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Dynamic balance is the branch of mechanics that is concerned with the effects of forces on the motion of a body or system of bodies, especially of forces that do not originate within the system itself, which is also called kinetics. Dynamic balance is the ability of an object to balance while in motion or switching bet...	{ "page_id": 40831187, "source": null, "title": "Dynamic balance" }
Biobased economy, bioeconomy or biotechonomy is an economic activity involving the use of biotechnology and biomass in the production of goods, services, or energy. The terms are widely used by regional development agencies, national and international organizations, and biotechnology companies. They are closely linked ...	{ "page_id": 11339988, "source": null, "title": "Bioeconomy" }
can generate economic value while protecting ecosystems and promoting sustainability. By aligning economic growth with environmental stewardship, the bioeconomy offers a path toward a sustainable, low-carbon future. This transformative approach emphasizes the interconnectedness of economic, environmental, and social sy...	{ "page_id": 11339988, "source": null, "title": "Bioeconomy" }
November 2015 defines bioeconomy as "knowledge-based production and utilization of biological resources, biological processes and principles to sustainably provide goods and services across all economic sectors". According to the summit, bioeconomy involves three elements: renewable biomass, enabling and converging tec...	{ "page_id": 11339988, "source": null, "title": "Bioeconomy" }
Bioeconomy Blueprint. == Aims == Global population growth and over consumption of many resources are causing increasing environmental pressure and climate change. Bioeconomy tackles with these challenges. It aims to ensure food security and to promote more sustainable natural resource use as well as to reduce the depen...	{ "page_id": 11339988, "source": null, "title": "Bioeconomy" }
less lignin, or to express lignin with chemically labile bonds. With genetically modified crops however, there are still some challenges involved (hurdles to regulatory approvals, market adoption and public acceptance). == Fields == According to European Union Bioeconomy Strategy updated in 2018 the bioeconomy covers a...	{ "page_id": 11339988, "source": null, "title": "Bioeconomy" }
agriculture is a field of the biobased economy. The most well known cellular agriculture concept is cultured meat. (Full article...) However, not all synthetic nutrition products are animal food products such as meat and dairy – for instance, as of 2021 there are also products of synthetic coffee that are reported to b...	{ "page_id": 11339988, "source": null, "title": "Bioeconomy" }
beyond recycling. For example, in 2020, biotechnologists reported the genetically engineered refinement and mechanical description of synergistic enzymes – PETase, first discovered in 2016, and MHETase of Ideonella sakaiensis – for faster depolymerization of PET and also of PEF, which may be useful for depollution, rec...	{ "page_id": 11339988, "source": null, "title": "Bioeconomy" }
bioeconomy. Carbon sequestration and ecosystem services are also included in the concept of forest bioeconomy. Pulp, paper, packaging materials and sawn timber are the traditional products of the forest industry. Wood is also traditionally used in furniture and construction industries. But in addition to these, as a re...	{ "page_id": 11339988, "source": null, "title": "Bioeconomy" }
biofuel and algae fuel. According to World Bioenergy Association 17.8 % out of gross final energy consumption was covered with renewable energy. Among renewable energy sources, bioenergy (energy from bio-based sources) is the largest renewable energy source. In 2017, bioenergy accounted for 70% of renewable energy cons...	{ "page_id": 11339988, "source": null, "title": "Bioeconomy" }
pellets ==== ==== Getting the most out of the biomass ==== For economic reasons, the processing of the biomass is done according to a specific pattern (a process called cascading). This pattern depends on the types of biomass used. The whole of finding the most suitable pattern is known as biorefining. A general list s...	{ "page_id": 11339988, "source": null, "title": "Bioeconomy" }
microbial reactors, for example, could be used to produce hydrogen as hydrogen economy biotechnology. ==== Climate change adaptation and mitigation ==== Activities and technologies for bio-based climate change adaptation could be considered as part of the bioeconomy. Examples may include: reforestation (alongside fores...	{ "page_id": 11339988, "source": null, "title": "Bioeconomy" }
been significantly enhanced. Bioplastics have been made from sugarbeet, by bacteria. ====== Examples of bioplastics ====== Paptic: There are packaging materials which combine the qualities of paper and plastic. For example, Paptic is produced from wood-based fibre that contains more than 70% wood. The material is forme...	{ "page_id": 11339988, "source": null, "title": "Bioeconomy" }
