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scientific-challenges-and-directions-dataset

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PMC7557151_414

Containing and eliminating viral outbreaks requires cooperation, transparency, and maximal sharing of information.

Rendering pandemics symbolically as if they were wars allows national governments to avoid transparency, to suspend normal democratic accountabilities, and to ignore the experiences and advice proffered by other nation-states, or by global health organisations.

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PMC7781302_138

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SARS-CoV-2 transmission is driven by close proximity, confined environment, and the frequency of contacts [28].

Infection with SARS-CoV-2 is believed to be driven by direct contact, inhalation of virus within respiratory droplet nuclei, contact with droplet contaminated surfaces or any combination between these exposures.

PMC5898234_95

Indeed, there are only a handful of the +RNA bacteriophages all of which belong to the family Leviviridae infecting primarily enterobacteria and some other proteobacteria (Bollback and Huelsenbeck, 2001).

Likewise, only a few dsRNA bacteriophages of the family Cystoviridae that infect γ-proteobacteria of the genus Pseudomonas are currently known (Mindich, 2004) although efforts on new virus isolation might expand this range (Mantynen et al., 2015).

The targeted search for extant archaeal RNA viruses so far has netted only a single +RNA virus candidate that appears to represent a novel virus family but whose host range remains to be validated (Bolduc et al., 2012).

PMC7134763_125

However, they are suspected to be involved in exacerbation of asthma in children [21], [22], [23].

HCoV has also been isolated in the digestive tract, but their role in gastrointestinal disease is unproven [24].

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PMC7242061_137

It also shows the internal state of the controller, e.g., the active_blinkers variable by changing the stroke-opacity and using a light orange fill.

This state is an actual error that was spotted thanks to the visualisation: the hazard warning switch is on, but only the right blinkers are on.

We can also see that the pitman arm is pushed up, but the controller correctly considers both left and right blinkers to be active, but somehow the blink management component has not set blinkLeft to the expected value (100).

PMC7107869_158

However, other studies have not found a relationship between circulating ACE and the classical CV risk factors [17, 31, 32].

We surmise that the incongruences observed between studies and populations may be ascribed to the effect of RAS blockade on circulating ACE.

For ethical reasons, RAS blockade agents were not stopped for the study.

PMC7068991_16

Given the likelihood of morbidity or mortality, palliative and end-of-life care should be routinely considered in the ICU [3].

As such, the World Health Organization has described palliative care as “an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problems associated with life-threatening illness” [4].

The physician should be thus aware of the patient and family needs to improve the management of physical, psychological and spiritual symptoms.

PMC7817350_73

Results are given as mean ± SD.

Comparisons between two groups was performed by the Student t-test, whereas multiple groups were assessed by the one-way ANOVA with SPSS20.0 statistic software.

P value < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

PMC3561941_202

Motif F2 (Figure 3E) is analogous to the loop in hmG that varies in composition and length; it is upstream of a highly conserved motif and is species-specific.

The large size of this homomorph and its positioning that transects the protein while maintaining contact with the template tunnel is consistent with its established role in transcription, which requires both fine-scale stability and large-scale mobility.

Motif F3 consists of mostly basic amino acid residues and forms the roof of the NTP entry tunnel (41); the characteristic conserved arg residue is essential to nucleotide binding (38).

PMC7820778_68

In people that are regularly immunized, either by vaccinations or chronic infections, the specificity and efficiency of the immune response to new influenza strains are sometimes reduced (54).

The effect of antigenic sin on protection, however, has not been well characterized and seems to vary for each vaccine with the particular pathogen, geographical region, and age.

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PMC7087759_109

Later stages may have features of chronic active inflammation, however, and closely mimic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (see below).

The absence of pronounced crypt distortion and mucosal atrophy, surface villous change, granulomas, basal giant cells and lymphoid aggregates, a mixed lamina propria inflammatory infiltrate, as well as rarity of true crypt abscesses assist in excluding a diagnosis of IBD [42].

