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scientific-challenges-and-directions-dataset

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PMC6874236_37

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Although the high stability of ASFV in contaminated pork products and blood has been appreciated for decades (15), the stability of ASFV in plant-based feed has been recognized only recently (5).

Our previous estimation of the half-life of ASFV in feed ingredients was based on the limited data we had available, including inoculation dose and 18 titers quantified at 1 time point during the 30-day model (5,10).

PMC6048202_149

KIF13A knockdown was found to reduce progeny virus production.

Overexpression of a mutant form of KIF13A lacking in motor capacity resulted in disruption of the plasma membrane distribution of vRNP complex during later stages of infection.

This data suggest that the apical transport of viral components via Rab11A or KIF13A could potentially serve as therapeutic targets against IAV infection.

PMC7357736_7

First, early diagnosis and monitoring of persons with COVID-19 is critical both to optimize the individual patient’s outcome and to prevent further community transmission.

Many vulnerable immigrants are under- or uninsured [11] and thus depend upon Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs), safety-net public health systems, or free clinics.

These organizations are often underfunded, limiting their ability to provide testing, management, and follow-up services to their patients.

PMC7474832_5

With this data it was possible to classify Brazilian states using multivariate methods into possible groups by means of non-hierarchical (k-means) cluster as well as factor analysis.

It was possible to group all states plus the Federal District into five clusters, taking into account these 10 variables over the first five months of the epidemic.

Group changes between states were observed over time and clusters, and between three and four factors were found.

PMC125375_172

The second point is that the area around Phe29 of CEA and Ile91 of human CEACAM1 (corresponding to Gly29 and Thr91 in msCEACAM1a[1,4]; Figure 2B) is highly hydrophobic and might be an important determinant of binding energy.

Knowing the structure of msCEA CAM1a[1,4] makes it possible to rationally design mutations to elucidate the molecular basis of the specific interactions between bacterial Opa proteins and CEA members on human cell membranes.

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PMC4119655_7

However, the TaqMan probe method had the highest detection rate whereas the conventional RT-PCR was the lowest.

The real-time RT-PCR developed based on SYBR Green and TaqMan probe could be used for simultaneous detection and differentiation of HP-PRRSV and PRRSV in China, which will benefit much the PRRS control and research.

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PMC7094322_106

Both the quantitative and the qualitative analysis showed the youngest CAD patients to have the poorest psychosocial QoL. The results obtained using qualitative methods explained the quantitative findings and offered new insight into the factors related to poor psychosocial QoL, which could be used to help develop theoretical propositions around these.

Patients at risk of poorer QoL were those with an acute onset of illness at a young age that led to an unexpected termination of career, resulting in financial problems, and worries about family.

This group also experienced lack of emotional support (especially the females with CAD) and were concerned for the illness that was not alleviated by treatment.

PMC7313284_88

This is explained by the number of features (6) for WISDM is not sufficient when using PCA algorithm.

Another reason to the lowest accuracy in WISDM dataset is attributed to the use only the accelerometer sensor comparatively to the HAR and HAPT that use the both accelerometer and gyroscope sensors.

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PMC7173591_535

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The low sodium content of wine is an incidental benefit.

It may permit wine consumption by those on a low-sodium diet, for example those with high blood pressure or heart attack victims.

PMC7246955_51

The role of policymakers, by contrast, should be to understand and mitigate the possible risks of technology use in children, as documented by research.

As a starting point, these risks include screen time addiction and intolerance of boredom, displacement of other activities (e.g., homework, play), social media bullying, unreliable information, sleep disruption, violent or otherwise age-inappropriate content, and data protection issues.

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PMC4728566_16

Peramivir (trade name: Rapivab) is the only intravenous formulation among anti-influenza neuraminidase inhibitors currently available [7].

Unfortunately, continually emerging NAI resistance limits their development and effectiveness.

Also, dual resistance to both oseltamivir and amantadine has been detected [6,8,9,10,11].

PMC7271189_728

However, large concentrations of myoglobin in the glomerular filtrate can increase the tubular necrosis that occurs as a result of renal ischemia.

For example, in rhabdomyolysis in horses, renal ischemia is likely secondary to poor renal perfusion seen in hypovolemic shock.

Therefore myoglobinuria can have an additive deleterious effect on tubular epithelium already undergoing ischemic necrosis.

PMC5443454_35

In conclusion, a network of hospitals capable of treating patients with HIDs was rapidly constructed in response to the recent EVD outbreak.

However, without the impending threat of EVD or another HID on the immediate horizon, public attention on HID preparedness tends to waver, and governments tend to prioritize and shift funding elsewhere.

Additional external funding sources remain generally uncertain for US HLIUs not designated as RESPTCs; therefore, these HLIUs must strategize methods and models of sustainability if they are to maintain capabilities and readiness.

