---
base_model: dunzhang/stella_en_1.5B_v5
datasets: []
language: []
library_name: sentence-transformers
metrics:
- cosine_accuracy@1
- cosine_accuracy@3
- cosine_accuracy@5
- cosine_accuracy@10
- cosine_precision@1
- cosine_precision@3
- cosine_precision@5
- cosine_precision@10
- cosine_recall@1
- cosine_recall@3
- cosine_recall@5
- cosine_recall@10
- cosine_ndcg@10
- cosine_mrr@10
- cosine_map@100
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
tags:
- sentence-transformers
- sentence-similarity
- feature-extraction
- generated_from_trainer
- dataset_size:693000
- loss:MatryoshkaLoss
- loss:MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
widget:
- source_sentence: Paracrystalline materials are defined as having short and medium
    range ordering in their lattice (similar to the liquid crystal phases) but lacking
    crystal-like long-range ordering at least in one direction.
  sentences:
  - 'Instruct: Given a web search query, retrieve relevant passages that answer the
    query.

    Query: Paracrystalline'
  - 'Instruct: Given a web search query, retrieve relevant passages that answer the
    query.

    Query: Øystein Dahle'
  - 'Instruct: Given a web search query, retrieve relevant passages that answer the
    query.

    Query: Makis Belevonis'
- source_sentence: 'Hạ Trạch is a commune ( xã ) and village in Bố Trạch District
    , Quảng Bình Province , in Vietnam .   Category : Populated places in Quang Binh
    Province  Category : Communes of Quang Binh Province'
  sentences:
  - 'Instruct: Given a web search query, retrieve relevant passages that answer the
    query.

    Query: The Taill of how this forsaid Tod maid his Confessioun to Freir Wolf Waitskaith'
  - 'Instruct: Given a web search query, retrieve relevant passages that answer the
    query.

    Query: Hạ Trạch'
  - 'Instruct: Given a web search query, retrieve relevant passages that answer the
    query.

    Query: Tadaxa'
- source_sentence: The Golden Mosque (سنهرى مسجد, Sunehri Masjid) is a mosque in Old
    Delhi. It is located outside the southwestern corner of Delhi Gate of the Red
    Fort, opposite the Netaji Subhash Park.
  sentences:
  - 'Instruct: Given a web search query, retrieve relevant passages that answer the
    query.

    Query: Algorithm'
  - 'Instruct: Given a web search query, retrieve relevant passages that answer the
    query.

    Query: Golden Mosque (Red Fort)'
  - 'Instruct: Given a web search query, retrieve relevant passages that answer the
    query.

    Query: Parnaso Español'
- source_sentence: Unibank, S.A. is one of Haiti's two largest private commercial
    banks. The bank was founded in 1993 by a group of Haitian investors and is the
    main company of "Groupe Financier National (GFN)". It opened its first office
    in July 1993 in downtown Port-au-Prince and has 50 branches throughout the country
    as of the end of 2016.
  sentences:
  - 'Instruct: Given a web search query, retrieve relevant passages that answer the
    query.

    Query: Sky TG24'
  - 'Instruct: Given a web search query, retrieve relevant passages that answer the
    query.

    Query: Ghomijeh'
  - 'Instruct: Given a web search query, retrieve relevant passages that answer the
    query.

    Query: Unibank (Haiti)'
- source_sentence: The Tchaikovsky Symphony Orchestra is a Russian classical music
    orchestra established in 1930. It was founded as the Moscow Radio Symphony Orchestra,
    and served as the official symphony for the Soviet All-Union Radio network. Following
    the dissolution of the, Soviet Union in 1991, the orchestra was renamed in 1993
    by the Russian Ministry of Culture in recognition of the central role the music
    of Tchaikovsky plays in its repertoire. The current music director is Vladimir
    Fedoseyev, who has been in that position since 1974.
  sentences:
  - 'Instruct: Given a web search query, retrieve relevant passages that answer the
    query.

    Query: Harald J.W. Mueller-Kirsten'
  - 'Instruct: Given a web search query, retrieve relevant passages that answer the
    query.

    Query: Sierra del Lacandón'
  - 'Instruct: Given a web search query, retrieve relevant passages that answer the
    query.

