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PMC7117252_69

In the present study, it was found that 49 cats (98%) possessed type I specific antibodies and only one cat (2%) to type II.

The prevalence of type I infection revealed here was significantly higher than the previous report (80.4% in chronically diseased cats) by competitive ELISA (Hohdatsu et al., 1992).

Although this and the previous report (Hohdatsu et al., 1992) were different in methods and samples, it might suggest that type II FCoV infection has been decreasing in Japanese domestic cats in recent years.

PMC7359525_10

A novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in China in December 2019 (4), and has rapidly spread throughout the world.

The virus likely originated in bats (5, 6), before potentially jumping to an intermediate host and then to humans.

From December 2019 to July 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has caused over 10 million infections and 500,000 deaths worldwide.

PMC7104051_27

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SARS was a new human disease that first occurred in Southern China in the November 2002 and has apparently disappeared since 2003, but not before it had spread to 29 countries affecting 8098 people and resulting in 774 fatalities.

Compared with SARS, COVID-19 appears to be much more widespread but less deadly.

PMC7468178_248

Accordingly, the dominant bacterial communities associated with the roots of licorice were identified representatively in this study.

Licorice root compartments selectively enriched bacterial communities from the bulk soil and harbored different numbers of enriched taxa across various ages.

This enrichment process could be due to the development stages of licorice plants, which was supported by a previous study (Zhang et al. 2018).

PMC4527690_25

Although unknown for EBOV, the idea that virus circulation in wild species can drive changes that impact human–virus interactions has support for other RNA viruses such as SARS coronavirus and influenza A virus (see Table 1) [19,20].

Given evidence from these other viruses, understanding if and how animal hosts affect EBOV evolution is crucial.

Doing this requires studies that connect large-scale environmental and ecosystem processes to small-scale genetic and molecular processes.

PMC7377795_96

We include the same set of rich fixed effects as in Eq. (1).

The Post indicator is omitted because it is collinear with the city-by-week fixed effects.

The identifying assumption is a parallel trends assumption.

PMC4838766_92

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While the small numbers in this study make definite conclusions difficult, elevated serum C4 was identified in three dogs with chronic diarrhoea and, interestingly, all of these cases had clinical disease with a limited response to traditional therapy.

Ideally these cases would have undergone SeHCAT in order to increase the clinical suspicion, but the authors’ results suggest that bile acid malabsorption may well be a factor in some cases of chronic enteropathy.

PMC7158194_2815

Clinically, affected horses have progressive paralysis of the muscles of the limbs, mandible, larynx/pharynx, upper eyelid, tongue, and tail.

Death is usually caused by flaccid paralysis of the diaphragm, resulting in respiratory failure.

Blockage of acetylcholine release at presynaptic cholinergic terminals is permanent.

PMC4838766_3

Serum C4 concentration was measured in 20 clinically healthy control dogs and 17 dogs with chronic diarrhoea.

Three of the 17 affected dogs (17.6 per cent) had a C4 concentration significantly above the range of clinically healthy dogs; these dogs were all poorly responsive to conventional therapy.

These results suggest that bile acid malabsorption may be a clinically relevant disorder in dogs with chronic diarrhoea and serum C4 may be a useful tool to investigate this further.

PMC7115515_77

Participants were trained for laboratory procedures and work practices in confirmation of poliovirus using the new real time PCR techniques for ITD and VDPV screening.

With the introduction of this technique, the time and cost in performing sequencing to detect VDPV was reduced.

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PMC7150176_64

While arguably not true “ruminants,” both OW and NW camelids can utilize coarse forage by anaerobic fermentation in C-1 and C-2 and both OW and NW camelids are able to utilize coarse forage through anaerobic fermentation in C1 and C2.

New World camelids have evolved in the presence of highly variable food resources, with a “feast and famine” routine – periods of high dietary input followed by very low input.

Because of this physiologic adaptation, over feeding in captive and domesticated NW camelids is common and can lead to significant consequences.

PMC4380134_163

These results suggested that HPeV1 infection interfered in type I IFN signaling activation.

The evasion of an antiviral mechanism would be important for HPeV1 replication, which also supported the inefficient anti-HPeV1 activity with type I IFN post-treatment (Fig. 5A and B, lower panels).

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PMC7272108_136

Subsequent studies using longitudinal and experimental designs need to be carried out which may have potential to offer additional insights into the associations between coronavirus stress, optimism-pessimism, psychological flexibility, and psychological problems.

