Knowledge Base/p.txt

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P & A Campbell was a shipping company based in Bristol which operated steamship services in the Bristol Channel between 1893 and 1979. ==History== In the early 19th century, steamships were introduced to Europe with Clyde steamer sailings which grew rapidly, with many private ship owners taking trippers and commuters from Glasgow down the River Clyde to previously remote areas where holiday houses developed around the Firth of Clyde. Robert Campbell, known as "Captain Bob", came from a family associated with sailings to the Gare Loch. In 1854 he became master of the Gareloch steamboat Duchess of Argyle bought by two of his uncles, and developed a good public reputation as captain of successive ships as their fleet took on sailings from Kilmun on the Holy Loch. In 1864 one was sold as a Confederate blockade runner, its replacement Vivid was built to run "in connection with the express trains on the Greenock Railway". Captain Bob Campbell's sons Peter and Alexander Campbell were also captains, and when he suffered long term illness they took over running of the fleet. In 1887 their paddle steamer Waverley was taken by Peter to the Bristol Channel on a charter, with great success, after a shaky start when the Campbells were summoned before the Bristol Magistrates in July 1887 for having an uncertified engineer for the Waverley. At this time the Caledonian Railway was extending the Greenock Railway to Gourock railway station and pier. In 1888 the Campbells agreed to sell them two of their steamers as the nucleus of the Caledonian Steam Packet Company, along with the goodwill of the Kilmun business. After Captain Bob died, Peter and Alexander Campbell moved their business to Bristol, and set up the White Funnel fleet for coastal cruising. The company was formally formed in 1893 and they used the White Funnel image as a company logo. During the First World War, twelve of the fleet were requisitioned by the Admiralty as minesweepers and a troop ship. Two ships, Brighton Queen and Lady Ismay were lost. During the Second World War the fleet was requisitioned again. Four new vessels were planned after the war, but only and were built. They lasted until 1967 and 1968 respectively. After this the company used motor vessels until 1979 when it finally folded. The company had a brief fling with high speed craft in the summer of 1963, using the experimental SRN2 as a ferry between Penarth and Weston-super-Mare. ==Archives== Records of P & A Campbell are held at Bristol Archives (Ref. 37980) (online catalogue 1), (Ref. 40140) (online catalogue 2), (Ref. 40505) (online catalogue 3). ==Vessels operated by Campbell== ==References== * Category:1887 establishments in England Category:Transport companies established in 1887 Category:Transport companies disestablished in 1979 Category:Defunct shipping companies of the United Kingdom Category:Defunct companies based in Bristol Category:1979 disestablishments in England Category:Bristol Channel
P & K Enterprises, was an American manufacturer of composite and wooden propellers for homebuilt and ultralight aircraft. The company headquarters was located in Colfax, Indiana.Purdy, Don: AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, page 84. BAI Communications. The company built fixed-pitch and ground-adjustable propellers with two to five blades for 2si, Rotax and Zenoah engines up to from wooden laminates and composites. ==See also== *List of aircraft propeller manufacturers == References == Category:Companies established in 1981 Category:Aircraft propeller manufacturers Category:Aerospace companies of the United States
P was a streetcar line in Los Angeles, California. It was operated by the Los Angeles Railway from 1895 to 1958, and by the Los Angeles Metropolitan Transit Authority from 1958 to 1963. ==History== ===Pico Street Electric Railway (1887–90)=== The first streetcar line on Pico Boulevard was short lived, running from an orange grove at Lorde Street (present-day Harvard Boulevard) to the Plaza de Los Angeles by way of Pico, Maple Avenue, 7th Street, San Julian Street, 3rd Street, and Los Angeles Street. The company began running cars in January 1887 as the first electrified streetcar in the western United States. but went under within a few years. ===The modern route=== The Pico and First Street Line was one of the first routes built by the new Los Angeles Railway in 1895. Its route lay between Pico and Van Ness Avenue on the west and Brooklyn and Rowan avenues on the east, via Pico Boulevard, Main Street, Broadway, 1st Street, and Rowan Avenue. In 1919, Broadway was extended south from 11th and Main to Pico Boulevard, removing the line from Main Street entirely. thumb|left|A trolley crosses Alameda Street at 1st Street in Little Tokyo as it heads for Boyle Heights, . In the 1920 service rerouting, the western end of the West Pico and Santa Fe Station Line was combined with the eastern portion of the Boyle Heights and West 7th Street Line to form the West Pico & East First Street Line. The new line ran from Brooklyn and Rowan via Rowan, First, Broadway, and Pico to Delaware. It was assigned the letter designation P in 1921. While the route was unchanged for the rest of its existence, the Rimpau Loop and Dozier loop were added in 1935 and 1936, respectively. The line was commuted to the Los Angeles Metropolitan Transit Authority in 1958. Service was converted to motor coach operation on March 31, 1963. == Gage Street Shuttle Line == As part of the Los Angeles Railway's expansion, a shuttle line was built north from Rowan and Dozier along Rowan, Hammel and Gage to Blanchard Street, at the foot of what is now City Terrace. This service was designated as route 34. Ridership was very low and the route was discontinued by LATL. ==Rolling stock== In 1947, Los Angeles Railway purchased 40 PCC streetcars to replace the old rolling stock on the line. ==Partial restoration== The Gold Line Eastside Extension was a project by the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (successor to LARy services) to establish a light rail line to East Los Angeles. From the previous terminus at Union Station, trains operate primarily via 1st Street to Indiana, though the majority of the line is in a tunnel. ==Sources== ==External links== * P Line Archives — Pacific Electric Railway Historical Society * Category:Los Angeles Railway routes Category:Railway services introduced in 1920 Category:1920 establishments in California Category:Railway services discontinued in 1963 Category:1963 disestablishments in California
__NOTOC__ The "P" symbol or "P" badge was introduced on 8 March 1940 by the Nazi Germany General Government with relation to the requirement that Polish workers (Zivilarbeiter) used during World War II as forced laborers in Germany (following the German invasion and occupation of Poland in 1939) display a visible symbol marking their ethnic origin. The symbol was introduced with the intent to be used as a cloth patch, which indeed was the most common form, but also reproduced on documents (through stamps) and posters. The badge was intended to be humiliating, and like the similar Jewish symbol, can be seen as a badge of shame. == Design and usage == The design was introduced in the Polish decrees (laws concerning Polish workers in Germany) of 8 March 1940. The symbol was a diamond with sides of five centimeters. The border (about half a centimetre wide) and the letter P (two and a half centimetres tall) were violet, while the inside of the symbol was yellow. The letter "P" badge was to be worn on the right breast of every garment worn. Those who did not obey the rules were subject to a fine of up to 150 Reichsmarks and arrested with a possible penalty of six weeks' detention. The choice of color and shape might have been chosen to avoid any association with national symbols of Poland. It was the first official, public badge-like mark intended for identification of individuals based on their racial or ethnic origin (or other social characteristics) introduced in Nazi Germany, preceding the better-known "Jewish yellow star" badge introduced a year later, in September 1941. In January 1945 the Central Office for Reich Security proposed a new design for a Polish badge, a yellow ear of corn on a red and white label, but it was never implemented. == Examples of usage == File:Arbeitsbuch Fur Auslander 1942.jpg|Arbeitsbuch Für Ausländer (Workbook for Foreigners) identity document issued to a Polish Forced Labourer in 1942 together with a letter "P" patch that Poles were required to wear attached to their clothing File:Anti-Polish poster published by Volksbund für das Deutschtum im Ausland (Association for 'Germanness' abroad) Gauverband Danzig Westpreußen (Association of the “shire or county”, Gdansk, West Prussia).png|Anti-Polish poster published by Volksbund für das Deutschtum im Ausland (Association for 'Germanness' abroad) Gauverband Danzig Westpreußen (Association of the "shire or county", Gdansk, West Prussia) == See also == * Nazi concentration camp badge == References == == Further reading == * * Category:Unfree labor during World War II Category:Nazi war crimes in Poland Category:Anti-Polish sentiment in Europe Category:Poland in World War II Category:Symbols introduced in 1940
P is the debut and only album by American alternative rock band P, featuring Bill Carter, Johnny Depp, Gibby Haynes and Sal Jenco.Strong, Martin C. (2003) The Great Indie Discography, Canongate, , p. 248 It was released on November 21, 1995 through Capitol Records and was reissued on May 8, 2007, under the Caroline Records label. Produced by bassist Andrew Weiss, the album also featured contributions from Red Hot Chili Peppers bassist Flea, Sex Pistols guitarist Steve Jones, and pianist and Los Angeles scene fixture Chuck E. Weiss. The album features a diverse "array of alternative rock, touching on funk metal, R.E.M.