    Query: Tchaikovsky Symphony Orchestra'
model-index:
- name: SentenceTransformer based on dunzhang/stella_en_1.5B_v5
  results:
  - task:
      type: information-retrieval
      name: Information Retrieval
    dataset:
      name: Unknown
      type: unknown
    metrics:
    - type: cosine_accuracy@1
      value: 0.9447811447811448
      name: Cosine Accuracy@1
    - type: cosine_accuracy@3
      value: 0.9686868686868687
      name: Cosine Accuracy@3
    - type: cosine_accuracy@5
      value: 0.9764309764309764
      name: Cosine Accuracy@5
    - type: cosine_accuracy@10
      value: 0.9811447811447811
      name: Cosine Accuracy@10
    - type: cosine_precision@1
      value: 0.9447811447811448
      name: Cosine Precision@1
    - type: cosine_precision@3
      value: 0.3228956228956229
      name: Cosine Precision@3
    - type: cosine_precision@5
      value: 0.19528619528619526
      name: Cosine Precision@5
    - type: cosine_precision@10
      value: 0.09811447811447811
      name: Cosine Precision@10
    - type: cosine_recall@1
      value: 0.9447811447811448
      name: Cosine Recall@1
    - type: cosine_recall@3
      value: 0.9686868686868687
      name: Cosine Recall@3
    - type: cosine_recall@5
      value: 0.9764309764309764
      name: Cosine Recall@5
    - type: cosine_recall@10
      value: 0.9811447811447811
      name: Cosine Recall@10
    - type: cosine_ndcg@10
      value: 0.9636993273003078
      name: Cosine Ndcg@10
    - type: cosine_mrr@10
      value: 0.9580071882849661
      name: Cosine Mrr@10
    - type: cosine_map@100
      value: 0.9586207391258978
      name: Cosine Map@100
    - type: cosine_accuracy@1
      value: 0.9444444444444444
      name: Cosine Accuracy@1
    - type: cosine_accuracy@3
      value: 0.97003367003367
      name: Cosine Accuracy@3
    - type: cosine_accuracy@5
      value: 0.9764309764309764
      name: Cosine Accuracy@5
    - type: cosine_accuracy@10
      value: 0.9824915824915825
      name: Cosine Accuracy@10
    - type: cosine_precision@1
      value: 0.9444444444444444
      name: Cosine Precision@1
    - type: cosine_precision@3
      value: 0.32334455667789
      name: Cosine Precision@3
    - type: cosine_precision@5
      value: 0.19528619528619529
      name: Cosine Precision@5
    - type: cosine_precision@10
      value: 0.09824915824915824
      name: Cosine Precision@10
    - type: cosine_recall@1
      value: 0.9444444444444444
      name: Cosine Recall@1
    - type: cosine_recall@3
      value: 0.97003367003367
      name: Cosine Recall@3
    - type: cosine_recall@5
      value: 0.9764309764309764
      name: Cosine Recall@5
    - type: cosine_recall@10
      value: 0.9824915824915825
      name: Cosine Recall@10
    - type: cosine_ndcg@10
      value: 0.9639446842698776
      name: Cosine Ndcg@10
    - type: cosine_mrr@10
      value: 0.9579490673935119
      name: Cosine Mrr@10
    - type: cosine_map@100
      value: 0.9584482053349265
      name: Cosine Map@100
    - type: cosine_accuracy@1
      value: 0.9437710437710438
      name: Cosine Accuracy@1
    - type: cosine_accuracy@3
      value: 0.967003367003367
      name: Cosine Accuracy@3
    - type: cosine_accuracy@5
      value: 0.9723905723905724
      name: Cosine Accuracy@5
    - type: cosine_accuracy@10
      value: 0.9801346801346801
      name: Cosine Accuracy@10
    - type: cosine_precision@1
      value: 0.9437710437710438
      name: Cosine Precision@1
    - type: cosine_precision@3
      value: 0.322334455667789
      name: Cosine Precision@3
    - type: cosine_precision@5
      value: 0.19447811447811444
      name: Cosine Precision@5
    - type: cosine_precision@10
      value: 0.09801346801346802
      name: Cosine Precision@10
    - type: cosine_recall@1
      value: 0.9437710437710438
      name: Cosine Recall@1
    - type: cosine_recall@3
      value: 0.967003367003367
      name: Cosine Recall@3
    - type: cosine_recall@5
      value: 0.9723905723905724
      name: Cosine Recall@5
    - type: cosine_recall@10
      value: 0.9801346801346801
      name: Cosine Recall@10
    - type: cosine_ndcg@10
      value: 0.9623908732460177
      name: Cosine Ndcg@10
    - type: cosine_mrr@10
      value: 0.9566718775052107
      name: Cosine Mrr@10
    - type: cosine_map@100
      value: 0.9572829070357247
      name: Cosine Map@100
---

