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0 + 2 = 1 is the fifth full-length album by Canadian punk band Nomeansno. Released in 1991, it was the fourth and final studio album to feature Nomeansno's longtime guitarist Andy Kerr. The proper follow-up to their most popular album, Wrong, the record was somewhat polarizing but generally well received by critics. ==Background and recording== By 1991, the members of Nomeansno had quit their day jobs and focused on their band, which was developing an increasingly large audience in Europe and North America. They had finished supporting their most widely acclaimed record, Wrong,Popoff, Martin: "The Collector's Guide to Heavy Metal", page 316. CG Publishing, 1997. the promotional tour for which yielded the live album Live + Cuddly. They recorded The Sky Is Falling and I Want My Mommy collaboratively with former Dead Kennedys vocalist Jello Biafra earlier in the year before beginning work on the proper follow-up to Wrong. In July, the band returned to Profile Sound Studios to record with Cecil English. They tracked 19 songs during the sessions, 11 of which appeared on the final record. The songs included a mix of hardcore punk, progressive rock, and experimentation, as well as "straightforward swinging grooves" as in the opening song "Now." All eight of the outtakes were eventually released. Two tracks, covers of The Subhumans's "Oh Canaduh" and D.O.A.'s "New Age," were issued as a 7-inch record on Allied Recordings later that year. Another, a cover of the track "Forward to Death," was included on the Dead Kennedys tribute album Virus 100. The remaining five outtakes were packaged with four demos and released as the compilation in 2010. Each of these five outtakes appeared on subsequent Nomeansno releases: "Cats, Sex, and Nazis" and "I Need You" on Why Do They Call Me Mr. Happy? (1993), "Blinding Light" on Mr. Right & Mr. Wrong: One Down & Two to Go (1994), and "Lost" on The Worldhood of the World (As Such) (1995). ==Release== The album was issued on CD, LP, and cassette by Alternative Tentacles in 1991. To support it, the band toured extensively in North America and Europe. Guitarist Andy Kerr left the band after the tour to emigrate to the Netherlands, and the band returned to its original two-piece formation of brothers Rob and John Wright. Nomeansno bought the rights to their back catalogue from Alternative Tentacles in 2002, and reissued 0 + 2 = 1 on CD and double LP in 2007. ==Reception== The album was received fairly well by critics. Writing for Ox-Fanzine, Joachim Hiller argued that the record helped to solidify the band's "godlike status" through "complex rhythms, harrowing chants, and unorthodox guitar work." In a retrospective review, AllMusic critic Adam Bregman assessed the album as "among their most far-out records" and worried that "[t]he songs here are incredibly long and somewhat repetitive." Nonetheless, Bregman concluded that the album "has a lot of great moments stretched out over a record that's way too long" and awarded it three out of five stars. ==Track listing== ==Personnel== ===Nomeansno=== *Andy Kerr (" ") – guitar, bass, vocals *John Wright (Mr. Right) – vocals, drums, keyboards, percussion, engineering, horns (track 2) *Rob Wright (Mr. Wrong) – vocals, bass, guitar ===Additional musicians=== *Mark Critchley – horns (track 2) *Lissa Beurge – backup vocals (track 6) ===Production and artwork=== *David Bruce – artwork *Brian (Who) Else – engineering *Cecil English – producer, engineering *George Horn – mastering ==References== Category:1991 albums Category:Nomeansno albums Category:Alternative Tentacles albums
0 + 2 = 1 is a compilation album by Vancouver punk band Nomeansno. Recorded in 1991 and released as a digital album in 2010, it includes five outtakes and four demo tracks recorded for 0 + 2 = 1, Nomeansno's fifth full-length record and final album to feature Nomeansno's longtime guitarist Andy Kerr. ==Background and release== In July 1991, Nomeansno returned to Profile Sound Studios to record their follow-up to the album Wrong with producer Cecil English. They recorded 19 songs during the sessions, of which 11 appeared on the final record, 0 + 2 = 1 on Alternative Tentacles, two on the "Oh Canaduh" 7-inch EP on Allied Recordings, and one on the Dead Kennedys tribute album Virus 100. The remaining five outtakes were ultimately re-recorded for subsequent Nomeansno albums, but went unreleased in these earlier forms for 19 years. Andy Kerr, who departed the band after the touring in support of the album's release, later rediscovered the outtakes and demo versions of unused songs from the era. Ultimately, the band released these as 0 + 2 = 1 , a digitally released compilation through their own Wrong Records imprint. The album was initially issued as a free download. ==Track listing== All songs written by Nomeansno. #"Cats, Sex and Nazis" – 8:04 #"I Need You" – 7:31 #"Lost" – 6:16 #"Blinding Light" – 2:53 #"This Wound Will Never Heal" – 6:59 #"John Instrumental" (Demo) – 3:49 #"Victim's Choice" / "Happy Bridge" / "Intro Ghosts" (Demo) – 6:54 #"Now It's Dark" (Demo) – 5:06 #"Cats, Sex and Nazis" (Demo) – 8:32 ==Personnel== Nomeansno * Andy Kerr – guitar, bass, vocals * John Wright (Mr. Right) – vocals, drums, keyboards, percussion, engineering * Rob Wright (Mr. Wrong) – vocals, bass, guitar Production and design * David Bruce – artwork * Brian (Who) Else – engineering * Cecil English – producer, engineering ==References== ==External links== *0 + 2 = 1 on Discogs.com Category:2010 compilation albums Category:Nomeansno albums
