upload MedS-Ins (v0.1)

.gitattributes

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 # Video files - compressed
 *.mp4 filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
 *.webm filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+task11_pubmedqa_question_generation.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+task15_pubmedqa_answer_generation.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+task17_healthfact_sentence_generation.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+task18_healthfact_sentence_generation.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+task51_mmedbench_explanation_chinese.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+task52_mmedbench_explanation_english.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+task58_medqa_question_answering_zh.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+task63_medmcqa_multiple_choice_explanation_qa.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+task64_medmcqa_multiple_choice_qa.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+task67_chatdoctor_health_care_magic_conversation.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+task71_medalplaca_flashcard_qa.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+task73_pmc_patient_case_report_title_generation.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+task74_pmc_patient_case_report_basic_information_extraction.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+task75_pmc_patient_similar_case_retrieval.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+task76_mimic_iv_note_discharge_instruction_completion.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+task78_mimic_ultrasound_summarization.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+task80_mimic_mammogram_summarization.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+task83_mimic_ct_chest_summarization.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+task84_mimic_ct_head_and_neck_summarization.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+task86_mimic_ct_abdomen_summarization.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+task87_mimic_ct_pelvis_summarization.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+task88_mimic_ct_spine_summarization.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+task90_mimic_mri_head_and_neck_summarization.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+task92_mimic_mri_abdomen_summarization.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+task94_mimic_mri_spine_summarization.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+task95_mimic_modality_classification.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+task96_mimic_anatomy_classification.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+task97_medlineplus_drug_qa.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+task98_medlineplus_encyclopedia_qa.json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text

task11_pubmedqa_question_generation.json

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task15_pubmedqa_answer_generation.json

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task17_healthfact_sentence_generation.json

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task18_healthfact_sentence_generation.json

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task27_disease_entity_extraction_ncbi_dataset.json

@@ -0,0 +1,1004 @@
+{
+    "Contributors": [
+        "Ishani Mondal"
+    ],
+    "Source": [
+        "NCBI Disease Corpus"
+    ],
+    "URL": [
+        "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/research/bionlp/Data/disease/"
+    ],
+    "Categories": [
+        "Named Entity Recognition"
+    ],
+    "Reasoning": [],
+    "Definition": [
+        "In this task, you will be given a sentence. You need to reconize the name of the disorder or disease. Disease is a disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury. Although there might be several correct answers, you need to write one of them."
+    ],
+    "Input_language": [
+        "English"
+    ],
+    "Output_language": [
+        "English"
+    ],
+    "Instruction_language": [
+        "English"
+    ],
+    "Domains": [
+        "Medical Knowledge"
+    ],
+    "Positive Examples": [
+        {
+            "input": "I had been suffering from cardiovascular disorder.",
+            "output": "cardiovascular disorder",
+            "explanation": "Here, the person mentions this disorder which is related to heart issues."
+        },
+        {
+            "input": "Acne is the most common skin condition in the United States, affecting up to 50 million Americans annually.",
+            "output": "Acne",
+            "explanation": "This is a pretty straightforward remark because it is related to filing taxes with minimal stress and is unrelated to irony or sarcasm."
+        }
+    ],
+    "Negative Examples": [
+        {
+            "input": "I had been suffering from cardiovascular disorder",
+            "output": "disorder",
+            "explanation": "This is an incomplete disease mention, as it does not clearly mention the actual type of disorder."
+        },
+        {
+            "input": "A 44-year-old man taking naproxen for chronic low back pain and a 20-year-old woman on oxaprozin for rheumatoid arthritis presented with tense bullae and cutaneous fragility on the face and the back of the hands.",
+            "output": "naproxen",
+            "explanation": "This is an incorrect tag as this is a mention of a drug, not a disorder."
+        }
+    ],
+    "Instances": [
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-ec04b9cb9a864d80ac570d181efd0634",
+            "input": " In individuals with mutations in either region 2 or region 3 , the average number of adenomas tended to be lower than those in individuals with mutations in region 1 , although age at diagnosis was similar .",
+            "output": [
+                "adenomas"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-219a20c747ce48c4b56a726bfd55b562",
+            "input": " These reagents detect a 220 - kD protein localized in discrete nuclear foci in all epithelial cell lines , including those derived from breast malignancies .",
+            "output": [
+                "breast malignancies"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-07247a2935f347779c0c1f6a983800b4",
+            "input": " This mutation may be valuable for developing models of dominantly inherited neurodegeneration , as the early age of onset of symptoms suggests that this mutation may be particularly deleterious to the magnocellular neuron . .",
+            "output": [
+                "dominantly inherited neurodegeneration"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-728f6aae735e4b1d9c87c1523ea4ebb8",
+            "input": " Mutation analysis of UBE3A in Angelman syndrome patients .",
+            "output": [
+                "Angelman syndrome"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-48a89328e1044c58977320c4fcdab2d1",
+            "input": " PTEN mutations were identified in 30 of 37 ( 81 % ) CD families , including missense and nonsense point mutations , deletions , insertions , a deletion / insertion and splice site mutations .",
+            "output": [
+                "CD"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-1fe6657453d341a49c9aa0f48bde7dd1",
+            "input": " A hot spot for PTEN mutation in CD was identified in exon 5 that contains the PTPase core motif , with 13 of 30 ( 43 % ) CD mutations identified in this exon .",
+            "output": [
+                "CD"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-85f8f5b768154e13a30c935a75feb2ba",
+            "input": " However , genotype - phenotype analysis inthe group of CD families revealed two possible associations worthy of follow - up in independent analyses .",
+            "output": [
+                "CD"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-45dffe461c98402fb9ebf7f9ff589e17",
+            "input": " However , these observations would need to be confirmed by studying a larger number of CD families .",
+            "output": [
+                "CD"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-f9c377a47a1246fbaa8c216a055b22e5",
+            "input": " In this study , we analyzed two families with FNDI using direct automated fluorescent , solid phase , single - stranded DNA sequencing of PCR - amplified AVP - NPII DNA .",
+            "output": [
+                "FNDI"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-362d4165aa9d4de39e01303cd49cbc47",
+            "input": " This missense mutation , which replaces Ala with Thr , is frequent among FNDI patients and is thought to reduce the efficiency of cleavage by signal peptidases . .",
+            "output": [
+                "FNDI"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-fbd5c2568ae342c69d0a603b0454a2bd",
+            "input": " Myotonic dystrophy protein kinase is involved in the modulation of the Ca2 + homeostasis in skeletal muscle cells .",
+            "output": [
+                "Myotonic dystrophy"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-7aa9388e3cd744e493d5ad79a128c989",
+            "input": " Risk reversals in predictive testing for Huntington disease .",
+            "output": [
+                "Huntington disease"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-bad433a98fad4dd9b9de6931de5aad1e",
+            "input": " AGU is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and occurs with a high frequency in Finland because of a founder effect .",
+            "output": [
+                "AGU"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-c4c85a7913cb4eee9d932996f89cfe46",
+            "input": " While very few patients with AGU have been reported from non - Finnish origin , we diagnosed the disorder in 8 patients originating from 3 unrelated families , all Palestinian Arabs from the region of Jerusalem .",
+            "output": [
+                "AGU"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-adb50b965d6046fb80f9832186390e7f",
+            "input": " The clinical diagnosis of AGU is often difficult , in particular early in the course of the disease , and most of the patients are diagnosed after the age of 5 years .",
+            "output": [
+                "AGU"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-235bc22c7c6041038de903d964a48342",
+            "input": " Liver biopsy is also used to establish the presence or absence of cirrhosis , which can affect prognosis and management .",
+            "output": [
+                "cirrhosis"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-ac103d05814541e4bdf15299914c2b15",
+            "input": " C04107 is an anonymous microsatellite marker closely linked to CT .",
+            "output": [
+                "CT"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-b34d5a2e0b4442318f5aa6d4fbf55036",
+            "input": " The copper transport genes CTR1 and CTR2 were also excluded as candidate genes for CT since they both mapped to canine chromosome region CFA11q22 .",
+            "output": [
+                "CT"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-628b88a290e64eaaa97131340f09840c",
+            "input": " Detection of heterozygous carriers of the ataxia - telangiectasia ( ATM ) gene by G2 phase chromosomal radiosensitivity of peripheral blood lymphocytes .",
+            "output": [
+                "ataxia - telangiectasia"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-8762eb20b67b44d39f382afb9494f3dd",
+            "input": " Mutations of the ATM gene detected in Japanese ataxia - telangiectasia patients : possible preponderance of the two founder mutations 4612del165 and 7883del5 .",
+            "output": [
+                "ataxia - telangiectasia"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-b5ffe2f292cb49298343715832c7da51",
+            "input": " ATM germline mutations in classical ataxia - telangiectasia patients in the Dutch population .",
+            "output": [
+                "ataxia - telangiectasia"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-f392e036cff449849cb203216a6bcadf",
+            "input": " Progression of somatic CTG repeat length heterogeneity in the blood cells of myotonic dystrophy patients .",
+            "output": [
+                "myotonic dystrophy"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-b6604e01596a4375bd10230daf39306f",
+            "input": " The DMPK gene of severely affected myotonic dystrophy patients is hypermethylated proximal to the largely expanded CTG repeat .",
+            "output": [
+                "myotonic dystrophy"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-aa29f7b980b84ff2b08bdc44ce615668",
+            "input": " Using methylation - sensitive restriction enzymes , we characterized the methylation pattern on the 5 side of the CTG repeat in the DMPK gene of normal individuals and of patients affected with myotonic dystrophy , showing expansions of the repetitive sequence .",
+            "output": [
+                "myotonic dystrophy"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-bb611f8db21f49a192d9c36c60c6c906",
+            "input": " Disruption of splicing regulated by a CUG - binding protein in myotonic dystrophy .",
+            "output": [
+                "myotonic dystrophy"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-b998924f1f334680acd473817a6f6b68",
+            "input": " Somatic instability of the CTG repeat in mice transgenic for the myotonic dystrophy region is age dependent but not correlated to the relative intertissue transcription levels and proliferative capacities .",
+            "output": [
+                "myotonic dystrophy"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-42bedd1654014b9dae80a93e0b6e933d",
+            "input": " Further evidence for a major ancient mutation underlying myotonic dystrophy from linkage disequilibrium studies in the Japanese population .",
+            "output": [
+                "myotonic dystrophy"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-9a90595485344c949212cd746cafadbb",
+            "input": " Segregation distortion in myotonic dystrophy .",
+            "output": [
+                "myotonic dystrophy"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-67bd71f433b34bcbbe6ebdc69da9fb43",
+            "input": " No locus other than chromosome 11p13 has been implicated in aniridia , and PAX6 is clearly the major , if not only , gene responsible .",
+            "output": [
+                "aniridia"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-9699921b3d884efa9a68a1788c97c46a",
+            "input": " It is believed that the mutated allele of PAX6 produces an inactive protein and aniridia is caused due to genetic haploinsufficiency .",
+            "output": [
+                "aniridia"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-1b213ef2094e42eb8cf412ad091dc059",
+            "input": " These results provide a new insight into the role of mutant PAX6 in causing aniridia . .",
+            "output": [
+                "aniridia"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-f4f5a9d19cf344ae9694ccf7d3138f37",
+            "input": " Mutations of the human PAX6 gene underlie aniridia ( congenital absence of the iris ) , a rare dominant malformation of the eye .",
+            "output": [
+                "aniridia"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-e4fd2bf1d54040bbae6f41e2b9b77eac",
+            "input": " The spectrum of PAX6 mutations in aniridia patients is highly biased , with 92 % of all reported mutations leading to premature truncation of the protein ( nonsense , splicing , insertions and deletions ) and just 2 % leading to substitution of one amino acid by another ( missense ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "aniridia"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-89423b894bdb4a3fb65f3ca8bc5766b6",
+            "input": " The extraordinary conservation of the PAX6 protein at the amino acid level amongst vertebrates predicts that pathological missense mutations should in fact be common even though they are hardly ever seen in aniridia patients .",
+            "output": [
+                "aniridia"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-32e35a9d9b0844c69012d62c7fab4e1b",
+            "input": " This indicates that there is a heavy ascertainment bias in the selection of patients for PAX6 mutation analysis and that the missing PAX6 missense mutations frequently may underlie phenotypes distinct from textbook aniridia .",
+            "output": [
+                "aniridia"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-34ab9372220d4d4d8ed314e52285b0e7",
+            "input": " 1 % of unselected Ashkenazi Jews and higher proportions of Ashkenazim with family or personal histories of CRC ( ref . 2 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "CRC"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-135e498fba93422fb133a91b9e27db0f",
+            "input": " This cell cycle - dependent colocalization of BARD1 and BRCA1 indicates a role for BARD1 in BRCA1 - mediated tumor suppression .",
+            "output": [
+                "tumor"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-53b3eac9782c47fdaba52fffee1821da",
+            "input": " The tumor suppressor gene Smad4 / Dpc4 is required for gastrulation and later for anterior development of the mouse embryo .",
+            "output": [
+                "tumor"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-ad9835be746040ff9e47d379e83741f5",
+            "input": " The von Hippel - Lindau tumor suppressor gene is required for cell cycle exit upon serum withdrawal .",
+            "output": [
+                "tumor"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-1c9c1d27d34d4100a0422399994af2a4",
+            "input": " Stable interaction between the products of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 tumor suppressor genes in mitotic and meiotic cells .",
+            "output": [
+                "tumor"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-6fd1018af5b24affb459f0a90c21a70e",
+            "input": " Direct sequencing of amplified C9 cDNA and DNA revealed a nonsense substitution ( CGA - - > TGA ) at codon 95 in exon 4 in the four C9 - deficient individuals .",
+            "output": [
+                "C9 - deficient"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-6f9f7c82c10f4cfba4c0c6739be3b0a1",
+            "input": " Once the diagnosis is suspected , physicians must use serum ferritin levels and hepatic iron stores on liver biopsy specimens to assess patients for the presence of iron overload .",
+            "output": [
+                "iron overload"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-a7d5f457eefa44c7a5ed589ba5d8b613",
+            "input": " This should help in the design of tailored clinical - management protocols in this subset of FAP patients . .",
+            "output": [
+                "FAP"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-e2ce81a905b64c52a41b225469f4bf60",
+            "input": " RESULTS Chain terminating signals were only identified in patients belonging to the FAP group ( 105 patients ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "FAP"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-f20964848b0b49f399d0acda5a886041",
+            "input": " Genotype - phenotype correlations identified significant differences in the nature of certain extracolonic manifestations in FAP patients belonging to three mutation subgroups .",
+            "output": [
+                "FAP"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-f4d02f28081a434a983093dac21ef08e",
+            "input": " We have also observed the 879delG defect in two Dutch C6 - deficient kindreds , but the 879delG defect in the Cape probably did not come from The Netherlands . .",
+            "output": [
+                "C6 - deficient"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-d2efb8d8a8fe46ac897ff0051138588e",
+            "input": " The R496H mutation of arylsulfatase A does not cause metachromatic leukodystrophy .",
+            "output": [
+                "metachromatic leukodystrophy"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-87140b44a38445d78d7b56f685cb7eaf",
+            "input": " Coincidence of two novel arylsulfatase A alleles and mutation 459 + 1G > A within a family with metachromatic leukodystrophy : molecular basis of phenotypic heterogeneity .",
+            "output": [
+                "metachromatic leukodystrophy"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-8230f82c47b34c1bb1b38ba4ab241445",
+            "input": " Biochemical studies indicated VLCAD deficiency caused by a stable yet inactive enzyme .",
+            "output": [
+                "VLCAD deficiency"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-22e2fbb0f89b4e3482f4e5dbf68979c0",
+            "input": " Pendred patients in three non - consanguineous families were shown to be compound heterozygotes for L236P and T416P .",
+            "output": [
+                "Pendred"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-a003a53997b94b86bb535ec7b5826077",
+            "input": " In SCA2 , saccade velocity was markedly decreased .",
+            "output": [
+                "SCA2"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-1e9bca52f2bc4a118947b2e9f148565b",
+            "input": " The first , 1195delC located in exon 7 , is a novel mutation , while the second , 1936delG in exon 12 , has been described before to cause C6D in an unrelated African - American individual .",
+            "output": [
+                "C6D"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-291107fd50db4f5ab7095f54cbf858c1",
+            "input": " However , several truncation mutations have been found to occur in the C - terminal half of PAX6 in patients with Aniridia resulting in mutant proteins that retain the DNA - binding domains but have lost most of the transactivation domain .",
+            "output": [
+                "Aniridia"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-5d8d727d75144f72a8d95a8b67194eb1",
+            "input": " Compelling evidence supports a significant genetic component in the susceptibility to develop BPAD .",
+            "output": [
+                "BPAD"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-ba7a3821bfcb4f1c986dcd5c5ec2f677",
+            "input": " To date , however , linkage studies have attempted only to identify chromosomal loci that cause or increase the risk of developing BPAD .",
+            "output": [
+                "BPAD"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-0dc85de9f1064e40af912d6236a54869",
+            "input": " Identification of three novel mutations and a high frequency of the Arg778Leu mutation in Korean patients with Wilson disease .",
+            "output": [
+                "Wilson disease"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-31d8c693f63f4a7bbf4e442e373eb94d",
+            "input": " Four mutations - - R778L , A874V , L1083F , and 2304delC - - in the copper - transporting enzyme , P - type ATPase ( ATP7B ) , were identified in Korean Patients with Wilson disease .",
+            "output": [
+                "Wilson disease"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-c6ef316bd17945e5ab46b3fb6953177c",
+            "input": " Since a mutation at cDNA nucleotide 2302 ( 2302insC ) had been previously described , this region of the ATP7B gene may be susceptible to gene rearrangements causing Wilson disease .",
+            "output": [
+                "Wilson disease"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-4f91b0e09aee4de1ac1ff983a58f1dd8",
+            "input": " Previous family studies suggested that these individuals may be compound heterozygotes for the common mutant TSD gene and a rare ( allelic ) mutant gene .",
+            "output": [
+                "TSD"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-4e0e579a13254c92bf93faffaabc407e",
+            "input": " Heterozygotes for the rare mutant may be indistinguishable from heterozygotes for the common TSD mutant .",
