metadata

base_model: dunzhang/stella_en_1.5B_v5
datasets: []
language: []
library_name: sentence-transformers
metrics:
  - cosine_accuracy@1
  - cosine_accuracy@3
  - cosine_accuracy@5
  - cosine_accuracy@10
  - cosine_precision@1
  - cosine_precision@3
  - cosine_precision@5
  - cosine_precision@10
  - cosine_recall@1
  - cosine_recall@3
  - cosine_recall@5
  - cosine_recall@10
  - cosine_ndcg@10
  - cosine_mrr@10
  - cosine_map@100
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
tags:
  - sentence-transformers
  - sentence-similarity
  - feature-extraction
  - generated_from_trainer
  - dataset_size:693000
  - loss:MatryoshkaLoss
  - loss:MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
widget:
  - source_sentence: >-
      Paracrystalline materials are defined as having short and medium range
      ordering in their lattice (similar to the liquid crystal phases) but
      lacking crystal-like long-range ordering at least in one direction.
    sentences:
      - >-
        Instruct: Given a web search query, retrieve relevant passages that
        answer the query.

        Query: Paracrystalline
      - >-
        Instruct: Given a web search query, retrieve relevant passages that
        answer the query.

        Query: Øystein Dahle
      - >-
        Instruct: Given a web search query, retrieve relevant passages that
        answer the query.

        Query: Makis Belevonis
  - source_sentence: >-
      Hạ Trạch is a commune ( xã ) and village in Bố Trạch District , Quảng Bình
      Province , in Vietnam .   Category : Populated places in Quang Binh
      Province  Category : Communes of Quang Binh Province
    sentences:
      - >-
        Instruct: Given a web search query, retrieve relevant passages that
        answer the query.

        Query: The Taill of how this forsaid Tod maid his Confessioun to Freir
        Wolf Waitskaith
      - >-
        Instruct: Given a web search query, retrieve relevant passages that
        answer the query.

        Query: Hạ Trạch
      - >-
        Instruct: Given a web search query, retrieve relevant passages that
        answer the query.

        Query: Tadaxa
  - source_sentence: >-
      The Golden Mosque (سنهرى مسجد, Sunehri Masjid) is a mosque in Old Delhi.
      It is located outside the southwestern corner of Delhi Gate of the Red
      Fort, opposite the Netaji Subhash Park.
    sentences:
      - >-
        Instruct: Given a web search query, retrieve relevant passages that
        answer the query.

        Query: Algorithm
      - >-
        Instruct: Given a web search query, retrieve relevant passages that
        answer the query.

        Query: Golden Mosque (Red Fort)
      - >-
        Instruct: Given a web search query, retrieve relevant passages that
        answer the query.

        Query: Parnaso Español
  - source_sentence: >-
      Unibank, S.A. is one of Haiti's two largest private commercial banks. The
      bank was founded in 1993 by a group of Haitian investors and is the main
      company of "Groupe Financier National (GFN)". It opened its first office
      in July 1993 in downtown Port-au-Prince and has 50 branches throughout the
      country as of the end of 2016.
    sentences:
      - >-
        Instruct: Given a web search query, retrieve relevant passages that
        answer the query.

        Query: Sky TG24
      - >-
        Instruct: Given a web search query, retrieve relevant passages that
        answer the query.

        Query: Ghomijeh
      - >-
        Instruct: Given a web search query, retrieve relevant passages that
        answer the query.

        Query: Unibank (Haiti)
  - source_sentence: >-
      The Tchaikovsky Symphony Orchestra is a Russian classical music orchestra
      established in 1930. It was founded as the Moscow Radio Symphony
      Orchestra, and served as the official symphony for the Soviet All-Union
      Radio network. Following the dissolution of the, Soviet Union in 1991, the
      orchestra was renamed in 1993 by the Russian Ministry of Culture in
      recognition of the central role the music of Tchaikovsky plays in its
      repertoire. The current music director is Vladimir Fedoseyev, who has been
      in that position since 1974.
    sentences:
      - >-
        Instruct: Given a web search query, retrieve relevant passages that
        answer the query.

        Query: Harald J.W. Mueller-Kirsten
      - >-
        Instruct: Given a web search query, retrieve relevant passages that
        answer the query.

        Query: Sierra del Lacandón
      - >-
        Instruct: Given a web search query, retrieve relevant passages that
        answer the query.