Histologic findings are of particular diagnostic importance in culture negative cases of bacterial dysentery [43].

PMC7205736_95

The main properties of models have been classified as the uncertainty approaches, synchronization, time windows, working time balancing, travel balancing, delivery time, green emissions and patients’ satisfaction.

At last, the solution methods are a variety of exact, heuristic and metaheuristic algorithms as indicated in the literature.

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PMC7408139_224

Cases of cardiomyopathy have been reported in patients with COVID-19 [143,193,194,195], raising the possibility that myocarditis-related cardiac events may be increased in COVID-19 [143,196,197].

Consistent with cardiomyopathy, COVID-19 autopsy reports revealed the presence of a few mononuclear cell infiltrates in the myocardium, presumably recruited from the circulation through inflamed capillaries, but no obvious histological changes in the heart tissue [198].

In 3/25 cases, thrombi were detected in small epicardial vessels [140].

PMC7604229_95

If 5% of the 6 million cases were so afflicted, the number of persons (300,000) would exceed the 2020 national estimate for the number of US women diagnosed with breast cancer (279,100) [66].

The proportion of long-term effects of one kind or another is unknown, but it is increasingly recognized as a source of serious concern [67, 68].

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PMC3339311_92

Air travel and travel by national highways and freeways especially appeared to play a role, whereas railways were less important.

In mainland China, trains are mainly used for occasional long-distance travel, whereas highways are more often used for daily or weekly commuting, especially because bus schedules are more flexible.

Our previous study on the geographic spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic in China also demonstrated that domestic travel along national highways played a more important role than travel by railway (30).

PMC7955796_45

This fear is well-founded in the Philippines—which is a predominantly Catholic country, and one of the fewer countries passionately against progressive agenda such as divorce and sex education.

This has led to constant deadlocks in the fight for gender-equality policies, since perhaps some government officials personally believe in these fear-mongering myths, and most of them probably fear losing the votes of the majority.

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PMC7309926_48

Also, butyrate has shown the capability of promoting metabolic disorders (CVD and related disorders) via seral mechanisms including AMPK activation and GLUT4 expression in the adipose tissue, combating high fat diet (HFD) incited gut microbiome dysbiosis, and stimulating resolvin E1 and lipoxin biosynthesis (Gao et al., 2019).

Its noteworthy to mention that the roles and actions of SCFAs are also highly controversial.

And it has been known that in mice, SCFAs usually evoke positive effects on disease phenotype but in humans, this effect is not as straightforward (Chambers, Preston, Frost, & Morrison, 2018).

PMC7492840_14

Such alterations of behavioural responses to repeated neutral stimuli are a form of behavioural plasticity (Vincze 2016).

In other words, by establishing a connection between information and appropriate behaviour, animals can change their behaviour to adapt to complex and unstable environments (Mery and Burns 2010).

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PMC7679550_198

In lieu of examinations, our students were asked to complete three major assignments, each worth a substantial portion of their grade: (a) carrying out a research project on a topic of their choice (15%); (b) writing a research proposal (25%); and (c) delivering an oral presentation on a scientific paper (10%).

Unfortunately, the due dates of both the written proposal and oral presentation coincided with amplified racial unrest throughout the United States during the Spring of 2020.

While racism, inclusivity, and accessibility are not new issues in universities, many of our students or their families were directly and acutely affected by these events.

PMC7473391_15

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Perek (2015) filled this gap to a large extent by proposing an account of the meaning of both the general construction and the allostructions.

However, he conforms to the classic tenets of CxG by couching his analysis in terms of schematicity and without differentiating between qualitatively different kinds of meaning.

PMC7790021_33

Notwithstanding this grim forecast, several key forces have retained strength and vitality in the energy-storage materials market.

First, an oversupply of raw materials in 2019 has kept production of cathodes and anodes steady in the remaining operating plants.