Finally, further research should be conducted to present more solid evidence and expand psychometric features of the CSM to wider populations such as clinical samples and adolescents.

Establishing psychometric features of the CSM in diverse populations and context would contribute to reliability and validity of the scale to be applied in the field of mental health and other relevant fields.

PMC7264590_0

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BACKGROUND: The COVID‐19 pandemic has resulted in the implementation of rapidly changing protocols and guidelines related to the indications and perioperative precautions and protocols for tracheostomy.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate current guidelines for tracheostomy during the COVID‐19 pandemic to provide a framework for health systems to prepare as the science evolves over the upcoming months and years.

PMC2329782_38

RT-PCR is the method of choice for the diagnosis of hMPV infection.

hMPV grows poorly in cell culture, and serological tests have low specificity because hMPV infection is almost universal in childhood.

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PMC4902956_110

Our high proportion of disseminated TB (45 %) is due to the advanced immunodeficiency status of our population, with median CD4 cell counts of 72 cells/mm3, which were lower than previously reported (109 and 112 CD4 cells/mm3) [28,29].

CD4 cell count is thought to be an unreliable predictor of ICU mortality, according to Morris and colleagues, when compared to other known risk factors, such as mechanical ventilation, low serum albumin and APACHE II score [11, 34–37].

However, others authors believe that CD4 cell count does have a correlation with a poorer prognosis [25, 38–40].

PMC7173591_22

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The traditional view is that wine is in some fundamental way designed to be consumed with food.

However, when one searches for the evidence, it seems to be a myth – a view that has been so oft repeated as to be assumed to be true, an example of social contagion of collective memory.

PMC3230622_177

The IFNβ promoter was activated by infection of cells with Sendai virus (SV) for eight hours.

Interestingly all three mutants lost their ability to block SV-induced IFNβ promoter activity when compared to the wildtype.

These results showed that the catalytic activity of the OTU is necessary to counteract IFN induction.

PMC7312582_15

Biological hazards, such as infectious disease outbreaks, are considered one of the major health risks for the human population.

Besides top-down government efforts in infection control and management, efforts at the individual and household level also have crucial roles in bottom-up resilience of Health-EDRM for biological hazards.

Currently, limited scientific evidence is available to understand patterns of knowledge, perception, attitude and behavior undertaken by urban populations for relevant disaster risk reduction programs and policy planning.

PMC4625562_42

Nevertheless, the detailed mechanisms for the production of the two forms of Lpro have not been clearly elucidated.

The mechanisms for selection of Lab start site (AUG1) or Lb start site (AUG2) for protein synthesis are complex.

Through constructing synthetic fusion genes of AUG1 and AUG2, Belsham determined that before initiation of protein synthesis at AUG2, the ribosomes need to scan past AUG1–AUG2.

PMC7173479_1171

Plasma may be needed if hypoproteinemia develops.

Furosemide (1 mg/kg intravenously) helps to mobilize lung extravascular water and repetitive dosing at 2- to 4-hour intervals may be required. (

One should monitor electrolytes.)

PMC2779497_99

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However, this special issue demonstrates that, despite the immensity of the epidemic, eradication is not only possible, it is feasible.

The time has come to stop thinking locally and to start acting globally.

PMC7158194_1293

Notably excluded from this list is the Alaskan husky, a breed that has a well-characterized encephalopathy that is morphologically similar to Leigh's disease in human beings.

However, recent research has failed to reveal mutations in mitochondrial genes but rather has found an association between a mutation in the thiamine transporter 2 gene (SLC19A3) and the development of the disease.

In this disease, bilaterally symmetric foci of encephalomalacia are often found in the thalamus, caudate, pons, medulla oblongata, and along the gray-white matter border of the cerebral cortices.

PMC2039787_89

The reviewed studies have a number of methodological limitations.

Heterogeneity is the most important one.

Consensus on all aspects of follow-up research is essential for well-founded conclusions.

PMC7278286_314

This particular planning layout helped to have a better monitory over entry and exit to residential and commercial areas, which ultimately helped to enhance the city’s safety and security (ibid).

On another effective measure, we can refer to the already established contactless payment methods via smart mobile phones, which was crucial to reduce transactions with unclean (and possibly contaminated) coin, banknotes, and cards.

However, phones themselves must be kept clean and properly disinfected on a regular basis.

PMC7192059_79

It was previously shown that postponing orthopaedic procedures not only means prolonged pain, but may even lead to poorer outcome overall.