+            "output": [
+                "TSD"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-ef98f034914a4458b012e097d31699e6",
+            "input": " Mutations in the HEXA gene , encoding the alpha - subunit of beta - hexosaminidase A ( Hex A ) , that abolish Hex A enzyme activity cause Tay - Sachs disease ( TSD ) , the fatal infantile form of G ( M2 ) gangliosidosis , Type 1 .",
+            "output": [
+                "TSD"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-ce9c1e58769246afa9e10ee4f7b93058",
+            "input": " When the W474C - containing alpha - subunit was transiently co - expressed with the beta - subunit to produce Hex A ( alphabeta ) in COS - 7 cells , the mature alpha - subunit was present , but its level was much lower than that from normal alpha - subunit transfections , although higher than in those cells transfected with an alpha - subunit associated with infantile TSD .",
+            "output": [
+                "TSD"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-f058e083b6d240678b4fb3afb598802b",
+            "input": " The overlap in clinical features and the presence , in the same genes , of mutations for more than one craniosynostotic condition - such as Saethre - Chotzen , Crouzon , and Pfeiffer syndromes - support the hypothesis that TWIST and FGFRs are components of the same molecular pathway involved in the modulation of craniofacial and limb development in humans . .",
+            "output": [
+                "craniosynostotic condition"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-a74fc4353b9f4e4f956670a7cbdb5b94",
+            "input": " As constitutional DNA was not available , a putative hereditary predisposition to T - PLL will require further investigation . .",
+            "output": [
+                "T - PLL"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-2c3f9122e22d44c6b4060317cf727a0e",
+            "input": " Previous studies have suggested that the highly variable metabolic phenotypes of PAH deficiency correlate with PAH genotypes .",
+            "output": [
+                "PAH deficiency"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-2325dd6a4d6c49d3b0074c2a47db6187",
+            "input": " Our data indicate that the PAH - mutation genotype is the main determinant of metabolic phenotype in most patients with PAH deficiency .",
+            "output": [
+                "PAH deficiency"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-8c6ed51f07a14781a654a8f7f107befc",
+            "input": " Susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis in twins : the role of genes , HLA , and the environment .",
+            "output": [
+                "ankylosing spondylitis"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-dba9047e4a9e42cb9e706d360a36e203",
+            "input": " Skin fragility in most cases is due to mutations in the gene encoding type XVII collagen ( COL17A1 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "Skin fragility"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-61d643565b184a6aa160e689bb064e17",
+            "input": " With direct tests for the HD mutation , we have assessed the accuracy of results obtained by linkage approaches when requested to do so by the test individuals .",
+            "output": [
+                "HD"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-7a2934ed31e34f8bae7af7b022e09d38",
+            "input": " We report WT1 heterozygous mutations in 16 patients , 4 of whom presented with IDMS .",
+            "output": [
+                "IDMS"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-e1786e9a03004ea2ba1a093f43e81c33",
+            "input": " One male and two female IDMS patients with WT1 mutations underwent normal puberty .",
+            "output": [
+                "IDMS"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-a7a015c2e08c456eb97798f2bc350601",
+            "input": " No WT1 mutations were detected in the six other IDMS patients , suggesting genetic heterogeneity of this disease .",
+            "output": [
+                "IDMS"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-8646aa01e4164f9a9ceb04c214e0cd37",
+            "input": " Aspartylglucosaminuria among Palestinian Arabs .",
+            "output": [
+                "Aspartylglucosaminuria"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-ea55334e599140b5a4bdfdbdcb9ac401",
+            "input": " Emerin is a nuclear membrane protein which is missing or defective in Emery - Dreifuss muscular dystrophy ( EDMD ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "EDMD"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-46de8a5ad95e42889ffbb871fd8bd56a",
+            "input": " This distribution of emerin was similar to that of lamin A , a candidate gene for an autosomal form of EDMD .",
+            "output": [
+                "EDMD"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-0c7c241058e0466a85fb8f95eece68e3",
+            "input": " In EDMD , the additional absence of lamin B1 from heart and skeletal muscle nuclei which already lack emerin may offer an alternative explanation of why these tissues are particularly affected . .",
+            "output": [
+                "EDMD"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-b5b4d53c7be04aa4b75fcd82d3b32a87",
+            "input": " Ataxia - telangiectasia : identification and detection of founder - effect mutations in the ATM gene in ethnic populations .",
+            "output": [
+                "Ataxia - telangiectasia"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-1647b5538a9d4ca290e6e86c63eeac6e",
+            "input": " Neither vWf nor vWf propolypeptide ( von Willebrand antigen II ) were detectable in plasma , platelets , or endothelial cells of the homozygous mutant mice .",
+            "output": [
+                "von Willebrand"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-71e51a2efa614988ae2cc2a45e9923ac",
+            "input": " The genetic locus of the disease is the AVP - neurophysin II ( NPII ) gene , and mutations that cause ADNDI have been found in both the signal peptide of the prepro - AVP - NPII precursor and within NPII itself .",
+            "output": [
+                "ADNDI"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-a9b7bcd2194540e0a69c9c8d048c9f89",
+            "input": " Human complement factor H deficiency associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome .",
+            "output": [
+                "hemolytic uremic syndrome"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-570944dc1f8c4ced9afd14c5f1d04c0f",
+            "input": " A European multicenter study of phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency : classification of 105 mutations and a general system for genotype - based prediction of metabolic phenotype .",
+            "output": [
+                "phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-6ff4d060c89a42559bf77bdbc1f14d98",
+            "input": " Recent studies in animal models elucidated a central role of alpha - MSH in the regulation of food intake by activation of the brain melanocortin - 4 - receptor ( MC4 - R ; refs 3 - 5 ) and the linkage of human obesity to chromosome 2 in close proximity to the POMC locus , led to the proposal of an association of POMC with human obesity .",
+            "output": [
+                "obesity"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-d22c213b77e94949aaed9c903e464738",
+            "input": " However , some of these patients can transmit retinoblastoma predisposition to their offspring .",
+            "output": [
+                "retinoblastoma"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-a3a56d9e4554445c8f15377e3f915dd2",
+            "input": " In conclusion , our results emphasize that the manifestation and transmissibility of retinoblastoma depend on the nature of the first mutation , its time in development , and the number and types of cells that are affected . .",
+            "output": [
+                "retinoblastoma"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-0660876c2f9346c1bfc9f10692c61af4",
+            "input": " The mutation is in an area of the gene that encodes the protein - binding region known as the pocket region and has been detected in other cases of retinoblastoma . .",
+            "output": [
+                "retinoblastoma"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-900c3b0acb774fd48481f2c00208345e",
+            "input": " We have used single strand conformation polymorphism analysis to study the 27 exons of the RB1 gene in individuals from a family showing mild expression of the retinoblastoma phenotype .",
+            "output": [
+                "retinoblastoma"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-beb30ca70a574182a65579562db5b484",
+            "input": " In the present study , the classification of 105 PAH mutations may allow the prediction of the biochemical phenotype in > 10 , 000 genotypes , which may be useful for the management of hyperphenylalaninemia in newborns .",
+            "output": [
+                "hyperphenylalaninemia"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-ce274e2d407d43d0b49da7e5c0e3e9aa",
+            "input": " The aim of this study was to assess genotype - phenotype correlations in AAPC families .",
+            "output": [
+                "AAPC"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-a2bcf29103c941d3a43bd0d6033fb2f3",
+            "input": " Seven further molecular bases of C7 deficiency are described .",
+            "output": [
+                "C7 deficiency"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-eeea248734854717951212858d3264af",
+            "input": " Identification of constitutional WT1 mutations , in patients with isolated diffuse mesangial sclerosis , and analysis of genotype / phenotype correlations by use of a computerized mutation database .",
+            "output": [
+                "diffuse mesangial sclerosis"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-33a2a81baad94bf1bd86b5b3292f418d",
+            "input": " A number of ARSA gene mutations responsible for MLD have been identified .",
+            "output": [
+                "MLD"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-b361c45e506d460098014b2cf1ccca19",
+            "input": " Recently , the R496H mutation of ARSA was proposed to be a cause of MLD ( Draghia et al . , 1997 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "MLD"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-f0e2e3a5224d41818a5c20237e549e64",
+            "input": " The two other siblings , apparently healthy at 12 ( 1 / 2 ) and 15 years , respectively , and their father , apparently healthy as well , presented ARSA and GS values within the range of MLD patients .",
+            "output": [
+                "MLD"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-7987cbecf585433f9a3e93ae56cc5060",
+            "input": " Mutation A464V was not found in 18 unrelated MLD patients and 50 controls .",
+            "output": [
+                "MLD"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-a679dc9b7233415c8754cf6cff309fe2",
+            "input": " A464V , although clearly modifying ARSA and GS levels , apparently bears little significance for clinical manifestation of MLD , mimicking the frequent ARSA pseudodeficiency allele .",
+            "output": [
+                "MLD"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-ab85a715d25149ca88781bbae0f8b1f5",
+            "input": " Our results demonstrate that in certain genetic conditions MLD - like ARSA and GS values need not be paralleled by clinical disease , a finding with serious diagnostic and prognostic implications .",
+            "output": [
+                "MLD"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-6a5b6dca923047dab0b0f9ec17804b0c",
+            "input": " Genetic and environmental variance components were assessed with the program Mx , using data from this and previous studies of twins with AS .",
+            "output": [
+                "AS"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-790f37f9347f415da0605b319cb3d885",
+            "input": " CONCLUSION Susceptibility to AS is largely genetically determined , and the environmental trigger for the disease is probably ubiquitous .",
+            "output": [
+                "AS"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-9bcf069f56fc4caf83980473286651fc",
+            "input": " HLA - B27 accounts for a minority of the overall genetic susceptibility to AS .",
+            "output": [
+                "AS"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-5703546c957141b695624328719f2690",
+            "input": " Here we describe UBE3A coding - region mutations detected by SSCP analysis in 13 AS individuals or families .",
+            "output": [
+                "AS"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-39ecd89ed0cd467899018baf423d3ce3",
+            "input": " In two familial cases and one sporadic case , mosaicism for UBE3A mutations was detected in the mother of three AS sons , in the maternal grandfather of two AS first cousins , and in the mother of an AS daughter .",
+            "output": [
+                "AS"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-af096f9b452d4ad989fac1648d46e301",
+            "input": " These observations suggest a role for FH and / or FH receptors in the pathogenesis of idiopathic HUS . .",
+            "output": [
+                "HUS"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-bd471d04397f4c58a939a455ad494085",
+            "input": " The C6 / C7 marker haplotypes associated with most C7 defects are tabulated . .",
+            "output": [
+                "C7 defects"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-a943b29abd99435492a6d1fdc11ec3e1",
+            "input": " Aggregation of mutant Smad4 ES cells with wild - type tetraploid morulae rescues the gastrulation defect .",
+            "output": [
+                "gastrulation defect"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-af0cf569c5494697b005208d004887ac",
+            "input": " These results indicate that Smad4 is initially required for the differentiation of the visceral endoderm and that the gastrulation defect in the epiblast is secondary and non - cell autonomous .",
+            "output": [
+                "gastrulation defect"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-10f5a403037e482e9ecc6020c678ef7c",
+            "input": " We report here the complete genomic organization of the human CLD gene which spans approximately 39kb , and comprises 21 exons .",
+            "output": [
+                "CLD"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-a8357c76e24643cebf16ef34e18ac1c3",
+            "input": " The genomic structure was determined using DNA from several sources including multiple large - insert libaries and genomic DNA from Finnish CLD patients and controls .",
+            "output": [
+                "CLD"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-2b6bc6e4368a48ff9ee7f712608c40f3",
+            "input": " The tumour suppressor gene PTEN , which maps to 10q23 .",
+            "output": [
+                "tumour"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-31a92641c8494dbb90957bc1129f207a",
+            "input": " The common mutation at codon 95 in exon 4 might be responsible for most Japanese C9 deficiency . .",
+            "output": [
+                "C9 deficiency"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-9ffad481cbfa4ca3aec3ad1e849e1611",
+            "input": " A Japanese family with adrenoleukodystrophy with a codon 291 deletion : a clinical , biochemical , pathological , and genetic report .",
+            "output": [
+                "adrenoleukodystrophy"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-93d83dc1d2cd4c7e9b85abea14de2f70",
+            "input": " Hereditary Ovarian Cancer Clinical Study Group .",
+            "output": [
+                "Hereditary Ovarian Cancer"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-5edb70f250014e44b3628b795dfffb7d",
+            "input": " In specific C5 titrations , however , it was noted that when limited amounts of C5 were assayed in the presence of low dilutions of either C5D serum , curving rather than linear dose - response plots were consistently obtained , suggesting some inhibitory effect .",
+            "output": [
+                "C5D"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-bcf0bd951c6345a7a2d1b0c56d29b7d6",
+            "input": " Further studies suggested that low dilutions of C5D serum contain a factor ( or factors ) interfering at some step in the hemolytic assay of C5 , rather than a true C5 inhibitor or inactivator .",
+            "output": [
+                "C5D"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-035e3d5e29ff466aa18bae478f774e5e",
+            "input": " In addition , we found seven individuals with hypohaptoglobinemia in three families , and the genotypes of six of the seven individuals were found to be Hp2 / Hpdel .",
+            "output": [
+                "hypohaptoglobinemia"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-eb7d79a2f3044c11b97ea4e84b23fc95",
+            "input": " However , the mechanism of hypohaptoglobinemia remains unknown",
+            "output": [
+                "hypohaptoglobinemia"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-c211d1ea0f7b43dba30cfdb21ea3bafc",
+            "input": " Identification of a novel mutation of the CPO gene in a Japanese hereditary coproporphyria family .",
+            "output": [
+                "hereditary coproporphyria"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-3c82e0ce06e54512a5863f4c7d03b707",
+            "input": " The phenotypes and genotypes in one of these three families showed the father to be hypohaptoglobinemic ( Hp2 ) and Hp2 / Hpdel , the mother to be Hp2 - 1 and Hp1 / Hp2 , one of the two children to be hypohaptoglobinemic ( Hp2 ) and Hp2 / Hpdel , and the other child to be Hp1 and Hp1 / Hpdel , showing an anomalous inheritance of Hp phenotypes in the child with Hp1 .",
+            "output": [
+                "hypohaptoglobinemic"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-b1f0af33504e4accb6fadf33b7f91015",
+            "input": " The cyclin - dependent kinase inhibitor , p27 , accumulates upon serum withdrawal , only in the presence of VHL , as a result of the stabilization of the protein .",
+            "output": [
+                "VHL"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-be580f4da5cc4402a5c06bde2293ed65",
+            "input": " Although both domains of the VHL protein contribute to regulation of CA12 expression , the elongin binding domain alone could effectively regulate CA9 expression .",
+            "output": [
+                "VHL"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-1e53536735804be393382ab8a190c61d",
+            "input": " The haptoglobin - gene deletion responsible for anhaptoglobinemia .",
+            "output": [
+                "anhaptoglobinemia"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-8d74734baaca428a92562278e949e5c8",
+            "input": " We have found an allelic deletion of the haptoglobin ( Hp ) gene from an individual with anhaptoglobinemia .",
+            "output": [
+                "anhaptoglobinemia"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-f403a0ba662e4610bdccff4979877ad9",
+            "input": " Southern blot and PCR analyses have indicated that the individual with anhaptoglobinemia was homozygous for the gene deletion and that the gene deletion was included at least from the promoter region of Hp to Hpr alpha but not to Hpr beta ( Hpdel ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "anhaptoglobinemia"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-e39c49157a524bb6a503887ce3cc4692",
+            "input": " On the basis of the present study , the mechanism of anhaptoglobinemia and the mechanism of anomalous inheritance of Hp phenotypes were well explained .",
+            "output": [
+                "anhaptoglobinemia"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-ba4c25aa615045e89e545d0ed2bd163b",
+            "input": " Comparisons with allele frequencies based on prevalence estimates of HH showed some disagreements with the RFLP data , particularly in Finns .",
+            "output": [
+                "HH"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-eeb145c16fcd41a698babe96cc65a8ba",
+            "input": " The newly described HFE marker provides a new approach to the screening of HH as well as studies of the relationship between the HFE Tyr allele and different disorders including cancer",
+            "output": [
+                "HH"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-5c2aad423f224cf198d0469ea0ea97cd",
+            "input": " While a few cases of isolated ACTH deficiency have been reported ( OMIM 201400 ) , an inherited POMC defect has not been described so far .",
+            "output": [
+                "ACTH deficiency"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-d190fe0b54c946999347ec6610b9ce1e",
+            "input": " Genotype - phenotype correlations in attenuated adenomatous polyposis coli .",
+            "output": [
+                "adenomatous polyposis coli"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-73cad21cd41a40a59201dcdd80113231",
+            "input": " Genetic mapping of the copper toxicosis locus in Bedlington terriers to dog chromosome 10 , in a region syntenic to human chromosome region 2p13 - p16 .",
+            "output": [
+                "copper toxicosis"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-d5dbc87dd411478589e577c1f20f1065",
+            "input": " In SCA3 , gaze - evoked nystagmus was often present as was saccade hypometria and smooth pursuit gain was markedly decreased .",
+            "output": [
+                "SCA3"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-f3c1a1baa4cc491485ddfade4aa96daa",
+            "input": " The seven exons , the exon / intron boundaries and part of 3 noncoding sequence of the CPO gene were systematically analyzed by an exon - by - exon denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis ( DGGE ) strategy followed by direct sequencing in seven unrelated heterozygous HC patients from France , Holland , and Czech Republic .",
+            "output": [
+                "HC"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-695c5b2657f7431db1b3f77b60feedc0",
+            "input": " We performed a blind chromosomal analysis on G2 - phase lymphocytes from 7 unrelated A - T patients , 13 obligate A - T heterozygotes ( parents of the patients ) , and 14 normal controls following X - irradiation with 1 Gy in order to evaluate this cytogenetic method as a tool for detection of ATM carriers .",
+            "output": [
+                "A - T"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-7c8667598c384b7bab44436a1399a285",
+            "input": " Both A - T homozygotes and heterozygotes showed significantly increased levels of radiation - induced chromatid damage relative to that of normal controls .",
+            "output": [
+                "A - T"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-534abbe6989247f39648a37155424f0b",
+            "input": " These results show that the G2 - phase chromosomal radiosensitivity assay can be used for the detection of A - T heterozygotes .",
+            "output": [
+                "A - T"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-db95ce0efb7f456eab52be7a0e7b85a3",
+            "input": " These assays should facilitate screening for A - T heterozygotes in the populations studied . .",
+            "output": [
+                "A - T"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1448-a104dc57cbfc4b669ea1a111bdd854b9",
+            "input": " We also show that 25 % of all A - T patients carried in - frame deletions or missense mutations , many of which were also associated with expression of mutant ATM protein .",
+            "output": [
+                "A - T"
+            ]
+        }
+    ],
+    "Instance License": [
+        "Unknown"
+    ]
+}