PMC7492164_125

Conversely, higher concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines enhance intracellular and extracellular bacterial growth in a dose-dependent manner [66].

Within this context, glucocorticoids can be beneficial in preventing immune reprogramming associated to a high production of inflammatory cytokines, as well as in pathogen clearance, normalization of respiratory microbiota diversity and restoration of mucosal immunity [67].

However, further research is needed on this topic since chronic inhaled corticosteroids in COPD and asthma patients have been associated with altered respiratory microbiotas [68].

PMC7468178_37

Therefore, it is difficult to determine the relative contributions made by individual factors to the overall microbial succession process (Jiao et al. 2017).

The assembly and composition of the root-associated microbiome could be influenced by soil conditions such as the pH, nitrogen and phosphorus contents (Edwards et al. 2015; Xiao et al. 2017).

Therefore, it is desirable to obtain a predictive understanding of how root-associated bacterial communities in licorice plants of different ages respond to soil characteristics.

PMC7268972_70

Although the main purpose of Posthumanist Knowledge is not necessarily to provide a step-by-step how-to guide on conducting materialist cartographies, Braidotti provides some examples of studies that qualify as posthumanist such as Gabrys (2011) study of digital rubbish and Parikka’s (2015) work in geological materialism.

Yet it remains unclear what such a cartography would look like and how it would be different from other research in critical studies.

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PMC7323459_45

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As with all disruptive paradigms, the learning curve can be steep for healthcare students and faculty who embrace the flipped model.

It is not uncommon to encounter real and lasting challenges with regards to the use and management of technology (Moraros, Islam, Yu, Banow, & Schindelka, 2015).

PMC7195392_45

The animal care protocol for this experiment was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Minnesota (St. Paul).

Poults in all 3 groups were observed daily for the development of clinical signs until 16 DPI.

Growth response, gross pathology, and virus shedding were studied at 5, 11, and 16 DPI, as detailed below.

PMC7158194_730

Although the sac is readily apparent grossly, diagnosis of the presence or absence of brain tissue typically requires histologic examination.

These malformations are hereditary in pigs and cats and are also caused by griseofulvin treatment in pregnant cats during the first week of gestation.

They are uncommon and sporadic in other domestic species.

PMC3277274_30

Phylogenetic analysis showed that viruses in the bats were closely related to those isolated from victims of the 2007 MARV outbreak in Uganda, providing the first evidence for an epidemiological link between viruses in bats and hemorrhagic fever outbreak in humans.

On the other hand, EBOV has not been isolated from any bat species.

During the 2001–2003 EBOV outbreaks in Gabon and DRC, however, fruit bats (Hypsignathus monstrosus, Epomops franqueti, and Myonycteris torquata) captured in the outbreak area were found to have EBOV genomic RNA and virus-specific antibodies (Leroy et al., 2005), suggesting they are potential natural reservoirs for EBOV.

PMC7279722_28

CF is a chronic condition best served by regular monitoring by a multidisciplinary team; much of this care is ideal for telehealth and there have already been positive experiences reported [6,7,8].

In Italy, a few pilot programs have been implemented [9,10], but telemedicine is far from routine use and there are hurdles to its practice in today's critical context.

Patients and families must have access to the internet.

PMC7271189_657

These foals usually die within a few days of birth and have small abscesses (1 mm or less in diameter) in many visceral organs, especially the renal cortex.

Embolic nephritis also occurs commonly in the bacteremia of pigs infected with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae or sheep and goats infected with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis.

Trueperella pyogenes was the most common isolate (26/31) from cases of embolic nephritis in necropsied cattle.

PMC3322158_224

Interestingly we also noticed a possible association of naked capsids with fiber-like structures we considered as microtubules since microtubule polymerization inhibitors such as nocodazole or colchicin did inhibit IE/E antigen expression by CMV-infected MDDCs (data not shown).

Our work is in accordance with papers showing that CMV [52], Kaposi’s sarcoma associated virus [53] and HSV-1 [54] do use the microtubule network to convey their uncoated capsids to the nucleus.

Recently, it was clearly shown that in contrast to the requirement for a drop in pH in macrophage endosomes, dendritic cells are able to tune their endosomal pH [48] and to keep it stable by tightly regulating the reactive oxygen species (ROS)/H+ balance in endo-lysosomes [55].

PMC7107275_132

Previous exposures of pregnant dams to TCDD have reported that epididymal sperm count and vaginal thread are among the most sensitive measures of effect in male and female offspring, respectively (Gray et al., 1997b; Mably et al., 1992b).

Changes in the weights of the accessory glands of the male reproductive tract are a less sensitive measure although sensitivity depends on the time of development at which measurements are taken.

