Datasets:

Filippo

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osdg_cd

like 1

10.18356/3da1d894-en

0152f51857cebe9d1aa1e6f47f64b608

Energy footprints were calculated using the Eora global, multi-regional input-output (MRIO) framework developed by the University of Sydney36 and the same data sources for direct total primary energy supply (TPES) used in Section 2.2 . More detail on the treatment of the raw data to produce energy footprints is in Section 6.2 Energy footprint of consumption. The energy footprint for each country between 1990 and 2010 was divided by the time series of GDP in constant $ at 200537, to calculate the energy intensity in megajouless per $. In contrast, the general result for energy intensity per GDP (in S 2005) is one of decreasing energy footprint intensity (see Figure 84).

11SDG 12

10.1787/eco/surveys-grc-2013-5-en

015347486b096492bfead6ba1245cb0c

Moreover, the welfare system suffered from poor administration and unequal standards and provisions across social funds. Even the traditionally resilient heads of households category (proxied by prime-age males of 25-54 years old) was hit hard, with the unemployment rate climbing from 6% per cent in early 2009 to over 20% in 2013 (second quarter). Until the onset of the crisis, labour market institutions (such as firing and hiring rules) protected primary earners, often at the expense of workers with a more marginal attachment to the labour market, such as women and young people (Matsaganis, 2012).

9SDG 10

10.18356/355832ee-en

015616594c679b88d12ced5b21b049ef

The Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis for the European Union (EU-MODA) compares the material well-being of children across the EU member states, using data from the child material deprivation module of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) 2009. Embedded in the multidimensional poverty measurement literature, EU-MODA applies internationally accepted standards for the construction of indicators and dimensions of child well-being. The analysis ranges from indicator and dimension headcounts, overlaps between several dimensions, decomposition of the adjusted multidimensional deprivation headcounts, to overlaps between monetary poverty and multidimensional deprivation. This technical note describes the EU-MODA methodology in detail.

0SDG 1

10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en

015b974360c911962f02015afb29e3a2

Samaniego (2006) emphasises the role played by industry composition. In a vintage-capital model firms optimally reduce their workforce as they fall behind the technological frontier. As a consequence, firing restrictions are more costly in industries characterised by rapid technological change such as ICT. Countries where regulations are more stringent will therefore tend to specialise in industries where the rate of technical change is sluggish. Poschke (2009) emphasises the role of firing costs in the selection of the most efficient firms and the exit decision of low-productivity firms.

9SDG 10

10.1787/9789264212664-en

015d01b8b7c447a9331f5cca31e87ef4

In much of SSA for example, institutional investors face limits on asset class and geographical exposure. This is true even of the countries that have access to international capital markets. Continued financial fragility and efforts to reduce this by increasing capital buffers (resulting from Basel III) are thought to be motivating many banks in OECD countries to reduce the amount of long-term debt on their balance sheets.

6SDG 7

10.6027/9789289349918-3-en

015d78c23d26edc75118199a04f322d0

The key items of the strategy are summarized in Chapter 1.1. The main proposals of the Winter Package related to the heating and cooling sectors are described in Chapter 1.2. Heating and cooling sector needs to contribute to EU's greenhouse gas emission reduction goal and meet its commitment under the climate agreement reached at the COP21 climate conference in Paris.

6SDG 7

10.18356/31959a6d-en

015e0dec981475d0e1a0b31ea77d3057

In most cases, widows’ pensions aim at status maintenance, and benefits are calculated as a percentage of the deceased partner’s benefit or earnings. In general, widow’s benefits are lower than retirement pensions, at around 50 to 80 per cent of the deceased’s benefit (Choi 2006:16). In contrast, some countries (e.g., Ireland, Lithuania and the United Kingdom)offer only a flat-rate benefit to survivors, while others (e.g., Denmark and Sweden) have a non-familial approach to old age protection, paying no benefits to survivors but providing everyone with access to a universal basic pension (Saraceno and Keck 2011:392).

4SDG 5

10.1787/9789264263260-7-en

0162576930e56aa0df4cbd752bb57a89

However, spending indicators should be interpreted with caution, as they tend to overestimate the level of decentralisation (OECD, 2016b). Subnational governments, for example, may be responsible for a certain economic function but not have full autonomy in exercising it. These are all federal countries, where states have a high level of autonomy in educational matters, including vocational teaching and higher education (universities).

10SDG 11

10.1787/9789264082052-5-en

0164516ec5a0a263a368adf52659c7f1

Integration is too often sought through a juxtaposition of programmes involving complementarities, rather than through incentive structures that have built-in integration dynamics. There is a desire to increase co-ordination between government bodies that manage support programmes aimed at nurturing the linkages between the research and enterprise communities. However, this co-ordination is rarely, if at all, implemented through joint management and financing procedures between responsible departments from different ministries or agencies.

8SDG 9

10.1787/9789264079410-4-en

01645db38bab0759318315f0a570f499

It is home to a variety of economic sectors with strong export performance, both in manufacturing (the automobile industry, food industry, information and communication technologies, or ICT, and aerospace) and services (particularly financial and professional services), and it is the headquarters for by far the largest number of large companies in Canada. It houses a range of renowned universities and research institutes, and it attracts around 40% of the immigrants who arrive in the country every year. The Toronto region also has an enviable reputation for quality of life, and has positioned itself as Canada’s main economic centre, thanks to demographic and economic growth since the 1970s-1980s.

10SDG 11

10.18356/becaa395-en

0167a80da58bcd86299ef8f68bc0b884

This is because the most severe reductions in food production and increases in food prices occur in Africa and India, which account for a large share of the world's poor. The second most important factor leading to increased poverty is health impacts, followed by the impacts of higher temperatures on labour productivity. The shocks impinge on physical capital, when assets are destroyed - for example, through the death of livestock - or when farmers are forced to sell productive capital, such as cattle, to absorb the income shock. They also reduce farmers' capacity to invest, with negative consequences for future food security. Scenarios in which no additional efforts are made to mitigate emissions lead to pathways between RCP 6.0 and RCP 8.5.

12SDG 13

10.1787/5js6363503f6-en

016a4898a32cdc282500698a5828c6a1

Income-support programmes, in the form of unemployment benefits, social assistance, family benefits or housing allowances, have played an important macroeconomic role as automatic stabilisers during the recent crisis. Many OECD countries face high and often growing needs for social policies at times of shrinking fiscal space, which restrict the capacity for an effective response. In the early phases of the global financial and economic crisis, social spending — which accounts for about half of total public outlays in OECD countries - increased. Moreover, large fiscal stimulus packages were put in place in many countries often including greater resources for social measures. But in many OECD countries, a shift in the fiscal stance is now taking place to tackle unprecedented deficits and debt-to-GDP ratios. Social spending is part of many fiscal consolidation plans, and pressure on social spending is set to increase further.

