doi
stringlengths 10
71
| text_id
stringlengths 32
32
| text
stringlengths 119
1.42k
| sdg
uint16 1
16
| label
class label 16
classes | labels_negative
uint16 0
837
| labels_positive
uint16 0
925
| agreement
float32 0
1
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10.18356/520b80a5-en | 02b8877817cd13051521cc3677b997f5 | Commodity assets managed by financial investors have increased over the past decade from less than $10 billion to $404 billion in June 2012. Loose monetary policies of the developed world, most notably quantitative easing (QE) in the United States, along with the unwillingness of governments to regulate participants in commodity markets, have continued to draw excess funds to the commodities markets due to the markets’ comparatively high expected returns. The presence of financial investors, betting on an increase in fundamental prices due to supply shortages, serves to exaggerate price increases. | 10 | 9SDG 10
| 5 | 4 | 0.111111 |
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en | 02b8b9bbcfa4877c2506c5867ada32fa | In Amsterdam, own-source revenues are increasingly important. For example, national operational subsidies for public transport are declining, which is placing pressure on the city to both establish a more cost-effective transit system and cover operational costs in the interim. It bears noting that water boards are in a much better fiscal situation given that they can raise taxes to cover their programme needs. | 11 | 10SDG 11
| 2 | 8 | 0.6 |
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en | 02ba964b1fe9cdaa5baa953953a01d8d | Current assessments of benefits of summer fallow on clean fields suggest that in many cases it leads to erosion and nutrient leaching, unless a cover crop is employed. While chemical fertiliser can replace nutrient losses the presence of organic matter provides better physical characteristics and as well as micro-nutrients that can affect plant growth. While no-till and conservation till systems require the purchase of synthetic herbicides to be effective the initial cost of herbicides is offset by higher yields and improved soil quality. | 6 | 5SDG 6
| 3 | 1 | 0.5 |
10.18356/04b2e7d9-en | 02bac9d17475999b1e8cd569255dca67 | Strategies include building national and regional institutional capacity, cost sharing across borders, governance and regulations, enhancing access to modern energy, developing low-carbon and renewable domestic resources, improving regional energy cooperation and energy security, and promoting private sector participation in energy development. One key focus area is the development of hydropower potential, especially in the Lao People's Democratic Republic. Other activities pertaining to the energy sector include issues related to development of new and renewable sources (including small hydro), addressing the food-energy nexus, standardization and testing. These are captured in the BIMSTEC Memorandum of Understanding on Grid Interconnection. | 7 | 6SDG 7
| 1 | 2 | 0.333333 |
10.1787/85b52daf-en | 02bc156a57e6256457f3606f9a59f015 | As part of the program GIZ co-operated with Adelphi to launch the Climate Expert website to make available tools and instruments to build adaptation capacity in the private sector (GIZ, 2017). In Asia, for example, micro, small and medium-sized enterprises make up 98% of all enterprises and employ 66% of the workforce (Asian Development Bank, 2014). At a very broad level, development co-operation providers use targeted approaches to address two main barriers faced by SMEs: limited access to finance and a lack of awareness of costs and benefits of addressing environmental issues. | 13 | 12SDG 13
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.18356/935513ee-en | 02bc1c69ed8480fbe7d42a4d45db40c1 | It is important to note that the process of jointly narrowing uncertainty and disagreement may be far more useful to conflict resolution than arriving at a shared understanding of reality. This technique is especially helpful when disputes in the extractive sector are due to perceptions of environmental damage, health risks, and lost livelihoods. A third party assessment that maps and catalogues differences in expectations, and reviews compliance with promises and obligations, can help to clear up misunderstandings, uncover shortcomings and increase the realism of expectations. | 6 | 5SDG 6
| 3 | 1 | 0.5 |
10.18356/c530cc54-en | 02bd94ef75c9351a5cab9b6554e857bc | The field of ethics is vast and our discussion of ethical perspectives relevant to poverty reduction is, out of necessity, superficial. Detailed studies focusing on specific ethical perspectives are required to capture their far-reaching implications. Our intention was to demonstrate the relevance of ethics to programme design and scope, but further work is needed to extract the lessons policy designers can gain from these perspectives. | 1 | 0SDG 1
| 4 | 5 | 0.111111 |
10.1787/9789264119536-11-en | 02bdf8a760c274e918a2bfaaaf5c3a47 | There is only an approximate correspondence between transfers paid to “elderly” and “non-elderly” age groups and the functional classification used in the OECD social expenditure data. A considerable share of spending on old-age benefits is received by those drawing retirement benefits before they reach the age of 65. At the same time, a part of expenditures in the categories “incapacity related”, “housing” or “other social policy areas” may provide income support to the elderly. The decline is somewhat smaller, but still substantial, when early retirement benefits are included. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. | 10 | 9SDG 10
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
11.1002/pub/81216b38-en | 02bdf939283ced8fcfaed821870f1ac2 | Nonetheless, it should be noted that the results should be interpreted carefully as they do not necessarily represent a fully representative sample of the survey main target groups in Europe. These insights were then condensed into an interactive toolkit that supports energy and telecommunication providers in their decisions to cooperate for smart grid roll-out. Finally, the following sections provide an outlook based on the survey results about the areas where respondents to the main survey see further potential for cooperation. | 7 | 6SDG 7
| 3 | 6 | 0.333333 |
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en | 02bf921c57f520707f68af7fc003a46f | The federal government supports the expansion of ECEC, w'ith subsidies earmarked for co-financing ECEC projects run by regional and local jurisdictions (BMFSFJ, 2015a). In 2015, federal backing focused particularly on high-quality all-day care (the Kita Plus programme). Yet the bulk of ECEC costs remain the responsibility of local jurisdictions w'hich, in 2010, shouldered over two-thirds of all expenditure, while the regional governments covered most of the rest (ESSPROSS, 2010). The cost of child care for German parents is below the OECD average (see below' on child care costs in international comparison), while, in all age groups, supply continues to fall short of demand - in 2014, 32.3% of under-3s years were offered a place, while 41.5% of parents requested one (BMFSFJ, 2015a). Parents are also making increasing use of longer child care hours per week: in 2006 only a quarter of children between 3 and 6 years old were enrolled full-time (at least seven continuous hours per day) in ECEC, while the figure in 2013 was 42% (DIPF, 2014: 55). Clearly, then, German parents have benefitted from a major expansion in ECEC for young children in recent years. | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 2 | 2 | 0 |
10.18356/0ac071e9-en | 02c4376582af888c7e2728351cc0a328 | It represents around 80 per cent of total employment in LDCs and is therefore very important for these countries (International Labour Office, 2011). Table 14 provides a detailed summary of vulnerable employment and working-poor dynamics in the LDCs for the period 2000-2018. Each of these indicators has improved since 2000, but from a relatively weak base, especially in African and Asian LDCs. | 8 | 7SDG 8
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.18356/1ea53441-en | 02c4df866d28c4360c0ac1df15029f54 | Fairness suggests that finance be mobilized in proportion to responsibilities and capabilities. The basis for this is the 1992 Rio Principles of Sustainable Development and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, especially the principles of “equity” and of “common-but-differentiated responsibilities and capabilities”. A third basis for action is the Rio Principle that environmental costs be internalized and “economic instruments” used, to make the polluter/user bear the ecological costs. | 13 | 12SDG 13
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.18356/de83ab61-en | 02c515acadd2478893938cabd4b753bc | Developing countries, especially low-income ones, with relatively low rates of electricity usage, may be able to “leapfrog” into electricity generation based on renewable forms of primary energy, for instance. The question is how to enable those countries to access, utilize and, above all, afford green technologies. Technologies will need to be “transferred”’ and made accessible, since most innovation takes place in the developed countries and private corporations in those countries are the main owners of the intellectual property rights covering most green technologies. The new technologies will also need to be locked into new production processes. | 2 | 1SDG 2