therapy and can be moulded to any anatomical shape. Excess pieces can be reused: used casts can be disposed of either as energy or biowaste. The composite differs from traditional lime cast in that it doesn’t need water and it is non-toxic. Therefore gas-masks, gauntlets or suction fans are not required when handling t...	{ "page_id": 11339988, "source": null, "title": "Bioeconomy" }
2014). The natural fibre textile industry is based on cotton, linen, bamboo, hemp, wool, silk, angora, mohair and cashmere. Activities related to textile production and processing that more clearly fall under the domain of the bioeconomy are developments such as the biofabrication of leather-like material using fungi, ...	{ "page_id": 11339988, "source": null, "title": "Bioeconomy" }
as of 2019, current EU interpretation of the bioeconomy is "diametrically opposite to the original narrative of Baranoff and Georgescu-Roegen that told us that expanding the share of activities based on renewable resources in the economy would slow down economic growth and set strict limits on the overall expansion of ...	{ "page_id": 11339988, "source": null, "title": "Bioeconomy" }
community has warned that gene patents can inhibit the practice of medicine and progress of science. This can also apply to other areas where patents and private intellectual property licenses are being used, often entirely preventing the use and continued development of knowledge and techniques for many years or decad...	{ "page_id": 11339988, "source": null, "title": "Bioeconomy" }
And investments in the relevant sectors seem to be a bottleneck hindering the transition toward a bioeconomy. Governments could also help innovators that lack the network "to naturally obtain the visibility and political influence necessary to obtain public funds" and could help determine relevant laws. By establishing...	{ "page_id": 11339988, "source": null, "title": "Bioeconomy" }
Exercise physiology is the physiology of physical exercise. It is one of the allied health professions, and involves the study of the acute responses and chronic adaptations to exercise. Exercise physiologists are the highest qualified exercise professionals and utilise education, lifestyle intervention and specific fo...	{ "page_id": 395477, "source": null, "title": "Exercise physiology" }
(5,098 mi) over 50 consecutive days expended a total of 1,145 MJ (273,850 kcal; 273,850 dieter calories) with an average power output of 173.8 W. Skeletal muscle burns 90 mg (0.5 mmol) of glucose each minute during continuous activity (such as when repetitively extending the human knee), generating ≈24 W of mechanical ...	{ "page_id": 395477, "source": null, "title": "Exercise physiology" }
adenylate kinase. All of these systems re-synthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the universal energy source in all cells. The most rapid source, but the most readily depleted of the above sources is the PCr system which utilizes the enzyme creatine kinase. This enzyme catalyzes a reaction that combines phos...	{ "page_id": 395477, "source": null, "title": "Exercise physiology" }
of catabolizing stored glycogen (glycogenolysis) as well as synthesizing new glucose from specific reduced carbon molecules (glycerol, pyruvate, and lactate) in a process called gluconeogenesis. The ability of the liver to release glucose into the blood from glycogenolysis is unique, since skeletal muscle, the other ma...	{ "page_id": 395477, "source": null, "title": "Exercise physiology" }
stated above, the mechanism for this glucose disposal is independent of insulin, which makes it particularly well-suited for people with diabetes. In addition, there appears to be an increase in sensitivity to insulin for approximately 12–24 hours post-exercise. This is particularly useful for those who have type II di...	{ "page_id": 395477, "source": null, "title": "Exercise physiology" }
is a bit of an oversimplification. Although cardiac output is thought to be the limiting factor of this relationship in healthy individuals, it is not the only determinant of VO2 max. That is, factors such as the ability of the lung to oxygenate the blood must also be considered. Various pathologies and anomalies cause...	{ "page_id": 395477, "source": null, "title": "Exercise physiology" }
Hypohydration reduces aerobic endurance, but its effects on muscle strength and endurance are not consistent and require further study. Intense prolonged exercise produces metabolic waste heat, and this is removed by sweat-based thermoregulation. A male marathon runner loses each hour around 0.83 L in cool weather and ...	{ "page_id": 395477, "source": null, "title": "Exercise physiology" }
