Split (1)

train · 617k rows

text stringlengths 2 132k	source dict
fork and are typically repaired by recombination. In an in vitro system, MMEJ occurred in mammalian cells at the levels of 10–20% of HR when both HR and NHEJ mechanisms were also available. The extremophile Deinococcus radiodurans has a remarkable ability to survive DNA damage from ionizing radiation and other sources....	{ "page_id": 854294, "source": null, "title": "DNA repair" }
from the Y Polymerase family), often with larger active sites that can facilitate the insertion of bases opposite damaged nucleotides. The polymerase switching is thought to be mediated by, among other factors, the post-translational modification of the replication processivity factor PCNA. Translesion synthesis polyme...	{ "page_id": 854294, "source": null, "title": "DNA repair" }
by the RAD6/RAD18 proteins to provide a platform for the specialized polymerases to bypass the lesion and resume DNA replication. After translesion synthesis, extension is required. This extension can be carried out by a replicative polymerase if the TLS is error-free, as in the case of Pol η, yet if TLS results in a m...	{ "page_id": 854294, "source": null, "title": "DNA repair" }
factors employed to accomplish this remodeling process. Chromatin relaxation occurs rapidly at the site of a DNA damage. In one of the earliest steps, the stress-activated protein kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), phosphorylates SIRT6 on serine 10 in response to double-strand breaks or other DNA damage. This post-...	{ "page_id": 854294, "source": null, "title": "DNA repair" }
chromatin decondensation, through its subsequent interaction with CHD4, a component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase complex NuRD. DDB2 occurs in a heterodimeric complex with DDB1. This complex further complexes with the ubiquitin ligase protein CUL4A and with PARP1. This larger complex rapidly associates w...	{ "page_id": 854294, "source": null, "title": "DNA repair" }
downstream proteins. DNA damage checkpoint is a signal transduction pathway that blocks cell cycle progression in G1, G2 and metaphase and slows down the rate of S phase progression when DNA is damaged. It leads to a pause in cell cycle allowing the cell time to repair the damage before continuing to divide. Checkpoint...	{ "page_id": 854294, "source": null, "title": "DNA repair" }
to be widespread in the Bacteria domain, but it is mostly absent in some bacterial phyla, like the Spirochetes. The most common cellular signals activating the SOS response are regions of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), arising from stalled replication forks or double-strand breaks, which are processed by DNA helicase to ...	{ "page_id": 854294, "source": null, "title": "DNA repair" }
inducing multiple proteins involved in DNA repair, cell cycle checkpoint control, protein trafficking and degradation. Such genome wide transcriptional response is very complex and tightly regulated, thus allowing coordinated global response to damage. Exposure of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to DNA damaging agents r...	{ "page_id": 854294, "source": null, "title": "DNA repair" }
shorter lifespans than wild-type mice. In similar manner, mice deficient in a key repair and transcription protein that unwinds DNA helices have premature onset of aging-related diseases and consequent shortening of lifespan. However, not every DNA repair deficiency creates exactly the predicted effects; mice deficient...	{ "page_id": 854294, "source": null, "title": "DNA repair" }
as yet unclear (see for some discussion); however, the behavior of many genes known to be involved in DNA repair is altered under conditions of caloric restriction. Several agents reported to have anti-aging properties have been shown to attenuate constitutive level of mTOR signaling, an evidence of reduction of metabo...	{ "page_id": 854294, "source": null, "title": "DNA repair" }
sunlight hypersensitivity, high incidence of malignancies (especially leukemias). Ataxia telangiectasia: sensitivity to ionizing radiation and some chemical agents All of the above diseases are often called "segmental progerias" ("accelerated aging diseases") because those affected appear elderly and experience aging-r...	{ "page_id": 854294, "source": null, "title": "DNA repair" }
'synthetic lethality'. Perhaps the most well-known of these 'synthetic lethality' drugs is the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) inhibitor olaparib, which was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2015 for the treatment in women of BRCA-defective ovarian cancer. Tumor cells with partial loss of DNA damage...	{ "page_id": 854294, "source": null, "title": "DNA repair" }