# SentenceTransformer based on dunzhang/stella_en_1.5B_v5

This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model finetuned from [dunzhang/stella_en_1.5B_v5](https://huggingface.co/dunzhang/stella_en_1.5B_v5). It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 1024-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

## Model Details

### Model Description
- **Model Type:** Sentence Transformer
- **Base model:** [dunzhang/stella_en_1.5B_v5](https://huggingface.co/dunzhang/stella_en_1.5B_v5) <!-- at revision 129dc50d3ca5f0f5ee0ce8944f65a8553c0f26e0 -->
- **Maximum Sequence Length:** 8096 tokens
- **Output Dimensionality:** 1024 tokens
- **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity
<!-- - **Training Dataset:** Unknown -->
<!-- - **Language:** Unknown -->
<!-- - **License:** Unknown -->

### Model Sources

- **Documentation:** [Sentence Transformers Documentation](https://sbert.net)
- **Repository:** [Sentence Transformers on GitHub](https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers)
- **Hugging Face:** [Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models?library=sentence-transformers)

### Full Model Architecture

```
SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 8096, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: Qwen2Model 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 1536, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Dense({'in_features': 1536, 'out_features': 1024, 'bias': True, 'activation_function': 'torch.nn.modules.linear.Identity'})
)
```

## Usage

### Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

```bash
pip install -U sentence-transformers
```

Then you can load this model and run inference.
```python
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("sentence_transformers_model_id")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'The Tchaikovsky Symphony Orchestra is a Russian classical music orchestra established in 1930. It was founded as the Moscow Radio Symphony Orchestra, and served as the official symphony for the Soviet All-Union Radio network. Following the dissolution of the, Soviet Union in 1991, the orchestra was renamed in 1993 by the Russian Ministry of Culture in recognition of the central role the music of Tchaikovsky plays in its repertoire. The current music director is Vladimir Fedoseyev, who has been in that position since 1974.',
    'Instruct: Given a web search query, retrieve relevant passages that answer the query.\nQuery: Tchaikovsky Symphony Orchestra',
    'Instruct: Given a web search query, retrieve relevant passages that answer the query.\nQuery: Sierra del Lacandón',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 1024]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]
```

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</details>
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### Downstream Usage (Sentence Transformers)

You can finetune this model on your own dataset.

<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

</details>
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## Evaluation

### Metrics

#### Information Retrieval

* Evaluated with [<code>InformationRetrievalEvaluator</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.InformationRetrievalEvaluator)

| Metric              | Value      |
|:--------------------|:-----------|
| cosine_accuracy@1   | 0.9448     |
| cosine_accuracy@3   | 0.9687     |
| cosine_accuracy@5   | 0.9764     |
| cosine_accuracy@10  | 0.9811     |
| cosine_precision@1  | 0.9448     |
| cosine_precision@3  | 0.3229     |
| cosine_precision@5  | 0.1953     |
| cosine_precision@10 | 0.0981     |
| cosine_recall@1     | 0.9448     |
| cosine_recall@3     | 0.9687     |
| cosine_recall@5     | 0.9764     |
| cosine_recall@10    | 0.9811     |
| cosine_ndcg@10      | 0.9637     |
| cosine_mrr@10       | 0.958      |
| **cosine_map@100**  | **0.9586** |