task28_disease_entity_extraction_bc5cdr_dataset.json

@@ -0,0 +1,542 @@
+{
+    "Contributors": [
+        "Ishani Mondal"
+    ],
+    "Source": [
+        "BioCreative V"
+    ],
+    "URL": [
+        "https://biocreative.bioinformatics.udel.edu/tasks/biocreative-v/track-3-cdr/"
+    ],
+    "Categories": [
+        "Named Entity Recognition"
+    ],
+    "Reasoning": [],
+    "Definition": [
+        "In this task, you will be given a single sentence or a set of sentences. You have to recognize the name of the disorder or disease. Disease is a disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury. Although there might be several correct answers, you need to write one of them."
+    ],
+    "Input_language": [
+        "English"
+    ],
+    "Output_language": [
+        "English"
+    ],
+    "Instruction_language": [
+        "English"
+    ],
+    "Domains": [
+        "Medical Knowledge"
+    ],
+    "Positive Examples": [
+        {
+            "input": "I had been suffering from cardiovascular disorder.",
+            "output": "cardiovascular disorder",
+            "explanation": "Here, the person mentions this disorder which is related to heart issues."
+        },
+        {
+            "input": "Acne is the most common skin condition in the United States, affecting up to 50 million Americans annually.",
+            "output": "Acne",
+            "explanation": "This is a pretty straightforward remark because it is related to filing taxes with minimal stress and is unrelated to irony or sarcasm."
+        }
+    ],
+    "Negative Examples": [
+        {
+            "input": "I had been suffering from cardiovascular disorder",
+            "output": "disorder",
+            "explanation": "This is an incomplete disease mention, as it does not clearly mention the actual type of disorder."
+        },
+        {
+            "input": "A 44-year-old man taking naproxen for chronic low back pain and a 20-year-old woman on oxaprozin for rheumatoid arthritis presented with tense bullae and cutaneous fragility on the face and the back of the hands.",
+            "output": "naproxen",
+            "explanation": "This is an incorrect tag as this is a mention of a medicine, not a disorder"
+        }
+    ],
+    "Instances": [
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-76c5472d183449a9b4a6f8e9507a42d6",
+            "input": " NS - 718 , a lipid nanosphere incorporating amphotericin B , is effective against pathogenic fungi and has low toxicity .",
+            "output": [
+                "toxicity"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-1e601b239b1f43dd9d81c509c5f0b395",
+            "input": " We compared the toxicity of NS - 718 with that of Fungizone ( amphotericin B - sodium deoxycholate ; D - AmB ) in vitro using renal cell cultures and in vivo by biochemical analysis , histopathological study of the kidney and pharmacokinetic study of amphotericin B following intravenous infusion of the formulation in rats .",
+            "output": [
+                "toxicity"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-8440936c0d974682a3323533de4c50a6",
+            "input": " Catalepsy was evaluated at the beginning and the end of the treatments .",
+            "output": [
+                "Catalepsy"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-f47336b0aec64679bf47d0cc3c0141bf",
+            "input": " Six ( 12 % ) and 4 ( 8 % ) patients experienced grade 2 hand - foot syndrome and stomatitis , respectively ( no episodes of grade 3 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "stomatitis"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-f516ffbe0bef47d1ae8e8b064bd5aee9",
+            "input": " Although several new anticoagulant drugs are in development , heparin remains the anticoagulant of choice to treat acute thrombotic episodes .",
+            "output": [
+                "thrombotic"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-98db7fc25a7f41298aa0f1e8dc4009e8",
+            "input": " In two of them , the MPO - ANCA titres transiently increased to 12 . 8 and 15 . 0 U / ml , respectively , despite continued PTU therapy , but no vasculitic disorders developed .",
+            "output": [
+                "vasculitic disorders"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-9925598d77104ddfbec81d4c66277d11",
+            "input": " Toleration of high doses of angiotensin - converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with chronic heart failure : results from the ATLAS trial .",
+            "output": [
+                "heart failure"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-453f22259f2442409e7e9adafca8b586",
+            "input": " dl - Sotalol preferentially prolonged action potential duration ( APD ) in M cells dose - dependently ( 1 to 100 micromol / L ) , leading to QT prolongation and an increase in TDR .",
+            "output": [
+                "QT prolongation"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-e868218849dd4322a68020b3998cddef",
+            "input": " Cocaine , ethanol , and cocaethylene cardiotoxity in an animal model of cocaine and ethanol abuse .",
+            "output": [
+                "cardiotoxity"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-7af14b47f568477599c8e8f2b515ae06",
+            "input": " The positive skin tests are in favour of immunological reactions and may help in diagnosis of allergy in the patients .",
+            "output": [
+                "allergy"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-8530224838304ba1b1a8099dc2a4710c",
+            "input": " Thus , two control groups were generated : group C1 , which included age - and sex - comparable lithium - treated bipolar normocalcemic patients , and group C2 , which included bipolar normocalcemic patients treated with anticonvulsant mood stabilizers .",
+            "output": [
+                "bipolar"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-f6067ecefc8c475b9460c5ada4363445",
+            "input": " CONCLUSIONS : PTU therapy may be related to the appearance of MPO - ANCA , but MPO - ANCA does not appear to be closely related to vasculitis .",
+            "output": [
+                "vasculitis"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-cb6b93b098e24909b93587cc5bb1b15d",
+            "input": " Worsening of Parkinsonism after the use of veralipride for treatment of menopause : case report .",
+            "output": [
+                "Parkinsonism"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-d4beb3a339fb4c379db0386b33d91ed9",
+            "input": " Effect of methoxamine on maximum urethral pressure in women with genuine stress incontinence : a placebo - controlled , double - blind crossover study .",
+            "output": [
+                "stress incontinence"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-5b61b976fe5a42ee92702fe584209c11",
+            "input": " Half log incremental doses of intravenous methoxamine or placebo ( saline ) were administered to a group of women with genuine stress incontinence while measuring maximum urethral pressure ( MUP ) , blood pressure , heart rate , and symptomatic side effects .",
+            "output": [
+                "stress incontinence"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-93f927b81be94572b9eac89f9235da9a",
+            "input": " The results indicate that the clinical usefulness of direct , peripherally acting sub - type - selective alpha1 - adrenoceptor agonists in the medical treatment of stress incontinence may be limited by associated piloerection and cardiovascular side effects .",
+            "output": [
+                "stress incontinence"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-bc891f6dd2984848b9ab8f67d11e7c0d",
+            "input": " Viracept and irregular heartbeat warning .",
+            "output": [
+                "irregular heartbeat"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-b4a3da235ecb4996b877566dbe90bb99",
+            "input": " Anorexigens and pulmonary hypertension in the United States : results from the surveillance of North American pulmonary hypertension .",
+            "output": [
+                "pulmonary hypertension"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-732a069b882e4a3ea36a36dd43c2dc08",
+            "input": " MATERIALS AND METHODS : We conducted a prospective surveillance study on patients diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension at 12 large referral centers in North America .",
+            "output": [
+                "pulmonary hypertension"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-b71df04174c4407bb44f5cd6d2004968",
+            "input": " Data collected on patients seen from September 1 , 1996 , to December 31 , 1997 , included the cause of the pulmonary hypertension and its severity .",
+            "output": [
+                "pulmonary hypertension"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-97c3a8c05e7947458e9b8385caa85ee4",
+            "input": " The high prevalence of anorexigen use in patients with SPH also raises the possibility that these drugs precipitate pulmonary hypertension in patients with underlying conditions associated with SPH .",
+            "output": [
+                "pulmonary hypertension"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-c0eade184f624b39866fef20583e940e",
+            "input": " Both dronedarone and amiodarone significantly reduced the exercise - induced tachycardia and , at the highest dose , decreased the isoproterenol - induced tachycardia .",
+            "output": [
+                "tachycardia"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-a55968155c614837a828ba02de824013",
+            "input": " There was no difference in the maximum double product ( p = 0 . 53 ) or ST depression ( p = 0 . 63 ) with either form of stress .",
+            "output": [
+                "depression"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-f417dc4033cc431e8004573a6defda43",
+            "input": " No necrosis was observed in cells treated with NCQ436 but NCQ344 had a biphasic effect in both cell types , inducing apoptosis at lower concentrations and necrosis at higher concentrations .",
+            "output": [
+                "necrosis"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-e09341a02c9740eb80a9db574076b0b3",
+            "input": " The effect of pupil dilation with tropicamide on vision and driving simulator performance .",
+            "output": [
+                "pupil dilation"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-7de81db797f84598bc9465ba6bb03455",
+            "input": " PURPOSE : To assess the effect of pupil dilation on vision and driving ability .",
+            "output": [
+                "pupil dilation"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-bfdff65b37374ddfbb3e47e136d7a0a3",
+            "input": " METHODS : A series of tests on various parameters of visual function and driving simulator performance were performed on 12 healthy drivers , before and after pupil dilation using guttae tropicamide 1 % .",
+            "output": [
+                "pupil dilation"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-cab3b325a39b4549be96a88c0cb22347",
+            "input": " A nephrostomy tube had to be placed in one of the patients for ureteral lithiasis in a single functional kidney .",
+            "output": [
+                "ureteral lithiasis"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-0254688405db4ab3aa7f7d1d7ce1eea8",
+            "input": " We report a newborn infant with multiple congenital anomalies ( anotia and Taussig - Bing malformation ) due to exposure to isotretinoin within the first trimester .",
+            "output": [
+                "anotia"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-b2b7d1b8fa3e49cebd953472d656658c",
+            "input": " Subgroups presumed to be at higher risk for ACE inhibitor intolerance ( blood pressure , < 120 mm Hg ; creatinine , > or = 132 . 6 micromol / L [ > or = 1 . 5 mg / dL ] ; age , > or = 70 years ; and patients with diabetes ) generally tolerated the high - dose strategy .",
+            "output": [
+                "diabetes"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-13ff36704dbc4f3c8e0ef318650d65fc",
+            "input": " RESULTS : The patient had episodic deterioration of vision in both eyes , with clinical features resembling ischemic optic neuropathies .",
+            "output": [
+                "ischemic optic neuropathies"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-9efd1e12f86f444e962a4d9c4cd9779d",
+            "input": " None of the patients had decompensated liver disease .",
+            "output": [
+                "liver disease"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-9560c97e3dfd49ceb57ddc9f9e14ccc9",
+            "input": " A printout of all cases of hypercalcemia that presented during a 1 - year period was generated .",
+            "output": [
+                "hypercalcemia"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-54172e1902a94b419b30aedd00015d8e",
+            "input": " RESULTS : Two of eight dogs in the C + E group experienced cardiovascular collapse .",
+            "output": [
+                "cardiovascular collapse"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-b4918ae5d028427e94957ff424a4680b",
+            "input": " Induction of apoptosis by remoxipride metabolites in HL60 and CD34 + / CD19 - human bone marrow progenitor cells : potential relevance to remoxipride - induced aplastic anemia .",
+            "output": [
+                "aplastic anemia"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-377a6d30b01e42d88f46ac006b237282",
+            "input": " The antipsychotic agent , remoxipride [ ( S ) - ( - ) - 3 - bromo - N - [ ( 1 - ethyl - 2 - pyrrolidinyl ) methyl ] - 2 , 6 - dimethoxybenz amide ] has been associated with acquired aplastic anemia .",
+            "output": [
+                "aplastic anemia"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-10f11da18ba340eabb530a11687de5af",
+            "input": " We propose that remoxipride and benzene may induce aplastic anemia via production of similar reactive metabolites and that the ability of NCQ436 and NCQ344 to induce apoptosis in HBMP cells may contribute to the mechanism underlying acquired aplastic anemia that has been associated with remoxipride .",
+            "output": [
+                "aplastic anemia"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-21430a5e4afe40839118b25e182385ea",
+            "input": " Deterioration of vision occurred despite discontinuation of the tacrolimus .",
+            "output": [
+                "Deterioration of vision"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-b982bcc5eae1473b8c36521eeb91d8d7",
+            "input": " Downbeat nystagmus associated with intravenous patient - controlled administration of morphine .",
+            "output": [
+                "Downbeat nystagmus"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-7d5732e1c7604eb8b5a63ca9f8d07909",
+            "input": " RESULTS : Pupillary dilation resulted in a statistically significant deterioration in CT and HCVA only .",
+            "output": [
+                "Pupillary dilation"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-6db4649e455c4ff691b204a407ca8295",
+            "input": " CONCLUSIONS : Pupillary dilation may lead to a decrease in vision and daylight driving performance in young people .",
+            "output": [
+                "Pupillary dilation"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-f7c3e7b0eab94b9e98f7d43508e29f23",
+            "input": " Phase 2 trial of liposomal doxorubicin ( 40 mg / m ( 2 ) ) in platinum / paclitaxel - refractory ovarian and fallopian tube cancers and primary carcinoma of the peritoneum .",
+            "output": [
+                "cancer"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-ee4f456211f1452fbeb9033b63d7d65a",
+            "input": " Bradycardia occurred in a 45 - year - old male patient who was Viracept in combination with other anti - HIV drugs .",
+            "output": [
+                "Bradycardia"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-e6f1598b885a4563bd8586a9700c2df9",
+            "input": " 7e exhibits a high reversal of catalepsy induced by haloperidol indicating its atypical antipsychotic nature .",
+            "output": [
+                "catalepsy"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-0a9c9fd9dbda4884b3017248e0d8495c",
+            "input": " Sub - chronic inhibition of nitric - oxide synthesis modifies haloperidol - induced catalepsy and the number of NADPH - diaphorase neurons in mice .",
+            "output": [
+                "catalepsy"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-66cc21a02bf94f9d936f1f6624934932",
+            "input": " RATIONALE : NG - nitro - L - arginine ( L - NOARG ) , an inhibitor of nitric - oxide synthase ( NOS ) , induces catalepsy in mice .",
+            "output": [
+                "catalepsy"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-eea4100f7f7a476c82af571165786358",
+            "input": " Neuroleptic drugs such as haloperidol , which block dopamine receptors , also cause catalepsy in rodents .",
+            "output": [
+                "catalepsy"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-b40551afda6141b1ada8a8ce41a0a81d",
+            "input": " OBJECTIVES : To investigate the effects of subchronic L - NOARG treatment in haloperidol - induced catalepsy and the number of NOS neurons in areas related to motor control .",
+            "output": [
+                "catalepsy"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-866699eb2375422a87ef5d70e884516f",
+            "input": " RESULTS : L - NOARG sub - chronic administration produced tolerance of L - NOARG and of haloperidol - induced catalepsy .",
+            "output": [
+                "catalepsy"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-9944905cf65342c381d3578c370b6ee5",
+            "input": " A case of bilateral optic neuropathy in a patient on tacrolimus ( FK506 ) therapy after liver transplantation .",
+            "output": [
+                "optic neuropathy"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-67d0d45a6840473ba22adf3bc4c72ee3",
+            "input": " PURPOSE : To report a case of bilateral optic neuropathy in a patient receiving tacrolimus ( FK 506 , Prograf ; Fujisawa USA , Inc , Deerfield , Illinois ) for immunosuppression after orthotropic liver transplantation .",
+            "output": [
+                "optic neuropathy"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-37ea1ece60c2403aba5f4d4cd6493237",
+            "input": " The present study examines the safety and tolerability of high - compared with low - dose lisinopril in CHF .",
+            "output": [
+                "CHF"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-b8c3e62ab3a14adfaae9c8508d756ccf",
+            "input": " Patients with New York Heart Association classes II to IV CHF and left ventricular ejection fractions of no greater than 0 . 30 ( n = 3164 ) were randomized and followed up for a median of 46 months .",
+            "output": [
+                "CHF"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-d5212d91623847deacc73ebad183267f",
+            "input": " CONCLUSIONS : These findings demonstrate that ACE inhibitor therapy in most patients with CHF can be successfully titrated to and maintained at high doses , and that more aggressive use of these agents is warranted .",
+            "output": [
+                "CHF"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-2f99ad6837a244e8a83499398083609b",
+            "input": " Hemodynamic and antiadrenergic effects of dronedarone and amiodarone in animals with a healed myocardial infarction .",
+            "output": [
+                "myocardial infarction"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-8ce8af2d9cb6479393b93792cb4e344b",
+            "input": " The hemodynamic and antiadrenergic effects of dronedarone , a noniodinated compound structurally related to amiodarone , were compared with those of amiodarone after prolonged oral administration , both at rest and during sympathetic stimulation in conscious dogs with a healed myocardial infarction .",
+            "output": [
+                "myocardial infarction"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-d2cdd8df2a684903a4344f84c3d75ab8",
+            "input": " The cardioprotective effect of the ethanol extract of Picrorrhiza kurroa rhizomes and roots ( PK ) on isoproterenol - induced myocardial infarction in rats with respect to lipid metabolism in serum and heart tissue has been investigated .",
+            "output": [
+                "myocardial infarction"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-15b76c99e2854bd28ff88acc882d0778",
+            "input": " Oral pre - treatment with PK ( 80 mg kg ( - 1 ) day ( - 1 ) for 15 days ) significantly prevented the isoproterenol - induced myocardial infarction and maintained the rats at near normal status .",
+            "output": [
+                "myocardial infarction"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-2df7772ff8c842efaab3ad137b54054f",
+            "input": " Onset of hyperammonemic encephalopathy varied from 0 . 5 to 5 days ( mean : 2 . 6 + / - 1 . 3 days ) after the initiation of chemotherapy .",
+            "output": [
+                "hyperammonemic encephalopathy"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-6478aa6812894992aecb7b9ac480d4c0",
+            "input": " In conclusion , hyperammonemic encephalopathy can occur in patients receiving continuous infusion of 5 - FU .",
+            "output": [
+                "hyperammonemic encephalopathy"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-b06ec86fd2da45c1af8baf490fe86be0",
+            "input": " Bleeding is the primary untoward effect of heparin .",
+            "output": [
+                "Bleeding"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-cfb6e705dfb1425c8c37cbf60f17039c",
+            "input": " Findings consistent with coronary artery disease were detected in 12 ( 34 % ) patients and 3 ( 9 % ) controls ( p = 0 . 01 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "coronary artery disease"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-22b6fa967fe341e490a787102c3a5907",
+            "input": " Major bleeding is of primary concern in patients receiving heparin therapy .",
+            "output": [
+                "bleeding"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-12630cb0729b4fa89465c836414ee36d",
+            "input": " The primary efficacy measure was the Young - Mania Rating Scale ( Y - MRS ) total score .",
+            "output": [
+                "Mania"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-2b299f1a7f624e66863cad60f2688c66",
+            "input": " Heparin , first used to prevent the clotting of blood in vitro , has been clinically used to treat thrombosis for more than 50 years .",
+            "output": [
+                "thrombosis"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-8dfdf718e7c04fa0805b049665f291c3",
+            "input": " DESIGN : A randomised crossover study of recovery time of systolic and diastolic left ventricular function after exercise and dobutamine induced ischaemia .",
+            "output": [
+                "ischaemia"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-8c5df7cea00541359db29a5bda9d9729",
+            "input": " One patient developed grade 3 diarrhea requiring hospitalization for hydration .",
+            "output": [
+                "diarrhea"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-e544dbcad4904d46a59e0a91793fff7f",
+            "input": " Prevalence of heart disease in asymptomatic chronic cocaine users .",
+            "output": [
+                "heart disease"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1449-9ccc4a7c0aea49918630d3a6b96fb366",
+            "input": " To determine the prevalence of heart disease in outpatient young asymptomatic chronic cocaine users , 35 cocaine users and 32 age - matched controls underwent resting and exercise electrocardiography ( ECG ) and Doppler echocardiography .",
+            "output": [
+                "heart disease"
+            ]
+        }
+    ],
+    "Instance License": [
+        "Unknown"
+    ]
+}

