doi
stringlengths 10
71
| text_id
stringlengths 32
32
| text
stringlengths 119
1.42k
| sdg
uint16 1
16
| label
class label 16
classes | labels_negative
uint16 0
837
| labels_positive
uint16 0
925
| agreement
float32 0
1
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10.1787/9789264187894-7-en | 009fbfac66b71e1abe9b4fdc5c941f64 | Many poor producers are unable to access government support programmes because they lack the necessary capital to contribute the required investment costs. Supporting the organisation of irrigation units and increasing investments in these structures would allow members to jointly apply for government resources and facilitate monitoring functions. The Lerma River, with a length of 750 kilometres, is originated in Mexico’s central high plateau at an altitude beyond 3 000 metres above sea level and ends in Lake Chapala, the largest tropical lake in the country. Between 2002 and 2005, the Lerma Chapala River Basin Council, in its search for a solution to the depletion and contamination of Lake Chapala, entered into a negotiation process to reach a new water allocation agreement. | 6 | 5SDG 6
| 0 | 4 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264088986-en | 00a0ebb490133c4edb55806389dc21ef | While voluntary donations have a strong tradition in Israel, higher education institutions or the authorities did not seem to well-developed mechanisms to support it. Recognising that the investment in the infrastructure of fundraising can generate real rates of return, some OECD countries, for example the United Kingdom, have sought to stimulate this activity by matched funding schemes (see Box 4.4.). The matched funding scheme began in August 2008 for a three year period. Funding was available to match eligible gifts raised by English higher education institutions and directly funded further education colleges. | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.1787/729bf864-en | 00a2774330f814de7dfc36b09757ab14 | This ranges from 50% in Malaysia to 80% in Singapore, 95% in Korea and up to 100% in China (though it is notable that other security, including equity, may be required by some guarantee providers in China which will affect the effective risk/reward ratio). It is also noteworthy that the tenor of these loans, when provided by commercial banks, is relatively short (commonly 1 year in China, otherwise generally 2-3 years or less), compared with the approach taken by dedicated funds such as MDV in Malaysia (over 5 years with up to 12 months’ repayment holiday). Measures to broaden the availability of skilled valuers are apparent in several markets, though the Japan Patent Office has taken a more direct approach by directing the provision of the valuation reports itself, albeit provided by private sector companies. | 8 | 7SDG 8
| 0 | 4 | 1 |
10.1787/0ec26947-en | 00a2d567d0e521e133a1160e0901a4e2 | Challenges arise in the tagging of substances (e.g. in the chemical industry), where tracking is often achieved by tagging the tangible containers. In addition, ensuring data privacy poses a key challenge. Based on the single book of accounts, blockchain provides the means to maintain, monitor and analyse data without undermining data privacy and sovereignty. | 9 | 8SDG 9
| 3 | 4 | 0.142857 |
10.1163/18760104-01104003 | 00a327c26e59f7bb2328ee5be8dd398e | The present contribution assesses the case law of the European Court of Justice interpreting the provisions of the Aarhus Convention relating to access to justice. Cases have dealt with the temporal scope of application of provisions on access to justice, projects implemented by specific acts of national legislation and their exclusion from the obligations under the Convention, interim relief and the effet utile of provisions on access to justice, the range of possible pleas for judicial review, the role of procedural errors, permissible costs of proceedings, access to justice for environmental associations under different provisions of the Convention and the annulment of a permit and its relationship with the right to property. As is also shown, this case law is at the same time relevant – though not binding – for Switzerland as a non-eu Member State, but party to the Convention. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 0 | 6 | 1 |
10.1093/BJC/AZP036 | 00a39049d4769881af7286efe9d3ac2f | Criminology and International Relations (IR) share a relatively wide vocabulary: political violence, crime, security, deterrence, war on terror, risk, human rights and freedom. Particularly in the case of the ‘war on terror’, similar concerns and conceptual tools have increasingly surfaced on both sides. Nonetheless, one debate—namely Carl Schmitt's theory of the exception and its uptake in IR—has travelled less well. This article argues that there is value in engaging with the IR debates on the exception. From the perspective of IR, the exception makes possible different insights about the dialectics between law and crime by unpacking the constitutive role of the politics of fear, the importance of the ‘international’ and the transformed relationship to the future. It also exposes the deteriorating effects of the ‘war on terror’ on justice, democracy and social transformation. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 0 | 6 | 1 |
10.31078/JK%X | 00a3afbb3f0c72c3f3e5a1cacc64a0a9 | Basically, the authority of attorney general to control the circulations of printed goods is accordance with the principle of due process of law, equality before the law, and the right of freedom of expression as stipulated in the constitution 1945. Interpreting these principles has close relationship with the basic principle of human right in Indonesia, rechtsidee, values, and world view containing in the five basic pillars of Pancasila that stresses more to the balance of right and obligation. In the context of judicial review of an article 30 (3) c act number 16 2004, the problem is not on the existence of its legal norm but on the procedure to implement it in which attorney general did not provide proper and accountable mechanism so that these three principles are not purely conducted. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 0 | 6 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264168060-8-en | 00a4e14be1c562dbc7462d204c860489 | The Bay provides significant economic and recreational benefits to the water catchment’s population, estimated to exceed USD 33 billion annually (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010a). While total pollution levels have declined since 1985, most of the Bay’s waters are degraded and are incapable of fully supporting fishing, crabbing, or recreational activities. Algal blooms fed by nutrient pollution block sunlight from reaching underwater Bay grasses and lead to low oxygen levels in the water. | 6 | 5SDG 6
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.18356/2cb622fb-en | 00ab9cf7c4586f52a8f83f7fe05979b2 | Meanwhile, in some countries the predominance of the growth effect in each period was different. In Honduras and Mexico, the role played by the growth effect remained the same in both periods, while in Guatemala and Uruguay, its influence was greater between 2002 and 2008 than in 1990-2002. Between 1990 and 2008, variations in the Gini coefficient correlated closely with the share of the distribution effect in reducing poverty (see figure 1.10). | 1 | 0SDG 1
| 0 | 4 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264083523-4-en | 00b096fb49a3ed4301368737e4c2aeaf | At one level, the causes of flooding are straightforward. Simply put, some coastal and inland areas are already below mean sea level and therefore increasingly vulnerable to flooding. But the reasons for the increasing vulnerability are complex, and are related largely to human action at local and global scales. | 6 | 5SDG 6
| 3 | 0 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264086487-8-en | 00b27b910b3d4f157a3f0a7c503ebf0e | Over the past approximately 40 years, however, there has also been increasing interest in the role it can play in supporting learning, often called “formative assessment” or “assessment for learning”. This chapter presents a brief overview of how the concept of formative assessment has developed in recent years, in particular, how the central idea has expanded from an original focus on feedback to a wider perspective on classroom practice. It presents evidence on the impact of formative assessment on learning and discusses definitional issues. | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.1787/eco/studies-2015-5jrqhbb1t5jb | 00b370d7b35c6d12f89319eb164ea230 | This issue however is far from being settled in the literature. See Arnold et al. ( See inter alia, Ruiz and Trannoy (2008), for a microsimulation study on the short-term (that is immediate) distributional effects of consumption taxes in France. The paper runs against the prior that consumption taxes are strongly regressive. | 10 | 9SDG 10
| 3 | 5 | 0.25 |