-style folk-rock, and grunge." The album also features cover versions of Daniel Johnston's "I Save Cigarette Butts" and ABBA's "Dancing Queen". The track "Michael Stipe", named after the R.E.M. frontman, was released as a single in 1995 and received airplay on alternative radio. ==Critical reception== CD Review magazine panned the album, stating, "Though the group aims to be something other than a Gen X conversation piece, much of this debut is pointless dross." In Q, David Quantick awarded the album one out of five stars. He wrote, "Records made by actors are dreadful (there are no exceptions)... The result makes the phrase 'self-indulgence' seem puny and not up to the job." Sandy Masuo of the Los Angeles Times gave the album three out of four stars, describing it as "a surreal blend of rough-hewn rock, Gothic Western twang and psychedelic dub." In a retrospective review, AllMusic senior editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted the band's eclectic musical style. He stated: "While they are musically proficient, some of their songs aren't quite up to par. Nevertheless, their debut album is a surprisingly enjoyable effort." ==Track listing== ==Personnel== ;P * Bill Carter – guitar, bass * Johnny Depp – guitar, bass * Gibby Haynes – vocals, artwork * Sal Jenco – percussion ;Additional musicians * Ruth Ellsworth-Carter – keyboards * Flea – bass * Steve Jones – guitar * Chuck E. Weiss – washboard ;Technical personnel * Andrew Weiss – production, bass, mellotron, Moog, guitar * Tim Devine – A&R; * Tommy Steele – art direction * Wendy Dougan – art direction, design * Christina Bookman – artwork (print production) * Richard Huredia – additional engineering * Tom Bunch – management ==References== ==External links== * Category:1995 debut albums Category:P (band) albums Category:Capitol Records albums Category:Caroline Records albums
P was a short-lived American alternative rock band formed in early 1993 by Butthole Surfers frontman Gibby Haynes (vocals), actor Johnny Depp (guitar/bass), actor Sal Jenco (percussion), and songwriter Bill Carter (guitar/bass).Strong, Martin C. (2003) The Great Indie Discography, Canongate, , p. 248 ==History== The band performed their first show at the Austin Music Awards in 1993, and released their eponymous debut album on November 21, 1995, under Capitol Records. It was reissued on May 8, 2007 under Caroline Records. They often played the odd gig at The Viper Room, of which Depp used to be co- owner. One of these gigs was played on October 30, 1993, where the line-up included Flea of Red Hot Chili Peppers. Haynes, along with other members of the line-up that night, was a good friend of actor River Phoenix. While the band were in the middle of their song "Michael Stipe", which includes the lines "I'm glad I met old Michael Stipe, I didn't get to see his car. Him and River Phoenix were leaving on the road tomorrow" and "but we didn't have a part, not a piece of our heart, not Michael, River Phoenix or Flea or me," Phoenix (unbeknownst to the band at the time) was outside the venue having seizures on the sidewalk. Phoenix died in the early hours of October 31 of heart failure, brought on by an overdose of cocaine and heroin. ==Discography== ;Studio albums * P (1995, Capitol Records) ;Singles * "Michael Stipe" (1995) ==References== ==External links== * Category:Alternative rock groups from California Category:Musical groups established in 1993 Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1995 Category:Musical groups reestablished in 1997 Category:Capitol Records artists Category:Caroline Records artists Category:1993 establishments in California Category:Johnny Depp
In computational complexity theory, P, also known as PTIME or DTIME(nO(1)), is a fundamental complexity class. It contains all decision problems that can be solved by a deterministic Turing machine using a polynomial amount of computation time, or polynomial time. Cobham's thesis holds that P is the class of computational problems that are "efficiently solvable" or "tractable". This is inexact: in practice, some problems not known to be in P have practical solutions, and some that are in P do not, but this is a useful rule of thumb. ==Definition== A language L is in P if and only if there exists a deterministic Turing machine M, such that * M runs for polynomial time on all inputs * For all x in L, M outputs 1 * For all x not in L, M outputs 0 P can also be viewed as a uniform family of boolean circuits. A language L is in P if and only if there exists a polynomial-time uniform family of boolean circuits \\{C_n:n \in \mathbb{N}\\}, such that * For all n \in \mathbb{N}, C_n takes n bits as input and outputs 1 bit * For all x in L, C_{|x|}(x)=1 * For all x not in L, C_{|x|}(x)=0 The circuit definition can be weakened to use only a logspace uniform family without changing the complexity class. ==Notable problems in P== P is known to contain many natural problems, including the decision versions of linear programming, and finding a maximum matching. In 2002, it was shown that the problem of determining if a number is prime is in P.Manindra Agrawal, Neeraj Kayal, Nitin Saxena, "PRIMES is in P", Annals of Mathematics 160 (2004), no. 2, pp. 781–793. The related class of function problems is FP. Several natural problems are complete for P, including st-connectivity (or reachability) on alternating graphs. The article on P-complete problems lists further relevant problems in P. ==Relationships to other classes== 300px|thumb|right|A representation of the relation among complexity classes A generalization of P is NP, which is the class of decision problems decidable by a non-deterministic Turing machine that runs in polynomial time. Equivalently, it is the class of decision problems where each "yes" instance has a polynomial size certificate, and certificates can be checked by a polynomial time deterministic Turing machine. The class of problems for which this is true for the "no" instances is called co-NP. P is trivially a subset of NP and of co-NP; most experts believe it is a proper subset,Johnsonbaugh, Richard; Schaefer, Marcus, Algorithms, 2004 Pearson Education, page 458, although this belief (the \mathsf{P} \subsetneq \mathsf{NP} hypothesis) remains unproven. Another open problem is whether NP = co-NP; since P = co-P, a negative answer would imply \mathsf{P} \subsetneq \mathsf{NP}. P is also known to be at least as large as L, the class of problems decidable in a logarithmic amount of memory space. A decider using O(\log n) space cannot use more than 2^{O(\log n)} = n^{O(1)} time, because this is the total number of possible configurations; thus, L is a subset of P. Another important problem is whether L = P. We do know that P = AL, the set of problems solvable in logarithmic memory by alternating Turing machines. P is also known to be no larger than PSPACE, the class of problems decidable in polynomial space. Again, whether P = PSPACE is an open problem. To summarize: :\mathsf{L} \subseteq \mathsf{AL} = \mathsf{P} \subseteq \mathsf{NP} \subseteq \mathsf{PSPACE} \subseteq \mathsf{EXPTIME}. Here, EXPTIME is the class of problems solvable in exponential time. Of all the classes shown above, only two strict containments are known: * P is strictly contained in EXPTIME. Consequently, all EXPTIME-hard problems lie outside P, and at least one of the containments to the right of P above is strict (in fact, it is widely believed that all three are strict). * L is strictly contained in PSPACE. The most difficult problems in P are P-complete problems. Another generalization of P is P/poly, or Nonuniform Polynomial-Time. If a problem is in P/poly, then it can be solved in deterministic polynomial time provided that an advice string is given that depends only on the length of the input. Unlike for NP, however, the polynomial-time machine doesn't need to detect fraudulent advice strings; it is not a verifier. P/poly is a large class containing nearly all practical problems, including all of BPP. If it contains NP, then the polynomial hierarchy collapses to the second level. On the other hand, it also contains some impractical problems, including some undecidable problems such as the unary version of any undecidable problem. In 1999, Jin-Yi Cai and D. Sivakumar, building on work by Mitsunori Ogihara, showed that if there exists a sparse language that is P-complete, then L = P.Jin-Yi Cai and D. Sivakumar. Sparse hard sets for P: resolution of a conjecture of Hartmanis. Journal of Computer and System Sciences, volume 58, issue 2, pp.280-296\. 