For example, Mossmayer et al. prospectively followed 103 patients with rotator cuff tears over 10 years and found that those with delayed repair had significantly poorer results than did those who underwent early repair—an effect that became even worse from year to year [8].

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PMC7117252_41

The infected cells were incubated at 37 °C until cytopathic effect (CPE) appeared, fixed with phosphate-buffered formalin and stained with crystal violet.

When the number of plaques was less than 75% of those in control wells, the diluted sera were judged to be positive.

For screening of cat sera, all sera finally diluted to 1:10 were examined for PRNT.

PMC7173591_727

It also promotes platelet aggregation and blood vessel dilation.

An increase in intercranial pressure may be involved in the perception of pain in a migraine attack (Pattichis et al., 1995).

Nonetheless, most research suggests alternate associations between histamine and migraines.

PMC7120867_396

In a study by Harvey and Sunstrum, the survival rate for patients with cavitary pneumonia receiving antibiotics alone was 61 % compared with 75 % for those receiving both antibiotics and surgical resection [230].

More recently, isolated bacteremia has been reported in patients with underlying malignancies, with over 90 % associated with central line infections, likely due to the high percentage of R. equi isolates that can form heavy microbial biofilm on catheter surfaces [231].

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PMC7203732_32

Despite these measures, tens of thousands of people gathered in a special prayer session for protection against nCoV-2 in Lakshmipur, despite not having the local Government's permission.

Afterward, the Government banned all political, social, cultural, and religious rallies and gatherings in the country (16).

Amid this crisis, the country witnessed voting in three constituencies, where people had to go to the voting centers in person to cast their votes.

PMC4476908_228

The functional importance of this binding has been controversial, Shen and Masters (2001) tested the role of hnRNP A1 in MHV replication by investigating the ability of MHV to replicate in cells lacking a functional hnRNP A1.

The infected cells supported viral replication and synthesized normal levels of genome and subgenomic RNAs, suggesting that hnRNP A1 is not required for MHV discontinuous transcription or genome replication.

However, it has been shown that multiple other type hnRNPs, including hnRNP A2/B1, hnRNP A/B, and hnRNP A3, bind to the negative strand complement of the MHV leader TRS (Shi et al., 2003) and that overexpression of hnRNP A/B resulted in a 4–5 fold enhancement of viral RNA synthesis, suggesting that these proteins might also facilitate RNA synthesis and be able to substitute for hnRNP A1.

PMC7226712_145

The temperature was adjusted to 30 °C for further cultivation.

The agitation speed was kept at a constant rate of 200 rpm during anaerobic fermentation.

More details of the fed-batch fermentation are presented in Additional file 1: Fig. S5 and Additional file 2: Fed-batch fermentation.

PMC3776256_145

Sufficient ART is crucial for a successful therapy of CMV retinitis.

Patients with progredient CMV retinitis on a gancyclovir regimen can be treated successfully with foscarnet or a combination of foscarnet and gancyclovir [89].

A good response is obtained in many cases with treatment with cidofovir, and this drug can therefore be an alternative.

PMC7246897_299

Considering that risks are mediated and socially conveyed differently across varying cultural traditions [104], the lack of risk communication research in non-Western societies may result in a culturally biased approach.

Hence, available theories, models, or conceptual frameworks for risk communication may need modification or elaboration to account for different social traditions, world views, or knowledge systems.

More future research in non-Western countries may therefore lead to new fundamental insights and applications in the research domain.

PMC7278286_718

In addition, such technology use could help to enhance security, transparency, and cost-effectiveness of voting procedures.

By adopting more advanced technologies, we could be steps closer to making electronic voting to become permanent.(23)‘Election day will become election month’—By Lee Drutman, Senior Fellow

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PMC6832307_70

For instance, to date, there were few instances of nosocomial transmission of H7N9 or H5N1, even when protective measures were not used, while there were multiple nosocomial transmission events of pandemic H1N1 and other influenza A virus subtypes [39,45,46,47,48,49].

This could be due to variation in infectivity of the virus and tissue tropism, with the pandemic H1N1 preferentially replicating in the human upper respiratory tract and the avian influenza A viruses preferentially replicating in the lower respiratory tract [50,51].

Therefore, AGMPs have the potential to amplify or open up the route of aerosol transmission for influenza A viruses.

PMC7442562_58

In several large primary care cohorts a range of infections were more frequent in people with diabetes with worse glycaemic control [10,11], which is consistent with our data.

Thus, impaired glucose regulation may be an important mechanism partially explaining progression of COVID-19 infection.