evolution of the tumor, leads to downregulation and/or loss of some DNA damage response mechanisms, and hence loss of DNA repair and/or senescence/programmed cell death. In experimental mouse models, loss of DNA damage response-mediated cell senescence was observed after using a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to inhibit the...	{ "page_id": 854294, "source": null, "title": "DNA repair" }
inappropriate expression of proteins such as HMGA2 or HMGA1) and changes caused by microRNAs. Each of these epigenetic alterations serves to regulate gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence. These changes usually remain through cell divisions, last for multiple cell generations, and can be consider...	{ "page_id": 854294, "source": null, "title": "DNA repair" }
a newly arising somatic mutation in a DNA repair gene, but are much more frequently caused by epigenetic alterations that reduce or silence expression of DNA repair genes. For example, when 113 colorectal cancers were examined in sequence, only four had a missense mutation in the DNA repair gene MGMT, while the majorit...	{ "page_id": 854294, "source": null, "title": "DNA repair" }
or cyan indicate genes frequently epigenetically altered in various types of cancers. Wikipedia articles on each of the genes highlighted by red, gray or cyan describe the epigenetic alteration(s) and the cancer(s) in which these epimutations are found. Review articles, and broad experimental survey articles also docum...	{ "page_id": 854294, "source": null, "title": "DNA repair" }
ends (flaps) are usually present. MMEJ removes the extra nucleotides (flaps) where strands are joined, and then ligates the strands to create an intact DNA double helix. MMEJ almost always involves at least a small deletion, so that it is a mutagenic pathway. FEN1, the flap endonuclease in MMEJ, is epigenetically incre...	{ "page_id": 854294, "source": null, "title": "DNA repair" }
to survive in the face of DNA damage. The selective advantage of epigenetic alterations that occur with DNA repair is not clear. === Repair of oxidative DNA damage can alter epigenetic markers === In the steady state (with endogenous damages occurring and being repaired), there are about 2,400 oxidatively damaged guani...	{ "page_id": 854294, "source": null, "title": "DNA repair" }
was examined, BACE1. The methylation level of the BACE1 CpG island was reduced (an epigenetic alteration) and this allowed about 6.5 fold increase of expression of BACE1 messenger RNA. While six-hour incubation with H2O2 causes considerable demethylation of 5-mCpG sites, shorter times of H2O2 incubation appear to promo...	{ "page_id": 854294, "source": null, "title": "DNA repair" }
alters epigenetic markers === At least four articles report the recruitment of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) to sites of DNA double-strand breaks. During homologous recombinational repair (HR) of the double-strand break, the involvement of DNMT1 causes the two repaired strands of DNA to have different levels of methy...	{ "page_id": 854294, "source": null, "title": "DNA repair" }
double-strand break and some progeny having high expression of that gene due to epigenetic alterations associated with NHEJ repair. The frequency of epigenetic alterations causing repression of a gene after an NHEJ repair of a DNA double-strand break in that gene may be about 0.9%. == Evolution == The basic processes o...	{ "page_id": 854294, "source": null, "title": "DNA repair" }
in a germ line cell that will eventually produce a gamete, the mutation has the potential to be passed on to the organism's offspring. The rate of evolution in a particular species (or, in a particular gene) is a function of the rate of mutation. As a consequence, the rate and accuracy of DNA repair mechanisms have an ...	{ "page_id": 854294, "source": null, "title": "DNA repair" }
2018 at the Wayback Machine DNA Damage and DNA Repair Segmental Progeria Hakem R (February 2008). "DNA-damage repair; the good, the bad, and the ugly". EMBO J. 27 (4): 589–605. doi:10.1038/emboj.2008.15. PMC 2262034. PMID 18285820. Morales ME, Derbes RS, Ade CM, Ortego JC, Stark J, Deininger PL, et al. (2016). "Heavy M...	{ "page_id": 854294, "source": null, "title": "DNA repair" }
The Bullough–Dodd model is an integrable model in 1+1-dimensional quantum field theory introduced by Robin Bullough and Roger Dodd. Its Lagrangian density is L = 1 2 ( ∂ μ φ ) 2 − m 0 2 6 g 2 ( 2 e g φ + e − 2 g φ ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}={\frac {1}{2}}(\partial _{\mu }\varphi )^{2}-{\frac {m_{0}^{2}}{6g^{2}}}(2...	{ "page_id": 12912917, "source": null, "title": "Bullough–Dodd model" }