0 A.D. is a free and open-source real-time strategy video game under development by Wildfire Games. It is a historical war and economy game focusing on the years between 500 BC and 1 BC, with the years between 1 AD and 500 AD planned to be developed in the future. The game is cross-platform, playable on Windows, macOS, Linux, FreeBSD, and OpenBSD. It is composed entirely of free software and free media, using the GNU GPLv2 (or later) license for the game engine source code, and the CC BY-SA license for the game art and music. ==Gameplay== thumb|right|The Cycladic Archipelago island map (2012) 0 A.D. features the traditional real-time strategy gameplay components of building a base, developing an economy, training an army, engaging in combat, and researching new technologies. The game includes multiple units and buildings specific to each civilization as well as both land and naval units. During the game, the player advances from "village phase", to "town phase", to "city phase". The phases represent the sizes of settlements in history, and every phase unlocks new units, buildings, and technologies. Multiplayer functionality is implemented using peer-to-peer networking, without a central server. ==Development== 0 A.D. originally began in 2001 as a comprehensive total conversion mod concept for Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings. The development team later decided that making the project as a mod was too limiting to their creative freedom, and elected to move their art and ideas to an in-house engine, making it a standalone game. The historical accuracy of the game elements has been the highest development priority. Unit and building names are shown in the original language of the civilization they belong to, and they are also translated into the language in which the user is playing the game. There is also a strong focus on attempting to provide high visual accuracy of unit armor, weapons, and buildings. On 10 July 2009, Wildfire Games released the source code for 0 A.D. under the GNU GPLv2 (or later) license, and made the artwork available under the CC BY-SA license. There were around ten to fifteen people working on 0 A.D. around 23 March 2010; but since development started, over 100 people have contributed to the project. On 5 September 2013, an Indiegogo crowdfunding campaign was started with a goal. They raised a total of to be used to hire a programmer. The majority of the project's finances are managed by the Software in the Public Interest organization. There is no official release date set for the finished version of the game. The composers of the music in the game are Omri Lahav, Jeff Willet, Mike Skalandunas, and Shlomi Nogay. A 26-track soundtrack was released on 8 June 2018. ==Reception== In 2012, 0 A.D. received second place in the IndieDB Player's Choice Upcoming Indie Game of the Year competition. 0 A.D. has been generally well received. It was voted as LinuxQuestions.org "Open Source Game of the Year for 2013". Between 2010 and June 2021, the game was downloaded from SourceForge.net over 1.3 million times. ==See also== * Free and open source software * Linux gaming * List of free and open-source software packages * List of open source games * Year zero ==Notes== ==References== ==External links== * * 0 A.D. Alpha 25 Trailer Category:Creative Commons-licensed video games Category:Crowdfunded video games Category:Free software that uses SDL Category:Indie games Category:Indiegogo projects Category:Linux games Category:MacOS games Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games Category:Multiplayer online games Category:Open-source video games Category:Strategy video games Category:Real-time strategy video games Category:Software that uses wxWidgets Category:Upcoming video games Category:Video games set in ancient Egypt Category:Video games set in ancient Greece Category:Video games set in ancient Rome Category:Video games set in antiquity Category:Video games set in India Category:Video games set in Iran Category:Windows games