In general, the magnitude of the effect is greatest as the animal approaches puberty and tends to recover at later timepoints.

PMC7158194_2223

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Although gross lesions are not frequently observed, they may occur in areas of prominent inflammation, where they appear as yellow-tan areas.

Early microscopic lesions primarily affect the gray and white matter subjacent to the ependyma of the ventricular system of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord.

PMC7222950_127

In a severe TBI population, ICPM use was found to be associated with a longer time to initiation of CP leading to an increase in VTE.

In addition, there was a nearly two-fold increased associated risk of VTE even when controlling for known VTE risk factors.

Given the lack of clear benefit for ICPMs, physicians should weight this risk especially if they are considering holding CP in association with the use of these devices.

PMC7228402_20

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The definition states that one necessary criteria is the disease be a public health risk to other States through international spread.

That part of the definition does not stipulate what is the threshold of risk, nor does it indicate how many States must be at such risk.

PMC7176293_523

Calpains seem to be regulatory enzymes.

For example, they reduce the blood flow through vessels in cases of injury to limit blood loss.

During a stroke, this natural protective function unfortunately leads to the contrary situation: Activation of calpains reduces the blood flow, and parts of the brain become ischemic.

PMC7095334_82

As well as potentially supporting diagnosis and surveillance53, the fast-developing field of genomic epidemiology54 can yield information to track the evolution of a virus such as Ebola during an epidemic55,56.

There will be times when it can detect outbreaks better than traditional epidemiology, illustrating the need to have these tools available in the same toolbox.

During the large Lassa fever outbreak in Nigeria in 2018, real-time genomic sequencing provided clear evidence that the rapid increase was not due to a single Lassa virus variant, nor attributable to sustained human-to-human transmission.

PMC7110454_46

Over the years, the author has seen a number of antibiotics employed as broad-spectrum antibiotics, often as a result of impatience with clinical progress or a lack of proper diagnostic testing.

One of the most commonly misused antibiotics is chloramphenicol, a drug that is efficacious in only one ferret disease, proliferative colitis (the result of Ileobacter infection).

A well-stocked pharmacy is no substitute for knowledge of ferret diseases or the judicious use of culture and sensitivity.

PMC7150108_74

In patients with neurologic involvement, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings are lymphocytic pleocytosis and elevated protein with normal glucose, in keeping with other viral central nervous system infections.

Chest radiographs may show scattered infiltrates.

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PMC5079805_240

It was proposed and eventually carried out that the best mechanism for developing a HBV vaccine was to harvest plasma from asymptomatic volunteers, chemically treat the plasma to inactivate it like it was an infectious particle, and use it as a vaccine candidate [92], [93], [94], [95], [96].

While these initial studies were successful in high risk populations, they were occurring in the late 1970s and early 1980s which coincided with the beginning of the Acquired Human Immunodeficiency (AIDS) epidemic.

The vaccine was approved for human use in 1981, but fears about the use of a human blood product, lack of volunteers, and cost led to abandonment of this vaccine and its eventual withdrawal from the United States by 1986 [97].

PMC5723907_149

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A possible explanation of the mixed reports regarding the contribution of IFN to DC function is that this could be due to differential responsiveness of various DC subsets to IFNλ and/or type I IFN.

For example, pDC have been described to respond to both type I and type III IFNs to enhance their upregulation of ISGs, maturation, and antigen presentation function.

PMC7120867_372

In recent years, however, the advent of new treatment modalities, such as HSCT and the novel antimyeloma agents, bortezomib, thalidomide, and lenalidomide, has improved outcomes for multiple myeloma patients and transformed it into a chronic disease.

The resulting cumulative immunosuppression has increased the risk of infection and expanded the spectrum of potential pathogens in this patient population to include infections such as C. difficile, CMV, and opportunistic molds [220].

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PMC7150108_149

Patients may also have mucous membrane lesions as large as 1 cm.

Initially the rash is maculopapular and then evolves over a 2–4 week period to vesicles.

As the vesicles heal, they umbilicate, become pustular, and then form eschars which desquamate.

PMC7201395_91

Trials examining the blockade of additional myeloid-derived inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF57 and granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM–CSF) (NCT04341116), have also been considered and/or initiated.

Strategies aimed at broadly interfering with cytokine signalling could also significantly reduce hyperinflammation in patients with severe COVID-19, and several trials testing the use of JAK inhibitors are ongoing.

Alternatively, strategies upstream of the production of individual cytokines could represent a broader and possibly more effective way to dampen the occurrence of cytokine release syndromes.

PMC7228337_13

As reported previously,42 the NDT‐catalyzed transfer reaction between 1 and thymidine led to the simultaneous formation of N1‐ and N3‐glycosylated products (1 a and 1 b, Scheme 2) in a 1:1 ratio after 3 h at 37 °C by using NDT at 1.25 μL/μmol acceptor (Table 1, entry 1).