7SDG 8

10.18356/f3e7d816-en

016b1a999f291a5f3caf653337fdf83a

The use of gender statistics can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the gender dimensions of poverty, which in turn can significantly change priorities in policy and programme interventions (Klugman, 2002). Gender statistics can address multiple dimensions of poverty and inequality, including gender-based asset inequality, intrahousehold allocation of resources, time poverty or vulnerability to external shocks. Understanding the gendered nature of poverty will significantly improve both the equity and efficiency of poverty reduction strategies (Klugman, 2002). Gender statistics have an important role in developing and monitoring policies on the reduction of violence against women.

4SDG 5

10.18356/bb1b1617-en

016b9509875be6f456d37842d1f50415

Nitrogen application rates had increased dramatically over past decades, so that a surplus in excess of that needed by crops or grassland was transported into freshwater systems. Application rates in the subregion are now widely declining in response to the legal framework summarised above, but the time taken for pollutants to move through the hydrological cycle means that in some areas concentrations in receiving waters may still be rising, even when the source itself is diminishing. Where trend data exists, this suggests that nitrate concentrations declined between 1992 and 2008 in 30% of rivers.

5SDG 6

10.5367/TE.2014.0377

016bb5e1c2d0851a4b86f9023e7f2914

This paper examines the impacts of the quality of government on international tourism competitiveness. Quality of government is conceptualized in terms of an absence of corruption, a well-established rule of law and bureaucratic efficiency. Based on the cross-country analysis of the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (World Economic Forum, 2013), the main finding of the study demonstrates that quality of government is positively associated with tourism competitiveness and that this positive effect remains robust across a number of control variables and estimation techniques. The results suggest that public policy for building a successful tourism industry should be nested in the broader project of enhancing the quality of government.

15SDG 16

10.1787/9d0e6611-en

016d7238cd9228d81aca576ae3e2b8d1

A representative list of GRIs, open to global co-operation and of interest to new partners will be created. A report from the Group on the co-ordination of GRIs is expected. A progress report was presented in 2015.15 Among such infrastructures, ocean and sea floor observatories, including oceanography fleets of research vessels and polar research facilities (both for the Arctic and Antarctic) were specifically mentioned as examples in the broad categories of research infrastructures of global relevance. Following on from the publication of the “Report on road mapping of large infrastructures” (2008) and the “Report on establishing large international research infrastructures: Issues and options” (2010), the OECD Global Science Forum (GSF) published a “Report on International Distributed Research Infrastructures (IDRIS)” in 2013.16 This report can serve as a reference document that may be used when new initiatives to share infrastructure are being prepared. It identifies challenges, options and solutions when it comes to setting up new initiatives in which distributed infrastructures have to be integrated for better research.

13SDG 14

10.1787/9789264245891-4-en

016e0ce3aede2d538683b582379a0d17

It can be questioned, however, whether the most talented students of the country attend these schools as disadvantaged students have more limited access to extracurricular classes to prepare for admission. Moreover, the proportion of top-performing students in international assessments remains very small while a large number are falling behind their peers in other countries. The most rapidly improving education systems in PISA show that improvements at the top and bottom of the performance scale can go hand in hand.

3SDG 4

10.1017/S1049096510990781

016f60ab33375724d0136b78cdc84ca0

Qualitative research dominates political science. In the field of international relations (IR), for example, about 70% of scholars primarily employ qualitative methods, compared to 21% favoring formal or quantitative analysis (Jordan et al. 2009 ). Since nearly all of the latter make secondary use of textual and historical methods, overall over 90% of IR scholars employ qualitative analysis, whereas 48% use any statistical and only 12% any formal methods. This understates the dominance of qualitative analysis, for many statistical data sets rest ultimately on historical work, and IR scholars, when polled, report that qualitative case studies are more relevant for policy than quantitative or formal work. Hardly any major IR debate—whether that over the end of the cold war, American unipolarity, Chinese foreign policy, the nature of European integration, compliance with international law, democratic peace, the causes of war, or the impact of human rights norms—remains untouched by important qualitative contributions.

15SDG 16

10.1787/9789264190658-11-en

0170bd804cb226dc31b0323a98b47efe

However, Kimball et al. ( The choice of instruments and sources of information also depends on the type of appraisal aspects and criteria that an appraisal scheme focuses on (e.g. traits, compliance, competences and outcomes). While in most countries appraisal is based on the interaction between evaluators and school leaders, e.g. through interviews, meetings and school visits, a few countries complement the information gathered this way with further, more outcomes-oriented data, such as leadership portfolios, stakeholder surveys and information on student achievement. Depending on the policy framework for appraisal and the overall allocation of responsibilities, evaluators and school leaders themselves hold greater or lesser autonomy in determining the tools to collect information.

3SDG 4

10.4018/IJCWT.2016040103

01717139e4deacca9631d31a765962a8

The cyber security discourse is dominated by states and corporations that focus on the protection of critical information infrastructure and databases. The priority is the security of information systems and networks, rather than the protection of connected users. The dominance of war metaphors in the cyber security debates has produced a security dilemma, which is not sufficiently addressing the needs of people. This article underlines this shortcoming and views cyber security through a human-centric perspective. Freedom of expression and the right to privacy are under attack in the era of cyber surveillance. From a human-centric perspective such rights should be understood as a critical part of cyber security. Human rights protections need to be effectively addressed in the digital sphere and gain their place in the cyber security agendas.

15SDG 16

10.32474/SJPBS.2019.02.000138

0174061a2f89226e2b2163920f1ae8f7

In a prior conflict resolution curricula review, [1] asserted that curricula should be designed to influence knowledge and understanding of peace and conflict, competencies necessary for peacemaking, peacebuilding, and peacekeeping, peaceful attitudes and values, and efficacy and outcome expectancies

15SDG 16

10.6027/9789289342698-7-en

017421e80dedccde4871c4716b0fd6c2

Finding one's place within changing labour markets, the two Norwegian researchers address some of the issues of their previous research, these are also outlined in this report. Their research addresses issues of gender, education and a changing labour market and work life and how these issues impact young adults as regards their choice of education and mobility patterns. The men of Northern Norway are, however, mainly employed within building and construction. Aure particularly emphasises that despite the lack of a highly educated labour force, it may be difficult to find acceptance in the local communities of Norway. Munkejord (2006) also focuses on Norwegians from other parts of the country choosing to reside in Northern Norway and seeks to form an understanding of their motivations behind moving and in particular their motivations behind settling in the peripheral areas as opposed to in the larger cities in the southern part of Norway.

4SDG 5

10.1787/9789264281318-16-en

0179cb27890fccaceba46e412f4279c7

Women are slightly less mobile than men on average, with significant cross-country and age differences. Every year, on average across OECD countries, 16% of the working-age population experiences a change in their professional situation. They change employer, change their working time (switching from full-time to part-time or vice-versa), lose their job, find a new one, become unemployed or inactive, or re-enter the labour market after a period of inactivity.