10.1080/07393140307185 | 00b4c9614e00e8ef0f8058097a1d1fc8 | This article discusses a course application in urban affairs within a masters program in public administration. The course application utilizes service learning and critical social analysis methods as instructional tools. The article identifies the historical evolution of social analysis, starting in the Enlightenment and finally reaching its current manifestation in critical theory. The development of critical social analysis methodology, otherwise known as "critical consciousness," is then analyzed in the applications of social critics and educators Paulo Freire and Ivan Illich. Based on this form of social criticism, four vignettes are evaluated based on an intensive seminar course in urban affairs. The subsequent techniques are then adapted within a service learning component in the course. The article details examples of focus questions and journal exercises deemed useful in aiding students, administrators and practitioners in critically assessing the study of urban affairs. The potential implication... | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 1 | 6 | 0.714286 |
10.18356/e9e584f1-en | 00b500c9b356f4e22fdd67662b838432 | The most limited use of modern contraceptive methods was reported by the Sudan and Mauritania, at 12 and 16 per cent, respectively. Such visits are to include measurements of blood pressure, weight and height, and an analysis of urine and blood (WHO. Figure 4.2 shows the percentage of pregnant women who receive prenatal care by a skilled health personnel at least once. Prenatal care rates range from 60 per cent in Yemen to 100 per cent in Bahrain. | 3 | 2SDG 3
| 2 | 7 | 0.555556 |
10.18356/0543d374-en | 00b5304d320dc25ad1918e09308db149 | The forests and OWL are especially remarkable in terms of vegetation diversity. The biodiversity of Turkmenistan is not only rich but also unique due to the country’s geographical position and relief, and the specific evolution of its flora and fauna. The higher plants are currently represented by 3,140 species, of which 47 are tree species and 88 are shrubs. The 1999 Red Data Book lists 109 plant species, including 15 species of trees and bushes (Chapter 10). Plants differ in their resource significance, range of useful features and possibilities for practical use. | 15 | 14SDG 15
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.18356/ee52a573-en | 00b60c5d6222e7c4c0f976e0fdcc4bf6 | The shift cannot be left to individual actors, it requires government support through a broad package of policy tools. This chapter explores the role of government in supporting the transition towards sustainable lifestyles, considers what is required for encouraging sustainable behaviour and details policy options such as choice editing, advertising, promoting sustainable products and increasing product information. While the industrialised countries have plateaued in their population growth, established at high levels of consumption, emerging economies, starting from a low consumption base, are on the rise, both in terms of numbers and in aspiration to join the ranks of consumerism being broadcast across western TV channels. | 12 | 11SDG 12
| 2 | 7 | 0.555556 |
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en | 00b7fa1e2b399f62b9d3d26277f03411 | The discriminatory practices of financial institutions, such as the requirement that men should sign women’s documents, must be eliminated. But formal financial institutions need to do more than merely lower the entry barriers to female micro-owners. They must improve their performance in funding the growth of female-owned businesses. | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 0 | 5 | 1 |
10.18356/48fdc937-en | 00c16aa468450d58744809cc0e3ca7ae | For example, it is anticipated that these countries will experience serious damage due to floods and droughts. However, even developed countries cannot always avoid more violent physical events, such as torrential rainfall or severe drought, on a previously unimaginable scale. Hurricane Katrina in 2005 is representative of an event of such a large-scale impact, it destroyed protective levees and seriously damaged the city of New Orleans. | 13 | 12SDG 13
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.2458/V27I1.23760 | 00c34eb5cb7acc4257322c312fb055e7 | This study illustrates how, despite the diversity of women environmental defenders and their movements around the world, there are near-universal patterns of violence threatening their survival. Violence against women environmental defenders, often perpetrated by government-backed corporations, remains overlooked. Research on this issue importantly contributes to discussions about environmental justice because women defenders make up a large proportion of those at the frontlines of ecological distribution conflicts. Through comparative political ecology, this research analyzes cases from the Environmental Justice Atlas, an online open-access inventory of environmental distribution conflicts, in which one or more women were assassinated while fighting a diverse array of extractive and polluting projects. Although the stories showcase a breadth of places, conflicts, social-class backgrounds, and other circumstances between women defenders, most cases featured multinational large-scale extractive companies supported by governments violently targeting women defenders with impunity. Keywords : Violence, murder, women environmental defenders, EJAtlas, comparative political ecology | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 1 | 4 | 0.6 |
10.18356/06f7e845-en | 00c6d9b65201b583a68308c7029ebb67 | Countries with indigenous people should achieve infant and under-5 mortality levels among their indigenous people that are the same as those of the general population. By 2005, countries with intermediate mortality levels should aim to achieve an infant mortality rate below 50 deaths per 1,000 and an under-5 mortality rate below 60 deaths per 1,000 births. By 2015, all countries should aim to achieve an infant mortality rate below 35 per 1,000 live births and an under-5 mortality rate below 45 per 1,000. Countries that achieve these levels earlier should strive to lower them further. | 3 | 2SDG 3
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264281707-8-en | 00c6e77bda20d34c19d12b277d0249bb | In that context, the forthcoming initiative by the Korean government to accelerate the renewal of water supply and sanitation infrastructure can contribute to the further deployment of K-SWM at local level. Efforts to minimise non-revenue water will resonate with users’ priorities and concerns when water tariffs better reflect the full cost of supplying water, including the cost of investing in and operating and maintaining the w'ater supply infrastructure, the environmental and opportunity costs of abstracting water and preventing other uses (for industry, the environment, or else). Similarly, a municipality or utility will only be able to finance K-SWM w'hen water savings compensate investment and operating costs, that is, when revenues from water tariffs tend to reflect full water supply costs. This explains why the diffusion of SWM in Korea is directly related to issues discussed in Chapter 3, and to other issues related to tariffs for water supply and sanitation services (an issue not covered in this report). | 6 | 5SDG 6
| 0 | 4 | 1 |
10.1350/CLWR.2007.36.1.50 | 00c736117c8fbed93172388871174284 | This paper shows that the traditional equitable doctrine, which protected the rights of a prepaid buyer of future or unascertained goods, was wrongly perceived as being overruled by the judgment of a single Court of Appeal judge. What followed, however, was considerable judicial reluctance by English courts to remedy this error. The article examines various legislative and judicial approaches from major common law jurisdictions around the world that purport to lessen the potential for injustice created by this judicial caution. Yet despite legislative intervention in England to provide limited remedies, there has been a marked reluctance elsewhere to produce the necessary radical reform suggested by the Law Reform Commission of Ontario. The position in Ireland is examined and the authors note that the time may be ripe for a reconsideration of the current statutory provisions in that jurisdiction. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 0 | 6 | 1 |
10.18356/cf0157c8-en | 00c887f53530ac90b4b8b85a7fdf0813 | Aging infrastructure and a lack of government management capacity are leading to insufficient and inconsistent water deliveries, sometimes stalling industrial activity. Both public and private actors have begun to recognize that solving global water challenges is not a solitary endeavour. This process has resulted in notable water savings and pollution reduction, mitigating environmental and social impacts and often reducing water and related costs (i.e., energy, chemicals) to the business. An industrial facility’s exposure to risk thus depends on the ability of public water policy and management to deliver water services, to address water-related risks over the long term, to create effective allocation regimes, and to develop and enforce water quality regulations. | 6 | 5SDG 6