A peptide microarray (also commonly known as peptide chip or peptide epitope microarray) is a collection of peptides displayed on a solid surface, usually a glass or plastic chip. Peptide chips are used by scientists in biology, medicine and pharmacology to study binding properties and functionality and kinetics of pro...	{ "page_id": 35260696, "source": null, "title": "Peptide microarray" }
of enzyme activities. Peptide microarrays show several advantages over protein microarrays: Ease and cost of synthesis Extended shelf stability Detection of binding events on epitope level, enabling study of i.e. epitope spreading Flexible design for peptide sequence (i.e. posttranslational modifications, sequence dive...	{ "page_id": 35260696, "source": null, "title": "Peptide microarray" }
microarrays can be used to study different kinds of protein-protein interactions, specially those involving modular protein substructures called peptide recognition modules or, most commonly, protein interaction domains. The reason for this is that such protein substructures recognize short linear motifs often exposed ...	{ "page_id": 35260696, "source": null, "title": "Peptide microarray" }
Excel. This "gal" file is most often provided by the microarray manufacturer and is generated by input txt files and tracking software built into the robots that do the microarray manufacturing. == References ==	{ "page_id": 35260696, "source": null, "title": "Peptide microarray" }
Elder abuse (also called elder mistreatment, senior abuse, abuse in later life, abuse of older adults, abuse of older women, and abuse of older men) is a single or repeated act, or lack of appropriate action, occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust, which causes harm or distress to an o...	{ "page_id": 526616, "source": null, "title": "Elder abuse" }
elder abuse involves the use of power and control to harm the well-being and status of an older person. Although there are common themes of elder abuse across nations, elder abuse differs within nations according to the history, culture, and economic strength of older people, as well as the way older people are perceiv...	{ "page_id": 526616, "source": null, "title": "Elder abuse" }
is at risk (for example, from a fall). The deprivation may be intentional (active neglect) or happen out of lack of knowledge or resources (passive neglect). In addition, some U.S. state laws also recognize the following as elder abuse: Abandonment: deserting a dependent person with the intent to abandon them or leave ...	{ "page_id": 526616, "source": null, "title": "Elder abuse" }
United States reported a growing abuse rate of 44% and neglect up to 95%, making elder abuse in nursing homes a growing danger. Exact statistics are rare due to elder abuse in general and specifically in nursing homes being a silent condition. == Warning signs == The key to prevention and intervention of elder abuse is...	{ "page_id": 526616, "source": null, "title": "Elder abuse" }
home. Sexual abuse, like physical abuse, can be detected by visible signs on the body, especially around the breasts or genital area. Other signs include inexplicable infections, bleeding, and torn underclothing. Neglect can be inflicted by either a caregiver or oneself. Signs of neglect include malnutrition and dehydr...	{ "page_id": 526616, "source": null, "title": "Elder abuse" }
be a caregiver, spouse, partner, relative, friend, neighbor, volunteer worker, paid worker, practitioner, solicitor, or any other individual with the intent to deprive a vulnerable person of their resources. Relatives include adult children and their spouses or partners, their offspring, and other extended family membe...	{ "page_id": 526616, "source": null, "title": "Elder abuse" }
type of abuse differs according to the relationship. In some situations the abuse is "domestic violence grown old," a situation in which the abusive behavior of a spouse or partner continues into old age. In some situations, an older couple may be attempting to care and support each other and failing, in the absence of...	{ "page_id": 526616, "source": null, "title": "Elder abuse" }
child maltreatment, as perpetrators of elder abuse do not have the same legal protection of rights as parents of children do. For example, a court order is needed to remove a child from their home but not to remove a victim of elder abuse from theirs. == Risk factors == Various risk factors increase the likelihood that...	{ "page_id": 526616, "source": null, "title": "Elder abuse" }
result in abuse. At the community level, caregivers may knowingly or inadvertently cause social isolation of the elderly. At the sociocultural level, being represented as weak and dependent, having a lack of funds to pay for care, needing assistance but living alone, and having bonds between generations of a family des...	{ "page_id": 526616, "source": null, "title": "Elder abuse" }