0 Avenue (Zero Avenue) is a road in the Lower Mainland, British Columbia straddling the Canada–United States border, stretching from Surrey to Abbotsford. The road runs parallel to the physical border between the two countries. The road begins near the Peace Arch Border Crossing, and continues eastward for , with gaps around the Pacific Highway and Lynden–Aldergrove Border Crossings. Boundary Road on the US side runs for 1.5 miles along 0 Avenue and again one mile to the west, with many cameras watching the border, before the U.S. road ends at the Lynden–Aldergrove Border Crossing. 0 Avenue continues west along the northern border of Peace Arch Historical State Park to Peace Arch Crossing. Small pedestrian bridges cross a trench on the border. At the eastern end of 0 Avenue, the road turns north. The road is a haven for smugglers, even though the border controls have tightened up since the September 11 attacks. The first known drug tunnel along the Canada–United States border was found east of the Lynden–Aldergrove crossing in 2005. Some asylum seekers have also tried to move to Canada from the U.S. via 0 Avenue. During the COVID-19 pandemic, restrictions on cross-border travel made 0 Avenue a meeting place for several cross-border couples. Once restrictions were lifted, some of these couples married at Peace Arch Park, a transnational park between Blaine and Surrey. == Major intersections == ==References== ==External links== * Category:Canada–United States border Category:Transport in Abbotsford, British Columbia Category:Transport in Langley, British Columbia (district municipality) Category:Transport in Surrey, British Columbia
0 Day Attack on Earth is an multidirectional shooter developed by Japanese studio Gulti and published by Square Enix for the Xbox 360. The game was released on December 23, 2009, and revolves around players defending Paris, New York, and Tokyo from an alien assault. ==Gameplay== The game is a twin- stick shooter, where the movement is done with the left stick and shooting with the right. There is a main goal in each level, which is to take down a certain number of boss aliens before a timer goes down to zero. However, the skies are also filled with smaller ships, and there are pods and snakes that burst from the ground. Aiding the fight against the enemies are power-ups like spray gun and flame throwers, as well as special abilities like nitro boost that helps moving the ship out of any harm. 0 Day Attack on Earth consists of 28 levels that are split in groups of seven that take place in four cities. Each city is accurately depicted through satellite imagery, containing landmarks like Champs-Élysées, Tokyo Tower, and Arc de Triomphe. One of the features included is co-op play for up to four players (when playing offline, AI-controlled ships will support the player instead). Besides co-op, there are Capture the Flag and Capture Point multiplayer modes. ==Downloadable content== On January 13, 2010, the London Map Pack was released. It contains new London- based maps, new enemies and a higher difficulty setting. New maps can be played in the co-op mode but not in the Capture The Flag or Control Point modes. On February 3, 2010, it was followed up by the Night Missions Map Pack, where the New York, Tokyo and Paris maps are revisited, and the enemy only comes out after sunset, while also being stronger and more difficult to defeat. ==Reception== Upon its release, 0 Day Attack on Earth was met with "generally unfavorable" reviews from critics, with an aggregate score of 41% on Metacritic. ==References== ==External links== *Official website Category:2009 video games Category:Action games Category:Alien invasions in video games Category:Cooperative video games Category:Twin-stick shooters Category:Square Enix games Category:Video games about extraterrestrial life Category:Video games developed in Japan Category:Video games set in London Category:Video games set in New York City Category:Video games set in Paris Category:Video games set in Tokyo Category:Xbox 360 games Category:Xbox 360-only games Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games
The trains were the first generation Shinkansen trainsets built to run on Japan's Tōkaidō Shinkansen high-speed line which opened in 1964. The last remaining trainsets were withdrawn in 2008. ==History== The 0 series (which were not originally classified, as there was no need to distinguish classes of trainset until later) entered service with the start of Tōkaidō Shinkansen operations in October 1964. These units were white with a blue stripe along the windows and another at the bottom of the car body, including the front pilot. Unlike previous Japanese trains (except for some trains running on standard gauge sections on the Ou Main Line and Tohoku Main Line) the Tōkaidō Shinkansen and all subsequent Shinkansen lines are between the rails. The trains were powered by 25 kV AC electricity at 60 Hz with all axles of all cars powered by traction motors, giving a operation top speed. The original trains were introduced as 12-car sets, with some sets later lengthened to 16 cars. Later, shorter trains of six cars and even four cars were assembled for lesser duties. Production of 0 series units continued from 1963 until 1986. Shinkansen sets are generally retired after fifteen to twenty years. The final remaining 0 series sets were six-car sets used on JR-West Kodama services on the San'yō Shinkansen between and , and on the Hakata-Minami Line until their retirement on 30 November 2008. Following retirement