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PMC7173479_501

S. equi equi (hereafter referred to as S. equi) is not a normal inhabitant of the equine upper respiratory tract and does not require prior viral infections for successful colonization and infection.144 Based on morphologic features of the bacterial colony, three strains of the organism occur that differ in virulence.

The typical and highly virulent encapsulated S. equi strains produce golden, honey-colored mucoid colonies on blood agar.

Atypical S. equi colonies exhibit a matte appearance within 24 hours of incubation.

PMC7176039_42

The Global Public Health Intelligence Network [17] collects news articles from the web, analyzes them, and displays them on its website.

In addition, it reconstructs collected news data, filters them, and delivers the necessary information to users through e-mail.

EpiSPIDER [18] extracts infectious disease outbreak information, such as keywords and dates, related to diseases among data collected from online news articles.

PMC7097732_106

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Metabolic coupling, a phenomenon in which two different cell types differentially coordinate their metabolism, has been associated with autophagy and has been observed in several tissues including tumours and brain tissue (Fig. 2b,c)71.

Tumours are composed of several cell types, and it has been postulated that metabolic coupling is essential for tumour development.

PMC7276319_78

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Table 3 shows the results of the multivariate linear mixed-effect model for items in the hospital performance domain.

We observed consistently significantly lower average performance scores for the emergency department compared to the respiratory OPD.

PMC5079805_77

If microorganisms are grown in suboptimal conditions, or are treated with certain chemicals they are not as virulent as microorganisms grown under ideal conditions.

By exposing the chickens to the attenuated bacteria Pasteur was able to induce protection against subsequent lethal challenge with the virulent P. multocida.

In 1881 Pasteur was able to repeat similar findings by attenuating Bacillus anthracis and vaccinating farm animals with the attenuated B. anthracis [11].

PMC7301016_26

Such studies are difficult to perform and interpret, as the nature of the disease and the extremely complex intensive care they receive are hard to control.

This makes it hard to evaluate comparable patient groups and collect reliable outcome data.

This point was well made in a 2019 paper by Gattinoni et al which also highlighted the impact of protective ventilator settings to avoid ventilator‐induced lung injuries.

PMC2766390_102

Regardless of improved journal selection, as described above, our method has several methodological limitations.

First, the keyword setting for journal selection has limitations; the 100 newly selected journals are not equivalent to existing full infectious disease journals.

This is attributed to the fact that we set representative keywords for journal selection in several languages used by many people throughout the world, but did not cover all the keywords related to infectious diseases research.

PMC7155164_147

In addition, much of the extant literature assumes that Bayesian Networks only comprise of two states, scilicet “occurred” and “not occurred”.

However, the [13] allows for the possibility of a third state, namely that of “unknown”, which is more natural to the inherent model of Bayesian Networks.

Last, the [13] model provides a clear and unambiguous algorithm for constructing the structure of the Bayesian Network, where other models do not.

PMC7121355_188

Moreover, hospitals are being asked to do more with community health assessments under the current health reform initiatives in the USA.

More recently, health departments are recognizing the utility of GIS in many phases of the process.

For example, a local health department in Texas has commented, use of a GIS proved crucial in the planning, administration, and analysis of the community needs assessment [29.52].

PMC2528209_134

Diarrhea was the most frequently related adverse effect, with one episode per seven patients treated.

Antibiotic treatment was beneficial in resolving sputum purulence; however benefits on lung function and gas exchange were not observed.

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PMC4605413_18

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Generally, the causative agents of ILI remain undiagnosed in routine clinical practice due to the expense of testing and the slow turnaround time for most diagnostic polymerase chain reactions (PCRs), considered too long to impact the management of usually self-limiting respiratory tract infections.

However, with the increasing use of antiviral drugs, such as neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza, testing for ILI pathogens may become more important for rational antiviral drug treatment and to prevent overuse of antibiotics, thereby helping to control costs and prevent the emergence and spread of antimicrobial drug resistance.

PMC7135564_6

Attention to appropriate cleaning and disinfection procedures related to housing, feeding, and treatment equipment is important for the maintenance of both internal and external biosecurity practices.

This paper discusses various risk factors associated with the control of infectious disease in the context of external and internal biosecurity measures in camelids operations.

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PMC7088096_76

As PRCV infections in pig farms do not play an important role in this region (Tyrpe, pers.

communication), livestock does not seem to be the source of infection for the wild boar population of Saxony–Anhalt.