| 2 | 1 | 0.333333 |
10.1787/9789264268852-4-en | 02c55ed4f2f436322e898a58c7df46fa | Environmental monitoring systems are underfunded, and environmental statistics do not always reflect the current pollution load on the environment. Kazakhstan plans to decrease the use of coal in electricity production and rely more on gas-fuelled power plants and alternative energy sources, such as solar panels and wind farms. Municipal waste collection services do not yet cover the whole population. Often municipal solid waste is dumped in sites with few, if any, engineered environmental protection systems, creating significant risks for ground water and the environment. | 11 | 10SDG 11
| 2 | 7 | 0.555556 |
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en | 02c62e442e1c4c900267978f1f12b68a | For all the estimates in the chapters, the samples were restricted to enterprises with up to 15 employees. Enterprises are defined as male or female-owned on the basis of the gender of the individual responding to the survey, who is the main owner, and/or the person with the most senior responsibilities in the management of the enterprise. The survey provides estimates for micro and small Enterprises with less than 50 employees on the national level and for 8 govemorates in the three major administrative regions (Metropolitan area, Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt). | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 1 | 3 | 0.5 |
10.1787/9789264283299-en | 02c633a8163fd198c3b333fef020327c | People live longer, although large disparities by gender and socioeconomic group remain. The Belgian health system performs well in saving the lives of people requiring acute care. One of the main challenges is to strengthen prevention and primary care to achieve further gains in population health and reduce health inequalities. | 3 | 2SDG 3
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.1787/persp/glob/dev-2012-10-en | 02c65ac48b27f67626a60f6b09011a80 | Similarly, the rapid increase in minimum wages in Indonesia during the 1990s, where the statutory minimum wage doubled in real terms between 1990 and 1996, had sizeable negative effects on manufacturing employment, reducing employment growth at plant level by an estimated 6% (Harrison and Scorse, 2010). But such large changes in minimum wages are the exception rather than the rule. Evidence, arising especially from Latin America, shows that increases in minimum wages raise rather than depress wages in the informal sector.13 In Brazil, this is known as the efeito faro 1 or “lighthouse effect”. | 10 | 9SDG 10
| 3 | 6 | 0.333333 |
10.1787/9789264281318-24-en | 02c7172acab1bc5d2914d10032edc7eb | Until recently, however, the issue had received relatively little attention and few countries have developed systematic policies to address it. Another option is to provide migrant women with access to entrepreneurship. It is a particularly effective pathway into the labour market. It affords the opportunity of engaging in gainful activity that is more flexible and easier to combine with childcare and other commitments, and where cultural barriers are less of an obstacle than regular employment. | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.14217/2d08a027-en | 02c73f8ea55480252e2438d0084edd81 | The grants were given by RGB and One UN under a joint programme on Strengthening CSOs for Responsive and Accountable Governance in Rwanda (International Centre for Not-For-Profit Law 2017). The EU also works closely with Rwandan civil society on issues such as democracy and governance, gender, electoral processes and the promotion of human rights (EU, no date). Similarly, CSOs have played an active role in peace-building, including quelling post-election violence. | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 3 | 5 | 0.25 |
10.18356/6c2a96a5-en | 02c754627d463a6a3a95361cb8d8de8f | The impacts of degraded environment on health have been increasingly recognized and their reduction stated as a major goal of the environmental protection policy, programmes and regulations. Monitoring of the quality of the main environmental media and infectious disease surveillance has been advanced. Professional capacity for public and environmental health has been strengthened with advanced methods for health surveillance and risk assessment. | 3 | 2SDG 3
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264179011-4-en | 02c96a94c1654e6c921921f1c5f68381 | Those who have no future in farming should be advised on exit strategies and those with potential would benefit from business development plans for an increased scale of operation and from advice on management practices, including risk management adapted to local conditions. Bigger farms should pay for advice service, but it should be free of charge for smallholders. Extension workers need access to new technologies and innovative agricultural research through good Internet connectivity and better upstream linkages to the R&D institutions, in particular the Assessment Institutes for Agricultural Technology (AIATs). Programmes aimed at enhancing the performance of extension services, such as the Decentralised Agricultural and Forestry Extension Project (DAFEP) and the Farmer Empowerment through Agricultural Technology and Information Project (FEATI), highlight that the private sector has been a strong co-operator and shed light on the importance of linking farmers, government and private extension services. Partnership arrangements should be encouraged to reduce the duplication of activities and better transfer private sector knowledge to farmers and extension workers. | 2 | 1SDG 2
| 2 | 3 | 0.2 |
10.1787/irtad-2013-en | 02ca0c5182079ed1f4a49a682744c578 | Unique Data Collection Form - Aggregated Data). A stay of more than 24 hours is considered as a serious injury, and less is considered a minor injury. However, since 2010, the ANSV is working with the National Health Ministry to link hospital records and the Orange Form data. This linking project was started as a pilot in two of the most populated provinces of Argentina, in order to collect data based on MAIS 3. | 3 | 2SDG 3
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.18356/bf70833b-en | 02ca234a0b687cddae40a711be2a76ed | Parties are obliged to establish early warning systems, apply and exchange best available technology and mutually assist each other. Finally, Parties shall make information about the environmental status of transboundary waters, expected scenarios and water quality objectives available to the public. Proper implementation of the Convention thus provides a good basis for the execution of these sub-regional instruments, including work on adaptation (see boxes 4 and 5 on the Rhine and the Danube). Activities regarding adaptation to climate change have started with an assessment of the state of knowledge on climate change and its expected impact on the water regime in the Rhine, published in 2009. However, as long ago as in the 1990s, important measures were being taken regarding flood risk management, increasing the basin’s adaptive capacity to respond to future expected climate changes. In the context of the implementation of the 1998 Flood Action Plan, the flood damage risk (defined as the product of damage potential (€) and the probability of flooding (per year) has been assessed. | 6 | 5SDG 6
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.18356/31959a6d-en | 02cacda49a6a94acedf3229acec87552 | Todas estas circunstancias comprometen su derecho a recibir una pension en los sistemas de pensiones que vinculan las prestaciones con el trabajo remunerado, las contribuciones y los ingresos. En el presente informe se examinan los desafiosy las restricciones a los que se enfrentan los sistemas de pensiones para alcanzar la equidad de genero y las alternativas de politicas que ayudarian a superar estos retos. La proteccion economica de la mujer en las etapas avanzadas de la vida depende actualmente de diversos factores interrelacionados, como las normas del sistema de pensiones, las condi-ciones del mercado laboral y los acuerdos familiares del pasado y el presente, entre otros. | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 3 | 10 | 0.538462 |
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en | 02d04b0701ed3ed19f0f8801b8358351 | Participants can share their experiences, encouragement and information via small group communities. For instance, Israel’s Encouraging R&D in Traditional Industry Programme incentivises firms in those industries to invest in research and development (R&D) projects through grants covering 50% of projects’ expenses (labour costs, equipment, acquisition of intellectual property, etc.). The Support Programmes for Companies from the Ultra-Orthodox and Arab Minority Communities, also in Israel, incentivise companies that have at least 33% of their share capital held by an entrepreneur of a minority group or from the ultra-Orthodox community to engage in product development projects by providing grants covering 85% of the project’s budget (up to EUR 480 000). | 9 | 8SDG 9