from regular service, JR- West ran a number of special commemorative Hikari runs in December 2008. Hikari 347, powered by set R61, arrived at Hakata Station at 6:01 pm on 14 December 2008, bringing to an end the 44 years of service of the 0 series trains. ==Set formations== ===Original 12-car H/K/N/R/S sets=== thumb|Interior of a 1st class car in May 1967 thumb|Analog speed display in the passenger compartment The initial shinkansen fleet delivered for use on Hikari and Kodama services on the Tōkaidō Shinkansen from 1 October 1964 consisted of 30 12-car sets formed of 1st- and 2nd-batch cars. Six sets, H1 to H6, were built by Hitachi between April and August 1964, six sets, K1 to K6, were built by Kisha between July and September 1964, six sets, N1 to N6, were built by Nippon Sharyo between March and September 1964, six sets, R1 to R6, were built by Kawasaki Sharyo between July and September 1964, and six sets, S1 to S6, were built by Kinki Sharyo between April and August 1964.Electric Trains for the New Tokaido Line Railway Gazette 5 February 1965 pages100-104 These sets were allocated to Tokyo and Osaka depots. A further 10 12-car sets (H7/8, K7/8, N7/8, R7/8, S7/8) were delivered between April and July 1965, formed of 120 3rd-batch cars, five 4th-batch sets were delivered between June and July 1966, and five 5th-batch sets were delivered between October and November 1966. The original 12-car sets were formed as follows, with two first-class cars (type 15 and 16) and two buffet cars (type 35). Car No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Designation Mc M' M M' MB M' MS M'S MB M' M M'c Numbering 21 26 25 26-200 35 26-200 15 16 35 26 25 22 ===12-car H/K/N/R/S/T Kodama sets=== A further 21 6th- to 9th-batch 12-car sets were delivered between 1967 and 1969 with only one first-class car (type 16) for use on Kodama services. The "T" sets were built by Tokyu Car Corporation. These sets were formed as follows. Car No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Designation Mc M' M M' MB M' M M'S MB M' M M'c Numbering 21 26-100 25-100 26-300 35-100 26-300 25-300 16 35-100 26-100 25-100 22 ===16-car H/K/N/R/S Hikari sets=== The original 30 12-car sets were lengthened to 16 cars between December 1969 and February 1970 with the inclusion of new 10th-batch cars for Hikari services to handle the increased number of passengers travelling to and from Expo '70 in Osaka in 1970. From the opening of the San'yō Shinkansen in 1972, these sets were renumbered H1 to H30. Car No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Designation Mc M' M M' MB M' M M' MS M'S MB M' M M' M M'c Numbering 21 26 25 26-200 35 26-200 25-700 26-700 15 16 35 26 25-500 26-700 25 22 ===16-car K Kodama sets=== thumb|The bulging nose of a 0 series train at Tokyo Station in July 1982 Between 1972 and 1973, the earlier 12-car Kodama sets were lengthened to 16 cars with the inclusion of new 13th- and 15th-batch cars, and were renumbered K1 to K47. Car No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Designation Mc M' M M' MK M' M M' M M' M M'S MB M' M M'c Numbering 21 26 25 26-300 25-400 26-200 25-200 26-800 25-500 26-800 25-700 16 35 26 25 22 ===16-car H Hikari restaurant car sets=== With the opening of the Sanyo Shinkansen extension to Hakata, the fleet of 16-car H Hikari sets was reformed and increased between 1973 and 1974 with the inclusion of new 16th- and 17th-batch cars, including new restaurant cars (type 36) in addition to the buffet car (type 35). The fleet as of 10 March 1975 consisted of 64 sets, numbered H1 to H64. Car No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Designation Mc M' M M' M M' M M'D MB M' MS M'S M M' M M'c Numbering 21 26 25 26-200 25-700 26-700 27 36 35 26-200 15 16 25-500 26 25 22 ===16-car NH Hikari sets=== thumb|A 16-car NH Hikari set in May 1989 Between 1977 and 1980, 35 new 16-car NH sets were formed of −1000 subseries cars (batches 22 to 29) for Hikari services on the Tōkaidō Shinkansen and San'yō Shinkansen lines. The introduction of 100 series and later 300 series trains reduced the number of 0 series trains used on Hikari services, with 0 series Hikari services operated by JR Central ending in 1995. A small fleet was subsequently maintained by JR-West for use on additional holiday period Hikari services, with the last remaining unit, NH32, being disbanded in December 1999. The NH sets had two Green (first class) cars and a restaurant car in addition to a buffet car, although use of the restaurant cars was discontinued from the mid-1990s. Car No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Designation Mc M' M M' M M' MA M'D MB M' MS M'S M M' M M'c Numbering 21-1000 26-1000 25-1000 26-1200 25-700 26-700 27 36 35-1000 26-1200 15-1000 16-1000 25-500 26-1000 25-1000 22-1000 File:Shinkansen 15-1019 01.jpg|Interior of Green car 15-1019 of set NH15 in 1982 File:Shinkansen 25-526 01.jpg|Interior of standard class car 25-526 of set NH15 in 1982 File:0 series NH restaurant car 19920817.jpg|Interior view of an NH set restaurant car in 1992 ===16-car YK