Nucleoside 1 b (i.e., C5 arylimidazole derivative) was progressively converted into the thermodynamically more stable N1 isomer 1 a (i.e., C4 aryl‐imidazole nucleoside; see Figure S1 A in the Supporting Information).

By increasing the enzyme concentration (from 1.25 to 10.0 μL/μmol acceptor), the conversion was nearly complete, reaching a plateau at 90 %; nucleoside 1 a was formed as the sole product (Table 1, entries 7 and 8).

PMC7158194_2662

Feline ischemic encephalopathy has a peracute to acute onset and affects cats of any age.

Clinical signs usually reflect unilateral cerebral involvement.

The disease most often occurs in the summer months and is accompanied by signs that can include depression, mild ataxia, seizures, behavioral changes, and blindness.

PMC7409803_186

The one sure thing is that infection with the virus is the initiating cause of this complex process that has affected so many lives.

In the end, it all begins with infection by the virus.

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PMC7348622_189

It has been estimated that it causes economic losses in the United States alone of about US$664 million per year or up to US$156 per litter.

It has been especially devastating in China and Southeast Asia.

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PMC7149462_315

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Moreover, the challenge of defining who the audience is in an act of macrosecuritization remains problematic.

While Buzan and Wæver's work would suggest that states are the audience, the theory also allows for lower tiers to be subsumed into the process.

PMC7173479_1122

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Tracheobronchial aspirates may reveal degenerated neutrophils, yeast cells, and bacteria.

In the case of aspergillosis, the diagnosis may be difficult because one may recover fungal elements from the tracheal washings of normal horses.24 Definitive diagnosis may require repeated isolation of the Aspergillus organisms or histologic demonstration of hyphal elements in the pulmonary parenchyma.

PMC7094589_68

Currently, the manner in which Vpu overcomes CAML restriction effect is not clear.

Although it was proved that the Vpu function is associated with virus release, the question of whether the ion channel activity of the transmembrane domain is required for the viral release is still debated.

TASK-1 offered a very good opportunity to link them together.

PMC7158194_1691

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Spinal concussion is the term applied to the immediate and temporary loss of function that sometimes follows severe direct blows to the spinal column.

Loss of function usually affects the long tracts/bundles of nerve fibers (funiculi), but usually there is no demonstrable external change in the vertebrae or spinal cord.

PMC4389040_35

Some studies may also have been biased by the fact that that certain SCZ patients were not tested for the antibodies.

However, this bias was overcome by studies in which antibody levels characterizing celiac disease were determined in schizophrenic patients.

A study conducted in Israel to detect anti-endomysial antibodies (EMA) showed no difference between a group with chronic SCZ and a group of healthy controls [29].

PMC7158194_1684

Concussive injuries of the diffuse type also occur in animals, but there are some differences between animals and human beings.

For example, it is difficult to produce severe concussion in animals because the margin between the force of a stunning blow and one causing fatal injury is very small.

The smaller the brain, the less vulnerable it is to rotational forces and the larger are the forces necessary to cause concussion.

PMC4476908_227

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1) binds to the complement of the 5′ leader sequence (negative-strand leader) and to the complement of the TRS-B sequences (Choi et al., 2002, Li et al., 1997, Li et al., 1999).

The functional importance of this binding has been controversial, Shen and Masters (2001) tested the role of hnRNP A1 in MHV replication by investigating the ability of MHV to replicate in cells lacking a functional hnRNP A1.

The infected cells supported viral replication and synthesized normal levels of genome and subgenomic RNAs, suggesting that hnRNP A1 is not required for MHV discontinuous transcription or genome replication.

PMC7321027_66

Previous antibody expansion could be determined by grooming effect from previous human CoV infections with no effect on pathogenesis regardless of the time-based coincidence with other severe diseases.

Moreover, the kinetics of antibody response is also known to be influenced by viral load and innate immune reactions [31].

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PMC7105187_182

This is due to the fact that this compartment consists of a multitude of intracellular vesicles which dynamically change with the actual state of cells and which are, therefore, very difficult to isolate at a purity which is satisfactory.

In many instances this situation prevents the identification of specific protease substrates and hinders the understanding of the compensatory networking of proteases in the acidic cellular compartment.

Since novel technologies are at hand [130], [131], [132], [133], [134], temporally and spatially resolved monitoring of endolysosomal protease activities and the detection of specific protease cleavage sites within substrates might be the next addressable challenges for protease investigations in de Duve's lysosomes.

PMC7302304_115

Collectively, these data suggest that vaccines and therapies to elevate T cell immune response to SARS-CoV-2 might be warranted for male patients, while female patients might benefit from therapies that dampen innate immune activation early during disease.