task29_drug_dose_extraction.json

@@ -0,0 +1,1452 @@
+{
+    "Contributors": [
+        "Ishani Mondal"
+    ],
+    "Source": [
+        "ADE Corpus V2"
+    ],
+    "URL": [
+        "https://github.com/trunghlt/AdverseDrugReaction/tree/master/ADE-Corpus-V2"
+    ],
+    "Categories": [
+        "Information Extraction"
+    ],
+    "Reasoning": [],
+    "Definition": [
+        "In this task, you will be given sentences and a drug name in which your task is to indicate the doses of intake of that particular drug. A dose refers to a specified amount of medication taken at one time. Although there might be several correct answers, you need to write one of them."
+    ],
+    "Input_language": [
+        "English"
+    ],
+    "Output_language": [
+        "English"
+    ],
+    "Instruction_language": [
+        "English"
+    ],
+    "Domains": [
+        "Medical Knowledge"
+    ],
+    "Positive Examples": [
+        {
+            "input": "An episode of subacute encephalopathy after the infusion of methotrexate (1500 mg/m2) (MTX) is reported in a young adult with metastastic gastric cancer.\t methotrexate",
+            "output": "1500 mg/m2",
+            "explanation": "Here, the drug methotrexate mentioned after '\t ' has been mentioned to be taken as 1500 mg/m2 within brackets and hence should be tagged as dosage."
+        },
+        {
+            "input": "A case of normotensive scleroderma renal crisis after high-dose methylprednisolone treatment.\t methylprednisolone",
+            "output": "high",
+            "explanation": "Amount of methylprednisolone is taken in high amount and hence should be tagged with that."
+        }
+    ],
+    "Negative Examples": [
+        {
+            "input": "Ibuprofen overdose is usually characterized by GI upset, dizziness, and mild sedation\t ibuprofen",
+            "output": "mild",
+            "explanation": "Here the drug ibuprofen has been mentioned to be taken in excess but mild is the qualifier of the sedation caused by overdose of the drug, hence mild should not be tagged as drug dosage."
+        },
+        {
+            "input": "She took three doses of methotrexate and two doses of ibuprofen.\t methotrexate",
+            "output": "two",
+            "explanation": "Amount of methotrexate is taken in three doses and hence should be tagged with that, instead of the the dosage mentioned for ibuprofen."
+        }
+    ],
+    "Instances": [
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-ce41c83aaf174af1afb2f2e0c258ff60",
+            "input": "She continued to receive regular insulin 4 times per day over the following 3 years with only occasional hives.\t insulin",
+            "output": [
+                "4 times per day"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-9118487b811340a79074aca05e752336",
+            "input": "A 5-month-old infant became lethargic and poorly responsive after receiving 1 drop of brimonidine in each eye.\t brimonidine",
+            "output": [
+                "1 drop"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-cb6d55cdc7c34d81b7d66c19d8b143d5",
+            "input": "The presented patient was treated with 200 mg TCA and developed Cushing's syndrome 6 weeks later (cortisol and ACTH concentrations were below limits of detection, TCA concentrations were > 3 micrograms/l).\t TCA",
+            "output": [
+                "200 mg"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-07c2abbdd31d4954ac0fb0234f201c8b",
+            "input": "Central nervous system manifestations of an ibuprofen overdose reversed by naloxone.\t ibuprofen",
+            "output": [
+                "overdose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-e4e20ad413604aa9a748a8fb24079001",
+            "input": "Ibuprofen overdose is usually characterized by GI upset, dizziness, and mild sedation.\t Ibuprofen",
+            "output": [
+                "overdose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-4ac276aa81094d9ba6d58b51b19e1cea",
+            "input": "In this case, it was suspected that a combination of cigarette smoking, pulmonary fibrosis, and low-dose methotrexate therapy might have promoted the development of lung cancer.\t methotrexate",
+            "output": [
+                "low"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-ccb37883db1d4960b3c70fda13654ae2",
+            "input": "A 60 year-old woman with chronic renal failure developed acute proximal muscle weakness after receiving a regular dosage of colchicine.\t colchicine",
+            "output": [
+                "regular"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-7ef5c30e6416459fb3251270b0049edb",
+            "input": "The intramuscular challenge test with 25 UI of Miacalcic was positive with an immediate anaphylactic reaction.\t Miacalcic",
+            "output": [
+                "25 UI"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-db4ed72491f54304940c313cf928bc35",
+            "input": "Toxic epidermal necrolysis after the use of high-dose cytosine arabinoside.\t cytosine arabinoside",
+            "output": [
+                "high"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-d0863f6b30ef461aa601bb98e9e63696",
+            "input": "We report a fatal case of toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) resulting from a high dose of cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C).\t ARA-C",
+            "output": [
+                "high"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-ba19985dae0145d78d472ba39fd79429",
+            "input": "We report a fatal case of toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) resulting from a high dose of cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C).\t cytosine arabinoside",
+            "output": [
+                "high"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-72a8fc80d9e1448289a827595cf1cd2b",
+            "input": "The day after clozapine was stopped, while he was still receiving clomipramine 150 mg/d, he began behaving oddly, started sweating profusely, shivering, and became tremulous, agitated, and confused.\t clomipramine",
+            "output": [
+                "150 mg/d"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-29bfac2725f64ba0a22de427ba975e53",
+            "input": "The day after clozapine was stopped, while he was still receiving clomipramine 150 mg/d, he began behaving oddly, started sweating profusely, shivering, and became tremulous, agitated, and confused.\t clozapine",
+            "output": [
+                "150 mg/d"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-a79c72e282434de8bf7f1bec980ad38b",
+            "input": "We describe a patient who presented with bloody diarrhoea after 15 mg meloxicam daily for 10 days for osteoarthritis.\t meloxicam",
+            "output": [
+                "15 mg"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-81aafaab09e849b6a5276a503667a727",
+            "input": "Pheripheral edema was observed in five female patients after taking proton pump inhibitors omeprazole, lansoprazole, or pantoprazole for 7-15 days for peptic acid diseases in recommended standard doses.\t lansoprazole",
+            "output": [
+                "standard"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-773335459aa94247a8c15175b98af0c9",
+            "input": "Pheripheral edema was observed in five female patients after taking proton pump inhibitors omeprazole, lansoprazole, or pantoprazole for 7-15 days for peptic acid diseases in recommended standard doses.\t omeprazole",
+            "output": [
+                "standard"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-d37cd2f7ed6f4db2b9db7039a52ef445",
+            "input": "Pheripheral edema was observed in five female patients after taking proton pump inhibitors omeprazole, lansoprazole, or pantoprazole for 7-15 days for peptic acid diseases in recommended standard doses.\t pantoprazole",
+            "output": [
+                "standard"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-4a3ce3f9984747679fd6bf181a3f175b",
+            "input": "We observed ventricular fibrillation in 2 patients who presented to the emergency department with pre-excited atrial fibrillation and were given 12 mg of adenosine.\t adenosine",
+            "output": [
+                "12 mg"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-028bd8b08b154841b146c3d64f94f486",
+            "input": "After the dose of methylprednisolone was reduced from 40 mg to 20 mg i.v. q6h and shifted to other anti-asthma treatment by procaterol metered dose inhaler via spacer, the psychotic reaction disappeared a few hours later.\t methylprednisolone",
+            "output": [
+                "40 mg"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-9ddc163a81c94ffca63ce230733b066d",
+            "input": "Continuous EEG monitoring is helpful in managing seizures that occur as a complication of CBZ OD, after the course of recovery or worsening, and in providing assistance with prognosis.\t CBZ",
+            "output": [
+                "OD"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-27862ac0ee6a406db304d65b9899c5e7",
+            "input": "Massive CBZ OD may produce a reversible encephalopathy that includes cortical hyperexcitability, a profound burst-suppression EEG pattern, and cranial nerve areflexia.\t CBZ",
+            "output": [
+                "OD"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-2e5e6b5f91944de5a22cc51786316174",
+            "input": "We describe a case of advanced ovarian carcinoma who developed difficulty walking because of marked pain in the lower extremities and loss of proprioception 25 days after treatment with weekly taxol (80 mg/m(2)x3).\t taxol",
+            "output": [
+                "80 mg/m(2)x3"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-d48e58e137c943be98051a7cda3b8fed",
+            "input": "Myasthenia gravis during low-dose IFN-alpha therapy for chronic hepatitis C.\t IFN-alpha",
+            "output": [
+                "low"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-debdfcb5e04942179f7a1b8c50b02a62",
+            "input": "A patient with rheumatoid arthritis developed an acute intrahepatic cholestasis after 100 mg of sodium aurothiomalate.\t sodium aurothiomalate",
+            "output": [
+                "100 mg"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-212bbd011c0542b7b910ff4b352bf990",
+            "input": "CONCLUSIONS: LTG overdose may result in a severe but reversible encephalopathy, a previously undescribed phenomenon.\t LTG",
+            "output": [
+                "overdose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-72d04a9111154596b32fc7d64760bb62",
+            "input": "METHODS: A 55-year-old woman became stuporous after overdose with lamotrigine (LTG) and valproic acid (VPA) tablets.\t lamotrigine",
+            "output": [
+                "overdose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-d76b4369bbc04945a23b3feb797a4d17",
+            "input": "METHODS: A 55-year-old woman became stuporous after overdose with lamotrigine (LTG) and valproic acid (VPA) tablets.\t LTG",
+            "output": [
+                "overdose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-e16a140086914f989155a99ba94c64f0",
+            "input": "METHODS: A 55-year-old woman became stuporous after overdose with lamotrigine (LTG) and valproic acid (VPA) tablets.\t valproic acid",
+            "output": [
+                "overdose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-e0ff660af1bb40adbb882d69bb269995",
+            "input": "METHODS: A 55-year-old woman became stuporous after overdose with lamotrigine (LTG) and valproic acid (VPA) tablets.\t VPA",
+            "output": [
+                "overdose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-1b13180f1ede4436b835f07227ed106d",
+            "input": "We report a 31-year-old women with recurrent Hodgkin's lymphoma and unrecognized HMSN-1 who developed severe motor neuropathy 3 weeks after the first cycle of treatment including 2 mg of vincristine.\t vincristine",
+            "output": [
+                "2 mg"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-4426416e144b4a4bb25b9c42e2effe0a",
+            "input": "A 33-year-old man with a history of recreational benztropine abuse presented to the emergency department with confusion, abdominal pain, and distention.\t benztropine",
+            "output": [
+                "abuse"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-bda58d1c8ffc4623a847ef326d21fa86",
+            "input": "CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should be aware of a risk of serotonin syndrome with serious extrapyramidal reactions in patients receiving sertraline or venlafaxine when metoclopramide is coadministered even in a single, conventional dose.\t metoclopramide",
+            "output": [
+                "conventional"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-9be5d3d6da1a4bd2924fcc637d1d90a6",
+            "input": "CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should be aware of a risk of serotonin syndrome with serious extrapyramidal reactions in patients receiving sertraline or venlafaxine when metoclopramide is coadministered even in a single, conventional dose.\t sertraline",
+            "output": [
+                "conventional"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-6daa7fe7bb8546a7a454239cc62d3b30",
+            "input": "CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should be aware of a risk of serotonin syndrome with serious extrapyramidal reactions in patients receiving sertraline or venlafaxine when metoclopramide is coadministered even in a single, conventional dose.\t venlafaxine",
+            "output": [
+                "conventional"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-562a926c706647739ceea275f4828a17",
+            "input": "He was started on oral lansoprazole 60 mg twice daily and, on hospital day 2, his platelet count decreased to 102 x 10(3)/mm(3); on hospital day 3, the platelet count was 36 x 10(3)/mm(3).\t lansoprazole",
+            "output": [
+                "60 mg twice daily"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-dc627f755d0e442d9e8d3ae7b5f5f5ab",
+            "input": "We describe a patient who developed HUS after treatment with mitomycin C (total dose 144 mg/m2) due to a carcinoma of the ascending colon.\t mitomycin C",
+            "output": [
+                "144 mg/m2"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-52260c9fd9094918834099b6d599a8a8",
+            "input": "A 53-year-old man developed lower leg edema 4 weeks after rosiglitazone was increased from 4 mg once/day to 4 mg twice/day.\t rosiglitazone",
+            "output": [
+                "4 mg twice/day"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-46190769b1074f0cb37887e10263739c",
+            "input": "We present a neonate with a seizure disorder who acutely developed pupillary mydriasis secondary to lidocaine overdose.\t lidocaine",
+            "output": [
+                "overdose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-fe07d424a4f945889215ec8152ae7bbf",
+            "input": "CONCLUSIONS: Peripheral administration of low-dose vasopressin for septic shock should be discouraged because of the risk of ischemic skin complications.\t vasopressin",
+            "output": [
+                "low"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-f272490abdfb4358810ccf4bc998aaf7",
+            "input": "The first case concerns a 70-year-old man who developed severe aplastic anemia 7 weeks after treatment with 500 mg of ticlopidine daily.\t ticlopidine",
+            "output": [
+                "500 mg"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-86a64deec342445d883acce6ef3c5284",
+            "input": "CASE REPORT: Soon after initiation of amiodarone HCl (200 mg/day), a 76-year-old man came to us with symptoms of visual \"shining,\" glare, color vision anomalies, and gradually decreased vision.\t amiodarone HCl",
+            "output": [
+                "200 mg/day"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-de058f28966547d6b09c08a8d9bef172",
+            "input": "Successful desensitization to high-dose methotrexate after systemic anaphylaxis.\t methotrexate",
+            "output": [
+                "high"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-2412e3f6da454084a6225582480bf69d",
+            "input": "While 40 mg/day of prednisolone improved hepatic dysfunction dramatically, her diabetic milieu deteriorated seriously.\t prednisolone",
+            "output": [
+                "40 mg/day"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-5ea30230877b43cea9f41c3ed272b897",
+            "input": "This report describes an individual with mental retardation who experienced behavioral exacerbation associated with clonazepam prescribed at 2 mg/day (0.02 mg/kg/day) to treat aggression, self-injurious behavior, property destruction, and screaming, which was measured with a 15-minute partial interval recording measurement method.\t clonazepam",
+            "output": [
+                "0.02 mg/kg/day"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-902c7aabf2cc425aa7081a8d5c3d5bbd",
+            "input": "This entity is probably related to a combination of high doses of corticosteroids, vecuronium administration and metabolic abnormalities associated with respiratory failure.\t vecuronium",
+            "output": [
+                "high doses"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-27207abae65043bfbbb71bf7bfef2b6a",
+            "input": "We describe the development of cutaneous scleroderma in 3 patients coincident with the use of bleomycin in low cumulative doses of less than 100 U.\t bleomycin",
+            "output": [
+                "100 U"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-f764644196764188aba4e9ffc226b23e",
+            "input": "We consider asterixis to be an easily overlooked sign of neurotoxicity, which may occur even at low or moderate dosage levels, if certain drugs as lithium or clozapine are used in combination with CBZ.\t CBZ",
+            "output": [
+                "low or moderate dosage"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-6b81ce1b9c8142589f3eaef4f648f18d",
+            "input": "We consider asterixis to be an easily overlooked sign of neurotoxicity, which may occur even at low or moderate dosage levels, if certain drugs as lithium or clozapine are used in combination with CBZ.\t clozapine",
+            "output": [
+                "low or moderate dosage"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-e3a6547a0f59497a8e76c29000619804",
+            "input": "We consider asterixis to be an easily overlooked sign of neurotoxicity, which may occur even at low or moderate dosage levels, if certain drugs as lithium or clozapine are used in combination with CBZ.\t lithium",
+            "output": [
+                "low or moderate dosage"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-c61206c9308f4ce9af4bbf6b1da86cd7",
+            "input": "A 74-year-old patient with idiopathic Parkinson's disease was evaluated for unintended sleep episodes that occurred after long-term treatment with 400 mg/day of L-dopa.\t L-dopa",
+            "output": [
+                "400 mg/day"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-6fca78548e6442b8bd3a8a0350b83a51",
+            "input": "We present a case of a 20-year-old woman who ingested 900 mg of glyburide causing refractory hypoglycemia resistant to treatment with intravenous dextrose, glucagon, and diazoxide.\t glyburide",
+            "output": [
+                "900 mg"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-c2c4fba0e8034797a70d8a5091946d52",
+            "input": "After initiation of topical vitamin D3 ointment (20 micro g/g of tacalcitol) 10 g/day for the skin lesions, both the serum level of calcium and urinary excretion of calcium increased gradually.\t vitamin D3",
+            "output": [
+                "20 micro g/g"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-8d439f59655f49a8bff4eac308648593",
+            "input": "DATA SYNTHESIS: A 49-year-old man developed symptoms of severe psychosis concomitant with ciprofloxacin (250 mg bid) treatment.\t ciprofloxacin",
+            "output": [
+                "250 mg bid"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-56a72bbc5e7246ba9755fbf893362cef",
+            "input": "However here we reported two patients, presenting with PD during high dose colchicine treatment for familiar mediterranean fever (FMF).\t colchicine",
+            "output": [
+                "high"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-05fac73652484f7bbb20336aa66bc593",
+            "input": "We report a case of unintentional overdose of oral pilocarpine tablets that resulted in bradycardia, mild hypotension, and muscarinic symptoms in a patient with Sjogren's syndrome.\t pilocarpine",
+            "output": [
+                "overdose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-0fd942be0b0446ed83ececf6b0f3d696",
+            "input": "In this paper we report a case of nimodipine overdosage resulting in prolonged hypotension and hypoxemia, which was successfully treated with calcium gluconate.\t nimodipine",
+            "output": [
+                "overdosage"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-820ec82f07bd4062ae030f9b4629672e",
+            "input": "Tiagabine overdose causes an unusual array of neurological symptoms, many similar to reported adverse effects during therapeutic use.\t Tiagabine",
+            "output": [
+                "overdose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-5e3097e3fad947c0a8883eecab92c70b",
+            "input": "Patient A reported right leg weakness (foot drop) during week 4 of CAP-XRT (1600 mg/m2).\t CAP-XRT",
+            "output": [
+                "1600 mg/m2"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-2f73749ed90b4dd5a4743bd7d29a665f",
+            "input": "Patient B developed perioral and upper extremity paresthesias during the fourth cycle of CAP alone (2500 mg/m2).\t CAP",
+            "output": [
+                "2500 mg/m2"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-406eafa8a6c841c49a994859eef25f86",
+            "input": "In all cases, drugs in addition to quetiapine were detected, but in cases #1 and #2, the cause of death was considered to be a quetiapine overdose and the other drugs were not considered to be contributory.\t quetiapine",
+            "output": [
+                "overdose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-7592b16967274f63b66ad212c1fce9a9",
+            "input": "We present three cases from the Provincial Toxicology Center of British Columbia, Canada in which suicidal overdose deaths were associated with quetiapine.\t quetiapine",
+            "output": [
+                "overdose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-2d8fb9c3faf34f028dd84426fba81844",
+            "input": "Paradoxical cerebral cortical hyperexcitability following flupirtine overdose.\t flupirtine",
+            "output": [
+                "overdose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-80180cc044694b3d8f81bac715d6310e",
+            "input": "The patient was found to have no motile sperm with a normal sperm count, while taking a dose of 400 mg/day of carbamazepine.\t carbamazepine",
+            "output": [
+                "400 mg/day"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-2b3f41c6b3924e8c9f52aaaa04a4c4f6",
+            "input": "A 64-year-old man with schizophrenia developed myoclonic jerks when given higher doses of quetiapine.\t quetiapine",
+            "output": [
+                "higher doses"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-b1a4157c073f4780b283db751a723eb8",
+            "input": "A 74-year-old hypercholestrerolaemic woman taking cerivastatin (0.15 mg/day) for 22 days complained of general muscle weakness and muscle pain.\t cerivastatin",
+            "output": [
+                "0.15 mg/day"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-adc8a84e648e4c9b8f7decebe8d2c728",
+            "input": "Carboplatin hypersensitivity induced by low-dose paclitaxel/carboplatin in multiple platinum-treated patients with recurrent ovarian cancer.\t Carboplatin",
+            "output": [
+                "low-dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-3f6800092b604643b1e3f5e7c261f216",
+            "input": "Carboplatin hypersensitivity induced by low-dose paclitaxel/carboplatin in multiple platinum-treated patients with recurrent ovarian cancer.\t carboplatin",
+            "output": [
+                "low-dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-12df4571c5e342feb172fa41034bec86",
+            "input": "Carboplatin hypersensitivity induced by low-dose paclitaxel/carboplatin in multiple platinum-treated patients with recurrent ovarian cancer.\t paclitaxel",
+            "output": [
+                "low-dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-de8e6c45d9d842c6a11582a302b29662",
+            "input": "We report an unusual case of massive fluoxetine ingestion resulting in neurological and cardiovascular toxicity resulting in death.\t fluoxetine",
+            "output": [
+                "massive"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-cceab16047624e678305b0ddd59a0c5a",
+            "input": "The case reported here is of a child given a large dose of intravenous iron sucrose (16 mg/kg) over 3 hours, who subsequently developed features of systemic iron toxicity.\t iron sucrose",
+            "output": [
+                "16 mg/kg"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-3055914de19d4bb49c69e519d7831855",
+            "input": "Fatal radiation myelopathy after high-dose busulfan and melphalan chemotherapy and radiotherapy for Ewing's sarcoma: a review of the literature and implications for practice.\t busulfan",
+            "output": [
+                "high-dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-60c9d9678fb248fd96e4d6f8f6e0abb6",
+            "input": "Fatal radiation myelopathy after high-dose busulfan and melphalan chemotherapy and radiotherapy for Ewing's sarcoma: a review of the literature and implications for practice.\t melphalan",
+            "output": [
+                "high-dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-7ccdebd883c849c0bd9f2fc9fe9ff8e2",
+            "input": "Inadvertent and accidental epinephrine overdose might result in potentially lethal complications.\t epinephrine",
+            "output": [
+                "overdose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-a49acb40fe3e42da83d9d11eefc6d643",
+            "input": "Prominent positive U waves appearing with high-dose intravenous phenylephrine.\t phenylephrine",
+            "output": [
+                "high-dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-82c45a65c9514447b010de0b2e24b4fd",
+            "input": "A 56-year-old white woman with a diagnosis of reactive depression developed severe UI after a 30 days' treatment with venlafaxine 75 mg/day.\t venlafaxine",
+            "output": [
+                "75 mg/day"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-c4bb6b3ff8394bc3bc295a268d33cc01",
+            "input": "High-dose methotrexate-associated acute renal failure may be an avoidable complication.\t methotrexate",
+            "output": [
+                "High-dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-dc2bf826d18241939fc4cea8df985c21",
+            "input": "A 55-year-old woman presented an episode of acute urticaria and labial angioedema 60 minutes after ingesting 500 mg of cloxacillin for a skin abscess.\t cloxacillin",
+            "output": [
+                "500 mg"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-cc255f725ab14bb4945d32ff16f792e6",
+            "input": "Myocardial ischemia associated with high-dose carmustine infusion.\t carmustine",
+            "output": [
+                "high-dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-44a621aefa464974b9da0917afff017e",
+            "input": "Acute myocardial infarction during high-dose methylprednisolone therapy for Graves' ophthalmopathy.\t methylprednisolone",
+            "output": [
+                "high-dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-5f94ed3137194c15bf44453fbbd2dbd0",
+            "input": "We conclude that myocardial infarction may develop in patients treated with high-dose glucocorticoids for Graves' ophthalmopathy, and increased blood pressure may herald this complication.\t glucocorticoids",
+            "output": [
+                "high-dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-2f668082da7b44c2af9dc5428c77e663",
+            "input": "We present the case of a 58-year-old woman who ingested more than 35 g of caffeine in a suicide attempt.\t caffeine",
+            "output": [
+                "35 g"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-69f5ec92725142d89e71e8174c6d368e",
+            "input": "Flecainide overdose can rapidly result in profound cardiovascular collapse, and is associated with a relatively high mortality.\t Flecainide",
+            "output": [
+                "overdose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-e9b775806b3541268ad8104fb8b657de",
+            "input": "Managing cardiovascular collapse in severe flecainide overdose without recourse to extracorporeal therapy.\t flecainide",
+            "output": [
+                "overdose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-c6818fe119344b499f41f9cc598562ec",
+            "input": "The authors describe pericardial hemorrhage, which is related to the use of low-dose acetylsalicylic acid in a patient with essential thrombocythemia.\t acetylsalicylic acid",
+            "output": [
+                "low-dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-41375d71c5d14fb8b667dd01941cfedb",
+            "input": "Hyponatraemia during low-dose carbamazepine therapy.\t carbamazepine",
+            "output": [
+                "low-dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-61d18886ee5548e0bbec3d02ae6042e9",
+            "input": "The fourth patient showed RLS symptoms that were initially caused by a 20-mg daily olanzapine dosage and were later mitigated when olanzapine was reduced and ropinirole was administered.\t olanzapine",
+            "output": [
+                "20-mg daily"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-85ebb2d9fc61407eb6571790ac782820",
+            "input": "She had been on Copaxone 20 mg/day treatment for 2 years when she first exhibited gastrointestinal symptoms.\t Copaxone",
+            "output": [
+                "20 mg/day"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-6ca28f76dbc44f8b903dfe5a665c737d",
+            "input": "Multiple seizures after bupropion overdose in a small child.\t bupropion",
+            "output": [
+                "overdose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-37f81283f0c349bdb2dd1941c4eba006",
+            "input": "The patient experienced hallucinations, agitation, vomiting, tachycardia and seizures after ingestion of 1050 (48 mg/kg) of extended-release bupropion.\t bupropion",
+            "output": [
+                "48 mg/kg"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-3f180e401b2948eea1f8e18be5005ddb",
+            "input": "CASE SUMMARY: An 80-year-old white female, followed up at the Memory Clinic for mild cognitive impairment, had been taking propafenone 900 mg/d for >10 years for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation without adverse effects.\t propafenone",
+            "output": [
+                "900 mg/d"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-7c80647d919148cfa04ce37db1e7d10e",
+            "input": "Hemorrhage from a falx meningioma after internal use of low-dose aspirin.\t aspirin",
+            "output": [
+                "low-dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-1209cff9455349c199fe3e93ecfac0a7",
+            "input": "We report a case in which hemorrhage occurred in an asymptomatic falx meningioma known beforehand, after the internal use of low-dose aspirin for 16 months.\t aspirin",
+            "output": [
+                "low-dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-f92e4fb81cda4956a90e925f4ad9f5ea",
+            "input": "CONCLUSIONS: Life-threatening adrenal suppression, requiring hydrocortisone supplementation and intensive therapy, was observed and successfully treated in a newborn, whose mother had received high-dose methylprednisolone in late pregnancy.\t methylprednisolone",
+            "output": [
+                "high-dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-d693acff6d2246e7bf06bf53324de57d",
+            "input": "High-dose methylprednisolone in a pregnant woman with Crohn's disease and adrenal suppression in her newborn.\t methylprednisolone",
+            "output": [
+                "High-dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-330eb8ff3e944a64a116281584089766",
+            "input": "Early recognition of renal toxicity of high-dose methotrexate therapy: a case report.\t methotrexate",
+            "output": [
+                "high-dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-e2f7b4cc7ce8414481d235162f5422a1",
+            "input": "We report on three cases wherein treatment of dexmedetomidine-induced bradycardia with i.v. glycopyrrolate (5.0 microg/kg) not only resulting in resolution of bradycardia but also resulting in an exaggerated increase of arterial blood pressure.\t dexmedetomidine",
+            "output": [
+                "5.0 microg/kg"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-20a4b60ef229440f8fce28a70bc5223b",
+            "input": "We report on three cases wherein treatment of dexmedetomidine-induced bradycardia with i.v. glycopyrrolate (5.0 microg/kg) not only resulting in resolution of bradycardia but also resulting in an exaggerated increase of arterial blood pressure.\t glycopyrrolate",
+            "output": [
+                "5.0 microg/kg"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-874c23a2c9854b6bae2cd9635226b167",
+            "input": "Three days after receiving intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (1.25 mg in 0.1 ml), he developed acute vision loss and change of consciousness.\t bevacizumab",