1999. . At Citeseer P is contained in BQP, it is unknown whether the containment is strict. ==Properties== Polynomial-time algorithms are closed under composition. Intuitively, this says that if one writes a function that is polynomial-time assuming that function calls are constant-time, and if those called functions themselves require polynomial time, then the entire algorithm takes polynomial time. One consequence of this is that P is low for itself. This is also one of the main reasons that P is considered to be a machine- independent class; any machine "feature", such as random access, that can be simulated in polynomial time can simply be composed with the main polynomial- time algorithm to reduce it to a polynomial-time algorithm on a more basic machine. Languages in P are also closed under reversal, intersection, union, concatenation, Kleene closure, inverse homomorphism, and complementation. ==Pure existence proofs of polynomial-time algorithms== Some problems are known to be solvable in polynomial time, but no concrete algorithm is known for solving them. For example, the Robertson–Seymour theorem guarantees that there is a finite list of forbidden minors that characterizes (for example) the set of graphs that can be embedded on a torus; moreover, Robertson and Seymour showed that there is an O(n3) algorithm for determining whether a graph has a given graph as a minor. This yields a nonconstructive proof that there is a polynomial-time algorithm for determining if a given graph can be embedded on a torus, despite the fact that no concrete algorithm is known for this problem. ==Alternative characterizations== In descriptive complexity, P can be described as the problems expressible in FO(LFP), the first-order logic with a least fixed point operator added to it, on ordered structures. In Immerman's 1999 textbook on descriptive complexity, Immerman ascribes this result to Vardi and to Immerman. Revised version in Information and Control, 68 (1986), 86–104. It was published in 2001 that PTIME corresponds to (positive) range concatenation grammars. citing http://mjn.host.cs.st- andrews.ac.uk/publications/2001d.pdf for the proof P can also be defined as an algorithmic complexity class for problems that are not decision problems (even though, for example, finding the solution to a 2-satisfiability instance in polynomial time automatically gives a polynomial algorithm for the corresponding decision problem). In that case P is not a subset of NP, but P∩DEC is, where DEC is the class of decision problems. ==History== Kozen states that Cobham and Edmonds are "generally credited with the invention of the notion of polynomial time." Cobham invented the class as a robust way of characterizing efficient algorithms, leading to Cobham's thesis. However, H. C. Pocklington, in a 1910 paper, analyzed two algorithms for solving quadratic congruences, and observed that one took time "proportional to a power of the logarithm of the modulus" and contrasted this with one that took time proportional "to the modulus itself or its square root", thus explicitly drawing a distinction between an algorithm that ran in polynomial time versus one that did not. ==Notes== ==References== * * Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, and Clifford Stein. Introduction to Algorithms, Second Edition. MIT Press and McGraw–Hill, 2001. . Section 34.1: Polynomial time, pp. 971-979\. * * Section 7.2: The Class P, pp. 256-263;. ==External links== * * Category:Complexity classes
P is a 2005 Thai-language horror feature film directed by Paul Spurrier.EAT MY BRAINS! - Exclusive Interview with P's Paul Spurrier It has been claimed to be the “first Thai film to be directed by a westerner”. ==Plot== Whilst growing up in rural Thailand, a young orphan girl named Dau (Suangporn Jaturaphut) is taught the ways of magic by her grandmother. But when the grandmother falls sick, Dau is lured to Bangkok to find work so that she can buy medicine. She finds herself working in a go-go bar, and her journey from naiveté to maturity is swift. She uses the magical skills her grandmother taught her to her advantage, but in doing so makes enemies within the bar. As her magic gets darker, and the consequences increasingly horrific, she gradually loses control, and something evil takes over.Weekly DVD & Blu-Ray Chopping List 20 October 2009 ==Cast== * Suangporn Jaturaphut as Dau/Aaw * Shaun Delaney as Rich Customer * John Kathrein as Customer * Chartchai Kongsiri as Policeman * Opal as Pookie * Pisamai Pakdeevijit as Grandmother * Supatra Roongsawang as New * Narisara Sairatanee as May * Amy Siriya as Mee ==References== ==External links== * * Category:2005 films Category:Thai-language films Category:Thai horror films Category:British horror films Category:2005 horror films Category:Films about magic Category:2000s British films
P is a programming language for asynchronous event-driven programming and the IoT that was developed by Microsoft and University of California, Berkeley.Microsoft open-sources P language for IoT P enables programmers to specify systems consisting of a collection of state machines that communicate asynchronously in terms of events. P programs can run and be analyzed on any platform supported by .NET. Additionally, P programs can generate C# and C code. P is open source, licensed under MIT License, and available on GitHub. == See also == * Microsoft Research * Free software movement == References == == Further reading == * P: Safe asynchronous event-driven programming. Ankush Desai, Vivek Gupta, Ethan Jackson, Shaz Qadeer, Sriram Rajamani, and Damien Zufferey. In Proceedings of ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation (PLDI), 2013. * Systematic testing of asynchronous reactive systems. Ankush Desai, Shaz Qadeer, and Sanjit A. Seshia. In Proceedings of the 2015 10th Joint Meeting on Foundations of Software Engineering (ESEC/FSE 2015). * Building Reliable Distributed Systems With P. Ankush Desai, Ethan Jackson, Amar Phanishayee, Shaz Qadeer and Sanjit A. Seshia. University of California, Berkeley. Technical Report No. UCB/EECS-2015-198. == External links == * * * P: Safe Asynchronous Event- Driven Programming * P: A programming language designed for asynchrony, fault- tolerance and uncertainty Category:Free and open-source software Category:Microsoft free software Category:Microsoft programming languages Category:Programming languages created in 2012 Category:Software using the MIT license Category:Systems programming languages Category:2012 software
P. A. College of Engineering (P.A.C.E) is an engineering college located in Karnataka, India. It is situated at Konaje, 25 km from Mangalore. P.A.C.E was founded in 1999 by the Kerala-based businessman Dr. P.A. Ibrahim Haji. Approximately 1,450 engineering students graduate each year. ==About== The main building on the 60-acre campus was designed by Upalker Sadekar architects of Mumbai. The college was established with a sanctioned intake of 240 students per academic year; 60 students in each of four disciplines: Electronics and Communication, Telecommunications, Computer Science, and Information Science. Since then, three additional disciplines have been added - Mechanical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Civil Engineering. With these additions, the student intake per academic year doubled to 480 students. The Electronics and Communication, Biotechnology, Chemistry and Computer Science departments each have dedicated research centers. The trust continued its venture of establishing and running successful educational institutions. A Pre-University College was opened in the academic year 2005-06 with Science & Commerce streams having a combined student strength of 350. One of the factors of establishing this college was to have a feeder institution to the already established institution. The latest venture of the Trust is P.A. Polytechnic, which was established in 2006. P.A. Polytechnic offers Diploma education in Electronics & Communication, Electrical & Electronics, Civil Engineering, Computer Science & Engineering. In 2009 a Mechanical Engineering branch was added. The trust also runs hostels to house students. Boys live in one hostel, while girls live in another. Approximately 1,200 students are fed each day. The Trust has plans of continuing in the path of development turning the institutions into an autonomous and ultimately into a Deemed University. == UG courses == * B.E in Biotechnology (60 Intakes) * B.E in Civil Engineering (120 Intakes) * B.E in Computer Science and Engineering (120 Intakes) * B.E in Electrical Engineering (60 Intakes) * B.E in Electronics and Communication Engineering (120 Intakes) * B.E in Mechanical Engineering (180 Intakes) == PG courses == * M.Tech in Digital Communication Networks (18 Intakes) * M.Tech in Computer Science and Engineering (18 Intakes) * M.Tech in Thermal Engineering (18 Intakes) * M.Tech in VLSI Design (18 Intakes) * M.B.A (120 Intakes) == Research programme == * Bio-Technology * Chemistry * Electronics and Communication Engineering * Computer Science Engineering * Mechanical Engineering * Mathematics * Management Studies ==Research collaborations== *Institute of Chemistry : Research Centres: Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China *GenØk – Centre for Biosafety : Research Centres: University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway *University of Sains Malaysia (USM) : Research Centres: Malaysia Staff from different departments in PACE have collaborated with researchers in various Institutes and Universities in India and across the world that resulted in joint publications. Examples of such Institutes and Universities are Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia and BRAC University. ==Research clusters== * Drug Discovery (Synthesis and Biological Studies) * VLSI Design and Fuzzy Logic * High Performance Computing and Embedded Systems * Computational Fluid Dynamics * Flow in Jet and Turbo Jet Engines * Biotechnology ==Professional society chapters== * ISTE Student Chapter * CSI Student Chapter * IEEE Student Chapter * Linux Users Group (LUG) ==Awards and certifications== P.A.C.E. is approved by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE). It is affiliated with the Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU). The National Board of Accreditation (NBA) accredited the college in 2009. Several research grants have been awarded to the Department of Chemistry. P.A.C.E. has also been certified to the ISO 9001-2008. ==References== ==External links== * Category:Engineering colleges in Mangalore Category:Affiliates of Visvesvaraya Technological University