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.2139/SSRN.2780732 | 02d363218ca98431f0b98e877a86a3fe | This article considers the dilemma that constitutional judicial review presents to the most well-meaning of judges — that of navigating the narrow and difficult road between parliamentary supremacy and judicial oligarchy. It examines the Singapore Court of Appeal’s delineation of legal and extra-legal considerations in view of Ronald Dworkin’s theory of adjudication in determining the constitutionality of section 377A of the Penal Code in Lim Meng Suang v. Attorney General. It proposes an alternative natural law approach to constitutional judicial review based on Radbruch’s formula, which helps courts to avoid the pitfalls of judicial idiosyncrasies and usurpation of legislative mandate while staying true to constitutionalism. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 4 | 7 | 0.272727 |
10.30875/64b86eed-en | 02d5ab9134132c8a6e8ff3a3534ea016 | A core group of five donors, the European Union (EU) institutions, Japan, Korea, the United Kingdom (UK) and the World Bank Group, provided approximately two-thirds of total concessional financing over the 2006-2016 period. Various methodological difficulties arise in estimating donor support for ICT connectivity and e-commerce. Indeed, the OECD CRS categories only offer a partial reflection of the elements discussed in the World Trade Organization's (WTO) E-Commerce Work Programme. | 9 | 8SDG 9
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.1787/9789264303201-4-en | 02d7f93ca1874f74f8f8f86d279da9f5 | Such institutions will not be able to deliver on their intended objectives unless they are empowered to do so. It is perhaps timely for governments to review the existing mandates of such committees and to evaluate whether and how they can be improved so as to foster biodiversity mainstreaming. For example, in Ethiopia, environmental units are embedded within various sector ministries with the intent to mainstream environmental issues across sectors. Targeted capacity building can support gaps in technical capacity, and should be focused at both national and subnational levels. This includes developing tools and guidance to support mainstreaming at national and subnational levels, providing technical support to ministries in target countries, and promoting learning among different countries. Biodiversity-related data are often unavailable, or are unreliable and/or of insufficient quality. | 15 | 14SDG 15
| 1 | 6 | 0.714286 |
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en | 02d90ce778876f629285a2e6a2764683 | These are included in the General Services Support Estimate (GSSE). Another GSSE classified expenditure, inspection services, is described in Section 2.3. The final sub-section discusses policies that are provided to consumers specifically for the purposes of reducing the price of the goods they consume. | 2 | 1SDG 2
| 3 | 0 | 1 |
10.18356/797ccf27-en | 02e033010454213605b8a29a09b90329 | At the other extreme, several countries have made progress of less than 30%, i.e., under half of what was expected at this stage. This low rate partly reflects the “subsidy” that assumes Brazil, Chile, Ecuador and Mexico, representing about 60% of the region’s population, have already met the target (see figures 1.10 and 1.11). Whereas per capita GDP in some cases would need to grow by over 4% per year, the rates needed in other countries are below 2%, while those that have already met the target have a margin enabling them to remain in the same category despite possible reductions in per capita income. | 1 | 0SDG 1
| 2 | 7 | 0.555556 |
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en | 02e0a1641e986908d07e38991c07c3af | For example, the enhanced transparency framework will be facilitative, non-intrusive, non-punitive, respectful of national sovereignty, avoid undue burden for Parties, and both build on and enhance the transparency arrangements under the UNFCCC. Decision 1/CP.21 contains further guiding principles that are to be taken into account, such as the need to provide flexibility to those developing country Parties that need it in the light of their capacities, ensure that Parties maintain at least the frequency and quality of their current reporting, avoid duplication, and facilitate improved reporting and transparency over time. Section 3 highlights the main changes between the existing provisions and the enhanced transparency framework for mitigation and support proposed in the Paris Agreement, as well as lessons learned from existing experience under the UNFCCC. | 13 | 12SDG 13
| 1 | 5 | 0.666667 |
10.1787/9789264122840-8-en | 02e13618586ad2ea7b75b4b3760d04cf | Europe’s poorer regions tend to receive most support, although all European regions are eligible for funding under the policy’s various funds. The Structural Funds invoice a “performance reserve”, an inventive mechanism intended to encourage performance improvement by attaching explicit financial incentives to indicators and targets. The mechanism was implemented in a broader context of monitoring and evaluation activities by the EU that included a mid-term evaluation process. The reserve set aside 4% of a programme’s total budget and distributed it only if specific objectives were achieved. In consultation with the European Commission, member countries selected their own indicators, chose their own approach to assessment, and each used the mechanism differently. | 11 | 10SDG 11
| 4 | 5 | 0.111111 |
10.18356/1c11fde8-en | 02e173a721e80adb6a3c1621f51f10b0 | The Twenty-fifth Meeting of Heads of National Drug Law Enforcement Agencies, Latin America and the Caribbean, was held in San Pedro Sula, Honduras, from 5 to 9 October 2015. Among the major issues discussed were: (a) prevention, investigation and prosecution of microtrafficking and its links to transnational criminal networks, (b) border management, (c) ways to address current trends in trafficking in cocaine, and (d) curbing access to the supply of precursor chemicals. Possession for personal use will be treated as an administrative offence, similar to a traffic violation, with a 30-day period to pay the administrative fine. The amendment also allows each household to cultivate up to five cannabis plants. | 3 | 2SDG 3
| 3 | 6 | 0.333333 |
10.18356/fb3022f3-en | 02e1df42349008aa473536536d8506eb | It has been estimated that 90 per cent of all hunters paying hunting fees are from outside Romania because these fees are very' high. Hunting has become a tourism industry, with hunting clubs organizing hunting parties and providing lodges inside the hunting areas. It is a lucrative business for private landowners, who are able to keep some 80 per cent of the hunting fees. | 15 | 14SDG 15
| 1 | 2 | 0.333333 |
10.18356/9fd805e3-en | 02e33edb11769c3ccf772e31c7211e3d | In this regard, it should be kept in mind that land use planning policies aiming at rather compact cities are those, which would enable and result in a high-occupancy public transport service®. In this context, establishment of effective and efficient urban transport system requires that the necessary infrastructure, including for the various public transport modes, be built so that it is reasonably resistant to the effects of extreme weather events caused by climate change. Resilient means that negative consequences of an extreme weather event can be easily restored. Compartmentalizing is about making compartments so that an infrastructure failure can be limited to a certain area. | 11 | 10SDG 11
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.1787/5k9h296b1zjf-en | 02e40966e2113732c90be2e5619925e4 | This may partly reflect differences in questionnaire design and in responding practices. This makes it difficult to draw cross-country comparisons on the size and effect of the tax system based on household surveys. For instance, occupational pensions should be treated as capital income according to the OECD terms of reference, but in practice, they are sometimes treated as cash transfers (for instance, in France). | 10 | 9SDG 10
| 1 | 4 | 0.6 |
10.1787/9789264191761-en | 02e7243b066a283815c7680d9e504821 | In some cases, traders act as intermediaries to reduce the dependence of grain or cotton farmers on a monopsonist elevator or gin owner, or to help identify options such as direct sale of grain to flour mills depending on the state of the export market (see Chapter 3). It should be emphasised that with hyperinflation and rapid change in the product mix, all macroeconomic data up to 1995 must be treated with caution. The targets for 2015 include the following: 80% of construction materials to be provided by building materials produced in Kazakhstan, domestic oil refineries will satisfy the country’s fuel requirements, exports of metallurgical goods will double, and production of chemical goods will triple from 2009 levels. | 2 | 1SDG 2
| 2 | 2 | 0 |