20% of the body's energy consumption. The brain is normally dependent for its high energy expenditure upon aerobic metabolism. The brain as a result is highly sensitive to failure of its oxygen supply with loss of consciousness occurring within six to seven seconds, with its EEG going flat in 23 seconds. Therefore, the...	{ "page_id": 395477, "source": null, "title": "Exercise physiology" }
about 17%, with a higher percentage of 25% occurring during hypoglycemia. During intense exercise, lactate has been estimated to provide a third of the brain's energy needs. There is evidence that the brain might, however, in spite of these alternative sources of energy, still suffer an energy crisis since IL-6 (a sign...	{ "page_id": 395477, "source": null, "title": "Exercise physiology" }
from type 1 ryanodine receptor) channels has also been identified with fatigue. === Endurance failure === After intense prolonged exercise, there can be a collapse in body homeostasis. Some famous examples include: Dorando Pietri in the 1908 Summer Olympic men's marathon ran the wrong way and collapsed several times. J...	{ "page_id": 395477, "source": null, "title": "Exercise physiology" }
emergency reserve is always maintained. The idea of the central governor has been questioned since 'physiological catastrophes' can and do occur suggesting that if it did exist, athletes (such as Dorando Pietri, Jim Peters and Gabriela Andersen-Schiess) can override it. === Other factors === Exercise fatigue has also b...	{ "page_id": 395477, "source": null, "title": "Exercise physiology" }
prey). Humans, unlike other animals that catch prey, remove heat with a specialized thermoregulation based on sweat evaporation. One gram of sweat can remove 2,598 J of heat energy. Another mechanism is increased skin blood flow during exercise that allows for greater convective heat loss that is aided by our upright p...	{ "page_id": 395477, "source": null, "title": "Exercise physiology" }
of whole muscle fibers. Muscle pain can range from a mild soreness to a debilitating injury depending on intensity of exercise, level of training, and other factors. There is some preliminary evidence to suggest that moderate intensity continuous training has the ability to increase someone's pain threshold. == Educati...	{ "page_id": 395477, "source": null, "title": "Exercise physiology" }
flow, endocrine secretions, and others); fatigue and exhaustion; muscle and body training; physiology of specific exercises and activities; physiology of injury; and the effects of disabilities and disease. Careers available with a degree in Exercise Physiology can include: non-clinical, client-based work; strength and...	{ "page_id": 395477, "source": null, "title": "Exercise physiology" }
understanding of human anatomy, human physiology, and exercise physiology. Includes instruction in muscular and skeletal anatomy; molecular and cellular basis of muscle contraction; fuel utilization; neurophysiology of motor mechanics; systemic physiological responses (respiration, blood flow, endocrine secretions, and...	{ "page_id": 395477, "source": null, "title": "Exercise physiology" }
A pyrogallolarene (also calix[4]pyrogallolarene) is a macrocycle, or a cyclic oligomer, based on the condensation of pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene) and an aldehyde. Pyrogallolarenes are a type of calixarene, and a subset of resorcinarenes that are substituted with a hydroxyl at the 2-position. Pyrogallolarenes, l...	{ "page_id": 61999316, "source": null, "title": "Pyrogallolarenes" }
Radiative equilibrium is the condition where the total thermal radiation leaving an object is equal to the total thermal radiation entering it. It is one of the several requirements for thermodynamic equilibrium, but it can occur in the absence of thermodynamic equilibrium. There are various types of radiative equilibr...	{ "page_id": 23988436, "source": null, "title": "Radiative equilibrium" }
is at the same time in the two species of equilibrium." === Pointwise radiative equilibrium === Following Max Planck (1914), a radiative field is often described in terms of specific radiative intensity, which is a function of each geometrical point in a space region, at an instant of time. This is slightly different f...	{ "page_id": 23988436, "source": null, "title": "Radiative equilibrium" }
is in radiative equilibrium. This means that, at every point of the region of space that is in (pointwise) radiative equilibrium, the total, for all frequencies of radiation, interconversion of energy between thermal radiation and energy content in matter is nil(zero). Pointwise radiative equilibrium is closely related...	{ "page_id": 23988436, "source": null, "title": "Radiative equilibrium" }
