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<div>
<div class="color-fg-default h4">Codespaces</div>
Instant dev environments
</div>
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<li>
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<div>
<div class="color-fg-default h4">Copilot</div>
Write better code with AI
</div>
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<li>
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<div>
<div class="color-fg-default h4">Code review</div>
Manage code changes
</div>
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<li>
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<div>
<div class="color-fg-default h4">Issues</div>
Plan and track work
</div>
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<li>
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<div>
<div class="color-fg-default h4">Discussions</div>
Collaborate outside of code
</div>
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<ul class="list-style-none f5 px-lg-4">
<li class="h4 color-fg-default my-1">Explore</li>
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All features
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Documentation
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<a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link lh-condensed d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" target="_blank" data-analytics-event="{"category":"Header dropdown (logged out), Product","action":"click to go to GitHub Skills","label":"ref_cta:GitHub Skills;"}" href="https://skills.github.com/">
GitHub Skills
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Blog
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<li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item">
<button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false">
Solutions
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<ul class="list-style-none f5 border-bottom pb-3 mb-3">
<li class="h4 color-fg-default my-1">For</li>
<li>
<a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link lh-condensed d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"category":"Header dropdown (logged out), Solutions","action":"click to go to Enterprise","label":"ref_cta:Enterprise;"}" href="/enterprise">
Enterprise
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<li>
<a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link lh-condensed d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"category":"Header dropdown (logged out), Solutions","action":"click to go to Teams","label":"ref_cta:Teams;"}" href="/team">
Teams
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<li>
<a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link lh-condensed d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"category":"Header dropdown (logged out), Solutions","action":"click to go to Startups","label":"ref_cta:Startups;"}" href="/enterprise/startups">
Startups
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<li>
<a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link lh-condensed d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" target="_blank" data-analytics-event="{"category":"Header dropdown (logged out), Solutions","action":"click to go to Education","label":"ref_cta:Education;"}" href="https://education.github.com">
Education
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<path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.604 1h4.146a.25.25 0 01.25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 01-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.75.75 0 01-1.06-1.06l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0110.604 1zM3.75 2A1.75 1.75 0 002 3.75v8.5c0 .966.784 1.75 1.75 1.75h8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0014 12.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 00-1.5 0v3.5a.25.25 0 01-.25.25h-8.5a.25.25 0 01-.25-.25v-8.5a.25.25 0 01.25-.25h3.5a.75.75 0 000-1.5h-3.5z"></path>
</svg>
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<ul class="list-style-none f5 border-bottom pb-3 mb-3">
<li class="h4 color-fg-default my-1">By Solution</li>
<li>
<a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link lh-condensed d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"category":"Header dropdown (logged out), Solutions","action":"click to go to CI/CD &amp; Automation","label":"ref_cta:CI/CD &amp; Automation;"}" href="/solutions/ci-cd/">
CI/CD & Automation
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<li>
<a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link lh-condensed d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" target="_blank" data-analytics-event="{"category":"Header dropdown (logged out), Solutions","action":"click to go to DevOps","label":"ref_cta:DevOps;"}" href="https://resources.github.com/devops/">
DevOps
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle">
<path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.604 1h4.146a.25.25 0 01.25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 01-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.75.75 0 01-1.06-1.06l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0110.604 1zM3.75 2A1.75 1.75 0 002 3.75v8.5c0 .966.784 1.75 1.75 1.75h8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0014 12.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 00-1.5 0v3.5a.25.25 0 01-.25.25h-8.5a.25.25 0 01-.25-.25v-8.5a.25.25 0 01.25-.25h3.5a.75.75 0 000-1.5h-3.5z"></path>
</svg>
</a></li>
<li>
<a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link lh-condensed d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" target="_blank" data-analytics-event="{"category":"Header dropdown (logged out), Solutions","action":"click to go to DevSecOps","label":"ref_cta:DevSecOps;"}" href="https://resources.github.com/devops/fundamentals/devsecops/">
