands	structure_element	The H3K9cr peptide lays in an extended conformation in an orientation orthogonal to the β strands and is stabilized through an extensive network of direct and water-mediated hydrogen bonds and a salt bridge (Fig. 1c).	INTRO
159	164	water	chemical	The H3K9cr peptide lays in an extended conformation in an orientation orthogonal to the β strands and is stabilized through an extensive network of direct and water-mediated hydrogen bonds and a salt bridge (Fig. 1c).	INTRO
174	188	hydrogen bonds	bond_interaction	The H3K9cr peptide lays in an extended conformation in an orientation orthogonal to the β strands and is stabilized through an extensive network of direct and water-mediated hydrogen bonds and a salt bridge (Fig. 1c).	INTRO
195	206	salt bridge	bond_interaction	The H3K9cr peptide lays in an extended conformation in an orientation orthogonal to the β strands and is stabilized through an extensive network of direct and water-mediated hydrogen bonds and a salt bridge (Fig. 1c).	INTRO
33	47	crotonyllysine	residue_name	The most striking feature of the crotonyllysine recognition mechanism is the unique coordination of crotonylated lysine residue.	INTRO
100	112	crotonylated	protein_state	The most striking feature of the crotonyllysine recognition mechanism is the unique coordination of crotonylated lysine residue.	INTRO
113	119	lysine	residue_name	The most striking feature of the crotonyllysine recognition mechanism is the unique coordination of crotonylated lysine residue.	INTRO
33	37	K9cr	ptm	The fully extended side chain of K9cr transverses the narrow tunnel, crossing the β sandwich at right angle in a corkscrew-like manner (Fig. 1b and Supplementary Figure 1b).	INTRO
82	92	β sandwich	structure_element	The fully extended side chain of K9cr transverses the narrow tunnel, crossing the β sandwich at right angle in a corkscrew-like manner (Fig. 1b and Supplementary Figure 1b).	INTRO
11	19	crotonyl	chemical	The planar crotonyl group is inserted between Trp81 and Phe62 of the protein, the aromatic rings of which are positioned strictly parallel to each other and at equal distance from the crotonyl group, yielding a novel aromatic-amide/aliphatic-aromatic π-π-π-stacking system that, to our knowledge, has not been reported previously for any protein-protein interaction (Fig. 1d and Supplementary Fig. 1c).	INTRO
46	51	Trp81	residue_name_number	The planar crotonyl group is inserted between Trp81 and Phe62 of the protein, the aromatic rings of which are positioned strictly parallel to each other and at equal distance from the crotonyl group, yielding a novel aromatic-amide/aliphatic-aromatic π-π-π-stacking system that, to our knowledge, has not been reported previously for any protein-protein interaction (Fig. 1d and Supplementary Fig. 1c).	INTRO
56	61	Phe62	residue_name_number	The planar crotonyl group is inserted between Trp81 and Phe62 of the protein, the aromatic rings of which are positioned strictly parallel to each other and at equal distance from the crotonyl group, yielding a novel aromatic-amide/aliphatic-aromatic π-π-π-stacking system that, to our knowledge, has not been reported previously for any protein-protein interaction (Fig. 1d and Supplementary Fig. 1c).	INTRO
184	192	crotonyl	chemical	The planar crotonyl group is inserted between Trp81 and Phe62 of the protein, the aromatic rings of which are positioned strictly parallel to each other and at equal distance from the crotonyl group, yielding a novel aromatic-amide/aliphatic-aromatic π-π-π-stacking system that, to our knowledge, has not been reported previously for any protein-protein interaction (Fig. 1d and Supplementary Fig. 1c).	INTRO
251	265	π-π-π-stacking	bond_interaction	The planar crotonyl group is inserted between Trp81 and Phe62 of the protein, the aromatic rings of which are positioned strictly parallel to each other and at equal distance from the crotonyl group, yielding a novel aromatic-amide/aliphatic-aromatic π-π-π-stacking system that, to our knowledge, has not been reported previously for any protein-protein interaction (Fig. 1d and Supplementary Fig. 1c).	INTRO
18	23	Trp81	residue_name_number	The side chain of Trp81 appears to adopt two conformations, one of which provides maximum π-stacking with the alkene functional group while the other rotamer affords maximum π-stacking with the amide π electrons (Supplementary Fig. 1c).	INTRO
90	100	π-stacking	bond_interaction	The side chain of Trp81 appears to adopt two conformations, one of which provides maximum π-stacking with the alkene functional group while the other rotamer affords maximum π-stacking with the amide π electrons (Supplementary Fig. 1c).	INTRO
174	184	π-stacking	bond_interaction	The side chain of Trp81 appears to adopt two conformations, one of which provides maximum π-stacking with the alkene functional group while the other rotamer affords maximum π-stacking with the amide π electrons (Supplementary Fig. 1c).	INTRO
25	30	Trp81	residue_name_number	The dual conformation of Trp81 is likely due to the conjugated nature of the C=C and C=O π-orbitals within the crotonyl functional group.	INTRO
111	119	crotonyl	chemical	The dual conformation of Trp81 is likely due to the conjugated nature of the C=C and C=O π-orbitals within the crotonyl functional group.	INTRO
15	29	π-π-π stacking	bond_interaction	In addition to π-π-π stacking, the crotonyl group is stabilized by a set of hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions.	INTRO
35	43	crotonyl	chemical	In addition to π-π-π stacking, the crotonyl group is stabilized by a set of hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions.	INTRO
76	90	hydrogen bonds	bond_interaction	In addition to π-π-π stacking, the crotonyl group is stabilized by a set of hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions.	INTRO
95	121	electrostatic interactions	bond_interaction	In addition to π-π-π stacking, the crotonyl group is stabilized by a set of hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions.	INTRO
4	10	π bond	bond_interaction	The π bond conjugation of the crotonyl group gives rise to a dipole moment of the alkene moiety, resulting in a partial positive charge on the β-carbon (Cβ) and a partial negative charge on the α-carbon (Cα).	INTRO
30	38	crotonyl	chemical	The π bond conjugation of the crotonyl group gives rise to a dipole moment of the alkene moiety, resulting in a partial positive charge on the β-carbon (Cβ) and a partial negative charge on the α-carbon (Cα).	INTRO
59	81	electrostatic contacts	bond_interaction	This provides the capability for the alkene moiety to form electrostatic contacts, as Cα and Cβ lay within electrostatic interaction distances of the carbonyl oxygen of Gln79 and of the hydroxyl group of Thr61, respectively.	INTRO
107	132	electrostatic interaction	bond_interaction	This provides the capability for the alkene moiety to form electrostatic contacts, as Cα and Cβ lay within electrostatic interaction distances of the carbonyl oxygen of Gln79 and of the hydroxyl group of Thr61, respectively.	INTRO
169	174	Gln79	residue_name_number	This provides the capability for the alkene moiety to form electrostatic contacts, as Cα and Cβ lay within electrostatic interaction distances of the carbonyl oxygen of Gln79 and of the hydroxyl group of Thr61, respectively.	INTRO
204	209	Thr61	residue_name_number	This provides the capability for the alkene moiety to form electrostatic contacts, as Cα and Cβ lay within electrostatic interaction distances of the carbonyl oxygen of Gln79 and of the hydroxyl group of Thr61, respectively.	INTRO
22	27	Thr61	residue_name_number	The hydroxyl group of Thr61 also participates in a hydrogen bond with the amide nitrogen of the K9cr side chain (Fig. 1d).	INTRO
51	64	hydrogen bond	bond_interaction	The hydroxyl group of Thr61 also participates in a hydrogen bond with the amide nitrogen of the K9cr side chain (Fig. 1d).	INTRO
96	100	K9cr	ptm	The hydroxyl group of Thr61 also participates in a hydrogen bond with the amide nitrogen of the K9cr side chain (Fig. 1d).	INTRO