==== Approximate radiative exchange equilibrium ==== To a first approximation, an example of radiative exchange equilibrium is in the exchange of non-window wavelength thermal radiation between the land-and-sea surface and the lowest atmosphere, when there is a clear sky. As a first approximation (W. C. Swinbank 1963, ...	{ "page_id": 23988436, "source": null, "title": "Radiative equilibrium" }
atmosphere, these temperatures can be different than the mean surface temperature, which may be measured as the global-mean surface air temperature, or as the global-mean surface skin temperature. A radiative equilibrium temperature is calculated for the case that the supply of energy from within the planet (for exampl...	{ "page_id": 23988436, "source": null, "title": "Radiative equilibrium" }
distribution and is in 'radiative equilibrium'; they are assuming that all the radiative energy to space comes from within the star. == Mechanisms == When there is enough matter in a region to allow molecular collisions to occur very much more often than absorption or emission of photons, for radiation one speaks of lo...	{ "page_id": 23988436, "source": null, "title": "Radiative equilibrium" }
The molecular formula C32H43N5O5 (molar mass: 577.71 g/mol) may refer to: Dihydroergocryptine Epicriptine, or beta-dihydroergocryptine	{ "page_id": 24053976, "source": null, "title": "C32H43N5O5" }
Johnson's figure of merit is a measure of suitability of a semiconductor material for high frequency power transistor applications and requirements. More specifically, it is the product of the charge carrier saturation velocity in the material and the electric breakdown field under same conditions, first proposed by Ed...	{ "page_id": 25168088, "source": null, "title": "Johnson's figure of merit" }
Hachikō (ハチ公, November 10, 1923 – March 8, 1935) was a Japanese Akita dog remembered for his remarkable loyalty to his owner, Hidesaburō Ueno, for whom he continued to wait for over nine years following Ueno's death. Hachikō was born on November 10, 1923, at a farm near the city of Ōdate, Akita Prefecture. In 1924, Hid...	{ "page_id": 788698, "source": null, "title": "Hachikō" }
a lecture to his class, and he died without ever returning to the train station at which Hachikō waited for the next 9 years, 9 months and 15 days, appearing precisely when the train was due at the station. Hachikō attracted the attention of other commuters. Many of the people who visited the Shibuya train station had ...	{ "page_id": 788698, "source": null, "title": "Hachikō" }
in Hachikō's stomach, but the skewers did not damage his stomach nor cause his death. After his death, Hachikō's remains were cremated and his ashes were buried in Aoyama Cemetery, Minato, Tokyo where they rest beside Professor Ueno. Hachikō's pelt was preserved after his death, and his taxidermy is on display at the N...	{ "page_id": 788698, "source": null, "title": "Hachikō" }
80th anniversary of Hachikō's death. The statue was sculpted by Tsutomu Ueda from Nagoya and depicts an excited Hachikō jumping up to greet his master at the end of a workday. Ueno is dressed in a hat, suit, and trench coat, with his briefcase placed on the ground. Hachikō wears a studded harness as seen in his last ph...	{ "page_id": 788698, "source": null, "title": "Hachikō" }
at a temple in Taitō, further away from Ueno's grave, despite her requests to her family members to be buried with her partner. In 2013, Yaeko's record indicated that she wanted to be buried with Ueno, was found by Sho Shiozawa, who is a professor of the University of Tokyo. Shiozawa was also the president of the Japan...	{ "page_id": 788698, "source": null, "title": "Hachikō" }
both Ueno and Sakano families in present, some of the ashes of Yaeko Sakano were buried with Ueno and Hachikō, her name and the date of her death was inscribed on the side of his tombstone, thus fulfilling the reunion of Hachikō's family."By putting the names of both on their grave, we can show future generations the f...	{ "page_id": 788698, "source": null, "title": "Hachikō" }
author Lluís Prats and Polish illustrator Zuzanna Celej, published in 2022. In the Japanese manga One Piece, there is a similar story with a dog named Shushu. In the video game: The World Ends with You (2007), the Hachikō statue is featured, it's referenced on several occasions. The location of the statue plays a role ...	{ "page_id": 788698, "source": null, "title": "Hachikō" }
Imperial World. Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute. Columbia University. ISBN 978-0-8014-5025-9. Ormeron, Anastasia (2021). Hachi&Friends. Amazon.com. ASIN B0921HP6MG. == External links == Skabelund, Aaron Herald (September 23, 2011). "Canine Imperialism". Berfrois. Retrieved October 28, 2011.	{ "page_id": 788698, "source": null, "title": "Hachikō" }