+            "output": [
+                "1.25 mg in 0.1 ml"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-fd733940f51941ed973023dea0ecd782",
+            "input": "One week after the initial-dose of adalimumab (160 mg), which was initiated due to an acute exacerbation of Crohn's disease, the patient developed a fulminant cardiomyopathy.\t adalimumab",
+            "output": [
+                "160 mg"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-5073005665474795969d286c7161766c",
+            "input": "Hepatotoxicity after high-dose methylprednisolone for demyelinating disease.\t methylprednisolone",
+            "output": [
+                "high-dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-3639a05ea98b48b1b924630bfb2b0671",
+            "input": "We observed 2 cases of hepatotoxicity after a high-dose methylprednisolone treatment of a demyelinating disease and evaluated the potential relationship in the light of available evidence.\t methylprednisolone",
+            "output": [
+                "high-dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-d5f2a73aa69b450f8addad1cfa034151",
+            "input": "CONCLUSIONS: We present a case of a patient with CML who developed KS 12 months after starting treatment with imatinib 400 mg/d.\t imatinib",
+            "output": [
+                "400 mg/d"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-8037a7f555354c169079f7ca939e138d",
+            "input": "Bulbar and pseudobulbar palsy complicating therapy with high-dose cytosine arabinoside in children with leukemia.\t cytosine arabinoside",
+            "output": [
+                "high-dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-7c3657e7338c4babbc1abce91266a0c4",
+            "input": "Common adverse events (frequency 10%) of lacosamide doses up to 600 mg/day include nonspecific central nervous system effects (e.g., dizziness, ataxia, diplopia, and somnolence).\t lacosamide",
+            "output": [
+                "600 mg/day"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-646f44f0bc96449298a47bc6979f9179",
+            "input": "An 83-year-old man receiving glipizide 10 mg bid developed symptomatic hypoglycemia within three days of adding trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) to his regimen.\t glipizide",
+            "output": [
+                "10 mg"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-ce354c44ec8545569a3eaadf60f71c9d",
+            "input": "An 83-year-old man receiving glipizide 10 mg bid developed symptomatic hypoglycemia within three days of adding trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) to his regimen.\t SMX",
+            "output": [
+                "10 mg"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-ed2c781856fb4a8183cd33e0f7fb3185",
+            "input": "An 83-year-old man receiving glipizide 10 mg bid developed symptomatic hypoglycemia within three days of adding trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) to his regimen.\t sulfamethoxazole",
+            "output": [
+                "10 mg"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-e7121b0475b9463db0015b8b1c5798a4",
+            "input": "An 83-year-old man receiving glipizide 10 mg bid developed symptomatic hypoglycemia within three days of adding trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) to his regimen.\t TMP",
+            "output": [
+                "10 mg"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-a2e61f8866334c70b520d91b072cdeef",
+            "input": "An 83-year-old man receiving glipizide 10 mg bid developed symptomatic hypoglycemia within three days of adding trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) to his regimen.\t trimethoprim",
+            "output": [
+                "10 mg"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-8092c352cece4cd199e965d25e23c848",
+            "input": "A sixty-year-old woman with advanced breast cancer, previously treated with cisplatin, developed an irreversible lethal renal failure with anuria, the day after 5 g/m2 bolus ifosfamide.\t ifosfamide",
+            "output": [
+                "5 g/m2"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-f8ca7299cf5343fb94d7a78b9203a7d5",
+            "input": "Lethal anuria complicating high dose ifosfamide chemotherapy in a breast cancer patient with an impaired renal function.\t ifosfamide",
+            "output": [
+                "high dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-6044b89a30874100bc11fb46812cd287",
+            "input": "Horner's syndrome and demyelinating peripheral neuropathy caused by high-dose cytosine arabinoside.\t cytosine arabinoside",
+            "output": [
+                "high-dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-9d1d200c38284eb7bc2a5958f6130e89",
+            "input": "Peripheral nerve dysfunction is a potentially serious complication of high-dose cytosine arabinoside.\t cytosine arabinoside",
+            "output": [
+                "high-dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-917d5801c52447c096b9b61c63658b84",
+            "input": "We describe a patient with acute leukemia who developed Horner's syndrome and a severe demyelinating peripheral neuropathy leading to death after receiving high-dose cytosine arabinoside.\t cytosine arabinoside",
+            "output": [
+                "high-dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-79491c1d116047f394b77322041beab2",
+            "input": "Life-threatening acute hyponatraemia induced by low dose cyclophosphamide and indomethacin.\t cyclophosphamide",
+            "output": [
+                "low dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-b0d7d1809bdb4d19ac2af0f5afc2ca39",
+            "input": "Life-threatening acute hyponatraemia induced by low dose cyclophosphamide and indomethacin.\t indomethacin",
+            "output": [
+                "low dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-cb1ade0b4bdd4557b7ba9566c222f4ee",
+            "input": "We report the case of a patient with multiple myeloma who developed acute life-threatening water intoxication following treatment with oral indomethacin and low dose intravenous cyclophosphamide.\t cyclophosphamide",
+            "output": [
+                "low dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-29fd9ae849ef4113ae83118b6007da83",
+            "input": "We report the case of a patient with multiple myeloma who developed acute life-threatening water intoxication following treatment with oral indomethacin and low dose intravenous cyclophosphamide.\t indomethacin",
+            "output": [
+                "low dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-92249a6314934c978feebcc2b9c159e5",
+            "input": "Two cases of lepromatous leprosy with erythema nodosum leprosum who were on high doses of clofazimine, showed discoloration of nail plate, subungual hyperkeratosis and onycholysis.\t clofazimine",
+            "output": [
+                "high doses"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-8eec58fd199b431b9fb5b9ae21cf9995",
+            "input": "Paraplegia following prophylactic intrathecal cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) is described in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia in remission who received doses of 100 mg/m2/d for 5 consecutive days.\t Ara-C",
+            "output": [
+                "100 mg/m2/d"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-bbd29c02160e424eb9ee91f6a8b50874",
+            "input": "Paraplegia following prophylactic intrathecal cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) is described in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia in remission who received doses of 100 mg/m2/d for 5 consecutive days.\t cytosine arabinoside",
+            "output": [
+                "100 mg/m2/d"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-818b05b7b76d43968cef1305c7414823",
+            "input": "Three of 50 patients treated with isotretinoin (1 mg/kg/day) for cystic acne complained of poor night vision and/or excessive glare sensitivity.\t isotretinoin",
+            "output": [
+                "1 mg/kg/day"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-859f606c2b42415b9d53f50ff5a9afa0",
+            "input": "The pharmacology and toxicology of chloral hydrate are discussed with particular reference to the cardiac arrhythmias that are seen with overdosage.\t chloral hydrate",
+            "output": [
+                "overdosage"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-0d33791a5b4a4c13bdf3afde345c0df9",
+            "input": "A case of severe visual loss following a single dose of vincristine is described.\t vincristine",
+            "output": [
+                "single dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-dc6ad77c4879478b86801aadc0760b1a",
+            "input": "Severe visual loss after a single dose of vincristine in a patient with spinal cord astrocytoma.\t vincristine",
+            "output": [
+                "single dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-fd62926628c64ed8b56a6ee70f1673a1",
+            "input": "Visual loss after a single small dose of vincristine has never been reported.\t vincristine",
+            "output": [
+                "single small dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-013bd8ba3b3f4486adc0ead35aeab54f",
+            "input": "Renal hypophosphatemia in this patient was caused by the erroneous intake of 1 g doxycycline.\t doxycycline",
+            "output": [
+                "1 g"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-2c1dfc03beab4653900ef561e40b5927",
+            "input": "After a six-week course of low-dose cyclosporine A, she developed a severe but reversible loss of glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow despite of low cyclosporine A plasma levels.\t cyclosporine A",
+            "output": [
+                "low-dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-0b20e9196e6d45a3b29c212328e4b7ae",
+            "input": "A patient is presented with typical hyperthyroidism, who developed a severe proximal muscle weakness and a raised creatine phosphokinase after treatment for hyperthyroidism with propylthiouracil (100 mg orally, three times a day).\t propylthiouracil",
+            "output": [
+                "100 mg orally, three times a day"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-8eeb910fed2740df94fc6d11b69ffbc4",
+            "input": "A 56-year-old woman with scleroderma developed rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis with epithelial crescents associated with hemoptysis after 27 months of D-penicillamine therapy and a cumulative dose of 1,200 g.\t D-penicillamine",
+            "output": [
+                "1,200 g"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-8f7bc49b0d994a85b60caac37f7ac2a4",
+            "input": "Phenytoin was discontinued after admission; however, phenytoin 1 g i.v. was given for a tonic-clonic seizure two days after admission, after which swelling of the face and legs and pruritus developed.\t phenytoin",
+            "output": [
+                "1 g"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-099e53e7cd564fc7989fdcf591f7ae28",
+            "input": "She was receiving phenytoin sodium 300 mg/day; carbamazepine 200 mg four times daily had been discontinued four days before admission because of leukopenia.\t carbamazepine",
+            "output": [
+                "200 mg"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-0312d68918464c27a54504413e79d28f",
+            "input": "She was receiving phenytoin sodium 300 mg/day; carbamazepine 200 mg four times daily had been discontinued four days before admission because of leukopenia.\t phenytoin sodium",
+            "output": [
+                "300 mg/day"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-2ac28e054bf947f9b4129ca3f5da5fa4",
+            "input": "After therapy with parenteral amiodarone (2300 mg in 3 days) and other measures, signs of congestive heart failure disappeared; subsequently the patient developed jaundice, marked increase in serum transaminase levels and fall in prothrombin time, and histologic changes of severe centrilobular necrosis were observed in hepatic biopsy.\t amiodarone",
+            "output": [
+                "2300 mg in 3 days"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-27ddad78db104aee92bae55fd68b4b07",
+            "input": "The main clinical features of this 58-year-old female patient were laboratory evidence of leucopenia and cholestasis, and biopsy features of fatty liver parenchyma degeneration with granulocytic portal infiltration and bile stasis, demonstrated 20 days after the initiation of antithyroid therapy with 20 mg methimazole daily.\t methimazole",
+            "output": [
+                "20 mg"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-329f2e3d37b34afcb1be08bb2654538c",
+            "input": "A case of propranolol overdose complicated by esophageal spasm preventing extrication of an orogastric lavage tube and relieved by intravenous glucagon is presented.\t propranolol",
+            "output": [
+                "overdose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-f5ea1d45404e4e49b83f75691278f189",
+            "input": "Esophageal spasm following propranolol overdose relieved by glucagon.\t propranolol",
+            "output": [
+                "overdose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-127be44b177d428089b5dce76625a5d2",
+            "input": "A 65-year-old woman with bipolar disorder and complicated cardiovascular disease who was on maintenance lithium therapy developed a movement disorder following high doses of trazodone for treatment of an acute depression.\t lithium",
+            "output": [
+                "high doses"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-603785dccc8a486583dc37fc581a95ca",
+            "input": "A 65-year-old woman with bipolar disorder and complicated cardiovascular disease who was on maintenance lithium therapy developed a movement disorder following high doses of trazodone for treatment of an acute depression.\t trazodone",
+            "output": [
+                "high doses"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-173c1e38e67e4cbe9e0dbfd6528ac4a1",
+            "input": "Two other patients who did not receive prochlorperazine, developed retinal problems which later improved, one after only 15 g of desferrioxamine.\t desferrioxamine",
+            "output": [
+                "15 g"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-fcbc92c5fbbf49878167bbf7b98f2729",
+            "input": "Four cases of fat embolism are described in infants receiving prolonged intravenous infusion of fat (Intralipid 20%).\t Intralipid",
+            "output": [
+                "20%"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-238d557e05154144b0c5964eef534907",
+            "input": "Two children with rheumatic fever developed anicteric hepatitis while on high-dose aspirin therapy.\t aspirin",
+            "output": [
+                "high-dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-15e1fdbacb88490e9e553bc713b86443",
+            "input": "In three of these patients the infection was clinically unsuspected; in the fourth, cutaneous herpes zoster developed after administration of 300 mg of cytarabine daily for the preceding five days.\t cytarabine",
+            "output": [
+                "300 mg"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-d9f7e07d9adf4ab1b5727041924d9abf",
+            "input": "Four patients receiving high-dose tamoxifen for greater than 1 year have demonstrated similar retinal changes.\t tamoxifen",
+            "output": [
+                "high-dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-04347cdf98ce4369b989925ee4222054",
+            "input": "In eight patients, a mean decrease in serum Na+ of 8.25 +/- 3.2 mEq/L was observed after a single 200 mg intravenous dose of lorcainide.\t lorcainide",
+            "output": [
+                "200 mg"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-3dbd0853931d4c61ae5398ed050469c4",
+            "input": "In a 61-year-old man receiving chronic low-dosage amiodarone an interstitial pneumopathy was observed.\t amiodarone",
+            "output": [
+                "low-dosage"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-33c5bce71b844e7f94687a652988123d",
+            "input": "Interstitial pneumopathy and low-dosage amiodarone.\t amiodarone",
+            "output": [
+                "low-dosage"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-d4c4de574f38467fb6461ee6be8f84f1",
+            "input": "Alternating sinus rhythm and intermittent sinoatrial (S-A) block was observed in a 57-year-old woman, under treatment for angina with 80 mg propranolol daily.\t propranolol",
+            "output": [
+                "80 mg"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-23a0a35cd1fb4eddba750d1c7e4a5505",
+            "input": "Pulmonary fibrosis subsequent to high doses of CCNU for chronic myeloid leukemia.\t CCNU",
+            "output": [
+                "high doses"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-ddd338b77d024121947153d82b846e8c",
+            "input": "Gynecomastia developed in two epileptic patients some months after the addition of oral fluoresone 750 mg daily to the phenobarbital and phenytoin already being administered.\t fluoresone",
+            "output": [
+                "750 mg"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-0ea0d2e95055487c83405aa0c9b1c745",
+            "input": "Gynecomastia developed in two epileptic patients some months after the addition of oral fluoresone 750 mg daily to the phenobarbital and phenytoin already being administered.\t phenobarbital",
+            "output": [
+                "750 mg"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-7f9171143ecb4610a63327c9a5f47a34",
+            "input": "Gynecomastia developed in two epileptic patients some months after the addition of oral fluoresone 750 mg daily to the phenobarbital and phenytoin already being administered.\t phenytoin",
+            "output": [
+                "750 mg"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-fe19e3c90f0d46148fe1d6cbcf8da32a",
+            "input": "Drug-induced psychosis resulted from the administration of quinacrine hydrochloride at a dosage of 100 mg twice daily for the treatment of discoid lupus.\t quinacrine hydrochloride",
+            "output": [
+                "100 mg"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-121178d52ac34a74b7143940a651fd37",
+            "input": "In four patients, spasm occurred spontaneous and in one patient after 0.05 mg of ergonovine.\t ergonovine",
+            "output": [
+                "0.05 mg"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-1c38349249a74b7d8599b8afc01f4813",
+            "input": "Two years later, 24 hours following an increase in the dose of disopyramide from 300 to 600 mg/day, AVT with syncope occurred; isoproterenol abolished the arrhythmia instantly.\t disopyramide",
+            "output": [
+                "300 to 600 mg/day"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-7e0195ff7b5240458137c2c86e40fa05",
+            "input": "He was started on digoxin, 0.25 mg daily, because of echocardiographically demonstrated left ventricular dilatation and functional impairment; he died of ventricular fibrillation 15 days later.\t digoxin",
+            "output": [
+                "0.25 mg"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-9f9f77319b6b4f6ea52806ee1d07e7d4",
+            "input": "Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion after high dose vinblastine.\t vinblastine",
+            "output": [
+                "high dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-c9fd369269584970bc9096c2556e3d8c",
+            "input": "We report on a patient with an embryonal teratocarcinoma of the testicle who had the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone after receiving a high dose of vinblastine.\t vinblastine",
+            "output": [
+                "high dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-5678907d361a439baa0fbbaec29c5bc6",
+            "input": "Fatal interstitial pneumonitis following high-dose intermittent chlorambucil therapy for chronic lymphocyte leukemia.\t chlorambucil",
+            "output": [
+                "high-dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-cdcd9629d04a43f8b6a2ffaeadd8ea92",
+            "input": "A 71-year-old man with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation who had a previous anterior myocardial infarction exhibited granulocytopenia 8 days following the administration of oral sustained-release procainamide (750 mg/day).\t procainamide",
+            "output": [
+                "750 mg/day"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-36dd60f11a9f401bb4e640cc8c4b1e29",
+            "input": "A 64 year old man with recurrent metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck developed severe skin rash and bone marrow aplasia 4 and 7 days, respectively, following a single dose of 40 mg/m2 methotrexate (MTX).\t methotrexate",
+            "output": [
+                "40 mg/m2"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-b71a12f2430f4c659798cea6c1aa55a2",
+            "input": "A 64 year old man with recurrent metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck developed severe skin rash and bone marrow aplasia 4 and 7 days, respectively, following a single dose of 40 mg/m2 methotrexate (MTX).\t MTX",
+            "output": [
+                "40 mg/m2"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-a6facb1fd6704433ad28ca98eb2a773f",
+            "input": "Bone marrow aplasia and severe skin rash after a single low dose of methotrexate.\t methotrexate",
+            "output": [
+                "low dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-a6d95150d1944fe591695721a0dd0211",
+            "input": "We report the case of a 20-year-old female with polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) who developed bilateral sensorineural hearing loss 25 minutes after receiving 30 mg of intravenous ketoralac.\t ketoralac",
+            "output": [
+                "30 mg"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-c201ccdabd834dc5973f1f25dccfc057",
+            "input": "A 9-year-old boy developed acute renal failure following intravenous acyclovir (30 mg/kg per day) administered for 6 days to treat herpetic encephalitis.\t acyclovir",
+            "output": [
+                "30 mg/kg per day"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-74b211f26a974d679ef28be0477e5e65",
+            "input": "We report a case of hypoglycaemia after mefloquine therapy (1,500 mg over two days) for severe gastrointestinal cryptosporidiasis in a cachectic AIDS patient with protracted diarrhoea.\t mefloquine",
+            "output": [
+                "1,500 mg over two days"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-4c7d59854bee4d749bacc6d33e451a2f",
+            "input": "High-dose intravenous mannitol infusion in various clinical settings may result in acute renal failure (ARF).\t mannitol",
+            "output": [
+                "High-dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-45484906d9274b7e83dba8fd6a415136",
+            "input": "This is a report of a case of anuric ARF after high-dose mannitol infusion for treatment of narrow-angle glaucoma that readily responded to acute hemodialysis.\t mannitol",
+            "output": [
+                "high-dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-0b8fc4840c944bb190ed4be5d30feddc",
+            "input": "Temporary neurologic abnormalities were observed in one out of 23 patients undergoing chemotherapy with high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) for osteogenic sarcoma.\t methotrexate",
+            "output": [
+                "high-dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-c8bf603868b94d78bc9b57feafe76316",
+            "input": "This patient developed sequential symptoms including alternative hemiparesis, dysarthria and altered consciousness 5 days after the second course of HD-MTX (8 gm/m2 by 6 h continuous infusion) with leucovorin rescue.\t HD-MTX",
+            "output": [
+                "8 gm/m2 by 6 h continuous infusion"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-11f7b0834eff4121879bbb10d882ca78",
+            "input": "Transient neurological disturbances induced by the chemotherapy of high-dose methotrexate for osteogenic sarcoma.\t methotrexate",
+            "output": [
+                "high-dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-dfdad405f9944efd8173f189a1c14623",
+            "input": "We describe a patient with a liver abscess due to Entamoeba histolytica, in whom metronidazole therapy (total dose, 21 g over 14 days) was complicated by reversible deafness, tinnitus, and ataxia and who relapsed 5 months later with a splenic abscess.\t metronidazole",
+            "output": [
+                "21 g over 14 days"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-46bd6ac306bf4aee81d20f7bba9e3af7",
+            "input": "Reversible leukopenia was documented in an 81-year-old woman treated with adjunctive ibopamine 100 mg t.i.d. for chronic congestive heart failure.\t ibopamine",
+            "output": [
+                "100 mg"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-5000b73cd6b84372b6472a63ff171466",
+            "input": "A 53-year-old male, without any prior history of psychosis, developed schizophrenia 4 days after starting low-dose bromocriptine therapy for a macroprolactinoma.\t bromocriptine",
+            "output": [
+                "low-dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-bed49e43fa4c46a89309beee5d10dd0f",
+            "input": "Concurrent acute megaloblastic anaemia and pneumonitis: a severe side-effect of low-dose methotrexate therapy during rheumatoid arthritis.\t methotrexate",
+            "output": [
+                "low-dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-204163c26bb64abf95a7dbd5dd0edca7",
+            "input": "In a patient suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, we report the first simultaneous occurrence of two side effects of low-dose methotrexate: an acute megaloblastic anaemia and a pneumonitis.\t methotrexate",
+            "output": [
+                "low-dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-70f83caf7f3b4d5a93f6d6cd4870bef0",
+            "input": "An 11-year-old boy who was treated with a relatively high dose of methotrimeprazine meleate (Levemepromazine) a phenothiazine antipsychotic drug, was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit suffering from respiratory distress syndrome.\t Levemepromazine",
+            "output": [
+                "high dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-907786d455b145dba813ab34e3565ba4",
+            "input": "An 11-year-old boy who was treated with a relatively high dose of methotrimeprazine meleate (Levemepromazine) a phenothiazine antipsychotic drug, was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit suffering from respiratory distress syndrome.\t methotrimeprazine meleate",
+            "output": [
+                "high dose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-ca2c39598a7149139fa34cf4c4fe02be",
+            "input": "The association of phenothiazine overdose and respiratory distress syndrome merits consideration.\t phenothiazine",
+            "output": [
+                "overdose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-80b9b5869b79485aa398ef3e8209d2ed",
+            "input": "She received an accidental 450-mg bolus injection of morphine intrathecally and developed hypertension, status epilepticus, intracerebral hemorrhage, and respiratory failure.\t morphine",
+            "output": [
+                "450-mg"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-7cf6277937e741fe881418a2874c6dc0",
+            "input": "A high dose of cotrimoxazole induced hyperkalaemia with the elevation of serum creatinine and blood urea, and increased urinary N-acetyl glucosaminase after several days of the drug administration in these patients; one patient became unconscious.\t cotrimoxazole",
+            "output": [
+                "high"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-675b483dbd9449bb82cdbb4a4179ccd2",
+            "input": "Severe abdominal pain in low dosage clofazimine.\t clofazimine",
+            "output": [
+                "low"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-64c0d1e8bb394260a04b550712847943",
+            "input": "Amphotericin B overdose in pediatric patients with associated cardiac arrest.\t Amphotericin B",
+            "output": [
+                "overdose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-8c6f0e1bb80045c2940ab7eb1be5c6f9",
+            "input": "CONCLUSIONS: Amphotericin B overdose can be fatal in children and infants.\t Amphotericin B",
+            "output": [
+                "overdose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-167b8a60e4814df891a17d5602277fb4",
+            "input": "Hydrocortisone may decrease the incidence of mortality associated with cardiac arrhythmias in children receiving amphotericin B overdoses.\t amphotericin B",
+            "output": [
+                "overdoses"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-064c9a19e9db432c8e42ec7e80d3bb48",
+            "input": "INTERVENTIONS AND RESULTS: Cardiac complications were observed in five pediatric patients who received between 4.6 and 40.8 mg/kg/d of amphotericin B.\t amphotericin B",
+            "output": [
+                "between 4.6 and 40.8 mg/kg/d"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-52f9675aa2da4619b40b21cdb0918f2f",
+            "input": "OBJECTIVE: To report the first five cases of amphotericin B overdose with secondary cardiac complications in a pediatric population.\t amphotericin B",
+            "output": [
+                "overdose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-1158c5b5797943e9a56373b11d412500",
+            "input": "METHODS: Repeated blood samples were drawn in a patient with severe acyclovir overdose who developed coma and nonoliguric renal failure.\t acyclovir",
+            "output": [
+                "overdose"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-ca3a3cbcc2b045ad88bf4cc2fbf4e4ab",
+            "input": "We report one case of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in a patient, with a 30-year history of rheumatoid arthritis, taking low dose methotrexate weekly over a 10-month period.\t methotrexate",
+            "output": [
+                "low"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-b841aa23b54547faaf79f384cccec33b",
+            "input": "We report a case of drug-induced Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) on the sole of the right foot in a 71-year-old man, treated for 6 months with corticosteroid therapy (prednisolone 25 mg/day) for pericardial effusion.\t prednisolone",
+            "output": [
+                "25 mg/day"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-3f80e671493740698880c5d7bbd9fe2b",
+            "input": "Acute dystonic reaction with low-dose pimozide.\t pimozide",
+            "output": [
+                "low"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-29d800f3ff3e43b2848feec06eb34c2e",
+            "input": "How low can you go? Use of very low dosage of gold in patients with mucocutaneous reactions.\t gold",
+            "output": [
+                "low"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-311242e15f9a4a1dba4b01fb09338976",
+            "input": "We have seen a case of terminal malignant melanoma in which clinical manifestations, indicative of anterior spinal artery syndrome, developed following the injection of 0.3 ml of 10% phenol-glycerine into the cervical subarachnoid space at the C4--C5 level for the control of severe right arm pain.\t phenol-glycerine",
+            "output": [
+                "0.3 ml"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-86280734fad34a27b3a5e4d80b79aed9",
+            "input": "The azathioprine dose was low (1 mg/kg) and pancytopenia occurred after 56 days therapy.\t azathioprine",
+            "output": [
+                "1 mg/kg"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-a8c96d4cbb364466823a8a83eb5fc20e",
+            "input": "The pharmaceutical company producing Halfan has reported 8 cardiac arrests, leading to 6 deaths, when a higher dose than recommended was used, there was recent or concomitant treatment with mefloquine, there was pre-existing prolongation of the QT interval or the patient had a thiamine deficiency.\t Halfan",
+            "output": [
+                "higher"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-94aab6b60ad54859878aa67672c392f9",
+            "input": "The pharmaceutical company producing Halfan has reported 8 cardiac arrests, leading to 6 deaths, when a higher dose than recommended was used, there was recent or concomitant treatment with mefloquine, there was pre-existing prolongation of the QT interval or the patient had a thiamine deficiency.\t mefloquine",
+            "output": [
+                "higher"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-ada4fbaa18914017b12b9cf403beeaa7",
+            "input": "FINDINGS: Six children with growth retardation noted after treatment with high-dose fluticasone propionate were found to have adrenal suppression.\t fluticasone propionate",
+            "output": [
+                "high"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-52decec2009d495ca6ba4edf4b2bf34a",
+            "input": "Growth and adrenal suppression in asthmatic children treated with high-dose fluticasone propionate.\t fluticasone propionate",
+            "output": [
+                "high"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1451-e7a4c6bd0e904b308ee848815eb700eb",
+            "input": "INTERPRETATION: When high doses of fluticasone propionate are used, growth may be retarded and adrenal suppression may occur.\t fluticasone propionate",
+            "output": [
+                "high"
+            ]
+        }
+    ],
+    "Instance License": [
+        "Unknown"
+    ]
+}