10.18356/152d606d-en | 02e94ec7278e460116bf57293f31981c | Moving from committed minimum wage policies to a much fairer distribution of productivity gains and profits should be a point of departure. We shall see, but no doubt this is what politics and social straggles will be all about in the years to come. The ability to cope with adverse shocks is compromised by the lack of formal social protection, and vulnerabilities are compounded when individuals working informally face harassment by public authorities. | 1 | 0SDG 1
| 0 | 4 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264191761-en | 02ea8a62779d16ab57563eca561754c6 | Also includes hunting and services in agriculture and hunting. He calculated Kazakhstan’s effective tariff rate before joining the CU (2009), in the CU with transition tariff rates (2010-11), and in the CU with all exceptions eliminated. The results are also summarised in Table 2.24 and are broadly in agreement with those obtained by Jandosov and Sabyrova, although a direct comparison of the results from the two studies requires caution due to differences in the computations (e.g. slightly different trade periods used for weighting the tariffs). | 2 | 1SDG 2
| 2 | 2 | 0 |
10.18356/64d31d53-en | 02eb62f796f8542966a5729650e8e768 | With the focus of these goals to leave no one behind, addressing environmental concerns must consider inequality and exclusion between men and women—the social dimensions of sustainable development. The socially constructed differences between men and women are an important dimension of inequality and exclusion and must be tackled to achieve the SDGs. More than 60 percent of undernourished or chronically hungry people in the world live in the Asia-Pacific region. In rural and urban areas, seasonal variability, which pushes up the price of staples, forces households to spend more of their income on food. | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.6027/9789289345644-6-en | 02ebd7912fff12d79fcc95e4e062a17b | As discussed above in relation to biogeographical regions, the Nordic countries are nested social ecological systems. The Nordic Assessment should raise awareness of shared environmental issues and contribute to the better articulation of policy across the entire region. Furthermore, this regional assessment will be relevant to the European Union's on-going efforts to map and assess the state of ecosystems and their services in national territory [MAES] which is of importance for the Nordic EU countries. | 15 | 14SDG 15
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264179073-9-en | 02ed068ac905f4ab3f107d726d6e2989 | The limited recourse to such services may negatively impact firm development and expansion. Efforts to improve the provision of business development services are hampered by the large number of businesses operating in the informal economy. Female business owners in the informal economy only have limited access to formal support providers such as women's enterprise centres, women's business resource centres and business incubators. In addition, fewer than 5% of MENA adults are exposed to entrepreneurship content in the education system and fewer than 14% after formal education (IDRC 2010). The implication is that the low percentage of MENA women who are starting businesses (relative to the average in GEM economies) are doing it without the benefit of entrepreneurship training, information, and professional advice that would increase their know-how. | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en | 02efb19073dab9e48d7cea4b39da86a6 | These OECD-average elasticities are then applied to the country-specific changes in harmonised unemployment and output gap that were observed between 2007 and 2009. The unweighted OECD-average spending prediction based on observed declines in the output gap is just over 1% of GDP higher than actual spending. This historically low responsiveness of social spending to falling output could be sizeable enough to have weakened the automatic stabilisation effect from social spending during the 2008-09 recession, but any such effect may have been offset by the large discretionary fiscal stimulus enacted by many governments. | 10 | 9SDG 10
| 2 | 7 | 0.555556 |
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en | 02f1c1590e76a7248e3f7bfb102cde62 | However, the value of the transfer as a share of total household consumption remains very low. In beneficiary households belonging to the poorest quintile, the MB accounts for just 7 per cent of total consumption representing the inadequacy of the benefit value.26 It is no surprise therefore that the poverty reduction impact of the MB is limited. Low coverage and low transfer values limit the effectiveness of the benefit. Coverage is extremely low and more than 80 per cent of the poorest are excluded from the targeted MB. | 1 | 0SDG 1
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264216501-11-en | 02f320c7c755486db01ee0bc509e9f05 | The chapter provides a description of the Survey of Adult Skills and the differences between migrants and natives in terms of their literacy and numeracy proficiency levels. A discussion follows on the extent to which language and foreign qualifications explain part of such differences. Moreover, the chapter analyses the labour market outcomes (employment, incidence of overqualification and wages) of migrants relative to natives and discusses how these differ across migrant groups as well as the role played by literacy proficiency and other relevant factors. | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 2 | 7 | 0.555556 |
10.1787/9789264122840-8-en | 02f3444c9d739df4f980dff6782ca163 | These two high-level documents provide a lens through which to understand, but not necessarily to fully assess, the complexity of intergovernmental relations in the Gauteng city-region, for which primary research is necessary. These policies stem from the admission that despite gains in access to public services and quality of life, additional reforms are required to optimise performance. Quality and service standards have not always improved, despite massive increases in successive budgets. | 11 | 10SDG 11
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.1080/13523260.2013.771029 | 02f3dd77934c7677d5b24a7e0f127b82 | Events such as the Arab Spring in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Syria have created an urgent need for the international community to engage with a range of armed groups during and after conflict. This engagement extends beyond humanitarian, conflict resolution and counter-terrorism ends to issues of democratization and political transition of such groups in legitimate, stable, and inclusive governments. This article underlines the need to reconsider post-counter-terrorism engagement styles, which frame non-state armed groups (NSAGs) exclusively as spoilers, and stresses opportunities for state-building partnership that certain NSAGs offer. Towards this end, this article emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between different types of NSAGs, based on their sources of legitimacy, resources, reliability, and partnering potential. It concludes with four entry points that promise a strong basis for incorporating ‘legitimacy, inclusion, and resource’ considerations into the planning and implementation of fut... | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 1 | 5 | 0.666667 |
10.18356/73c3a080-en | 02f4feb0143d7e70b119abdbdb6a6758 | Some technologies with potential benefits for the electricity sector in LDCs, such as the “Internet of Things", remain out of reach for most of these countries (box 4.2). This rapidly evolving context has important implications for governance of the sector, potentially raising questions as to whether current sectoral governance arrangements remain fit for purpose (Scott, 2015). The principal pathways are outlined in figure 4.6. Planning is particularly important for electricity systems because of the mismatch between the time required to build distribution networks and that required to build generation facilities, highlighting the need for coordination of planning processes for generation and transmission (Chattopadhyay et al., | 7 | 6SDG 7
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en | 02f9bc8ec379ae8219af81275e58ffe2 | However, this analysis provides no indication as to who benefitted from this increase, by how much and for how long. The following section will seek to shed some light on these questions, focussing particularly on the support directed to the unemployed. Administrative recipiency data on unemployment benefit programmes allow for gauging their relative importance as well as its recent growth during the economic downturn. | 10 | 9SDG 10
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.1787/5jlssl611r32-en | 02fa1d1acbb3a7b1fe2d4a88306578a3 | Furthermore, some of the strongest growth has been in regions with low recharge rates as shown in Figure 7 (Burke and Villholth 2007). In OECD, surface water occupies two third of irrigated areas (OECD, 2015a). Watershed responses to reduced precipitation (including rain- and snowfall) and higher temperatures are typically amplified, due to vegetation interception and transmission loss (Arnell 2004). | 6 | 5SDG 6
| 0 | 4 | 1 |