DevSecOps
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle">
<path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.604 1h4.146a.25.25 0 01.25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 01-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.75.75 0 01-1.06-1.06l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0110.604 1zM3.75 2A1.75 1.75 0 002 3.75v8.5c0 .966.784 1.75 1.75 1.75h8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0014 12.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 00-1.5 0v3.5a.25.25 0 01-.25.25h-8.5a.25.25 0 01-.25-.25v-8.5a.25.25 0 01.25-.25h3.5a.75.75 0 000-1.5h-3.5z"></path>
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<ul class="list-style-none f5 ">
<li class="h4 color-fg-default my-1">Case Studies</li>
<li>
<a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link lh-condensed d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"category":"Header dropdown (logged out), Solutions","action":"click to go to Customer Stories","label":"ref_cta:Customer Stories;"}" href="/customer-stories">
Customer Stories
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<li>
<a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link lh-condensed d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" target="_blank" data-analytics-event="{"category":"Header dropdown (logged out), Solutions","action":"click to go to Resources","label":"ref_cta:Resources;"}" href="https://resources.github.com/">
Resources
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<path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.604 1h4.146a.25.25 0 01.25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 01-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.75.75 0 01-1.06-1.06l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0110.604 1zM3.75 2A1.75 1.75 0 002 3.75v8.5c0 .966.784 1.75 1.75 1.75h8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0014 12.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 00-1.5 0v3.5a.25.25 0 01-.25.25h-8.5a.25.25 0 01-.25-.25v-8.5a.25.25 0 01.25-.25h3.5a.75.75 0 000-1.5h-3.5z"></path>
</svg>
</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item">
<button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false">
Open Source
<svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1">
<path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12.78 6.22a.75.75 0 010 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 01-1.06 0L3.22 7.28a.75.75 0 011.06-1.06L8 9.94l3.72-3.72a.75.75 0 011.06 0z"></path>
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</button>
<div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 py-2 py-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 px-lg-4">
<ul class="list-style-none f5 border-bottom pb-3 mb-3">
<li>
<a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link lh-condensed d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center" data-analytics-event="{"category":"Header dropdown (logged out), Open Source","action":"click to go to GitHub Sponsors","label":"ref_cta:GitHub Sponsors;"}" href="/sponsors">
<div>
<div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Sponsors</div>
Fund open source developers
</div>
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<svg text="gray" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-git-branch">
<path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.75 2.5a.75.75 0 100 1.5.75.75 0 000-1.5zm-2.25.75a2.25 2.25 0 113 2.122V6A2.5 2.5 0 0110 8.5H6a1 1 0 00-1 1v1.128a2.251 2.251 0 11-1.5 0V5.372a2.25 2.25 0 111.5 0v1.836A2.492 2.492 0 016 7h4a1 1 0 001-1v-.628A2.25 2.25 0 019.5 3.25zM4.25 12a.75.75 0 100 1.5.75.75 0 000-1.5zM3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 111.5 0 .75.75 0 01-1.5 0z"></path>
</svg>
<span class="css-truncate-target" data-menu-button>main</span>
<span class="dropdown-caret"></span>
</summary>
<div class="SelectMenu">
<div class="SelectMenu-modal">
<header class="SelectMenu-header">
<span class="SelectMenu-title">Switch branches/tags</span>
<button class="SelectMenu-closeButton" type="button" data-toggle-for="branch-select-menu"><svg aria-label="Close menu" aria-hidden="false" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x">
<path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 011.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.75.75 0 111.06 1.06L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.75.75 0 11-1.06 1.06L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.75.75 0 01-1.06-1.06L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 010-1.06z"></path>
</svg></button>
</header>
<input-demux data-action="tab-container-change:input-demux#storeInput tab-container-changed:input-demux#updateInput">
<tab-container class="d-flex flex-column js-branches-tags-tabs" style="min-height: 0;">
<div class="SelectMenu-filter">
<input data-target="input-demux.source"
id="context-commitish-filter-field"
class="SelectMenu-input form-control"
aria-owns="ref-list-branches"
data-controls-ref-menu-id="ref-list-branches"
autofocus
autocomplete="off"
aria-label="Filter branches/tags"
placeholder="Filter branches/tags"
type="text"
>
</div>
<div class="SelectMenu-tabs" role="tablist" data-target="input-demux.control" >
<button class="SelectMenu-tab" type="button" role="tab" aria-selected="true">Branches</button>
<button class="SelectMenu-tab" type="button" role="tab">Tags</button>
</div>
<div role="tabpanel" id="ref-list-branches" data-filter-placeholder="Filter branches/tags" tabindex="" class="d-flex flex-column flex-auto overflow-auto">
<ref-selector
type="branch"