these older generations. Social Security is a vital form of financial support for retirees, accounting for “half of the household income for adults aged 62 and older, according to the U.S. Census. But it is under threat, with the Social Security Administration making a statement that funds are expected to “be exhausted...	{ "page_id": 526616, "source": null, "title": "Elder abuse" }
2020, with 1 in 5 reporting “extreme financial stress." Given as we know that the majority of abuse cases in the aged are caused by family members, these statistics are not too comforting caregivers. Therefore, we can see that the future economic situation is going to be a catalyst for further abuse of the elderly and ...	{ "page_id": 526616, "source": null, "title": "Elder abuse" }
face a shortage of care facilities in the years to come. == Research and statistics == There has been a general lack of reliable data in this area and it is often argued that the absence of data is a reflection of the low priority given to work associated with older people. However, over the past decade there has been ...	{ "page_id": 526616, "source": null, "title": "Elder abuse" }
the domestic violence arena, have not been routinely transferred into circumstances involving the family abuse of older people. According to the Hourglass helpline in the UK, abuse occurs primarily in the family home (64%), followed by residential care (23%), and then hospitals (5%), although a helpline does not necess...	{ "page_id": 526616, "source": null, "title": "Elder abuse" }
obtaining accurate elder abuse statistics for the following reasons: Elder abuse is largely a hidden problem and tends to be committed in the privacy of the elderly person's home, mostly by his or her family members. Elder abuse victims are often unwilling to report their abuse for fear of others' disbelief, fear of lo...	{ "page_id": 526616, "source": null, "title": "Elder abuse" }
state laws on elder abuse, concern about angering the abuser and ruining the relationship with the elderly patient, possible court appearances, lack of cooperation from elderly patients or families, and lack of time and reimbursement. Through education and training about elder abuse, health care professionals can bette...	{ "page_id": 526616, "source": null, "title": "Elder abuse" }
== Examples == == See also == == References == == Further reading == Nerenberg, Lisa Elder Abuse Prevention: Emerging Trends and Promising Strategies (2007) == External links == Elder Abuse, World Health Organization https://ncea.acl.gov/whatwedo/research/statistics.html Archived 2019-01-08 at the Wayback Machine Natio...	{ "page_id": 526616, "source": null, "title": "Elder abuse" }
Ayahuasca is a South American psychoactive decoction prepared from Banisteriopsis caapi vine and a dimethyltryptamine (DMT)-containing plant, used by Indigenous cultures in the Amazon and Orinoco basins as part of traditional medicine and shamanism. The word ayahuasca, originating from Quechuan languages spoken in the ...	{ "page_id": 2328, "source": null, "title": "Ayahuasca" }
antidepressant effects in both animal and human studies, suggesting the potential for new treatments with fewer side effects. A 2024 systematic review found that traditional ayahuasca use is generally safe, though higher doses of ayahuasca or higher doses of isolated harmala alkaloids like harmaline may pose risks. == ...	{ "page_id": 2328, "source": null, "title": "Ayahuasca" }
from the Chicham languages shori, mii (or miiyagi) and uni, from the Yaminawa language nishi cobin, from the Shipibo language nixi pae, shuri, ondi, rambi and rame, from the Kashinawa language kaji, kadana and kadanapira, used by the Tucano people kamarampi (or kamalampi) and hananeroca, from the Arawakan languages bak...	{ "page_id": 2328, "source": null, "title": "Ayahuasca" }
of the use of psychoactive plants in northeastern Amazon dates back to 1500–2000 BCE. Anthropomorphic figurines, snuffing trays and pottery vessels, often adorned with mythological figures and sacred animals, offer a glimpse of the pre-Columbian culture regarding use of the sacred plants, their preparation and ritual c...	{ "page_id": 2328, "source": null, "title": "Ayahuasca" }
Chantre y Herrera still in the seventeenth century, provided the first detailed description of a "devilish potion" cooked from bitter herbs and lianas (called ayaguasca) and its rituals: "[...] In other nations, they set aside an entire night for divination. For this purpose, they select the most capable house in the v...	{ "page_id": 2328, "source": null, "title": "Ayahuasca" }
run their course, and the intoxication subsides. After this, they reflect on what their imagination revealed, which occasionally remains with them for delirium. This is what they consider accomplished and propagate as an oracle." Latter reports were produced by Juan Magnin in 1740, describing ayahuasca use as a medicin...	{ "page_id": 2328, "source": null, "title": "Ayahuasca" }