26	31	Thr61	residue_name_number	The fixed position of the Thr61 hydroxyl group, which facilitates interactions with both the amide and Cα of K9cr, is achieved through a hydrogen bond with imidazole ring of His59.	INTRO
109	113	K9cr	ptm	The fixed position of the Thr61 hydroxyl group, which facilitates interactions with both the amide and Cα of K9cr, is achieved through a hydrogen bond with imidazole ring of His59.	INTRO
137	150	hydrogen bond	bond_interaction	The fixed position of the Thr61 hydroxyl group, which facilitates interactions with both the amide and Cα of K9cr, is achieved through a hydrogen bond with imidazole ring of His59.	INTRO
174	179	His59	residue_name_number	The fixed position of the Thr61 hydroxyl group, which facilitates interactions with both the amide and Cα of K9cr, is achieved through a hydrogen bond with imidazole ring of His59.	INTRO
23	27	K9cr	ptm	Extra stabilization of K9cr is attained by a hydrogen bond formed between its carbonyl oxygen and the backbone nitrogen of Trp81, as well as a water-mediated hydrogen bond with the backbone carbonyl group of Gly82 (Fig 1d).	INTRO
45	58	hydrogen bond	bond_interaction	Extra stabilization of K9cr is attained by a hydrogen bond formed between its carbonyl oxygen and the backbone nitrogen of Trp81, as well as a water-mediated hydrogen bond with the backbone carbonyl group of Gly82 (Fig 1d).	INTRO
123	128	Trp81	residue_name_number	Extra stabilization of K9cr is attained by a hydrogen bond formed between its carbonyl oxygen and the backbone nitrogen of Trp81, as well as a water-mediated hydrogen bond with the backbone carbonyl group of Gly82 (Fig 1d).	INTRO
143	148	water	chemical	Extra stabilization of K9cr is attained by a hydrogen bond formed between its carbonyl oxygen and the backbone nitrogen of Trp81, as well as a water-mediated hydrogen bond with the backbone carbonyl group of Gly82 (Fig 1d).	INTRO
158	171	hydrogen bond	bond_interaction	Extra stabilization of K9cr is attained by a hydrogen bond formed between its carbonyl oxygen and the backbone nitrogen of Trp81, as well as a water-mediated hydrogen bond with the backbone carbonyl group of Gly82 (Fig 1d).	INTRO
208	213	Gly82	residue_name_number	Extra stabilization of K9cr is attained by a hydrogen bond formed between its carbonyl oxygen and the backbone nitrogen of Trp81, as well as a water-mediated hydrogen bond with the backbone carbonyl group of Gly82 (Fig 1d).	INTRO
64	69	Taf14	protein	This distinctive mechanism was corroborated through mapping the Taf14 YEATS-H3K9cr binding interface in solution using NMR chemical shift perturbation analysis (Supplementary Fig. 2a, b).	INTRO
70	100	YEATS-H3K9cr binding interface	site	This distinctive mechanism was corroborated through mapping the Taf14 YEATS-H3K9cr binding interface in solution using NMR chemical shift perturbation analysis (Supplementary Fig. 2a, b).	INTRO
119	159	NMR chemical shift perturbation analysis	experimental_method	This distinctive mechanism was corroborated through mapping the Taf14 YEATS-H3K9cr binding interface in solution using NMR chemical shift perturbation analysis (Supplementary Fig. 2a, b).	INTRO
15	20	Taf14	protein	Binding of the Taf14 YEATS domain to H3K9cr is robust.	INTRO
21	33	YEATS domain	structure_element	Binding of the Taf14 YEATS domain to H3K9cr is robust.	INTRO
37	39	H3	protein_type	Binding of the Taf14 YEATS domain to H3K9cr is robust.	INTRO
39	43	K9cr	ptm	Binding of the Taf14 YEATS domain to H3K9cr is robust.	INTRO
4	25	dissociation constant	evidence	The dissociation constant (Kd) for the Taf14 YEATS-H3K9cr5-13 complex was found to be 9.5 μM, as measured by fluorescence spectroscopy (Supplementary Fig. 2c).	INTRO
27	29	Kd	evidence	The dissociation constant (Kd) for the Taf14 YEATS-H3K9cr5-13 complex was found to be 9.5 μM, as measured by fluorescence spectroscopy (Supplementary Fig. 2c).	INTRO
39	61	Taf14 YEATS-H3K9cr5-13	complex_assembly	The dissociation constant (Kd) for the Taf14 YEATS-H3K9cr5-13 complex was found to be 9.5 μM, as measured by fluorescence spectroscopy (Supplementary Fig. 2c).	INTRO
109	134	fluorescence spectroscopy	experimental_method	The dissociation constant (Kd) for the Taf14 YEATS-H3K9cr5-13 complex was found to be 9.5 μM, as measured by fluorescence spectroscopy (Supplementary Fig. 2c).	INTRO
30	48	binding affinities	evidence	This value is in the range of binding affinities exhibited by the majority of histone readers, thus attesting to the physiological relevance of the H3K9cr recognition by Taf14.	INTRO
148	150	H3	protein_type	This value is in the range of binding affinities exhibited by the majority of histone readers, thus attesting to the physiological relevance of the H3K9cr recognition by Taf14.	INTRO
150	154	K9cr	ptm	This value is in the range of binding affinities exhibited by the majority of histone readers, thus attesting to the physiological relevance of the H3K9cr recognition by Taf14.	INTRO
170	175	Taf14	protein	This value is in the range of binding affinities exhibited by the majority of histone readers, thus attesting to the physiological relevance of the H3K9cr recognition by Taf14.	INTRO
21	23	H3	protein_type	To determine whether H3K9cr is present in yeast, we generated whole cell extracts from logarithmically growing yeast cells and subjected them to Western blot analysis using antibodies directed towards H3K9cr, H3K9ac and H3 (Fig. 2a, b, Supplementary Fig. 3 and Supplementary Table 2).	INTRO
23	27	K9cr	ptm	To determine whether H3K9cr is present in yeast, we generated whole cell extracts from logarithmically growing yeast cells and subjected them to Western blot analysis using antibodies directed towards H3K9cr, H3K9ac and H3 (Fig. 2a, b, Supplementary Fig. 3 and Supplementary Table 2).	INTRO
42	47	yeast	taxonomy_domain	To determine whether H3K9cr is present in yeast, we generated whole cell extracts from logarithmically growing yeast cells and subjected them to Western blot analysis using antibodies directed towards H3K9cr, H3K9ac and H3 (Fig. 2a, b, Supplementary Fig. 3 and Supplementary Table 2).	INTRO
62	81	whole cell extracts	experimental_method	To determine whether H3K9cr is present in yeast, we generated whole cell extracts from logarithmically growing yeast cells and subjected them to Western blot analysis using antibodies directed towards H3K9cr, H3K9ac and H3 (Fig. 2a, b, Supplementary Fig. 3 and Supplementary Table 2).	INTRO
111	116	yeast	taxonomy_domain	To determine whether H3K9cr is present in yeast, we generated whole cell extracts from logarithmically growing yeast cells and subjected them to Western blot analysis using antibodies directed towards H3K9cr, H3K9ac and H3 (Fig. 2a, b, Supplementary Fig. 3 and Supplementary Table 2).	INTRO
145	166	Western blot analysis	experimental_method	To determine whether H3K9cr is present in yeast, we generated whole cell extracts from logarithmically growing yeast cells and subjected them to Western blot analysis using antibodies directed towards H3K9cr, H3K9ac and H3 (Fig. 2a, b, Supplementary Fig. 3 and Supplementary Table 2).	INTRO
201	203	H3	protein_type	To determine whether H3K9cr is present in yeast, we generated whole cell extracts from logarithmically growing yeast cells and subjected them to Western blot analysis using antibodies directed towards H3K9cr, H3K9ac and H3 (Fig. 2a, b, Supplementary Fig. 3 and Supplementary Table 2).	INTRO
203	207	K9cr	ptm	To determine whether H3K9cr is present in yeast, we generated whole cell extracts from logarithmically growing yeast cells and subjected them to Western blot analysis using antibodies directed towards H3K9cr, H3K9ac and H3 (Fig. 2a, b, Supplementary Fig. 3 and Supplementary Table 2).	INTRO
209	211	H3	protein_type	To determine whether H3K9cr is present in yeast, we generated whole cell extracts from logarithmically growing yeast cells and subjected them to Western blot analysis using antibodies directed towards H3K9cr, H3K9ac and H3 (Fig. 2a, b, Supplementary Fig. 3 and Supplementary Table 2).	INTRO
211	215	K9ac	ptm	To determine whether H3K9cr is present in yeast, we generated whole cell extracts from logarithmically growing yeast cells and subjected them to Western blot analysis using antibodies directed towards H3K9cr, H3K9ac and H3 (Fig. 2a, b, Supplementary Fig. 3 and Supplementary Table 2).	INTRO