4SDG 5

10.6027/9789289342698-7-en

0179d9833a1eaded2d655c67be2c92df

In spite of the fact that there are more female than male pensioners, the total income of female pensioners is lower than that of men (ASUB 2014: 5). In 2011, women's average pension was 1,220 Euro per month as compared with 1,744 Euro for men (ASUB 2013: 23). A more detailed review of the pay gap measured on the basis of different principles and parameters may be found in the ASUB report (2013:21).

4SDG 5

10.18356/2c4e4b18-en

017de9a206644e63b69c115a0a8140c2

The development of new landfills is connected with the programme of closure of old disposal sites. Feasibility studies have been prepared for sites in Fier, Elbasan, Berat and Shkodra, all financed from the State budget. The oil industry extracts 260,000 tons of crude oil and 7.9 million m3 of natural gas, and produces about 300,000 tons of oil products, annually. Cement production is developing in Albania.

11SDG 12

10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en

01801e184e386d6901bf5e284e8a9da5

Article 6 on co-operative approaches, Article 9 on finance, and Article 11 on capacity building. Further relevant provisions are contained in Decision 1/CP.21. The purpose of the transparency framework for mitigation is to provide a clear understanding of climate change mitigation action, to track progress towards NDCs and to inform the global stocktake.

12SDG 13

10.1787/3726edff-en

018140e5ee7827b95ee7b9ac76ab9ae2

Many development providers are exploring new ways of how to better integrate ICTs in the planning and implementation of development activities. However, more consolidated efforts through the DAC and other forums can improve knowledge sharing and set new standard and requirements across the development planning and implementation cycle. With greater access to the Internet through 3G and LTE mobile networks in developing countries, tailored ICT tools have the potential to improve measuring results and strengthen monitoring and evaluation of development projects.

8SDG 9

10.6027/ffe4d41b-en

0182c53666eb0f729076055929e35795

However, the national climate change efforts to which Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) have committed themselves in the form of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are largely insufficient, and only cover one third of the greenhouse gas emissions reductions necessary to reach this temperature goal (UNEP 2017). There is still a significant gap between 2030 emission levels and a least-cost 2°C pathway amounting to 11 GtC02e or even as much as i3.5GtC02e, taking only unconditional NDCs into account (UNEP 2017). Global greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, albeit at a slower rate, and even though the Parties must increase the goals of their NDCs overtime, it is unlikely that the emissions reductions thus achieved will be sufficient (UNEP 2017).

12SDG 13

10.18356/7b53d77f-en

0184e81df09786910ff84f8b96a5b211

China has pushed ahead with large infrastructure projects while providing tax breaks and other relief measures for firms and consumers, which resulted in a wider fiscal deficit of about 3 per cent of GDP in 2016. With a view to supporting the building of "a moderately prosperous sodety in all respects", the budget emphasized spending on education, science and technology, health care, poverty alleviation, social security and employment (China, 2016). Although the country's general government debt is relatively low, there are concerns about local government debt and contingent liabilities, which are being addressed with a revised fiscal law. The overall fiscal stance is expected to remain expansionary in the near term to stabilize the economy and to invest in social and infrastructure sectors.

7SDG 8

10.6027/9789289349291-4-en

0186ddb4e384b5a261191e81ef37644d

Often, numbers are derived from other processes, e.g. costed low carbon development strategies, yet it is difficult to ascertain whether the numbers were derived from a detailed cost analysis or based on broader extrapolations. In general, the methodological challenges associated with the economic assessment of mitigation and adaptation seem to be widely underestimated. A robust estimation of finance needs requires deep understanding and analysis of the specific policy and market context, in particular on barriers to the implementation of climate compatible alternative technologies or processes, and the elaboration of corresponding and sound investment plans.

12SDG 13

10.1177/1023263X0100800108

018784adae3a55c5a3e2e240648ff134

The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (‘the Charter’) is an impressive document. It lists numerous fundamental rights and freedoms in a clear and ‘robust’ way. It brings together for the first time, in a single document, classical human rights, social and economic rights, as well as rights and freedoms already known from the EC/EU Treaties (free movement, non-discrimination, EU citizenship rights, etc.). These rights are, moreover, classified and organized in a new and quite original fashion – six Chapters, dealing with Dignity, Freedoms, Equality, Solidarity, Citizens’ Rights, Justice. Limitations and exceptions to the rights and freedoms set out in these first six parts of the Charter are almost non-existent. The claim that the Charter indeed makes fundamental rights more ‘visible’ to the citizens of the Union (after enlargement to the East some 480 million people) is thus not without foundation.

15SDG 16

10.6027/9789289329583-1-en

0187d2a4a7ac667a3fea47e673c1afd8

The characteristics of the markets for health insurance and health care make the expansion of health care challenging. These characteristics determine the trade-offs between various objectives and overall goals in the health sector and constitute health economics as a separate field of applied economics. The authors of this issue of the Nordic Economic Policy Review have been invited to deal with some of the main challenges in the financing and organisation of health care in a Nordic setting.

2SDG 3

10.1787/eco/surveys-isr-2013-5-en

0188551040aac519277a653f56d73b0e

Training courses for “associate nurses”, which was a less advanced qualification compared to registered nurses, were terminated in 2007. This, along with the rapid expansion of training for registered nurses, does suggest a need to enhance the supply of “lower end” nursing skills. Indeed, this has been recognised by the authorities, for instance in the Planning Committee’s wide ranging recommendations.

2SDG 3

10.18356/3dfe8660-en

01891c007cb01754894eef7c4efa16af

In societies that began with high inequality, elites can establish a legal framework that locks in their influence, which in turn enables them to maintain high inequality to their benefit. Take, for example, the Americas, where three distinct types of colonies took shape in the 1700s, depending on the initial conditions of soil, climate and native inhabitancy. The distribution of wealth and human capital was extremely unequal, advantaging the elite who could assemble large companies of slaves.

0SDG 1

10.1080/00131911.2013.812062

018c672d2eceebe2cf27c0fbb3fc6bb1

Authentic leadership has attracted recent empirical research from a wide range of social science disciplines interested largely in its relationship to human resource management and organisational effectiveness. In contrast, the focus of this study is specifically on the philosophical foundations of authentic leadership and their implications for leadership practice and continuing professional development. It emphasises the contribution of virtue ethics by identifying key moral and intellectual virtues associated with authenticity and how they can provide an ethical framework for action guidance in the school leadership context. The paper concludes with suggestions for future research based on more interdisciplinary and international comparative studies, especially in non-Western societies and cultural contexts, both to deepen and broaden our understanding of authentic-ethical leadership and its impact.

15SDG 16

10.14217/9781848590724-3-en

018ea3d96138d59a5796c76122415a9c

The goals are to improve health,14 safety, economic development, social development and so on (see, for example, Khan and Muir (2006: 8), who partially review the literature). Flint and Kearns (2006) report, for example, on reliance on registered social landlords in Scotland as a mechanism for developing social capital in deprived communities. Thus, in collaboration with the Institute for Research on Public Policy (IRPP), the London Borough of Camden carried out two surveys of social capital in the area, in 2002 and 2005.