The P B Lawrence Stakes, registered as the J J Liston Stakes, is a Melbourne Racing Club Group 2 Thoroughbred horse race held under weight for age conditions, for horses aged three years old and upwards, over a distance of 1400 metres, held at Caulfield Racecourse, Melbourne, Australia in August. Total prize money for the race is A$300,000. ==History== The inaugural running of the race in 1949 was run at Flemington Racecourse over a distance of one mile and was won by the English bred horse One Up. ===Name=== The race name from 1949 to 2010 was the J J Liston Stakes, named after J. J. Liston (a prominent horse owner and president of the Williamstown Race Club). In 2011 the race name was changed to honour Peter B. Lawrence, who served 12 years as Chairman of the MRC. ===Distance=== *1949-1964 – 1 mile (~1600m) *1965-1972 - 7 furlongs (~1400m) *1973 onwards – 1400 metres ===Grade=== *1949-1978 – Principal Race *1979 onwards Group 2 ===Venue=== *1949-1964 – Flemington Racecourse *1965-1983 – Sandown Park Racecourse * 1984 – Caulfield Racecourse *1985-1996 – Sandown Park Racecourse * 1997 – Caulfield Racecourse *1998-2001 – Sandown Park Racecourse *2002 onwards – Caulfield Racecourse ==Winners== * 2022 – Mr Brightside * 2021 – Sierra Sue * 2020 – Savatiano * 2019 – Mystic Journey * 2018 – Showtime * 2017 – Hartnell * 2016 – Miss Rose De Lago * 2015 – Mourinho * 2014 – Star Rolling * 2013 – Puissance De Lune * 2012 – Second Effort * 2011 – Whobegotyou * 2010 – Shoot Out * 2009 – Predatory Pricer * 2008 – Light Fantastic * 2007 – Apache Cat * 2006 – Pompeii Ruler * 2005 – Lad Of The Manor * 2004 – Regal Roller * 2003 – Super Elegant * 2002 – Sports * 2001 – Le Zagaletta * 2000 – Skoozi Please * 1999 – Inaflury * 1998 – Vonanne * 1997 – Happy Star * 1996 – Delsole * 1995 – Baryshnikov * 1994 – Mahogany * 1993 – Bundy Lad * 1992 – Jim's Mate * 1991 – Dr.Grace * 1990 – Sydeston * 1989 – Kairau Lad * 1988 – My Steely Dan * 1987 – Military Plume * 1986 – Luther's Luck * 1985 – King Delamere * 1984 – Bow Mistress * 1983 – Pleach * 1982 – Cobra * 1981 – Sovereign Red * 1980 – Grey Sapphire * 1979 – Waitangirua * 1978 – So Called * 1977 – Vice Regal * 1976 – Bold Mayo * 1975 – Wave King * 1974 – Brandy Balloon * 1973 – Zambari * 1972 – Tauto * 1971 – Tauto * 1970 – Regal Vista * 1969 – Maritana * 1968 – Winfreux * 1967 – Stellar Belle * 1966 – Tobin BronzeOfficial 1966 Result * 1965 – Samson * 1964 – Craftsman * 1963 – Nicopolis * 1962 – My Peak * 1961 – Anonyme * 1960 – My Peak * 1959 – Gay Saba * 1958 – Lord * 1957 – Syntax * 1956 – Cyklon King * 1955 – Cromis * 1954 – Clear Springs * 1953 – Bytact * 1952 – Ellerslie * 1951 – Chicquita * 1950 – Clement * 1949 – One Up ==See also== * List of Australian Group races * Group races ==References== Category:Horse races in Australia Category:Caulfield Racecourse
P Battery (The Dragon Troop) is a battery of 5th Regiment, Royal Artillery in the Royal Regiment of Artillery. It currently serves in the Surveillance and Target Acquisition role and is equipped with weapon platform locating equipment, which include radar and sound ranging systems. ==History== The Rocket Troop Madras Horse Artillery was formed in 1805, at the request of the Madras Government and East India Company and it served in the Pindari and Mahratta Wars 1817–1819. It was re-designated as C Troop, Madras Horse Artillery in 1825. In 1840, the Troop was sent to China as part of an expeditionary force to fight in the First Opium War. Then in 1841, it provided artillery support for a combined land and sea force assaulted the formidable line of forts guarding the mouth of the Xi River, which cleared the way for an attack on Canton (now known as Guangzhou). For its contribution in the campaign, 'C' Troop was conferred the honorary title 'Dragon', and was given permission to include the Chineses dragon and the years '18401842' as part of its insignia. The Troop then served in the second Burma War between 1853 and 1855, and after much renaming, it became 'P' Battery Royal Horse Artillery in 1889. The Battery subsequently served in the Boer War 1900–1902 and as a training Battery during the First World War. The battery was part of M/P Battery in 3rd Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery (3 RHA) at the start of the Second World War and was equipped with the 2-pounder anti-tank guns. It latere became P battery, consisting of A, B and C troops at this time, still serving with 3rd RHA until the battery ceased to be part of the Regiment on 15 March 1941. After having its farewell dinner on 10 March, the higher regiment returned to the UK to be reformed as part of 6th Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery (6 RHA). Many NCO's and men were absorbed by other Batteries of 3 RHA. The battery then served in 6 RHA, seeing service in Palestine, Libya and the Central Zone until 1951 and become 'P' Field Battery Royal Artillery in 1958. ==See also== *British Army *Royal Artillery *Royal Horse Artillery *List of Royal Artillery Batteries *Madras Horse Artillery Batteries ==References== ==Bibliography== * ==External links== * The Royal Artillery Association Category:Royal Artillery batteries Category:1816 establishments in British India Category:Military units and formations established in 1816
P C K Prem (P C Katoch) is an Indian poet, novelist, short story writer, editor and critic, writing in English and Hindi. He is a former academician, civil servant, and member of the Himachal Public Service Commission, Shimla. ==Biography== P C K Prem (P C Katoch) born on 28 September 1945, at Garh Malkher, Palampur, Himachal, is an Indian Poet, novelist, short story writer, editor and critic writing in English and Hindi. He post-graduated from Panjab University, Chandigarh in 1970. He has one daughter Dr. Shivalik Katoch Pathania and a son P. Vikranta Jay Katoch. Presently, he lives with his wife Shakun in their farm at Palampur-176061, Himachal. ==Literary career== An author of more than fifty books in English and Hindi, P C K Prem, a former academician, civil servant and Member, Public Service Commission, Shimla, Himachal, has published nine collections of poetry, seven novels and two collections of short fiction in English. A few significant works on criticism are: Contemporary Indian English Poetry from Himachal (1992), English Poetry in India: A Comprehensive Survey of Trends and Thought-Patterns (2011), English Poetry in India: A Secular Viewpoint (2011), TEN Poetic Minds in Indian English Poetry and Time and Continuity (2016). Creative writings in Hindi include twenty novels, nine books on short fiction, one collection of poetry and criticism. He is a recipient of more than twenty literary/social awards including the prestigious HP State Guleri & Academy Awards, and Bharat Hindi Rattan Award. His critical articles on poetry and fiction have appeared in numerous anthologies. Many literary journals of International repute have also published his critiques on poetry and fiction. "Indeed, as a creative artist, PCK Prem has tremendous potential and vitality. In his writings he not only offers an exposé of our life in its shocking shallowness or outward show but also provides, down deep, a philosophical prop or basis to sustain our life", says Dr Atma Ram, former Director of Education and Advisor to the Government of Himachal. Prem's novel A Handsome Man was short-listed in the year 2002 for International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award. Moreover, Prem bagged Academy Award for his novel in Hindi, Sangyaheen ; Guleri Award for Vanshdaan, Bharat Hindi Ratan Award for contribution to Hindi Literature with special reference to KaalKhand. ==Published books in English== ===Poetry collection=== * Among the Shadows (1989), Narinder Publications, New Delhi * Enigmas of an Identity (1990), Rachna Publications, Rajpur, Palampur * Those Distant Horizons (1993), Abhinav Publication, New Delhi * The Bermuda Triangles (1996), Writers Workshop, Calcutta * Oracles of the Last Decade (1998), Writers Workshop, Calcutta * Rainbows at Sixty (2008), Prakash Book Depot, Bareilly * Of This Age and Obscurity and Other Poem (2011), Authorspress, New Delhi * Tales of Half-men and Other Poems (2014), Authorspress, New Delhi * Collage of Life (A collection of Poems) (2016), Authorspress, New Delhi * Yayati Returns & Other Poems (2017), The Poetry Society of India, Gurgaon * and the time chases -poems personal and impersonal Authorspress, New Delhi 2018 * Collected Poems of P C K PREM in Four Volumes, Authorspress, New Delhi 2020 ===Novels=== * Rainbows at Dawn (1991) Writers Workshop, Calcutta * A Night of Storms: Calcutta (1996), Writers Workshop, Calcutta * It Shall Be Green Again (1999), Writers Workshop, Calcutta * A Handsome Man (2001), Abhinav Publication, New Delhi * A Heart for the Man (2002), Book Enclave, Jaipur * Not Their Lives (2003) , Book Enclave, Jaipur ===Short story=== * Shadows at Dawn (1990), Writers Workshop, Calcutta * A Slinging Bag and other Stories (2011), Aavishkar Publishers, Jaipur * Areas of Hope (A Collection of Stories) (2018), Authorspress, New Delhi * Memorials and Other Stories ibid, 2020 ===Criticism=== * Contemporary Indian English Poetry from Himachal (1992), Konark Publishers, New Delhi * English Poetry in India: A Comprehensive Survey of Trends and Thought Patterns (2011), Authorspress, New Delhi * English Poetry in India: A Secular Viewpoint (2011), Aavishkar Publishers, Jaipur * Editor -Struggling for Life (A collection of Poems of Dr Mahendra Bhatnagar) (2015), New Delhi * Ten Poetic Minds in Indian English Poetry (2016), Authorspress, New Delhi * Time and Continuity (Twelve Contemporary Poets) (2016), Authorspress, New Delhi * History of Contemporary INDIAN ENGLISH POETRY -AN APPRAISAL VOLUME I, Authorspress New Delhi 2019 * History of Contemporary INDIAN ENGLISH POETRY -AN