        Query: Tchaikovsky Symphony Orchestra
model-index:
  - name: SentenceTransformer based on dunzhang/stella_en_1.5B_v5
    results:
      - task:
          type: information-retrieval
          name: Information Retrieval
        dataset:
          name: Unknown
          type: unknown
        metrics:
          - type: cosine_accuracy@1
            value: 0.9447811447811448
            name: Cosine Accuracy@1
          - type: cosine_accuracy@3
            value: 0.9686868686868687
            name: Cosine Accuracy@3
          - type: cosine_accuracy@5
            value: 0.9764309764309764
            name: Cosine Accuracy@5
          - type: cosine_accuracy@10
            value: 0.9811447811447811
            name: Cosine Accuracy@10
          - type: cosine_precision@1
            value: 0.9447811447811448
            name: Cosine Precision@1
          - type: cosine_precision@3
            value: 0.3228956228956229
            name: Cosine Precision@3
          - type: cosine_precision@5
            value: 0.19528619528619526
            name: Cosine Precision@5
          - type: cosine_precision@10
            value: 0.09811447811447811
            name: Cosine Precision@10
          - type: cosine_recall@1
            value: 0.9447811447811448
            name: Cosine Recall@1
          - type: cosine_recall@3
            value: 0.9686868686868687
            name: Cosine Recall@3
          - type: cosine_recall@5
            value: 0.9764309764309764
            name: Cosine Recall@5
          - type: cosine_recall@10
            value: 0.9811447811447811
            name: Cosine Recall@10
          - type: cosine_ndcg@10
            value: 0.9636993273003078
            name: Cosine Ndcg@10
          - type: cosine_mrr@10
            value: 0.9580071882849661
            name: Cosine Mrr@10
          - type: cosine_map@100
            value: 0.9586207391258978
            name: Cosine Map@100
          - type: cosine_accuracy@1
            value: 0.9444444444444444
            name: Cosine Accuracy@1
          - type: cosine_accuracy@3
            value: 0.97003367003367
            name: Cosine Accuracy@3
          - type: cosine_accuracy@5
            value: 0.9764309764309764
            name: Cosine Accuracy@5
          - type: cosine_accuracy@10
            value: 0.9824915824915825
            name: Cosine Accuracy@10
          - type: cosine_precision@1
            value: 0.9444444444444444
            name: Cosine Precision@1
          - type: cosine_precision@3
            value: 0.32334455667789
            name: Cosine Precision@3
          - type: cosine_precision@5
            value: 0.19528619528619529
            name: Cosine Precision@5
          - type: cosine_precision@10
            value: 0.09824915824915824
            name: Cosine Precision@10
          - type: cosine_recall@1
            value: 0.9444444444444444
            name: Cosine Recall@1
          - type: cosine_recall@3
            value: 0.97003367003367
            name: Cosine Recall@3
          - type: cosine_recall@5
            value: 0.9764309764309764
            name: Cosine Recall@5
          - type: cosine_recall@10
            value: 0.9824915824915825
            name: Cosine Recall@10
          - type: cosine_ndcg@10
            value: 0.9639446842698776
            name: Cosine Ndcg@10
          - type: cosine_mrr@10
            value: 0.9579490673935119
            name: Cosine Mrr@10
          - type: cosine_map@100
            value: 0.9584482053349265
            name: Cosine Map@100
          - type: cosine_accuracy@1
            value: 0.9437710437710438
            name: Cosine Accuracy@1
          - type: cosine_accuracy@3
            value: 0.967003367003367
            name: Cosine Accuracy@3
          - type: cosine_accuracy@5
            value: 0.9723905723905724
            name: Cosine Accuracy@5
          - type: cosine_accuracy@10
            value: 0.9801346801346801
            name: Cosine Accuracy@10
          - type: cosine_precision@1
            value: 0.9437710437710438
            name: Cosine Precision@1
          - type: cosine_precision@3
            value: 0.322334455667789
            name: Cosine Precision@3
          - type: cosine_precision@5
            value: 0.19447811447811444
            name: Cosine Precision@5
          - type: cosine_precision@10
            value: 0.09801346801346802
            name: Cosine Precision@10
          - type: cosine_recall@1
            value: 0.9437710437710438
            name: Cosine Recall@1
          - type: cosine_recall@3
            value: 0.967003367003367
            name: Cosine Recall@3
          - type: cosine_recall@5
            value: 0.9723905723905724
            name: Cosine Recall@5
          - type: cosine_recall@10
            value: 0.9801346801346801
            name: Cosine Recall@10
          - type: cosine_ndcg@10
            value: 0.9623908732460177
            name: Cosine Ndcg@10
          - type: cosine_mrr@10
            value: 0.9566718775052107
            name: Cosine Mrr@10
          - type: cosine_map@100
            value: 0.9572829070357247
            name: Cosine Map@100