#### Information Retrieval

* Evaluated with [<code>InformationRetrievalEvaluator</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.InformationRetrievalEvaluator)

| Metric              | Value      |
|:--------------------|:-----------|
| cosine_accuracy@1   | 0.9444     |
| cosine_accuracy@3   | 0.97       |
| cosine_accuracy@5   | 0.9764     |
| cosine_accuracy@10  | 0.9825     |
| cosine_precision@1  | 0.9444     |
| cosine_precision@3  | 0.3233     |
| cosine_precision@5  | 0.1953     |
| cosine_precision@10 | 0.0982     |
| cosine_recall@1     | 0.9444     |
| cosine_recall@3     | 0.97       |
| cosine_recall@5     | 0.9764     |
| cosine_recall@10    | 0.9825     |
| cosine_ndcg@10      | 0.9639     |
| cosine_mrr@10       | 0.9579     |
| **cosine_map@100**  | **0.9584** |

#### Information Retrieval

* Evaluated with [<code>InformationRetrievalEvaluator</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.InformationRetrievalEvaluator)

| Metric              | Value      |
|:--------------------|:-----------|
| cosine_accuracy@1   | 0.9438     |
| cosine_accuracy@3   | 0.967      |
| cosine_accuracy@5   | 0.9724     |
| cosine_accuracy@10  | 0.9801     |
| cosine_precision@1  | 0.9438     |
| cosine_precision@3  | 0.3223     |
| cosine_precision@5  | 0.1945     |
| cosine_precision@10 | 0.098      |
| cosine_recall@1     | 0.9438     |
| cosine_recall@3     | 0.967      |
| cosine_recall@5     | 0.9724     |
| cosine_recall@10    | 0.9801     |
| cosine_ndcg@10      | 0.9624     |
| cosine_mrr@10       | 0.9567     |
| **cosine_map@100**  | **0.9573** |

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### Recommendations

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## Training Details

### Training Hyperparameters
#### Non-Default Hyperparameters

- `eval_strategy`: steps
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 4
- `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 4
- `learning_rate`: 2e-05
- `max_steps`: 1500
- `lr_scheduler_type`: cosine
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
- `warmup_steps`: 5
- `bf16`: True
- `tf32`: True
- `optim`: adamw_torch_fused
- `gradient_checkpointing`: True
- `gradient_checkpointing_kwargs`: {'use_reentrant': False}
- `batch_sampler`: no_duplicates

#### All Hyperparameters
<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

- `overwrite_output_dir`: False
- `do_predict`: False
- `eval_strategy`: steps
- `prediction_loss_only`: True
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 8
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 4
- `per_gpu_train_batch_size`: None
- `per_gpu_eval_batch_size`: None
- `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 4
- `eval_accumulation_steps`: None
- `learning_rate`: 2e-05
- `weight_decay`: 0.0
- `adam_beta1`: 0.9
- `adam_beta2`: 0.999
- `adam_epsilon`: 1e-08
- `max_grad_norm`: 1.0
- `num_train_epochs`: 3.0
- `max_steps`: 1500
- `lr_scheduler_type`: cosine
- `lr_scheduler_kwargs`: {}
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
- `warmup_steps`: 5
- `log_level`: passive
- `log_level_replica`: warning
- `log_on_each_node`: True
- `logging_nan_inf_filter`: True
- `save_safetensors`: True
- `save_on_each_node`: False
- `save_only_model`: False
- `restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint`: False
- `no_cuda`: False
- `use_cpu`: False
- `use_mps_device`: False
- `seed`: 42
- `data_seed`: None
- `jit_mode_eval`: False
- `use_ipex`: False
- `bf16`: True
- `fp16`: False
- `fp16_opt_level`: O1
- `half_precision_backend`: auto
- `bf16_full_eval`: False
- `fp16_full_eval`: False
- `tf32`: True
- `local_rank`: 0
- `ddp_backend`: None
- `tpu_num_cores`: None
- `tpu_metrics_debug`: False
- `debug`: []
- `dataloader_drop_last`: True
- `dataloader_num_workers`: 0
- `dataloader_prefetch_factor`: None
- `past_index`: -1
- `disable_tqdm`: False
- `remove_unused_columns`: True
- `label_names`: None
- `load_best_model_at_end`: False
- `ignore_data_skip`: False
- `fsdp`: []
- `fsdp_min_num_params`: 0
- `fsdp_config`: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
- `fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap`: None
- `accelerator_config`: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
- `deepspeed`: None
- `label_smoothing_factor`: 0.0
- `optim`: adamw_torch_fused
- `optim_args`: None
- `adafactor`: False
- `group_by_length`: False
- `length_column_name`: length
- `ddp_find_unused_parameters`: None
- `ddp_bucket_cap_mb`: None
- `ddp_broadcast_buffers`: False
- `dataloader_pin_memory`: True
- `dataloader_persistent_workers`: False
- `skip_memory_metrics`: True
- `use_legacy_prediction_loop`: False
- `push_to_hub`: False
- `resume_from_checkpoint`: None
- `hub_model_id`: None
- `hub_strategy`: every_save
- `hub_private_repo`: False
- `hub_always_push`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing`: True
- `gradient_checkpointing_kwargs`: {'use_reentrant': False}
- `include_inputs_for_metrics`: False
- `eval_do_concat_batches`: True
- `fp16_backend`: auto
- `push_to_hub_model_id`: None
- `push_to_hub_organization`: None
- `mp_parameters`: 
- `auto_find_batch_size`: False
- `full_determinism`: False
- `torchdynamo`: None
- `ray_scope`: last
- `ddp_timeout`: 1800
- `torch_compile`: False
- `torch_compile_backend`: None
- `torch_compile_mode`: None
- `dispatch_batches`: None
- `split_batches`: None
- `include_tokens_per_second`: False
- `include_num_input_tokens_seen`: False
- `neftune_noise_alpha`: None
- `optim_target_modules`: None
- `batch_eval_metrics`: False
- `batch_sampler`: no_duplicates
- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: proportional