9SDG 10

10.1787/9789264292659-4-en

019094d37e0e41227e3164092cffff6c

It is bad if it generates undue transaction costs and does not respond to place-based needs (OECD, 2015). In addition, a range of OECD committees and subsidiary bodies carried out extensive consultation, including the Environment Policy Committee and its Working Party on Biodiversity, Water and Ecosystems, the Public Governance Committee and its Working Party of Senior Public Integrity Officials, the Development Assistance Committee, the Committee on Investment, and the Committee on Agriculture. Broader principles of good governance apply to the water sector, and water governance outcomes can also be contingent on progress in other domains of the water policy framework.

5SDG 6

10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en

01942c36ba48e886d31bd25be57fb6d6

Next, employment and welfare officers develop an individual action plan for the client through a joint interview. The client is registered for work at the PES office and is referred to vacancies once his or her job preparation is completed. The Employment Support Programme for welfare recipients (cont.)

7SDG 8

10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-26-en

0196cc1a899fa1d1b305eb6f34ef9628

The aquaculture industry contributes about NZD 226 million of this value. Seafood exports have consistently ranked as New Zealand’s fourth or fifth largest export earner but dropped to eighth in 2007. Important inshore and shellfish species include spiny rock lobster, paua, and snapper. New Zealand’s most valuable capture fishery species on a weight and export value basis is hoki.

13SDG 14

10.18356/4bdc1a8f-en

01987a5f6be8f2399226dabbe2ac44c3

In addition to the excessive concentration of property, the poor functioning and resulting segmentation of labour markets bring about and reinforce the inequality of opportunities and outcomes so typical of Latin America. The increased labour-market flexibility promoted in most countries under the development model adopted in the 1980s failed to lead to faster growth in labour demand, rather, it introduced job insecurity for a high proportion of workers. Moreover, in conjunction with the increasing instability of employment, social benefits tended to be linked to employment contracts. Thus, the relatively unproductive and uncompetitive informal sector persisted, and many workers moved towards own-account work characterized by low income levels, lack of regulation and exclusion from social protection systems, in particular from social security and health care.

9SDG 10

10.1787/9789264268852-5-en

019b14885fbb993fa6f875a118d16c56

For instance, the akim of Astana recently recognised that many of Astana's current inhabitants are unregistered and therefore not accounted for in official statistics. Unofficial population estimates exist for large cities such as Astana, Almaty City and Shymkent. A systemic underestimation of actual population by official statistics in large uiban centres has many potential adverse consequences. City and regional administrations need accurate population figures to plan for uiban development and local services such as schools, hospitals and public transport.

10SDG 11

10.18356/b276eed7-en

019c48034c68914bcff8b50339a91ced

Clearly, in such a framework, each component must be coordinated with the others in order to achieve social policy objectives (see diagram IV.l). It is also responsible for ensuring that the entire population has access to social services and making sure that the services are adequate in terms of coverage and quality. However, social protection is not responsible for service delivery, which requires specialist management.

0SDG 1

10.14217/9781848591516-7-en

01a502c10cbfc927c341be5c1e3e91ca

Where there is no identified father there may be no birth certificate or other form of registration (which is a precursor to education), primary health care and forms of assistance such as food or cash transfers. In the research for Who Cares?, Even where there is community identification of the most needy, orphaned children of ‘unmarried’ mothers can be subject to discriminatory treatment. Swaziland has the highest prevalence rate of HIV in the world.

0SDG 1

10.1787/e0796071-en

01a5a090750f0fdd46a39a17b3a7a8c2

Une telle decomposition par categorie UICN n'etait jusqu’a present pas disponible. Conjugue a d'autres informations sur les aires protegees, ce nouvel indicateur permet de mieux comprendre l’ampleur et la direction des efforts de conservation deployes par les pays. Par exemple, certains pays ont etabli des aires protegees sur une part relativement importante de leur domaine maritime, tandis que d’autres doivent encore se doter de reseaux d’aires protegees dignes de ce nom. En revanche, il ne repond pas a certaines questions importantes et utiles pour Faction politique, a savoir dans quelle mesure les aires protegees preservent la biodiversite nationale ou mondiale, ou de determiner si leur gestion ou leur mise en oeuvre est efficace.

14SDG 15

10.1787/9789264276116-7-en

01a5a418f3c496d0dff51cbf8b159683

Similarly, language development starts at the middle level, increases to the high level at around ages 1-2, slightly decreases towards age 4, and will continue to decrease towards the middle and low levels from then on. Numeracy starts with the low level, increases rapidly from ages 1-3, gradually decreases but will be maintained at the high level from age 4 (Figure 5.1 and OECD, 2015b). Children who are already falling behind in the first few years of their childhood face greater obstacles to catch up and succeed at school and beyond (Naudeau et al., Participation in early childhood education is crucial.

3SDG 4

10.18356/8d5cb67b-en

01a68278ef1388edd551e7bd47dfcc6e

The Framework builds on the lessons learned from the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005—2015, noting that disasters continue to undermine efforts to achieve sustainable development. Over the last ten years 700,000 people lost their lives in disaster events, 1.4 million were injured, and approximately 23 million were made homeless as a result of disasters.

8SDG 9

10.18356/5e29aba4-en

01a6d2508b5f53413364e5d0db55c9c1

Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Marriage, Motherhood and Masculinity in the Global Economy: Reconfigurations of Personal and Economic Life, IDS Working Paper No. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies. Drivers of Female Labor Force Participation During India's Economic Boom, IZA Discussion Papers 6395, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).

4SDG 5

10.18356/d19a5f58-en

01a788e567ccea5885aa5d6c33f79ebc

This is important in MODA as its primary focus is not on composite indices. However, the equal weighting scheme is also used when a composite index is presented within MODA.21 Evidently, other choices can be made and defended when the objectives of the analysis are different. To avoid making arbitrary decisions, the current interactive applications of MODA present the outcomes for all possible cut-off points, and thus incorporate all three methods. The union approach is used to identify all of the deprived, since any deprivation is seen as a non-fulfilment of children's rights.

0SDG 1

10.1787/9789264268852-7-en

01a9b2d2bc1276d9653af4ba38363941

Regions contribute to the budget at different levels, and it is necessary to equalise their budget income. In Kazakhstan, the disparities in regional development are the basis of the unequal revenue position of local budgets and thus determine the essential role of interbudget relations, such as subsidies and earmark transfers. Transfers to SNGs thus include funds from the equalisation of oblasts' tax revenues to reduce disparities. On the whole, general (non-earmarked) budget transfers are based on a complex system of formulas that tries to capture the difference in the cost of providing public services in each oblast, district or city.