task33_gene_extraction_linnaeus_dataset.json

@@ -0,0 +1,941 @@
+{
+    "Contributors": [
+        "Ishani Mondal"
+    ],
+    "Source": [
+        "Linnaeus Corpus"
+    ],
+    "URL": [
+        "https://huggingface.co/datasets/linnaeus"
+    ],
+    "Categories": [
+        "Named Entity Recognition"
+    ],
+    "Reasoning": [],
+    "Definition": [
+        "In this task, you are given a sentence. You are expected to recognize the name of gene or protein. Although there might be several correct answers, you need to write one of them."
+    ],
+    "Input_language": [
+        "English"
+    ],
+    "Output_language": [
+        "English"
+    ],
+    "Instruction_language": [
+        "English"
+    ],
+    "Domains": [
+        "Medical Knowledge"
+    ],
+    "Positive Examples": [
+        {
+            "input": "Sox - 4 is important for very early B - cell differentiation , while TCF - 1 / LEF - 1 play a crucial role in early thymocyte development ",
+            "output": "TCF - 1",
+            "explanation": "The gene, TCF - 1 has been tagged as protein since it plays a crucial role in early thymocyte development."
+        },
+        {
+            "input": "The NF - kappaB / Rel family represents one signal transduction pathway induced during such activation .",
+            "output": "NF - kappaB",
+            "explanation": "NF - kappaB, protein transcription factor, should be tagged."
+        }
+    ],
+    "Negative Examples": [
+        {
+            "input": "Sox - 4 is important for very early B - cell differentiation , while TCF - 1 / LEF - 1 play a crucial role in early thymocyte development",
+            "output": "thymocyte",
+            "explanation": "Thymocytes are the immune cells present in the thymus, before it undergoes transformation into a T cell. Therefore, it should not be tagged as gene."
+        },
+        {
+            "input": "O5257 shows homology with the SAS2 protein and another hypothetical protein from yeast .",
+            "output": "protein",
+            "explanation": "It is expected to return the entire phrase of SAS2 Protein as protein mention, instead of only protein."
+        }
+    ],
+    "Instances": [
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-8bb108eef82148ec946b01a38bd8ef02",
+            "input": " The ineffectiveness of tobramycin combination therapy in Streptococcus faecium endocarditis .",
+            "output": [
+                "Streptococcus faecium"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-d40de19ca28f49d2aa1825c1cceec6bc",
+            "input": " A patient required mitral valve replacement following ineffective antibiotic treatment of enterococcal endocarditis caused by Streptococcus faecium .",
+            "output": [
+                "Streptococcus faecium"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-7e7d8944a7724bf1a864510da25eeb48",
+            "input": " Against Streptococcus faecium Isolates from Blood Cultures",
+            "output": [
+                "Streptococcus faecium"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-9a0d80e6a2b04490a7e9800214a2ee9c",
+            "input": " ' Wennersten C , Moellering RC Jr : Mechanism of resistance to penicillin - aminoglycoside synergism in Streptococcus faecium .",
+            "output": [
+                "Streptococcus faecium"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-e7b6364b822049a6b2177f025bf08646",
+            "input": " defective Streptococcus faecium strains .",
+            "output": [
+                "Streptococcus faecium"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-561293e1951749bfa0f9772bf0f57ce8",
+            "input": " Fifteen microliter binding reactions were prepared , each consisting of 20 000 c . p . m . radiolabeled DNA probe , 5 micro g of crude protein extract , non - specific competitor DNAs ( 0 . 3 micro g of yeast tRNA , 0 . 3 micro g of salmon sperm DNA and 0 . 5 micro g of E . coli DNA ) , 10 micro g of BSA , 10 mM Tris - HCl ( pH 8 . 0 ) , 10 mM MgCl2 and 8 % glycerol .",
+            "output": [
+                "E . coli"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-4c6da2c268c94291b2592a73f3c5ef56",
+            "input": " The E . coli RdgC protein is a potential negative regulator of the function of RecA ( 1 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "E . coli"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-c2e2fa82082f4febbedf486d56a4f27d",
+            "input": " Sedimentation equilibrium data indicated that E . coli RdgC exists in solution as a mixture of oligomeric states in equilibrium , most likely monomers , dimers and tetramers ( 1 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "E . coli"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-2127e781e19f40fa8b55dc3b3a066e7d",
+            "input": " Deletion of the E . coli rdgC gene alone causes no obvious phenotype but is highly deleterious in strains lacking certain enzymes involved in recombination and replication restart ( 2 , 3 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "E . coli"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-54ca371245564c138617820a7c18576e",
+            "input": " RdgC is essential for the growth of an E . coli strain lacking PriA , indicating that it might affect replication fork progression or fork rescue ( 2 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "E . coli"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-b4c00a51afc1497cac7923095ed0c3f8",
+            "input": " However , no detectable domains or nuclease activity could be identified for the E . coli RdgC protein ( 2 , 6 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "E . coli"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-e1b548e441c3485999daaedf7c4612eb",
+            "input": " The complexes of E . coli RdgC with both linear and supercoiled circular plasmid DNA were imaged using atomic force microscopy ( 7 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "E . coli"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-8ba784b08efb4d4dab5c017312542a0c",
+            "input": " The protein was expressed in E . coli C41 ( DE3 ) cells ( 9 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "E . coli"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-8d8513aa64564b17bd3a399f2d1a49ca",
+            "input": " This observation is consistent with the results of previous gel filtration and sedimentation equilibrium experiments , which suggested the presence of dimeric species of E . coli RdgC in solution ( 1 , 2 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "E . coli"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-62c625b85e0f4686921a8dab8f521137",
+            "input": " Electron microscopy showed that the E . coli RuvB protein , in the presence of ATP , forms a dodecamer on double - stranded DNA in which two stacked hexameric rings encircle the DNA and are oriented in opposite directions with D6 symmetry ( 33 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "E . coli"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-e2a4cd25a40a45c6a06818d05309dd28",
+            "input": " RdgC was at its highest level during exponential phase , reaching its maximum of ~ 1000 dimers per E . coli cell .",
+            "output": [
+                "E . coli"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-35b6ea78ba1145d48ef70984da156426",
+            "input": " RdgC protein was shown to have a potent effect on RecA protein - promoted DNA strand exchange in E . coli ( 1 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "E . coli"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-87b3913d24cb495aa837d78c95c18370",
+            "input": " Tetrameric species of E . coli RdgC , which started to form at around 2 micro M concentrations , were speculated to be the species with the most potent inhibitory effect , possibly by having a higher affinity for DNA ( 1 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "E . coli"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-defd56a9234e4f5da702aceff1f8c5f9",
+            "input": " The HML and HMR loci in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are silent chromatin domains ( 1 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "Saccharomyces cerevisiae"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-1c59cbc74a3141cea5623b4b5987ed15",
+            "input": " We performed initial cell , cytokine and complement depletion studies to investigate the possible role of these effectors in response to vaccination with heat - killed Burkholderia mallei in a susceptible BALB / c mouse model of infection .",
+            "output": [
+                "Burkholderia mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-777ad3847405477ab7a0f16a486071ea",
+            "input": " Burkholderia mallei , the etiologic agent of glanders , is a gram - negative , capsulated , non - motile , facultative intracelluar bacterium .",
+            "output": [
+                "Burkholderia mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-e0b4f787833b47c6aa0521f2b28c35a2",
+            "input": " For example , entering the gene ID 403437 results in downloading the Brca1 gene sequence for Canis familiaris .",
+            "output": [
+                "Canis familiaris"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-78c464ef7a39438dbb53a056967d9ecc",
+            "input": " We describe a 64 - year - old man with S . faecium endocarditis in whom a six - week course of ampicillin and tobramycin , followed by additional courses of penicillin and other aminoglycosides , failed to eradicate the organism from the patient ' s mitral valve .",
+            "output": [
+                "S . faecium"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-2d11f7ad19984aecbaae9b9a69949d36",
+            "input": " This case is of interest because therapeutic failure of ampicillin and tobramycin in S . faecium endocarditis has not been reported previously , but might have been predicted on the basis of previous in vitro and in vivo studies [ 6 ] .",
+            "output": [
+                "S . faecium"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-00cc327e04e7403eaed78ac2a22fe6b3",
+            "input": " Although the need for both a penicillin derivative and an aminoglycoside in the therapy of enterococcal endocarditis is widely known , it is important to distinguish between the differing efficacies of penicillin - aminoglycoside combinations for treating various species of enterococci such as S . faecium .",
+            "output": [
+                "S . faecium"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-347fcda9a6804097a35b27443e266925",
+            "input": " Three separate morphologic colony variants were isolated from blood , each identified as S . faecium by Dr . R . R .",
+            "output": [
+                "S . faecium"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-49525b15280a42689642472d3329d743",
+            "input": " S . faecium ( large colony morphotype , and poorly growing small colony morphotype ) grew from six sets of blood cultures obtained on admission .",
+            "output": [
+                "S . faecium"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-5690642930e74be595fbace799f50ce7",
+            "input": " Bacterial and fungal stains were negative but S . faecium grew from fragments of the resected valve .",
+            "output": [
+                "S . faecium"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-44676017a99f48998b80105959cc013f",
+            "input": " The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of penicillin , ampicillin , and tobramycin against the S . faecium isolated from the patient ' s blood cultures",
+            "output": [
+                "S . faecium"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-1f3d7480e994411196702cf83956f467",
+            "input": " Organism Isolated MIC MIC MBC MIC MBC S . faecium , prior to ampicillin /",
+            "output": [
+                "S . faecium"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-ef968ef2515f43a88843c99074fc8426",
+            "input": " tobramycin therapy 3 / 17 / 81 2 1 2 > 32 > 32 S . faecium , after ampicillin /",
+            "output": [
+                "S . faecium"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-ad72ebfb252c47d4946c38970758504c",
+            "input": " Twenty - four hour time - kill curves for penicillin in combination with various aminoglycosides were performed by Dr . Robert Moellering on the S . faecium isolated from the patient ' s blood immediately prior to mitral valve excision and replacement ( Fig . 1 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "S . faecium"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-03e92f3112094fdb8257b4e2d7405907",
+            "input": " Combinations of penicillin with kanamycin , tobramycin , sisomicin , and netilmicin have consistently failed to demonstrate synergistic killing of S . faecium in vitro [ 6 ] .",
+            "output": [
+                "S . faecium"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-dde5f0ab3cfb417c9f58cd2e65e9adb2",
+            "input": " Moellering et al . demonstrated in vivo , utilizing the rabbit model of endocarditis , that penicillin and netilmicin were not efficacious in the treatment of endocarditis caused by a low - level aminoglycoside - resistant strain of S . faecium [ 6 ] .",
+            "output": [
+                "S . faecium"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-f135a4b3216b4b44a9f9f23afc5c5aee",
+            "input": " In the present case , the recurrence of S . faecium endocarditis after six weeks of therapy with ampicillin and tobramycin confirms the therapeutic and clinical significance of their data , and emphasizes that tobramycin is not an aminoglycoside to be used for treatment of serious S . faecium infections .",
+            "output": [
+                "S . faecium"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-720b09ebee8e45188f1b9c5e5c9cc926",
+            "input": " MBCs were only slightly higher than MICs for the three S . faecium variants obtained from our patient , and they did not appear to be tolerant strains of S . faecium .",
+            "output": [
+                "S . faecium"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-a45685943cbf4fc09b6b7b3630e57f66",
+            "input": " Lorian has also described the formation of numerous aberrant cross - walls by S . faecalis grown in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of penicillin [ 15 ] .",
+            "output": [
+                "S . faecalis"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-a1c4324d17754d03abf6e71ce80a690d",
+            "input": " gentamicin synergism in S . faecalis .",
+            "output": [
+                "S . faecalis"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-813587d5875141b5897634491f661de4",
+            "input": " However , the lack of crossed recognition of cox2 promoters in wheat and potato is not a general situation since the A . thaliana cox2 gene is expressed and spliced when introduced into maize mitochondria , indicating that the Arabidopsis gene shares some signals with maize cox2 promoter that are sufficient for transcription ( 18 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "A . thaliana"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-edf9e9a3864d454199b74b455198d266",
+            "input": " The sites required for transcript initiation have been recently described in A . thaliana mitochondrial genes ( 28 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "A . thaliana"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-229c06126a3a4b528d22e7ad2e774fc3",
+            "input": " Turgor pressure measurements on leaf cells of T . voinierianum were difficult to perform because of the presence of mucilage .",
+            "output": [
+                "T . voinierianum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-b2aef4bfad374787a04576242b63ed51",
+            "input": " Experience collected with patch clamp pressure measurements on T . voinierianum and on preliminary results of other plants ( e . g . grapevines , bananas , Eucalyptus , and Arabidopsis ) showed that a smooth intercostal leaf area for clamping can readily be found .",
+            "output": [
+                "T . voinierianum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-331e4a459c2642ee99a51cd54e483676",
+            "input": " 4A and B , restoration of full turgescence in T . voinierianum was faster than the preceding turgor pressure loss if the lianas were well - watered .",
+            "output": [
+                "T . voinierianum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-297d70d725cc4919852625265f97ac10",
+            "input": " Even though more work is required , the present study shows that the leaf patch clamp pressure probe is a promising tool to elucidate short - and long - distance water transport in T . voinierianum and other plants .",
+            "output": [
+                "T . voinierianum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-64e020a95f934540b9bbd9ae85bbfcd6",
+            "input": " Here , we have determined the crystal structure of RdgC from Pseudomonas aeruginosa .",
+            "output": [
+                "Pseudomonas aeruginosa"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-9748473e2445439e9a6c0f516fa5feef",
+            "input": " Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous environmental Gram - negative bacterium that belongs to the gamma subdivision of the Proteobacteria .",
+            "output": [
+                "Pseudomonas aeruginosa"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-f4b096dc2d35401bb7f3d4c37de18cee",
+            "input": " In S . cerevisiae , there is evidence that Sir3p ( hence the SIR complex ) has much higher affinity to unacetylated histone H4 than acetylated H4 ( 5 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "S . cerevisiae"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-6b6b9473cd3e429fb264ebbc4ebaa90c",
+            "input": " Recently , sequences that could block the spread of silent chromatin have been discovered in S . cerevisiae ( 7 , 8 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "S . cerevisiae"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-7f7638cd2e1d4a22a1f003d34cdbd0b1",
+            "input": " in Streptococcus Faecium Endocarditis",
+            "output": [
+                "Streptococcus Faecium"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-6c584de9a97e4e70b752fbaced322854",
+            "input": " Non - commercial antibodies used were : BC2 , a mouse monoclonal to the MUC1 - EX ( gift of Dr McGuckin , Queensland University , Queensland , Australia ) , and CT2 , an Armenian hamster monoclonal to the MUC1 - CT developed in our lab [ 12 ] .",
+            "output": [
+                "Armenian hamster"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-111d49e6f3aa416ebf81cc00e4034261",
+            "input": " Rosevalt tubers and T . aestivum var Fortal seeds were used .",
+            "output": [
+                "T . aestivum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-3269365054cd4ead8ee80d4c17c4a1af",
+            "input": " The potato rps10 gene controlled by a T . aestivum promoter ( Figure 1A ) was transcribed as a 1204 nt precursor in wheat mitochondria , but no traces of mature RNA were observed .",
+            "output": [
+                "T . aestivum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-aa2d4014c8d849c0bc938041450a62ad",
+            "input": " In Arabidopsis thaliana 456 C - to - U editing events have been described ( 6 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "Arabidopsis thaliana"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-a9c9ab2e3d0246f38404a58032e14be1",
+            "input": " To challenge the ability of mitochondrial gene expression machinery to recognize genetic information which has been lost during evolution , we decided to introduce the S . tuberosum non - cognate rps10 gene into wheat mitochondria .",
+            "output": [
+                "S . tuberosum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-fc8b39f6b1c5419797410321e8865c8f",
+            "input": " To test this hypothesis , it was necessary to set up the conditions for electroporation of foreign DNA into S . tuberosum mitochondria .",
+            "output": [
+                "S . tuberosum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-0e2d62dc013c4c869fe1855b51b63ec1",
+            "input": " S . tuberosum cox2 gene , including a 727 bp non - coding upstream region , was isolated by PCR from total DNA using the primer A designed from partial sequences reported by L o essl et al .",
+            "output": [
+                "S . tuberosum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-75396a2d006643e6bb762110a354f261",
+            "input": " The complete sequence of the S . tuberosum cox2 was determined ( accession no . DQ18064 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "S . tuberosum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-f2620f3e9169427f817dc27b2ab14db1",
+            "input": " To generate the plasmid pCOXIISt containing the S . tuberosum cox2 gene , a KpnI / SpeI fragment containing the 727 bp upstream region and the complete coding region was used to replace the wheat gene from pCOXII .",
+            "output": [
+                "S . tuberosum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-f5ca6c491dfa41eda1679c6c193fbc06",
+            "input": " The coding region was isolated from total S . tuberosum DNA by PCR using primers D1 and D2 containing the restriction sites NsiI and SpeI , respectively .",
+            "output": [
+                "S . tuberosum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-f25ad20a77c847ff893f450e66d2067e",
+            "input": " S . tuberosum cv .",
+            "output": [
+                "S . tuberosum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-6ff858527f4c401f9e43cfff5f0b42f0",
+            "input": " S . tuberosum rps10 transcripts are not processed in wheat mitochondria",
+            "output": [
+                "S . tuberosum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-3b55f798cdc647a2bd938b5402c1e791",
+            "input": " The S . tuberosum rps10 construct under control of a wheat cox2 promoter ( Figure 1A ) was incorporated into purified wheat mitochondria by electroporation as indicated in Materials and Methods .",
+            "output": [
+                "S . tuberosum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-8c24b65bd52946d2916691a981f67264",
+            "input": " Electroporation of S . tuberosum mitochondria",
+            "output": [
+                "S . tuberosum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-78618c8c586444bdbdf7490b44b709da",
+            "input": " Since two important post - transcriptional processes , RNA editing and splicing , were inoperative when S . tuberosum rps10 was expressed in wheat mitochondria , we decided to verify whether the negative results were inherent to the rps10 chimeric constructs or due to the lack of trans - recognition elements in wheat mitochondria .",
+            "output": [
+                "S . tuberosum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-f9f74b3fc45b460ca500746d419d99b1",
+            "input": " For this purpose , it was necessary to set up an electroporation protocol adapted to S . tuberosum mitochondria .",
+            "output": [
+                "S . tuberosum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-a74ffd447e294daca6f9a5abe0963960",
+            "input": " S . tuberosum mitochondria does not recognize the wheat cox2 promoter",
+            "output": [
+                "S . tuberosum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-2900b0bda0c04b95843f5b4305ad82e3",
+            "input": " The construct expressing potato rps10 under the control of potato cox2 promoter was introduced into S . tuberosum isolated mitochondria .",
+            "output": [
+                "S . tuberosum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-b7a0f2251d6a43ed83446f0f3f9a775d",
+            "input": " The analogous MAb and ME6b constructs , containing the S . tuberosum cox2 promoter and the C259 region inserted into rps10 exon 1 and intron were used to electroporate potato mitochondria .",
+            "output": [
+                "S . tuberosum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-c1c1bb1d13db4dc08c211457af1bad8c",
+            "input": " To best evaluate the expression of rps10 in the non - cognate mitochondria , it was necessary to set up electroporation conditions for introducing foreign DNA into S . tuberosum mitochondria .",
+            "output": [
+                "S . tuberosum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-9b47e00e812a462cb0d433f138967df9",
+            "input": " Based on the canonical structure of group II mitochondrial introns ( 21 ) , two editing sites , C2 located at the Intron Binding Site 2 ( IBS2 ) and C3 located in the intron , nine residues downstream from the end of exon 1 in S . tuberosum rps10 are of particular interest .",
+            "output": [
+                "S . tuberosum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-b05669ed7c004275971453b005864614",
+            "input": " The power function Tf = f ( Pc ) theoretically derived was experimentally confirmed by concomitant Pp and Pc measurements on intact leaflets of the liana Tetrastigma voinierianum under greenhouse conditions .",
+            "output": [
+                "Tetrastigma voinierianum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-50fc5fca55274dff870daf7f8f16205a",
+            "input": " This could be verified by combined turgor pressure probe and leaf patch clamp pressure probe measurements on leaflets of the liana Tetrastigma voinierianum .",
+            "output": [
+                "Tetrastigma voinierianum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-23aff3ddc68c44f88333481f45846bab",
+            "input": " Experiments were performed on two specimens of the liana Tetrastigma voinierianum , growing in the c .",
+            "output": [
+                "Tetrastigma voinierianum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-34f0b1d72c954c518840964d37ad8795",
+            "input": " Most known members of the Burkholderiaceae are resident in the soil ; however , B . mallei is thought to be an obligate mammalian pathogen .",
+            "output": [
+                "B . mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-eca30ff40a104980bf76108ea119541f",
+            "input": " Naturally acquired human infection with B . mallei , although not seen in the United States since 1945 , has occurred rarely and sporadically among laboratory workers and those in direct contact with infected animals [ 2 ] .",
+            "output": [
+                "B . mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-96a828bd408b4d83af58f75b3aa1e6f1",
+            "input": " Inhalation of aerosol or dust containing B . mallei can lead to septicemic , pulmonary , or chronic infections of the muscle , liver and spleen .",
+            "output": [
+                "B . mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-1df558b3b5f2472cbcf6a3821f326e86",
+            "input": " Previous studies with B . mallei and the host response have shown that a mixed immune response consisting of both Th1 and Th2 - associated cytokines with a predominant IgG1 subclass does not correlate with protection [ 4 ] .",
+            "output": [
+                "B . mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-4466c70c2e624b7ab392a311005a2e39",
+            "input": " Additional studies with passive transfer of monoclonal antibodies specific for B . mallei have correlated with early protection from infection [ 5 ] .",
+            "output": [
+                "B . mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-ea07cd3e982c4dd8b5fd784ef25cd8eb",
+            "input": " Recent studies have also shown the Th1 cytokine IL - 12 to mediate partial protection to non - viable B . mallei - vaccinated mice [ 6 ] .",
+            "output": [
+                "B . mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-58ec4811d53b4dd79ba341fac2aa9143",
+            "input": " Thus , full correlates of protection mediated by the adaptive immune system against B . mallei remain to be fully elucidated .",
+            "output": [
+                "B . mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-983d2235c0c741d7b09e927ddc3bbc64",
+            "input": " Heat killed bacteria were used as a model of vaccination to allow evaluation of B . mallei specific immune responses .",
+            "output": [
+                "B . mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-588b3ffa44fd419c8966fe66a3473c73",
+            "input": " Heat - killed B . mallei vaccination mediates partial protection from lethal challenge",
+            "output": [
+                "B . mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-808cc7539b7141a497b6f8b95300da62",
+            "input": " The administration of vaccines for B . mallei during an outbreak would mandate relatively rapid onset of protection for human or veterinary use .",
+            "output": [
+                "B . mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-f59c3bc758094bf1880175301bdad41b",
+            "input": " Our results indicate that HK vaccination can afford partial protection to an otherwise lethal challenge of B . mallei by the i . p . route .",
+            "output": [
+                "B . mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-0e2bd5bbf6bd4063af5147b048855de4",
+            "input": " To further evaluate the host TNF - alpha response during an established B . mallei chronic infection , we infected 12 BALB / c mice by the i . p . route with 1 x 106 CFU B . mallei .",
+            "output": [
+                "B . mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-31b1c22c8a334c73bc01f0e1c09a75d2",
+            "input": " Results indicated enhanced bacterial uptake in J774A . 1 phagocytes inoculated with serum treated B . mallei ( p = . 0082 ) , compared to B . mallei alone , while heat - inactivated serum produced uptake percentages similar to those prior to serum addition ( Fig . 6 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "B . mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-1b5c01ec37de41a4a7bd7fb3dbe3e3dc",
+            "input": " Thus , loss or reduction of TNF - alpha and IFN - gamma levels result in significantly reduced survival rates , substantiating previous reports of the role of these factors in protection against B . mallei [ 7 ] .",
+            "output": [
+                "B . mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-a6206673d65a4057aa71afd59b0d4b03",
+            "input": " Moreover , we demonstrate a role for sustained TNF - alpha production in the maintenance of host survival throughout the course of B . mallei infection .",
+            "output": [
+                "B . mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-005644cfd7cd46ada6fdc292b2532786",
+            "input": " Mice with an established B . mallei chronic infection rapidly lost the ability to control the growth of the bacillus upon neutralization of TNF - alpha .",
+            "output": [
+                "B . mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-d133d696061c4df397dbbd329a18caa0",
+            "input": " Additional studies are underway to determine more precisely the role of TNF - alpha in host protection to B . mallei .",
+            "output": [
+                "B . mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-7b39a315241a43a7b2bae09768668f95",
+            "input": " Multiple innate and adaptive cell types may contribute to the production of IFN - gamma in response to infection with B . mallei following vaccination .",
+            "output": [
+                "B . mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-21b25147cb554f6b99effddc78496da6",
+            "input": " The effector role for IFN - gamma in mediating protection against B . mallei may include both immunoregulatory and non - regulatory functions .",
+            "output": [
+                "B . mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-e9dc1b061c5744feab1921eda59d88f3",
+            "input": " Regardless , the requirement of IFN - gamma , as demonstrated by administration of neutralizing antibody prior to infection , indicates that stimulation of IFN - gamma response is a desirable goal for a B . mallei vaccine .",
+            "output": [
+                "B . mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-a5cb8a513f2049208bcb918f49d1ede5",
+            "input": " Similarly , B220 - positive cells appear to play a role in protection following vaccination with heat - killed B . mallei .",
+            "output": [
+                "B . mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-a530e5fb1da64c9eaab5121a0b6d83e9",
+            "input": " Although CD8 - / - C57BL / 6 demonstrated no decreased survival in our HK - vaccinated model , a lack of potential endogenous protein production by HK B . mallei may have contributed to limited MHC - I presentation .",
+            "output": [
+                "B . mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-3771d1133b51400790644b35fd07a67a",
+            "input": " Complement associated studies revealed increased J774A . 1 uptake of serum - treated B . mallei .",
+            "output": [
+                "B . mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-dfc198631ff0400ab59916249d2bda9d",
+            "input": " Previous studies have demonstrated that a polysaccharide capsule is present in B . mallei , [ 14 , 15 ] although in the present study enhanced uptake with serum - treated B . mallei was observed .",
+            "output": [
+                "B . mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-a290dfe7168e41a98b2cdf133af2c27e",
+            "input": " Previous reports have demonstrated the ability of B . mallei to survive within macrophage without the aid of serum coating organisms [ 16 ] .",
+            "output": [
+                "B . mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-717193081f144d6f9de1253c93ee1329",
+            "input": " The current results suggest that cobra venom factor treatment may affect the modulation of the immune response to B . mallei infection through B cell activation and / or memory B cell generation .",
+            "output": [
+                "B . mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-6e9420c7e7294ef28d0fcf461ffa71e5",
+            "input": " Understanding and defining the role of B cells in adaptive B . mallei immunity will likely be fundamental to the design of an efficacious vaccine and important goals of future research .",
+            "output": [
+                "B . mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-192d081458544373a53ba765956e1fd5",
+            "input": " B . mallei strain ATCC 23344 ( China 7 ) was cultured on Luria - Bertani agar supplemented with 4 % glycerol ( LB + 4 % G ) agar plates for 48 h at 37 degrees C .",
+            "output": [
+                "B . mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-edad50c906a344959db3f16e34b04d85",
+            "input": " The absence of live B . mallei organisms in the HK preparations was confirmed after plating 10 % of the total inoculums ( v / v ) and incubating these at 37 degrees C for 48 h .",
+            "output": [
+                "B . mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-789b8c45356b472aafeb3c5e3d9ada5f",
+            "input": " BALB / c and C57BL / 6 mice were grouped and vaccinated with 0 . 5 mu g of HK B . mallei ( without adjuvant ) by i . p . injection using a 25 - gauge syringe .",
+            "output": [
+                "B . mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-34917bf69121464a83e614b8e854f162",
+            "input": " Two weeks post HK vaccination mice were injected i . p . with 2 x 107 CFU / 100 mu l of live B . mallei ( ~ 20 LD50 ) [ 18 ] .",
+            "output": [
+                "B . mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-69fd1c135b9e4010a601e9980e88ed65",
+            "input": " Mice , six to seven per group , were vaccinated i . p . with 1 x 105 CFU of nonviable B . mallei cell preparation in a total volume of 0 . 1 ml .",
+            "output": [
+                "B . mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-30aa97fb56964262a10ade471d73e005",
+            "input": " B . mallei J774A . 1 uptake assays",
+            "output": [
+                "B . mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-24dfc59a88134a8b9826f9ba754a4f95",
+            "input": " B . mallei antigen was diluted in 0 . 1 M carbonate buffer ( pH 9 . 5 ) and 50 mu l of diluted cells placed into wells .",
+            "output": [
+                "B . mallei"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-951bc17aca074e788409cd00ea1b9b88",
+            "input": " Gene expression studies in isolated mitochondria : Solanum tuberosum rps10 is recognized by cognate potato but not by the transcription , splicing and editing machinery of wheat mitochondria",
+            "output": [
+                "Solanum tuberosum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-56bdbb12b5c64bd8a3ee9e1caece8fcf",
+            "input": " Of particular interest is the situation of the small ribosomal protein 10 gene ( rps10 ) , a group II intron - bearing gene which is encoded in Solanum tuberosum mitochondrial DNA but is absent from the wheat mitochondrial genome ( 20 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "Solanum tuberosum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-48ec21ee094245de890abaf3e3b90743",
+            "input": " Here , we report the crystal structure of P . aeruginosa RdgC as determined by the multiwavelength anomalous diffraction ( MAD ) method of X - ray crystallography .",
+            "output": [
+                "P . aeruginosa"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-a23afeae8bee4baa9e1d67bafbc22a62",
+            "input": " The rdgC gene ( PA3263 ) was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) using the genomic DNA of P . aeruginosa strain PAO1 as a template .",
+            "output": [
+                "P . aeruginosa"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-6fd131f817d94fe2b135a5609ebeec07",
+            "input": " The structure of P . aeruginosa RdgC was solved using two sets of MAD data collected from a crystal of the selenomethionine ( SeMet ) - substituted protein and from a mercury derivative crystal of the native protein ( Supplementary Table 1 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "P . aeruginosa"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-9a3d5d46eb214fadbca304329f6f58fc",
+            "input": " The P . aeruginosa RdgC monomer is J - shaped and has approximate dimensions of 72 A x 60 A x 40 A ( Figure 1 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "P . aeruginosa"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-28badf80e3e942e9aa88ffd394b298ee",
+            "input": " When we searched for structural similarity against the Protein Data Bank database using the program DALI ( 18 ) , the P . aeruginosa RdgC monomer showed no significant similarity with a Z score above 5 .",
+            "output": [
+                "P . aeruginosa"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-4709a9dd0bdb4416880a521bdd3ad20f",
+            "input": " When we elaborated the structural comparisons with individual domains of P . aeruginosa RdgC , only the center domain gave a Z score above 5 .",
+            "output": [
+                "P . aeruginosa"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-0c27c3f2a96d433b9e9320cc2cc4813f",
+            "input": " Using the center domain ( residues 1 - 73 and 121 - 167 ) alone , the highest structural similarity is found with the human beta 2 - adaptin appendage domain ( PDB code 1E42 , Z score = 7 . 1 , r . m . s . deviation = 2 . 5 A for 85 structurally aligned residues , residues 1 - 12 , 14 - 30 , 44 - 47 , 58 - 72 , 122 - 133 and 135 - 160 of P . aeruginosa RdgC chain A and residues 838 - 841 , 848 - 880 , 885 - 906 and 912 - 967 of the human beta 2 - adaptin appendage domain chain A ) ( 19 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "P . aeruginosa"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-51dd8f90b85447bb965e29253896801d",
+            "input": " The next highest similarity is found with the yeast TATA - box - binding protein ( PDB code 1YTB , Z score = 5 . 7 , r . m . s . deviation = 2 . 6 A for 79 structurally aligned residues , residues 4 - 12 , 14 - 19 , 21 - 27 , 56 - 70 , 124 - 132 and 134 - 166 of P . aeruginosa RdgC chain A and residues 69 - 96 , 100 - 126 and 132 - 155 of TATA - box - binding protein , N - terminal half of chain A ) ( 20 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "P . aeruginosa"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-ba1d013d75da4ac6b4b3401cda202842",
+            "input": " Using the tip domain ( residues 74 - 120 ) alone , the ATPase domain of bovine Hsc70 chaperone shows highest structural similarity ( PDB code 1BA1 , Z score = 4 . 8 , r . m . s . deviation = 1 . 7 A for 45 structurally aligned residues , residues 76 - 120 of P . aeruginosa RdgC chain A and residues 230 - 253 and 256 - 276 of the Hsc70 ATPase domain ) ( 21 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "P . aeruginosa"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-f2fa5d5e079944308265b01b22fd1e49",
+            "input": " However , the tip domain of P . aeruginosa RdgC protein does not have such a sequence motif , and the loop in the RdgC tip domain is much more extended than that of the HhH motifs .",
+            "output": [
+                "P . aeruginosa"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-c61fe85d3ecc4982a086d097f0ad7be7",
+            "input": " With the base domain ( residues 168 - 306 ) alone , the highest similarity is found with P . aeruginosa isochorismate - pyruvate lyase ( unpublished deposition ; PDB code 2H9C , Z score = 4 . 0 , r . m . s . deviation = 4 . 8 A for 51 structurally aligned residues , residues 186 - 191 , 237 - 240 , 257 - 272 and 274 - 298 of P . aeruginosa RdgC chain A and residues 36 - 41 , 50 - 53 , 55 - 66 and 68 - 96 of P . aeruginosa isochorismate - pyruvate lyase chain A ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "P . aeruginosa"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-875b6845da1c4b7cbd6361b8e75ab9fd",
+            "input": " The 101 - residue chain of P . aeruginosa isochorismate - pyruvate lyase is folded into three alpha - helices , two of which overlap with two alpha - helices ( alpha 2 and alpha 3 ) of the base domain of RdgC .",
+            "output": [
+                "P . aeruginosa"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-537ab3a04397489da7c01d7e6ff165b3",
+            "input": " Our structure reveals that P . aeruginosa RdgC forms a ring - shaped dimer of approximate 2 - fold symmetry in the crystal ( Figure 1 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "P . aeruginosa"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-20642cb9685a4b86b68e65cca362a2c6",
+            "input": " The net charge of P . aeruginosa RdgC is highly negative , since each monomer contains 12 aspartate , 13 glutamate , 10 lysine , 9 arginine and 2 histidine residues .",
+            "output": [
+                "P . aeruginosa"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-8cc3bd2da8a64dcda069e73f43320906",
+            "input": " ATP was not required for dsDNA binding by P . aeruginosa RdgC , either ( Supplementary Figure 2 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "P . aeruginosa"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-f941113466da449e884daecb4b159d6d",
+            "input": " In P . aeruginosa RdgC , the inner surface of the ring - shaped dimer is largely formed by beta - strands , while the outer surface of the ring is mostly formed by alpha - helices ( Figure 5 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "P . aeruginosa"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1484-68a2bf6d45cb45d78d2bbd8fe63b4ed3",
+            "input": " The predicted DNA - binding site of P . aeruginosa RdgC dimer is primarily formed by beta - strands and loops .",
+            "output": [
+                "P . aeruginosa"
+            ]
+        }
+    ],
+    "Instance License": [
+        "Unknown"
+    ]
+}