220	222	H3	protein_type	To determine whether H3K9cr is present in yeast, we generated whole cell extracts from logarithmically growing yeast cells and subjected them to Western blot analysis using antibodies directed towards H3K9cr, H3K9ac and H3 (Fig. 2a, b, Supplementary Fig. 3 and Supplementary Table 2).	INTRO
5	7	H3	protein_type	Both H3K9cr and H3K9ac were detected in yeast histones; to our knowledge, this is the first report of H3K9cr occurring in yeast.	INTRO
7	11	K9cr	ptm	Both H3K9cr and H3K9ac were detected in yeast histones; to our knowledge, this is the first report of H3K9cr occurring in yeast.	INTRO
16	18	H3	protein_type	Both H3K9cr and H3K9ac were detected in yeast histones; to our knowledge, this is the first report of H3K9cr occurring in yeast.	INTRO
18	22	K9ac	ptm	Both H3K9cr and H3K9ac were detected in yeast histones; to our knowledge, this is the first report of H3K9cr occurring in yeast.	INTRO
40	45	yeast	taxonomy_domain	Both H3K9cr and H3K9ac were detected in yeast histones; to our knowledge, this is the first report of H3K9cr occurring in yeast.	INTRO
46	54	histones	protein_type	Both H3K9cr and H3K9ac were detected in yeast histones; to our knowledge, this is the first report of H3K9cr occurring in yeast.	INTRO
102	104	H3	protein_type	Both H3K9cr and H3K9ac were detected in yeast histones; to our knowledge, this is the first report of H3K9cr occurring in yeast.	INTRO
104	108	K9cr	ptm	Both H3K9cr and H3K9ac were detected in yeast histones; to our knowledge, this is the first report of H3K9cr occurring in yeast.	INTRO
122	127	yeast	taxonomy_domain	Both H3K9cr and H3K9ac were detected in yeast histones; to our knowledge, this is the first report of H3K9cr occurring in yeast.	INTRO
17	19	H3	protein_type	We next asked if H3K9cr is regulated by the actions of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs).	INTRO
19	23	K9cr	ptm	We next asked if H3K9cr is regulated by the actions of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs).	INTRO
55	81	histone acetyltransferases	protein_type	We next asked if H3K9cr is regulated by the actions of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs).	INTRO
83	87	HATs	protein_type	We next asked if H3K9cr is regulated by the actions of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs).	INTRO
93	113	histone deacetylases	protein_type	We next asked if H3K9cr is regulated by the actions of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs).	INTRO
115	120	HDACs	protein_type	We next asked if H3K9cr is regulated by the actions of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs).	INTRO
50	55	yeast	taxonomy_domain	Towards this end, we probed extracts derived from yeast cells in which major yeast HATs (HAT1, Gcn5, and Rtt109) or HDACs (Rpd3, Hos1, and Hos2) were deleted.	INTRO
77	82	yeast	taxonomy_domain	Towards this end, we probed extracts derived from yeast cells in which major yeast HATs (HAT1, Gcn5, and Rtt109) or HDACs (Rpd3, Hos1, and Hos2) were deleted.	INTRO
83	87	HATs	protein_type	Towards this end, we probed extracts derived from yeast cells in which major yeast HATs (HAT1, Gcn5, and Rtt109) or HDACs (Rpd3, Hos1, and Hos2) were deleted.	INTRO
89	93	HAT1	protein	Towards this end, we probed extracts derived from yeast cells in which major yeast HATs (HAT1, Gcn5, and Rtt109) or HDACs (Rpd3, Hos1, and Hos2) were deleted.	INTRO
95	99	Gcn5	protein	Towards this end, we probed extracts derived from yeast cells in which major yeast HATs (HAT1, Gcn5, and Rtt109) or HDACs (Rpd3, Hos1, and Hos2) were deleted.	INTRO
105	111	Rtt109	protein	Towards this end, we probed extracts derived from yeast cells in which major yeast HATs (HAT1, Gcn5, and Rtt109) or HDACs (Rpd3, Hos1, and Hos2) were deleted.	INTRO
116	121	HDACs	protein_type	Towards this end, we probed extracts derived from yeast cells in which major yeast HATs (HAT1, Gcn5, and Rtt109) or HDACs (Rpd3, Hos1, and Hos2) were deleted.	INTRO
123	127	Rpd3	protein	Towards this end, we probed extracts derived from yeast cells in which major yeast HATs (HAT1, Gcn5, and Rtt109) or HDACs (Rpd3, Hos1, and Hos2) were deleted.	INTRO
129	133	Hos1	protein	Towards this end, we probed extracts derived from yeast cells in which major yeast HATs (HAT1, Gcn5, and Rtt109) or HDACs (Rpd3, Hos1, and Hos2) were deleted.	INTRO
139	143	Hos2	protein	Towards this end, we probed extracts derived from yeast cells in which major yeast HATs (HAT1, Gcn5, and Rtt109) or HDACs (Rpd3, Hos1, and Hos2) were deleted.	INTRO
150	157	deleted	experimental_method	Towards this end, we probed extracts derived from yeast cells in which major yeast HATs (HAT1, Gcn5, and Rtt109) or HDACs (Rpd3, Hos1, and Hos2) were deleted.	INTRO
52	54	H3	protein_type	As shown in Figure 2a, b and Supplementary Fig. 3e, H3K9cr levels were abolished or reduced considerably in the HAT deletion strains, whereas they were dramatically increased in the HDAC deletion strains.	INTRO
54	58	K9cr	ptm	As shown in Figure 2a, b and Supplementary Fig. 3e, H3K9cr levels were abolished or reduced considerably in the HAT deletion strains, whereas they were dramatically increased in the HDAC deletion strains.	INTRO
112	115	HAT	protein_type	As shown in Figure 2a, b and Supplementary Fig. 3e, H3K9cr levels were abolished or reduced considerably in the HAT deletion strains, whereas they were dramatically increased in the HDAC deletion strains.	INTRO
116	124	deletion	experimental_method	As shown in Figure 2a, b and Supplementary Fig. 3e, H3K9cr levels were abolished or reduced considerably in the HAT deletion strains, whereas they were dramatically increased in the HDAC deletion strains.	INTRO
182	186	HDAC	protein_type	As shown in Figure 2a, b and Supplementary Fig. 3e, H3K9cr levels were abolished or reduced considerably in the HAT deletion strains, whereas they were dramatically increased in the HDAC deletion strains.	INTRO
187	195	deletion	experimental_method	As shown in Figure 2a, b and Supplementary Fig. 3e, H3K9cr levels were abolished or reduced considerably in the HAT deletion strains, whereas they were dramatically increased in the HDAC deletion strains.	INTRO
33	35	H3	protein_type	Furthermore, fluctuations in the H3K9cr levels were more substantial than fluctuations in the corresponding H3K9ac levels.	INTRO
35	39	K9cr	ptm	Furthermore, fluctuations in the H3K9cr levels were more substantial than fluctuations in the corresponding H3K9ac levels.	INTRO
108	110	H3	protein_type	Furthermore, fluctuations in the H3K9cr levels were more substantial than fluctuations in the corresponding H3K9ac levels.	INTRO
110	114	K9ac	ptm	Furthermore, fluctuations in the H3K9cr levels were more substantial than fluctuations in the corresponding H3K9ac levels.	INTRO
36	38	H3	protein_type	Together, these results reveal that H3K9cr is a dynamic mark of chromatin in yeast and suggest an important role for this modification in transcription as it is regulated by HATs and HDACs.	INTRO
38	42	K9cr	ptm	Together, these results reveal that H3K9cr is a dynamic mark of chromatin in yeast and suggest an important role for this modification in transcription as it is regulated by HATs and HDACs.	INTRO
77	82	yeast	taxonomy_domain	Together, these results reveal that H3K9cr is a dynamic mark of chromatin in yeast and suggest an important role for this modification in transcription as it is regulated by HATs and HDACs.	INTRO
174	178	HATs	protein_type	Together, these results reveal that H3K9cr is a dynamic mark of chromatin in yeast and suggest an important role for this modification in transcription as it is regulated by HATs and HDACs.	INTRO
183	188	HDACs	protein_type	Together, these results reveal that H3K9cr is a dynamic mark of chromatin in yeast and suggest an important role for this modification in transcription as it is regulated by HATs and HDACs.	INTRO
36	46	acetylated	protein_state	We have previously shown that among acetylated histone marks, the Taf14 YEATS domain prefers acetylated H3K9 (also see Supplementary Fig. 3b), however it binds to H3K9cr tighter.	INTRO