Sam Jaffe, the managing director of Cairn ERA, assessed the projected manufacturing for the rest of the year: “On the manufacturing side, there will be little change to the production of batteries.

PMC7417903_100

The average age of children in our study was 10 years old; these children may have understood that there were only 4 choices in the HOTV-ATS and guessed on the letters based on similar recognition rather than true identification, thus measuring vision as better than the other methods.

In addition, prior studies have showed that HOTV-ATS overestimates vision compared to E-ETDRS by 0.68 lines for amblyopic eyes and 0.25 lines for fellow eyes.45 This is the largest weakness of this study.

A similar study was performed for the Peek Acuity application.

PMC7730319_222

Even relaxation times for ACL and qualitative assessment by radiologist did not indicate degeneration.

T2 relaxation time has been shown to be sensitive to cartilage biochemical and biomechanical properties [70], and has been associated with morphological abnormalities of cartilage and bone [63,71].

Knee cartilage transverse relaxation time (T2) mapping is sensitive to cartilage damage and quality of cartilage collagen and hydration [72].

PMC7088175_98

Western blot analysis showed that the purified rtUlp1 specifically interacted with anti-6 × His tags antibody.

All of these results showed that high soluble expression and purity of the rtUlp1 was obtained by our cost-effective system.

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PMC5145171_227

Thus the overall chemical nature of the motif is more similar than what alignment of amino acids would imply.

It has been already documented that ATP turnover of myosin I follow the same pathway like other myosins [30].

Our current results of having 80–90% similarity in the ATP binding site of myosin I and myosin II also supports that previous finding.

PMC5792953_23

We provide experimental evidence of a pathogen invasion threshold, using an experimental system of a Daphnia host species infected by an environmentally transmitted fungal parasite.

Through epidemiological modelling we further examine how parameter uncertainty can influence pathogen invasion probability, providing insight into the robustness of pathogen invasion threshold estimates.

We also provide a test of the idea of the upper host density threshold [22], in which high host density results in suppressed feeding and pathogen transmission, leading to reduced pathogen transmission and subsequent pathogen invasion probability.

PMC7811389_211

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A biodefense approach addressing the COVID-19 pandemic, biodiversity loss, and climate change crises together could use economic incentives for greening national economies.

Investments to support their recovery could include effective responses to climate change rather than supporting fossil fuels (especially coal); such green investments yield more jobs per dollar invested than do fossil fuel investments and are being embraced by the mayors of large cities in many parts of the world (McCormick 2020).

PMC7851710_119

For residents who lack capacity, the care home will contact a friend or next of kin to act as personal consultee.

If a personal consultee cannot be identified, a nominated consultee, such as the care home manager or a member of staff will be asked to complete a professional declaration form.

This approach meets the four criteria for HRA approval as set out in sections 31–33 of the Mental Capacity Act 2005 16.

PMC7119987_428

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In order to decipher the enhanced cleavage efficiency of LNA-modified DNA enzymes targeting long and structured mRNA targets such as E6/E7 mRNA, detailed kinetic and thermodynamic studies have been performed (Donini et al. 2007).

In this study, four sets of 8-17 DNA enzymes and corresponding LNA-modified enzymes (4–5 modifications in the binding arms) were designed to target specific AG sites located within the first 200 nt of E6 coding sequence.

PMC7424238_32

Infants were divided into three groups based on surfactant dosage: no surfactant, single dose, and multiple doses.

Infants with major congenital anomalies or moribund at admission for whom palliative care was provided immediately after birth were excluded from the study.

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PMC7644906_108

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PLS-SEM results were utilized for the indicator loadings in this study.

Table 3 exhibits the detail of loadings.

PMC7580523_144

Some may wield it comically about their own — as one might in familial company — but they also chafe at generalized conclusions about the oddity or supposed backwardness of rural “culture.”