Hence, further investigations should be carried out with the aim to evaluate the development of the epidemiological situation regarding PRCV in the population including a risk assessment for wild boars and domestic pig farms.

PMC7319317_116

First, due to the limited ability to collect data and the relatively low morbidity and mortality of COVID 19, the sample size in this study is small, which resulted in relatively few variables being included in the multivariate analysis; it is possible that some significant variables may have been neglected.

Second, as this study is a retrospective study, the data collected from the electronic medical records are limited; thus, data about additional significant factors may have not been available.

For example, we were unable to analyze the possible causes of higher procalcitonin levels because we lacked data on bacterial infections.

PMC7271189_598

The glomerular crescent can also undergo fibrosis, and if Bowman's capsule ruptures, glomerular fibrosis can become continuous with interstitial fibrosis.

Interstitial and periglomerular fibrosis, foci of interstitial lymphocytes, and plasma cells and glomerulosclerosis may be present in chronic GN.

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PMC2528209_214

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In choosing an antibiotic, other considerations are also important.

In all such patients, exposure to antibiotics within the past 3 months should be elucidated.

PMC3776256_210

The risk of HIV transmission, which is increased threefold by genital HSV-infection [143], is not reduced by treatment with acyclovir [144–146].

Between 70 and 90 % of patients with symptomatic HSV-2 infection and at least 20–50 % of patients with symptomatic HSV-1 infection experience recurring episodes within the first year.

Possible causes are local trauma, UV exposure, fever, and immune suppression.

PMC7158194_1275

Spongy change can be present throughout the neuraxis but typically involves areas of confluence or intermingling of gray and white.

It is bilateral and symmetric in distribution.

These areas include the deep cerebrocortical gray-white matter interface where the peripheral fibers that radiate from the corona radiata are found, basal nuclei and adjacent internal capsule, reticular areas throughout the brainstem, and deep cerebellar nuclei.

PMC7158194_70

Neuropil—The gray matter feltwork that consists of intermingled and interconnected processes of neurons (axons and dendrites) and their synaptic junctions, plus processes of oligodendroglia, astrocytes, and microglia.

Neurapraxia—Traumatic injury to a peripheral nerve with temporary conduction block but with no permanent axonal damage.

Neurotmesis—Complete transection of a nerve and supporting framework with little potential for normal reinnervation.

PMC7160903_184

Since we used already activating but hypo-responsive TLR4-MD2 crystal structure removed of LPS for docking [79], it was not possible to speculate about the agonistic behavior of the bound vaccine.

Nevertheless, our docking model is suggestive of non-MD2 (non-canonical) binding of adjuvant linked peptide, in which the vaccine intrinsic segment may have more affinity than the peptide adjuvant for binding to TLR4.

The binding interface along with the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of the docked complex in the solvent system hint at a sufficiently stable cross-link of TLR4 and MD2 with no major bond rearrangement between TLR4 and MD2, and between TLR4* and MD2 heterodimer formations.

PMC7169841_29

In addition to the major vesicular diseases of swine, CSFV and ASFV, two viruses indigenous to North America; porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2, Circoviridae) and porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV, Arteriviridae), which are responsible for most of the production losses to the North American pig industry (Nicholson et al., 2011; Zimmerman et al., 2012), were also tested with available resources to evaluate the potential of this technology for testing of indigenous diseases.

Depending on the strain of the virus and the immune status of the host, there is considerable variation in clinical signs of PRRS.

Typically, PRRSV infection causes mild to severe respiratory disease in newborn and growing pigs and reproductive failure in pregnant sows (Lunney et al., 2016) and can also cause apoptosis in organs such as the lungs, testes, lymph nodes and thymus (Karniychuk et al., 2011).

PMC7173295_216

Electrical resistances between the interior of the mouth and nose range from 1 to 500 kΩ. Low resistances are associated with frequent colds and nasal allergies, while high resistances are associated with immunity to respiratory viruses and lack of allergies [49].

Subjects with the highest mouth–nose electrical resistances are suggested to be identical to the 25% of the population that do not develop common colds when infected with rhinovirus [51].

Ionic zinc migrating from the mouth to the nose from zinc lozenges has been documented [59].

PMC7361969_1

Hospital-at-home (HaH) is a healthcare modality that provides active treatment by healthcare staff in the patient’s home for a condition that would otherwise require hospitalization.

The aims were to describe the characteristics of different types of hospital-at-home (HaH), assess their results, and examine which factors could be related to these results.

A cross-sectional study based on data from all 2014 HaH contacts from Catalonia was designed.