10SDG 11

10.1787/9789264098473-10-en

01ab51fac9f5f9da81f689f908088d05

Aquaculture can cause local eutrophication of rivers, fjords or coastal waters. The Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs (MOFI) has developed a strategy to address these issues (MOFI, 2009a). Compared to the total number of fish farmed, the number of escapes is particularly high for cod and, to a lesser extent, for trout.

13SDG 14

10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en

01ae2350ef2becd09ce26a38d5a072bf

The slower gross domestic product (GDP) growth was due to lower than expected exports and a decrease in public expenditure and foreign direct investment. A reduced influx of hard currency assisted the devaluation of the metical (MZN) against the US dollar and pressured the balance of payments. This was halted only by a USD 282.9 million standby credit facility agreement with the International Monetary Fund in December 2015. The budget deficit was reduced from 6.6% in 2014 to 5.4% in 2015.

10SDG 11

10.1787/9789264233874-4-en

01b2ab07f747670ff854137f666d7a4b

Utilisation of food through adequate diet, clean water, sanitation and health care to reach a state of nutritional well-being where all i isa ion physiological needs are met. This brings out the importance of non-food inputs in food security. They should not risk losing access to food as a consequence of sudden shocks (e.g. an economic or climatic crisis) or cyclical events (e.g. seasonal food insecurity).

1SDG 2

10.1787/9789264210745-6-en

01b57af27c4a89b28b9afff0a834d767

Strategies and Good Practices of States and Social Partners in Europe”, Belgium, http:// igvm-ieflLbelgium.be/nl/binaries/45%20-%20Gender%20pay%20gap_tcm336-112122.pdf. A Comment on International Development Agency Experiences in the South”, International Feminist Journal of Politics, Vol. Gender Mainstreaming, Women’s Movements and the Canadian Federal State,” Atlantis, Volume 29:2. Gender and Mainstreaming?”,

4SDG 5

10.1787/9789264203914-8-en

01b5fad24ca7750b901a5a54947a4807

As the seat of the Curitiba City Council, the IPPUC is also an important venue for citizen participation in city affairs. The institute’s research and planning activities are behind every innovation in urban management in Curitiba, including the bus-based rapid transport system, the first municipal public health system in Brazil, the public parks-based flood control system, the community-based waste management system and the effective use of a pay-for-FAR (floor area ratio) mechanism of value capture from the land markets (solo criado). The IPPUC prepares plans and projects, raises and manages resources for their implementation, co-ordinates investments in infrastructure, and researches and disseminates good practices.

10SDG 11

10.18356/01772a94-en

01b60c0d846eabd6c60a35a784b7b0d7

The figures above confirm that monetary poverty and multidimensional deprivation are two different concepts that complement each other when analysing child poverty. Since the correlation between multidimensional deprivation and GDP per capita has been found to be only moderately strong (see Figure 13) the regression has been made more robust by including various control variables. The regression is weighted by the countries' population size. In other words, 63.6%, or just below 300 million children in the 45 countries of sub-Saharan Africa are multidimensionally poor, being deprived in two to five dimensions of basic child rights out of a total of five dimensions analysed per child. Among the children in the 28 selected countries (361 million children in total), 181 million children (50%) are living below the extreme poverty line of $1.25 a day, and 244 million children (67.5%) are multidimensionally deprived.

0SDG 1

10.18356/2c8682bc-en

01b74a0dc88fedb7866d631ee9ad6ecc

It notes the inadequacy of the treatment given to this subject over the years by the different schools of economics, before going on to set out just why this dimension is essential to an understanding of system functioning. It also deals with the conceptual, methodological and economic policy implications of incorporating this dimension of analysis, and with its relevance to the effort to carry forward an agenda that addresses the economic dimensions of gender inequity. In order that everyone might understand it, the world has been represented in stylized and simplified forms. Capitalist societies are thus understood as a system of relationships between households, firms and the State.

4SDG 5

10.1787/9789264231160-5-en

01b87c70951b8a904a20d969dc79fbd3

It also encourages opportunities of: (1) new innovation and technologies, (2) new business models and investment strategies, (3) remodelling of the existing housing stock. This demographic change is occurring in both the rural and urban United States. Providing appropriate health and social care services to low- and middle-income seniors in rural areas is particularly difficult. Most senior households in rural areas are in scattered single-family homes, rather than communal settings. Transport to and from health and social care services such as hospitals, senior centres or meal programmes is a key challenge, given the lower housing density and service coverage.

10SDG 11

10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en

01b9164acf018962a237ea4e01246f83

However, the fact that the post-Apartheid society started off with such a high level of inequality certainly adds an ominous note to this trend. Given the skewed distribution of human and physical assets that undergirds these trends, it is unsurprising that there has not been a dramatic improvement in money-metric poverty over the early years of the post-Apartheid period. More recent years have witnessed stronger gains against poverty.

9SDG 10

10.1787/5jxsr7vr78f7-en

01bcb6fd2d0bbc0f973cb00ef97bc945

The Age 19 estimates come from the Elmira site, (a) Is based on group reading and math achievement test scores and is in percentile units, (b) Uses student self-reports on domains such as anxiety, depression, somatisation, and withdrawal to assess if students pass a clinical threshold, based on the Achenbach Child Behaviour Checklist (Achenbach and Rescorla, 2001). ( Attains 5% significance level. The Jamaican Supplementation Study (JSS) was one of the few with a long-term follow-up.9 Like NFP, JSS targeted health and parenting skills. This randomised programme consisted of a two-year nutritional and stimulation programme for stunted children (low height for age), aged 9-24 months at the start of the programme.

3SDG 4

10.18356/74f4872a-en

01bd4068d4695af6a4806bf68964a073

Promoting such a system, from generation to delivery to the end users, requires long-term investment in large-scale projects, it also involves risks and uncertainty and therefore requires detailed planning (Markard, 2011). But its provision dramatically increases both economic productivity and quality of life. In rural areas, access to affordable energy can boost farm productivity because of its uses in pumping water for irrigation, mechanization, agricultural processing and post-harvest storage. Developing a domestic eneigy industry has multiple benefits, because of jobs created in system maintenance and repairs, billing and administration, and power plant operation and distribution, in addition to backward linkages and new domestic markets (UNCTAD, 2017). Positive feedback effects are created as energy provision supports transportation and information and communication technologies (ICTs), which in turn assist in eneigy generation and distribution. The design of transportation systems shapes social transformations, and how populations and businesses settle and interact (NCE, 2014, Atack et al.,

8SDG 9

10.18356/2640b601-en

01bf859afb596b5679c13eee9036d8d7

First introduced commercially in 1958, up-scaling potential was largely saturated in 1969 with the Boeing 747 (see Figure 3.2). During the formative phase, technologies are repeatedly and iteratively tested, modified, improved, reduced in cost, and adapted to market demands. This often takes place in market niches that offer some protection from competitive pressures (Kemp et al.,

6SDG 7

10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en

01bfa868862bc47a54ed50c0b5924e22

However, the analysis presented here is mainly concerned with the short-term effects of CTs. The income effect suggests that if leisure is a normal good, labour supply will drop when household income increases. In the emerging economies, where benefit levels are fairly low in comparison with those in the OECD countries, the expected impact on labour supply is likely to be small.44 In addition, CT programme beneficiaries in emerging economies are generally very poor and the income elasticity of leisure is likely to be low.