task35_cell_extraction_anem_dataset.json

@@ -0,0 +1,829 @@
+{
+    "Contributors": [
+        "Ishani Mondal"
+    ],
+    "Source": [
+        "ANEM"
+    ],
+    "URL": [
+        "https://github.com/juand-r/entity-recognition-datasets/tree/master/data/AnEM"
+    ],
+    "Categories": [
+        "Named Entity Recognition"
+    ],
+    "Reasoning": [],
+    "Definition": [
+        "In this task, you will be given sentences in which you have to recognize the name of the body cells. A cell is a mass of cytoplasm that is bound externally by a cell membrane. Usually microscopic in size, cells are the smallest structural units of living matter and compose all living things. Although there might be several correct answers, you need to write one of them."
+    ],
+    "Input_language": [
+        "English"
+    ],
+    "Output_language": [
+        "English"
+    ],
+    "Instruction_language": [
+        "English"
+    ],
+    "Domains": [
+        "Medical Knowledge"
+    ],
+    "Positive Examples": [
+        {
+            "input": "HeLa cells were first treated with 250 mug / ml Trail followed by pulse labeling of newly synthesized proteins with [ 35S ] methionine.",
+            "output": "HeLa cells",
+            "explanation": "HeLa cells are the first immortal human cell line. It should be tagged."
+        },
+        {
+            "input": "Antisperm antibodies were assessed in the serum samples of 73 men unable to ejaculate naturally and on the sperm cells of 13 of these men .",
+            "output": "sperm",
+            "explanation": "Sperm is a male reproductive cell, produced by most animals, hence needs to be identified."
+        }
+    ],
+    "Negative Examples": [
+        {
+            "input": "On pathologic examination of the specimen , typical large tumor cells with lymphocytic cell infiltration and prominent granulomatous reaction were observed .",
+            "output": "tumor cells with lymphocytic cell",
+            "explanation": "Detailed description of the tumor cells are irrelvant and should not be included."
+        },
+        {
+            "input": "Antisperm antibodies were assessed in the serum samples of 73 men unable to ejaculate naturally and on the sperm cells of 13 of these men .",
+            "output": "sperm cells of 13 of these men",
+            "explanation": "Organisms containing the cells are not required and should be excluded."
+        }
+    ],
+    "Instances": [
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-b70128a812fc4c42b9dd912efcd30a22",
+            "input": " Sickle cell disease : continuous arterial spin - labeling perfusion MR imaging in children .",
+            "output": [
+                "Sickle cell"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-93751287e586432dbe5faff3fa0a6fcf",
+            "input": " The actin - regulatory protein gelsolin is found both intracellularly and in plasma [ 147 , 148 ] .",
+            "output": [
+                "intracellularly"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-47d973de6a184466a68b0b1225b12602",
+            "input": " Bone histology showed changes consistent with osteoblast inhibition by methotrexate .",
+            "output": [
+                "osteoblast"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-20a17eb225db48a4b0b99a15e39e70ee",
+            "input": " In an earlier study , we have shown that Pi induced apoptosis of terminally differentiated hypertrophic chondrocytes .",
+            "output": [
+                "chondrocytes"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-9d95053e948f4f26806288dcb8f6661c",
+            "input": " Based on these observations , we suggest that , at the cartilage mineralization front , an elevation in local environmental Ca2 + and Pi concentrations modulates oxidative metabolism , and triggers apoptosis of terminally differentiated chondrocytes .",
+            "output": [
+                "chondrocytes"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-01daf9bcaf4a405d9a8ceca70c80759d",
+            "input": " The reaction mix was transformed in E . coli chemically competent cells as described above .",
+            "output": [
+                "competent cells"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-47fc58900c814964aa4018ce393e6891",
+            "input": " Prior studies have shown that striatal VMAT2 density provides an objective estimate of dopaminergic neuronal integrity , without confounding effects of compensatory regulation .",
+            "output": [
+                "neuronal"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-161c267570734f5aaca1f6ca9e131a40",
+            "input": " These neutrophils demonstrated a consistent deficiency ( 44 + / - 8 % of control values ) in superoxide anion ( O2 - ) production in response to the phorbol ester , phorbol myristate acetate ( PMA ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "neutrophils"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-0df574b4e74d4bdfb3e5226ec4014a04",
+            "input": " These results suggest that a deficient O2 - release in response to PMA is a hallmark of neutrophils in CNL and may provide a diagnostic indicator of this condition .",
+            "output": [
+                "neutrophils"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-c98a814500f34fba8ac5be865191ac70",
+            "input": " To assess the changes in the oxidative capacity of neutrophils after the burn , blood samples for the Phagoburst analysis were taken on admission and at least once every second week for the duration of stay in hospital and thereafter monthly up to 12 months after the burn .",
+            "output": [
+                "neutrophils"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-de5aa930198c48bcad5558a09c8924b0",
+            "input": " Oxidative capacity of the neutrophils decreased similarly for all three stimulants : there was a pathological decrease shortly after admission , with the lowest value occurring between days 7 and 10 , followed by a gradual recovery during the ensuing months .",
+            "output": [
+                "neutrophils"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-bf18b98ad583424c91b6ca40e8b2faf8",
+            "input": " This study provides evidence that immunosuppression in those injured by burns , as assessed by the in vitro oxidative burst of neutrophils , remains long after the event of the burn ( up to 3 . 5 months after burn ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "neutrophils"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-df5500d82d304797bc6e4fbda11032e5",
+            "input": " 1 , 10 ng of TORC1 , 5 ng of TORC2 , and 15 ng of PKAalpha expression plasmids were transfected into HEK293 cells .",
+            "output": [
+                "HEK293 cells"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-6b6bfc4856974cdeabc8f98ca42531e6",
+            "input": " ( C ) Confocal images of C - terminally MYC - tagged MOR1 or FLAG - tagged MOR1K overexpressed in HEK293 cells and stained with either Anti - MYC - Tag Antibody ( Alexa Fluor 647 Conjugate ) or Anti - DYKDDDDK Tag Antibody ( Alexa Fluor 555 conjugate ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "HEK293 cells"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-ff02918dec8a4594a97839e1bac0ef86",
+            "input": " Human Langerin - DTA mice constitutively lack LCs and develop exaggerated contact hypersensitivity ( CHS ) responses .",
+            "output": [
+                "LCs"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-4e5fcfab655848f892964d1852f83426",
+            "input": " Thus , LCs appear to be suppressive in human Langerin - DTA mice and redundant in murine Langerin - DTR mice .",
+            "output": [
+                "LCs"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-728fb16aa0984823a3e5fa0e100f37ba",
+            "input": " The inducible ablation of LCs in human Langerin - DTR mice resulted in increased CHS .",
+            "output": [
+                "LCs"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-f68377f791404fb7acf4e8eb3b4e9a4c",
+            "input": " Gene expression by in situ hybridization demonstrated a significant increase in IL - 6 and fibrinogen mRNAs in cells surrounding the central vein in sterile and septic animals , being greatest in animals with sepsis , associated with an increased deposition of collagen in the central vein area , most prominent in the septic liver .",
+            "output": [
+                "cells"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-67a32f2bab0449d0b650a2ba913bafa0",
+            "input": " The pericentral vein cells with IL - 6 and fibrinogen mRNA increases paralleled the increases in cells containing IL - 6 and fibrinogen mRNAs in the abscess walls of sterile and septic animals , respectively .",
+            "output": [
+                "cells"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-00618a3bb6e549f4ac4c690226bf366e",
+            "input": " We also explored the mechanism of apoptosis by evaluating mitochondrial activity and reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) generation in cells treated with the ion pair .",
+            "output": [
+                "cells"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-50c84e49720a46af90ec10f6373e1100",
+            "input": " We reported previously that various radiocontrast media cause apoptosis in porcine proximal tubular ( LLC - PK ( 1 ) ) cells , in which reduction in B - cell lymphoma ( Bcl ) - 2 expression and caspase - 3 activation are implicated .",
+            "output": [
+                "cells"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-73f718e79c3d4cb28acb6cd1ab4f4f28",
+            "input": " In the present study , we investigated a role for ceramide in radiocontrast media - induced apoptosis in renal tubular cells .",
+            "output": [
+                "cells"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-2b003cdbd1cc438d994c9f6d42e8de19",
+            "input": " LLC - PK ( 1 ) cells were exposed to radiocontrast media for 30 min , followed by incubation for 24 h in normal medium .",
+            "output": [
+                "cells"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-b109cfe2edc548c1b5673a866608ec69",
+            "input": " The CSF - 1 receptor exerts its biological effects on cells via a range of signaling proteins including Erk1 / 2 and Akt .",
+            "output": [
+                "cells"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-c79026c613c84498a3b0a367904599c2",
+            "input": " The second preparation consisted of human IL 1 partially purified from supernatants of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with S . albus .",
+            "output": [
+                "cells"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-54568331e7b449758a562afe2996125c",
+            "input": " Treatment of the cells with verapamil before and during ouabain exposure failed to inhibit the ouabain - induced increase in cell - associated 45Ca .",
+            "output": [
+                "cells"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-bff30936061e47698aeac559b3b4f60e",
+            "input": " Our panel of specific PTPase primers should be very useful for semiquantitatively assessing the repertoire of PTPases expressed by cells .",
+            "output": [
+                "cells"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-b1068cb04f844e0ab98a72e4bc372e3f",
+            "input": " Neutrophils were stimulated in vitro by Escherichia coli , phorbol 12 - phorbol myristate 13 - acetate ( PMA ) , and peptide N - formyl - Met - Leu - Phe ( fMLP ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "Neutrophils"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-c7cf83baa0a04999a5f08d4d1038e64f",
+            "input": " It contains approximately 60 hair cells ( measured in Rana catesbeiana ) , from which the stereovilli protrude into the lumen and connect to the tectorial membrane ( Frishkopf and Flock 1974 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "hair cells"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-d2e064eecce64acfa3635dcfdde0bdbb",
+            "input": " Typically the orientation of the hair cells , as defined by the direction to which the v - shape of the stereovilli bundle points ( Lewis et al . 1985 ) , is away from the sacculus in Ranidae .",
+            "output": [
+                "hair cells"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-8c11a1cbedbf4452bbcf7cf505f26eb1",
+            "input": " The total lymph node cell numbers ( A ) and IL - 4 ( B ) , IFN - gamma ( C ) and IL - 10 ( D ) secreted from the PLN cells after ex vivo stimulation with Con A were determined .",
+            "output": [
+                "PLN cells"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-fe319f22c3034e4596b3e3ea3dc1c610",
+            "input": " Prolonged control of patterned biofilm formation by bio - inert surface chemistry .",
+            "output": [
+                "biofilm"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-f6c225fed3c04123a01534c016f3312d",
+            "input": " A bio - inert surface chemistry was developed that can confine biofilm formation in designed patterns for at least 26 days .",
+            "output": [
+                "biofilm"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-96cf711435844d16a897733e43c9f219",
+            "input": " Relative phage haplotype frequencies in PAO1 samples , ( A ) planktonic , ( B ) biofilm 4 days , ( C ) biofilm 11 days .",
+            "output": [
+                "biofilm"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-99c0c6cca5a04c5fba28a466a4ea68fb",
+            "input": " Cerebral blood flow ( CBF ) was measured with continuous arterial spin - labeling perfusion magnetic resonance ( MR ) imaging in 14 children with sickle cell disease and seven control subjects .",
+            "output": [
+                "sickle cell"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-ce2a211631314695a1310becb4c119bb",
+            "input": " Baseline CBF was significantly decreased in territories seen as unaffected on conventional MR images and MR angiograms in four children with sickle cell disease .",
+            "output": [
+                "sickle cell"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-ca132316d94f405f91e1b749bbf2f63d",
+            "input": " Determination of eprosartan in human plasma and urine by LC / MS / MS .",
+            "output": [
+                "LC"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-538bb0a987574980ba3ba274ae37140a",
+            "input": " A protein precipitation , liquid chromatography / tandem mass spectrometry ( LC / MS / MS ) method has been developed and validated for the determination of eprosartan in human plasma and urine .",
+            "output": [
+                "LC"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-46c5283fea4a478cbe885131ef092359",
+            "input": " Isolated X . laevis oocytes incubated in medium containing 25 microgram DNA / ml labeled with either 125I , 32P or 14C and from three different sources ( bovine , E . coli and X . laevis ) , incorporated the label at an average rate of 0 . 11 ng . mm - 2 . hr - 1 .",
+            "output": [
+                "oocytes"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-94823df2c981467381a1f040da237cad",
+            "input": " Our data suggest that yolk - DNA arises by the adventitious uptake of DNA present in the maternal serum by vitellogenic oocytes .",
+            "output": [
+                "oocytes"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-33897c20906d409085e4dbe64c77ab9d",
+            "input": " Induction of apoptosis in skeletal tissues : phosphate - mediated chick chondrocyte apoptosis is calcium dependent .",
+            "output": [
+                "chondrocyte"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-343af833670f4ee3936a7e59da0017d0",
+            "input": " While high levels of Ca2 + alone had little effect on chondrocyte viability , the cation enhanced Pi - dependent cell death and greatly increased Pi uptake .",
+            "output": [
+                "chondrocyte"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-cb87c07528684d048acf8be78522b871",
+            "input": " ( D ) Confocal images of C - terminally FLAG - tagged MOR1K overexpressed in Be2C cells and stained with either Anti - FLAG M2 Antibody Alexa Fluor Conjugate or fluorescent - labeled naloxone ( FNAL ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "Be2C cells"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-4b6d1534f6f343498cccf96b86a5a8a7",
+            "input": " Be2C cells transfected with either MOR1 or MOR1K isoforms showed increased retention of FNAL at concentrations of 0 . 1 and 1 muM .",
+            "output": [
+                "Be2C cells"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-9f67cd2afaa94e63bf9949b87821189a",
+            "input": " Important parameters are tumor site , depth of invasion , histological type and grade , pattern of invasion ( diffusely infiltrating versus expanding margin ) , degree of peritumoral lymphocytic infiltration , and tumor involvement of surgical margins and lymph nodes .",
+            "output": [
+                "peritumoral lymphocytic"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-b83b00fb9abe4236bb956cf4fa6cdd3d",
+            "input": " The defect in antigen presentation induced by UV irradiation of Mo . TT was reversed in a dose - dependent manner by the addition of two different preparations containing human interleukin 1 ( IL 1 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "Mo"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-2c9c2c161a7d450f9c85dfb4c4c88590",
+            "input": " The first preparation consisted of supernatants of Mo . stimulated with Con A for 18 hr and in which Con A activity was blocked by alpha - D - methyl - mannoside ( Mo . - Con A - Sup ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "Mo"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-ea2092fb66d94f37b0a0cb0548528e74",
+            "input": " Mo Kalpha radiation",
+            "output": [
+                "Mo"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-5c2a1bbcd534455582e10f1c9c54a4e6",
+            "input": " Monoclinic , P21 / n Mo Kalpha radiation , lambda = 0 . 71073 A",
+            "output": [
+                "Mo"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-81f0a1fb0a50425e8e4f2cdb88659a96",
+            "input": " Neurons were treated with ephrin - A5 - Fc for 30 min followed by visualization of GFP ( A , C , E ) or CA - MEK - 1 ( green in B , D , F ) , F - actin and betaIII tubulin .",
+            "output": [
+                "Neurons"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-0b452203db1342e6be72e718e03a241d",
+            "input": " This IL 1 copurified with human leukocyte pyrogen ( LP ) and was termed IL 1 / LP .",
+            "output": [
+                "leukocyte"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-b234beb7cfc9402d8754f449e2975b4c",
+            "input": " No evidence for an influence of the human platelet antigen - 1 polymorphism on the antiplatelet effects of glycoprotein IIb / IIIa inhibitors .",
+            "output": [
+                "platelet"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-060ff3e166a64cc49437b0f0e6bb8d72",
+            "input": " This study investigated the hypothesis that the human platelet antigen - 1 ( HPA - 1 ) polymorphism may influence the antiplatelet effects of glycoprotein ( GP ) IIb / IIIa inhibitors .",
+            "output": [
+                "platelet"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-bd4f91e244214c81b83a86c3febc0e21",
+            "input": " Thus , the present study does not provide evidence for an effect of HPA - 1 polymorphism on the inter - individual variability in the platelet inhibitory effects of the three GPIIb / IIIa inhibitors approved for clinical use .",
+            "output": [
+                "platelet"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-15e494c2f5864cf384c1132e82164f13",
+            "input": " Lactotransferrin binding to its platelet receptor inhibits platelet aggregation .",
+            "output": [
+                "platelet"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-104d1b3ba21046fdb06b0c7bedc8b091",
+            "input": " Inhibition of platelet aggregation was also observed with the N - terminal fragment of lactotransferrin ( residues 3 - 281 ; 50 % inhibition = 2 microM ) and with CFQWQRNMRKVRGPPVSC synthetic octodecapeptide ( residues 20 - 37 ; 50 % inhibition = 20 microM ) corresponding to one of the two external loops ( residues 28 - 34 and 39 - 42 ) where we recently located the receptor - binding site .",
+            "output": [
+                "platelet"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-b7645e2d25ed4bcc907e8a0b017f6a06",
+            "input": " Finally , the inhibition was demonstrated to be mediated by a mechanism which requires the binding of lactotransferrin to its putative receptor and not to platelet glycoprotein IIb - IIIa .",
+            "output": [
+                "platelet"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-9370620516fa424a885aaa532dc908d3",
+            "input": " TxA2 , generated from arachidonic acid by cyclooxygenase 1 ( COX - 1 ) and Tx synthase , further amplifies platelet activation .",
+            "output": [
+                "platelet"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-29212b13bae24581bcccc7f3b8e7239f",
+            "input": " COX - 1 converts arachidonic acid into prostaglandin endoperoxides PGG2 and PGH2 , the latter being , in turn , transformed by Tx synthase into TxA2 , a potent amplifier of platelet aggregation with vasoconstrictive properties .",
+            "output": [
+                "platelet"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-28c668ce1d84430082b9ee03954d8ad0",
+            "input": " At the site of the atheroma rupture , platelet - released TxA2 leads to downstream micro - vessel contraction and thrombus propagation ( 7 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "platelet"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-79069bb9f785483bb74c65dd7b131876",
+            "input": " In addition to its role in coagulation , thrombin at extremely low concentrations is one of the major platelet activators ( 8 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "platelet"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-242c60a355274a6c89aa2360b55f01f8",
+            "input": " PAR - 1 and P2Y12 cross - react in platelet activation , and Galphaq and Galphai - coupled receptors are involved in this process .",
+            "output": [
+                "platelet"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-f1e562bc787e47de91c827d3062e75e6",
+            "input": " Thrombin - dependent platelet aggregation is mediated in part by secreted ADP , acting on the Galphai - linked ADP receptor .",
+            "output": [
+                "platelet"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-4f48afb4b17345f79af12708df2268dc",
+            "input": " By blocking Galphaq via PAR - 1 and Gbetai via P2Y12 , combined inhibition of thrombin and P2Y12 receptors leads to a synergistic inhibitory effect on thrombin - induced platelet aggregation ( 10 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "platelet"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-6b7f629d2f844bcb82206b416511e46a",
+            "input": " 5 - HT is a vasoconstrictor agent that binds to 5HT - 2A receptors and amplifies the platelet response by stimulating shape change and enhancing platelet recruitment at sites of injury ( 3 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "platelet"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-38c60a0c2f5649cfb0f719762df450d7",
+            "input": " It may also play a pro - coagulant role by promoting the retention of fibrinogen and thrombospondin on the platelet surface .",
+            "output": [
+                "platelet"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-720c499f23384f5dbd179f55b31d61b3",
+            "input": " Dextransucrase ( EC 2 . 4 . 1 . 5 ) , which catalyses soluble glucan synthesis , was most active in the supernatant fluid from cultures grown with excess glucose , fructose or sucrose , but full activity was detected only when the enzyme was incubated with both sucrose and dextran .",
+            "output": [
+                "EC"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-c37cde260dc34a3f826ef4ba2fd006c9",
+            "input": " These cultured fibroblasts were characterized using immunocytochemistry .",
+            "output": [
+                "fibroblasts"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-f378aefa81ac452c9403206e42758356",
+            "input": " These signals were evident in both the pigmented and non - pigmented epithelial cell layers of the pars plicata region of the ciliary processes , but not in the pars plana or in the ciliary musculature .",
+            "output": [
+                "epithelial cell"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-d9ee316c9f824aa0b34ebd3c4f40efe7",
+            "input": " The mitochondrial dysfunction was not limited to just the beta cell , as mitochondria from both the liver and skeletal muscle exhibit decreased oxidation of pyruvate , subsequently leading to the development of features commonly found in T2D [ 100 , 121 ] .",
+            "output": [
+                "beta cell"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-fb2a7a12d06c4be8805a06fa4d7685f7",
+            "input": " Chronic rubella viremia has been detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cell ( MNC ) populations in five of the six women up to six years after vaccination .",
+            "output": [
+                "MNC"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-ed1c6f1f47344ea6995b11fa21459cd1",
+            "input": " The fluorescent probe allowed us to characterize , by flow cytometry , the binding of lactotransferrin to non - activated human platelets .",
+            "output": [
+                "platelets"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-50a3421afb954af3b84cf8ef99015e57",
+            "input": " Human platelets express two cell surface G - protein - coupled protease - activated receptors ( PARs ) for thrombin : PAR - 1 and PAR - 4 .",
+            "output": [
+                "platelets"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-37e0768fb17b4fe59985cb5ecf222c18",
+            "input": " Cell viability was assessed by 2 - ( 2 - methoxy - 4 - nitrophenyl ) - 3 - ( 4 - nitrophenyl ) - 5 - ( 2 , 4 - disulfophenyl ) - 2H - tetrazolium monosodium salt assay , while apoptosis was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase - mediated dUTP nick end labeling stain .",
+            "output": [
+                "Cell"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-373a17bdcf8d40479cc9df13c3c4221e",
+            "input": " Hall symbol : - P 2yn Cell parameters from 25 reflections",
+            "output": [
+                "Cell"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-b8622f5b205b4798bca421916dc2fd48",
+            "input": " Molecular Mechanisms Mediating the Perinatal Beta - Cell Adaptive Response to Early - Life Stressors",
+            "output": [
+                "Cell"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-5e1b98c0ac7f46838a6b52d3b3369807",
+            "input": " Multiple phosphotyrosine phosphatase mRNAs are expressed in the human lung fibroblast cell line WI - 38 .",
+            "output": [
+                "fibroblast"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-80ab425d1e7f42b5a2c6d6f1846fd27b",
+            "input": " The authors have used reverse transcription / polymerase chain reactions to accomplish a comprehensive examination of the RNA expression for 58 distinct mammalian protein tyrosine and dual specificity phosphatase ( PTPase ) and PTPase - like genes in the normal human diploid fibroblast cell line WI - 38 .",
+            "output": [
+                "fibroblast"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-3d762f6bb5b941d5822f6990284bec3b",
+            "input": " It was found that 98 % of the cells were vimentin positive and also positive for a monoclonal antibody against specific fibroblast antigen ( clone ASO2 , Dianova , Hamburg , Germany ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "fibroblast"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-0cabfa3e5aba4dff978fb0c1a55a2b12",
+            "input": " Long - term immunosuppression in burned patients assessed by in vitro neutrophil oxidative burst ( Phagoburst ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "neutrophil"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-2d504ca52cf94c39842e9883713f2a78",
+            "input": " To assess the duration and magnitude of immunosuppression induced by burns as measured by the neutrophil oxidative burst in vitro .",
+            "output": [
+                "neutrophil"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-61ef02f7c652448a9fdbe59ac70dd7ff",
+            "input": " Oesophageal candidiasis and croup in a child with defective neutrophil motility .",
+            "output": [
+                "neutrophil"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-6ec72255519a45508bc5f8f85dc35928",
+            "input": " There had been delayed separation of the umbilical cord and repeated infections associated with a defect of neutrophil motility .",
+            "output": [
+                "neutrophil"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-1a6b3f5ad6b4466db6dd19c8bf28fa76",
+            "input": " We would emphasis that candidiasis should be anticipated and treated vigorously in children with such a defect of neutrophil motility .",
+            "output": [
+                "neutrophil"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-a940105861d54809b40ff7e9b7ead0c1",
+            "input": " Given the unique NCC origin of PF suture complex ( analogous to metopic suture in humans ) , we performed quantitative real - time PCR and immunohistochemistry to study the expression pattern of the NCC determinant gene Sox9 and select markers of extracellular matrix .",
+            "output": [
+                "NCC"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-e11932bb5d484e608467b8e4f4379b84",
+            "input": " Moreover , we studied the effect of haploinsufficiency of the NCC determinant gene Sox9 in the NCC derived PF suture complex .",
+            "output": [
+                "NCC"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-869aa82aa03f47bb9c890b2671fbd0e4",
+            "input": " A decrease in dosage of Sox9 by haploinsufficiency in NCC - derived tissues resulted in delayed PF suture closure .",
+            "output": [
+                "NCC"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-249b57af8734440f997e5f82fdb16025",
+            "input": " Further , the almost identical distribution of the 5 - HT1A and 5 - HT7 messengers ribonucleic acid indicate that the receptors may be co - localized in epithelial cells .",
+            "output": [
+                "epithelial cells"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-10b9733a40dc4567a295da5df048d7d2",
+            "input": " Here we have investigated the potential involvement of the Src - like adapter protein ( SLAP - 2 ) in signaling by the CSF - 1 receptor in mouse bone marrow - derived macrophages .",
+            "output": [
+                "macrophages"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-2fd5bed1e3e245469296a817394b62c9",
+            "input": " RT - PCR analysis revealed constitutive expression of the SLAP - 2 gene in bone marrow macrophages .",
+            "output": [
+                "macrophages"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-934ded2fcaf74ba8a361ed750379f9b3",
+            "input": " Overexpression of SLAP - 2 in bone marrow macrophages partially suppressed the CSF - 1 - induced tyrosine phosphorylation and / or expression level of a approximately 80 kDa protein without affecting CSF - 1 - induced global tyrosine phosphorylation , or activation of Akt or Erk1 / 2 .",
+            "output": [
+                "macrophages"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-391c3fb567524212b5d164d2a532fed8",
+            "input": " In cellular models , we show that the TBX21 variant increases T helper 1 and decreases T helper 2 cytokine expression comparably with wild type .",
+            "output": [
+                "cellular"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-831d34b8c08c4aa890437aaff539b97d",
+            "input": " Young mice can increase the cellular availability of GSH , whereas mature mice can increase GSH synthetase activity during oxidative stress .",
+            "output": [
+                "cellular"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-832bb040e70240659e8f4c02d56b1875",
+            "input": " The primary cellular response in the draining lymph node The primary cellular response in the draining PLN was determined five days after a single injection of HBSS ( open columns ) , 10 mug OVA ( gray ) , 40 mug PSP ( hatched ) or 10 mug OVA + 40 mug PSP ( black ) into both hind footpads of BALB / cA , NIH and C3H / HeN mice .",
+            "output": [
+                "cellular"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-77f4f75209654da684b69e098ffea60a",
+            "input": " They are known to shorten with each cellular division and , hence , can act as a mitotic clock , registering the number of replicative divisions to have taken place within the cell .",
+            "output": [
+                "cellular"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-ce92ccbfaab84daabc25d5bdda6b37e0",
+            "input": " Role of interleukin 1 in antigen - specific T cell proliferation .",
+            "output": [
+                "T cell"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-66c0e442387046f6891bf6a7df0e3872",
+            "input": " The role of interleukin 1 ( IL 1 ) in human antigen - specific T cell proliferation was examined .",
+            "output": [
+                "T cell"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-4219ac56dd20417eaf6213d1b3f4cc4d",
+            "input": " The reaction mix was then added to 100 microl chemically competent DH10b cells , incubated for 15 - 30 min on ice and transformed by heat shock .",
+            "output": [
+                "DH10b cells"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-02d57a93254a4f92bbae4e35cf183e36",
+            "input": " In the desired in vivo application for this work , as a sensor for stent healing , it can be expected that in the course of normal healing the stent will be fully populated with a significantly thicker layer of endothelial cells .",
+            "output": [
+                "endothelial cells"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-7c22131abfbb422cae82d1538cb7cc61",
+            "input": " Since then , a role of histone methyl transferases , particularly set7 , has also been demonstrated in the sustained deleterious effects of chronic hyperglycemia on human microvascular endothelial cells [ 114 ] .",
+            "output": [
+                "endothelial cells"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-ed81a90f5b614582a91cae3aa7cd1200",
+            "input": " In the last several years Listerine has emerged as a bona fide therapeutic agent for reduction of plaque induced oral diseases .",
+            "output": [
+                "plaque"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-10dec143e5b24c98b74eff9dc273b5f9",
+            "input": " Moreover , reports by both American and British professional societies have led to a re - evaluation of the relative risks associated with plaque induced bacteremia when twice - yearly visits to dental professionals are compared to daily activities .",
+            "output": [
+                "plaque"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-050e1d78a2ef429bbc4a18a99a4169b7",
+            "input": " These new recommendations and revelations open the door for local antimicrobial approaches to reduce the challenge of plaque - induced bacteremias .",
+            "output": [
+                "plaque"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-4b2d71d56c0e453e943d8423e887d968",
+            "input": " Furthermore , when ACT is overexpressed in transgenic mice , an increased plaque load in the brains of these mice and impaired spatial learning is observed [ 134 , 135 ] .",
+            "output": [
+                "plaque"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-116af0851b714a30b93b94bedc8de524",
+            "input": " Both IL 1 - containing preparations enhanced the response of C57BL / 6 mouse thymocytes to phytohemagglutinin .",
+            "output": [
+                "thymocytes"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-38a2eb71a95f4d1fbaa20f951c0f8729",
+            "input": " Defective expression of the granulocyte - macrophage colony - stimulating factor receptor was ruled out .",
+            "output": [
+                "macrophage"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-4eae1af965d942eabcd825e1eb474355",
+            "input": " In the fetal GK / Par rat exposed to mild hyperglycemia during gestation ( a model of IUED ) , data from our group suggest that the beta - cell deficit ( reduced by more than 50 % ) starts as early as fetal age E16 and reflects decreased beta - cell proliferation , a limitation of beta - cell neogenesis from precursors , and increased apoptosis of both beta cells and their precursors [ 86 ] .",
+            "output": [
+                "beta cells"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-3aa321de782d41eda012706ed8f062c0",
+            "input": " There is also increased hepatocellular lipid deposition and apoptosis .",
+            "output": [
+                "hepatocellular"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-eeb23930961645a880fb309183c288ff",
+            "input": " Experiments using various types of deafferentation and fetal brain tissue transplantation confirmed that the LHRH pulse generator is located in the MBH and suggested that LHRH pulse generator consists of nonLHRH neurons .",
+            "output": [
+                "neurons"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1486-cb3cfe844648492289b06d8688799791",
+            "input": " Subsequently , neurons were subjected to either an ephrin - A5 mediated growth cone collapse assay ( Fig . 5 ) or stimulated with guidance cues for 20 minutes and IEG mRNA levels were quantified via qRT - PCR ( Fig . 6 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "neurons"
+            ]
+        }
+    ],
+    "Instance License": [
+        "Unknown"
+    ]
+}