| 0 | 6 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264214682-5-en | 00cc2786a40843e87df6b496ce50071f | This framework then provides the basis of quality assurance, since the training enterprise, in combination with the student, becomes responsible for delivery of the learning outcomes. In recognition of these obligations, the framework may also involve a contract between students and training enterprises. It means that programmes will only be funded when training providers develop and maintain the active partnerships with employers that support work placements. | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 2 | 7 | 0.555556 |
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en | 00cecb5e866ec6c78ffbbbcbb53e2a42 | In the City of Chihuahua, for example, 61.3% trips made each day are done through cars. Indeed, only 16.5% of the trips are made through public transport, which is far below the Mexican national average which is between 50 and 60%. The increased use of automobiles has also been stimulated by improved road conditions (i.e. the percentage of paved areas in the City of Chihuahua grew from 50% in 2000 to 69% in 2007). Recent efforts to promote more public transportation have been challenged by the high accident rates of buses. | 6 | 5SDG 6
| 2 | 1 | 0.333333 |
10.14217/9781848591646-17-en | 00ceed0d4ec969b70e475c613be65c80 | One wants an institution in which the developing countries have more voice than say the World Bank, and one wants an institution that is less committed to the neoclassical model (in which there is no unemployment) and more committed to development. The GTF could also compensate developing countries in the case of other trade violations (including for already existing rights) where it is determined existing enforcement mechanisms are inadequate, e.g. because the implementation of such sanctions would impose significant costs on the developing country. The gains in ‘equity’ from such targeted taxation have to be balanced against the resulting distortions, which given the proposed rates are likely to be very small. | 10 | 9SDG 10
| 1 | 5 | 0.666667 |
10.18356/4ed7c373-en | 00ceeef3a1b4ca4e168af74e811ef437 | The publication and an interactive map of Natura 2000 in Bosnia and Herzegovina was also developed, offering an overview and detailed information on the species and habitats from the Habitats Directive present in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The project also aimed at strengthening the national capacities for the identification of habitats and species that exist in Bosnia and Herzegovina that are protected by EU legislation. It w'as a pilot project aimed at strengthening training and methodology development tools at the national level. | 15 | 14SDG 15
| 0 | 8 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en | 00cf9767581d5e6e33f5017eb77352d7 | The panel of businesses was created using a random sample from Dun & Bradstreet’s (D & B) Database list of new businesses started in 2004. The KFS oversampled “innovative” businesses on the basis of information on the intensity of research and development employment in the businesses’ primary industries. The KFS excluded D & B records for businesses that were wholly owned subsidiaries of existing businesses, businesses inherited from someone else, and not-for-profit organisations. Data from the first wave (2004) are used to identify the owners-founders of the enterprises and to construct the variables related to their characteristics (gender, experience, etc.). | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 6 | 3 | 0.333333 |
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-e9f9b60a-en | 00d1f63db99df50cb6e61519d2a32f50 | This technology bank for the LDCs was officially established on 23 December 2016, through the adoption of the UN General Assembly Resolution A/71/L.52. In addition, ITU's Membership recognized the importance of ICTs for LDCs by adopting specific targets for the LDCs in its Connect 2020 Agenda (ITU, 2014). Target 2, on inclusiveness, includes specific targets on household access to ICTs, Internet use, and affordability in the LDCs. Most have been primarily based on basic, low-bandwidth mobile cellular technologies. | 9 | 8SDG 9
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en | 00d7b9c53e6611875c11832531cae00f | However, this tax credit is due to expire in 2012. Wemau (2011a) estimates that up to one-fifth of the state’s power generation capacity could decide to exit the market rather than invest in the necessary upgrades, potentially driving up the price of coal by 65% and offering opportunities for renewable energy sources. It saves approximately 47 000 tons of CO2 per year and replaces annually over eight million private vehicle trips in the city of Calgary. | 7 | 6SDG 7
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.18356/3d4ceb23-en | 00d8a629c87df45375043cddcdf17d5a | Workers have incentives too, as such investment improves their job and revenue prospects. Yet for a number of reasons those incentives are unlikely to lead to optimal outcomes - neither for firms nor for workers, and definitely not for a country as a whole. This is of particular concern at a time of pressure on education and training systems, when the ability to adjust skills can determine a country's economic future. | 9 | 8SDG 9
| 7 | 2 | 0.555556 |
10.1080/14733280903234428 | 00d970d6221ccb1aad0815c4fab90e41 | Unless they focus on epidemiological debates, most thematic issues of social-science journals concentrate on research results, describing methods only as a means to an end. Nevertheless, the burgeoning field of research with children in the context of international rights-based programming has placed a new spotlight on epidemiological questions. What exactly (and what age) is a child when seen as the subject rather than object of research? How does this affect both methodology and method? Does the special social status of childhood imply new approaches and techniques, different ethical considerations, a novel role for researchers? Who should be a child researcher? What, indeed, are the human rights of children? | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 1 | 6 | 0.714286 |
10.18356/6f7c638a-en | 00dd087c250922be90724c77bf6de004 | In Uruguay for example, data is collected on care provided to dependent persons aged 65 or older and questions focus on care for adults who require assistance with personal hygiene, feeding or medical care, including transportation to health centres. The national time-use survey in Mexico collects information on the time spent caring for persons aged 60 or older, including support in the use of information technology, transportation and accompaniment, even when the older person is not dependent or does not have a disability. In households where persons in this age range are present, women spend 18 hours per week on average caring for them, compared with 15 hours spent by men. | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 2 | 2 | 0 |
10.7202/1067258AR | 00ddf2bea329e40898cc39acdd45b238 | Migration through the Mediterranean has to be considered nowadays no more as an emergency. The first urgency is always to save lives at sea, and the Italian Mare Nostrum Operation has been a good example, not followed by EU choices. At the moment border surveillance and the fight against trafficking and smuggling of migrants seem to be the priorities in EU policy and action. The EU Dublin System is now facing a huge crisis and the new models, in particular the Statement agreed with Turkey, do not convince from a legal point of view, mainly because refugees deserve a special attention, based on the non-refoulement principle. The time has come to exit the logic of emergency and formulate a lasting policy to manage migrations, implementing Lisbon Treaty and CFR principles based on solidarity and respect of human rights, as well as on true cooperation among States. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 2 | 3 | 0.2 |
10.30875/423532ad-en | 00defece7fdb7a55891994903a193734 | Information and transaction costs include obstacles that firms have to overcome in order to search for trading partners, acquiring information about tastes, regulations and technical requirements, and enforcing contracts. World Bank-ESCAP database on International trade costs. Each time series is standardized to 100 at the beginning of the sample period. | 9 | 8SDG 9
| 3 | 6 | 0.333333 |
10.1787/9789264179370-4-en | 00e09564a8affb94486f0762b7d237a9 | The regions with wider gender gaps in primary enrolment are not necessarily the ones with the strongest gender focus in aid to education. Country groupings are defined in the Annex II.A2. Meanwhile, only 68% of the aid to primary education targeted gender equality in Sub-Saharan Africa where, except for some countries in Southern Africa, primary school enrolment had some of the highest levels of gender disparity (see Chapter 4). There is therefore scope for DAC members to increase the gender equality focus of their aid to primary education in Sub-Saharan Africa. | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.1080/01900692.2014.907315 | 00e33e3b87b0205e33ddeb35fb3a2a7d | Open source represents a model generally known for its success in software production. The objective of this article is to establish a new strategic approach of using open source development principles for managing collaborative arrangements between citizens and public administration. The identity of open source governance is developed by highlighting how it is different from its main “competitor”—collaborative governance, and from other two popular concepts—open government and e-democracy. The other sections are designed to answer to public managers regarding why and what to adopt from this governance model for public sector services. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 2 | 4 | 0.333333 |