9SDG 10

10.1016/J.POLSOC.2015.12.003

01bfc883279b1fc30583b1cde51f22f1

This article examines the relationship between national varieties of capitalism and firm engagement with the norms and best practices promoted within the global organisational field for corporate social responsibility (CSR). Using a content analysis of the CSR reports of US and European firms, we show that firms from the coordinated market economies (CME) of Europe engage more substantively with labour and human rights than their US counterparts that operate in a liberal market economy (LME). The environmental commitments of firms in both regions, however, are more developed than practices related to these social issues. These findings support the view that CSR is more developed in CMEs than LMEs, but limit this support to social CSR issues. We posit that firms’ higher levels of engagement with environmental CSR likely reflect the extent to which environmental norms have become embedded in global markets rather than how CSR is promoted by national capitalist systems.

15SDG 16

10.1787/5jlpl4mh1hxn-en

01c00b8ad04f55efa35102a1e913d234

Africa Gender Equality Index 2015, African Development Bank, Abidjan, http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/ Documents/Publications/Afric an_Gender_Equality_lndex_2015-EN.pdf. Gender, Poverty and Environmental Indicators on African Countries, Vol XV, African Development Bank. Regional Road Map, OECD/SWAC, Paris, https://www.oecd.

1SDG 2

10.1787/9789264267817-6-en

01c3eb12a6239bda9eab620a45a72a81

This work is legally assigned to the State Ministry for Sustainable Development, together with verifying the consistency of Local Ecological Zoning Programmes that are reviewed by the State Ministry and its federal counterpart (Ministry for the Environment and Natural Resources, SEMARNAT). However, the responsibility for licences or binding permits is that of the issuing of authority that controls such a programme, i.e. the state government for regional programmes and municipalities for municipal programmes. At this level of spatial planning, growing areas or territorial reserves to be used in the future are defined.

10SDG 11

10.1787/9789264279551-5-en

01c4492646762a885960b69daf61455c

In Germany and Portugal, the relationship between drought severity and damage to crop production is linear. In France, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Denmaik, Austria, Hungary and Romania, damages to crop increase at a decelerating pace as drought severity increases. Interestingly, historical data show that crop production in Finland and Norway actually increases with drought severity. The dynamic of water risks determines the potential irreversibility of their impacts and the possible responses from the sector.

5SDG 6

10.1787/9789264097803-10-en

01c45e3ff69d7941371a987f80d59853

Science parks tended to fall from favour and became a less prominent policy tool, although still maintaining their own networks and policy support community. Parks were oriented towards large firms seeking to establish research facilities near a university environment, in the hope that firms would develop research contracts with universities. In the case of Stanford, the land was owned by the university.

8SDG 9

10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en

01cb75c2b693ad4289f97c7f46f855df

The teacher teams also offered opportunities for teachers to reflect and talk about their teaching practice, even if some of the interviewed teachers admitted that much meeting time was used for administrative discussions. These teacher teams were often in charge of school development in general and supported the school leader in implementing policy changes. One school leader explained the importance of giving teachers good explanations of why the school needed to work on AfL, before explaining how he had used policy documents and research articles as evidence for why this was important. He emphasized the importance of treating teachers with respect since they are highly educated and will not do something just because the Minister has introduced a new programme. Overall, the school leaders described practices that emphasized participation, sharing responsibility and cooperation. These structures can be seen as signs of successful implementation strategies, and some of the schools visited were able to build a sustainable environment for AfL practice through these networks.

3SDG 4

10.1787/5jxrjncwxv6j-en

01cfc718967be103cf09934435e322b2

Since its beginning in the early 1990s, the empirical growth literature has extended equation A3.8 to account for a variety of long run growth determinants (as public and social capital, trade openness, financial development, quality of institutions etc.). Early works focussing on the role of inequality include Persson and Tabellini (1994) and Alesina and Rodrik (1994). Moreover, equation A3.8 can be estimated for any time interval.

9SDG 10

10.18356/4f37250d-en

01d4008eb6be00a006824995f6e8dcc4

The United Nations University (UNU) Zero Emissions Forum (ZEF) constructed a wider-ranging concept to expand the one used in Europe and America. It covers reduction of energy and materials consumption, reuse of used products, recycling of materials, use of renewable energy and zero waste from factories. In addition, ZE is designed to create a recycling society, the concept involves not emitting polluting gases or sewage and waste from the community. Ricoh, the world’s largest maker of photocopiers, and many other international companies are now implementing environmental management systems based on the zero-emission concept.

11SDG 12

10.1787/9789264179011-7-en

01d5f6fc8eb729c9f8227b92cb30bb5b

Once calculated these all these marketing margins were subtracted from the relevant border reference price. Indonesia’s PSEs: What and how? ( It incorporates transfers to provincial and district governments for agriculture programmes. However, it does not include local co-financing, as there is no data on this.

1SDG 2

10.18356/5e7977af-en

01daf4ee8ffcfe4244044d146a9da8c4

However, people's daily lives are subject to numerous restrictions on this freedom. Time is, therefore, a resource that is limited throughout life. The more time people spend at work, the less they have for other activities, such as family responsibilities and rest. Reductions in working hours —one of the most common demands from workers' movements for much of the twentieth century— have been made with a view to safeguarding workers' physical and mental health.

0SDG 1

11.1002/pub/80ec6ed2-7d834385-en

01dbcab6b433b93b88c4c7f6615f269c

Daylight is also harvested for the use of the building, as facilitated by the light shelves integrated into the window walls for increased efficiency. The installation of workstation task lighting reduced the power needed for additional lighting. Energy is also generated through the wind turbines that are installed along the facade of the SFPUC building, and three roof top solar platforms that collect solar energy.

8SDG 9

10.18356/641d54a4-en

01dfd364650c6c98f022df1e46a03575

Low revenue from forestry and closures of local mills have exacerbated these problems. This issue affects many parts of the region, but especially the large forest areas of ECE West and East, where climate and geography exacerbate the problem. Possible remedies include infrastructure development (transport, communication), targeted subsidies to communities or local industries for job creation, support to small and medium size enterprises, vocational training and other adapted measures, entrepreneurship. Above all, the forest and forest industries should be managed with the interests of the local communities in mind, and structural changes, when necessary, should be managed gradually and humanely.