In summary, our data collectively suggest that the immune landscape in COVID-19 patients is considerably different between the sexes, and these differences may underlie heightened disease susceptibility in men.

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PMC7173591_584

In the 1800s, there were many reports linking gout with wine consumption, notably port.

Gout is caused by the localized accumulation of uric acid crystals in the synovium of joints.

Their presence stimulates the synthesis and release of humoral and cellular inflammatory mediators (Choi et al., 2005).

PMC7439973_26

In addition, as an attempt to improve the performance of SMA and proposing a multi-thresholding model has a high ability on tackling ISP, the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) will be integrated with it to borrow its exploration capability within the first half of the iterations and after finishing the predefined first iterations where WOA runs within, the SMA will start to exploit around the best region explored by WOA with disposing of local minima problem under its ability that will re-initialize the solutions within the search space under a certain probability.

The proposed model is only observed on X-ray test images infected with COVID-19, so it is proposed for dealing with this type of image.

And within our future work, its performance will be validated on a number of test images from The Berkeley Segmentation Dataset and Benchmark to see if its performance is stable on any image or not.

PMC6600394_51

Reduction of HBsAg titers was detected only in a limited proportion of patients, with a total and persistent HBsAg loss in one of them.

No severe adverse events were reported but no further effects were observed on HBsAg decline, and potentiation of antiviral T cell responses by the addition of a therapeutic vaccine containing core envelope and x antigens was not able to stimulate cell-mediated HBV-specific responses [48].

Given the wide variability in the efficacy of checkpoint inhibition in both in vitro and in vivo studies, the complexity of the individual response to the treatment is currently being investigated, with the aim of identifying the fraction of patients who could more likely benefit from immunotherapies.

PMC7111884_83

The Al Wusta region demonstrated the highest flock prevalence rate (37.5%) followed by the Dhofar Governorate (28.5%).

The 793/B-like genotype was identified from all regions and governorates, except the Muscat Governorate which remained the only region to have no IBV positive flocks.

Dhofar Governorate was the only infected region to demonstrate a single genotype (793/B), while the other infected regions had a presence of ≥2 genotypes.

PMC7465980_17

Thus, emerging technologies have been considerably studied and developed for the production of functional compounds from food sources, comprising extraction, separation, isolation, identification, and quantification [12,13].

Sprouts and microgreens are a new approach for functional foods with various advantages from the sustainability perspective, inclusive of eliminating the use of herbicides and pesticides, reducing the generation of food waste, and reaching a 10-fold increase of health-promoting phytochemicals compared to commercial adult plants [2,14].

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PMC7278286_956

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International media covers anything negative against their rivals of any kind (e.g. political, economic, trades, geographical, historical, etc.).

Like many other occasions, politicising the outbreak was perceptible since the inception.

PMC7150176_501

In cattle, organisms are most often seen in the liver and the cerebral cortex, though they may be found in any organ (Valli et al., 2016).

PCR assays have been developed and can be used in camels.

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PMC7278286_938

This indicates the importance of adaptive measures that should be taken into full consideration as early as possible.

The same flow that was seen in the US and the UK, and surely in other affected countries too.

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PMC7385311_64

This will pose a challenge when people think their illness will not harm them as they relate it to the flu-like illness.

Hence, it is important that the knowledge translation should be constructed in way that it will sensitize people and provide appropriate knowledge to tackle spread of rumors and misinformation in the affected and nonaffected communities.

Finally, it is significant to address main-stream society and media regarding their responsibility during the public health emergency to spread core and authentic information in their neighborhood.

PMC7123241_94

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Not all business processes apply to every lab, but across the spectrum of laboratories all of these business processes are relevant.

This document describes interdependencies between the lab and outside partners and following informatics protocol decomposes each of the core business processes into their individual steps with related functional requirements for the system, based on detailed laboratory workflow analysis [8].

PMC7417961_51

Given that misinformation is a global issue and MIMS are widely used in a variety of cultures, in addition to these relationship-related aspects, scholarship on this issue must also consider the cultural dynamics that influence misinformation propagation and correction.

For instance, in my own research in India, I am interested in examining how young adults negotiate situations wherein their older relatives post misinformation about COVID-19 in family group chats on WhatsApp.

In doing so, I have to consider how these young Indians negotiate the tension between traditional cultural ideals regarding deference toward elders, which may hinder them from correcting older relatives, and modern notions of reason and rationality (Van Wessel, 2012), which may encourage them to stop the flow of misinformation and call their elders out.

PMC3277274_56

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Although filoviruses can replicate in various tissues and cell types, the molecular mechanisms of their broad tropism remain poorly understood (Figure 6).