PMC7106075_143

First, we download all SARS genomes from the NCBI public database.

Then, we compare the genomes downloaded (NCBI Sequence) and genomes (HP03/HP04/PC) sequenced by our collaborators using ClustalW to look for interesting variations (Fig. 3 ).

With the variations obtained, we are able to annotate the reference genome.

PMC7158194_1572

Amyloid deposits in meningeal and cerebral vessels are reported in older dogs and other animals.

Mineralization (deposition of calcium or iron salts) of cerebral blood vessels occurs in the brains of several species but is especially common in adult horses.

Vessels of the internal capsule, globus pallidus, cerebellar dentate nucleus, and infrequently the hippocampus are preferentially affected in horses, cattle, and less commonly, dogs.

PMC2853144_265

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In terms of computational performance, DotKnot is very efficient due to the sparseness of the probability dot plot, the resulting low number of pseudoknot candidates and the implementation using dictionaries in Python.

DotKnot runs in the order of seconds for all of the test sequences except T2 and T4, which take several minutes.

PMC7127875_225

This DNA-based sensing circuit could be used either for detecting microRNA (via strand displacement) or small-molecule metabolites, such as adenosine (using an aptamer) (Fig. 18c).

DNA nanostructure-regulated enzyme assemblies provide a new approach to programming enzyme activities.

This may lead to the development of a new generation of enzyme-based diagnostic tools and therapeutics.

PMC7152005_37

The mutant strain is then transformed with a plasmid containing two elements: the gene of interest and the metabolic gene deleted from the host.

Thus, the episomal element is stably maintained in the recombinant strain, as its loss would remove complementation with the essential gene.

In recombineering, stabilization of the gene of interest is guaranteed by direct integration into the bacterial chromosome [28].

PMC7319317_3

Therefore, this study aimed to identify the predictors of severe COVID-19 and to compare clinical features between patients with severe COVID-19 and those with less severe COVID-19.

Patients admitted to designated hospital in the Henan Province of China who were either discharged or died prior to February 15, 2020 were enrolled retrospectively.

Additionally, patients who underwent at least one of the following treatments were assigned to the severe group: continuous renal replacement therapy, high-flow oxygen absorption, noninvasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

PMC7280472_8

A wide array of incidentally detected pathologies have been reported in the literature, including breast cancer, multiple myeloma, cirrhosis, interstitial lung disease, and pneumonia [1–6].

Extracardiac findings can often be the source of a patient’s presumed cardiac symptoms and it is vital for physicians interpreting examinations to evaluate and report said findings.

In this article, we report three cases of confirmed COVID-19 infections incidentally detected on coronary dedicate on coronary CT angiography.

PMC7334738_22

These questions were designed and administered by the course tutor, using the online Google form.

Then the course instructor manually rated short answers provided by the students using a scoring rubric.

The result of each answer scored one of the six possible ratings, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

PMC3322158_188

To assess whether the accumulated virions retained the potential to infect, we tried to recover HCMV particles from the endosome-enriched fraction (EE+LE).

Unfortunately, we were unable to recover viral particles without inducing irreversible damage to the particles as demonstrated by the absence of infected HFFs when the cells were cultured with the subcellular fractions (data not shown).

We therefore used a trans-infection experimental assay that has been previously described [14].

PMC7087870_89

FGL2 levels were significantly higher for patients with active UC or CD than for those with inactive disease (P < 0.001), and FGL2 levels were significantly higher for patients with inactive disease than for controls (both inactive UC vs NC, inactive CD vs NC, P < 0.001) (Fig. 3b, c).

Disease location in UC and CD patients was no different.

There was an association between FGL2 levels and clinical indices of activity—Truelove–Witts for UC and CDAI for CD (r = 0.791, P < 0.001; r = 0.561, P < 0.001, respectively).

PMC7121355_25

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The anthrax attacks and events of September 11, 2001 in the United States accelerated the CDCʼs and HRSAʼs nascent public health emergency preparedness programs as well as these agenciesʼ cooperative agreements with state and local health departments across the USA.

Given increased resources and responsibilities, health departments hired more epidemiologists and deployed robust information technology to support public health preparedness and response.

PMC1481634_107

We do understand that the baculovirus-mediated expression system employed in this study is not the natural expression system for HEV.

It was used here because of our apprehension that earlier failures to observe ORF1 processing were either due to improper folding of the polyprotein expressed in prokaryotic systems, or due to low levels of expression in transfected mammalian cells.