APPRAISAL VOLUME II, Authorspress New Delhi 2019 ===Ancient Literature=== * Light of Experience -Indian Literature and Universal Oneness (2013), Authorspress publication, New Delhi * Selected Tales from the Great Epic MAHABHARATA (Many have not read) (2014), Cyberwit.net. publication * Folk Tales from Himachal (2017), Authorspress, New Delhi * Folk Tales from the Northern Region of India (2017), Authorspress, New Delhi * THE LORD OF GODS VOLUME I (BASED ON SRIMAD BHAGAVATA MAHAPURANA) AUTHORSPRESS NEW DELHI 2019 * THE LORD OF GODS VOLUME II (BASED ON SRIMAD BHAGAVATA MAHAPURANA) AUTHORSPRESS NEW DELHI 2019 * As I Know - The Lord of the Mountains (Shiva Purana) Authorspress, Delhi 2021 ===Books on P C K Prem=== * P C K Prem –Echoing Time and Civilizations, Eds. Rob Harle, Sunil Sharma, Sangeeta Sharma, New Delhi: Authorspress Publication, 2015 * P C K Prem Ka Katha Sansar (The Fictional world of P C K Prem), Ed. Dr Jogindra Devi, Delhi: Nirmal Publications 2005 * P C K Prem –The Spirit of Age and Ideas in the novels of PCK Prem, Ed. Dr P V Laxmiprasad, New Delhi: Authorspress, 2016 ==Published books in Hindi== ===Poetry collection=== * Indradhanush Shabd Ho Gaye, Praveen Prakashan, Delhi 1992 ===Novels=== * Akash Mera Nahi, Praveen Prakashan, Delhi, 1988 * File Gawah Hai, Nalanda Prakashan, Delhi, 1988 * Dashansh, Anurag Prakashan, New Delhi, 1991 * Shankhnaad, Atma ram & Sons, Delhi, 1991 * Vishmoh, Rajesh Prakashan, Delhi, 1992 * Sangyaheen, Jagatram & Sons, Delhi, 1992 * Chhote Chhote Riste, Sanmarg Prakashan, Delhi, 1993 * KhudaHua Adami, Jawahar Prakashan, Delhi, 1993 * Vanshdaan, Sanmarg Prakashan, Delhi, 1994 * Itne Baras Baad, Nirmal Prakashan, Delhi, 1998 * Kaalkhand, Nirmal Prakashan, Delhi, 2000 [Five Volumes i.e. I. Aastha II. Manthan, III. Sangharsh, IV. Prayaschit, V. Pratishodh(2300 pages), (scholars of Hindi Literature consider it as one of the longest novels in Hindi)] * Adha Adhura Ek Din, Piyoosh Prakashan, Delhi, 1998 * Akash Aur Kauve, Bikram Prakahsan, Delhi, 2004 ===Short stories=== * Chhote Chhote Riste, Sanmarg Prakashan, Delhi, 1993 * Tinka Bhar Dard, Himachal Pustak Bhandar, Delhi, 1988 * Akritiaon Ke Beech, Archana Publication, Meerut, 1990 * Awaazedited, Himotkarsh Prakashan, Una, HP 1989 * Dhundh Me Ugte Sooraj, Rachna Publications, Palampur, 1990 * Riste, Bishanchand &Co.;, Delhi, 1998 * Chopal Khamosh Hai, Bishan chand & Company, 1998 * Teen Kadam Aur, Rajesh Prakashan, Delhi, 1999 *Bhule biserei Sandharva, 2019 Pushpaanjali Prakashan, Delhi 110053 ==References== ==Further reading== Articles on the works of P C K Prem: by D. C. Chambial * “Oracles of the Last Decade: Postcolonial Imaging of Human Suffering.” Postcolonial Readings in Indo-Anglian Literature. Ed. K.V. Dominic Delhi: Authorspress, 2009. Pages 57–63 Print. * “PCK Prem’s Monto: An Exposition of Political and Ideological Sham: A study in Text.” Yking concise Encyclopedia of Language, Literature and Culture: Eds. Satendra Kumar, Manoj Kumar. Jaipur: Yking Books Jaipur, 2014 print Pages 25–53 * “P. C. K. Prem’s Enigmas of Identity: Poems of Beauty and Hope.” The Complexities of the Inner World, Studies on Six Indian Poets in English- (Jayanta Mahapatra, Hazara Singh, P C K Prem, Gopikrishnan Kottor, Manas Bakshi, Chandramoni Narayanaswamy).Ed. K. V. Dominic New Delhi: Authorspress, 2012. Pages 88–101 Print * “P. C. K. Prem’s Monto: An Exposition of Political and Ideological Sham.” The Complexities of the Inner World, Studies on Six Indian Poets in English- (Jayanta Mahapatra, Hazara Singh, PCK Prem, Gopikrishnan Kottor, Manas Bakshi, Chandramoni Narayanaswamy). Ed. K. V. Dominic. New Delhi: Authorspress, 2012. Pages 102-134 Print by Jayshree Goswami and Mojibur Rahman. * “Shams are Conditions, False is your Pitying and You Think Wildly to Infuse a Concrete Meaning: The Dystopian Society of P. C. K. Prem.” The Complexities of the Inner World, Studies on Six Indian Poets in English. New Delhi: Authorspress, 2012. Pages 88–101 Print Pages 135-149 Print. by Jayshree Goswami * “When a Man Ailing Along/Waiting for a Meaning/Lost Long Ago” P. C. K. Prem: A Study in Culture.” The Complexities of the Inner World, Studies on Six Indian Poets in English. Ed. K. V. Dominic. New Delhi: Authorspress, 2012. Pages 150-169 Print by Aju Mukhopadhyay * “For P. C. K. Prem Life, Full of Delusion and Illusion, is Pathetic.” The Complexities of the Inner World, Studies on Six Indian Poets in English. Ibid. 191-198. Print. by Dr. Mallikarjun Patil * “P. C. K Prem’s A Night of Storms as a Psychological Novel.” New Aspects of Indian Writing in English Eds. Dr. M.F. Patel & Dr. B. K. Sharma, Jaipur: Sunrise Publishers & Distributors, 2010. Pages 83–89 Print * “P. C. K Prem’s A Night of Storms as a Psychological Novel.” Studies in Indian English Literature. Ed. Delhi: Sarup Book Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 2010 Pages 280-286 Print by Dr. P.V. Laxmi Prasad * “Philosophical Realizations in the Poetry of P. C. K. Prem” The Complexities of the Inner World, Studies on Six Indian Poets in English. Pages 170-190 Print. * “Enigmas of Life in P. C. K. Prem’s Enigmas of An Identity.” Critical Evaluation of Contemporary Indian Poetry in English. Ed. K. V, Dominic. New Delhi: Access –an imprint of Authorspress, 2012 Pages 68–78 Print by V.V.B. Rama Rao * “Monto –A Fabulous Scoundrel: A Study of P. C, K. Prem’s Long Poem- Sensitivity and Cultural Multiplexity.” Recent Indian English Poetry. Jaipur: Aadi Publications, 2014 Pages 94–106 Print by T. Vasudeva Reddy * “Dynamics of Realism in the Poetry of P. C. K. Prem” The Complexities of the Inner World, Studies on Six Indian Poets in English. New Delhi: Authorspress, 2012. Pages 88–101 Print by Suman Sachar * “Prem’s Poetic Voice: A Search for Fusion through Confusion.” Indian English Poetry and Fiction (A Critical Evaluation). Eds. N. R, Gopal & Suman Sachar. Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors: 2000 Pages 178-184 Print by Dr. Sishupal Sehgal * “P. C. K. Prem’s Oracles of the Last Decade- Psychological Sufferings.” Critical Studies on Indian English Literature Volume 2 Jaipur: Mark Publishers 2010. Pages 250 -259 * “P. C. K. Prem’s Oracles of the Last Decade- Psychological Sufferings.” Critical Studies on Indian English Literature Volume 1 Jaipur: Pointer Publishers, 2010: Pages 163 -171 Print * “P. C. K. Prem’s Oracles of the Last Decade- Physical Sufferings.” Critical Studies on Indian English Literature. Volume 2 Jaipur: Mark Publishers 2010 Pages 218 -226 by Dr Arvind M. Nawale * "A Bureaucrat- turned Academician and a Creative Writer: The World of an IAS Officer and Passionate Poet: Literary Interview of P. C. K. Prem (P C Katoch). Ethics & Identity in Contemporary Indo-English Poetry. Eds. Capt. Dr Arvind M. Nawale, Dr Smita Jha, Dr Anindita Chatterjee. New Delhi: Authorspress, 2012. Pages 367-381 Print ==External links== * Biography at boloji.com Category:1945 births Category:Living people Category:Indian male poets Category:English- language poets from India Category:Poets from Himachal Pradesh Category:English literature academics Category:People from Himachal Pradesh
The Bayer designations p Carinae and P Carinae are distinct. *for p Carinae, see PP Carinae *for P Carinae, see V399 Carinae Carinae, p Category:Carina (constellation)
Pegasus Company (also known as P Company or P Coy) is a training and selection organisation of the British Armed Forces based at the Infantry Training Centre, Catterick, North Yorkshire. P Coy run the 'Pre-Parachute Selection' courses for Parachute Regiment recruits and regular and reserve personnel from across the UK armed forces who volunteer to serve in a parachute role within 16 Air Assault Brigade. The current Officer Commanding (OC) Pegasus Company is Major Chris Braithwaite. == Background == Pre-Parachute Selection must be undertaken by all British Army candidates for parachute training who have not already undergone a strenuous form of training, such as UK Special Forces or the All Arms Commando Course. Training at P Coy culminates in a series of eight tests undertaken over a 5-day period (starting on a Wednesday and finishing on a Tuesday, with the weekend off). For recruits directly joining the Parachute Regiment, the tests are attempted at week 21 of training, All- Arms candidates attempt the tests after two and a half weeks of build-up training. Upon successful completion of the course, candidates participate in the Basic Parachute course which is conducted with assistance from the Parachute Training Support Unit (PTSU) on the base of RAF Brize Norton, Oxfordshire. == Eight Tests == All events are scored, except the trainasium event which is a straight pass or fail. The total score required to pass is 45, with 10 points (maximum) being awarded for each test. === 10 Miler === A march conducted as a squad over undulating terrain. Each candidate carries a 'bergen' backpack (not including water) and a rifle, which weighs 5kg. The march is to be completed in under 1 hour 50 minutes for Regulars, and 2 hours for Army Reserves. The event takes place on the Wednesday morning. === Trainasium === A unique assault course set above the ground, designed to test a candidate's suitability for military parachuting, and their ability to overcome fear and follow simple orders at considerable height. This is the only event which is a straight pass or fail; all the other events are scored. The event takes place on the Wednesday afternoon. === Log Race === A team event, in which eight people carry a log (a telegraph pole) weighing 60 kg over of undulating terrain. Candidates wear a helmet and webbing. This is supposed to be one of the hardest events. Points are awarded for determination, aggression and leadership. The event takes place on the