10.18356/ca9e0bef-en | 02fa76a991b08dcd92053449141480a7 | The Technology Bank entered into arrangements with UNESCO for the preparation of the reviews of Guinea, Haiti, Sudan and Timor Leste and UNCTAD for the preparation of the review of Uganda. These findings were based on inputs by the TFM’s Interagency Task Team, the 10-Member Group of high-level representatives, eight meetings98 and sessions on the topic under the TFM umbrella99, and inputs by UNCTAD, DESA, UNU, ECLAC, ESCAP, ESCWA, ITU, ILO, WIPO, World Bank, the International Science Council and the Major Group on Children and Youth. The Interagency Task Team on Science, Technology and Innovation for the Sustainable Development Goals (IATT) subgroup on new and emerging technologies continues to collect and synthesize inputs for an updated presentation at the Fourth STI Forum in 2019. The work of the IATT on the potential and risks of technology, development and employment impacts, and on education have informed this chapter. | 9 | 8SDG 9
| 1 | 7 | 0.75 |
10.6027/e683e7ef-en | 02faaf2cebddc0606b09a13a60ee1dd8 | One explanation for the high coverage in some Norwegian municipalities is the presence of data centres located on the western coast (in Stavanger municipality and Vagsoy municipality) which benefit from free cooling from adjacent fjords and abundant access to low cost, renewable hydropower. Most are located across Sweden and in the rural parts of Denmark, Finland and Norway. The second largest group is municipalities with a value between 30% and 60% of households with high capacity fixed broadband coverage: they are mostly located in rural Norway and Finland and in northern Sweden. | 9 | 8SDG 9
| 0 | 5 | 1 |
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en | 02fcdafda36de936d306aeebae2ba3be | This is largely due to, firstly, the fact that social protection in the Pacific is relatively a new field of government activity (WB, 2006a). Secondly, the formal social security system offers low coverage and the vast majority of informal sector employment is not covered under any social security measures. Thirdly, most of PICs are witnessing slow economic growth and have low social protection spending. Finally, since family, community and the traditional support systems still remain stronger, although declining, governments rely heavily upon them for social welfare services. | 1 | 0SDG 1
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.1787/eco/surveys-gbr-2013-4-en | 02fd0436b968e13ee927072ffd0873a0 | Globalisation has increased the global supply of low-skilled labour, affecting wages and employment prospects of workers with low qualifications. At the same time, more intense international competition for high-skilled workers has pushed up top incomes. Advances in information and communication technology (ICT) are also favouring high-skilled workers, whose task cannot be easily automated, and thereby increasing inequality (Kierzenkowski and Koske 2012). Some studies suggested technological change is a more powerful driver of inequality than globalisation (IMF, 2007, OECD, 2007a). | 10 | 9SDG 10
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.18356/e617261d-en | 02fdba7c19a100a50c144e956471da3f | As a result of this intensive exchange, special delivery companies have emerged, with trucks shuttling back and forth between the Russian Federation and Kyrgyzstan. Moreover, less than 2 per cent of migrants did not have conversations with people staying in Kyrgyzstan in die mondi preceding die survey, and almost half talked daily widi people in their home country. In terms of parcels and such communication, female and male Kyrgyz migrants do not differ. However, male migrants more often say that they remain involved in the sociopolitical reality of Kyrgyzstan as well as the daily life of their home village or city (figure 22 and 23). | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 3 | 6 | 0.333333 |
10.1787/5kggc0rpw55l-en | 02fe35de36a83f37055f62450a79f649 | According to some estimates, the use of certified products has led to some decreases in C02 emissions, resource consumption and waste disposal. Obtaining the Eco-Mark has become the norm for major manufacturers, which suggests that the awarding criteria need to be constantly revised to ensure that the environmental impact of a labelled product is substantially lower than average. For instance, an energy efficiency label is associated with products that achieve Top Runner targets, and a uniform energy conservation label applies to some home appliances. Many companies have also launched their own eco-labels. | 12 | 11SDG 12
| 0 | 24 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264119581-3-en | 03015c74e8d9d6836dc3b2ee91b26011 | It requires high-quality school leaders, committed staff and critical friends. Unless the system to recruit school leaders changes dramatically, Greek schools look poorly prepared to implement self-evaluation successfully and productively. External evaluation has achieved a much closer alignment with self-evaluation, partly due to its value for strengthening school autonomy. | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 3 | 3 | 0 |
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en | 030403bb877277df1219775504de378f | In addition, even in existing national legislation, the role dedicated to LGUs is often unclear and not well supported: despite the existence of the Clean Water Act (2004) and a national law for Risk Management and Climate Change Adaptation, which are supposed to be mainstreamed into local plans, there is no effective implementation of the prescribed policies on the ground in Cebu, due to the lack of details on subnational responsibilities and resources. The creation of national policy frameworks would help to clarify responsibilities, especially for LGUs, while giving them appropriate resources. The Local Government Code of 1991 put LGUs in charge of the provision of basic services, including agriculture (power to reclassify agricultural land), health, social services, public works (enforcement of the National Building Code, power to close and open roads), and environment and natural resources. | 11 | 10SDG 11
| 3 | 7 | 0.4 |
10.1787/9789264266339-6-en | 0305d0acd43fc159c36eb9fe289e8d13 | The larger imbalance may be partly due to the lower level of policy development on adaptation in many of the EECCA countries (see also Chapter 3), but also to the high investment needs for mitigation in the region’s energy sector. In addition, none of the 11 EECCA countries falls under the category Least Developed Countries or Small Island Developing States, which often have greater adaptation needs. Finally, it is generally more difficult to track finance for adaptation since it tends to be embedded into broader development projects and/or business operations, and thus, may be underestimated (CPI and OECD, 2015). | 13 | 12SDG 13
| 4 | 5 | 0.111111 |
10.1787/9789264119284-6-en | 0307d24d6820d4dbe483f16c263d9f91 | This section will focus on some of these instruments. Such measurement aims to provide information that can be used to enhance the effectiveness of decisions on policy priorities, strategies and resource allocation (OECD, 2009a). It usually takes place through monitoring and evaluation. Monitoring is an ongoing process and requires collecting and assessing both quantitative and qualitative information, and building a picture of the functioning and outputs of public policies and programmes. | 6 | 5SDG 6
| 7 | 2 | 0.555556 |
10.18356/7c579957-en | 030a6bc56e696b2c958a423a2b103641 | Safe transport therefore is integral to the well-being of the woman fishworker. Women in the traditional small-scale fisheries sector also have to deal with work-related health problems. In the discussion on capacity development in Chapter 10 of this handbook, Case study 28 describes how in Brazil, the Articulagao Nacional das Pescadoras (ANP - “National Articulation of Fisherwomen”) has prioritized campaigning and advocacy on issues related to the occupational diseases of shellfish collectors, working closely with State officials and researchers to improve the quality of treatment services. Children often internalize this violence, and might play it out in their own lives. | 8 | 7SDG 8
| 2 | 1 | 0.333333 |
10.18356/cc6ff508-en | 030c3e7d69d21ec5d6cd204238b6d2c7 | Women and girls sometimes eat last and least within the household. These deprivations are linked strongly to patriarchal social norms and attitudes that impede equitable gender relationships within households. They have consequences for health, education and community participation. A girl between her first and fifth birthdays in India or Pakistan has a 30-50 percent greater chance of dying than a boy. | 1 | 0SDG 1
| 7 | 2 | 0.555556 |
10.18356/3fe10a08-en | 030d5f61f288404bc82d3a9106e7ae9d | The deteriorating current account situation has left the countries with lower reserves to fall back on in the event of additional external shocks to exports and capital inflows. Owing to global uncertainties, exports contracted in 2012. Weak external demand affected exports of engineering goods, gems and jewellery, textiles and petroleum products, while imports continued to remain at a high level due to high prices for crude oil, gold and silver. | 8 | 7SDG 8
| 5 | 4 | 0.111111 |