sets=== thumb|right|16-car set YK8 on Tokaido Shinkansen Kodama service with "Arigatō 0 Series" sticker on final day of services, 19 September 1999 The 16-car YK sets were operated by JR Central on the all-stations Kodama services. These sets had upgraded reserved seat cars with 2+2 seating employing 100 series style seats, but only one Green car per 16-car set. Standard seating was 3+2 in standard class, and 2+2 in Green cars. The fleet was operated by JR Central on the Tokaido Shinkansen until the last units were withdrawn on 18 September 1999. In the last two months of service, they ran with "Arigatō 0 Series" stickers on the front ends. Car No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Designation Mc M' M M' MB M' M M'S M M' M M' M M' M M'c Numbering 21 26 25 26 37 26 25 16 25 26 25 26 25 26 25 22 ====Interior==== File:0-yk-green.jpg|Interior of a Green car on a YK set in September 1999 ===12-car SK sets=== thumb|Set SK5 on a West Hikari service in March 1997 thumb|left|"West" logo on an SK set in March 1997 These 12-car SK sets based at Hakata Depot were operated by JR-West on Sanyo Shinkansen West Hikari services between Shin-Osaka and Hakata. Sets were formed of upgraded 5000 and 7000 subseries vehicles with improved seating, and buffet cars were refurbished with a special seating area. All standard class cars had upgraded 2+2 seating. The sets were recognizable externally by the addition of an extra thin blue line below the windows (similar to 100 series) and by the large "West" decals near the doors. Some sets originally included specially converted cinema cars, but these were withdrawn in 1996. Following the end of the West Hikari services on 21 April 2000, the remaining SK units were reformed into new 6-car R60 sets to replace unrefurbished sets on Sanyo Shinkansen Kodama services. Car No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Designation Mc M' M M' MB M' M M'S M M' M M'c Numbering 21 26 25 26 37 26 25 16 25 26 25 22 ===4-car Q sets=== thumb|right|Set Q4 at Hakata on a Sanyo Shinkansen Kodama service in July 1998 4-car Q sets were formed from March 1997 for use on Kodama shuttle services running between Hakata and /, and also for use on some Hakata-Minami Line duties. These sets had no Green car. The last remaining unit was withdrawn in September 2001. Set Q3 remained as a static training set at Shin-Shimonoseki Station until 2009, when it was replaced by 100 Series set P2. Car No. 1 2 3 4 Designation Mc M' M M'c Numbering 21 26 25 22 ===6-car R sets=== thumb|right|Set R61 in new JR-West "Kodama" livery at Higashi- Hiroshima Station on a Sanyo Shinkansen Kodama service in July 2003 thumb|left|"Children's Saloon" logo in March 1997 The 6-car R units with no Green car were first formed in June 1985, and were used on JR-West Kodama services between Shin-Osaka and Hakata. They were also used to operate services on the short Hakata-Minami Line from Hakata Station. The no. 3 cars of sets R2 and R24 were rebuilt as "Children's Saloons" with the former buffet counter area converted into a children's soft play area. These sets ran branded as "Family Hikari" during holiday periods. From March 1997 a refurbishment programme was commenced on the R sets, with new internal trim, rotating seats and new toilets/washing facilities. The refurbished units were recognisable externally by an extra thin blue line below the windows (as with West Hikari SK sets), and new "W" decals near the doors. From April 2000, 6-car "WR" sets were created from former SK unit cars and renumbered in the R60 series. These retained the larger buffet area (disused) and 2+2 seating of the former West Hikari trains, and gradually replaced the remaining unrefurbished R sets. These units initially retained their "West Hikari" branding, but were gradually repainted into the new JR-West "Kodama" livery from May 2002. Initially scheduled to be withdrawn in 2006, the last three remaining sets (R61/R67/R68) remained in service until 30 November 2008. By June 2008 they had been repainted into their original ivory and blue livery with silver roofs. Car No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Designation Mc M' MB M' M M'c Numbering 21 26 37 26 25 22 ====Interior==== File:0 series R61 interior 20030719.JPG|2+2 seating in set R61 in July 2003 File:0 series R62 37-7302 Himeji 20020518.jpg|Interior of former buffet car 37-7302 in set R62 used as a general lounge area in May 2002 ==Preserved examples== A large number of former 0 series vehicles are preserved or stored in museums and various other locations around Japan. Outside Japan, the leading vehicle from a 0 series set is preserved at the National Railway Museum in York, UK. It was donated to the museum by JR-West in 2001.National Railway Museum based article on the acquisition of the donated 0 series Vehicle number Date built Date withdrawn Location Remarks 16-1 March 1964 March 1977 Preserved at the Kyoto Railway Museum, which opened in April 2016. (Formerly displayed at the Modern Transportation Museum in Osaka.) Cars from pre-production "C" set H1. 