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en | 00e43dd83803f0be290fc2f24156e82c | Using EC A survey data to examine the effect of job layoffs on violent behavior. Job loss and alcohol abuse: a test using data from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Project. The ecological effect of unemployment on the incidence of very low birthweight in Norway and Sweden. A model of the net effect of job loss on violence. The effect of ambient threats to employment on low birth weight. Unemployment and civil commitment: a test of the intolerance hypothesis. | 3 | 2SDG 3
| 2 | 2 | 0 |
10.1787/9789264245914-5-en | 00e6c8802fe3757149fe6c3aebfd1f65 | A Research and Innovation Framework was developed by late 2011 and innovation became part of the Department’s strategic plan. The focus has been on equity, excellence and sustainability, identifying and up-scaling innovation, as well as establishing system-wide directions for innovation. The focus was primarily on improvement in literacy and numeracy initially, subsequently extended to other areas of the curriculum. | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 1 | 5 | 0.666667 |
10.18356/5022b3a0-en | 00e8055990de08329be9094779c9a647 | Investments in education help to reduce the intergenerational transmission of poverty. Although the share of the people who are educated varies greatly among the Asia Pacific LDCs, for both women and men, the poorest are less likely to be educated. The gender gap is also considerable. The differences in educational attainment between the ultra poor and the subjacent poor are large, with the poorest the least educated. | 1 | 0SDG 1
| 0 | 6 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264272392-6-en | 00e8dd13f3afe5f60625aac3a0f66e01 | The focus on rice has spurred the use of policies that are targeted towards achieving self-sufficiency in at least rice, or across a number of staple products. The interest in rice by governments in the region is driven by its importance to both consumers and producers. High rates of rice consumption and the dominance of the sector in overall production (Chapter 1) mean that rice and its price are critical for incomes (for producers) and consumption (all households). | 2 | 1SDG 2
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.1093/JCSL/KRL016 | 00ea767c33d6b200d9545cbf3cb9759d | This article examines the scope and meaning of the principles of consent, neutrality/impartiality and self-defence in peacekeeping and claims that they play a constitutional role. More specifically, they distinguish peacekeeping from peace enforcement and allow the United Nations to play an active role in collective security. The author however claims that the demands of modern peacekeeping have put pressure on these principles and, therefore, the United Nations needs to reconsider their meaning in conjunction with its own principles and values. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 1 | 6 | 0.714286 |
10.1787/9789264284425-5-en | 00ea9b8feb4f78ed461227a6aa9e9a04 | This chapter provides the reader with a broad overview of the Chilean social and economic context, as well as the main features of the Chilean education system. The report also evaluates student learning outcomes in the country. A final section provides a snapshot of the context in which this report was prepared. | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264259157-7-en | 00eb8a1bb8907d8ae8c0ad3872a91cc9 | In Germany, 5.8% of families practice such a “reduced-fulltime-plus-part-time model”. The male breadwinner model is the most widely practiced by couples in most Southern European countries, with the exception of Portugal, where both partners usually work over 40 hours per week. The combination is also widespread in Norway, France, Finland, Denmark and Belgium. | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-4-en | 00eed55251e373fb41c215f07e25b05c | Countries which made use of the Exogenous Shock Facility to mitigate the impact of the food and oil price surge include Ethiopia, Malawi, the Kyrgyz Republic, Senegal, Mozambique and Kenya. Other countries resorted to the facility due to the impact of the global economic downturn. Report of the Inter-Agency Panel on Short-Term Difficulties in Financing Normal Levels of Commercial Imports of Basic Foodstuffs, Document G/AG/13, WTO Committee on Agriculture, 28 June 2002. For a recent analysis of this proposal see Sarris (2009b). | 2 | 1SDG 2
| 1 | 3 | 0.5 |
10.14217/9781848591318-12-en | 00f0243f4a7917f5d4dc13047c43a47c | Alternative basic education (ABE) facilities offer three years with an alternative curriculum as a substitute for the four years that is the regular primary first cycle. The secondary level consists of two cycles of two years each: 9—10 and 11-12. Those who complete ten years of schooling may either enter the second cycle to prepare for higher education, or enter TVET institutions to be trained for productive employment (see Figure 8.1). | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.18356/e9fa9dd4-en | 00f287618d92aa7c9f885d9db66dee95 | Other economies, such as those in sub-Saharan Africa or in the Middle East and North Africa, have not followed the same pattern, however. In Latin America and the Caribbean, the ratio has flatlined. Thus, the hypothesis of the Kuznets curve is not confirmed in all cases, which suggests that the relationship between pollution and per capita income is less direct than originally thought. An explanation for this is that the two forces defining the curve (structural change and technical change) depend on policies and institutions, whose operation brings progress towards the least polluting stage to a premature halt. | 7 | 6SDG 7
| 4 | 5 | 0.111111 |
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en | 00f2dbd05a460066bdbb0bead628a94c | Moreover, where financial wealth is concentrated primarily at the top of the income distribution, the income that it yields has only a limited effect on reducing poverty. For example, the duration over which payment is made significantly affects its cost. With a term annuity there is a defined period over which payments are made to the retiree. | 1 | 0SDG 1
| 1 | 6 | 0.714286 |
10.18356/99fd12bb-en | 00f357ae2c3e7ec801b3ba958f42140c | This Round Island Route (RIR) links nature, culture, recreational sites, communities and parks, thereby enabling NMT such as cycling, skating and jogging. To facilitate cycling, or to take the place of bicycle lanes, new routes are wider than normal park connectors (six metres instead of four metres) with amenities such as shelters, toilets, lookout points, seating areas, information kiosks, bicycle parking lots and self-help bicycle repair facilities at various nodes. In 2017, Hyderabad launched India’s first electric airport taxi service with charging stations at the airport. In Singapore, Chinese automobile giant BYD teamed up with the Government of Singapore to launch a fleet of green taxis. | 11 | 10SDG 11
| 1 | 5 | 0.666667 |
11.1002/pub/80ec6eea-92ed5bbe-en | 00f3d432982df71485297272ff636755 | To this end, Argentina completed internal work at its supervisory telecom organization Autoridad Federal de Tecnologias de la Informacion y la Comunicacion (AFTIC) and held a national forum on these topics. For example, AFTIC now requires the distribution of sample technical reports and acts among all inspectors as well as an explanation of the different procedures. Additionally, every inspection must check that the radio base station's battery bank is in perfect condition so that it provides a permanent direct current supply for the stations' operation. | 13 | 12SDG 13
| 3 | 7 | 0.4 |
10.18356/cabe9310-en | 00f4576ed95ac4ca1def45e72e3cc62c | A combination of waste management legislation and the competitive tendering of public services that requires all operators to meet the same criteria has generally ensured a level playing field and has enabled the emergence of private sector waste management companies around the world, serving both public (municipal) and private (large waste generating) clients. There are some very large international service providers but also major national companies and a multiplicity of local small- and medium-sized enterprises, in both developed and developing countries. Global turnover of the industry in 2011 was around 640 billion USD, of which 95% was in Asia, Europe and the Americas. | 12 | 11SDG 12
| 2 | 7 | 0.555556 |
10.1787/9789264096356-en | 00f4c08051a4fa4c96dc072aaa9160cd | Globally, the TC/PL values remain stable for most of the OECD countries. However, in some countries the trend is decreasing. In Korea, the total capacity increased considerably at the end of the 1990s (because of its considerable nuclear programme), but the high economic growth rate led to considerable electricity consumption, resulting in an important decrease of TC/PL in 2000-2007. The electricity generated by nuclear is only slightly sensitive to the variations of the price of uranium, contrary to energy sources burning fossil fuel. | 7 | 6SDG 7