data-targets="input-demux.sinks"
data-action="
input-entered:ref-selector#inputEntered
tab-selected:ref-selector#tabSelected
focus-list:ref-selector#focusFirstListMember
"
query-endpoint="/Hoi2022/blog-CN/refs"
cache-key="v0:1675217240.069334"
current-committish="bWFpbg=="
default-branch="bWFpbg=="
name-with-owner="SG9pMjAyMi9ibG9nLUNO"
prefetch-on-mouseover
>
<template data-target="ref-selector.fetchFailedTemplate">
<div class="SelectMenu-message" data-index="{{ index }}">Could not load branches</div>
</template>
<template data-target="ref-selector.noMatchTemplate">
<div class="SelectMenu-message">Nothing to show</div>
</template>
<div data-target="ref-selector.listContainer" role="menu" class="SelectMenu-list " data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame">
<div class="SelectMenu-loading pt-3 pb-0 overflow-hidden" aria-label="Menu is loading">
<svg style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="anim-rotate">
<circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" />
<path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" />
</svg>
</div>
</div>
<template data-target="ref-selector.itemTemplate">
<a href="https://github.com/Hoi2022/blog-CN/blob/{{ urlEncodedRefName }}/mask2former-CN.md" class="SelectMenu-item" role="menuitemradio" rel="nofollow" aria-checked="{{ isCurrent }}" data-index="{{ index }}" >
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check SelectMenu-icon SelectMenu-icon--check">
<path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 010 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 01-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.75.75 0 011.06-1.06L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 011.06 0z"></path>
</svg>
<span class="flex-1 css-truncate css-truncate-overflow {{ isFilteringClass }}">{{ refName }}</span>
<span hidden="{{ isNotDefault }}" class="Label Label--secondary flex-self-start">default</span>
</a>
</template>
<footer class="SelectMenu-footer"><a href="/Hoi2022/blog-CN/branches">View all branches</a></footer>
</ref-selector>
</div>
<div role="tabpanel" id="tags-menu" data-filter-placeholder="Find a tag" tabindex="" hidden class="d-flex flex-column flex-auto overflow-auto">
<ref-selector
type="tag"
data-action="
input-entered:ref-selector#inputEntered
tab-selected:ref-selector#tabSelected
focus-list:ref-selector#focusFirstListMember
"
data-targets="input-demux.sinks"
query-endpoint="/Hoi2022/blog-CN/refs"
cache-key="v0:1675217240.069334"
current-committish="bWFpbg=="
default-branch="bWFpbg=="
name-with-owner="SG9pMjAyMi9ibG9nLUNO"
>
<template data-target="ref-selector.fetchFailedTemplate">
<div class="SelectMenu-message" data-index="{{ index }}">Could not load tags</div>
</template>
<template data-target="ref-selector.noMatchTemplate">
<div class="SelectMenu-message" data-index="{{ index }}">Nothing to show</div>
</template>
<template data-target="ref-selector.itemTemplate">
<a href="https://github.com/Hoi2022/blog-CN/blob/{{ urlEncodedRefName }}/mask2former-CN.md" class="SelectMenu-item" role="menuitemradio" rel="nofollow" aria-checked="{{ isCurrent }}" data-index="{{ index }}" >
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check SelectMenu-icon SelectMenu-icon--check">
<path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 010 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 01-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.75.75 0 011.06-1.06L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 011.06 0z"></path>
</svg>
<span class="flex-1 css-truncate css-truncate-overflow {{ isFilteringClass }}">{{ refName }}</span>
<span hidden="{{ isNotDefault }}" class="Label Label--secondary flex-self-start">default</span>
</a>
</template>
<div data-target="ref-selector.listContainer" role="menu" class="SelectMenu-list" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame">
<div class="SelectMenu-loading pt-3 pb-0 overflow-hidden" aria-label="Menu is loading">
<svg style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="anim-rotate">
<circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" />
<path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" />
</svg>
</div>
</div>
<footer class="SelectMenu-footer"><a href="/Hoi2022/blog-CN/tags">View all tags</a></footer>
</ref-selector>
</div>
</tab-container>
</input-demux>
</div>
</div>
</details>
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<modal-dialog role="dialog" id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog-header" data-view-component="true" class="Overlay Overlay--width-large Overlay--height-auto Overlay--motion-scaleFade">
<header class="Overlay-header Overlay-header--large Overlay-header--divided">
<div class="Overlay-headerContentWrap">
<div class="Overlay-titleWrap">
<h1 id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog-header" class="Overlay-title">Name already in use</h1>
</div>
<div class="Overlay-actionWrap">
<button data-close-dialog-id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" aria-label="Close" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="close-button Overlay-closeButton"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x">
<path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 011.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.75.75 0 111.06 1.06L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.75.75 0 11-1.06 1.06L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.75.75 0 01-1.06-1.06L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 010-1.06z"></path>
</svg></button>
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</header>
<div class="Overlay-body ">
<div data-view-component="true"> A tag already exists with the provided branch name. Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior. Are you sure you want to create this branch?