47	54	histone	protein_type	We have previously shown that among acetylated histone marks, the Taf14 YEATS domain prefers acetylated H3K9 (also see Supplementary Fig. 3b), however it binds to H3K9cr tighter.	INTRO
66	71	Taf14	protein	We have previously shown that among acetylated histone marks, the Taf14 YEATS domain prefers acetylated H3K9 (also see Supplementary Fig. 3b), however it binds to H3K9cr tighter.	INTRO
72	84	YEATS domain	structure_element	We have previously shown that among acetylated histone marks, the Taf14 YEATS domain prefers acetylated H3K9 (also see Supplementary Fig. 3b), however it binds to H3K9cr tighter.	INTRO
93	103	acetylated	protein_state	We have previously shown that among acetylated histone marks, the Taf14 YEATS domain prefers acetylated H3K9 (also see Supplementary Fig. 3b), however it binds to H3K9cr tighter.	INTRO
104	106	H3	protein_type	We have previously shown that among acetylated histone marks, the Taf14 YEATS domain prefers acetylated H3K9 (also see Supplementary Fig. 3b), however it binds to H3K9cr tighter.	INTRO
106	108	K9	residue_name_number	We have previously shown that among acetylated histone marks, the Taf14 YEATS domain prefers acetylated H3K9 (also see Supplementary Fig. 3b), however it binds to H3K9cr tighter.	INTRO
163	165	H3	protein_type	We have previously shown that among acetylated histone marks, the Taf14 YEATS domain prefers acetylated H3K9 (also see Supplementary Fig. 3b), however it binds to H3K9cr tighter.	INTRO
165	169	K9cr	ptm	We have previously shown that among acetylated histone marks, the Taf14 YEATS domain prefers acetylated H3K9 (also see Supplementary Fig. 3b), however it binds to H3K9cr tighter.	INTRO
19	24	Taf14	protein	The selectivity of Taf14 towards crotonyllysine was substantiated by 1H,15N HSQC experiments, in which either H3K9cr5-13 or H3K9ac5-13 peptide was titrated into the 15N-labeled Taf14 YEATS domain (Fig. 2c and Supplementary Fig. 4a, b).	INTRO
33	47	crotonyllysine	residue_name	The selectivity of Taf14 towards crotonyllysine was substantiated by 1H,15N HSQC experiments, in which either H3K9cr5-13 or H3K9ac5-13 peptide was titrated into the 15N-labeled Taf14 YEATS domain (Fig. 2c and Supplementary Fig. 4a, b).	INTRO
69	80	1H,15N HSQC	experimental_method	The selectivity of Taf14 towards crotonyllysine was substantiated by 1H,15N HSQC experiments, in which either H3K9cr5-13 or H3K9ac5-13 peptide was titrated into the 15N-labeled Taf14 YEATS domain (Fig. 2c and Supplementary Fig. 4a, b).	INTRO
110	120	H3K9cr5-13	chemical	The selectivity of Taf14 towards crotonyllysine was substantiated by 1H,15N HSQC experiments, in which either H3K9cr5-13 or H3K9ac5-13 peptide was titrated into the 15N-labeled Taf14 YEATS domain (Fig. 2c and Supplementary Fig. 4a, b).	INTRO
124	134	H3K9ac5-13	chemical	The selectivity of Taf14 towards crotonyllysine was substantiated by 1H,15N HSQC experiments, in which either H3K9cr5-13 or H3K9ac5-13 peptide was titrated into the 15N-labeled Taf14 YEATS domain (Fig. 2c and Supplementary Fig. 4a, b).	INTRO
147	155	titrated	experimental_method	The selectivity of Taf14 towards crotonyllysine was substantiated by 1H,15N HSQC experiments, in which either H3K9cr5-13 or H3K9ac5-13 peptide was titrated into the 15N-labeled Taf14 YEATS domain (Fig. 2c and Supplementary Fig. 4a, b).	INTRO
165	176	15N-labeled	protein_state	The selectivity of Taf14 towards crotonyllysine was substantiated by 1H,15N HSQC experiments, in which either H3K9cr5-13 or H3K9ac5-13 peptide was titrated into the 15N-labeled Taf14 YEATS domain (Fig. 2c and Supplementary Fig. 4a, b).	INTRO
177	182	Taf14	protein	The selectivity of Taf14 towards crotonyllysine was substantiated by 1H,15N HSQC experiments, in which either H3K9cr5-13 or H3K9ac5-13 peptide was titrated into the 15N-labeled Taf14 YEATS domain (Fig. 2c and Supplementary Fig. 4a, b).	INTRO
183	195	YEATS domain	structure_element	The selectivity of Taf14 towards crotonyllysine was substantiated by 1H,15N HSQC experiments, in which either H3K9cr5-13 or H3K9ac5-13 peptide was titrated into the 15N-labeled Taf14 YEATS domain (Fig. 2c and Supplementary Fig. 4a, b).	INTRO
11	13	H3	protein_type	Binding of H3K9cr induced resonance changes in slow exchange regime on the NMR time scale, indicative of strong interaction.	INTRO
13	17	K9cr	ptm	Binding of H3K9cr induced resonance changes in slow exchange regime on the NMR time scale, indicative of strong interaction.	INTRO
26	43	resonance changes	evidence	Binding of H3K9cr induced resonance changes in slow exchange regime on the NMR time scale, indicative of strong interaction.	INTRO
75	78	NMR	experimental_method	Binding of H3K9cr induced resonance changes in slow exchange regime on the NMR time scale, indicative of strong interaction.	INTRO
24	26	H3	protein_type	In contrast, binding of H3K9ac resulted in an intermediate exchange, which is characteristic of a weaker association.	INTRO
26	30	K9ac	ptm	In contrast, binding of H3K9ac resulted in an intermediate exchange, which is characteristic of a weaker association.	INTRO
13	23	crosspeaks	evidence	Furthermore, crosspeaks of Gly80 and Trp81 of the YEATS domain were uniquely perturbed by H3K9cr and H3K9ac, indicating a different chemical environment in the respective crotonyllysine and acetyllysine binding pockets (Supplementary Fig. 4a).	INTRO
27	32	Gly80	residue_name_number	Furthermore, crosspeaks of Gly80 and Trp81 of the YEATS domain were uniquely perturbed by H3K9cr and H3K9ac, indicating a different chemical environment in the respective crotonyllysine and acetyllysine binding pockets (Supplementary Fig. 4a).	INTRO
37	42	Trp81	residue_name_number	Furthermore, crosspeaks of Gly80 and Trp81 of the YEATS domain were uniquely perturbed by H3K9cr and H3K9ac, indicating a different chemical environment in the respective crotonyllysine and acetyllysine binding pockets (Supplementary Fig. 4a).	INTRO
50	62	YEATS domain	structure_element	Furthermore, crosspeaks of Gly80 and Trp81 of the YEATS domain were uniquely perturbed by H3K9cr and H3K9ac, indicating a different chemical environment in the respective crotonyllysine and acetyllysine binding pockets (Supplementary Fig. 4a).	INTRO
90	92	H3	protein_type	Furthermore, crosspeaks of Gly80 and Trp81 of the YEATS domain were uniquely perturbed by H3K9cr and H3K9ac, indicating a different chemical environment in the respective crotonyllysine and acetyllysine binding pockets (Supplementary Fig. 4a).	INTRO
92	96	K9cr	ptm	Furthermore, crosspeaks of Gly80 and Trp81 of the YEATS domain were uniquely perturbed by H3K9cr and H3K9ac, indicating a different chemical environment in the respective crotonyllysine and acetyllysine binding pockets (Supplementary Fig. 4a).	INTRO
101	103	H3	protein_type	Furthermore, crosspeaks of Gly80 and Trp81 of the YEATS domain were uniquely perturbed by H3K9cr and H3K9ac, indicating a different chemical environment in the respective crotonyllysine and acetyllysine binding pockets (Supplementary Fig. 4a).	INTRO
103	107	K9ac	ptm	Furthermore, crosspeaks of Gly80 and Trp81 of the YEATS domain were uniquely perturbed by H3K9cr and H3K9ac, indicating a different chemical environment in the respective crotonyllysine and acetyllysine binding pockets (Supplementary Fig. 4a).	INTRO
171	218	crotonyllysine and acetyllysine binding pockets	site	Furthermore, crosspeaks of Gly80 and Trp81 of the YEATS domain were uniquely perturbed by H3K9cr and H3K9ac, indicating a different chemical environment in the respective crotonyllysine and acetyllysine binding pockets (Supplementary Fig. 4a).	INTRO
41	46	Trp81	residue_name_number	These differences support our model that Trp81 adopts two conformations upon complex formation with the H3K9cr mark as compared to H3K9ac (Supplementary Figs. 1c, d and 4c).	INTRO
104	106	H3	protein_type	These differences support our model that Trp81 adopts two conformations upon complex formation with the H3K9cr mark as compared to H3K9ac (Supplementary Figs. 1c, d and 4c).	INTRO