SentenceTransformer based on dunzhang/stella_en_1.5B_v5

This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from dunzhang/stella_en_1.5B_v5. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 1024-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

Model Type: Sentence Transformer
Base model: dunzhang/stella_en_1.5B_v5
Maximum Sequence Length: 8096 tokens
Output Dimensionality: 1024 tokens
Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity

Model Sources

Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 8096, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: Qwen2Model 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 1536, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Dense({'in_features': 1536, 'out_features': 1024, 'bias': True, 'activation_function': 'torch.nn.modules.linear.Identity'})
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("sentence_transformers_model_id")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'The Tchaikovsky Symphony Orchestra is a Russian classical music orchestra established in 1930. It was founded as the Moscow Radio Symphony Orchestra, and served as the official symphony for the Soviet All-Union Radio network. Following the dissolution of the, Soviet Union in 1991, the orchestra was renamed in 1993 by the Russian Ministry of Culture in recognition of the central role the music of Tchaikovsky plays in its repertoire. The current music director is Vladimir Fedoseyev, who has been in that position since 1974.',
    'Instruct: Given a web search query, retrieve relevant passages that answer the query.\nQuery: Tchaikovsky Symphony Orchestra',
    'Instruct: Given a web search query, retrieve relevant passages that answer the query.\nQuery: Sierra del Lacandón',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 1024]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

Evaluation

Metrics

Information Retrieval

Evaluated with InformationRetrievalEvaluator

Metric	Value
cosine_accuracy@1	0.9448
cosine_accuracy@3	0.9687
cosine_accuracy@5	0.9764
cosine_accuracy@10	0.9811
cosine_precision@1	0.9448
cosine_precision@3	0.3229
cosine_precision@5	0.1953
cosine_precision@10	0.0981
cosine_recall@1	0.9448
cosine_recall@3	0.9687
cosine_recall@5	0.9764
cosine_recall@10	0.9811
cosine_ndcg@10	0.9637
cosine_mrr@10	0.958
cosine_map@100	0.9586

Information Retrieval

Evaluated with InformationRetrievalEvaluator

Metric	Value
cosine_accuracy@1	0.9444
cosine_accuracy@3	0.97
cosine_accuracy@5	0.9764
cosine_accuracy@10	0.9825
cosine_precision@1	0.9444
cosine_precision@3	0.3233
cosine_precision@5	0.1953
cosine_precision@10	0.0982
cosine_recall@1	0.9444
cosine_recall@3	0.97
cosine_recall@5	0.9764
cosine_recall@10	0.9825
cosine_ndcg@10	0.9639
cosine_mrr@10	0.9579
cosine_map@100	0.9584

Information Retrieval

Evaluated with InformationRetrievalEvaluator

Metric	Value
cosine_accuracy@1	0.9438
cosine_accuracy@3	0.967
cosine_accuracy@5	0.9724
cosine_accuracy@10	0.9801
cosine_precision@1	0.9438
cosine_precision@3	0.3223
cosine_precision@5	0.1945
cosine_precision@10	0.098
cosine_recall@1	0.9438
cosine_recall@3	0.967
cosine_recall@5	0.9724
cosine_recall@10	0.9801
cosine_ndcg@10	0.9624
cosine_mrr@10	0.9567
cosine_map@100	0.9573

Training Details

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

eval_strategy: steps
per_device_eval_batch_size: 4
gradient_accumulation_steps: 4
learning_rate: 2e-05
max_steps: 1500
lr_scheduler_type: cosine
warmup_ratio: 0.1
warmup_steps: 5
bf16: True
tf32: True
optim: adamw_torch_fused
gradient_checkpointing: True
gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: {'use_reentrant': False}
batch_sampler: no_duplicates