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<footer class="Overlay-footer Overlay-footer--alignEnd">
<button data-close-dialog-id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn"> Cancel
</button>
<button data-submit-dialog-id="warn-tag-match-create-branch-dialog" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn-danger btn"> Create
</button>
</footer>
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<h2 id="blob-path" class="breadcrumb flex-auto flex-self-center min-width-0 text-normal mx-2 width-full width-md-auto flex-order-1 flex-md-order-none mt-3 mt-md-0">
<span class="js-repo-root text-bold"><span class="js-path-segment d-inline-block wb-break-all"><a data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame" href="/Hoi2022/blog-CN"><span>blog-CN</span></a></span></span><span class="separator">/</span><strong class="final-path">mask2former-CN.md</strong>
</h2>
<a href="/Hoi2022/blog-CN/find/main" data-pjax="" data-hotkey="t" data-view-component="true" class="btn mr-2 d-none d-md-block"> Go to file
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<summary role="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn"> <svg aria-label="More options" role="img" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-kebab-horizontal">
<path d="M8 9a1.5 1.5 0 100-3 1.5 1.5 0 000 3zM1.5 9a1.5 1.5 0 100-3 1.5 1.5 0 000 3zm13 0a1.5 1.5 0 100-3 1.5 1.5 0 000 3z"></path>
</svg>
</summary>
<div data-view-component="true"> <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-sw">
<li class="d-block d-md-none">
<a class="dropdown-item d-flex flex-items-baseline" data-hydro-click="{"event_type":"repository.click","payload":{"target":"FIND_FILE_BUTTON","repository_id":595884470,"originating_url":"https://github.com/Hoi2022/blog-CN/blob/main/mask2former-CN.md","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="17b67dbff81dd5577784659484a8ea33cf34146588d64c2073e0f90b20c9f5a5" data-ga-click="Repository, find file, location:repo overview" data-hotkey="t" href="/Hoi2022/blog-CN/find/main">
<span class="flex-auto">Go to file</span>
<span class="text-small color-fg-muted" aria-hidden="true">T</span>
</a> </li>
<li data-toggle-for="blob-more-options-details">
<button data-toggle-for="jumpto-line-details-dialog" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="dropdown-item btn-link"> <span class="d-flex flex-items-baseline">
<span class="flex-auto">Go to line</span>
<span class="text-small color-fg-muted" aria-hidden="true">L</span>
</span>
</button> </li>
<li class="dropdown-divider" role="none"></li>
<li>
<clipboard-copy data-toggle-for="blob-more-options-details" aria-label="Copy path" value="mask2former-CN.md" data-view-component="true" class="dropdown-item cursor-pointer">
Copy path
</clipboard-copy> </li>
<li>
<clipboard-copy data-toggle-for="blob-more-options-details" aria-label="Copy permalink" value="https://github.com/Hoi2022/blog-CN/blob/e62b08c3c2206c9f5e1da69ccf0d23cd6f08638f/mask2former-CN.md" data-view-component="true" class="dropdown-item cursor-pointer">
<span class="d-flex flex-items-baseline">
<span class="flex-auto">Copy permalink</span>
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<path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.22 1.754a.25.25 0 00-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 00.22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 00.22-.368L8.22 1.754zm-1.763-.707c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0114.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 01-1.543-2.575L6.457 1.047zM9 11a1 1 0 11-2 0 1 1 0 012 0zm-.25-5.25a.75.75 0 00-1.5 0v2.5a.75.75 0 001.5 0v-2.5z"></path>
</svg>
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</div></div>
<include-fragment src="/Hoi2022/blog-CN/spoofed_commit_check/e62b08c3c2206c9f5e1da69ccf0d23cd6f08638f" data-test-selector="spoofed-commit-check"></include-fragment>
<div class="Box d-flex flex-column flex-shrink-0 mb-3">
<div class="Box-header Details js-details-container">
<div class="d-flex flex-items-center">
<span class="flex-shrink-0 ml-n1 mr-n1 mt-n1 mb-n1">
<img class="avatar avatar-user" width="24" height="24" alt="" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/b20fda8c269ded19d4862c18a96c7c41f143bc654510fed26a5f998238e4bb44/68747470733a2f2f322e67726176617461722e636f6d2f6176617461722f35363733353530363534336539343064313832653966376165316262356637343f643d68747470732533412532462532466769746875622e6769746875626173736574732e636f6d253246696d6167657325324667726176617461727325324667726176617461722d757365722d3432302e706e6726723d6726733d313430" data-canonical-src="https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/56735506543e940d182e9f7ae1bb5f74?d=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.githubassets.com%2Fimages%2Fgravatars%2Fgravatar-user-420.png&r=g&s=140" />
</span>
<div class="flex-1 d-flex flex-items-center ml-3 min-width-0">
<div class="css-truncate css-truncate-overflow">
<span class="text-bold Link--primary">unknown</span>
<span class="markdown-title">
<a data-pjax="true" title="add mask2former-CN" class="Link--secondary" href="/Hoi2022/blog-CN/commit/e62b08c3c2206c9f5e1da69ccf0d23cd6f08638f">add mask2former-CN</a>
</span>
</div>
<span class="ml-2">
<include-fragment accept="text/fragment+html" src="/Hoi2022/blog-CN/commit/e62b08c3c2206c9f5e1da69ccf0d23cd6f08638f/rollup?direction=e" class="d-inline"></include-fragment>
</span>
</div>
<div class="ml-3 d-flex flex-shrink-0 flex-items-center flex-justify-end color-fg-muted no-wrap">
<span class="d-none d-md-inline">
<span>Latest commit</span>
<a class="text-small text-mono Link--secondary" href="/Hoi2022/blog-CN/commit/e62b08c3c2206c9f5e1da69ccf0d23cd6f08638f" data-pjax>e62b08c</a>