106	110	K9cr	ptm	These differences support our model that Trp81 adopts two conformations upon complex formation with the H3K9cr mark as compared to H3K9ac (Supplementary Figs. 1c, d and 4c).	INTRO
131	133	H3	protein_type	These differences support our model that Trp81 adopts two conformations upon complex formation with the H3K9cr mark as compared to H3K9ac (Supplementary Figs. 1c, d and 4c).	INTRO
133	137	K9ac	ptm	These differences support our model that Trp81 adopts two conformations upon complex formation with the H3K9cr mark as compared to H3K9ac (Supplementary Figs. 1c, d and 4c).	INTRO
136	148	YEATS-H3K9cr	complex_assembly	One of the conformations, characterized by the π stacking involving two aromatic residues and the alkene group, is observed only in the YEATS-H3K9cr complex.	INTRO
25	30	Taf14	protein	To establish whether the Taf14 YEATS domain is able to recognize other recently identified acyllysine marks, we performed solution pull-down assays using H3 peptides acetylated, propionylated, butyrylated, and crotonylated at lysine 9 (residues 1–20 of H3).	INTRO
31	43	YEATS domain	structure_element	To establish whether the Taf14 YEATS domain is able to recognize other recently identified acyllysine marks, we performed solution pull-down assays using H3 peptides acetylated, propionylated, butyrylated, and crotonylated at lysine 9 (residues 1–20 of H3).	INTRO
91	101	acyllysine	residue_name	To establish whether the Taf14 YEATS domain is able to recognize other recently identified acyllysine marks, we performed solution pull-down assays using H3 peptides acetylated, propionylated, butyrylated, and crotonylated at lysine 9 (residues 1–20 of H3).	INTRO
122	147	solution pull-down assays	experimental_method	To establish whether the Taf14 YEATS domain is able to recognize other recently identified acyllysine marks, we performed solution pull-down assays using H3 peptides acetylated, propionylated, butyrylated, and crotonylated at lysine 9 (residues 1–20 of H3).	INTRO
154	156	H3	protein_type	To establish whether the Taf14 YEATS domain is able to recognize other recently identified acyllysine marks, we performed solution pull-down assays using H3 peptides acetylated, propionylated, butyrylated, and crotonylated at lysine 9 (residues 1–20 of H3).	INTRO
166	176	acetylated	protein_state	To establish whether the Taf14 YEATS domain is able to recognize other recently identified acyllysine marks, we performed solution pull-down assays using H3 peptides acetylated, propionylated, butyrylated, and crotonylated at lysine 9 (residues 1–20 of H3).	INTRO
178	191	propionylated	protein_state	To establish whether the Taf14 YEATS domain is able to recognize other recently identified acyllysine marks, we performed solution pull-down assays using H3 peptides acetylated, propionylated, butyrylated, and crotonylated at lysine 9 (residues 1–20 of H3).	INTRO
193	204	butyrylated	protein_state	To establish whether the Taf14 YEATS domain is able to recognize other recently identified acyllysine marks, we performed solution pull-down assays using H3 peptides acetylated, propionylated, butyrylated, and crotonylated at lysine 9 (residues 1–20 of H3).	INTRO
210	222	crotonylated	protein_state	To establish whether the Taf14 YEATS domain is able to recognize other recently identified acyllysine marks, we performed solution pull-down assays using H3 peptides acetylated, propionylated, butyrylated, and crotonylated at lysine 9 (residues 1–20 of H3).	INTRO
226	234	lysine 9	residue_name_number	To establish whether the Taf14 YEATS domain is able to recognize other recently identified acyllysine marks, we performed solution pull-down assays using H3 peptides acetylated, propionylated, butyrylated, and crotonylated at lysine 9 (residues 1–20 of H3).	INTRO
245	249	1–20	residue_range	To establish whether the Taf14 YEATS domain is able to recognize other recently identified acyllysine marks, we performed solution pull-down assays using H3 peptides acetylated, propionylated, butyrylated, and crotonylated at lysine 9 (residues 1–20 of H3).	INTRO
253	255	H3	protein_type	To establish whether the Taf14 YEATS domain is able to recognize other recently identified acyllysine marks, we performed solution pull-down assays using H3 peptides acetylated, propionylated, butyrylated, and crotonylated at lysine 9 (residues 1–20 of H3).	INTRO
53	58	Taf14	protein	As shown in Figure 2d and Supplementary Fig. 5a, the Taf14 YEATS domain binds more strongly to H3K9cr1-20, as compared to other acylated histone peptides.	INTRO
59	71	YEATS domain	structure_element	As shown in Figure 2d and Supplementary Fig. 5a, the Taf14 YEATS domain binds more strongly to H3K9cr1-20, as compared to other acylated histone peptides.	INTRO
95	105	H3K9cr1-20	chemical	As shown in Figure 2d and Supplementary Fig. 5a, the Taf14 YEATS domain binds more strongly to H3K9cr1-20, as compared to other acylated histone peptides.	INTRO
128	136	acylated	protein_state	As shown in Figure 2d and Supplementary Fig. 5a, the Taf14 YEATS domain binds more strongly to H3K9cr1-20, as compared to other acylated histone peptides.	INTRO
19	21	H3	protein_type	The preference for H3K9cr over H3K9ac, H3K9pr and H3K9bu was supported by 1H,15N HSQC titration experiments.	INTRO
21	25	K9cr	ptm	The preference for H3K9cr over H3K9ac, H3K9pr and H3K9bu was supported by 1H,15N HSQC titration experiments.	INTRO
31	33	H3	protein_type	The preference for H3K9cr over H3K9ac, H3K9pr and H3K9bu was supported by 1H,15N HSQC titration experiments.	INTRO
33	37	K9ac	ptm	The preference for H3K9cr over H3K9ac, H3K9pr and H3K9bu was supported by 1H,15N HSQC titration experiments.	INTRO
39	41	H3	protein_type	The preference for H3K9cr over H3K9ac, H3K9pr and H3K9bu was supported by 1H,15N HSQC titration experiments.	INTRO
41	45	K9pr	ptm	The preference for H3K9cr over H3K9ac, H3K9pr and H3K9bu was supported by 1H,15N HSQC titration experiments.	INTRO
50	52	H3	protein_type	The preference for H3K9cr over H3K9ac, H3K9pr and H3K9bu was supported by 1H,15N HSQC titration experiments.	INTRO
52	56	K9bu	ptm	The preference for H3K9cr over H3K9ac, H3K9pr and H3K9bu was supported by 1H,15N HSQC titration experiments.	INTRO
74	107	1H,15N HSQC titration experiments	experimental_method	The preference for H3K9cr over H3K9ac, H3K9pr and H3K9bu was supported by 1H,15N HSQC titration experiments.	INTRO
12	22	H3K9ac1-20	chemical	Addition of H3K9ac1-20, H3K9pr1-20, and H3K9bu1-20 peptides caused chemical shift perturbations in the Taf14 YEATS domain in intermediate exchange regime, implying that these interactions are weaker compared to the interaction with the H3K9cr1-20 peptide (Supplementary Fig. 5b).	INTRO
24	34	H3K9pr1-20	chemical	Addition of H3K9ac1-20, H3K9pr1-20, and H3K9bu1-20 peptides caused chemical shift perturbations in the Taf14 YEATS domain in intermediate exchange regime, implying that these interactions are weaker compared to the interaction with the H3K9cr1-20 peptide (Supplementary Fig. 5b).	INTRO
40	50	H3K9bu1-20	chemical	Addition of H3K9ac1-20, H3K9pr1-20, and H3K9bu1-20 peptides caused chemical shift perturbations in the Taf14 YEATS domain in intermediate exchange regime, implying that these interactions are weaker compared to the interaction with the H3K9cr1-20 peptide (Supplementary Fig. 5b).	INTRO
67	95	chemical shift perturbations	evidence	Addition of H3K9ac1-20, H3K9pr1-20, and H3K9bu1-20 peptides caused chemical shift perturbations in the Taf14 YEATS domain in intermediate exchange regime, implying that these interactions are weaker compared to the interaction with the H3K9cr1-20 peptide (Supplementary Fig. 5b).	INTRO
103	108	Taf14	protein	Addition of H3K9ac1-20, H3K9pr1-20, and H3K9bu1-20 peptides caused chemical shift perturbations in the Taf14 YEATS domain in intermediate exchange regime, implying that these interactions are weaker compared to the interaction with the H3K9cr1-20 peptide (Supplementary Fig. 5b).	INTRO
109	121	YEATS domain	structure_element	Addition of H3K9ac1-20, H3K9pr1-20, and H3K9bu1-20 peptides caused chemical shift perturbations in the Taf14 YEATS domain in intermediate exchange regime, implying that these interactions are weaker compared to the interaction with the H3K9cr1-20 peptide (Supplementary Fig. 5b).	INTRO