This is a list of cardiovascular clinical trials, categorized and alphabetized. == Acute coronary syndrome == == Arrhythmias == == Atrial fibrillation == == Coronary artery disease == == Epidemiology == == Heart failure == == Hypertension == == Lipids == == Valvular diseases == == References == == External links == Mya...	{ "page_id": 77269211, "source": null, "title": "List of cardiovascular clinical trials" }
International Federation of Societies of Cosmetic Chemists (IFSCC) is an international association based in New York City that promotes international cooperation in cosmetic science and technology. The Federation was founded in Brussels, Belgium in 1959 and had its headquarters in London before moving to New York in 20...	{ "page_id": 72812763, "source": null, "title": "International Federation of Societies of Cosmetic Chemists" }
Starting in 2023, only the IFSCC Congress is offered annually. The past three IFSCC Congresses were held in London (32nd Congress; 2022), in Tokyo (31st Congress; 2020), and in Munich (30th Congress; 2018). The first IFSCC Congress was held in Munich in 1960. The past three IFSCC Conferences were held in Cancún (26th C...	{ "page_id": 72812763, "source": null, "title": "International Federation of Societies of Cosmetic Chemists" }
Gauge vector–tensor gravity (GVT) is a relativistic generalization of Mordehai Milgrom's modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) paradigm where gauge fields cause the MOND behavior. The former covariant realizations of MOND such as the Bekenstein's tensor–vector–scalar gravity and the Moffat's scalar–tensor–vector gravity a...	{ "page_id": 40503515, "source": null, "title": "Gauge vector–tensor gravity" }
16 π G ∫ d 4 x − g R {\displaystyle S_{\text{Grav}}={\frac {1}{16\pi G}}\int d^{4}x\,{\sqrt {-g}}R} where R {\displaystyle R} is the Ricci scalar constructed out from the metric. The action of the gauge fields follow: S B = − 1 16 π G κ ℓ 2 ∫ d 4 x − g L ( ℓ 2 4 B μ ν B μ ν ) S B ~ = − 1 16 π G κ ~ ℓ ~ 2 ∫ d 4 x − g L ...	{ "page_id": 40503515, "source": null, "title": "Gauge vector–tensor gravity" }
the theory is defined to be where holds: L ( ℓ 2 4 B μ ν B μ ν ) = ℓ 2 4 B μ ν B μ ν L ( ℓ ~ 2 4 B ~ μ ν B ~ μ ν ) = ℓ ~ 2 4 B ~ μ ν B ~ μ ν {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}L\left({\frac {\ell ^{2}}{4}}B_{\mu \nu }B^{\mu \nu }\right)&={\frac {\ell ^{2}}{4}}B_{\mu \nu }B^{\mu \nu }\\L\left({\frac {{\widetilde {\ell }}^{2...	{ "page_id": 40503515, "source": null, "title": "Gauge vector–tensor gravity" }
}}} So the GVT theory is capable of reproducing the flat rotational velocity curves of galaxies. The current observations do not fix κ {\displaystyle \kappa } which is supposedly of order one. === Post-MONDian regime === The post-MONDian regime of the theory is defined where both of the actions of the B μ , B ~ μ {\dis...	{ "page_id": 40503515, "source": null, "title": "Gauge vector–tensor gravity" }
Phasor approach refers to a method which is used for vectorial representation of sinusoidal waves like alternating currents and voltages or electromagnetic waves. The amplitude and the phase of the waveform is transformed into a vector where the phase is translated to the angle between the phasor vector and X-axis and ...	{ "page_id": 38471907, "source": null, "title": "Phasor approach to fluorescence lifetime and spectral imaging" }
j ω τ 1 + ( ω τ ) 2 {\displaystyle D(\omega )={\frac {1}{1+j\omega \tau }}={\frac {1}{1+j\omega \tau }}{\frac {1-j\omega \tau }{1-j\omega \tau }}={\frac {1-j\omega \tau }{1+(\omega \tau )^{2}}}={\frac {1}{1+(\omega \tau )^{2}}}-j{\frac {\omega \tau }{1+(\omega \tau )^{2}}}} This is a complex function and drawing the im...	{ "page_id": 38471907, "source": null, "title": "Phasor approach to fluorescence lifetime and spectral imaging" }
(v) and interception (u) , will give two intersections with the semicircle that determine the lifetimes τ1 and τ2: τ 1 , 2 = 1 ± 1 − 4 u ( u + v ) 2 ω u {\displaystyle {{\tau }_{1,2}}={\frac {1\pm {\sqrt {1-4u(u+v)}}}{2\omega u}}} This is a blind solution for unmixing two components based on their lifetimes, provided t...	{ "page_id": 38471907, "source": null, "title": "Phasor approach to fluorescence lifetime and spectral imaging" }
A large number of techniques have been developed to overcome to this problem, but in phasor approach this is simply solved by the fact that the Fourier transformation of a convolution is the product of Fourier transforms. This allows to take into account the effect of instrument response by taking the Fourier transform...	{ "page_id": 38471907, "source": null, "title": "Phasor approach to fluorescence lifetime and spectral imaging" }
components. The fractional intensities then can be estimated by measuring the area of the triangle that each phasor makes with the phasor of pure vertex. == Reciprocal property == This feature is noteworthy because there is a one-to-one correspondence between the pixels in an image and their phasors on the phasor plot,...	{ "page_id": 38471907, "source": null, "title": "Phasor approach to fluorescence lifetime and spectral imaging" }