14SDG 15

10.18356/899c7c48-en

01e17bf4198a22e0562b96ef21578530

For instance, the coefficient of -0.03 in 2012 (Model 1 in Table A5) means that the difference of lOppt in the MIP indicator (say, between Belgium (50%) and the Czech Republic (40%) in 2011) is associated with 35% greater odds of a child being poor in 2012, all else being equal.28 Using the coefficients from the model, Figure A3 in the Annex shows a steady decrease in the predicted probability of a child being poor across the range of values of the MIP indicator. Thus, children in countries with more generous minimum income protection schemes are less likely to be poor during the crisis, but the generosity of social assistance could be picking up the effect of the overall size of the welfare state. When social spending is entered in the model, the MIP effect becomes smaller and less precisely estimated, remaining significant only in 2009 and 2012 (model 2 Table A5).

0SDG 1

10.1787/eco/surveys-gbr-2013-4-en

01e81a04540d09fcd2323094afb7685c

Taking Stock of In-Work Benefits and Related Measures across the OECD”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. The Drivers of Labour Income Inequality - A Literature Review”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. A renewed critique of productivity pessimism”, Centre for Business Research, University of Cambridge.

9SDG 10

10.1787/9789264113749-en

01e835c91426e2004df9b58aacf3076e

Table 2.2 illustrates some of the different ways in which government and students share the costs at secondary level. Fees are subject to government guidelines in public sector. Most programmes, although ‘upper secondary' in terms of ISCED level, are outside the school sector. The OECD International Survey of VET Systems, OECD, Paris.

3SDG 4

10.1787/0492621a-en

01eade64240d9cdbe82425d88f18dc8b

The authors are grateful to the model's author, Mr. Luis Martinez, Modeller and Analyst at the ITF. For editorial support the authors thank Ms. Edwina Collins, Content Production Co-ordinator, ITF, Ms. Katherine Farrow, Modeller and Analyst, ITF, and Michael Kloth, Head of Communications, ITF. Further support was provided by Mr. Luke Mackle, Consultant, and Ms. Tabea Klang, former Consultant, both of the Eurasia division. Final editorial and visual support was provided by Ms Vanessa Berry-Chatelain, Communications Manager, OECD Global Relations Secretariat.

8SDG 9

10.1787/9789264083660-7-en

01ef5e6e3f5acc0ad258a9c69f130bd6

The latter offers separate products for water and sanitation, through the Safe Water and Rural Environmental Sanitation Program (SWRESP). In 2007, the amount of loans for SWRESP was USD 20 million. This initiative, supported by USAID Environmental Services Program, is to be scaled up countrywide with a target of 10 000 connections by 2009.

5SDG 6

10.1787/9789264305274-7-en

01f393ce6de9e2a8e9f862064f47212d

The questionnaires also identify additional indicators of educational success beyond performance on the PISA test. These indicators comprise, for example, questions about educational attainment, health and well-being, and attitudes towards school and learning. The out-of-school instruments gather much of the same data as the school-based instruments, as well as data on barriers to school attendance and factors that may impede students' progress through school.

3SDG 4

10.18356/81e6e689-en

01f4178a0190acb3fdd0e1a7ffb514e0

In such a system, there is no need for collateral, as the financier becomes a co-owner of the business. In Africa, for example, over 90 per cent of the rural population access land through customary mechanisms. In addition to customary law, property rights are influenced by a range of other legal, cultural and normative frameworks, including religious laws and practices, international treaties, and development project regulations.

0SDG 1

10.1787/9789264196155-4-en

01f55195bc4497596b87eb7701456770

Nearly 20% of employed youth were in low-paid work compared to 12% on average for the country. A high percentage of people among the elderly (34%) are still working, while only 27% receive a pension, reflecting the nascent status of the pension system. There have been significant improvements in narrowing gender gaps at all levels of education and in providing health treatment and health insurance coverage. However, as in most countries in the world, women in Viet Nam earn substantially less than men.

9SDG 10

10.1787/5jzb6w1rt99p-en

01f824cc56b1133d4d83360e5cbb62ee

In comparison to the 40 countries covered in the OECD’s Education at a Glance study, Brazil is placed in the bottom quarter of countries with respect to expenditure on early childhood education relative to GDP (OECD, 2012a). In Denmark, France and Sweden a sizeable proportion of childhood education workers are required to have specialised training (Moss, 2000). The Brazilian Federal Ministry of Education operates a distance-learning programme for ECE educators called Prolnfantil, on which efforts to improve training could build.

9SDG 10

10.1787/a09a3a5d-en

01f8cff31274f983e8bd84a0ca299f43

Prospects for many others worsen: routine middle-skilled tasks are increasingly being automated, while jobs at the lower end of the skills distribution are seeing increased demand but are associated with low wages and low levels of job security. This growing polarisation in the labour markets may further exacerbate inequalities (Berger and Frey, 2016, OECD, 2011a). For purposes of this discussion, “social inclusiveness” is defined as the extent to which individuals in a country, independently of their socio-economic background, gender, age, ethnic origin, religion or place of residence, have the capacity and the opportunity to participate in innovation activities.

8SDG 9

10.1787/5kg7068011hb-en

01f9199808a233a92636bdf07d6ed2b1

These real and perceived risks generally result in financing that is more costly than that which is available to more traditional generation sources.9 As the IPCC (2011) points out, to operate effectively, markets rely on timely, appropriate and truthful information. But energy markets are far from perfect, and this is especially true of markets in technological and structural transition, such as the RE market. Thus, as a result of insufficient information, underlying project risk can tend to be overrated and transaction costs can increase as compared to conventional fossil fuel technologies. Often, the viability of a specific investment is dependent upon a particular policy regime remaining in place, and this is a major risk that equity and debt (banks) investors will need to evaluate before deciding on the financing parameters for the project.

6SDG 7

10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en

01fb573cca34ec038f59159f9da7dcbf

The exact areas of cultivation and volumes of production are difficult to ascertain because a large share of output takes place on small farms for self-consumption or sale at local markets. Over the past decade, increasing emphasis has been given to the production of organics and targeted technical assistance and support measures are being extended to family farm units engaged in this type of cultivation. In terms of total volumes, the most important fruit is pineapple.

1SDG 2

10.18356/2c271815-en

01fce1e3f46ef3a86162463fe3dbf089

The situation in the poorest quintile was slightly unfavourable to women aged 15 and over on this particular indicator (see table 1.4). For example, table I.A1.4 of the statistical annex shows that, in 2013, Chile had the smal lest gap in secondary school completion rates between the top and bottom quintiles, with the poorest quintile's rate being 79% of the richest quintile's.30 Next came the Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela and Argentina, with figures of 65% and 61 %, respectively. The countries with the biggest gaps between the top and bottom quintiles were Honduras and Guatemala.

0SDG 1

10.6027/9789289329651-8-en

01fd4e7f8cf56c08982f8f245e3d9f3a

However, we lack knowledge of the more specific distribution of carbon stocks with various environmental properties or in relation to forest types. Hence, there are currently limited opportunities of relating the distribution of forest biodiversity to carbon stocks via specific variation in forest environmental properties. The relevant data should exist in national forest inventories and could be related to relevant environmental properties, but as far as we know such analyses are mostly lacking and only rather coarse relationships can be described at the Nordic level (cf chapters 5 and 6.1).