236	246	H3K9cr1-20	chemical	Addition of H3K9ac1-20, H3K9pr1-20, and H3K9bu1-20 peptides caused chemical shift perturbations in the Taf14 YEATS domain in intermediate exchange regime, implying that these interactions are weaker compared to the interaction with the H3K9cr1-20 peptide (Supplementary Fig. 5b).	INTRO
18	20	H3	protein_type	We concluded that H3K9cr is the preferred target of this domain.	INTRO
20	24	K9cr	ptm	We concluded that H3K9cr is the preferred target of this domain.	INTRO
5	36	comparative structural analysis	experimental_method	From comparative structural analysis of the YEATS complexes, Gly80 emerged as candidate residue potentially responsible for the preference for crotonyllysine.	INTRO
61	66	Gly80	residue_name_number	From comparative structural analysis of the YEATS complexes, Gly80 emerged as candidate residue potentially responsible for the preference for crotonyllysine.	INTRO
143	157	crotonyllysine	residue_name	From comparative structural analysis of the YEATS complexes, Gly80 emerged as candidate residue potentially responsible for the preference for crotonyllysine.	INTRO
123	131	crotonyl	chemical	In attempt to generate a mutant capable of accommodating a short acetyl moiety but discriminating against a longer, planar crotonyl moiety, we mutated Gly80 to more bulky residues, however all mutants of Gly80 lost their binding activities towards either acylated peptide, suggesting that Gly80 is absolutely required for the interaction.	INTRO
143	150	mutated	protein_state	In attempt to generate a mutant capable of accommodating a short acetyl moiety but discriminating against a longer, planar crotonyl moiety, we mutated Gly80 to more bulky residues, however all mutants of Gly80 lost their binding activities towards either acylated peptide, suggesting that Gly80 is absolutely required for the interaction.	INTRO
151	156	Gly80	residue_name_number	In attempt to generate a mutant capable of accommodating a short acetyl moiety but discriminating against a longer, planar crotonyl moiety, we mutated Gly80 to more bulky residues, however all mutants of Gly80 lost their binding activities towards either acylated peptide, suggesting that Gly80 is absolutely required for the interaction.	INTRO
193	203	mutants of	protein_state	In attempt to generate a mutant capable of accommodating a short acetyl moiety but discriminating against a longer, planar crotonyl moiety, we mutated Gly80 to more bulky residues, however all mutants of Gly80 lost their binding activities towards either acylated peptide, suggesting that Gly80 is absolutely required for the interaction.	INTRO
204	209	Gly80	residue_name_number	In attempt to generate a mutant capable of accommodating a short acetyl moiety but discriminating against a longer, planar crotonyl moiety, we mutated Gly80 to more bulky residues, however all mutants of Gly80 lost their binding activities towards either acylated peptide, suggesting that Gly80 is absolutely required for the interaction.	INTRO
255	263	acylated	protein_state	In attempt to generate a mutant capable of accommodating a short acetyl moiety but discriminating against a longer, planar crotonyl moiety, we mutated Gly80 to more bulky residues, however all mutants of Gly80 lost their binding activities towards either acylated peptide, suggesting that Gly80 is absolutely required for the interaction.	INTRO
289	294	Gly80	residue_name_number	In attempt to generate a mutant capable of accommodating a short acetyl moiety but discriminating against a longer, planar crotonyl moiety, we mutated Gly80 to more bulky residues, however all mutants of Gly80 lost their binding activities towards either acylated peptide, suggesting that Gly80 is absolutely required for the interaction.	INTRO
13	21	mutation	experimental_method	In contrast, mutation of Val24, a residue located on another side of Trp81, had no effect on binding (Fig. 2d and Supplementary Fig. 5a, c).	INTRO
25	30	Val24	residue_name_number	In contrast, mutation of Val24, a residue located on another side of Trp81, had no effect on binding (Fig. 2d and Supplementary Fig. 5a, c).	INTRO
69	74	Trp81	residue_name_number	In contrast, mutation of Val24, a residue located on another side of Trp81, had no effect on binding (Fig. 2d and Supplementary Fig. 5a, c).	INTRO
31	45	crotonyllysine	residue_name	To determine if the binding to crotonyllysine is conserved, we tested human YEATS domains by pull-down experiments using singly and multiply acetylated, propionylated, butyrylated, and crotonylated histone peptides (Supplementary Fig. 6).	INTRO
49	58	conserved	protein_state	To determine if the binding to crotonyllysine is conserved, we tested human YEATS domains by pull-down experiments using singly and multiply acetylated, propionylated, butyrylated, and crotonylated histone peptides (Supplementary Fig. 6).	INTRO
70	75	human	species	To determine if the binding to crotonyllysine is conserved, we tested human YEATS domains by pull-down experiments using singly and multiply acetylated, propionylated, butyrylated, and crotonylated histone peptides (Supplementary Fig. 6).	INTRO
76	89	YEATS domains	structure_element	To determine if the binding to crotonyllysine is conserved, we tested human YEATS domains by pull-down experiments using singly and multiply acetylated, propionylated, butyrylated, and crotonylated histone peptides (Supplementary Fig. 6).	INTRO
93	114	pull-down experiments	experimental_method	To determine if the binding to crotonyllysine is conserved, we tested human YEATS domains by pull-down experiments using singly and multiply acetylated, propionylated, butyrylated, and crotonylated histone peptides (Supplementary Fig. 6).	INTRO
141	151	acetylated	protein_state	To determine if the binding to crotonyllysine is conserved, we tested human YEATS domains by pull-down experiments using singly and multiply acetylated, propionylated, butyrylated, and crotonylated histone peptides (Supplementary Fig. 6).	INTRO
153	166	propionylated	protein_state	To determine if the binding to crotonyllysine is conserved, we tested human YEATS domains by pull-down experiments using singly and multiply acetylated, propionylated, butyrylated, and crotonylated histone peptides (Supplementary Fig. 6).	INTRO
168	179	butyrylated	protein_state	To determine if the binding to crotonyllysine is conserved, we tested human YEATS domains by pull-down experiments using singly and multiply acetylated, propionylated, butyrylated, and crotonylated histone peptides (Supplementary Fig. 6).	INTRO
185	197	crotonylated	protein_state	To determine if the binding to crotonyllysine is conserved, we tested human YEATS domains by pull-down experiments using singly and multiply acetylated, propionylated, butyrylated, and crotonylated histone peptides (Supplementary Fig. 6).	INTRO
198	205	histone	protein_type	To determine if the binding to crotonyllysine is conserved, we tested human YEATS domains by pull-down experiments using singly and multiply acetylated, propionylated, butyrylated, and crotonylated histone peptides (Supplementary Fig. 6).	INTRO
18	31	YEATS domains	structure_element	We found that all YEATS domains tested are capable of binding to crotonyllysine peptides, though they display variable preferences for the acyl moieties.	INTRO
65	79	crotonyllysine	residue_name	We found that all YEATS domains tested are capable of binding to crotonyllysine peptides, though they display variable preferences for the acyl moieties.	INTRO
6	12	YEATS2	protein	While YEATS2 and ENL showed selectivity for the crotonylated peptides, GAS41 and AF9 bound acylated peptides almost equally well.	INTRO
17	20	ENL	protein	While YEATS2 and ENL showed selectivity for the crotonylated peptides, GAS41 and AF9 bound acylated peptides almost equally well.	INTRO
48	60	crotonylated	protein_state	While YEATS2 and ENL showed selectivity for the crotonylated peptides, GAS41 and AF9 bound acylated peptides almost equally well.	INTRO
71	76	GAS41	protein	While YEATS2 and ENL showed selectivity for the crotonylated peptides, GAS41 and AF9 bound acylated peptides almost equally well.	INTRO