</details>

### Training Logs
| Epoch  | Step | Training Loss | loss   | cosine_map@100 |
|:------:|:----:|:-------------:|:------:|:--------------:|
| 0.0185 | 100  | 0.4835        | 0.0751 | 0.9138         |
| 0.0369 | 200  | 0.0646        | 0.0590 | 0.9384         |
| 0.0554 | 300  | 0.0594        | 0.0519 | 0.9462         |
| 0.0739 | 400  | 0.0471        | 0.0483 | 0.9514         |
| 0.0924 | 500  | 0.0524        | 0.0455 | 0.9531         |
| 0.1108 | 600  | 0.0435        | 0.0397 | 0.9546         |
| 0.1293 | 700  | 0.0336        | 0.0394 | 0.9549         |
| 0.1478 | 800  | 0.0344        | 0.0374 | 0.9565         |
| 0.1662 | 900  | 0.0393        | 0.0361 | 0.9568         |
| 0.1847 | 1000 | 0.0451        | 0.0361 | 0.9578         |
| 0.2032 | 1100 | 0.0278        | 0.0358 | 0.9568         |
| 0.2216 | 1200 | 0.0332        | 0.0356 | 0.9572         |
| 0.2401 | 1300 | 0.0317        | 0.0354 | 0.9575         |
| 0.2586 | 1400 | 0.026         | 0.0355 | 0.9574         |
| 0.2771 | 1500 | 0.0442        | 0.0355 | 0.9573         |


### Framework Versions
- Python: 3.10.12
- Sentence Transformers: 3.0.1
- Transformers: 4.41.2
- PyTorch: 2.2.0+cu121
- Accelerate: 0.33.0
- Datasets: 2.20.0
- Tokenizers: 0.19.1

## Citation

### BibTeX

#### Sentence Transformers
```bibtex
@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}
```

#### MatryoshkaLoss
```bibtex
@misc{kusupati2024matryoshka,
    title={Matryoshka Representation Learning}, 
    author={Aditya Kusupati and Gantavya Bhatt and Aniket Rege and Matthew Wallingford and Aditya Sinha and Vivek Ramanujan and William Howard-Snyder and Kaifeng Chen and Sham Kakade and Prateek Jain and Ali Farhadi},
    year={2024},
    eprint={2205.13147},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.LG}
}
```

#### MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
```bibtex
@misc{henderson2017efficient,
    title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply}, 
    author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1705.00652},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
```

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