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.18356/e617261d-en | 00f5ff6cbf35b0736888a769b8e02d49 | In these aspects, there are no statistically significant differences between female and male migrants. The only difference is in situations when respondents were taken from the workplace to die Federal Migration Service, which happened to 23 per cent of male migrants and 8 per cent of females.18 Agadjanian and others (2017) showed diat 34 per cent of female migrants from Central Asia had faced ethnicity-based harassment. Migrants in the Russian Federation do not settle in ethnic neighbourhoods but are spread out across cities (Vendina, 2012) so there are no places to avoid discrimination in the "mainstream" housing market (Agadjanian and Zotova, 2011). | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 3 | 6 | 0.333333 |
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en | 00f642827c957f4bf66f42373f6f97fc | The central government is also developing a portfolio of standardised projects to be promoted in regions with limited use of their share of STI royalty funds. This measure aims at enhancing the capacities of regional authorities in project design and ensuring that proposals meet the programme requirements. In particular, the programme establishes that the conditions of everyday work are clear to the applicants, including the challenges that might have to be faced, so as to ensure that jobs are offered to the candidates that best fit the job requirements. | 9 | 8SDG 9
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.18356/9b4421ad-en | 00f7875939d59e42f458a5d3f23c90a5 | Migration was also used as a means to escape early marriage. The repayment of family debts (e.g., health-related expenditure, gambling debts or investment loans) was a driver for 6 per cent of the sample. A common problem reported is drudgery and long working hours, including night shifts, which are particularly hard for Nepali women who are used to working from early morning but also going to sleep early. | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 4 | 5 | 0.111111 |
10.1787/9789264277335-4-en | 00f8505783391027c1195b2deaa55907 | Develop a strategy to raise education quality in small primary schools. Steps should be taken to consolidate or close small schools when others nearby can provide better quality'. The MEP should ensure that the remaining small remote schools receive adequate, appropriate educational materials as well as support in establishing links with other schools to share resources, break isolation, and exchange good practices. | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264255340-8-en | 00faca91a64b0120d09fa5867fb919be | The second wave of entrants, starting from 1986, was composed of giant consumer electronic firms attracted by generous tax incentives, soon to be followed by leaders in the disk drive and computer segments (Rasiah, 2006). Apart from protection, the state was instrumental in providing subsidies for acquiring foreign technologies, e.g. for the national car project “Proton” and its engine and gear-box technologies from Mitsubishi. It renewed and strengthened the financial incentives to export-oriented firms and complemented these with specific stimuli for higher value-added activities,2 such as tax allow'ances on firms’ training and R&D expenditures (UNIDO, 2003). | 9 | 8SDG 9
| 2 | 7 | 0.555556 |
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en | 00fc052f318afacd6bc03a0627bd4635 | It will also be necessary to strengthen the capacities to negotiate commonly agreed objectives through building upon single-group interests. More broadly, policy systems as a whole will require systemic changes to enable the more coherent and more flexible design of integrated policies for climate resilience, with participation from all relevant stakeholders. For many developing countries, these changes will not be possible without global partnerships. Despite overall convergence in average per capita income across countries, within-country inequalities are on the rise. This important trend along with others, such as globalization and technological change, demographic dynamics, rapid urbanization and climate change itself, will exert additional pressures leading towards increasing inequalities both among and within countries. Moreover, if investment in green technologies is inadequate, if population growth continues to be high, if investment in human capital is low and if current socioeconomic inequalities remain, then income poverty and inequality are likely to increase in the future under scenarios where current unmitigated emissions are high. ( | 13 | 12SDG 13
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.18356/31959a6d-en | 00feff43e454d2a5eb1dbe51030090cd | But contribution credits have become particularly important after the introduction of defined contribution systems that strengthen the link between contributions and benefits. Anna D’Addio estimates what would happen if these credits did not exist in a number of OECD and EU countries and finds that mothers’ replacement rates would decrease by 3 to 7 percentage points on average with between 3 and 15 years of career interruption (D’Addio 2012:90). Positive effects, especially for women in the lowest income groups, have also been found in estimations for Chile (Fajnzylber20i3).Anotherstudy,focused onthe United States, finds that contribution credits and minimum benefits favour women in the poorest social strata while divorce benefits are mostly oriented to women in the highest income groups (Herd 2005). | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.18356/47e82c9e-en | 00ff2b6c569c1b0e672e9099a5ef026c | In 1992, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) was established to support developing countries in the implementation of environmental conventions. Since 1991, the GEF has provided $13.5 billion in grants and leveraged $65 billion in co-financing for 3,900 projects in more than 165 developing countries. For 23 years, developed and developing countries alike have provided these funds to support activities related to biodiversity, climate change, international waters, land degradation, and chemicals and waste in the context of development projects and programs. | 15 | 14SDG 15
| 2 | 4 | 0.333333 |
10.1177/03058298020310020801 | 00ffd729e8e07438842822ca88547d68 | Barkawi and Laffey engage with Hardt and Negri's Empire as a reminder of what an institutionalised Anglo-American tradition of international relations theory misses or misconstrues when it focuses on the logic of the modern states system. Like Barkawi and Laffey, I am unpersuaded by the claim that `a global order, a new logic and structure of rule—in short, a new form of sovereignty' has emerged. However, Barkawi and Laffey avoid engaging with the primary theoretical moves enabling this claim. These moves connect a claim about immanence in the philosophical struggles of early-European modernity with a claim about the imminence of a new form of political order arising from a process of internalisation of the interstate system. It is because this relationship is not placed under suspicion that Hardt and Negri over-interpret many important observations within an updated but conventional, and unsatisfactory, account of a universalising history. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 2 | 5 | 0.428571 |
10.1080/10508422.2011.622181 | 01066ddce23cc710e3028cd99bafbe12 | This study explores the ethical attitudes, behaviors, and perceptions of a sampling of political science students in Taiwan. It investigates their intentions toward observing ethics in the area of digital rights, on topics such as the freedom of expression, freedom of association, equal access to information, confidentiality, security, and protection of intellectual property while using computers. Based on preliminary studies, a questionnaire was designed and distributed to 660 political science and public administration students throughout colleges in Taiwan. Data collected from 440 valid samples have been analyzed using structural equation modeling to test the three sets of hypotheses made by the researchers in the framework of the theory of planned behavior. Findings show attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavior control of the respondents all have positive impacts on the personal observation of information ethics. In this regard, altruism, the secondary group, and the sense of security have gr... | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 0 | 5 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264188617-en | 01092fe962f8c4c83e9b9add20e26f25 | In particular, these support schemes keep renewable energies to different degrees isolated from market signals. This section of the study reviews this interaction, i.e. how the different types of support schemes efficiently transfer economic and market signals in a liberalised market framework. In Europe for example, the cap-and-trade emissions trading system of the European Union, the EU ETS, cohabits with different national renewable support policies. | 7 | 6SDG 7