By using an expression cloning strategy that has been used to identify several virus receptors, human folate receptor-α was first identified as a ubiquitous cellular cofactor that mediates infection by both MARV and ZEBOV (Chan et al., 2001).

PMC7321056_27

Maintaining the fatality rate as low as possible will be the utmost importance for the populations; therefore the Governments must put in place measures to mitigate the unavoidable economic downturn.

Due to absence of any specific pharmaceutical interventions, government of various countries are imposing different strategies to prevent this outbreak and the lockdown is the most common one.

As for examples, the measures adopted in this time incorporated social distancing, closing schools, universities, offices, churches, bars, avoid mass gatherings, other social places as well as contact of cases (quarantine, surveillance, contact tracing) [15].

PMC4625562_155

Many picornaviruses have evolutionarily developed subtle strategies that target host factors to subvert IFNs signaling pathways, and survive and replicate in host cells.

For example, enterovirus 2Apro counteracts IFNs responses in infected cells by cleaving melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) and MAVs [74], while the mengovirus utilizes Lpro to prevent the production of IFN-α/β by inactivating iron/ferritin-mediated activation of NF-κB [75].

Cardiovirus Lpro induces cellular nuclear transport inhibition by binding to a key trafficking regulator RanGTPase [76].

PMC7158194_741

Congenital hydromyelia is an abnormal dilation of the central canal of the spinal cord (Fig. 14-33 ) that leads to the formation of a cavity in which CSF may accumulate.

In animals this disorder likely results from infectious or genetic injury that results in damage to ependymal cells lining the canal and the subsequent disruption of the normal flow of CSF and the formation of abnormal CSF pressure gradients within the central canal.

As CSF accumulates in the enlarging space, the increased pericanalicular pressure placed on the spinal cord compresses the white and gray matter, leading to loss of white matter and possibly neurons in gray matter.

PMC3145127_157

Its gradual spread over 10 years into 54 000 km2 of Northeast Brazil led to extensive malaria epidemics, costing 16 000 lives and around 3 billion USD (modern day estimate) in healthcare, drugs and the vector eradication programme (Killeen et al., 2002).

These epidemics were based solely on the greater vectorial capacity of An.

gambiae relative to local mosquito species, as malaria was already endemic in Brazil.

PMC6832307_103

The aforementioned AGMPs include those that are both ubiquitous, such as CPR or manual ventilation, as well as those that are limited to advanced health-care settings, such as bronchoscopy.

The risk of transmission from AGMPs may be very different in a field-based treatment unit than from a tertiary care hospital.

Additionally, some health-care settings, such as hospitals with biocontainment units, include additional air-handling systems that can limit aerosol exposure to HCWs [59].

PMC7152052_160

A multicentre clinical study further demonstrated that the InterGard Silver graft is safe with no side effects.

The primary patency rate was excellent, and the graft infection rate was low, despite a high incidence of nosocomial infections [100].

A comparison to show the efficacy of collagen silver-coated polyester and gelatin-sealed grafts with rifampin-soaked vascular grafts to resist infection from MRSA and Escherichia coli was carried out.

PMC7454935_33

Four investigators (J.Y., J.K., J.M. and A.Y.) independently extracted data from the full text of the eligible studies.

Extracted data include first author name, year, country, journal, study design, study population information for risk of bias assessment of the study, method and type of sample used for confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection, age and gender distribution of cases, the clinical status of the subjects (symptomatic/asymptomatic) and radiological findings.

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PMC7138432_25

For victims of violent or sexual assault, a more open-minded approach is needed (see also 10.1007/978-1-61779-258-8_3).

If the assailant is known, then it may be possible to make an informed assessment of the risk of certain diseases by ascertaining their lifestyle.

If, however, the assailant is unknown, then it is wise to assume the worst.

PMC7150433_176

The false-discovery rate on peptide and protein level was set to 1%, and data were filtered using row-based extraction.

The assay library (protein inventory) generated in this project was used for the analysis.

The HRM measurements analyzed with Spectronaut were normalized using local regression normalization.67

PMC7150108_275

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For endocarditis with Bartonella sp. the recommended regimen is ceftriaxone 2 g daily for 6 weeks plus gentamicin 1 mg/kg every 8 hours for 2 weeks with dosage adjustment to achieve peak serum concentration of 3–4 μg/ml and trough of <1 μg/ml.

Doxycycline 100 mg twice daily either intravenously or orally may be added.

PMC7149945_150

The reporter molecule is thereby freed from the quencher, and fluorescence is detected (Giulietti et al., 2001).

Molecular beacon probes also contain a fluorescent reporter and a quencher molecule, but the probe is constructed so that a secondary hairpin-loop structure is formed.

Due to the secondary structure, the fluorescent reporter and quencher molecules are brought in close proximity, resulting in the quenching of fluorescence.