In other periods in Midwestern history, rural agrarian political movements have rebelled against this kind of elitism (Montenegro de Wit et al., 2019; Frank, 2020).

Yet this antagonism also does political work for right-wing pundits and provocateurs.

PMC7361684_144

Finally, the sieving coefficient for BSA under these conditions ranged from 0.13 to 0.31, with the 50/50 membrane having a sieving coefficient significantly higher than any of the other materials.

Excessive loss of BSA may make the 50/50 membrane unsuitable for dialysis.

To better understand how the additives were affecting the active membrane area, equations were used to estimate their pore sizes.

PMC7315936_63

Sepsis and ARDS, including COVID-19, are characterized by a pro-coagulant state that results in a massive production of thrombin.19 In addition to direct effects on the endothelial barrier by thrombin, the subsequent cleavage of fibrinogen to fibrin results in diffuse alveolar and interstitial fibrin deposition yielding the formation of microthrombi.19 An important interplay between the innate immune system and platelets occur at the site of endothelial lesions in a mechanism that is upregulated by the effect of thrombin.

This mechanistic description underscores an additional potential clinical advantage of direct thrombin inhibitors in ECMO patients afflicted with COVID-19.

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PMC7205736_80

In another paper concerning metaheuristic algorithms, a memetic algorithm (MA) for the first time was applied by Decerle et al. [1] to a single objective multi-period routing and scheduling problem of the home healthcare.

A Lagrangian relaxation-based algorithm was firstly contributed by Fathollahi-Fard et al. [3].

They also considered a penalty function to better optimize the routes of caregivers known as travel balancing.

PMC7224000_101

While not statistically significant, when analyzed by severity of TBI, we did see that within the severe TBI group, children with AHT had lower rates of extreme CBFV compared with the non-AHT cohort.

This is in contrast to our hypothesis and warrants further investigation.

Children at risk for repetitive injury may have less of a hyperemic response to an acute traumatic event.

PMC7123587_446

Sometimes the memory of the past is very strong upon me, and I forget that I am a dirty old man, clad in goat-skin, wandering with my savage grandsons who are goatherds in the primeval wilderness. ‘

The fleeting systems lapse like foam,’ and so lapsed our glorious, colossal civilization.

I am Granser, a tired old man.

PMC7809362_39

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Collectively, the present study aims to demonstrate that, following severe cutaneous burn injury, CFTR plays an important role in preventing EBT by inhibiting inflammation and maintaining an intact intestinal epithelial barrier.

This study also intends to test whether administration of vitamin D3 is beneficial to the intestine post severe burn.

PMC7546312_346

SFPQ inhibits the transcription and expression of IL-8 by binding to its promoter region and blocking its transcription (137).

However, stress-induced expression of lncRNA NEAT-1 enhances the expression of IL-8 by relocating and binding SFPQ in the paraspeckles thereby facilitating the access of IL-8 promoter region to the transcription machinery (41, 138).

IL-8 is one of the inflammatory cytokines secreted by the active caspase-1targets, IL-1β and IL-18 (41, 138).

PMC7473391_67

Nevertheless, the two constructions are considered to be meaning-equivalent in principle.

This stands in stark contrast with some of the assumptions made by the aforementioned constructionist approaches, as seen in Goldberg (1995) and Stefanowitsch (2003), where a difference in form necessarily goes hand in hand with a difference in function or meaning.

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PMC7426590_7

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Each team had members from multiple specialties, and this was thought to ensure that different people would be able to contribute and aggregate different types of competencies and knowledge for patient care.

The Multispecialty Teams are presented in the Appendix Supplementary File.

PMC7103344_118

Although exosomal vaccines have been primarily raised interest due to the fact that they allow cross presentation leading to the induction of CD8+ T cell responses, the multimeric presentation of viral surface proteins in their natural confirmation might also efficiently trigger viral surface protein-specific B cell receptors, particularly if cellular components of the exosome provide additional stimulatory signals.