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-9-en | 030ded573a27db843e20489256593ebd | Some of the most significant reductions have been recorded in Brazil, thanks to effective policy measures to induce formalisation (to be discussed in the final section of the chapter). It highlights some clear patterns. First, informality is only slightly more common among women than it is among men. | 8 | 7SDG 8
| 1 | 2 | 0.333333 |
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en | 030eab2a30a756098569d5f8715e59e7 | Each will now be briefly summarised since they provide some insights into the influence of policy settings on the degree of hysteresis affecting labour input. In the first step, historical data are used to estimate simple dynamic regressions relating the level of long-term unemployment to the contemporaneous (overall) unemployment rate and first and second lags of both unemployment variables (i.e. the overall and long-term unemployment rates). These equations - which are estimated on a country-by-country basis to make allowance for differences across national labour markets in the extent to which a sustained increase in overall unemployment raises long-term unemployment - are then used to translate projected changes in the unemployment rate into projections of long-term unemployment. The second step is to convert the projected changes in long-term unemployment into changes in structural unemployment. | 8 | 7SDG 8
| 1 | 2 | 0.333333 |
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-33-en | 030ee5f41a41ab1d0f653d676fe1f8a9 | The quota limits the amount of fish a person can bring out of Norway to 15 kg plus one trophy fish. There are no exports limits on fish caught by tourists on these trips as long as the catch is being written off the fishermen’s quota and the tourists has a contract note showing this when crossing the Norwegian boarder. As the catch must be written off the fisher's quota, the fishing is sure to be within sustainable bounds. | 14 | 13SDG 14
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.18356/1c6c11de-en | 030efec6e72e805171d07bb27cd1df83 | This is likely to have disproportionate impacts on women as the primary caregivers. Data from time-use surveys is essential for capturing the amount of time women and men spend in different activities, yet reliable time-use information is lacking for many countries around the world. There is a need for more regular time-use surveys, with data disaggregated by sex, income level, geographical location and other relevant categories such as race and ethnicity. | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 2 | 7 | 0.555556 |
10.1787/9789264303119-en | 0313cd321dcfd7cbe7764e6d12902579 | Size of facility gives a sense of levels of employment, not simply rates of employment per MW. It found that nuclear power is more labour-intensive than all other forms of electricity generation and has higher education requirements than renewable electricity generators. Regarding educational requirements in electricity generation, there is little discussion of this outside the nuclear power sector where the discussion is prompted by near-term retirements of nuclear sector employees and the necessity of training staff for nuclear new build. | 7 | 6SDG 7
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.1787/31bb2345-en | 0313d6fbb9bdd79b6264f675d9df7ff2 | Over 50% of MSW is biodegradable, which permits its usage as potential feedstock for production of biofuels, bioenergy, commodity chemicals. A person living in the OECD area generates on average 520 kg of waste per year, this is 20 kg more than in 1990, but 30 kg less than in 2000 (OECD, 2015). With separated waste collection mandatory in Europe by 2023, the model for other countries could be established. To date, hardly any food waste is utilised in this fashion, despite an estimated annual global deposition of about 1.3 billion tonnes of food waste in landfills (Hao et al., | 12 | 11SDG 12
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-21-en | 03144ba05bcde7ff38495b7d55ee2b52 | The Minister for Fisheries receives advice from the Marine Research Institute (MRI) and consequently issues total allowable catch (TAC) for individual stocks for the fishing year, which runs from 1 September to 31 August the following year. The size of each vessels annual catch quota for each stock is its share in the stock multiplied by the TAC of that stock. Both the permanent quota-shares and the annual catch quotas are transferable in part or total, subject to certain restrictions. | 14 | 13SDG 14
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264168350-6-en | 0314596c3474928d996f9862cfaaeb87 | Achieving women’s economic empowerment requires sound public policies, a holistic approach and long-term commitment and gender-specific perspectives must be integrated at the design stage of policy and programming. Women must have more equitable access to assets and services, infrastructure programmes should be designed to benefit the poor, both men and women, and employment opportunities must be improved while increasing recognition of women’s vast unpaid work. Innovative approaches and partnerships include increased dialogue among development actors, improved co-ordination amongst donors and support for women organising at the national and global level. | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 0 | 4 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264267787-en | 0314ef71579e7d1efd967b6da3794e81 | The main measurement instrument, the Adult Mental Health Benchmarking Toolkit, presents performance indicators in a scorecard format, combining structural, process and outcome indicators. Mild-to-moderate disorders (such as depression and anxiety) are typically understood not to require highly specialised treatments delivered by psychiatrists or in inpatient settings in the vast majority of cases. Rather, they require strong primary and community care. Even though primary care is overwhelmingly the first point of call for individuals experiencing mental distress, PCPs do not always have the right skills and treatment options to effectively respond to need. | 3 | 2SDG 3
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.2139/SSRN.2282880 | 03168bc0d4212676c320630a1f2fd601 | Government contracting is often characterised as a private function of government. Largely because any effect on the rights and obligations of parties to the contract derive from contractual, or private law, obligations, there have been limited avenues for judicial review based on public law norms. However, this article considers several recent High Court cases that have renewed focus on the representative accountability of government decision making, at least at the Commonwealth level, and reduced the emphasis on characterising the interests of those affected by such decisions. The result may subject government contracting to greater judicial scrutiny in the future. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 2 | 5 | 0.428571 |
10.1787/9789264251090-5-en | 0317fc6b0b874375ae0f980497640b79 | It thus holds implications for public investment in water-related infrastructure. User fees in the water sector and other environmentally sensitive goods and services can underpin fiscal consolidation by managing and containing demand (OECD, 2013b). Other sources of public finance are also being contemplated, e.g. property taxes, which can help ensure that those who generate future liabilities (e.g. property developers) bear some of the related costs (see Chapter 4, the financing section). | 6 | 5SDG 6
| 0 | 4 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264212664-en | 031850a5c1b2d146f4fb6469a7961ec4 | These can allow for timely tracking of deployment of clean energy infrastructure. They can also help the government track the success rate of clean energy projects, which can guide future support to clean energy technologies as well as strengthen the business case for presentation to national banks. Finally, much as for generation deployment, expansion of the network will need to be monitored and evaluated over time to guarantee that the grid is able to accommodate an increasing share of clean electricity generation. | 7 | 6SDG 7
| 0 | 10 | 1 |
10.18356/a11581d8-en | 031855b24d81b7d4ea6fa5bcd0ad8edb | In 2012, the Nansen Initiative was launched to address the protection gap for international migrants displaced by natural disasters. In 2015, 109 governmental delegations endorsed the “Agenda for the protection of cross-border displaced persons in the context of disasters and climate change”.39 In December 2015, at its twenty-first session, the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change established a task force on displacement to develop recommendations for integrated approaches to avert, minimize and address displacement related to the adverse impacts of climate change. In the New York Declaration, Member States condemned acts and manifestations of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance against refugees and migrants. | 11 | 10SDG 11
| 6 | 3 | 0.333333 |