PMC125375_125

Analysis of the sequence alignment of domains 2 (D2) and 4 (D4) of CEACAM1a reveals two major differences (Figure 4B, top).

The BC loop of D2 is two residues longer than that of D4, and D2 has four more potential N-glycosylation sites than D4 (marked with asterisks in Figure 4B).

The longer BC loop of D2 and the possible glycan attached to Asn192 at the beginning of the G strand of D2 may both restrict inter-domain flexibility between D1 and D2 in msCEACAM1a[1,2] in comparison with the junction between D1 and D4 in msCEA CAM1a[1,4].

PMC6002994_13

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Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a systemic vasculitis syndrome including microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangitis (EGPA) and renal-limited vasculitis (RLV).

The diagnosis of AAV is based on the presence of clinical manifestations with characteristic histopathological findings and the presence of MPO-ANCA or PR3-ANCA [1–7].

PMC4316893_74

Furthermore, the blood pressure was unable to be maintained and the levels of urine were very low.

On April 14th at 00:55, the patient succumbed to multiple organ failure, which caused cardiac arrest, and subsequently the loss of ventilator breathing, an arterial pulse and a pupillary light reflex.

The ECG was shown to be asystole, and clinical death was confirmed.

PMC7258710_83

Regional lymph node involvement is also common and may cause dyspnea if the retropharyngeal or mediastinal lymph nodes are involved.28 Additionally, infection of any other organ of the body is possible.

Invasive cryptococcal rhinitis has been successfully treated with itraconazole and surgical debulking.29 Other cases of systemic cryptococcosis have been treated with itraconazole, with better results in early stages of the disease.16, 28

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PMC7094577_116

To overcome this obstacle, we need to continue to improve our understanding of the complex respiratory diseases and to develop more effective therapies to prevent and treat these conditions.

Rapid development in science and technology offers new approaches to achieve this goal.

Advances in biomedical science enable us to understand lung diseases at the molecular level.

PMC7150176_505

Sneezing, coughing, and nasal discharge are associated with dyspnea since camelids are obligate nasal breathers.

Old World camels are primary host of the camel bot, Cephalopina titillator, which can lead to significant morbidity and rare mortality (Oryan et al., 2008).

Nasopharyngeal mucous membranes are congested and edematous and covered by adherent layers of hemorrhage, mucus, and fibrin.

PMC4342793_163

With anthropogenic activities having a marked influence on the size of genetic neighborhoods [38], pathogen genotype flow is no longer dependent on life history traits and natural dispersal alone.

The next step will be to define the boundaries of these ever-expanding genetic neighborhoods to inform surveillance strategies and breeding programs that need to take into account the full pathogen population within an isolated genetic neighborhood to breed for durable resistance.

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PMC7127731_50

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The chamber has a dedicated computer-controlled heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system that maintains the chamber at 70 °F (21 °C) and provides an air exchange rate of 6 h−1.

Conditioned outdoor air flows through a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter and, as shown in Fig. 1, then flows through a supply air grille and enters the chamber near the ceiling in the upper corner of a long wall.

PMC7149591_55

The effect of mutations on the structure and function of proteins is extremely relevant to penetrate into the mechanisms that drive virus evolution.

Silent or synonymous mutations are those that do not give rise to an amino acid substitution despite being located in an open reading frame (protein-coding region) of a genome.

The absence of amino acid substitution is due to the degeneracy of the genetic code: the same amino acid can be coded for by two or more triplets (codons), with the exception of AUG for methionine and UGG for tryptophan.

PMC3776256_299

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Primary prophylaxis can not be recommended to HIV-infected patients in Germany due to lack of a clear survival benefit [193].

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PMC7221408_64

There was no appreciable difference in the number of total monthly LVO cases (mean 0.39/day pre-COVID-19 vs. 0.43/day, p=0.61) although the proportion of patients with LVO grew (Table 1).

There was also no significant difference in the distribution of stroke etiologies between the two periods (p=0.98; Table 2).

Irrespective of the final diagnosis, fewer brain MRIs were performed during the COVID-19 period when compared to pre-COVID-19 (mean 148/mo.

PMC7190260_16

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We defined a short course of therapy as 5 days or less, which is in line with the IDSA recommendations.8 Additional rationales for shorter courses of therapy include limiting the development of bacterial resistance, decreasing the total cost burden of care, and reducing adverse effects associated with antibiotic therapy.

We observed that prolonged antibiotic use following drainage of skin and soft tissue abscesses was frequent in our institution.

PMC6722754_32

As modified live vaccines gain their attenuation through serial cell passages, the first and most obvious hypothesis to explain the mild severity of bluetongue disease in the experiment is the use of culture grown virus.