21-1 22-1 35-1 August 1964 Cars from first production set H2. 21-2 July 1964 The Railway Museum, Saitama From original set H2. Moved from Osaka in August 2008. Exhibited from October 2009.JR East press release: "鉄道博物館における0系新幹線車両の公開について" (8 June 2009). Retrieved on 8 June 2009. . Archived 10 June 2009. 22-2 JR-West Staff Training Centre, Suita, Osaka From original set H2. 21-25 April 1964 March 1978 The Railway Museum, Saitama Cab section only. Originally displayed outside Tokyo Transport Museum. 22-56 August 1967 February 1982 "Wine no Kuni" hotel, Ikeda, Hokkaidō Front third section only. 21-59 March 1968 Shintorimachi Park, Fuji, Shizuoka 21-73 July 1969 October 1984 Shinkansen Park, Settsu, Osaka 22-75 August 1969 March 1985 Ome Railway Park, Ome, Tokyo Repainted for short period into Tohoku ivory/green livery in late 1980s. 22-77 September 1969 March 1990 Satsuki Kindergarten, Fukuoka Used as a staff room and library. 36-84 1975 SCMaglev and Railway Park, Nagoya 21-86 December 1971 November 1991 22-86 JR Central Hamamatsu Works 21-100 September 1973 October 1991 Akishima City Library, Akishima, Tokyo Used as library reading room. 21-141 June 1976 October 2000 The Railway History Park in Saijo, Ehime Prefecture Former set H94, later R52. Front half only. 22-141 National Railway Museum, York, UK A gift from JR-West presented to the NRM in 2001. To date, this unit is the only Shinkansen of any series preserved at a museum outside Japan. 22-1003 November 1976 November 1994 Namikawa Railway Heritage Park, Kameoka, Kyoto Cab section only. 21-2023 January 1985 June 1998 J-TREC factory, Yokohama Cab section only. Preserved at Sakuma Rail Park until November 2009. Moved to Tokyu Car from July 2010. 22-2029 March 1986 September 1999 Nippon Sharyo Factory, Toyokawa, Aichi 16-2034 1986 SCMaglev and Railway Park, Nagoya 37-2523 1983 21-5035 (formerly 21-1032) June 1978 10 March 2004 Tainan HSR station, Tainan, Taiwan Cab from former set R1. Used as structure gauging car during the construction of the Taiwan High Speed Rail until 2008. On display at Tainan HSR station from June, 2021. 22-7007 – December 2008 Suita Yard, Osaka Prefecture Cab from former set R68. On display inside Suita City Kento Library since 11 November 2020. 21-7008 (formerly 21-2026) 1983 December 2008 Kawasaki Heavy Industries factory, Hyogo Prefecture Car of last operational set, R61 21-7038 – – Kawasaki Good Times World, within Kobe Maritime Museum West Hikari livery. Front third section. === Gallery === File:0 series 21-1 Kyoto Railway Museum 20161017.jpg|21-1 at the Kyoto Railway Museum in October 2016 File:JNR shinkansen 0kei 21-59.jpg|21-59 in Shintorimachi Park in Fuji, Shizuoka, in July 2013 File:新幹線公園ＳＥＣ.jpg|21-73 at Shinkansen Park in Settsu, Osaka, in May 2006 File:0 Series Shinkansen SCMaglev and Railway Park001.jpg|21-86 at SCMaglev and Railway Park, Nagoya, in April 2013 File:0key22-86.JPG|22–86 at Hamamatsu Works in July 2006 File:JRshikoku tetsudo hobby train kiha32 3 0series 21-141.jpg|21-141 (left) at the Railway History Park in Saijo in December 2014 File:089-SFEC-YORK-20070827.JPG|22–141 on display at the National Railway Museum in York, UK, in August 2007 File:21-2023 J-TREC Yokohama 20131125.JPG|21-2023 preserved at the J-TREC factory in Yokohama in November 2013 File:TSHR Structure Gauge Test Car 01.jpg|21-5035 used as structure gauging car in Taiwan in August 2008 File:Shinkansen Series 0 car 21-7038.jpg|21-7038 at Kawasaki Good Times World in Kobe in July 2006 ==See also== *List of high-speed trains ==References== * * ==External links== Category:Central Japan Railway Company Category:West Japan Railway Company Category:Hitachi multiple units Category:Shinkansen train series Category:Nippon Sharyo multiple units Category:Kawasaki multiple units Category:Kinki Sharyo multiple units Category:Tokyu Car multiple units Category:25 kV AC multiple units Category:Train-related introductions in 1964 Category:Passenger trains running at least at 200 km/h in commercial operations Category:Rolling stock innovations Category:Kisha Seizo multiple units
#0 por Movistar Plus+ (read as Cero, Spanish for Zero) is a Spanish commercial television channel, launched on 1 February 2016 to replace Canal+. The channel is operated by Telefónica and is available on the digital satellite television and IPTV platform Movistar Plus+. == Programmes == ==References== ==External links== * Category:Television stations in Spain Category:Television stations in the Community of Madrid Category:Mass media in Madrid Category:Companies based in the Community of Madrid Category:Television channels and stations established in 2016 Category:2016 establishments in Spain