81	84	AF9	protein	While YEATS2 and ENL showed selectivity for the crotonylated peptides, GAS41 and AF9 bound acylated peptides almost equally well.	INTRO
91	99	acylated	protein_state	While YEATS2 and ENL showed selectivity for the crotonylated peptides, GAS41 and AF9 bound acylated peptides almost equally well.	INTRO
11	23	YEATS domain	structure_element	Unlike the YEATS domain, a known acetyllysine reader, bromodomain, does not recognize crotonyllysine.	INTRO
33	52	acetyllysine reader	protein_type	Unlike the YEATS domain, a known acetyllysine reader, bromodomain, does not recognize crotonyllysine.	INTRO
54	65	bromodomain	structure_element	Unlike the YEATS domain, a known acetyllysine reader, bromodomain, does not recognize crotonyllysine.	INTRO
86	100	crotonyllysine	residue_name	Unlike the YEATS domain, a known acetyllysine reader, bromodomain, does not recognize crotonyllysine.	INTRO
26	29	BDs	structure_element	We assayed a large set of BDs in pull-down experiments and found that this module is highly specific for acetyllysine and propionyllysine containing peptides (Supplementary Fig. 7).	INTRO
33	54	pull-down experiments	experimental_method	We assayed a large set of BDs in pull-down experiments and found that this module is highly specific for acetyllysine and propionyllysine containing peptides (Supplementary Fig. 7).	INTRO
105	117	acetyllysine	residue_name	We assayed a large set of BDs in pull-down experiments and found that this module is highly specific for acetyllysine and propionyllysine containing peptides (Supplementary Fig. 7).	INTRO
122	137	propionyllysine	residue_name	We assayed a large set of BDs in pull-down experiments and found that this module is highly specific for acetyllysine and propionyllysine containing peptides (Supplementary Fig. 7).	INTRO
9	21	bromodomains	structure_element	However, bromodomains did not interact (or associated very weakly) with longer acyl modifications, including crotonyllysine, as in the case of BDs of TAF1 and BRD2, supporting recent reports.	INTRO
109	123	crotonyllysine	residue_name	However, bromodomains did not interact (or associated very weakly) with longer acyl modifications, including crotonyllysine, as in the case of BDs of TAF1 and BRD2, supporting recent reports.	INTRO
143	146	BDs	structure_element	However, bromodomains did not interact (or associated very weakly) with longer acyl modifications, including crotonyllysine, as in the case of BDs of TAF1 and BRD2, supporting recent reports.	INTRO
150	154	TAF1	protein	However, bromodomains did not interact (or associated very weakly) with longer acyl modifications, including crotonyllysine, as in the case of BDs of TAF1 and BRD2, supporting recent reports.	INTRO
159	163	BRD2	protein	However, bromodomains did not interact (or associated very weakly) with longer acyl modifications, including crotonyllysine, as in the case of BDs of TAF1 and BRD2, supporting recent reports.	INTRO
35	47	YEATS domain	structure_element	These results demonstrate that the YEATS domain is currently the sole reader of crotonyllysine.	INTRO
80	94	crotonyllysine	residue_name	These results demonstrate that the YEATS domain is currently the sole reader of crotonyllysine.	INTRO
38	50	YEATS domain	structure_element	In conclusion, we have identified the YEATS domain of Taf14 as the first reader of histone crotonylation.	INTRO
54	59	Taf14	protein	In conclusion, we have identified the YEATS domain of Taf14 as the first reader of histone crotonylation.	INTRO
83	90	histone	protein_type	In conclusion, we have identified the YEATS domain of Taf14 as the first reader of histone crotonylation.	INTRO
91	104	crotonylation	ptm	In conclusion, we have identified the YEATS domain of Taf14 as the first reader of histone crotonylation.	INTRO
71	85	π-π-π-stacking	bond_interaction	The unique and previously unobserved aromatic-amide/aliphatic-aromatic π-π-π-stacking mechanism facilitates the specific recognition of the crotonyl moiety.	INTRO
140	148	crotonyl	chemical	The unique and previously unobserved aromatic-amide/aliphatic-aromatic π-π-π-stacking mechanism facilitates the specific recognition of the crotonyl moiety.	INTRO
28	30	H3	protein_type	We further demonstrate that H3K9cr exists in yeast and is dynamically regulated by HATs and HDACs.	INTRO
30	34	K9cr	ptm	We further demonstrate that H3K9cr exists in yeast and is dynamically regulated by HATs and HDACs.	INTRO
45	50	yeast	taxonomy_domain	We further demonstrate that H3K9cr exists in yeast and is dynamically regulated by HATs and HDACs.	INTRO
83	87	HATs	protein_type	We further demonstrate that H3K9cr exists in yeast and is dynamically regulated by HATs and HDACs.	INTRO
92	97	HDACs	protein_type	We further demonstrate that H3K9cr exists in yeast and is dynamically regulated by HATs and HDACs.	INTRO
42	52	acyllysine	residue_name	As we previously showed the importance of acyllysine binding by the Taf14 YEATS domain for the DNA damage response and gene transcription, it will be essential in the future to define the physiological role of crotonyllysine recognition and to differentiate the activities of Taf14 that are due to binding to crotonyllysine and acetyllysine modifications.	INTRO
68	73	Taf14	protein	As we previously showed the importance of acyllysine binding by the Taf14 YEATS domain for the DNA damage response and gene transcription, it will be essential in the future to define the physiological role of crotonyllysine recognition and to differentiate the activities of Taf14 that are due to binding to crotonyllysine and acetyllysine modifications.	INTRO
74	86	YEATS domain	structure_element	As we previously showed the importance of acyllysine binding by the Taf14 YEATS domain for the DNA damage response and gene transcription, it will be essential in the future to define the physiological role of crotonyllysine recognition and to differentiate the activities of Taf14 that are due to binding to crotonyllysine and acetyllysine modifications.	INTRO
210	224	crotonyllysine	residue_name	As we previously showed the importance of acyllysine binding by the Taf14 YEATS domain for the DNA damage response and gene transcription, it will be essential in the future to define the physiological role of crotonyllysine recognition and to differentiate the activities of Taf14 that are due to binding to crotonyllysine and acetyllysine modifications.	INTRO
276	281	Taf14	protein	As we previously showed the importance of acyllysine binding by the Taf14 YEATS domain for the DNA damage response and gene transcription, it will be essential in the future to define the physiological role of crotonyllysine recognition and to differentiate the activities of Taf14 that are due to binding to crotonyllysine and acetyllysine modifications.	INTRO
309	323	crotonyllysine	residue_name	As we previously showed the importance of acyllysine binding by the Taf14 YEATS domain for the DNA damage response and gene transcription, it will be essential in the future to define the physiological role of crotonyllysine recognition and to differentiate the activities of Taf14 that are due to binding to crotonyllysine and acetyllysine modifications.	INTRO
328	340	acetyllysine	residue_name	As we previously showed the importance of acyllysine binding by the Taf14 YEATS domain for the DNA damage response and gene transcription, it will be essential in the future to define the physiological role of crotonyllysine recognition and to differentiate the activities of Taf14 that are due to binding to crotonyllysine and acetyllysine modifications.	INTRO
44	58	crotonyllysine	residue_name	Furthermore, the functional significance of crotonyllysine recognition by other YEATS proteins will be of great importance to elucidate and compare.	INTRO
80	85	YEATS	protein_type	Furthermore, the functional significance of crotonyllysine recognition by other YEATS proteins will be of great importance to elucidate and compare.	INTRO
48	50	H3	protein_type	The structural mechanism for the recognition of H3K9cr	FIG
50	54	K9cr	ptm	The structural mechanism for the recognition of H3K9cr	FIG