Thursday morning. === Steeplechase === A timed cross-country run, with water obstacles, followed by an assault course. The steeplechase is to be completed wearing a helmet and boots. The march must be completed in 19 minutes, Army Reserve candidates have 20 minutes 30 seconds. The event takes place on the Thursday afternoon. === 2 Mile March === An individual effort over of undulating terrain, carrying a bergen (not including water), rifle, combat jacket, and helmet. Regular candidates have 18 minutes to complete the run, Army Reserve candidates have 19 minutes. The event takes place on the Friday morning. === 20 Mile Endurance March === A squadded march over the Catterick or Otterburn Training Areas. Candidates carry a bergen (not including water) and a rifle, which weighs 5kg. The march must be completed in under 4 hours and 30 minutes. Army Reserve candidates do not undertake this event. The event takes place on the Monday morning and afternoon. === Stretcher Race === Candidates are divided into teams of 12 people, and have to carry a stretcher over a distance of , each individual candidate wears a helmet, webbing and a slung rifle. No more than 4 candidates carry the stretcher at any given time, swapping round at regular intervals so that all candidates carry the stretcher for a certain distance. The event takes place on the Tuesday morning. === Milling === In this event, each candidate is paired with another of 'similar weight and build', and is given 60 seconds to demonstrate 'controlled physical aggression' in a milling contest - similar to boxing, except neither winning, losing, nor skill are pre-requisites of passing. Candidates are instead scored on their determination and aggression, while blocking and dodging result in points deducted. Candidates wear head guards, gum shields and boxing gloves. The event takes place on the Tuesday afternoon and is the final test of P Company before the beret parade where recruits, addressed as 'Joes' by training staff, find out whether they have passed and earned their Maroon Beret. == Women == In 2020, Capt Rosie Wild of 7 Para RHA became the first woman to pass All Arms Pre-Parachute Selection. In 2022, Pte Addy Carter of 16 Medical Regiment became the first female enlisted soldier to pass All Arms Pre-Parachute Selection. == References == == External links == * Category:British Army training Category:Military parachuting training Category:Parachute Regiment (United Kingdom)
P Cygni (34 Cygni) is a variable star in the constellation Cygnus. The designation "P" was originally assigned by Johann Bayer in Uranometria as a nova. Located about 5,300 light-years (1,560 parsecs) from Earth, it is a hypergiant luminous blue variable (LBV) star of spectral type B1-2 Ia-0ep that is one of the most luminous stars in the Milky Way. ==Visibility== The star is located about 5,000 to 6,000 light-years (1,500–1,800 parsecs) from Earth. Despite this vast distance, it is visible to the naked eye in suitable dark sky locations. It was unknown until the end of the 16th century, when it suddenly brightened to 3rd magnitude. It was first observed on 18 August (Gregorian) 1600 by Willem Janszoon Blaeu, a Dutch astronomer, mathematician and globe-maker. Bayer's atlas of 1603 assigned it the miscellaneous label P and the name has stuck ever since.Also noted in La stella nuova e peregrina comparsa l'anno 1600 sul petto del cigno, scoverta nuovamente (The new and strange star appeared in the year 1600 on the chest of the Cygnus (constellation), discovered again), by Giovanni Battista Hodierno, Published by Ignazio di Lazzari, Rome (1659). After six years the star faded slowly, dropping below naked-eye visibility in 1626. It brightened again in 1655, but had faded by 1662. Another outburst took place in 1665; this was followed by numerous fluctuations. Since 1715 P Cygni has been a fifth magnitude star, with only minor fluctuations in brightness. Today it has a magnitude of 4.8, irregularly variable by a few hundredths of a magnitude on a scale of days. The visual brightness is increasing by about 0.15 magnitude per century, attributed to a slow decrease in temperature at constant luminosity. P Cygni has been called a "permanent nova" because of spectral similarities and the obvious outflow of material, and was once treated with novae as an eruptive variable; however, its behaviour is no longer thought to involve the same processes associated with true novae. ==Luminous blue variable== P Cygni is widely considered to be the earliest known example of a luminous blue variable. However, it is far from a typical example. Typically, LBVs change in brightness with a period of years to decades, occasionally hosting outbursts where the brightness of the star increases dramatically. P Cygni has been largely unvarying both in brightness and spectrum since a series of large outbursts in the 17th century. Similar events have been seen in Eta Carinae and possibly a handful of extra-galactic objects. P Cygni does show evidence for previous large eruptions around 900, 2,100, and possibly 20,000 years ago. In more recent centuries, it has been very slowly increasing in visual magnitude and decreasing in temperature, which has been interpreted as the expected evolutionary trend of a massive star towards a red supergiant stage. ==Evolution== Luminous blue variables like P Cygni are very rare and short lived, and only form in regions of galaxies where intense star formation is happening. LBV stars are so massive and energetic (typically 50 times the mass of the Sun and tens of thousands of times more luminous) that they exhaust their nuclear fuel very quickly. After shining for only a few million years (compared to several billion years for the Sun) they erupt in a supernova. The recent supernova SN 2006gy was likely the end of an LBV star similar to P Cygni but located in a distant galaxy. P Cygni is thought to be in the hydrogen shell burning phase immediately after leaving the main sequence. It has been identified as a possible type IIb supernova candidate in modelling of the fate of stars 20 to 25 times the mass of the Sun (with LBV status as the predicted final stage beforehand). ==P Cygni profile== P Cygni gives its name to a type of spectroscopic feature called a P Cygni profile, where the presence of both absorption and emission in the profile of the same spectral line indicates the existence of a gaseous envelope expanding away from the star. The emission line arises from a dense stellar wind near to the star, while the blueshifted absorption lobe is created where the radiation passes through circumstellar material rapidly expanding in the direction of the observer. These profiles are useful in the study of stellar winds in many types of stars. They are often cited as an indicator of a luminous blue variable star, although they also occur in other types of star. In P Cygni itself, the size of the stellar wind H-alpha emission region is milli- arcseconds. At the distance of 1,600 parsecs this is a physical size of approximately 25 stellar radii. ==Companion== It has been proposed P Cygni's eruptions could be caused by mass transfer to a hypothetical companion star of spectral type B that would have a mass between 3 and 6 times the mass of the Sun and would orbit P Cygni each 7 years in a high eccentricity orbit. Infall of matter into the secondary star would produce the release of gravitational energy, part of which would cause an increase of the luminosity of the system. ==References== ==External links== * Spectrum * AAVSO Variable Star of the Month. P Cygni: September 2009 Category:Cygnus (constellation) Cygni, P Cygni, 34 193237 100044 Category:Luminous blue variables Category:B-type hypergiants Category:B-type supergiants 7763 16000818 BD+37 3871
P D'Mello Road is a 6 km long arterial north–south access road in Mumbai. P D'Mello Road is the name of the 6 km stretch between the south-end of the Eastern Freeway and the north-end of the Colaba Causeway. The road comes under Mumbai's B Ward. , daily traffic on the road averaged of 22,600 vehicles. ==History== The road has been named in honour of the socialist trade union leader Placid D’Mello. D'Mello, who hailed from the Belman Parish in the erstwhile South Canara District , was a trade union leader who organised workers in Bombay. He was the founder of the Brihanmumbai Municipal Mazdoor Union (MMU), BEST Workers Union, Taximen's Union, Transport and Dock Workers Union as well as the All India Port and Dock Workers Federation. D'Mello was also a mentor of George Fernandes. On 23 January 2006, The Times of India reported that the State Government had decided to concretise, widen and remove slums from P D'Mello Road, as part of ongoing road improvements in Mumbai. The BMC began clearing slums in May 2007. The road was widened and the footpath was made narrower in an effort to keep the shanties from being rebuilt. The total cost for the widening was estimated to be . ==References== Category:Roads in Mumbai