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264232143-6-en | 010967789fb30c0feff3400f15fb2e3a | A wide range of species are fanned including fish, crustaceans and molluscs, bivalves and aquatic plants (seaweed). In 2011, OECD countries produced about 6.85 million tonnes including aquatic plants of which diadromous fish (e.g. salmon) contributed 36.6% followed by molluscs (27.8%), aquatic plants (19.8%), marine fishes (8.8%), freshwater fishes (4.2%), and crustaceans (2.5%) (Source: Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service, FAO) (Table 3.1). The OECD/FAO Agriculture Outlook 2013 expects world fisheries production to expand to a total of 181 million tonnes by 2022 (which includes 15,6 million tonnes of fish for reduction to meal and oil), of which 85 million tonnes will come from aquaculture. These projections seem to be rather conservative compared to the increases that have taken place over the past two decades. | 14 | 13SDG 14
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en | 010d3def81986ac6af79a04cff2407fe | Answers are grouped into two categories (yes/no). Mental health is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as “a state of well-being in which the individual realises his or her abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community”. It is calculated using mortality statistics and data on self-perceived disability. | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 4 | 1 | 0.6 |
10.1787/9789264174153-6-en | 010df06fab816a8639d73043cc046408 | Projects aimed at reducing travel distances and thus increasing residential and employment density, accompanied by adequate mobility planning and transit supply, can be effective in decreasing the demand for transport as well as stimulating modal split toward less polluting modes. A number of empirical (mainly economic) studies confirm the positive effect of denser urban form on reducing travel distance per capita (e.g., Boamet and Sarmiento, 1999, Bento et al., As mentioned in the first section, building-related energy use accounts for approximately 24% of overall domestic energy demand, taking into account the building’s life cycle (construction, operation and demolition). | 11 | 10SDG 11
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.18356/47f7e4f3-en | 01139dcae88064fe8aa89d9928b74945 | Scholars have debated both for and against the adoption of the term but they appear to agree that the definition in the Asian setting should be broad enough to encompass the plurality of indigenous groups in question with respect to their historic and country-specific contexts. Working Handbook of Minority Nationalities [CHN: Minzu Gongzuo Shouce], Kunming (CHN): Yunnan People's Publishing House, 1985. The distribution of indigenous peoples into very different geographic subregions and the degree of engagement in indigenous issues by the various nations' actors and the differences within the concerned indigenous peoples themselves differs substantially. | 3 | 2SDG 3
| 1 | 2 | 0.333333 |
10.1007/0-387-22688-5_61 | 011509d24590db0ef5b7f4464670fd68 | From the 1648 peace treaties of Westphalia to the 1945 U.N. Charter, public international law has evolved as a system of reciprocal rights and obligations among states based on sovereign equality and non-intervention into the internal affairs of states.1 The state-centered U.N. Charter, and its collective security system established by the victorious powers of World War II,2 assert legal priority over other conflicting international treaties.3 The one-sided focus of the traditional “international law of states” on the freedom and power of governments, rather than on the human rights of their citizens is, however, increasingly challenged by national parliaments and civil society groups as being incompatible with the universal recognition of inalienable human rights and with the need for democratic legislation protecting human rights and “democratic peace”.4 | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 0 | 6 | 1 |
10.18356/9bf8d10f-en | 01152b24d6de5e666e576e4b849b9687 | The six large metropolitan cities (Dhaka, Chittagong, Rajshahi, Khulna, Barisal and Sylhet) enjoy city corporation status, while 310 small cities have pourashava status. City corporations have a higher level of urbanization than pourashava towns and are large commercial and administrative centres. In urban centres with no local government, urban services are provided by field administration of the central Government. | 3 | 2SDG 3
| 7 | 2 | 0.555556 |
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en | 0116003f0fbaec5de4a86727613f812c | In general, power plants operating below their maximum output can provide ramp-up capability, but in that case, they lose some revenues as they do not sell all the power they could produce on the energy market. Arbitrage links energy market prices with balancing and ancillary services prices and this creates opportunities to change the operations of generating units according to price incentives delivered on these different interrelated power markets. The market for reserves or balancing services may not have any locational dimension. Generation services are much more differentiated than the basic underlying commodity with which they are associated. The system operator may, for example, need generating capacity responding in 10 minutes at a particular node of the network (Joskow, 2007). | 7 | 6SDG 7
| 1 | 2 | 0.333333 |
10.1787/9789264265493-9-en | 0117816586010068d7ee8084698518a0 | Also under the aegis of the Presidential Cabinet is the Attorney General and head of the federal executive legal office. Mexico’s current Attorney General is female, only the second to fill the job. In other cabinet-level administration offices, or Gabinete Ampliado (Extended Cabinet), women hold two of the five available posts - Director of the National System for Integral Family Development and President of the National Institute for Women (INMUJERES). | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 3 | 6 | 0.333333 |
10.18356/fe43e5e4-en | 011e6e0b7483e314e335132aad230f6a | Many said that it would be important for the ministerial declaration to send a clear message about the global significance of forests to the third International Conference on Financing for Development, to be held in July 2015, the United Nations summit to adopt the post-2015 development agenda in September 2015, and the twenty-first session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, to be held later in 2015. Round table 1 was co-chaired by the Minister for Forests, Environment and Protection of Natural Resources of Gabon and Chair of the Forum at its eleventh session, Noel Nelson Messone, and the Federal Minister of Food and Agriculture of Germany, Christian Schmidt. Summing up the interactive discussion, the Co-Chair (Mr. Schmidt) said that it had been extremely useful in highlighting the importance of integrating forests in the post-2015 development agenda, as well as recognizing their multifunctional role in the climate change agenda. During the discussion, participants stressed the need to strengthen the Forum and align it with the post-2015 development agenda. | 15 | 14SDG 15
| 1 | 7 | 0.75 |
10.1787/5k9h296b1zjf-en | 0121e23f15d51d4c80392bcb939bf3a9 | For instance, in Denmark and Sweden there are quasi-mandatory, occupational defined-contribution schemes with broad coverage that are included in the index. The index shown here is not a Kakwani index. It is based on pension systems’ parameters and is computed as 100 minus 100 times the ratio of the Gini of pension payments to the Gini of personal gross earnings in 2008. The Gini indices are calculated using the OECD average earnings distribution. | 10 | 9SDG 10
| 4 | 5 | 0.111111 |
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en | 0125440327e7ba5e1350964e34d04ce9 | There is also a Unified System of Legislative Processes Administration: a software and process system connecting all government institutions and bodies, the official database of all legislation in Slovakia (JASPI), the legislative system and website of the Parliament, and “digital government” functions. The new system requires all draft laws and regulations (except international treaties) to be prepared using “legislative editor” software that assures consistency and coherence. Draft laws are now published on a legislative web portal (https://lt.justice.gou.sk) that allows institutions and the public to comment on the bills. | 6 | 5SDG 6
| 3 | 0 | 1 |
10.1787/5k9h296b1zjf-en | 0125d99349f20945995001845490fec2 | In the United States, the limited reduction in inequality is due to the smaller size of transfers compared with the OECD average whereas in Portugal it is mainly due to their lower progressivity. The lack of, or incomplete, indexation of cash transfers has impinged negatively on their generosity. The examination of 10 countries suggests that incomplete indexation of benefits resulted in recipients losing ground in a majority of these countries (OECD, 2011 a). | 10 | 9SDG 10
| 1 | 7 | 0.75 |