and mythology along the Jurupari and Vaupés and Alfred Simson's first description of admixture of several ingredients in the making of ayahuasca in Putumayo region, published in 1886. In 1905, Rafael Zerda Bayón named the active extract of ayahuasca as telepathine, a name latter used by the Colombian chemist Guillermo ...	{ "page_id": 2328, "source": null, "title": "Ayahuasca" }
in the last three centuries, as it promoted a deep reshape in traditional ways of life in the region. Many indigenous groups moved into the Missions, seeking protection from death and slavery promoted by the Bandeiras, inter-tribal violence, starvation and disease (smallpox). This movement resulted in an intense cultur...	{ "page_id": 2328, "source": null, "title": "Ayahuasca" }
Cuzco through Urubamba Valley and from western Ecuador), influenced by Christian aspects derived from the Jesuit missions, as reflected by the mythology, rituals and moral codes related to vegetalista ayahuasca use. === Ayahuasca religions === Although mestizo, vegetalista and indigenous ayahuasca use was part of a lon...	{ "page_id": 2328, "source": null, "title": "Ayahuasca" }
the ayahuasca religious expanded to other parts of Brazil and several countries in the world, notably in the West. === Modern use === Beat writer William S. Burroughs read a paper by Richard Evans Schultes on the subject and while traveling through South America in the early 1950s sought out ayahuasca in the hopes that...	{ "page_id": 2328, "source": null, "title": "Ayahuasca" }
the liver. The traditional making of ayahuasca follows a ritual process that requires the user to pick the lower Chacruna leaf at sunrise, then say a prayer. The vine must be "cleaned meticulously with wooden spoons" and pounded "with wooden mallets until it's fibre." Brews can also be made with plants that do not cont...	{ "page_id": 2328, "source": null, "title": "Ayahuasca" }
and cosmologies associated with ayahuasca shamanism, as practiced among Indigenous peoples like the Urarina of the Peruvian Amazon. Dietary taboos are often associated with the use of ayahuasca, although these seem to be specific to the culture around Iquitos, Peru, a major center of ayahuasca tourism. Ayahuasca retrea...	{ "page_id": 2328, "source": null, "title": "Ayahuasca" }
power, of which they believe every person has a limited stockpile. The shamans lead the ceremonial consumption of the ayahuasca beverage, in a rite that typically takes place over the entire night. During the ceremony, the effect of the drink lasts for hours. Prior to the ceremony, participants are instructed to abstai...	{ "page_id": 2328, "source": null, "title": "Ayahuasca" }
– leaves Diplopterys cabrerana (Chaliponga, Chagropanga, Banisteriopsis rusbyana) – leaves Mimosa tenuiflora (M. hostilis) - root bark Other common admixtures: Justicia pectoralis Brugmansia sp. (Toé) Opuntia sp. Epiphyllum sp. Cyperus sp. Nicotiana rustica (Mapacho, variety of tobacco) Ilex guayusa, a relative of yerb...	{ "page_id": 2328, "source": null, "title": "Ayahuasca" }
controlled substance (DMT); however, the prosecution was unable to prove that the use of ayahuasca by members of the Santo Daime constituted a sufficient threat to public health and order such that it warranted denying their rights to religious freedom under ECHR Article 9. The 2001 verdict of the Amsterdam district co...	{ "page_id": 2328, "source": null, "title": "Ayahuasca" }
effects, known as purging, are traditionally recognized to be a part of the spiritual experience of ayahuasca. Physiologically, vomiting is a result of increased serotonin circulating in the gut, which directly stimulates the vagus nerve. Other short-term side effects include increased blood pressure and tachycardia. A...	{ "page_id": 2328, "source": null, "title": "Ayahuasca" }
the influx of serotonin caused by the psychoactive combination of DMT with beta-carbolines. Serotonin stimulates a group of G-protein coupled receptors known as 5-HT receptors. Specifically, stimulation of the 5-HT2A receptor type is correlated with hallucinogenic effects. === Potential therapeutic effects === There ar...	{ "page_id": 2328, "source": null, "title": "Ayahuasca" }
(e.g. decoctions) made of these plants, including ayahuasca, are not under international control and, therefore, not subject to any of the articles of the 1971 Convention." Despite the INCB's 2001 affirmation that ayahuasca is not subject to drug control by international convention, in its 2010 Annual Report the Board ...	{ "page_id": 2328, "source": null, "title": "Ayahuasca" }