<span itemprop="dateModified"><relative-time datetime="2023-02-01T08:53:56Z" class="no-wrap">Feb 1, 2023</relative-time></span>
</span>
<a data-pjax href="/Hoi2022/blog-CN/commits/main/mask2former-CN.md" class="ml-3 no-wrap Link--primary no-underline">
<svg text="gray" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-history">
<path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M1.643 3.143L.427 1.927A.25.25 0 000 2.104V5.75c0 .138.112.25.25.25h3.646a.25.25 0 00.177-.427L2.715 4.215a6.5 6.5 0 11-1.18 4.458.75.75 0 10-1.493.154 8.001 8.001 0 101.6-5.684zM7.75 4a.75.75 0 01.75.75v2.992l2.028.812a.75.75 0 01-.557 1.392l-2.5-1A.75.75 0 017 8.25v-3.5A.75.75 0 017.75 4z"></path>
</svg>
<span class="d-none d-sm-inline">
<strong>History</strong>
</span>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="Box-body d-flex flex-items-center flex-auto border-bottom-0 flex-wrap" >
<details class="details-reset details-overlay details-overlay-dark lh-default color-fg-default float-left mr-3" id="blob_contributors_box">
<summary class="Link--primary">
<svg text="gray" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-people">
<path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.5 3.5a2 2 0 100 4 2 2 0 000-4zM2 5.5a3.5 3.5 0 115.898 2.549 5.507 5.507 0 013.034 4.084.75.75 0 11-1.482.235 4.001 4.001 0 00-7.9 0 .75.75 0 01-1.482-.236A5.507 5.507 0 013.102 8.05 3.49 3.49 0 012 5.5zM11 4a.75.75 0 100 1.5 1.5 1.5 0 01.666 2.844.75.75 0 00-.416.672v.352a.75.75 0 00.574.73c1.2.289 2.162 1.2 2.522 2.372a.75.75 0 101.434-.44 5.01 5.01 0 00-2.56-3.012A3 3 0 0011 4z"></path>
</svg>
<strong>0</strong>
contributors
</summary>
<details-dialog
class="Box Box--overlay d-flex flex-column anim-fade-in fast"
aria-label="Users who have contributed to this file"
src="/Hoi2022/blog-CN/contributors-list/main/mask2former-CN.md" preload>
<div class="Box-header">
<button class="Box-btn-octicon btn-octicon float-right" type="button" aria-label="Close dialog" data-close-dialog>
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x">
<path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 011.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.75.75 0 111.06 1.06L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.75.75 0 11-1.06 1.06L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.75.75 0 01-1.06-1.06L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 010-1.06z"></path>
</svg>
</button>
<h3 class="Box-title">
Users who have contributed to this file
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</div>
<include-fragment>
<svg style="box-sizing: content-box; color: var(--color-icon-primary);" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" data-view-component="true" class="my-3 mx-auto d-block anim-rotate">
<circle cx="8" cy="8" r="7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-opacity="0.25" stroke-width="2" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" />
<path d="M15 8a7.002 7.002 0 00-7-7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke" />
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</include-fragment>
</details-dialog>
</details>
</div>
</div>
<readme-toc>
<div data-target="readme-toc.content" class="Box mt-3 position-relative">
<div
class="Box-header js-blob-header blob-header js-sticky js-position-sticky top-0 p-2 d-flex flex-shrink-0 flex-md-row flex-items-center"
style="position: sticky; z-index: 1;"
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<details
data-target="readme-toc.trigger"
data-menu-hydro-click="{"event_type":"repository_toc_menu.click","payload":{"target":"trigger","repository_id":595884470,"originating_url":"https://github.com/Hoi2022/blog-CN/blob/main/mask2former-CN.md","user_id":null}}"
data-menu-hydro-click-hmac="5eb6e58623e9970034e0dc2c6347d73d0aaf4cd99acf652da1ae5f2081969ced"
class="dropdown details-reset details-overlay"
>
<summary
class="btn btn-octicon m-0 mr-2 p-2"
aria-haspopup="true"
aria-label="Table of Contents">
<svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-list-unordered">
<path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M2 4a1 1 0 100-2 1 1 0 000 2zm3.75-1.5a.75.75 0 000 1.5h8.5a.75.75 0 000-1.5h-8.5zm0 5a.75.75 0 000 1.5h8.5a.75.75 0 000-1.5h-8.5zm0 5a.75.75 0 000 1.5h8.5a.75.75 0 000-1.5h-8.5zM3 8a1 1 0 11-2 0 1 1 0 012 0zm-1 6a1 1 0 100-2 1 1 0 000 2z"></path>
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</summary>
<details-menu class="SelectMenu" role="menu">
<div class="SelectMenu-modal rounded-3 mt-1" style="max-height:340px;">
<div class="SelectMenu-list SelectMenu-list--borderless p-2" style="overscroll-behavior: contain;">
<a role="menuitem" class="filter-item SelectMenu-item ws-normal wb-break-word line-clamp-2 py-1 text-emphasized" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; padding-left: 12px;" data-action="click:readme-toc#blur" data-targets="readme-toc.entries" data-hydro-click="{"event_type":"repository_toc_menu.click","payload":{"target":"entry","repository_id":595884470,"originating_url":"https://github.com/Hoi2022/blog-CN/blob/main/mask2former-CN.md","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="c40a8f82f824e609bc7a7a0bf7c285f95c777a9602d73ef90c72cca6f412ecf2" href="#通用图像分割使用-mask2former-和-oneformer">
通用图像分割：使用 Mask2Former 和 OneFormer
</a>
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<td><div dir="auto">通用图像分割：使用Mask2Former和OneFormer</div></td>
<td><div dir="auto">/blog/assets/127_mask2former/thumbnail.png</div></td>
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<h1 dir="auto"><a id="user-content-通用图像分割使用-mask2former-和-oneformer" class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" href="#通用图像分割使用-mask2former-和-oneformer"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a>