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en | 0125f2a61a7e872b138ef896a947b59c | Actuarial projections allow predicting the likely evolution of the population and therefore the future number of individuals included in each cell of the model. Future health expenditure is determined by multiplying the average costs by the projected number of individuals included in each cell. More advanced cohort-based models take into account trends in disabilities as w'ell as factors influencing epidemiologic trends such as, individual behaviour and exposure to risks factors (e.g. smoking, obesity, hypertension and cholesterol). | 3 | 2SDG 3
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.1787/dcr-2013-10-en | 012ec56c3c163d7e78dbf9a6f93646d1 | The same is true for other cash transfer programmes around the world (Arnold, 2011, Samson et al., Many of those in extreme poverty, however, were not able to benefit from these reforms because of low levels of schooling, nutrition and health. In order to break this poverty cycle, the Oportunidades Programme was created in 1997 (under the name Progressa). | 1 | 0SDG 1
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.1787/9789264188617-en | 0131ee13926adc9897c3e007b42af8cb | Covering 30% of the electricity supply of the United States with offshore wind would thus cost an astonishing additional outlay of USD 86 billion per year. Table 4.7 reports the total cost of electricity supply on a USD/MWh basis for all scenarios analysed. Two additional tables in Appendix 4.B report the cost increase per unit of renewable production and the total cost of electricity supply, on an absolute basis (Tables 4.1B and 4.2B respectively). However, introducing large shares of renewable energy with low variable cost has also significant impacts on the optimal structure of the electricity generating mix, on resulting electricity prices and on the profitability of existing dispatchable power plants, which make up the pecuniary externalities referred to in Chapter 1. | 7 | 6SDG 7
| 0 | 6 | 1 |
10.1007/978-981-15-3521-5_9 | 01326eb537942151ed8ea39e4c857b8f | Cultural Studies’ academic good fortune owes little to the Frankfurt School. From its origins in early 1970s until earlier this century, the discipline consistently failed to engage with Critical Theory on a more than superficial level. On the few occasions when Cultural Studies’ theorists examined Critical Theory, their focus usually dwelled Dialectic of Enlightenment’s ‘Culture Industry’ chapter or Adorno’s subsequent cultural criticism. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 4 | 1 | 0.6 |
10.14217/9781848591400-6-en | 0132b24c2092915f49748f70e3c07424 | Experts know from previous research that there are children who are at risk of not making a successful transition to school, and the gap between these children and their peers increases progressively. Australia’s National Early Childhood Development Strategy -Investing in the early years (Australian Government, 2009a) - also recognises the need to build a solid evidence base as one of its six reform priority areas. The results from the 2009 AEDI are now providing a wealth of information which is being used to influence early childhood initiatives at the community, state and national levels, as well as inform early childhood policy development. | 4 | 3SDG 4
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-12-en | 0134d4d80bee70d123b3e13bfd691842 | Led by LDC governments and with focused co-operation among key stakeholders— including the private sector and international donors—much can be achieved in the way of inclusion. Yet, in the least developed countries (LDCs), despite the proliferation of mobile phones, access to the Internet is still limited. The Internet's potential as an instrument for more inclusive trade, which can bring benefits for the poor, is yet to be fully explored. | 9 | 8SDG 9
| 3 | 7 | 0.4 |
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en | 0137b643dea21daf055bf16b8393a518 | Strategic planning and a long-term vision are required to build the foundation for a flexible, scalable and adaptable electricity system. Emerging economies and developing countries have the opportunity to build up a modern electricity system that meets future requirements, but the pathway for these countries will be different from the one followed in the past. This is due to evolving technical, financial, political, social and environmental conditions that are yielding new opportunities and challenges to simply achieving access to reliable and affordable electricity. | 7 | 6SDG 7
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.18356/35f875c3-en | 0137f02e62ce54952e20bbfa68cbab28 | Female economic activities were critically examined and new light was shed on existing conceptions of traditional housework. Oxford University Press, 2007). An edited version of Ihe chapter is available al www.rci.rutgers.edu/~cwgl/globalcenler/charlotte/UN-Handbook.pdf. Targets were also set for the improvement of women's access to economic, social and cultural rights, including improvements in health, reproductive services and sanitation. The women in development approach is embodied in article 14 of the Convention, which focuses on rural women and calls on States to ensure that women "participate in and benefit from rural development" and also that they "participate in the elaboration and implementation of development planning at all levels".15 Participation is an important component of the right to development, as discussed below. | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.18356/7dcbd514-en | 0137f4e8bd41ec897f2fc053aca3d391 | In the Armenian part of the sub-basin, the river is exposed to background contamination as a result of hydrochemical processes. The increased concentrations of heavy metals (vanadium — V, Mn, Cu, Fe) already exceed the MACs for the fish in the upper part of the sub-basin. The concentrations of, for example, zinc (Zn), Fe and sulphate, decrease from upstream to the monitoring station just upstream from the border of Armenia and Azerbaijan, indicating reduced potential for transboundary impact. | 6 | 5SDG 6
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.18356/58d686e0-en | 013917ffe21b90b40c5cb14abf74bb1c | The Special Rapporteur explained that these incidents are not isolated but represent the ultimate act experienced in a continuum of violence by women living under conditions of gender-based discrimination. The Special Rapporteur added that a holistic approach to preventing gender-related killings must be emphasized in all the measures taken by States to investigate and sanction violence, in particular in designing, implementing and evaluating legislation and policies. In addition, the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment argues for the torture protection framework to be applied in a gender-inclusive manner with a view to strengthening the protection of women from torture. According to the Special Rapporteur, State obligations under the Convention against Torture clearly extend to the private sphere as well, in addition to violations committed by public officials (A/HRC/7/3). | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |
10.18356/b82bdbfb-en | 013a3c20eddfcb0707068fdf5f37102c | And it will most likely entail a series of deliberate and explicit steps incrementally induced over time. Diluting harmful social norms may require - to borrow from an old Persian saying - ‘death by a thousand cuts’, i.e. small or incremental changes being made across multiple fronts, none of which is seen as socially damaging by itself, but which over time leads to the demise of the harmful social norm and its replacement with social norms that enhance women’s and girls’ opportunities, not distract from them. These actions, illustrated in Chapter 6, will need to be carried out across a broad range of social, economic and political arenas where women’s rights are being limited. | 5 | 4SDG 5
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en | 013f3730a1a84aed6e8ce8f252321326 | Improvements in subsistence farming can also be achieved through social protection programmes, either directly (such as input transfers or subsidy programmes) or through cash transfer and PWPs in which household income is spent on agricultural inputs to enhance own-farm productivity. Positive nutritional outcomes can be encouraged by the better utilisation of food and improvements in ancillary areas, such as drinking water, hygiene, sanitation, child care practices and health care (Freeland & Cherrier, 2012). Illness and disease, for instance, can reduce the absorption of nutrients. | 2 | 1SDG 2
| 2 | 7 | 0.555556 |
10.14507/EPAA.V22N26.2014 | 013f68e28af9e40f9791c2792c626988 | This special issue of Education Policy Analysis Archives addresses scholarly production and publishing (the two are intimately related) in the field of education. Worldwide scholars are facing similar global pressures for “excellence” and where the personal and institutional production of excellent scholarship is being compared with simple measures. In some parts of the world, these measures of productivity are fast becoming more immediately consequential than whatever else may be produced as a result of scholarship (purpose, critical reflection, insight, meaning, progress, to list some examples). This essay presents the challenges and responses identified by the eight contributions for this special issue on the future of education research publishing. . | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 5 | 2 | 0.428571 |