to use the tea in early 2005; however, they were not allowed an exception for religious purposes, but rather for the simple reason that they did not perform chemical extractions to end up with pure DMT and harmala and the plants used were not scheduled. Four months after the court victory, the common ingredients of aya...	{ "page_id": 2328, "source": null, "title": "Ayahuasca" }
well-known and sacred to many Indigenous peoples of the Amazon, and used by them in religious and healing ceremonies. Later that year the PTO issued a decision rejecting the patent, on the basis that the petitioners' arguments that the plant was not "distinctive or novel" were valid; however, the decision did not ackno...	{ "page_id": 2328, "source": null, "title": "Ayahuasca" }
Hansken (1630 – 9 November 1655 in Florence) was a female Sri Lankan elephant that became famous in early 17th-century Europe. She toured many countries, demonstrating circus tricks, and influenced many artists including Stefano della Bella, Theodoor van Thulden and notably, Rembrandt. Hansken was born in what was then...	{ "page_id": 6097183, "source": null, "title": "Hansken" }
Della Bella also drew her corpse after her death on 9 November 1655. The skeleton of Hansken is still preserved in Florence at Museo della Specola. The skin, which was mounted on a wooden support, is now lost. == See also == Cultural depictions of elephants List of individual elephants History of elephants in Europe Ha...	{ "page_id": 6097183, "source": null, "title": "Hansken" }
Fluorobenzenes are a group of aryl fluorides/halobenzenes consisting of one or more fluorine atoms as substituents on a benzene core. They have the formula C6H6–nFn, where n = 1–6 is the number of fluorine atoms. Depending on the number of fluorine substituents, there may be several constitutional isomers possible. Mon...	{ "page_id": 75761953, "source": null, "title": "Fluorobenzenes" }
Apoptotic DNA fragmentation is a key feature of apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death. Apoptosis is characterized by the activation of endogenous endonucleases, particularly the caspase-3 activated DNase (CAD), with subsequent cleavage of nuclear DNA into internucleosomal fragments of roughly 180 base pairs (bp) a...	{ "page_id": 16255266, "source": null, "title": "Apoptotic DNA fragmentation" }
chromosomal DNA. Cells that lack ICAD or that express caspase-resistant mutant ICAD thus do not show DNA fragmentation during apoptosis, although they do exhibit some other features of apoptosis and die. Even though much work has been performed on the analysis of apoptotic events, little information is available to lin...	{ "page_id": 16255266, "source": null, "title": "Apoptotic DNA fragmentation" }
similar to the one previously described by Williamson (1970). In 1974, Williams, Little, and Shipley, using cells exposed to widely differing types of trauma, found that during cell death, degraded DNA in "every case had a modal value of between 10(x6) and 10(x7) Dalton and cellular metabolism is required to produce de...	{ "page_id": 16255266, "source": null, "title": "Apoptotic DNA fragmentation" }
one of the standard methods to detect and identify apoptotic cells. == Detection assays == Flow cytometry is most frequently used to detect apoptotic DNA fragmentation. Analysis of DNA content by flow cytometry can identify apoptotic cells with fragmented DNA as the cells with fractional DNA content, often called the s...	{ "page_id": 16255266, "source": null, "title": "Apoptotic DNA fragmentation" }
of in situ nick translation to cell culture systems and tissue sections". Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry. 41 (7): 1023–1030. doi:10.1177/41.7.8515045. ISSN 0022-1554. PMID 8515045. Collins JA, Schandi CA, Young KK, Vesely J, Willingham MC (July 1997). "Major DNA fragmentation is a late event in apoptosis". J...	{ "page_id": 16255266, "source": null, "title": "Apoptotic DNA fragmentation" }
Chromium chloride may refer to: Chromium(II) chloride, also known as chromous chloride Chromium(III) chloride, also known as chromic chloride or chromium trichloride Chromium(IV) chloride, unstable	{ "page_id": 14158114, "source": null, "title": "Chromium chloride" }
The coding region of a gene, also known as the coding DNA sequence (CDS), is the portion of a gene's DNA or RNA that codes for a protein. Studying the length, composition, regulation, splicing, structures, and functions of coding regions compared to non-coding regions over different species and time periods can provide...	{ "page_id": 198948, "source": null, "title": "Coding region" }
between base composition patterns and coding region availability. The coding region is thought to contain a higher GC-content than non-coding regions. There is further research that discovered that the longer the coding strand, the higher the GC-content. Short coding strands are comparatively still GC-poor, similar to ...	{ "page_id": 198948, "source": null, "title": "Coding region" }