task36_organism_substance_extraction_anem_dataset.json

@@ -0,0 +1,717 @@
+{
+    "Contributors": [
+        "Ishani Mondal"
+    ],
+    "Source": [
+        "ANEM"
+    ],
+    "URL": [
+        "https://github.com/juand-r/entity-recognition-datasets/tree/master/data/AnEM"
+    ],
+    "Categories": [
+        "Named Entity Recognition"
+    ],
+    "Reasoning": [],
+    "Definition": [
+        "In this task, you are given a sentence. You are expected to write the name of the organism substances in the body mentioned in the input. Although there might be several correct answers, you need to write one of them."
+    ],
+    "Input_language": [
+        "English"
+    ],
+    "Output_language": [
+        "English"
+    ],
+    "Instruction_language": [
+        "English"
+    ],
+    "Domains": [
+        "Medical Knowledge"
+    ],
+    "Positive Examples": [
+        {
+            "input": "Antisperm antibodies were assessed in the serum samples of 73 men unable to ejaculate naturally and on the sperm cells of 13 of these men.",
+            "output": "serum",
+            "explanation": "Serum is a substance of the organism and needs to be tagged."
+        },
+        {
+            "input": "This also applies , although to a much lesser degree , to conventional blood culture analysis.",
+            "output": "blood",
+            "explanation": "Since blood is a body fluid that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells is an organism substance, hence it needs to be tagged correctly"
+        }
+    ],
+    "Negative Examples": [
+        {
+            "input": "This also applies , although to a much lesser degree , to conventional blood culture analysis ",
+            "output": "conventional blood culture analysis",
+            "explanation": "Blood culture analysis is nowhere related to organism substance and hence the entire mention should not be tagged."
+        },
+        {
+            "input": "Plasma carries water, salts and enzymes",
+            "output": "salts",
+            "explanation": "salt is not part of any organism, hence it should not be tagged."
+        }
+    ],
+    "Instances": [
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-bff7080127a849b1bba03c4c7cc2cc4d",
+            "input": " Measurement of serum glycosylated proteins and glycosylated low density lipoprotein fraction in diabetes mellitus .",
+            "output": [
+                "serum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-5620985687d04aa78e051d2d1f5e9c56",
+            "input": " A simple method was developed for estimating serum glycosylated protein levels using gel filtration with Bio - Gel P6 by determining the protein and sugar content in the void volume fraction .",
+            "output": [
+                "serum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-d5edb77f568843b58f1c667930194ad2",
+            "input": " The glycosylation level of heparin - citrate precipitable fraction of serum which predominantly contained low density lipoprotein ( G - LDL ) also correlated well with GSP and LDL - cholesterol levels .",
+            "output": [
+                "serum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-73de40a596db4140ae76480cfcf9d0f1",
+            "input": " Our data suggest that yolk - DNA arises by the adventitious uptake of DNA present in the maternal serum by vitellogenic oocytes .",
+            "output": [
+                "serum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-fd67d91a666d4b9dae68baef25066fc9",
+            "input": " This study aimed at correlating cardiac findings ( valvular and myocardial calcification , myocardial hypertrophy ) with clinical data ( age , sex , clinical manifestation , nephrolithiasis , nephrocalcinosis , hypertension , skeletal abnormalities , hypercalcemic syndrome ) and biochemical data ( serum calcium , serum phosphate , serum iPTH level , serum creatinine ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "serum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-fe2cb19fb6f14148936efcf8b2f45a01",
+            "input": " Among adolescent boys in Chapaevsk , Russia , higher serum levels of sum of dioxin - like compounds and sum of dioxin TEQs were positively associated with increased age , consumption of fish , local meats other than chicken , and inversely with weeks of gestation .",
+            "output": [
+                "serum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-1535966ebd4e4d5785d794d834f59588",
+            "input": " As expected , serum PCBs , specifically PCB 118 , were strongly associated with both sum of dioxin - like compounds and sum of dioxin TEQs .",
+            "output": [
+                "serum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-fe9f2608ab3a44d2853e6862c08fa7f5",
+            "input": " There was no association between the distance of the residence from the Khimprom plant during the pregnancy and subsequent serum dioxin levels .",
+            "output": [
+                "serum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-b69bd7e2acb842c49d8eeda8e8a2f999",
+            "input": " In our future studies in this population , we will collect larger volumes of serum for dioxin analysis .",
+            "output": [
+                "serum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-71388a63ca4f41e2b9ac7ebc996c3cac",
+            "input": " In one of the few studies on dioxin - like compounds in which children were included , Eskenazi and coworkers [ 36 ] evaluated the relationship between serum TCDD concentrations and age at exposure of female residents of Seveso , Italy .",
+            "output": [
+                "serum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-155f35094bd7418c9d1d06234a006557",
+            "input": " Archived serum collected near the time of the accident was used to measure exposures .",
+            "output": [
+                "serum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-7cf773e4410b4f30ba234b356ddc889a",
+            "input": " Residential proximity to the plant and younger age ( up to 13 years old ) were the strongest predictors of an individual ' s serum 2 , 3 , 7 , 8 - TCDD level .",
+            "output": [
+                "serum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-e800228710cb4108af59e18901157707",
+            "input": " In our study , although distance from the Khimprom plants was a weak predictor of serum dioxin - like compounds , consumption of local foods ( specifically meat and fish ) , as in the Seveso study , was a strong predictor of sum of dioxin - like compounds and dioxin TEQs .",
+            "output": [
+                "serum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-7798119408214641be8972baf7db6a2f",
+            "input": " Allergen and particle dose - response experiments in BALB / cA and NIH mice Levels of serum OVA - specific IgE ( A , D ) , IgG1 ( B , E ) and IgG2a ( C , F ) on day 26 after injection into one hind footpad of 100 ( open columns ) , 50 ( gray ) or 10 ( black ) mug OVA combined with 100 , 40 , 10 or 0 mug PSP , or buffer ( HBSS ( hatched ) ) , in BALB / cA ( A , B , C ) and NIH ( D , E , F ) mice .",
+            "output": [
+                "serum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-f9d5a88402f448b697ad27194f656f39",
+            "input": " The adjuvant effect of PSP on OVA - specific IgE and IgG2a responses in different strains of mice Levels of serum OVA - specific IgE ( A ) and IgG2a ( B ) on day 26 after injection into one hind footpad of HBSS ( open columns ) , 10 mug OVA ( gray ) , 40 mug PSP ( hatched ) or 10 mug OVA + 40 mug PSP ( black ) in different mouse strains .",
+            "output": [
+                "serum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-56e33e5441644faf81816e4202a65067",
+            "input": " In a 1 . 5 ml microcentrifuge tube , plasmid ( 1 microg / microl ) and siRNA were mixed with growth medium without fetal calf serum ( FCS ) , 0 . 5 microl 1 . 5 M sucrose and 3 microl X - tremeGENE per microgram nucleic acid to a final volume of 22 . 5 microl .",
+            "output": [
+                "serum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-decd484d6c264862b21c10ee79228e6e",
+            "input": " Ac - DEVD - AMC = N - acetyl - Asp - Glu - Val - Asp - 7 - amino - 4 - methylcoumarin ; Ac - DEVD - CHO = N - acetyl - Asp - Glu - Val - Asp - aldehyde ; COX = cyclooxygenase ; Deltapsim = mitochondrial membrane potential ; DAPI = 4 ' , 6 - diamidino - 2 - phenylindole ; DMEM = Dulbecco ' s modified Eagle ' s medium ; ELISA = enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay ; FCS = fetal calf serum ; FLS = fibroblast - like synoviocytes ; IL = interleukin ; JC - 1 = 5 , 5 ' , 6 , 6 ' - tetrachloro - 1 , 1 ' , 3 , 3 ' - tetraethylbenzimidazole carbocyanide iodide ; MTT = 3 - ( 4 , 5 - dimethylthiazol - 2 - yl ) - 2 , 5 - diphenyltetrazolium bromide ; PBS = phosphate - buffered saline ; PGE2 = prostaglandin E2 ; RA = rheumatoid arthritis .",
+            "output": [
+                "serum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-7a202bac536941f7988e6f7460793cc1",
+            "input": " At 48 h post - transfection , cell lysates were prepared using 100 mul per well of lysis buffer ( 1 % Triton X - 100 , 1 mm dithiothreitol , 92 . 8 mm K2HPO4 , pH 7 . 8 , 9 . 2 mm KH2PO4 , pH 7 . 8 ) and centrifuged for 5 min at 4 degreesC .",
+            "output": [
+                "cell lysates"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-db8ae4f7d66949f68a3c1054b9aa262a",
+            "input": " Blood chemistry , clinical presentation , radiography , and echocardiography were carried out in all patients for univariate and multivariate analyses of all parameters .",
+            "output": [
+                "Blood"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-efb6fa45e5994bac920a36390bcb7a49",
+            "input": " Abciximab ( 0 . 03 - 3 micro g / ml ) , tirofiban ( 0 . 3 - 30 nmol / l ) or eptifibatide ( 0 . 01 - 1 micro g / ml ) were incubated for 15 min with the samples prior to stimulation .",
+            "output": [
+                "samples"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-565e6df9574f4822a8299bb79837e5b4",
+            "input": " Four weeks after the last calf stopped shedding , all calves were necropsied and samples from the gastrointestinal tract were taken for the detection of the nalidixic - acid resistant E . coli O157 .",
+            "output": [
+                "samples"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-984fe567fd3749f5bcd2e661fc54c026",
+            "input": " None of the samples collected at necropsy were positive for E . coli O157 .",
+            "output": [
+                "samples"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-7777998684194de38dc79996bbe71a06",
+            "input": " Neural network analysis of spectroscopic data of lycopene and beta - carotene content in food samples compared to HPLC - UV - vis .",
+            "output": [
+                "samples"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-41dace720a064fc5b86b730780203f2b",
+            "input": " In this study a neural network ( NN ) model was designed to predict lycopene and beta - carotene concentrations in food samples , combined with a simple and fast technique , such as UV - vis spectroscopy .",
+            "output": [
+                "samples"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-fe7d927eb6be4582b3a54da121198e8a",
+            "input": " It was concluded that when the MLP - NN is used within the range studied , the optimized NN is able to estimate the beta - carotene and lycopene concentrations in food samples with an adequate accuracy , solving the UV - vis interference of beta - carotene and lycopene .",
+            "output": [
+                "samples"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-1a1f79490b3142098d5254f1408b14b7",
+            "input": " Iliac crest biopsy samples were taken and bone histomorphometry carried out .",
+            "output": [
+                "samples"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-26a62e1296774daa94f1a919e55b6603",
+            "input": " For example , they were higher than mean TEQs of 18 . 4 pg TEQ / g lipid in adults ( 40 . 6 years old average ) from South Germany [ 27 ] or 16 . 4 pg TEQ / g lipid from 20 year old Japanese women [ 28 ] or pooled samples from randomly selected males and females 18 - 69 years of age from the Spanish city of Mataro [ 29 ] , which were 12 . 5 and 14 . 7 pg TEQ / g lipid respectively .",
+            "output": [
+                "samples"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-0e709ea80030432f871cf85ad8fcbdce",
+            "input": " Values for individual samples ( circles ) and group median values ( columns ) are shown .",
+            "output": [
+                "samples"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-142ac42ed4ce40778352ef17b42c431e",
+            "input": " We plan to systematically investigate the effects of thawing and refreezing on RNA integrity , by deliberately thawing and freezing small samples of brain tissue over varying time intervals and temperatures .",
+            "output": [
+                "samples"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-fc40dbe0098b4edbb1f80288342ffd1d",
+            "input": " The use of these biological samples was approved by local ethical committee .",
+            "output": [
+                "samples"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-b879ccaf50154b93ac57dd035512a14b",
+            "input": " ( B ) Real - time PCR was performed on total RNA samples from the human brain regions known to express MOR1 .",
+            "output": [
+                "samples"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-abb99cc1dc9d4f15b55d061c9ba5eb28",
+            "input": " No . of samples assayed 18 22 22 70",
+            "output": [
+                "samples"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-df5129de3b9e46e99d47c490dc6384d6",
+            "input": " Relative phage haplotype frequencies in PAO1 samples , ( A ) planktonic , ( B ) biofilm 4 days , ( C ) biofilm 11 days .",
+            "output": [
+                "samples"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-486427c429e74bc2ae7f349b9bbb2f7a",
+            "input": " Plasma from 182 patients with different malignant diseases was tested for riboflavin binding by immunoglobulins , which have been recently identified as major carriers of this micronutrient .",
+            "output": [
+                "Plasma"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-1898573cace945208ba6124e26281e52",
+            "input": " Plasma gelsolin can be considered an amateur chaperone , as it binds Abeta and not only inhibits its Abeta fibrillization but is also capable of degrading preformed Abeta fibrils [ 149 , 150 ] .",
+            "output": [
+                "Plasma"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-033c3b52c0c240e3a13987a0170677e4",
+            "input": " In particular , Candida species are the 4th most common cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections in the United States , and Cryptococcus neoformans , the commonest cause of fungal meningitis worldwide [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] .",
+            "output": [
+                "bloodstream"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-8bebee16d073415a80d4565ddf6f18bb",
+            "input": " This reaction requires a desalting step which often represents a major obstacle , especially if the sample consists of limited amounts of a hydrophobic membrane protein .",
+            "output": [
+                "sample"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-13f279d68ae342059f2a8c4148ee9fef",
+            "input": " Precautions against NH2 - terminal blocking during sample preparations are provided .",
+            "output": [
+                "sample"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-82c1b79c6b1e431d8e4f092b55f21413",
+            "input": " Although the time to hospital discharge did not differ in the full sample ( 9 . 2 d for both groups ) , it was greater among those receiving cefazolin ( 8 . 6 vs . 8 . 0 d ; p < 0 . 05 ) when patients with lengths of stay exceeding 24 days were excluded from both groups .",
+            "output": [
+                "sample"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-b14ce767e8b34750974b29bd264835a6",
+            "input": " Data were collected by means of a questionnaire from a convenience sample of 509 predominantly well - educated , high - income , married women in the northeastern United States during the last trimester of pregnancy .",
+            "output": [
+                "sample"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-305ef8730eb440e180fdf41091c25771",
+            "input": " Although TCDD was largely below the detection limits in this small pilot sample , the two boys with detectable values had high TCDD levels ( 17 . 9 and 21 . 7 pg / g lipid ) , suggesting that exposure for at least some portion of this population is substantially higher than typical of this age group .",
+            "output": [
+                "sample"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-6869f28429cb4ddebc82e4e86c58a107",
+            "input": " The placenta biopsy sample was collected at a depth of 1 cm and at a distance of 8 cm from the edge of the placenta , with the maternal side facing upward .",
+            "output": [
+                "sample"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-423368bf97b44caba145bcd17a367013",
+            "input": " Our systematic sample of the inpatient TB population - - in which interviewers visited every hospital room to identify patients willing to participate - - yielded a participation rate of approximately 80 % ( a total of 240 patients ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "sample"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-e2490b8d11304c1f883b04aca6ffb911",
+            "input": " If the microbial strain was only detected once for a sample , we then checked the second culture results in the suspected infectious sites .",
+            "output": [
+                "sample"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-77f4757bd0dc41ec8c1705c7ed58ee44",
+            "input": " If a sample ' s results met any of these three criteria , then the sample was evaluated as a pathogen .",
+            "output": [
+                "sample"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-6ee221e422824ba6998e8d745d7a2977",
+            "input": " Subjects were excluded from analysis if they withdrew consent or if there was inadequate sample left for PCR testing .",
+            "output": [
+                "sample"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-2e5da69dd5cb429ba5735cdee99eb5b7",
+            "input": " Sputum 0 1 1 0",
+            "output": [
+                "Sputum"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-28354b0d9d2e4dd68a4ac38ed2d261fc",
+            "input": " Elevated levels of these immunoglobulins may contribute to the lower urinary levels and clearance of riboflavin in cancer .",
+            "output": [
+                "urinary"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-45ee82c0366d4c55a0de87b50d849dd6",
+            "input": " Colorimetrical rate assay for urinary dipeptidyl peptidase IV ( DPPIV ) activity using a new substrate .",
+            "output": [
+                "urinary"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-075c6da44dbe4e19a9be231bd44d985b",
+            "input": " We also established the rate assay for urinary DPPIV activity using Gly - Pro - DBAP .",
+            "output": [
+                "urinary"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-d837d1ef89014132a70c601d1031056a",
+            "input": " The present method did not interfere with urinary ingredients such as hemoglobin .",
+            "output": [
+                "urinary"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-ff71feb9e02e42f58573297466387dea",
+            "input": " Perhaps the increasing use of hybrid methodologies to concentrate adducts followed by specific chemical analyses will allow such adducts to be monitored more precisely .",
+            "output": [
+                "concentrate"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-2202f179f27447b382aea547a98100ff",
+            "input": " Short term prophylaxis : three options are available : attenuated androgens , tranexamic acid or C1Inh concentrate .",
+            "output": [
+                "concentrate"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-6aa886d2ec36443faeda243f0173b9f8",
+            "input": " Acute attack treatment : there is no specific problem for the use of C1inh concentrate , tranexamic acid , icatibant ; or ecallantide in female patients .",
+            "output": [
+                "concentrate"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-3604069947f644cdbb6a0e2222f6ce3a",
+            "input": " Bacterial killing was normal in the two patients studied , and chemotaxis was diminished in response to zymosan - activated plasma and to high concentrations of chemotactic peptides in the patients studied .",
+            "output": [
+                "plasma"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-5b20e3f08ab146938e667253ee13cc82",
+            "input": " A 4 - week administration of GG root powder ( 5 and 10 gm % in diet ) to hypercholesterolaemic rats resulted in significant reduction in plasma , hepatic total lipids , cholesterol , triglycerides and plasma low - density lipoprotein and VLDL - cholesterol accompanied by significant increases in HDL - cholesterol levels .",
+            "output": [
+                "plasma"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-6c76d82161a94064a05a0b92526d475c",
+            "input": " The normo - cholesterolaemic animals when fed with GG root powder at 10 gm % level , registered a significant decline in plasma lipid profiles and an increase in HDL - cholesterol content .",
+            "output": [
+                "plasma"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-be63860f8f9d48f8917dd893f7e12a93",
+            "input": " Immunoglobulins associated with elevated riboflavin binding by plasma from cancer patients .",
+            "output": [
+                "plasma"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-9b4ccfca771140c59343f9e67feae87c",
+            "input": " A wide range of binding ( 5 . 9 to 130 pmole / ml plasma ) was observed , and significant elevations were found for patients having breast cancer ( 21 . 2 + / - 1 . 9 , P less than 0 . 05 ) and melanoma ( 25 . 7 + / - 1 . 9 , P less than 0 . 001 ) compared to controls ( 15 . 5 + / - 1 . 9 ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "plasma"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-c78b1524306f44d6bf6d1f341478106b",
+            "input": " The proteins responsible for a majority of the higher binding were identified as immunoglobulins , based on their elution from gel filtration columns and the removal of 57 - 88 % of the non - albumin binding by treating of plasma with Protein A - agarose .",
+            "output": [
+                "plasma"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-650736fa04534d07838842b345c7db94",
+            "input": " Lactotransferrin inhibits ADP - induced platelet aggregation at concentrations down to 5 nM , which can be reached in the plasma after leukocyte degranulation .",
+            "output": [
+                "plasma"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-fe8f22792fba44c296e5514d49d719c5",
+            "input": " The actin - regulatory protein gelsolin is found both intracellularly and in plasma [ 147 , 148 ] .",
+            "output": [
+                "plasma"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-ec662644ae5f4b859b21ae1cf8537b0b",
+            "input": " QTcF interval versus plasma linezolid concentrations .",
+            "output": [
+                "plasma"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-dceec6096a2a45348498d1346a5450dc",
+            "input": " In the last several years Listerine has emerged as a bona fide therapeutic agent for reduction of plaque induced oral diseases .",
+            "output": [
+                "plaque"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-76d8cb14c5df4fabb7c88d29767a168d",
+            "input": " Moreover , reports by both American and British professional societies have led to a re - evaluation of the relative risks associated with plaque induced bacteremia when twice - yearly visits to dental professionals are compared to daily activities .",
+            "output": [
+                "plaque"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-ccfa603bc1cb430f88202cc773ee6bcc",
+            "input": " These new recommendations and revelations open the door for local antimicrobial approaches to reduce the challenge of plaque - induced bacteremias .",
+            "output": [
+                "plaque"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-ed26cad83ef34c0da239cd330a762d0a",
+            "input": " Furthermore , when ACT is overexpressed in transgenic mice , an increased plaque load in the brains of these mice and impaired spatial learning is observed [ 134 , 135 ] .",
+            "output": [
+                "plaque"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-f5f5cc6c17854b1eb75133595188f08c",
+            "input": " Cerebral blood flow ( CBF ) was measured with continuous arterial spin - labeling perfusion magnetic resonance ( MR ) imaging in 14 children with sickle cell disease and seven control subjects .",
+            "output": [
+                "blood"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-162ab27f13554fe0bab8e27f746d5859",
+            "input": " Portal venous blood draining into the liver from the intra - abdominal abscess had increased levels of TNF - alpha , IL - 1beta , and IL - 6 in both sterile and septic groups compared with a control normal animal group .",
+            "output": [
+                "blood"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-8c8a674c5d24430c8cd26f9ba9b2eb0f",
+            "input": " Increased levels of these cytokines were also found in suprahepatic inferior vena caval blood , but were correlated with the higher portal vein levels , suggesting a gradient from abscess wall to portal vein into the systemic circulation via the liver .",
+            "output": [
+                "blood"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-63300502460f4041bfe9bca5eff12ece",
+            "input": " Absence of correlations to TBSA % , FTB % , blood transfusion , opiates provided , and multiple organ failure score and laboratory infection variables together with the finding that decreased oxidative burst was uniform after the injury , suggesting that this immunosuppression is primarily due to the general metabolic response rather than recurring infections .",
+            "output": [
+                "blood"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-141707b22d83434c95c6492deaf96c48",
+            "input": " Effects of hypertension and sympathetic denervation on cerebral blood flow in newborn pigs .",
+            "output": [
+                "blood"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-d124f708af4143ee93ed32be796c0e17",
+            "input": " To investigate the potential role of sympathetic nerves in preventing pronounced increases in cerebral blood flow , we evaluated the effects of abrupt hypertension on the cerebral circulation of newborn pigs with intact cerebral sympathetic innervation and after cerebral sympathetic denervation .",
+            "output": [
+                "blood"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-d1d43ea457bb41c9af0101b380b9496b",
+            "input": " Abrupt hypertension increased blood flow to all brain regions .",
+            "output": [
+                "blood"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-3e61c72d474342009652c1987723258f",
+            "input": " Differences between pigs of the innervated and denervated groups were not apparent , with respect to blood flow to any other region ( caudate region , brain stem , cerebellum ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "blood"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-3ca71fd19e8b4c82b3b31933d4527da2",
+            "input": " In newborn pigs , sympathetic nerves may attenuate hypertension - induced increases in blood flow to the cerebrum , but do not appear to affect flow to the rest of the brain .",
+            "output": [
+                "blood"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-b07ff031c60447cdbeb430b236d7c550",
+            "input": " The glycosylated protein levels ( GSP ) correlated well with fasting blood sugar levels and glycosylated albumin level ( G - ALB ) determined by affinity chromatography with Blue Sepharose CL6B .",
+            "output": [
+                "blood"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-0d0938de632e479e97fc0e9023cfc281",
+            "input": " Chronic rubella viremia has been detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cell ( MNC ) populations in five of the six women up to six years after vaccination .",
+            "output": [
+                "blood"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-183915c98b864d47a9aaae5f964ed91b",
+            "input": " In addition rubella virus was isolated from breast milk MNCs in one individual at nine months postvaccination and from peripheral blood MNCs in two of four breast - fed infants studied at 12 - 18 months of age .",
+            "output": [
+                "blood"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-bb810324da4c46839d95592ea0c93671",
+            "input": " Lower peak blood ethanol concentrations after 1 and 2 g of ethanol per kg were found in pregnant rats than in virgin females .",
+            "output": [
+                "blood"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-d5a2ee0b937f495aa82ff42d4eedb591",
+            "input": " The second preparation consisted of human IL 1 partially purified from supernatants of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with S . albus .",
+            "output": [
+                "blood"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-d39d7474088a43868fb73ad6d9378d4c",
+            "input": " In contrast , the 3 cases of metastatic cancer of the GB had no blood flow signal in the wall of the GB .",
+            "output": [
+                "blood"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-8a1e5c1a0dc541b09712a5b787307d55",
+            "input": " For the 30 cases of benign lesions of the GB , only in 12 cases was a low velocity blood flow signal found .",
+            "output": [
+                "blood"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-a5af97d927504f9287ce4991df7b17af",
+            "input": " No blood flow signal was observed in the masses of 13 cases ( 3 of metastatic adenocarcinoma , 5 of adenoma , 5 of polypus ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "blood"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-61f1b8de957340e99d19236f6639cf3e",
+            "input": " The results were analyzed using statistical methods and a significant decrease in blood flow , Vmax , was found in all investigated arteries .",
+            "output": [
+                "blood"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-afb8c6514b00494ebee0b321494a387f",
+            "input": " Further evidence for the mediation of the relaxant response via the 5 - HT7 receptor is provided by the localization of messenger ribonucleic acid transcripts encoding the 5 - HT7 receptor in many blood vessels [ 67 ] .",
+            "output": [
+                "blood"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-4decf73d12ed44e4a2ea2ac5bad2de52",
+            "input": " Thus , when the same organism was detected by both DNA Detection Kit and blood culture analysis , the detected organism was considered an infectious pathogen .",
+            "output": [
+                "blood"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-b97d0a2e77e84ace9b4955d163470a36",
+            "input": " However , if the underlying disease is acute lymphoma leukemia ( ALL ) , malignant lymphoma ( ML ) , or acute myelogenous leukemia ( AML ) , the definition of infection is defined as the ability to detect infectious organisms by blood culture analysis .",
+            "output": [
+                "blood"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-15fb7f8554d840b2b96626dc40e8d409",
+            "input": " Therefore , when CoNS or Streptococcus spp . were detected by blood culture and SeptiFast analysis , the following criteria were applied to define whether these strains represented a pathogenic infection : ( 1 ) Tests were performed at least twice within 48 hours before and after CoNS were detected by blood culture or SeptiFast analysis ; ( 2 ) CoNS or Streptococcus spp . were detected in two different blood culture tests that were separately performed twice within 48 hours ; and , ( 3 ) CoNS or Streptococcus spp . were detected twice or more in tests that were performed three times [ 11 - 15 ] .",
+            "output": [
+                "blood"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-1f9904eef106429ba89a8ee26c962cd5",
+            "input": " Intra - operative monitoring of partial pressure of tissue oxygen ( PtiO2 ) is a very sensitive method of detecting the decrease of oxygen for cell utilization , due to decreased blood flow , during temporary clipping and after definitive clipping , in middle cerebral artery incidental unruptured aneurysm surgery .",
+            "output": [
+                "blood"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-0d06bff9ce064962894d85f77d2b616a",
+            "input": " Seven day point - prevalence abstinence will be determined by combining self - reported tobacco use over the prior seven days and urine cotinine assays ( below 200 ng / ml versus 200 or above ) .",
+            "output": [
+                "urine"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-71c7ada1af964d25977a62fdf5f446a7",
+            "input": " The injury to the airway can create binding sites for bacteria in the basement membrane of the bronchial tree and the stimulation of the secretion of mucus , which then stagnates and can create potential sites for bacterial adherence .",
+            "output": [
+                "mucus"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-5bafcae7e4c4413682da7c9f9c07eed0",
+            "input": " Because the ciliary epithelium of the pars plicata is responsible for the secretion of aqueous humor , an obvious function for these two receptors would be an involvement in the control of aqueous production and , consequently , of the IOP level .",
+            "output": [
+                "humor"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "id": "task1487-81eed54e58d84552a5096247f6fbafa5",
+            "input": " The agonism of 5 - HT1A receptors , negatively coupled to cAMP , reduces IOP by decreasing the production of aqueous humor , like beta - receptor antagonists which , diminishing the content of cAMP at the postjunctional site , lowers the aqueous humor secretion with a consequent decrease in IOP [ 98 ] .",
+            "output": [
+                "humor"
+            ]
+        }
+    ],
+    "Instance License": [
+        "Unknown"
+    ]
+}

task51_mmedbench_explanation_chinese.json

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+size 51084273

task52_mmedbench_explanation_english.json

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+size 19162988

task58_medqa_question_answering_zh.json

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+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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+size 16627522