10.18356/f501027d-en | 013f7357f56052ea3defd3fab8777350 | Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels Goal 17. Yet, the literature is not undivided on these issues. For instance, subsequent to 2002, the importance of TFP, as opposed to factor accumulation, in growth for developing Asian economies has become more prominent, according to Donghyun Park and Jungsoo Park, "Drivers of developing Asia's growth: past and future", Asian Development Bank Economics Working Paper Series 235, for a critical survey, see Jesus Felipe, “Total factor productivity growth in East Asia: a critical survey”, Journal of Development Studies, vol. This situation may explain the negative or low contribution of input factors to output growth and the larger contribution of total factor productivity to output growth, as noted in Robert C. Feenstra, Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer, “The next generation of the Penn world table", American Economic Review, vol. | 9 | 8SDG 9
| 4 | 5 | 0.111111 |
10.18356/8cbb3e8c-en | 0142852c848f09360228d55b5e3d56a5 | Box 1.1 presents selected case studies illustrating both the public health problems of uncollected waste as well as the solutions.’ These sites are often alongside rivers or the sea, and therefore may directly pollute them as well as the coastal environment. Coastal dumpsite erosion is one source of marine litter. | 12 | 11SDG 12
| 5 | 21 | 0.615385 |
10.1787/729bf864-en | 01437db2a1eba75274672c94ea9e1bf9 | This aspect could be studied as part of the WPSMEE’s work on digitalisation and SMEs. These reports have established that there are methods of valuation that are routinely used and well-established, but that the majority of cases where IP valuation is required are not related to finance. Rather, these use cases address the need for values to be determined w'hen assets are bought and sold (usually in conjunction with the enterprise that owns them), transferred to another entity (when the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting work of OECD is of direct relevance) or become the subject of litigation. In addition, evidence suggests that the valuation of intangibles is less common practice for smaller firms than for large companies. | 8 | 7SDG 8
| 2 | 1 | 0.333333 |
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en | 0145a5292ed61cd8de12c00c901e54d4 | Some measures to address climate variability may not be labelled as such (Agrawala et al., In particular, more decentralised and autonomous efforts are likely to be under-reported (Gingrich et al., The sectoral scope of projects seems to align well with the relative vulnerability of the sectors and the preference of the Austrian government for “no-regrets” options that would be important elements of natural hazard management even without climate change. | 13 | 12SDG 13
| 0 | 3 | 1 |
10.1080/17430437.2014.997580 | 01460e09e7058d457b9ae70dc46021cc | This paper builds upon the sport for development scholarship that critically explores how Western ideals of gender and sport are mobilized within sport development campaigns. This growing body of development scholarship (e.g. Hayhurst, 2013, “Girls as the ‘New’ Agents of Social Change? Exploring the ‘Girl Effect’ Through Sport, Gender and Development Programs in Uganda,” Sociological Research Online, 18 [2], Chawansky, 2012, “Good Girls Play Sports: International Inspiration and the Construction of Girlhood,” Feminist Media Studies 3: 473–476) critically examines the taken-for-granted liberatory character that frequently accompanies accounts of sport's allegedly progressive role in supporting gender equity. Grounded in this scholarship and transnational feminist sensibilities, this paper critically examines the rhetoric to inspire and assist women in ‘developing’ nations, via the US State Department's global ‘Empowering Women and Girls Through Sports’ diplomacy campaign. Rather than focusing on those who ... | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 4 | 2 | 0.333333 |
10.6027/9789289329651-2-en | 014747cfaed349590029e64b608ccfe6 | Also, carbon stocks of forest soil and dead organic matter (especially coarse woody debris] appear to increase with stand age. Forest soil carbon stocks are driven by site productivity and soil type (primarily driving litter production but also influencing decomposition), litter quality, and local topography and disturbance history. The relationships between external drivers and soil carbon stocks are complex, and it is therefore difficult to describe clear patterns in the response of soil carbon stocks to such drivers. Generally, variation in soil carbon stocks with environmental drivers is most pronounced for the organic layer, less so for the mineral soil and total soil carbon stocks. | 15 | 14SDG 15
| 1 | 4 | 0.6 |
10.18356/3c5a4620-en | 014a0b1ad562a00709848aafa2a92c9a | There is strong leadership from within and outside the UNECE managing to impose hard policy measures. It will act as the main mechanism involving developing countries in the achievement of common goals. The world sees relatively low economic growth and only a modest increase in conventional energy demand growth. | 7 | 6SDG 7
| 0 | 9 | 1 |
10.18356/7aa2651d-en | 014cb0cffa33025a540795b9f964c7f6 | For two countries, Japan and New Zealand, the statistical results have been derived from national studies shared by their respective authors with the UNICEF research team. The surveys are administrated nationally, with some flexibility in the implementation (the national surveys are based on a common framework which defines target variables, and on common guidelines and concepts to maximize international comparability). The 2009 EU-SILC survey included the special module on 'Material Deprivation', including 36 variables. | 1 | 0SDG 1
| 5 | 4 | 0.111111 |
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en | 014fb0a8abb3f3b4581daca723b04124 | These programmes are meant to preserve employment and provide income support for workers with reduced hours as a result of temporarily low product demand, including during a general economic downturn. While these programmes lie outside of this chapter’s analysis of income support for jobless persons, Box 1.2 provides a short discussion of STW and its role during the 2008-09 recession. This type of programme is often referred to as a “last resort” programme since they tend to supplement any other type of income (from public or private sources) that an individual or household might have accumulated, received or be eligible for. | 10 | 9SDG 10
| 2 | 7 | 0.555556 |
10.1017/S0003055420000726 | 01510bcc0cc131c7de3d63afe733d40d | Both champions and critics of “neorealism” in contemporary international relations misinterpret David Hume as an early spokesman for a universal and scientific balance-of-power theory. This article instead treats Hume’s “Of the Balance of Power,” alongside the other essays in his Political Discourses (1752), as conceptual resources for a historically inflected analysis of state balancing. Hume’s defense of the balance of power cannot be divorced from his critique of commercial warfare in “Of the Balance of Trade” and “Of the Jealousy of Trade.” To better appreciate Hume’s historical and economic approach to foreign policy, this article places Hume in conversation with Machiavelli, Guicciardini, Andrew Fletcher, and Montesquieu. International relations scholars suspicious of static paradigms should reconsider Hume’s genealogy of the balance of power, which differs from the standard liberal and neorealist accounts. Well before International Political Economy developed as a formal subdiscipline, Hume was conceptually treating economics and power politics in tandem. | 16 | 15SDG 16
| 2 | 5 | 0.428571 |
10.1787/9789264269637-6-en | 015216cb124f78029c919efd44ef87fc | Case managers offered support with goal setting, progress monitoring, confidence-building, motivation, and other forms of assistance. Individuals could access FFWS by being referred by their general practitioner or other health service providers, or through self-referral. In most pilots, mental health conditions were the most commonly reported condition and many clients had more than one health condition. The average length of time people stayed with the service was four months. | 8 | 7SDG 8
| 2 | 1 | 0.333333 |
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en | 0152ccb14c914a42c8ef996181f8aade | Up to 1% of the total subsidy will be allocated to research and technology development, capacity building and, inter alia, the financing of pilot studies and complementary projects under the rural electrification scheme. Table 25 shows the cost norms defined by the Ministry of Power for village electrification. In line with current practice under the RGGVY, the MNRE also offers a 100% capital subsidy for BPL household connections. | 7 | 6SDG 7
| 1 | 8 | 0.777778 |