maturation, the mature mRNA formed encompasses multiple parts important for its eventual translation into protein. The coding region in an mRNA is flanked by the 5' untranslated region (5'-UTR) and 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR), the 5' cap, and Poly-A tail. During translation, the ribosome facilitates the attachment ...	{ "page_id": 198948, "source": null, "title": "Coding region" }
can result in advantageous changes, others can be harmful and sometimes even lethal to an organism's survival. In contrast, changes in the non-coding region may not always result in detectable changes in phenotype. === Mutation types === There are various forms of mutations that can occur in coding regions. One form is...	{ "page_id": 198948, "source": null, "title": "Coding region" }
within an mRNA codon. == Constrained coding regions (CCRs) == While it is well known that the genome of one individual can have extensive differences when compared to the genome of another, recent research has found that some coding regions are highly constrained, or resistant to mutation, between individuals of the sa...	{ "page_id": 198948, "source": null, "title": "Coding region" }
proteins from the available coding regions. For both DNA and RNA, pairwise alignments can detect overlapping coding regions, including short open reading frames in viruses, but would require a known coding strand to compare the potential overlapping coding strand with. An alternative method using single genome sequence...	{ "page_id": 198948, "source": null, "title": "Coding region" }
High-altitude adaptation in humans is an instance of evolutionary modification in certain human populations, including those of Tibet in Asia, the Andes of the Americas, and Ethiopia in Africa, who have evolved the ability to survive at altitudes above 2,500 meters (8,200 ft). This adaptation means irreversible, long-t...	{ "page_id": 39127332, "source": null, "title": "High-altitude adaptation in humans" }
as cerebral oedema (swelling of brain) and pulmonary oedema (fluid accumulation in lungs) . Over a span of multiple days, individuals experiencing the effects of high-altitude hypoxia demonstrate raised respiratory activity and elevated metabolic conditions which persist during periods of rest. Subsequently, afflicted ...	{ "page_id": 39127332, "source": null, "title": "High-altitude adaptation in humans" }
University of Michigan in the late 1960s among the Quechua people of Peru. Paul T. Baker of Penn State University’s Department of Anthropology also conducted a considerable amount of research into human adaptation to high altitudes, and mentored students who continued this research. One of these students, anthropologis...	{ "page_id": 39127332, "source": null, "title": "High-altitude adaptation in humans" }
life, and a higher capacity for exercise. They show a sustained increase in cerebral blood flow, lower hemoglobin concentration, and less susceptibility to chronic mountain sickness than other populations due to their longer history of high-altitude habitation. With the proper physical preparation, individuals can deve...	{ "page_id": 39127332, "source": null, "title": "High-altitude adaptation in humans" }
However, in contrast to lowland humans, they have increased oxygen levels in their hemoglobin; that is, more oxygen per blood volume. This confers an ability to carry more oxygen in each red blood cell, meaning a more effective transport of oxygen throughout their bodies. This enables Andeans to overcome hypoxia and no...	{ "page_id": 39127332, "source": null, "title": "High-altitude adaptation in humans" }
high altitudes, but do not exhibit the Andeans’ increase in oxygen content of hemoglobin. Among healthy individuals, the average hemoglobin concentrations are 15.9 and 15.0 g/dl for males and females, respectively (which is lower than normal, similar to the Tibetans), and an average oxygen saturation of hemoglobin is 9...	{ "page_id": 39127332, "source": null, "title": "High-altitude adaptation in humans" }
was a transcription factor involved in response to hypoxia, called endothelial Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) domain protein 1 (EPAS1). It was found that one single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at EPAS1 shows a 78% frequency difference between Tibetan and mainland Chinese samples, representing the fastest genetic change observed ...	{ "page_id": 39127332, "source": null, "title": "High-altitude adaptation in humans" }