通用图像分割：使用 Mask2Former 和 OneFormer
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Published January 20, 2023.
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<span>Niels Rogge</span>
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<span>Alara Dirik</span>
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<p dir="auto"><strong>本文介绍两个领先的图像分割神经网络模型：Mask2Former和OneFormer。相关模型已经在<a href="https://huggingface.co/transformers" rel="nofollow"><code>🤗 transformers</code></a>提供。<code>🤗 transformers</code> 是一个开源库，提供了很多便捷的先进模型。在本文中，你也会学到各种图像分割任务的不同之处。</strong></p>
<h2 dir="auto"><a id="user-content-图像分割" class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" href="#图像分割"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a>图像分割</h2>
<p dir="auto">图像分割任务旨在鉴别区分出一张图片的不同部分，比如人物、汽车等等。从技术角度讲，图像分割任务需要根据不同的语义信息区分并聚集起对应相同语义的像素点。读者可以参考 Hugging Face 的 <a href="https://huggingface.co/tasks/image-segmentation" rel="nofollow">task page</a> 来简要了解。</p>
<p dir="auto">大体上，图像分割可以被分为三个子任务：实例分割（instance segmentation）、语义分割（semantic segmentation）、全景分割（panoptic segmentation）。每一个子任务都有着大量的算法与模型。</p>
<ul dir="auto">
<li><strong>实例分割</strong> 任务旨在区分不同的“实例”，例如图像中不同的人物个体。实例分割从某种角度看和物体检测很像，不同的是在这里我们需要的是一个对应类别的二元的分割掩膜，而不是一个检测框。实例也可以被称为“物体（objects）”或“实物（things）”。需要注意的是，不同的个体可能在图像中是相互重叠的。</li>
<li><strong>语义分割</strong> 区分的是不同的“语义类别”，比如属于人物、天空等类别的各个像素点。与实例分割不同的是，这里我们不需要区分开同一类别下的不同个体，例如这里我们只需要得到“人物”类别的像素级掩膜即可，不需要区分开不同的人。有些类别根本不存在个体的区分，比如天空、草地，这种类别我们称之为“东西（stuff）”，以此区分开其它类别，称之为“实物（things）”。请注意这里不存在语义类别间的重叠，因为一个像素点只属于一个类别。</li>
<li><strong>全景分割</strong> 在2018年由 <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.00868" rel="nofollow">Kirillov et al.</a> 提出，目的是为了统一实例分割和语义分割。模型单纯地去鉴别出一系列的图像部分，每个部分既有对应的二元掩膜，也有对应的类别标签。这些区分出来的部分，既可以是“东西”也可以是“实物”。与实例分割不同的是，不同部分间不存在重叠。</li>
</ul>
<p dir="auto">下图展示了三个子任务的不同：（图片来自<a href="https://www.v7labs.com/blog/panoptic-segmentation-guide" rel="nofollow">这篇博客</a>）</p>
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<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/874032d7aa62f4eadf4415506d126e624bcea649df7e5b3e3ae1a2fdf5fe3312/68747470733a2f2f68756767696e67666163652e636f2f64617461736574732f68756767696e67666163652f646f63756d656e746174696f6e2d696d616765732f7265736f6c76652f6d61696e2f626c6f672f3132375f6d61736b32666f726d65722f73656d616e7469635f76735f73656d616e7469635f76735f70616e6f707469632e706e67"><img src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/874032d7aa62f4eadf4415506d126e624bcea649df7e5b3e3ae1a2fdf5fe3312/68747470733a2f2f68756767696e67666163652e636f2f64617461736574732f68756767696e67666163652f646f63756d656e746174696f6e2d696d616765732f7265736f6c76652f6d61696e2f626c6f672f3132375f6d61736b32666f726d65722f73656d616e7469635f76735f73656d616e7469635f76735f70616e6f707469632e706e67" alt="drawing" width="500" data-canonical-src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/documentation-images/resolve/main/blog/127_mask2former/semantic_vs_semantic_vs_panoptic.png" style="max-width: 100%;"></a>
</p>
<p dir="auto">近年来，研究者们已经推出了很多针对实例、语义、全景分割精心设计的模型架构。实例分割和全景分割基本上是通过输出一系列实例的二元掩膜和对应类别标签来处理的（和物体检测很像，只不过这里不是输出每个实例的检测框）。这一操作也常常被称为“二元掩膜分类”。语义分割则不同，通常是让模型输出一个“分割图”，令每一个像素点都有一个标签。所以语义分割也常被视为一个“像素级分类”的任务。采用这一范式的语义分割模块包括 <a href="https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/segformer" rel="nofollow">SegFormer</a> 和 <a href="https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/main/en/model_doc/upernet" rel="nofollow">UPerNet</a>。针对 SegFormer 我们还写了一篇详细的<a href="https://huggingface.co/blog/fine-tune-segformer" rel="nofollow">博客</a>。</p>
<h2 dir="auto"><a id="user-content-通用图像分割" class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" href="#通用图像分割"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a>通用图像分割</h2>
<p dir="auto">幸运的是，从大约 2020 年开始，人们开始研究能同时解决三个任务（实例、语义和全景分割）的统一模型。<a href="https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/detr" rel="nofollow">DETR</a> 是开山之作，它通过“二元掩膜分类”的范式去解决全景分割问题，把“实物”和“东西”的类别用统一的方法对待。其核心点是使用一个 Transformer 的解码器（decoder）来并行地生成一系列的二元掩膜和类别。随后 <a href="https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/maskformer" rel="nofollow">MaskFormer</a> 又在此基础上进行了改进，表明了“二元掩膜分类”的范式也可以用在语义分割上。</p>
<p dir="auto"><a href="https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/main/model_doc/mask2former" rel="nofollow">Mask2Former</a> 又将此方法扩展到了实例分割上，进一步改进了神经网络的结构。因此，各自分离的子任务框架现在已经进化到了“通用图像分割”的框架，可以解决任何图像分割任务。有趣的是，这些通用模型全都采取了“掩膜分类”的范式，彻底抛弃了“像素级分类”这一方法。下图就展示了 Mask2Former 的网络结构（图像取自<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.01527" rel="nofollow">论文</a>）。</p>
<p align="center" dir="auto">
<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/9ac1eca4a24d31574e35402749b745bd6eeeece44bb2255a595f5f66af15335c/68747470733a2f2f68756767696e67666163652e636f2f64617461736574732f68756767696e67666163652f646f63756d656e746174696f6e2d696d616765732f7265736f6c76652f6d61696e2f7472616e73666f726d6572732f6d6f64656c5f646f632f6d61736b32666f726d65725f6172636869746563747572652e6a7067"><img src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/9ac1eca4a24d31574e35402749b745bd6eeeece44bb2255a595f5f66af15335c/68747470733a2f2f68756767696e67666163652e636f2f64617461736574732f68756767696e67666163652f646f63756d656e746174696f6e2d696d616765732f7265736f6c76652f6d61696e2f7472616e73666f726d6572732f6d6f64656c5f646f632f6d61736b32666f726d65725f6172636869746563747572652e6a7067" alt="drawing" width="500" data-canonical-src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/documentation-images/resolve/main/transformers/model_doc/mask2former_architecture.jpg" style="max-width: 100%;"></a>
</p>