The baculovirus system offered the advantage of high expression levels and close to native post-translational modifications and protein conformation.

PMC7264590_19

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Due to the spread of COVID‐19 through aerosol and fine droplets, medical personnel are in direct danger of occupational exposure while caring for these patients.

This is especially true for aerosol‐generating airway procedures including upper aerodigestive tract endoscopy, intubation, and mucosal entry which can potentially expose everyone involved in these cases.

PMC7115515_60

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The National laboratories are responsible for isolation of polioviruses from faecal samples using standardized procedures and reagents, referral of suspected poliovirus isolates to the Regional Reference Laboratories, reporting results to stake holders, coordination with the Programme in case investigations and poliovirus containment activities.

The Regional Reference Laboratories and ITD laboratories serve as Polio National Laboratories to their own countries and to other specified countries that do not have National Laboratories.

PMC4342793_213

Read frequencies were calculated for biallelic heterokaryotic SNP sites and plotted using ggplot2 in R [47].

Homokaryotic and heterokaryotic SNP sites that induced synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions were identified using SnpEff, version 3.6 [48].

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PMC7176039_27

PEACOCK is fully developed and has been in operation since May 2019.

It is available online at http://www.epidemic.co.kr/map.

Moreover, all figures presented in this work are generated automatically through the system.

PMC7268972_35

The ‘posthuman convergence’ is complex and multilayered.

At first, these challenges appear negative and insurmountable; however, Braidotti argues that posthumanist critique can provide us with ways to reconceptualize our existence and, thereby, enhance our capacity to move forward in a positive manner.

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PMC7437541_67

Longitudinal studies provide evidence for both SI/L as antecedent risk factors for incident depression or worsening late-life depression in older adults.16 , 52 , 53 Notably, a study of over 11,000 older US adults found that lower frequency of in-person social contacts was related to higher rates of depression over 2 years.54 Lower frequencies of telephone, written or email contacts were unrelated to future depression, pointing to a specific salutary impact of in-person contacts.

Despite these well-documented associations, it is important to note that loneliness and clinical depression are distinct entities.

Major depression is characterized by core deficits, either diminished interest and pleasure or depressed mood, as well as symptoms such as loss of appetite, sleep problems, and difficulty concentrating.

PMC3554491_6

Viral shedding was observed from 2 to 7 dpi.

The mean level of antibodies against Pm dermonecrotoxin in infected piglets increase significantly from 7 dpi.

Anti-SwH1N1 antibodies in the serum were detected from 7 dpi.

PMC7107824_82

Application of this information together with detailed epidemiological clues may help to avoid misdiagnosis of SARS as dengue fever, shorten the time of isolation of patients with fever until full diagnostic evaluation is completed, and optimize the use of isolation rooms and expenses for diagnostic tests.

This is of particular importance in low-resource settings in which more elaborate early diagnostic tests for dengue, such as PCR or direct virus isolation, are not readily available.

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PMC6069180_27

More recently, live attenuated influenza virus vaccines (LAIV) were introduced.

An updated systematic review and meta-analysis published in 2012 documented a mean efficacy for TIV of 62% against real-time (RT) PCR- or virus-confirmed influenza (all age groups) (8).

Limited data were available for adults 65 years of age and older.

PMC7089181_93

There are currently no licensed antiviral drug treatments for filoviruses.

However, in a recent multi-outbreak, multi-country study (PALM- “Together save lives”) started in November 2018 in the DRC, two monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) emerged as giving the greatest chance to survive Ebolavirus infection.

Zmapp, mAb114 and REGN-EB3 were compared to the small-molecule drug remdesivir [150].

PMC7118892_133

Studies on survival of microorganisms with different membrane components at various environmental conditions, including temperature and humidity, are needed to understand the mechanism of microbial survival.

Future studies on microbial survival on different parts of the respirator should be conducted to assess better and reduce potential problems associated with the reuse of respirators.

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PMC7197337_21

In addition, the PA/NP's earned bonus for Q1 was reduced to 40% of the standard bonus.

The PAs/NPs were organized in shift work with their counterparts to continue to provide full coverage of the practice.

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PMC2853144_7

We evaluate pseudoknot free energies using novel parameters, which have recently become available.

We show that the conventional probability dot plot makes a wide class of pseudoknots including those with bulged stems manageable in an explicit fashion.

The energy parameters now become the limiting factor in pseudoknot prediction.

PMC7432549_152

We are aware that there are some limitations in the current study.