p Eridani is a binary star system in the constellation of Eridanus (the River) whose distance from the Sun is 26.7 light-years based upon parallax. It was found to be a double star in December 1825 by James Dunlop in Australia at his home at Paramatta, now spelt Parramatta. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, orange-hued star. The system is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of about . This system consists of a pair of near identical K-type main-sequence stars with stellar classifications of K2V. Component A has visual magnitude 5.87, while component B is magnitude 5.76. They orbit each other with a period of 475.2 years, an eccentricity of 0.53, and a semimajor axis of . __NOTOC__ == Naming == The name "p Eridani", according to Nature, p. 589 (19 April 1883) has been "occasionally miscalled 6 Eridani, which would imply that it was one of Flamsteed's stars. Flamsteed, it is true has a star which he calls 6 Eridani. The designated letter 'p' was attached to a star by Lacaille in the catalogue at the end of his Coelum Australe Stelliferum. The number '6' is merely borrowed from Bode." The use of Bode numbers was commonly used in the early 19th century, but this antiquated system has now fallen into disuse for more than a century. == See also == * List of star systems within 25–30 light-years == References == == External links == * Category:K-type main-sequence stars Eridani, p Category:Binary stars Category:Eridanus (constellation) Eridani, p CD-56 00328 Eridani, 6 0066 010360/1 007751 0486/7
P Gay Mountain is a mountain located in Adirondack Mountains of New York located in the Town of Indian Lake east of Indian Lake. ==References== Category:Mountains of Hamilton County, New York Category:Mountains of New York (state)
P Henderson & Company, also known as Paddy Henderson, was a ship owning and management company based in Glasgow, Scotland and operating to Burma. Patrick Henderson started business in Glasgow as a merchant at the age of 25 in 1834. He had three brothers. Two were merchants working for an agent in the Italian port of Leghorn; the third, George, was a sea captain with his own ship. The brothers together invested in their first ship, the Peter Senn, and the business grew from there. Patrick died in 1841, and the business was taken over by his brother, Captain George Henderson. In 1848, George took into partnership a young man of outstanding ability, James Galbraith, who expanded the business from merchants, to ship owners and ship managers. The Company started trading to New Zealand in 1854 with sailing ships carrying Scottish emigrants, and the Royal Mail. ==Albion Shipping Company== In 1860, there being little cargo from New Zealand to Scotland, P Henderson & Co started to call at Burma with a regular service. This trade grew so quickly that in order to raise further capital, several new partners came in to form the Albion Shipping Company Ltd as ship owners. The vessels were managed by P. Henderson & Co. The Albion Shipping Company became the dominant British company in the New Zealand trade, and holders of the mail contract. In 1869 the Suez Canal was opened, making steamships more economic on the Glasgow – Burma route, so in 1870 P. Henderson & Co. started a steamship service between Glasgow, Liverpool and Burma. No mail contract was available on this route as all mail went via India. In 1874 the British and Burmese Steam Navigation Company Ltd (BBSN) was formed to increase the capital and spread the risk of the Burmese side of the business as it grew from the era of sailing ships into more expensive and much larger steamships. BBSN took over the fleet of steamships on the Burma route, and appointed P Henderson and Co as managing agents. Most of the shares in the new company were taken up by P Henderson partners and their associates. Ships' Masters were encouraged to take shares. Peter Denny took about a fifth of the capital. 1882 saw P. Henderson and Co. pioneer the first frozen meat shipment from New Zealand to London. It used refrigerated sailing ships, because as yet there were no coaling stations en route, and without them a steamship would have to have such large coal bunkers that they would take up too much valuable cargo space. ==Shaw, Savill & Albion Line== Nevertheless, steam propulsion increased trading possibilities and capital requirements that were beyond the capabilities of P. Henderson or the Albion Shipping Company to fulfil on their own, and so in 1882, the Albion Shipping Company amalgamated with Shaw Savill and Company to form the Shaw, Savill and Albion Company Ltd. After the amalgamation, P. Henderson & Co remained as managers and loading brokers for the new company in Glasgow. British and Burmese Steam Navigation Company Ltd remained as a shipowning company along with another member of the group, the Burmah Steam Ship Company Ltd. James Galbraith, the driving force of P. Henderson & Co, died in 1884. His death marked the end of an era of private capital, of pioneering and of expansion into unknown countries and technologies. ==P Henderson ships lost== In 1905 a P Henderson steamship, the cargo ship , ran aground and was wrecked off Maulmain in Burma. Henderson's quickly replaced the ship with a new built the following year, but the new ship's career was cut short in the First World War, when she disappeared in January 1917 with the loss of all 92 persons aboard. There is no Imperial German Navy record of her sinking, but she is presumed to have been sunk off the south coast of Ireland. That year P Henderson lost one more ship to enemy action. On 8 July 1917 the U-boat torpedoed the passenger and cargo ship off the south coast of Ireland. Fortunately all but one of those aboard survived. Just after the Armistice with Germany P Henderson lost another ship: on 19 December 1918 the passenger and cargo ship was destroyed by fire in Rangoon. In the 1920s and '30s P Henderson had a number of new ships built, including a new in 1921. P Henderson suffered greater losses in the Second World War. On 24 November 1939 the Pegu ran around in the area of the Crosby Channel off Liverpool. She broke her back and was wrecked in separate bow and stern sections. On 13 July 1940 the German auxiliary cruiser Atlantis sank the passenger and cargo liner Kemmendine in the middle of the Indian Ocean by shellfire. On 9 April 1942 the passenger ship was in Trincomalee in Ceylon when aircraft from a Japanese aircraft carrier attacked her and set her afire. Her crew abandoned ship and then she was sunk by shellfire. The Sagaing was raised by the Sri Lankan Eastern Naval Command unit in March 2018. On 1 August 1942 the cargo ship collided with the Dutch liner off the coast of South Africa. Kalewa sank but Boringia survived the collision and rescued everyone aboard. P Henderson's heaviest losses were in 1943. On 2 April the sank the cargo ship by torpedo off the coast of Portugal, killing six of her crew. On 9 May sank the cargo and passenger ship by torpedo off the coast of West Africa, killing all 66 people aboard. On 17 June sank the passenger ship in the Mediterranean. Yoma had been converted into a troopship, and the sinking killed 484 people. On 24 July sank the cargo ship by torpedo off the coast of Brazil, killing two members of the crew. ==Elder, Dempster Lines== Elder, Dempster Lines chartered P Henderson's fleet from 1947 and took over the company in 1952. Under Elder, Dempster modernisation of the P Henderson fleet continued, with new motor ships being delivered until at least 1961. In 1965 Ocean Steamship Co acquired control of the Elder, Dempster group. In 1967 after the Six-Day War Egypt closed the Suez Canal, so Ocean SS Co discontinued the Burma route and transferred Henderson's last three ships to Elder, Dempster. By 1970 all stock had been transferred to Elder, Dempster and the Henderson name vanished from the shipping trade. ==See also== * Irrawaddy Flotilla Company * SR Merchant Navy Class 35009 Shaw Savill – steam locomotive named after the shipping company ==References== ==External links== *P. Henderson & Co House Flag *National Archives Listing Category:Companies based in Glasgow Category:Defunct companies of Scotland Category:Scotland and the British Empire Category:Shipping companies of Scotland
P Is for Pterodactyl: The Worst Alphabet Book Ever is a children's picture book written by Raj Haldar and Chris Carpenter and illustrated by Maria Tina Beddia. It showcases "English words with silent letters and bizarre spellings." The book was published by Sourcebooks Jabberwocky on November 13, 2018. It peaked at number 1 on The New York Times Best Seller list in the category for children's picture books. It has sold more than 210,000 copies. ==Publication== The idea for P Is for Pterodactyl originally came in 2016. Following the release of his album Ritualize, rapper Raj Haldar, whose stage name is Lushlife, celebrated with his friends. A friend's child brought some alphabet flash cards with him. Haldar and his friend Chris Carpenter, a software engineer, came up with the idea for the alphabet book. Artist Maria Tina Beddia joined the project at the recommendation of another mutual friend. Before the book found a publisher, there were a handful of rejections. Eventually, Sourcebooks Jabberwocky picked up the book. The book was published on November 13, 2018. ==Reception== The book was included on The New York Times "Standout New Picture Books" list on October 19, 2018. Maria Russo wrote: "You can curse the English language for its insane spelling rules (or lack thereof), or you can delight in it, as this raucous trip through the odd corners of our alphabet does." On November 6, 2018, a week before the book was published, a children's book website Imagination Soup praised the book on a Facebook post. The post went viral and gained over 4,000 comments. The book sold out of its first print run of 10,800 copies the day it was published. On December 30, 2018, the book reached number 1 on The New York Times Best Seller list in the category for children's picture books. It remained in the top ten books on that list for 18 weeks. ==Sequel== In 2020, the sequel, No Reading Allowed: The Worst Read-Aloud Book Ever, was released by Sourcebooks Explore. ==References== ==External links== * P Is for Pterodactyl at Sourcebooks Category:2018 children's books Category:Alphabet books Category:Sourcebooks books Category:American picture books