<p dir="auto">简短来说，一张图片首先被送入骨干网络（backbone）里面来获取一系列，在论文中，骨干网络既可以是 <a href="https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/resnet" rel="nofollow">ResNet</a> 也可以是 <a href="https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/swin" rel="nofollow">Swin Transformer</a>。接下来，这些特征图会被一个叫做 Pixel Decoder 的模块增强成为高分辨率特征图。最终，一个 transformer 的解码器会接收一系列的 query，基于上一步得到的特征，把它们转换成一些列二元掩膜和分类预测。</p>
<p dir="auto">需要注意的是，MasksFormer 仍然需要在每个单独的任务上训练来获取领先的结果。这一点被 <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.06220" rel="nofollow">OneFormer</a> 进行了改进，并通过在全景数据集上训练，达到了领先水平。OneFormer 增加了一个文本编码器（text encoder），使得模型有了一个基于文本条件（实例、语义或全景）的输入。该模型已经收录入 <a href="https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/main/en/model_doc/oneformer" rel="nofollow"><g-emoji class="g-emoji" alias="hugs" fallback-src="https://github.githubassets.com/images/icons/emoji/unicode/1f917.png">🤗</g-emoji> transformers</a> 之中，比 Mask2Former 更准确，但由于文本编码器的引入，所以速度略慢。下图展示了 OneFormer 的基本结构，它使用 Swin Transformer 或 <a href="https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/dinat" rel="nofollow">DiNAT</a> 作为骨干网络。</p>
<p align="center" dir="auto">
<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/5cf46717141da6270ae47955adc605d08643b9c7c518a03215c9644a86150d87/68747470733a2f2f68756767696e67666163652e636f2f64617461736574732f68756767696e67666163652f646f63756d656e746174696f6e2d696d616765732f7265736f6c76652f6d61696e2f7472616e73666f726d6572732f6d6f64656c5f646f632f6f6e65666f726d65725f6172636869746563747572652e706e67"><img src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/5cf46717141da6270ae47955adc605d08643b9c7c518a03215c9644a86150d87/68747470733a2f2f68756767696e67666163652e636f2f64617461736574732f68756767696e67666163652f646f63756d656e746174696f6e2d696d616765732f7265736f6c76652f6d61696e2f7472616e73666f726d6572732f6d6f64656c5f646f632f6f6e65666f726d65725f6172636869746563747572652e706e67" alt="drawing" width="500" data-canonical-src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/documentation-images/resolve/main/transformers/model_doc/oneformer_architecture.png" style="max-width: 100%;"></a>
</p>
<h2 dir="auto"><a id="user-content-使用-transformers-库中的-mask2former-和-oneformer-进行推理" class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" href="#使用-transformers-库中的-mask2former-和-oneformer-进行推理"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a>使用 transformers 库中的 Mask2Former 和 OneFormer 进行推理</h2>
<p dir="auto">使用 Mask2Former 和 OneFormer 方法相当直接，而且和它们的前身 MaskFormer 非常相似。我们这里从 Hub 中使用一个在 COCO 全景数据集上训练的一个模型来实例化一个 Mask2Former 以及对应的 processor。需要注意的是，在不同数据集上训练出来的 <a href="https://huggingface.co/models?other=mask2former" rel="nofollow">checkpoints</a> 已经公开，数量不下 30 个。</p>
<div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="from transformers import AutoImageProcessor, Mask2FormerForUniversalSegmentation
processor = AutoImageProcessor.from_pretrained("facebook/mask2former-swin-base-coco-panoptic")
model = Mask2FormerForUniversalSegmentation.from_pretrained("facebook/mask2former-swin-base-coco-panoptic")"><pre class="notranslate"><code>from transformers import AutoImageProcessor, Mask2FormerForUniversalSegmentation
processor = AutoImageProcessor.from_pretrained("facebook/mask2former-swin-base-coco-panoptic")
model = Mask2FormerForUniversalSegmentation.from_pretrained("facebook/mask2former-swin-base-coco-panoptic")
</code></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">然后我们从 COCO 数据集中找出一张猫的图片，用它来进行推理。</p>
<div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="from PIL import Image
url = "http://images.cocodataset.org/val2017/000000039769.jpg"
image = Image.open(requests.get(url, stream=True).raw)
image"><pre class="notranslate"><code>from PIL import Image
url = "http://images.cocodataset.org/val2017/000000039769.jpg"
image = Image.open(requests.get(url, stream=True).raw)
image
</code></pre></div>
<p dir="auto"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="/Hoi2022/blog-CN/blob/main/assets/78_annotated-diffusion/output_cats.jpeg"><img src="/Hoi2022/blog-CN/raw/main/assets/78_annotated-diffusion/output_cats.jpeg" width="400" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></p>
<p dir="auto">我们使用 processor 处理原始图片，然后送入模型进行前向推理。</p>
<div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="inputs = processor(image, return_tensors="pt")
with torch.no_grad():
outputs = model(**inputs)"><pre class="notranslate"><code>inputs = processor(image, return_tensors="pt")
with torch.no_grad():
outputs = model(**inputs)
</code></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">模型输出了一系列二元掩膜以及对应类别的 logit。Mask2Former 的原始输出还可以使用 processor 进行处理，来得到最终的实例、语义或全景分割结果：</p>
<div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="prediction = processor.post_process_panoptic_segmentation(outputs, target_sizes=[image.size[::-1]])[0]
print(prediction.keys())"><pre class="notranslate"><code>prediction = processor.post_process_panoptic_segmentation(outputs, target_sizes=[image.size[::-1]])[0]
print(prediction.keys())
</code></pre></div>
<div dir="auto">
<div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="Output:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
dict_keys(['segmentation', 'segments_info'])"><pre class="notranslate"><code>Output:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
dict_keys(['segmentation', 'segments_info'])
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p dir="auto">在全景分割中，最终的 <code>prediction</code> 包含两样东西：一个是形状为 (height, width) 的 <code>segmentation</code> 图，里面针对每一个像素都给出了编码实例 ID 的值；另一个是与之对应的 <code>segments_info</code>，包含了不同分割区域的更多信息（比如类别、类别 ID 等）。需要注意的是，为了高效，Mask2Former 输出的二元掩码的形状是 (96, 96) 的，我们需要用 <code>target_sizes</code> 来改变尺寸，使得这个掩膜和原始图片尺寸一致。</p>
<p dir="auto">将结果可视化出来：</p>
<div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="from collections import defaultdict
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.patches as mpatches