10.18356/65b26710-en | 031cd74bfc5b1d6a3939c7b5595a7272 | The HeForShe Champions are finding different and creative ways to break the cycle of harm. They are not just highlighting the problem and challenging attitudes. They are also exploring how established processes and structures can be adapted to reduce violence and to bring more women to the table when it comes to the peace and security agenda. The international community has recognized that women’s participation is vital to achieving and sustaining peace. | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 0 | 4 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264226470-7-en | 031e612af01000ee275ee1e95ac7dce9 | Indeed, when asked whether youth are asked whether they have access to the money needed to start a business, youth in Tunisia are much less likely to respond in the affirmative than youth in OECD countries (Figure 3.5) and ILO and ONEQ (2014) estimate that approximately half of self-employed youth used their own savings to set up a business and a further 37% relied on their families. To address this obstacle, ANETI awards up to TND 5 000 to each entrepreneur, as long as they provide proof of the necessary' competencies, training or experience and dedicate themselves fulltime to their project. In addition to these grants, loans have been available (A 'timed el Intilak [Seed Funding]) since 2011 to complete the financing required in order to obtain a small enterprise loan from the BTS. These A 'timed el Intilak loans are interest-free and need to be repaid over a period of five years. | 8 | 7SDG 8
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.1787/9789264289062-4-en | 031e691bec28c54b39a5b21ed020cefb | Further effort should be focused on addressing inequalities in access to health care services - between regions, as well as between cities and rural areas - taking into account the country’s geography and low population density in health care delivery planning. Networks of facilities at all levels should be reorganised in a manner compatible with and supportive of the new service delivery models, and aligned with population trends and access patterns. For this exercise, a starting point could be the service delivery master plans developed in recent years. | 3 | 2SDG 3
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.18356/215d0d56-en | 031e7ff109209ec57114468d9d30ef88 | Further, improving coordination and policy coherence between national and local governments is particularly important in this regard. Coordination across sectors for coherent programme/project implementation is also made easier at the local level, where there is closer interaction across sectors and among stakeholders. Vulnerabilities are usually more visible at the local level, where structural inequalities such as differences in social status and political power, among others, critically shape them. Giving voice and agency to those who are otherwise invisible to the process would serve to address vulnerabilities and inequalities at their source and create the conditions for building consensus and mobilizing collective actions towards resilient development. | 13 | 12SDG 13
| 5 | 4 | 0.111111 |
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en | 031fc6347dc4e37482037cfbbb225c29 | Gl can thus result in higher prices for local agricultural products, foodstuffs, handicrafts, wine and spirit drinks, for example, compared to those from other regions, generating resources for regional development and facilitating the integration of previously excluded groups in innovation systems. They might also have spin-off effects, for example in the areas of tourism or gastronomy. Success stories such as Cafe de Colombia, Roquefort cheese in France and Rooibos Tea in South Africa illustrate their potential (El Benni and Reviron, 2009). | 9 | 8SDG 9
| 2 | 7 | 0.555556 |
10.6027/9789289340311-3-en | 0320ec5c6d99367203ee7d89c51d79cd | Plastic debris can pose a risk to the marine environment, by causing physical damage in marine organisms via ingestion or entanglement and also due to potential toxic effects caused by inherent plastic constituents and complex mixture of external contaminants adsorbed onto plastic (Derraik 2002, Rochman etal. Marine litter is now recognized by a wide range of stakeholders as an environmental issue, and is included in for instance the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD 2008/56/EC) as one of the eleven qualitative descriptors which describe what the environment should look like to achieve or maintain good environmental status (GES) in the marine environment by 2020 (European Commission, 2008). However, it has also been recognized that as of today there is only a limited amount of information about the regional differences in sources, levels, composition, fate and impact of marine litter in the marine environment. | 14 | 13SDG 14
| 0 | 4 | 1 |
10.18356/276dbaa4-en | 0325d9093c3f1068de5342b2c0944b39 | Migration often represents a strategy on the part of households to manage the risks of poverty and food insecurity, allowing them to diversify income sources. The two are distinct, but they are also interlinked. The drivers and impacts of both migration types are often similar, although they may be different in scale. | 11 | 10SDG 11
| 2 | 1 | 0.333333 |
10.1177/1557085105282899 | 032659be4948996e7c438f756320048d | More than 30 years after the first scholarship of its kind was produced, feminist studies of crime are more commonplace than ever before. Two recent milestone events—the 20th anniversary of the American Society of Criminology’s Division on Women and Crime and the creation of this journal, the official publication of the division—provide the perfect opportunity to reflect on what lies ahead for feminist criminology. In this article, the author argues that the future of feminist criminology lies in our willingness to embrace a theoretical framework that recognizes multiple, intersecting inequalities. Specifically, the author maintains that to advance an understanding of gender, crime, and justice that achieves universal relevance and is free from the shortcomings of past ways of thinking, feminist criminologists must examine linkages between inequality and crime using an intersectional theoretical framework that is informed by multiracial feminism. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 3 | 3 | 0 |
10.18356/b64c6036-en | 0328b48016218096d7e17035cf52e7af | Among the reasons arc the low political prioritization of the issue, financial constraints and, in some cases, insufficient institutional capacity. Conflicting interests among countries may also be a reason. These reasons, as well as different interpretation of provisions, have also affected the implementation of legal arrangements that are in place. | 6 | 5SDG 6
| 3 | 1 | 0.5 |
10.7861/CLINMEDICINE.3-3-219 | 032aed923392fe1fe1f33ea2608ffa4b | Developments over the last decade in legislation and professional guidance on confidentiality and medical research in the UK are reviewed. Despite the General Medical Council's guidance, and recent changes to the common law on confidentiality in England and Wales, confusion remains about what is lawful and professionally acceptable in the handling of identifiable data. The GMC has contributed to this confusion. Professional bodies should jointly produce new guidance. The Health and Social Care Act 2001 is a temporary legislative solution. Public consensus is required on an acceptable balance between the citizen's right to privacy and the responsibility of society--to which all citizens belong--to protect the public health. The Government should survey public opinion, inform NHS patients better, initiate wide public debate, and legislate to protect both citizens' rights and medical research that is demonstrably in the public interest. Registration of cancer and communicable diseases should become statutory. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 1 | 4 | 0.6 |
10.18356/b9c917b5-en | 03301453640ac039508f250699168f1a | The increase has been sharpest among rural women, where self-employment now accounts for nearly two-thirds of all jobs. But it is also remarkable for urban workers, both men and women, among whom the self-employed constitute 45 and 48 per cent of all usual status workers respectively. All told, therefore, around half of the work force in India currently does not work for a direct employer. This is true not only in agriculture, but increasingly in a wide range of non-agricultural activities. | 1 | 0SDG 1
| 4 | 5 | 0.111111 |
10.1787/9789264229488-2-en | 033276c22659d36bc38d2706112654f3 | Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. By successfully connecting a much larger number of the poor to the mobile phone network, they have served as a platform for several "inclusive innovations” in the areas of health and education (Box 1.2), as well as a platform for activities involving the poor in agriculture and fishing. Use of mobile phones allows health workers, even in remote areas, to report disease incidence data immediately to health officials, speeding up their ability to respond. | 9 | 8SDG 9
| 1 | 6 | 0.714286 |
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en | 0332f3011cfa427dcf26c1b69b23bc73 | It aims to increase jute and kenaf production by providing extension services and conducting limited research. It aims to expand the area and production of rubber, palm oil and cashew nut. Programmes are focused on rubber and palm oil breeding through germplasm introduction and clonal trials, primarily at the Applied Research Centre for Perennial Crops. | 2 | 1SDG 2