Since this could also favor the induction of neutralizing antibodies, we explored the potential of SGTM-containing exosomes as a novel vaccine approach against SARS coronavirus infections.

Two injections of SGTM-containing xenogenic exosomes without adjuvants were sufficient to induce neutralizing antibody titers.

PMC7310933_26

ISH methods may employ radiolabeled probes that are visualized on a photographic film or photographic emulsion.

However, most of these probes do not work well on routinely fixed, processed tissues, require the use of frozen sections, and take around 20–50 days' exposure before seeing results.

The development of non-radiolabeled probes that perform well on routine surgical and autopsy specimens has extended the field of anatomic pathology.

PMC7856554_11

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Host cell proteases (cathepsin, trypsin factor X, furin and TMPRSS2) impart a major role in the priming of viral spikes and their entry into the cell via receptor binding [7].

Both spike proteins and ACE2 are proteolytically modified during bonding and entry.

PMC7978764_101

Being socially engaged and constructivist favors a critical perspective, one that seeks to promote “insights, critiques and transformative redefinitions” (Alvesson and Deetz 2000).

And given the fact that any hermeneutic effort might hurt sensibilities, it explicitly demands to assume a mindful (Bentz and Shapiro 1998) and culturally responsible (Swartz 1997) approach.

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PMC7122917_186

The data and considerations presented in this chapter provide an appropriate foundation for the initial assessment of possible health risks for patients undergoing combined MR-PET examinations.

It has to be noted, however, that they are based solely on established biophysical and biological effects related to the exposure of either ionizing radiation or (electro)magnetic fields, whereas synergistic or antagonistic effects are not taken into account.

There are a few studies indicating that static [37] and low-frequency [17, 35, 38, 52] magnetic fields might enhance the genotoxic potential of ionizing radiation.

PMC7550658_159

In this study, vets were more familiar with the concept of phage therapy than pet owners were.

Despite this, there was no significant difference between vets' and pet owners' willingness to use phage therapy, indicating that owners are likely to trust a vet's treatment advice even if they are unfamiliar with it themselves.

In both vets and pet owners, a greater belief about the benefits of phage therapy predicted greater use of phages for treating pets, showing that with appropriate evidence, e.g., from clinical trials, validating the safety of phage therapy this alternative antimicrobial could be accepted into veterinary medicine.

PMC7818105_3

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sectional study used aggregated anonymized mobility data from smartphone users in Nigeria who opted to provide location history (from a pool of up to 40 million individuals) collected between February 27 and July 21, 2020.

The analyzed data included daily counts of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections and daily changes in aggregate mobility across 6 categories: retail and recreation, grocery and pharmacy, parks, transit stations, workplaces, and residential.

Closures and restrictions were initiated on March 30, 2020, and partially eased on May 4, 2020.

PMC7257444_3

Then, the science of 3D printing is described.

The applications of FDM in various fields are also highlighted with a focus on an interesting role the 3D printing technology is playing in the fight against Covid-19 pandemic.

The chapter also gives a highlight of the parameters involved in fused deposition modelling of polymers and their basic interaction with the properties of the manufactured components.

PMC7340953_19

Therefore, we are building an interactive theorem prover, while preserving usability as an exploration tool.

We have implemented a very simple logic, as it is sufficient for Euclidean geometry: most of the geometrical reasoning involves only direct proofs without higher-order logic or case analysis.

While some geometrical proofs use case analysis for different topological configurations, we use a different approach.

PMC7108249_15

The compounds studied do not necessarily exist, and their ‘testing’ does not consume valuable substance material.

Experimental deficiencies, such as limited solubility, aggregate formation or any sort of influence that could possibly interfere with experimentally applied assay conditions do not need to be considered in the initial computational screen.

In contrast to HTS, VS requires as a key prerequisite knowledge about the spatial and energetic criteria responsible for the binding of a particular candidate ligand to the receptor under investigation.