range supported by archaeological, mitochondria DNA, and Y chromosome evidence for an initial colonization of the Tibetan plateau around 30,000 years ago. The genes EPAS1, EGLN1, and PPARA function in concert with another gene named hypoxia inducible factors (HIF), which is in turn a principal regulator of red blood ce...	{ "page_id": 39127332, "source": null, "title": "High-altitude adaptation in humans" }
the pattern of variation for this gene differs between the two populations. Furthermore, there are no significant associations between EPAS1 or EGLN1 SNP genotypes and hemoglobin concentration among the Andeans, which is characteristic of the Tibetans. The Andean pattern of adaptation is characterized by selection in a...	{ "page_id": 39127332, "source": null, "title": "High-altitude adaptation in humans" }
to high altitude arose independently among different highlander populations as a result of convergent evolution. == See also == Altitude Effects of high altitude on humans (including acclimatisation) High-altitude adaptation High-altitude football controversy Tibetan Plateau == References == == External links ==	{ "page_id": 39127332, "source": null, "title": "High-altitude adaptation in humans" }
An electromagnetic cavity is a cavity that acts as a container for electromagnetic fields such as photons, in effect containing their wave function inside. The size of the cavity determines the maximum photon wavelength that can be trapped. Additionally, it produces quantized energy levels for trapped charged particles...	{ "page_id": 854305, "source": null, "title": "Electromagnetic cavity" }
Quantum dot == References ==	{ "page_id": 854305, "source": null, "title": "Electromagnetic cavity" }
The frailty index (FI) can be used to measure the health status of older individuals; it serves as a proxy measure of aging and vulnerability to poor outcomes. FI was developed by Dr. Kenneth Rockwood and Dr. Arnold Mitnitski at Dalhousie University in Canada. FI is defined as the proportion of deficits present in an i...	{ "page_id": 47581481, "source": null, "title": "Frailty index" }
This is a list of Doctorate degree programs (PhD or professional doctorate) with formal specializations / concentrations in Bioethics, by country. These may be dedicated degrees in Bioethics, or specializations within other disciplinary programs, such as philosophy, law or health sciences. They may refer to bioethics, ...	{ "page_id": 57805098, "source": null, "title": "List of doctoral programs in bioethics" }
in Biomedical Science, clinical ethics option University of Toronto PhD (Philosophy, Nursing, Health Sciences, etc.) bioethics specialization === Mexico === Universidad Anáhuac México - Doctorate of Bioethics === United States === Albany Medical College - Doctorate of Professional Studies in Bioethics Arizona State Uni...	{ "page_id": 57805098, "source": null, "title": "List of doctoral programs in bioethics" }
Tin iodide may refer to two different ionic compounds. Tin(II) iodide or stannous iodide Tin(IV) iodide or stannic iodide	{ "page_id": 11733292, "source": null, "title": "Tin iodide" }
Vanadium chloride may refer to: Vanadium(II) chloride, VCl2 Vanadium(III) chloride, VCl3 Vanadium(IV) chloride, VCl4 Vanadium(V) chloride, VCl5	{ "page_id": 5376303, "source": null, "title": "Vanadium chloride" }
An antibody (Ab) or immunoglobulin (Ig) is a large, Y-shaped protein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily which is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize antigens such as bacteria and viruses, including those that cause disease. Antibodies can recognize virtually any size antigen, able to perceive ...	{ "page_id": 2362, "source": null, "title": "Antibody" }
differ in where they are released in the body and at what stage of an immune response. Between species, while classes and subclasses of antibodies may be shared (at least in name), their functions and distribution throughout the body may be different. For example, mouse IgG1 is closer to human IgG2 than human IgG1 in t...	{ "page_id": 2362, "source": null, "title": "Antibody" }
degree to which they secrete antibody, their lifespan, metabolic adaptations, and surface markers. Plasmablasts are rapidly proliferating, short-lived cells produced in the early phases of the immune response (classically described as arising extrafollicularly rather than from a germinal center) which have the potentia...	{ "page_id": 2362, "source": null, "title": "Antibody" }
response, e.g. in the case of herpes zoster). Durable protection from infections caused by a given microbe – that is, the ability of the microbe to enter the body and begin to replicate (not necessarily to cause disease) – depends on sustained production of large quantities of antibodies, meaning that effective vaccine...	{ "page_id": 2362, "source": null, "title": "Antibody" }

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.