14SDG 15

10.18356/36aba0c4-en

01feed76be2ab9ecb3e7fa9a023131ca

Explicitly incorporating women's traditional work in agriculture, for example, in seed selection and preservation to maintain crop biodiversity, is important in these analyses. Moreover, gender inequality in land rights and access to resources, as well as in the burden of unpaid care work, poses substantial barriers to greening agriculture in sustainable and pro-poor ways (Herren and others, 2012). These include energy, construction, transportation and, among basic industries, aluminium, iron and steel (ILO, 2012). In manufacturing, the emphasis is on introducing clean processing techniques and controlling pollution, with less of an apparent total employment effect (International Labour Foundation for Sustainable Development, 2009).

4SDG 5

10.1787/9789264088757-11-en

0202518531b5222e161c47bc6c10a8a9

This trend is certainly associated with the reform that separated the leading sector institution (SAPTE) from the ministry, and upgraded it with autonomy and a quasi-ministerial level in the government. It would be worth exploring the potential of local resources to fund local VET projects and initiatives. Thus in 2009 salaries represent approx 46% of total central budget, and food - 27.3% (up from 22% in 2007).

3SDG 4

10.1787/9789264095830-12-en

02040793c81cdd8bb62f9c7ae84504f4

These studies examined the increasing participation levels of Asian women in business ownership. An interesting finding of the researches in the United Kingdom (Dhaliwal, 1998 and 2007, Ram and Jones, 1998) is that Asian women are not strongly represented in self-employment because there is a tendency for some women entrepreneurs to be “invisible” and their existence unacknowledged. These “hidden” women (Dhaliwal, 1998) say it is their husband, father or brother who run the business and they are masking the extent of their role even if they are playing a pivotal role in the management of the business.

4SDG 5

10.1787/eag-2018-3-en

020468ff422ac3ef79cb449c8a50b818

At the class or school level, however, weaker or disadvantaged students are often intentionally grouped and placed in smaller classes so that they receive more individual attention. At the school level, therefore, the observed relationship between class size and student achievement is often positive, suggesting that students in larger classes perform better than students in smaller classes. At higher levels of aggregation, the relationship between student achievement and class size is further confounded, by the socio-economic intake of individual schools or by factors relating to the learning culture in different countries. Therefore, to interpret the indicators, it is important to fully understand the relationships between them.

3SDG 4

10.1080/09687599.2015.1066664

0206102b5cd6b360bc7e488960dee858

In this article I argue that disabled people in the United Kingdom have been tipped into an abyss of counterfeit citizenship. They have been smeared as ‘false mendicants’ – an old trick well documented in the historical archives of ableism. Neoliberalism has used this repertoire of invalidation – its noxious taint of cunning and fraud – as the ‘moral justification’ for welfare reform and for the pillory and notoriety into which the entire disabled community has been placed. Austerity – through the neoliberal politics of resentment – has made disabled people its scapegoat. I argue that a historical precedent for the contemporary demonisation of disabled people as counterfeit citizens can be found in the early modern period in the mythology of the ‘sturdy beggar’.

15SDG 16

10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en

02073f0b657ead0e5978c20daeb37f0a

For the case studies, national definitions of smallholder will be considered. These definitions emphasise income sources and the ability of farm households to transition either into commercially successful farm operations or out of farming altogether. Sometimes the definition includes a minimum share of farm labour that is contributed by the farmer’s family (FAO, 2014).

1SDG 2

10.1787/9789264187894-6-en

020b3d51311692021c7054243fd60fb4

The existence or creation of linkages between policy areas would provide a coherent institutional architecture and enhance water policy efficiency. It would also ensure that investment plans better reflect basin priorities and that public expenditures across sectors are better aligned with water policy objectives. The potential for policy coherence at the watershed level could be improved through the systematic involvement of river basin organisations and councils, this is an area that needs to be further exploited. In particular, the Agenda foresees the creation of a Ministry of Land Use Planning for a long-term land-use planning strategy, a National Observatory of Sustainable Land Use Planning, and a National Development Planning Institute to ensure the long-term harmonisation among different sectoral and territorial development policies in Mexico. Such tools would help move from traditional ad hoc bilateral discussions between CONAGUA and other agencies (CONAFOR, SEDESOL, SAGARPA, etc.) The current institutional set-up for dealing with climate change issues might serve as an example to mobilise key institutions of the federal public administration towards policy coherence (see Box 1.10).

5SDG 6

10.1787/9789264190320-16-en

020da29a6bbc1124b7f9ea5b0a680625

A tailored approach may be required as basins are faced with specific challenges and are endowed with distinctive capacities. Building on institutions such as CONAGO, IMTA and ANEAS, there is ample room to collect, review and benchmark success stories, innovative mechanisms or institutional organisations in support of effective decision making, and better water policies at all levels. This is concrete implementation of the commitments related to human rights, anticorruption and democratic governance mentioned in the Pact.

5SDG 6

10.18356/4a2e8e2d-en

0211359319e74687bc8b31b4c4ea07a6

Some stakeholders have emphasized that problems are typically already known (e.g. conflicts arising from the operation of a certain dam), and that the workshops should allow much more room for the nexus dialogue and for developing solutions. It is true that, if stakeholders participate actively, the nexus dialogue may uncover important sectoral perspectives that can serve as good bases for solutions. In the Alazani/Ganykh assessment, for instance, the topic of forest degradation would not have emerged without the sectoral phases having taken place.

5SDG 6

10.1787/9789264298705-6-en

0211aacd1f87758017d7c2365476dcad

This highlights the vital tradeoffs between transparency, stability, objectivity on the one hand, and responsiveness to changing labour-market needs on the other. Possible solutions for addressing the transparency of learning programmes and responsiveness to labour-market demands are addressed in this and the following chapter. They fell to below 40 000 enrolments in 2014, in large part because of budgetary constraints and programme cuts (OECD, 2015(1|).

3SDG 4

10.18356/36b318e6-en

02141e23f41bb794c4c5fc1f8718862c

In this sense, our analysis is best described as the initial or early impacts of the crisis on children. With this caveat, our results indicate a strong relationship between country exposure to the crisis and child outcomes, with those hardest hit showing the largest increases in child poverty. Some downward trends in well-being are observed for all countries, not just those most exposed to the crisis, this is especially true for young people’s labour market outcomes.

0SDG 1

10.1787/5kmd3khjfjf0-en

02167220da9681960ba835a9c164a510

Non-funded courses with unregulated (and much higher) fees have grown in number, although they still account for only a relatively small share of tertiary education. Between 1995 and 2006, the percentage increase in student numbers at all levels was well above the OECD average (Figure 1, Panel A). And, the share of students enrolled in all levels of education in relation to the total population is very high compared with most OECD countries (Figure 1, Panel B).

3SDG 4