First, the main limitation of this study is represented by a self-reported weight after quarantine.

However, other studies have carried out the same evaluation modality [31].

PMC7330572_133

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Dr. Xinhua Yu was supported by FedEx Institute of Technology, University of Memphis for conducting this research.

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PMC7173591_220

Alcohol was viewed as an agent of corruption to be annihilated.

Following the failure of Prohibition, humans themselves, not alcohol, came to be viewed as the source of iniquity.

Alcoholism is now appropriately viewed as a developmental, multistage, chronic dependence, possessing a complex etiology (Nurnberger and Bierut, 2007), with both genetic and environmental aspects.

PMC7107406_16

Reactivation of EBV and associated lymphoproliferation were treated successfully with rituximab (anti-CD20) and discontinuation of cyclosporin therapy, but other clinical signs remained.

Enteroscopic examination of the small intestine showed no abnormalities, and no pathogens were detected in fecal samples by bacterial culture.

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PMC7468575_152

Obviously, the two results corroborated each other.

ET-1 shifted the proton concentration–response curve upward without changing the pH0.5.

Thus, the sensitization of ASICs by ET-1 did not change the apparent affinity of protons for ASICs.

PMC7122735_39

Immunogenicity and MHC-binding binding levels were obtained from the literature and translated onto the indicated qualitative values as previously reported [26].

If no information on peptide–MHC binding and/or Immunogenicity level was found, then such fields were annotated as unknown.

PMC7439973_44

If the image contains only two similar regions: object and background, then the bi-level threshold is the best candidate for separating those two regions; otherwise, the multi-level threshold is better.

Although the multi-level threshold could help in segmenting the image with more than two regions, the time increases exponentially when the number of regions increases.

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PMC7110639_211

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The Bcl-2 family of cytoplasmic proteins can register diverse forms of intracellular damage, gauge whether other cells have provided a positive or negative death stimulus, and determine the progression or inhibition of the suicide program [60].

Bcl-2, an inhibitor of apoptosis, belongs to a member of a family of proteins with anti- and pro-apoptotic properties that when overexpressed prevent or induce apoptosis, respectively.

PMC7219832_14

The use of oral adjuncts (eg, quetiapine, propranolol, clonidine, gabapentin) has been proposed to reduce the doses and side effects of intravenous sedatives and to mitigate shortages of intravenous drugs.

In our own experience, utility of these oral agents in critically ill COVID-19 patients has been limited due to high prevalence of ileus,5 intolerance of enteral feeding, and unreliable absorption.

We propose that these oral agents might be useful during ventilator and intravenous sedation weaning in patients who manifest signs of withdrawal (hypertension, tachycardia, anddelirium), are not on vasopressor support, and in whom bowel function has returned.

PMC7438072_260

The very similar survey methodology in the years 2010 and 2015 and stability in the behavioural parameters allow pooling the data and thus increasing the possible scope and significance of the resulting models.

Segmentations are thus feasible not only by trip purpose and spatial typology (as shown here), but can be tailored for specific target groups defined by socioeconomic characteristics.

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PMC7158194_2926

Known causes include (1) transection of the axon by extension of inflammation from the guttural pouches because the nerve runs through the pouch within a connective tissue fold and (2) other trauma to the nerve.

There is also some evidence that laryngeal paralysis may be inherited in younger horses.

Currently a genetic age-onset abnormality of axoplasmic flow appears to be the most likely cause in horses in which trauma and inflammation can be excluded as causes.

PMC7274352_125

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All the results presented above can be summarized in Table 4.

PMC7458696_22

Coagulation dys-function is thought to be one of the major causes of mortality in these patients [7], which varies ranging from COVID-19-associated coagulopathy to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

Abnormal coagulation parameters, including elevated D-dimer and fibrin degradation products, are correlated with a poor prognosis [8].

However, there is not much published data regarding lupus anticoagulant (LA) in these critically ill patient populations, and the published data so far points to varying conclusions [8,9].

PMC7172537_35

White Leghorn SPF chickens and fertile SPF chicken eggs were obtained from the Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.

The birds were maintained in isolators with negative pressure, and food and water were provided ad libitum.

All experimental procedures were approved by the Ethical and Animal Welfare Committee of Heilongjiang Province, China.

PMC7101757_20

The most feared complication is related to the CNS and the development of cerebral infarction.

Depending on the area affected, this may give rise to seizures (temporal involvement).

The most frequent manifestation of the peripheral nervous system is mononeuritis multiplex [5, 6].