from matplotlib import cm
def draw_panoptic_segmentation(segmentation, segments_info):
# get the used color map
viridis = cm.get_cmap('viridis', torch.max(segmentation))
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.imshow(segmentation)
instances_counter = defaultdict(int)
handles = []
# for each segment, draw its legend
for segment in segments_info:
segment_id = segment['id']
segment_label_id = segment['label_id']
segment_label = model.config.id2label[segment_label_id]
label = f"{segment_label}-{instances_counter[segment_label_id]}"
instances_counter[segment_label_id] += 1
color = viridis(segment_id)
handles.append(mpatches.Patch(color=color, label=label))
ax.legend(handles=handles)
draw_panoptic_segmentation(**panoptic_segmentation)"><pre class="notranslate"><code>from collections import defaultdict
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.patches as mpatches
from matplotlib import cm
def draw_panoptic_segmentation(segmentation, segments_info):
# get the used color map
viridis = cm.get_cmap('viridis', torch.max(segmentation))
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.imshow(segmentation)
instances_counter = defaultdict(int)
handles = []
# for each segment, draw its legend
for segment in segments_info:
segment_id = segment['id']
segment_label_id = segment['label_id']
segment_label = model.config.id2label[segment_label_id]
label = f"{segment_label}-{instances_counter[segment_label_id]}"
instances_counter[segment_label_id] += 1
color = viridis(segment_id)
handles.append(mpatches.Patch(color=color, label=label))
ax.legend(handles=handles)
draw_panoptic_segmentation(**panoptic_segmentation)
</code></pre></div>
<p dir="auto"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/1da01a23a90f756d553b79bc279688e5d0bc814a5744b6a6a17a2dc846b35225/68747470733a2f2f68756767696e67666163652e636f2f64617461736574732f68756767696e67666163652f646f63756d656e746174696f6e2d696d616765732f7265736f6c76652f6d61696e2f626c6f672f3132375f6d61736b32666f726d65722f636174735f70616e6f707469635f726573756c742e706e67"><img src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/1da01a23a90f756d553b79bc279688e5d0bc814a5744b6a6a17a2dc846b35225/68747470733a2f2f68756767696e67666163652e636f2f64617461736574732f68756767696e67666163652f646f63756d656e746174696f6e2d696d616765732f7265736f6c76652f6d61696e2f626c6f672f3132375f6d61736b32666f726d65722f636174735f70616e6f707469635f726573756c742e706e67" width="400" data-canonical-src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/documentation-images/resolve/main/blog/127_mask2former/cats_panoptic_result.png" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></p>
<p dir="auto">可以看到，模型区分开了不同的猫和遥控器。相比较而言，语义分割只会为“猫”这一种类创建一个单一的掩膜。</p>
<p dir="auto">如果你想试试 OneFormer，它和 Mask2Former 的 API 几乎一样，只不过多了一个文本提示的输入；可以参考这里的 <a href="https://github.com/NielsRogge/Transformers-Tutorials/tree/master/OneFormer">demo notebook</a>。</p>
<h2 dir="auto"><a id="user-content-使用-transformers-微调-mask2former-和-oneformer" class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" href="#使用-transformers-微调-mask2former-和-oneformer"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a>使用 transformers 微调 Mask2Former 和 OneFormer</h2>
<p dir="auto">读者可以参考这里的 <a href="https://github.com/NielsRogge/Transformers-Tutorials/tree/master/MaskFormer/Fine-tuning">demo notebooks</a> 来在自定义的实例、语义或全景分割数据集上微调 Mask2Former 或 OneFormer 模型。MaskFormer、Mask2Former 和 OneFormer 都有着相似的 API，所以基于 MaskFormer 进行改进十分方便、需要的修改很少。</p>
<p dir="auto">在 demo notebooks 中，都是使用 <code>MaskFormerForInstanceSegmentation</code> 来加载模型，而你需要换成使用 <code>Mask2FormerForUniversalSegmentation</code> 或 <code>OneFormerForUniversalSegmentation</code>。对于 Mask2Former 中的图像处理，你也需要使用 <code>Mask2FormerImageProcessor</code>。你也可以使用 <code>AutoImageProcessor</code> 来自动地加载适合你的模型的 processor。OneFormer 则需要使用 <code>OneFormerProcessor</code>，因为它不仅预处理图片，还需要处理文字。</p>
<h1 dir="auto"><a id="user-content-总结" class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" href="#总结"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a>总结</h1>
<p dir="auto">总的来说就这些内容！你现在知道实例分割、语义分割以及全景分割都有什么不同了，你也知道如何使用 <a href="https://huggingface.co/transformers" rel="nofollow"><g-emoji class="g-emoji" alias="hugs" fallback-src="https://github.githubassets.com/images/icons/emoji/unicode/1f917.png">🤗</g-emoji> transformers</a> 库中的 Mask2Former 和 OneFormer 之类的“通用架构”了。</p>
<p dir="auto">我们希望你喜欢本文并学有所学。如果你微调了Mask2Former 或 OneFormer，也请让我们知道你是否对结果足够满意。</p>
<p dir="auto">如果仍想深入学习，我们推荐以下资源：</p>
<ul dir="auto">
<li>我们针对 <a href="https://github.com/NielsRogge/Transformers-Tutorials/blob/master/MaskFormer">MaskFormer</a>、<a href="https://github.com/NielsRogge/Transformers-Tutorials/blob/master/Mask2Former">Mask2Former</a> 和 <a href="https://github.com/NielsRogge/Transformers-Tutorials/blob/master/OneFormer">OneFormer</a> 推出的 demo notebooks，将会给出更多关于推理（包括可视化）和微调的知识。</li>
<li>在 Hugging Face Hub 上，<a href="https://huggingface.co/spaces/shivi/mask2former-demo" rel="nofollow">Mask2Former</a> 和 <a href="https://huggingface.co/spaces/shi-labs/OneFormer" rel="nofollow">OneFormer</a> 的 live demo spaces 可以让你快速用自己的输入数据尝试不同模型。</li>
</ul>
</article>
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<template id="site-details-dialog">
<details class="details-reset details-overlay details-overlay-dark lh-default color-fg-default hx_rsm" open>
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<details-dialog class="Box Box--overlay d-flex flex-column anim-fade-in fast hx_rsm-dialog hx_rsm-modal">
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<template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button">
<div class="zeroclipboard-container position-absolute right-0 top-0">
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