| 2 | 7 | 0.555556 |
10.1787/9789264081918-5-en | 03344cf960236d88cef6c2c79784c5fa | In addition to the National Reform Programme for 2008-11 (to implement the Lisbon Strategy), the government has set out the Strategy for Increasing the Innovativeness of the Economy in the Years 2007-13. The main vehicle for implementing this Strategy is the OP IE, which is part of the National Cohesion Strategy (as outlined in Chapter 2). The OP HC also supports human capital projects to foster innovation (promoting pro-innovation attitudes, building capacity of clusters and innovation support entities, providing innovation-related information). This is to be achieved by the implementation of 19 strategic areas falling under five axes: i) human resources for the modern economy, ii) research for the economy, iii) intellectual property for innovation, iv) capital for innovation, and u) infrastructure for innovation. | 8 | 7SDG 8
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.1787/dcr-2015-23-en | 0335babfeb31e672e6346a7c1715e1ce | Yet if our climate is to be stabilised, today’s developing countries need to lead the world to a solution - and as has been emphasised elsewhere in this chapter, there is no solution to climate change without halting deforestation. Climate change had already caused suffering in the country. In 2005, floods inflicted damage equivalent to 60% of that year’s gross domestic product (GDP). Yet, as a country with 85% of its land mass under forest, an area larger than Great Britain, our people didn’t want to just complain about climate change - we were prepared to act. We were prepared to deploy almost our entire forest in the global fight against climate change, providing: 1) we could access the right economic incentives to value our standing forests, and 2) our people’s sovereignty over their forests would not be diminished. | 15 | 14SDG 15
| 2 | 7 | 0.555556 |
10.18356/f08da6fa-en | 0336108888cccce95fd573c1b9b6d476 | The following graph shows the marginal effects, in percentage points, of selected background characteristics. Marginal effects give the change in probability of being deprived, derived from a unitary change in a background variable, everything else being equal. The marginal effect of age is the effect of one more unit of age: a one-month difference in age reduces the probability of being deprived by 6.3 percentage points. | 1 | 0SDG 1
| 2 | 3 | 0.2 |
10.1787/9789264278530-8-en | 0338aa7e9d13b594b52549e19dbc48f5 | This may be because the private benefits to firms acting alone were insufficient (whereas the recognition of social benefits makes the actions cost-effective), or because of too high a degree of uncertainty. There may also be a role for public involvement in R&D that will lead to applications with both private and social returns, but which may not otherwise be undertaken without public sector involvement. R&D will be especially important for progress in attaining energy efficiency in agriculture w'hen applied to systems involved in the production process, operational activity and capital goods or farm infrastructure engaged in production. Also, a prudent R&D portfolio includes high risk, potentially high payoff projects, along with those involving lower-risk, incremental improvements. | 7 | 6SDG 7
| 1 | 4 | 0.6 |
10.1787/9789264300255-en | 0338b592698af4e340d94fd6478bd701 | They make information about education and career pathways easy to find and understand, and they provide recognition and certification of competencies that encourage learners of all ages to keep learning. This diagnostic report identifies 14 skills challenges for Austria which were distilled from two interactive diagnostic workshops held with a range of stakeholders. It marshals a wide array of relevant OECD evidence, including Austria’s results from die Survey of Adults Skills (PIAAC), to shed furdier light on diese challenges. | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 2 | 7 | 0.555556 |
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en | 033a1be7794b888cc99233128e5348c6 | Nonetheless, South Africa’s changing population shares imply that a policy focus on race-based redistribution will become increasingly limited in the future as the foundation for further broad-based social development. Rather, it would seem that a more dynamically sustainable direction lies in addressing seriously the increasing inequality within each race group. However, before w,e proceed to this discussion of social spending, Chapter 2 interrogates and adds to the review of post-Apartheid inequality and poverty of this first chapter by comparing the empirical picture of poverty and inequality from three national household survey data sets from 1993, 2000 and 2008. Careful attention is given to making these data sets as consistent as possible. | 10 | 9SDG 10
| 0 | 5 | 1 |
10.18356/edf15661-en | 033b9b213b6fe1347360c0342f6b2d29 | Women continue to suffer from unequal treatment and condescending attitudes. Women politicians do not yet enjoy the decision-making power of their male counterparts. In Iraq, for example, no women took part in negotiations to reach a compromise government after the parliamentary elections of 2010, and the Ministry of Women’s Affairs is only a state’s cabinet with no allocated budget. The judgement was followed, on 6 June that year, by three similar rulings for the benefit of other students. The judgements prevented the university from refusing to accept women students to certain departments based solely on the university's admission policy. | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.14217/9781848591646-15-en | 033bcb86e1e924a7cebc29323af96f66 | Virtually all SVEs and LDCs are engaged in trade negotiations, at the bilateral/biregional (both South—South and North-South), regional (within existing integration processes such as the Southern African Development Community (SADC), South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)) or multilateral level (i.e. within the WTO, for those countries that are Member States). These processes — while varying significantly in their geographical scope, liberalisation ambition, implementation timeline and sector coverage - can potentially create large trade adjustment costs for SVEs and LDCs that can, particularly in the short to medium term, offset the political, economic and social gains from trade liberalisation. This study analyses the collection and analysis of TRA1 flows, and compares it with the stated adjustment needs of SVEs and LDCs. Certain changes to the classifications have been made to the CRS to accommodate the AfT categories. | 10 | 9SDG 10
| 2 | 7 | 0.555556 |
10.1787/9789264119536-3-en | 033c59b8b7bf0a1c254c95299e16e02a | Intergenerational earnings mobility is low in countries with high inequality such as Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States, and much higher in the Nordic countries, where income is distributed more evenly (OECD, 2008). The resulting inequality of opportunity will inevitably impact economic performance as a whole, even if the relationship is not straightforward. Inequality also raises political challenges because it breeds social resentment and generates political instability. It can also fuel populist, protectionist, and anti-globalisation sentiments. | 10 | 9SDG 10
| 0 | 7 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en | 033ca45537c67e02b8768b45b7d535ca | These conditional urban developments do not include land-use zones but must provide their own infrastructure and basic services (SERPLAC Santiago, n.d.). The primary exception to restrictions on building outside of the urban boundary is found in Article 55 of the General Law of Urban Development and Construction (Ley General de Urbanismo y Construction), which allows certain land uses outside urban boundaries, including social housing, services, infrastructure and industrial uses. For example, the current system of zoning has been seen as an obstacle for new development, and zones tend to become obsolete more quickly than PRs are renewed (Peterman, 2008). Others have indicated that the zoning system limits opportunities to redevelop under-utilised areas within urban boundaries for new types of uses, such as multi-family housing (Trivelli, 2011). The pressure to develop beyond the urban boundary has contributed to the rise of conditional urban developments in the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which may undermine city-wide urban development strategies (Trivelli, 2011). | 11 | 10SDG 11
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264088986-en | 033cc8ac38766d10d7bcc5a5bb09b10e | Before joining the OECD, Puukka had experience in higher education and regional development in Finland as a national and local government adviser, programme manager, practitioner and evaluator. She has management experience from both the university and polytechnic sector and has worked in university internationalisation, PR and communication and stakeholder management. In addition, she has experience in the corporate sector in the pharmaceutical industry. | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 6 | 3 | 0.333333 |