26	40	crotonyllysine	residue_name	(a) Chemical structure of crotonyllysine. (b) The crystal structure of the Taf14 YEATS domain (wheat) in complex with the H3K9cr5-13 peptide (green). (c) H3K9cr is stabilized via an extensive network of intermolecular electrostatic and polar interactions with the Taf14 YEATS domain.	FIG
50	67	crystal structure	evidence	(a) Chemical structure of crotonyllysine. (b) The crystal structure of the Taf14 YEATS domain (wheat) in complex with the H3K9cr5-13 peptide (green). (c) H3K9cr is stabilized via an extensive network of intermolecular electrostatic and polar interactions with the Taf14 YEATS domain.	FIG
75	80	Taf14	protein	(a) Chemical structure of crotonyllysine. (b) The crystal structure of the Taf14 YEATS domain (wheat) in complex with the H3K9cr5-13 peptide (green). (c) H3K9cr is stabilized via an extensive network of intermolecular electrostatic and polar interactions with the Taf14 YEATS domain.	FIG
81	93	YEATS domain	structure_element	(a) Chemical structure of crotonyllysine. (b) The crystal structure of the Taf14 YEATS domain (wheat) in complex with the H3K9cr5-13 peptide (green). (c) H3K9cr is stabilized via an extensive network of intermolecular electrostatic and polar interactions with the Taf14 YEATS domain.	FIG
102	117	in complex with	protein_state	(a) Chemical structure of crotonyllysine. (b) The crystal structure of the Taf14 YEATS domain (wheat) in complex with the H3K9cr5-13 peptide (green). (c) H3K9cr is stabilized via an extensive network of intermolecular electrostatic and polar interactions with the Taf14 YEATS domain.	FIG
122	132	H3K9cr5-13	chemical	(a) Chemical structure of crotonyllysine. (b) The crystal structure of the Taf14 YEATS domain (wheat) in complex with the H3K9cr5-13 peptide (green). (c) H3K9cr is stabilized via an extensive network of intermolecular electrostatic and polar interactions with the Taf14 YEATS domain.	FIG
154	156	H3	protein_type	(a) Chemical structure of crotonyllysine. (b) The crystal structure of the Taf14 YEATS domain (wheat) in complex with the H3K9cr5-13 peptide (green). (c) H3K9cr is stabilized via an extensive network of intermolecular electrostatic and polar interactions with the Taf14 YEATS domain.	FIG
156	160	K9cr	ptm	(a) Chemical structure of crotonyllysine. (b) The crystal structure of the Taf14 YEATS domain (wheat) in complex with the H3K9cr5-13 peptide (green). (c) H3K9cr is stabilized via an extensive network of intermolecular electrostatic and polar interactions with the Taf14 YEATS domain.	FIG
218	254	electrostatic and polar interactions	bond_interaction	(a) Chemical structure of crotonyllysine. (b) The crystal structure of the Taf14 YEATS domain (wheat) in complex with the H3K9cr5-13 peptide (green). (c) H3K9cr is stabilized via an extensive network of intermolecular electrostatic and polar interactions with the Taf14 YEATS domain.	FIG
264	269	Taf14	protein	(a) Chemical structure of crotonyllysine. (b) The crystal structure of the Taf14 YEATS domain (wheat) in complex with the H3K9cr5-13 peptide (green). (c) H3K9cr is stabilized via an extensive network of intermolecular electrostatic and polar interactions with the Taf14 YEATS domain.	FIG
270	282	YEATS domain	structure_element	(a) Chemical structure of crotonyllysine. (b) The crystal structure of the Taf14 YEATS domain (wheat) in complex with the H3K9cr5-13 peptide (green). (c) H3K9cr is stabilized via an extensive network of intermolecular electrostatic and polar interactions with the Taf14 YEATS domain.	FIG
8	22	π-π-π stacking	bond_interaction	(d) The π-π-π stacking mechanism involving the alkene moiety of crotonyllysine.	FIG
64	78	crotonyllysine	residue_name	(d) The π-π-π stacking mechanism involving the alkene moiety of crotonyllysine.	FIG
0	2	H3	protein_type	H3K9cr is a selective target of the Taf14 YEATS domain	FIG
2	6	K9cr	ptm	H3K9cr is a selective target of the Taf14 YEATS domain	FIG
36	41	Taf14	protein	H3K9cr is a selective target of the Taf14 YEATS domain	FIG
42	54	YEATS domain	structure_element	H3K9cr is a selective target of the Taf14 YEATS domain	FIG
7	19	Western blot	experimental_method	(a, b) Western blot analysis comparing the levels of H3K9cr and H3K9ac in wild type (WT), HAT deletion, or HDAC deletion yeast strains.	FIG
53	55	H3	protein_type	(a, b) Western blot analysis comparing the levels of H3K9cr and H3K9ac in wild type (WT), HAT deletion, or HDAC deletion yeast strains.	FIG
55	59	K9cr	ptm	(a, b) Western blot analysis comparing the levels of H3K9cr and H3K9ac in wild type (WT), HAT deletion, or HDAC deletion yeast strains.	FIG
64	66	H3	protein_type	(a, b) Western blot analysis comparing the levels of H3K9cr and H3K9ac in wild type (WT), HAT deletion, or HDAC deletion yeast strains.	FIG
66	70	K9ac	ptm	(a, b) Western blot analysis comparing the levels of H3K9cr and H3K9ac in wild type (WT), HAT deletion, or HDAC deletion yeast strains.	FIG
74	83	wild type	protein_state	(a, b) Western blot analysis comparing the levels of H3K9cr and H3K9ac in wild type (WT), HAT deletion, or HDAC deletion yeast strains.	FIG
85	87	WT	protein_state	(a, b) Western blot analysis comparing the levels of H3K9cr and H3K9ac in wild type (WT), HAT deletion, or HDAC deletion yeast strains.	FIG
90	93	HAT	protein_type	(a, b) Western blot analysis comparing the levels of H3K9cr and H3K9ac in wild type (WT), HAT deletion, or HDAC deletion yeast strains.	FIG
107	111	HDAC	protein_type	(a, b) Western blot analysis comparing the levels of H3K9cr and H3K9ac in wild type (WT), HAT deletion, or HDAC deletion yeast strains.	FIG
112	120	deletion	experimental_method	(a, b) Western blot analysis comparing the levels of H3K9cr and H3K9ac in wild type (WT), HAT deletion, or HDAC deletion yeast strains.	FIG
121	126	yeast	taxonomy_domain	(a, b) Western blot analysis comparing the levels of H3K9cr and H3K9ac in wild type (WT), HAT deletion, or HDAC deletion yeast strains.	FIG
6	8	H3	protein_type	Total H3 was used as a loading control.	FIG
17	28	1H,15N HSQC	experimental_method	(c) Superimposed 1H,15N HSQC spectra of Taf14 YEATS recorded as H3K9cr5-13 and H3K9ac5-13 peptides were titrated in.	FIG
29	36	spectra	evidence	(c) Superimposed 1H,15N HSQC spectra of Taf14 YEATS recorded as H3K9cr5-13 and H3K9ac5-13 peptides were titrated in.	FIG
40	45	Taf14	protein	(c) Superimposed 1H,15N HSQC spectra of Taf14 YEATS recorded as H3K9cr5-13 and H3K9ac5-13 peptides were titrated in.	FIG
46	51	YEATS	structure_element	(c) Superimposed 1H,15N HSQC spectra of Taf14 YEATS recorded as H3K9cr5-13 and H3K9ac5-13 peptides were titrated in.	FIG
64	74	H3K9cr5-13	chemical	(c) Superimposed 1H,15N HSQC spectra of Taf14 YEATS recorded as H3K9cr5-13 and H3K9ac5-13 peptides were titrated in.	FIG
79	89	H3K9ac5-13	chemical	(c) Superimposed 1H,15N HSQC spectra of Taf14 YEATS recorded as H3K9cr5-13 and H3K9ac5-13 peptides were titrated in.	FIG
104	112	titrated	experimental_method	(c) Superimposed 1H,15N HSQC spectra of Taf14 YEATS recorded as H3K9cr5-13 and H3K9ac5-13 peptides were titrated in.	FIG
0	7	Spectra	evidence	Spectra are color coded according to the protein:peptide molar ratio.	FIG
4	16	Western blot	experimental_method	(d) Western blot analyses of peptide pull-down assays using wild-type and mutated Taf14 YEATS domains and indicated peptides.	FIG
29	53	peptide pull-down assays	experimental_method	(d) Western blot analyses of peptide pull-down assays using wild-type and mutated Taf14 YEATS domains and indicated peptides.	FIG
60	69	wild-type	protein_state	(d) Western blot analyses of peptide pull-down assays using wild-type and mutated Taf14 YEATS domains and indicated peptides.	FIG
74	81	mutated	protein_state	(d) Western blot analyses of peptide pull-down assays using wild-type and mutated Taf14 YEATS domains and indicated peptides.	FIG
82	87	Taf14	protein	(d) Western blot analyses of peptide pull-down assays using wild-type and mutated Taf14 YEATS domains and indicated peptides.	FIG
88	101	YEATS domains	structure_element	(d) Western blot analyses of peptide pull-down assays using wild-type and mutated Taf14 YEATS domains and indicated peptides.	FIG