P Is the Funk is the second installment of the George Clinton Family Series collection. The album was released in 1992 by P-Vine Records in Japan, and then was released later in the same year by AEM Records in the United States and Sequel Records in the United Kingdom. The album contains notable tracks such as the first song ever recorded by the Brides of Funkenstein entitled "Love Is Something" featuring P-Funk lead guitarist Eddie Hazel, as well radio commercials for the Ultra Wave album by Bootsy Collins. As with all of the Family Series CD's, George Clinton supplies background information of all of the songs featured on the CD (Track 11) ==Track listing and personnel== Clone Communicado *Artist: Funkadelic (1976) Producer: George Clinton *Drums: Tiki Fulwood *Guitar: Garry Shider, Glen Goins, Michael Hampton, Eddie Hazel *Keyboard: Bernie Worrell *Vocals: Dr. Funkenstein (Archie Ivy), Ron Ford, Funkadelic Does Disc Go with D.A.T. (Simon Says) *Artist: Parliament (1979) Producer: George Clinton, Ron Dunbar *Drums: Dennis Chambers *Bass: Donnie Sterling *Guitar: Gordon Carlton *Clavinet: Bernie Worrell *Horns: Horny Horns *Vocals: Lonnie Greene, Ron Dunbar, Donnie Sterling *Background Vocals: Parliament, Brides, Parlet Shove On *Artist: Jimmy G (1981) Producer: George Clinton, Ron Ford *Drums: Dean Ragland *Bass: Jimmy Giles *Guitar: Ron Ford *Piano: David Lee Chong *Fender Rhodes: David Lee Chong *Lead Vocals: Jimmy Giles *Background Vocals: Parlet, Ron Ford Rock Jam *Artist: Ron Ford (1980) Producer: Ron Ford, George Clinton *Background Vocals: Brides, Parlet *Drums: Dean Ragland *Guitar, Bass: Ron Ford *Keyboards: David Spradley Love Is Something *Artist: Brides of Funkenstein (1977) Producer: George Clinton *Drums: Tiki Fulwood *Bass: Billy "Bass" Nelson *Guitar: Jim Callon, Eddie Hazel *Clavinet, Synth: Bernie Worrell *Vocals: Eddie Hazel, Brides of Funkenstein, Jim Callon *Sax Solo: Darryl Dixon Every Booty (Get On Down) *Artist: Parliament (1979) Producer: Bootsy Collins, George Clinton *Drums: Frankie Waddy *Bass: Bootsy Collins *Guitar: Bootsy Collins, Michael Hampton *Keyboards: Bernie Worrell, Mudbone Cooper *Clavinet, Organ: Maceo Parker *Horns: Horny Horns *Percussion: Larry Fratangelo *Vocals: Funkadelic Personal Problems *Artist: Treylewd (1981) Producer: George Clinton *Drums: Tony Davis *Bass: Stevie Pannall *Guitars: Andre Williams *Vocals: Tracey Lewis, Andre "Foxxe" Williams Bubble Gum Gangster *Artist: Ron Ford (1981) Producer: Ron Ford, George Clinton *Drums: Man In The Box *Bass: Ron Ford *Keyboards: David Spradley *Guitars: Ron Ford *Background Vocal: Brides, Parlet She's Crazy *Artist: Jerome & Jimmy Ali (1980) *Guitars: Jerome Ali *Bass: Jimmy Ali *Drums: Dennis Chambers Think Right *Artist: Parlet & Brides of Funkenstein (1980) Producer: Ron Ford, George Clinton *Drums: Kenny Colton *Guitar: Tony Thomas, Michael Hampton *Keyboards: Nestro Wilson *Bass: Ron Ford *Vocals: Parlet In the Cabin of My Uncle Jam (P Is the Funk) *Artist: Funkadelic (1979) Producer: George Clinton *Drums: Kenny Colton *Bass: Jeff "Cherokee" Bunn *Guitars: Kevin Oliver, Garry Shider, Michael Hampton, Glen Goins, Eddie Hazel *Keyboards: Gary Hudgins, Bernie Worrell *Vocals: Ron Ford, Dr. Funkenstein, Archie Ivey, Nene My Love *Artist: Jessica Cleaves (1981) Producer: George Clinton, Ron Dunbar *Vocals: Jessica Cleaves Interview *The Family Commercials *George Clinton *Bootsy Collins Category:George Clinton (funk musician) albums Category:1993 albums
The P J Bell Stakes is an Australian Turf Club Group 3 Thoroughbred horse race for three-year-old fillies having set weights with penalties conditions, over a distance of 1200 metres, held annually at Randwick Racecourse in Sydney, Australia in the autumn during the ATC Championships series. Total prize money for the race is A$200,000. ==History== The race was inaugurated in 1985 and was named after the Champion mare Analie, who won the 1973 Doncaster Handicap and AJC Oaks. It was renamed in honour of the former Chairman of the Australian Turf Club, P J (Jim) Bell (1921-2006), who was chairman from November 1983 to 1992. ===Name=== *1985-1994 - Analie Handicap *1995-2009 - P J Bell Handicap *2010 - McGrath Estate Stakes * 2011 onwards - P J Bell Stakes ===Grade=== *1985-2013 - Listed Race *2014 onwards - Group 3 ===Venue=== *2011-2013 - Canterbury Park Racecourse *2014 onwards - Randwick Racecourse ==Winners== * 2022 - Heresy * 2021 - Matchmaker * 2020 - Rubisaki * 2019 - Multaja * 2018 - Houtzen * 2017 - Diddums * 2016 - Tempt Me Not *2015 - Miss Cover Girl *2014 - Politeness *2013 - Catkins *2012 - Ever The Same *2011 - Red Tracer *2010 - Zingaling *2009 - Ortensia *2008 - Espurante *2007 - Hot 'n' Ready *2006 - Kakakakatie *2005 - Rich Megadale *2004 - Besame Mucho *2003 - Private Steer *2002 - Oomph *2001 - She's Purring *2000 - Mulan Princess *1999 - Wynciti *1998 - Flickering Fire *1997 - Dane Ripper *1996 - Presina *1995 - Verocative *1994 - Hot To Race *1993 - Snippet's Girl *1992 - Regina Madre *1991 - Peignoir *1990 - Reverse Pass *1989 - St. Bridget's Well *1988 - Bronze Empress *1987 - Winged Prayer *1986 - Sweet Dream Lady *1985 - Deal Notes: * Date of race rescheduled due to postponement of the Easter Saturday meeting because of the heavy track conditions. The meeting was moved to Easter Monday, 6 April 2015. ==See also== * List of Australian Group races * Group races ==External links== * P J Bell Stakes (ATC) ==References== Category:Horse races in Australia
Palliyulla Kariat Abdulla Koya (P K Abdulla Koya) (born 13 February 1957) is an NRI entrepreneur from Abu Dhabi and Garshom Award winner. He is the founder and chairman of the AKNOVEL Group. Abdulla Koya has helped over 50,000 people across country to gain self-employment. ==Early life== Abdulla Koya was born in Calicut, a well known coastal town and an important trade center in North Kerala. He is the third son of the late Kasmi Koya and Beevi. He was forced to find out small jobs as daily wages to support his family. He worked hard in several sectors for earning the minimum to help his family. In 1978, Abdulla Koya arrived in United Arab Emirates. ==Personal life== Abdulla Koya is married to Nazeema and has four children – Noora, Majidha, Ahamed Zayed and Shymah. ==Career history== Abdulla Koya has established his name in the stamp field with his branded products Sun Stamper with Japanese Technology during 1998 by providing products to the common business segment by associating with international manufactures and ADDPRINT stepped into the forefront of Stamp business within a short time. Koya entered the supply of telecommunication equipment, in the telecom and Power Project field through MELTRAX Electro Mechanical & communication system. His Other notable diversification are M/S National Tile Works, Beta Granite (P) Ltd, Walayar steels, Musou Micro Flash Foams Pvt Ltd., Crest Wood. Koya is also the director of CARE (The Cancer and Allied Ailments Research) Foundation. ==Philanthropy== Currently, he is the Vice Chairman of MVR Cancer Centre & Research Institute. He has done various philanthropic activities across India. ==Awards== * Garshom International Award 2018 == References == Category:Garshom Awardees Category:Indian expatriates in the United Arab Emirates Category:1957 births Category:Living people Category:People from Abu Dhabi Category:Emirati people of Malayali descent Category:Businesspeople from Kozhikode Category:Businesspeople from Kerala
Puliyakot Keshava Menon (1917 - 22 October 1979) was an Indian mathematician best known as Director of the Joint Cipher Bureau.Puliyakot Kesava Menon (1917-1979) (Bull. Math. Assoc. India 18 (1986), no. 1-4, 21-24) His sudden demise on 22 October 1979, ended active research in the areas of number theory, combinatorics, algebra and cryptography. ==Early life== P. Kesava Menon was born (1917) in Alathur, which is now part of the Palakkad District of Kerala state in India. His mother, Devaky Amma, hailed from the Kunissery Puliyakot family and, as per custom, Kesava Menon took his family name from his mother. His father, A K Krishnan Unni Kartha, hailed from Aiyiloor in the Palghat district. Menon grew up on Alathur under his uncle's supervision and hence his primary and high school education was conducted in modest surrounding at Alathur itself. ==Higher education== As was the custom for bright students from landed families those days, Menon had to travel to Madras city and join the Madras Christian College for his higher studies. There, he completed his MA in Mathematics and was awarded a scholarship to pursue research under the guidance of Prof R Vaidyanathaswamy. In 1941, the University of Madras awarded him a MSc Degree with a thesis entitled "Contributions to the theory of multiplicative arithmetic functions". ==Educator== Thereafter he was appointed lecturer at the Annamalai University, where he served for two years, before joining the staff of Madras Christian College again as a professor and warden of Seliyur Hall. He was devoted to his research work along with teaching, and, in 1948, he submitted his dissertation on "Contributions to the theory of numbers" for which he was conferred the highest and rarest degree of Doctor of Science (DSc). He theorized and published the classical inequality theory, which is today known as "Kesava Menon's classical inequality theorem" He published a paper on the subject of the continued fraction of the mathematician Ramanujan, as noted here in the Journal of the London Mathematical Society ==See also== *Menon design *Menon's identity ==References== Category:People from Palakkad district Category:1917 births Category:1979 deaths Category:Academic staff of Annamalai University Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians Category:Scientists from Kerala Category:Indian number theorists