Moreover, passage history of the inocula used involved mostly embryonated chicken eggs (ECE), BHK-21 and VERO cells.

It was reported that BTV grown on KC cells (derived from Culicoides sonorensis) could induce a greater clinical signs severity [35] probably because KC cells better mimic natural vector-borne infection compared to virus passaged on other cell lines [36].

PMC7246897_159

The bottom part of Figure 5 further condensed the information by concentrating lines between citing and cited journal clusters.

This is done by adjusting the width of the lines proportional to the frequency of citation, making use of the so-called z-score of the citation links [51].

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PMC7152469_33

Other than acute gastroenteritis (AGE) requirements, all international passenger conveyances bound for the United States are legally required to report to US Quarantine at least 24 hours before arrival any ship cases with certain febrile syndromes suggestive of a communicable disease and any deaths.

Diseases on the list are primarily those with pandemic potential such as influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), or plague (https://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/dgmq/quarantine-fact-sheet.html).

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PMC7401880_91

Particular attention should be paid to the monitoring of cardiac function, respiratory status, neurologic status, and renal function.

Depending on organ system involvement, the early consultation of specialists from pediatric intensive care, cardiology, rheumatology, infectious disease, immunology, and neurology should be considered.

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PMC7334179_171

Perhaps the most striking thing is that the whole question generation process currently works on a single sentence basis not taking into account inter-sentence relations.

However, important information about the gist of the text can often only be deduced by reasoning about the whole input text.

Future work may investigate such reasoning by building NQG processes working with whole paragraphs or extracted summaries, and figuring out synergies between context and answer selection steps.

PMC7280472_47

The interpretation of a coronary CT angiogram should not be limited to the evaluation of coronary arteries.

With the growing incidence of COVID-19, radiologists and cardiologists interpreting cCTAs should be aware of the imaging features of the SARS-CoV-2 infection.

In epidemic areas, COVID-19 should be included in the differential diagnosis in patients with suspicious imaging features, for which constant vigilance is vital.

PMC7447600_144

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Pin tract infection after use of Ilizarov technique is still considered a common complication, which may be related to skin tension and pin temperature [36].

In the process of pin piercing, close attention should be paid to the change of tension.

PMC7364749_92

Those organs showed varying levels of edema, increase or infiltration of inflammatory cells on day 3 post infection, while the symptom was relieved slightly on day 6 post infection.

These results suggested that SARS-CoV-2 could infect the respiratory tract resulting in interstitial pneumonia in RMs.

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PMC7271162_224

Therefore, the detection of the nonculturable state is crucial to understanding V. cholerae ecology.

However, the mechanisms that cause the organism to associate with plankton or other particles, to form biofilms, or to enter dormant or free-swimming phases are not yet completely understood.

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PMC7096882_36

They are not coaxially stacked but are bent at an angle of 25°.

Strikingly, the stems are also rotated by 48° at the helical junction.

The BWYV pseudoknot also has a remarkable quadruple-base interaction between the nucleotide in loop 1 and stem regions.

PMC2874344_3

Of these pathogens, >71% have wildlife origins.

These pathogens can switch hosts by acquiring new genetic combinations that have altered pathogenic potential or by changes in behavior or socioeconomic, environmental, or ecologic characteristics of the hosts.

We discuss causal factors that influence the dynamics associated with emergence or reemergence of zoonoses, particularly in the industrialized world, and highlight selected examples to provide a comprehensive view of their range and diversity.

PMC7155164_494

In light of all of these observations, we can take away a few managerial implications that our results bring to the fore.

At a general level, our findings lead to a better understanding of how not only inventory and production policies should be structured when the objective is severity-based, but also which portions of the supply network (with respect to disruption risk) should be given the most attention and mitigation efforts.

Additionally, managers need to have the appropriate management of exogenous events.

PMC7271162_768

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In comparison to grid ditching and OMWM, runneling is an environment-oriented approach to salt-marsh management for mosquito control that aims to alter the salt marsh as little as possible, while causing significant reductions in mosquito numbers.

The main difference between the three approaches lies in the magnitude of the habitat modification.

PMC7391473_67

While teaching online, I tried to use various tools: whiteboard for drawing, screen share to present course materials using software programs I had on my computer.

My use of online tools gave the students opportunities to reflect on what was efficient and what should be considered by observing my different ways of teaching online.

I also tried to make class activities more hands-on.

PMC7359525_110

One H&E section in the 7.5×107 PFU Ad-hACE2 group and one in the 2.5×108 PFU Ad-hACE2 group exhibited multifocal lymphoid aggregates and a few scattered perivascular and peribronchiolar lymphocytes and plasma cells.

The latter section also had evidence of focal bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT).

Random lymphoid aggregates with no other associated lesions in multiple tissues including the lungs are common background observations in mice (45).