Saprobionts are organisms that digest their food externally and then absorb the products. This process is called saprotrophic nutrition. Fungi are examples of saprobiontic organisms, which are a type of decomposer. Saprobiontic organisms feed off dead and/or decaying biological materials. Digestion is accomplished by e...	{ "page_id": 2099428, "source": null, "title": "Saprobiont" }
Obligate anaerobes are microorganisms killed by normal atmospheric concentrations of oxygen (20.95% O2). Oxygen tolerance varies between species, with some species capable of surviving in up to 8% oxygen, while others lose viability in environments with an oxygen concentration greater than 0.5%. == Oxygen sensitivity =...	{ "page_id": 723173, "source": null, "title": "Obligate anaerobe" }
enzymes. Dissolved oxygen increases the redox potential of a solution, and high redox potential inhibits the growth of some obligate anaerobes. For example, methanogens grow at a redox potential lower than -0.3 V. Sulfide is an essential component of some enzymes, and molecular oxygen oxidizes this to form disulfide, t...	{ "page_id": 723173, "source": null, "title": "Obligate anaerobe" }
bacterial genera include Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Fusobacterium, Peptostreptococcus, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Propionibacterium, and Veillonella. Clostridium species are endospore-forming bacteria, and can survive in atmospheric concentrations of oxygen in this dormant form. The remaining bacteria liste...	{ "page_id": 723173, "source": null, "title": "Obligate anaerobe" }
Phoresis or phoresy is a temporary commensalistic relationship when an organism (a phoront or phoretic) attaches itself to a host organism solely for travel. It has been seen in ticks and mites since the 18th century, and in fossils 320 million years old. It is not restricted to arthropods or animals; plants with seeds...	{ "page_id": 30869733, "source": null, "title": "Phoresis" }
The evolutionary plasticity of phoretic relationships allow them to potentially add to the complexity and diversity of ecosystems. Cases in which the phoront parasitizes or preys upon the host organism after travel are still considered phoresis, as long as the travel behaviour and the feeding or parasitizing behaviour ...	{ "page_id": 30869733, "source": null, "title": "Phoresis" }
wider area than would be available to them otherwise. The term for a phoretic organism riding on another phoretic organism is hyperphoresis. Some mites in the clade Astigmatina have a stage of their life cycle (the deutonymph or hypopus) that is modified specifically for phoresis. This stage has reduced mouthparts, a w...	{ "page_id": 30869733, "source": null, "title": "Phoresis" }
the beetles: by accident, to forage for mites inhabiting the beetle, or as an obligate parasite. Evidence suggested, however, that the pseudoscorpions were using beetles to travel from tree to tree, where they preyed upon other beetle larvae. If their host dies, lice can opportunistically use phoresis to hitch a ride o...	{ "page_id": 30869733, "source": null, "title": "Phoresis" }
In mathematics, helical boundary conditions are a variation on periodic boundary conditions. Helical boundary conditions provide a method for determining the index of a lattice site's neighbours when each lattice site is indexed by just a single coordinate. On a lattice of dimension d where the lattice sites are number...	{ "page_id": 21563622, "source": null, "title": "Helical boundary conditions" }
The double bond rule, postulated by Otto Schmidt in 1932, relates to the enhanced reactivity of sigma bonds attached to an atom adjacent to a double bond. Examples of this phenomenon include the difference in reactivity of allyl bromides as compared to bromoalkenes and benzyl bromides are compared to bromobenzenes. The...	{ "page_id": 79497451, "source": null, "title": "Schmidt double bond rule" }
The molecular formula C32H41N5O5 (molar mass: 575.710 g/mol) may refer to: Ergocryptine beta-Ergocryptine	{ "page_id": 24054005, "source": null, "title": "C32H41N5O5" }
In chemistry, a water cluster is a discrete hydrogen bonded assembly or cluster of molecules of water. Many such clusters have been predicted by theoretical models (in silico), and some have been detected experimentally in various contexts such as ice, bulk liquid water, in the gas phase, in dilute mixtures with non-po...	{ "page_id": 12585208, "source": null, "title": "Water cluster" }
The latter, which is 3 nm in diameter, consists of nested icosahedral shells with 280 and 100 molecules. There is also an augmented version with another shell of 320 molecules. There is increased stability with the addition of each shell. There are theoretical models of water clusters of more than 700 water molecules, ...	{ "page_id": 12585208, "source": null, "title": "Water cluster" }