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand

overwrite_output_dir: False
do_predict: False
eval_strategy: steps
prediction_loss_only: True
per_device_train_batch_size: 8
per_device_eval_batch_size: 4
per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
gradient_accumulation_steps: 4
eval_accumulation_steps: None
learning_rate: 2e-05
weight_decay: 0.0
adam_beta1: 0.9
adam_beta2: 0.999
adam_epsilon: 1e-08
max_grad_norm: 1.0
num_train_epochs: 3.0
max_steps: 1500
lr_scheduler_type: cosine
lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
warmup_ratio: 0.1
warmup_steps: 5
log_level: passive
log_level_replica: warning
log_on_each_node: True
logging_nan_inf_filter: True
save_safetensors: True
save_on_each_node: False
save_only_model: False
restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
no_cuda: False
use_cpu: False
use_mps_device: False
seed: 42
data_seed: None
jit_mode_eval: False
use_ipex: False
bf16: True
fp16: False
fp16_opt_level: O1
half_precision_backend: auto
bf16_full_eval: False
fp16_full_eval: False
tf32: True
local_rank: 0
ddp_backend: None
tpu_num_cores: None
tpu_metrics_debug: False
debug: []
dataloader_drop_last: True
dataloader_num_workers: 0
dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
past_index: -1
disable_tqdm: False
remove_unused_columns: True
label_names: None
load_best_model_at_end: False
ignore_data_skip: False
fsdp: []
fsdp_min_num_params: 0
fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
deepspeed: None
label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
optim: adamw_torch_fused
optim_args: None
adafactor: False
group_by_length: False
length_column_name: length
ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
dataloader_pin_memory: True
dataloader_persistent_workers: False
skip_memory_metrics: True
use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
push_to_hub: False
resume_from_checkpoint: None
hub_model_id: None
hub_strategy: every_save
hub_private_repo: False
hub_always_push: False
gradient_checkpointing: True
gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: {'use_reentrant': False}
include_inputs_for_metrics: False
eval_do_concat_batches: True
fp16_backend: auto
push_to_hub_model_id: None
push_to_hub_organization: None
mp_parameters:
auto_find_batch_size: False
full_determinism: False
torchdynamo: None
ray_scope: last
ddp_timeout: 1800
torch_compile: False
torch_compile_backend: None
torch_compile_mode: None
dispatch_batches: None
split_batches: None
include_tokens_per_second: False
include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
neftune_noise_alpha: None
optim_target_modules: None
batch_eval_metrics: False
batch_sampler: no_duplicates
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional

Training Logs

Epoch	Step	Training Loss	loss	cosine_map@100
0.0185	100	0.4835	0.0751	0.9138
0.0369	200	0.0646	0.0590	0.9384
0.0554	300	0.0594	0.0519	0.9462
0.0739	400	0.0471	0.0483	0.9514
0.0924	500	0.0524	0.0455	0.9531
0.1108	600	0.0435	0.0397	0.9546
0.1293	700	0.0336	0.0394	0.9549
0.1478	800	0.0344	0.0374	0.9565
0.1662	900	0.0393	0.0361	0.9568
0.1847	1000	0.0451	0.0361	0.9578
0.2032	1100	0.0278	0.0358	0.9568
0.2216	1200	0.0332	0.0356	0.9572
0.2401	1300	0.0317	0.0354	0.9575
0.2586	1400	0.026	0.0355	0.9574
0.2771	1500	0.0442	0.0355	0.9573

Framework Versions

Python: 3.10.12
Sentence Transformers: 3.0.1
Transformers: 4.41.2
PyTorch: 2.2.0+cu121
Accelerate: 0.33.0
Datasets: 2.20.0
Tokenizers: 0.19.1

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

MatryoshkaLoss

@misc{kusupati2024matryoshka,
    title={Matryoshka Representation Learning}, 
    author={Aditya Kusupati and Gantavya Bhatt and Aniket Rege and Matthew Wallingford and Aditya Sinha and Vivek Ramanujan and William Howard-Snyder and Kaifeng Chen and Sham Kakade and Prateek Jain and Ali Farhadi},
    year={2024},
    eprint={2205.13147},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.LG}
}

MultipleNegativesRankingLoss

@misc{henderson2017efficient,
    title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply}, 
    author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1705.00652},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}