water == Several models attempt to account for the bulk properties of water by assuming that they are dominated by cluster formation within the liquid. According to the quantum cluster equilibrium (QCE) theory of liquids, n=8 clusters dominate the liquid water bulk phase, followed by n=5 and n=6 clusters. Near the trip...	{ "page_id": 12585208, "source": null, "title": "Water cluster" }
A gas cabinet is a metallic enclosure which is used to provide local exhaust ventilation system for virtually all of the gases used or generated in the semiconductor, solar, MEMS, NANO, solar PV, manufacturing and other advanced technologies. The primary purpose of gas cabinets is to contain potential leaks in piping a...	{ "page_id": 45353208, "source": null, "title": "Gas cabinet" }
type in the cylinder. Automatic gas cabinets with multiple sensors are useful and fulfill many other requirements. A gas cabinet can also be manufactured specifically for a company's needs and at lower cost. It is required that a gas cabinet is used for fire safety for gas cylinders. The requirements vary by state. Man...	{ "page_id": 45353208, "source": null, "title": "Gas cabinet" }
an electrical signal. Air pilot valves. Valves are deployed via a pneumatic signal. === Port Types === Ports are openings in the manifold or distribution system where the inlet and outlet connections are produced. Each opening is either an inlet (supply) port or an outlet port. The number of each corresponds to the req...	{ "page_id": 45353208, "source": null, "title": "Gas cabinet" }
Most compressed gases will not exceed 2,000 to 2,640 pounds per square inch gage (psig), but some can reach pressures of 6,000 psig. The system's weakest point determines the pressure limit, so any parts weakened by heat, corrosion, or stress may potentially lower the maximum pressure of the system or cause the vessel ...	{ "page_id": 45353208, "source": null, "title": "Gas cabinet" }
& distribution systems since 316L stainless steel (optimum choice) is so available. Aluminum is not an ideal choice for purity. Aluminum in any form is never used for ultra pure industrial gas systems. === Copper === A soft, ductile metal with low hardness and excellent corrosion resistance. Copper is used commonly in ...	{ "page_id": 45353208, "source": null, "title": "Gas cabinet" }
Fundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the Molecular Level is a biochemistry textbook written by Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet and Charlotte W. Pratt. Published by John Wiley & Sons, it is a common undergraduate biochemistry textbook. As of 2016, the book has been published in 5 editions. == References ==	{ "page_id": 51251453, "source": null, "title": "Fundamentals of Biochemistry" }
A streaming current and streaming potential are two interrelated electrokinetic phenomena studied in the areas of surface chemistry and electrochemistry. They are an electric current or potential which originates when an electrolyte is driven by a pressure gradient through a channel or porous plug with charged walls. T...	{ "page_id": 12388613, "source": null, "title": "Streaming current" }
== Adjacent to the channel walls, the charge-neutrality of the liquid is violated due to the presence of the electrical double layer: a thin layer of counterions attracted by the charged surface. The transport of counterions along with the pressure-driven fluid flow gives rise to a net charge transport: the streaming c...	{ "page_id": 12388613, "source": null, "title": "Streaming current" }
conditions, A Ustr - streaming potential at zero net current conditions, V Ic - conduction current, A εrs - relative permittivity of the liquid, dimensionless ε0 - electrical permittivity of vacuum, F·m−1 η - dynamic viscosity of the liquid, kg·m−1·s−1 ζ - zeta potential, V ΔP - pressure difference, Pa L - capillary le...	{ "page_id": 12388613, "source": null, "title": "Streaming current" }
The "Beagle Club" radiation experiments were a series of studies sponsored by the United States Atomic Energy Commission, which took place over four decades starting in the 1950s. They were conducted across six American states at research facilities including Argonne National Laboratory in Chicago; Colorado State Unive...	{ "page_id": 78055692, "source": null, "title": "Beagle Club radiation experiments" }
had been exposed to radiation, while many more dogs passed through the facility for breeding and as control subjects. In the 1990s, the remains of 800 irradiated dogs, their toxic feces, and contaminated gravel were dug up, put in metal drums, and sent to a nuclear disposal site in Washington state. In 2018, UC Davis a...	{ "page_id": 78055692, "source": null, "title": "Beagle Club radiation experiments" }
Govindasamy Mugesh (born 1970) is an Indian inorganic and physical chemist, a professor and the head of the Mugesh Laboratory attached to the department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry at the Indian Institute of Science. He is known for his studies on the mechanism of thyroid hormone action and is an elected fellow...	{ "page_id": 52496661, "source": null, "title": "Govindasamy Mugesh" }
he rose in ranks to become an associate professor in 2006 and a professor at the department of inorganic and physical chemistry in 2012. At IISc, he heads the Mugesh Laboratory attached to it. == Legacy == Mugesh is known to have carried out extensive researches on the chemistry of thyroid hormone metabolism and his wo...	{ "page_id": 52496661, "source": null, "title": "Govindasamy Mugesh" }
and the Award for Excellence in Drug Research of Central Drug Research Institute. The next year, he was chosen for AstraZeneca Excellence in Chemistry Award and the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 2012. He was awar...	{ "page_id": 52496661, "source": null, "title": "Govindasamy Mugesh" }
DNA repair is a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome. A weakened capacity for DNA repair is a risk factor for the development of cancer. DNA is constantly modified in cells, by internal metabolic by-products, and by external ionizing radiatio...	{ "page_id": 854294, "source": null, "title": "DNA repair" }
Aziz Sancar for their work on the molecular mechanisms of DNA repair processes. == DNA damage == DNA damage, due to environmental factors and normal metabolic processes inside the cell, occurs at a rate of 10,000 to 1,000,000 molecular lesions per cell per day. While this constitutes at most only 0.03% of the human gen...	{ "page_id": 854294, "source": null, "title": "DNA repair" }
Daughter cells that inherit these wrong bases carry mutations from which the original DNA sequence is unrecoverable (except in the rare case of a back mutation, for example, through gene conversion). === Types === There are several types of damage to DNA due to endogenous cellular processes: oxidation of bases [e.g. 8-...	{ "page_id": 854294, "source": null, "title": "DNA repair" }
by normal repair machinery, hence a possibility of an adaptive response cannot be ruled out. Industrial chemicals such as vinyl chloride and hydrogen peroxide, and environmental chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons found in smoke, soot and tar create a huge diversity of DNA adducts- ethanoates, oxidized b...	{ "page_id": 854294, "source": null, "title": "DNA repair" }
=== Senescence, an irreversible process in which the cell no longer divides, is a protective response to the shortening of the chromosome ends, called telomeres. The telomeres are long regions of repetitive noncoding DNA that cap chromosomes and undergo partial degradation each time a cell undergoes division (see Hayfl...	{ "page_id": 854294, "source": null, "title": "DNA repair" }
enzymes once the base change is present in both DNA strands, and thus a mutation cannot be repaired. At the cellular level, mutations can cause alterations in protein function and regulation. Mutations are replicated when the cell replicates. In a population of cells, mutant cells will increase or decrease in frequency...	{ "page_id": 854294, "source": null, "title": "DNA repair" }
when non-essential genes are missing or damaged). Depending on the type of damage inflicted on the DNA's double helical structure, a variety of repair strategies have evolved to restore lost information. If possible, cells use the unmodified complementary strand of the DNA or the sister chromatid as a template to recov...	{ "page_id": 854294, "source": null, "title": "DNA repair" }
because each MGMT molecule can be used only once; that is, the reaction is stoichiometric rather than catalytic. A generalized response to methylating agents in bacteria is known as the adaptive response and confers a level of resistance to alkylating agents upon sustained exposure by upregulation of alkylation repair ...	{ "page_id": 854294, "source": null, "title": "DNA repair" }
and downstream of the damage site by endonucleases, and the removed DNA region is then resynthesized. NER is a highly evolutionarily conserved repair mechanism and is used in nearly all eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. In prokaryotes, NER is mediated by Uvr proteins. In eukaryotes, many more proteins are involved, alt...	{ "page_id": 854294, "source": null, "title": "DNA repair" }
homologous sequences called microhomologies present on the single-stranded tails of the DNA ends to be joined. If these overhangs are compatible, repair is usually accurate. NHEJ can also introduce mutations during repair. Loss of damaged nucleotides at the break site can lead to deletions, and joining of nonmatching t...	{ "page_id": 854294, "source": null, "title": "DNA repair" }

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