0 to 1 no Aida (0と1の間; Hepburn: Zero to Ichi no Aida, Between 0 and 1) is the seventh studio album from Japanese idol girl group AKB48, released on . This album marks the tenth anniversary of the group, and contains a compilation of their top singles as well as an assortment of bonus tracks. This is the last album to feature long-time member and former AKB48 general director Minami Takahashi. == Overview == The seventh AKB48 album was announced in September 2015, during an event, and will be a special compilation to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the Japanese idol group and the departure, or "graduation" of long-time member and former AKB48 general director Minami Takahashi. The album was released in three versions: * No. 1 Singles and Million Singles are two-CD editions which compile all of the groups' singles that have reached the #1 position on the Oricon charts plus three new tracks and all singles which have sold more than a million copies plus six new tracks respectively. * Complete Singles is a three-CD bundle which includes every single released up to date (both indie singles "Sakura no Hanabiratachi" and "Skirt, Hirari" are presented in newly remixed versions) plus three new tracks and a bonus DVD. * The Theater Edition features the same track list as Million Singles with the exception of the last three tracks, which are replaced by two new songs by sub-units Tentoumu Chu! and Dendenmu Chu!. ==Track listing== All tracks written by Yasushi Akimoto. ===No. 1 Singles=== ===Million Singles=== ===Complete Singles=== ===Theater Edition=== == Release history == Region Date Format Label Japan November 18, 2015 King Records (YOU BE COOL division) Hong Kong, Taiwan King Records ==Chart== Chart Peak Position Japan (Oricon) 1 ==References== Category:AKB48 albums Category:2015 compilation albums Category:2015 greatest hits albums
0 to 100 may refer to: * 0 to 100 / The Catch Up, 2014 single by Drake * 0 to 100 km/h, a measure of acceleration (or, less commonly, 0 to 100 mph) * The act of losing one's temper (slang)
"0 to 100 / The Catch Up" is a song recorded by Canadian rapper Drake. It was released on July 15, 2014, by Young Money Entertainment, Cash Money Records, and Republic Records. The song was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on January 30, 2015, for selling over 1 million digital copies in the United States. ==Composition== "0 to 100 / The Catch Up" is a two part song with a length of six minutes and eight seconds. The first song, "0 to 100", is a stripped-back hip hop song that sonically and thematically resembles Drake's "Started from the Bottom" from his third studio album, Nothing Was the Same (2013). Instead of "starting from the bottom", "0 to 100" speaks of the rapper going from zero to one-hundred in order to gain ground on all of his competition. The second half of the song, titled "The Catch Up", features a sample of an unreleased James Blake song, and contrasts the boisterous claims of the first half with a pensive promise: that "if [Drake] hasn't passed you yet, watch [him] catch up now." ==Critical reception== The song received critical acclaim from music critics, appearing on several year-end top 10 lists. In July 2014, Billboard listed "0 to 100" as one of the "10 Best Songs of 2014 (so far)" saying that "months after releasing another hit album, Drizzy returned briefly to take it from '0 to 100' with careening bars punctuated by boasts like 'If I ain't the greatest, then I'm headed for it'." The magazine also listed the track as the best rap song of 2014. Rolling Stone listed the song as one of the "50 Best Songs of 2014", stating that it is "six minutes that pan across the whole Drake saga". HipHopDX named the song as one of the "Top 10 Singles of 2014". The song was nominated for Best Rap Performance and Best Rap Song at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards. ==Usage in media== The song was used in a Sprite commercial starring Drake and Nas. The commercial was supposed to promote a limited-edition line of Sprite cans with hip-hop lyrics printed on them called "Obey Your Verse". The Sprite line featured the "Know yourself, know your worth" lyric from this song. The lyric "She gon' be upset if she keep scrollin' to the left, dawg / She gon' see some shit that she don't wanna see" is referenced in Letterkenny 1x06 "A Fuss in the Back Bush". The song is also featured in the NBA 2K16 basketball videogame soundtrack and is usually played during Golden State Warriors pre-match cutscenes as Warriors player Stephen Curry is mentioned in the song. ==Remixes== The instrumental became very popular among hip-hop artists, with several rappers such as the late XXXTentacion, Cassidy, Fat Trel, Remy Ma, David Stones, Montana of 300, G-Eazy, G-Unit (50 Cent, Lloyd Banks, Tony Yayo, Young Buck and Kidd Kidd), Gudda Gudda, Jin, Joell Ortiz, Lil Durk, Meek Mill, Ace Hood, Kurt Rock, Juice Box Boys, Papoose, Problem, Rich Homie Quan, Soulja Boy, Stiz Grimey, YFN Lucci, Uncle Murda, Vado, Waka Flocka Flame, Lil Mouse, Wiz Khalifa, Alpha Wann, Ernia and Stormzy recording their own versions of the song.Skinny Friedman, "0-100 Freestyles, Reviewed", Noisey Music by VICE, July 2, 2014. Retrieved September 8, 2014. The instrumental was used at the 2014 BET Hip Hop Awards for an on-stage cypher featuring various artists. == Personnel == Adapted from TIDAL and comments to HNHH. * Drake – vocals, songwriting * Boi-1da – production * Noel Cadastre – recording, additional drum programming "0 to 100" * Boi-1da – production, songwriting * Vinylz – songwriting * Frank Dukes – songwriting, sample producer * Chester Hansen – bass (uncredited; songwriter on sample) "The Catch Up" * Nineteen85 – co-production * 40 – co-production * James Blake – songwriting, sample producer (uncredited) == Charts == === Weekly charts === Chart (2014) Peak position Australia Urban (ARIA) 27 Germany (Deutsche Black Charts) 2 ===Year- end charts=== Chart (2014) Position US Billboard Hot 100 97 US Hot R&B;/Hip- Hop Songs (Billboard) 29 US Rhythmic (Billboard) 37 ==Certifications== ==Release history== Region Date Format Label Ref. United States July 15, 2014 Digital download August 5, 2014 Rhythmic contemporary radio ==References== Category:Drake (musician) songs Category:2014 songs Category:2014 singles Category:Song recordings produced by 40 (record producer) Category:Song recordings produced by Boi-1da Category:Song recordings produced by Vinylz Category:Songs written by Drake (musician) Category:Songs written by Vinylz Category:Songs written by Boi-1da Category:Songs written by 40 (record producer) Category:Songs written by Frank Dukes Category:Songs written by Nineteen85
The time it takes a vehicle to accelerate from 0 to 60 miles per hour (0 to 97 km/h or 0 to 27 m/s), often said as just "zero to sixty", is a commonly used performance measure for automotive acceleration in the United States and the United Kingdom. In the rest of the world, 0 to 100 km/h (0 to 62.1 mph) is used. Present production model performance cars are capable of going from 0 to 60 mph in under 5 seconds, while some exotic supercars can do 0 to 60 mph in between 2 and 3 seconds. Motorcycles have been able to achieve these figures with sub-500cc since the 1990s. The fastest automobile in 2015 was the Porsche 918 Spyder, which is a hybrid vehicle that takes 2.2 seconds to accelerate from 0 to 60 mph. In June 2021, the Tesla Model S was measured to accelerate from 0 to 60 mph in 1.98 seconds, not including first foot of rollout. == Methods == Measuring the 0 to 60 mph speed of vehicles is usually done in a closed setting such as a race car track or closed lot used for professional drivers. This is done to reduce risk to the drivers, their teams, and the public. The closed course is set up for test-drives in order to reduce any variables, such as wind, weather, and traction. Each variable can have a dramatic impact on the friction of the track and the drag placed on the vehicle, which will influence the overall 0 to 60 time that is recorded. The crew sets up accurate and precise measuring tools that are attached to computers. These tools included Doppler radar guns and precise timing instruments that are synchronized. This means that the driver is not worried about keeping time or the exact moment the car hits 60 miles per hour. The driver focuses solely on driving straight and fast with professional quick gear shifting. The car is timed and recorded going in two separate and opposite directions. This practice eliminates variables such as wind, directional traction of the track and driver performance. The two times are averaged together to achieve the commonly accepted 0 to 60 time. Jalopnik has said that launch control systems appearing on production exotic cars in the 2010s have made published 0 to 60 times invalid, since these cars have slower times from 5 mph to 60 mph. Some car magazines and manufacturers in the United States use a rolling start allowance term "1-foot rollout", which means that the timer is only started once the car has traveled , reducing the measured time by up to 0.3 seconds. ==See also== *List of fastest production cars by acceleration *List of fastest production motorcycles by acceleration *Vehicular metrics *Motorcycle testing and measurement ==References== Category:Measurement Category:Car performance
0% financing or zero percent financing, alternatively known as discounted finance, is a widely used marketing tactic for attracting buyers of consumer goods, automobiles, real estate, or credit cards in different parts of the world. == Definition == For the buyer, the scheme is offered as a steal, without any levied interest for a specific period, subject to special terms or conditions. == Mathematics behind 0% finance == The financial mathematics behind the 0% finance scheme is somewhat complex, as the calculation differs with respect to the type of product and the country. These deals are offered by finance companies or banks in conjunction with a manufacturer or dealer network. The schemes offer "zero percent" finance, where a customer pays for the financing cost in an indirect manner. The indirect cost will include paying a processing fee, a significant amount as advance EMIs (equated monthly installments), as well as a minimum cash down payment. Often, the biggest cost may involve forfeiting a cash discount which might otherwise be available on a cash purchase. Suppose a customer opted for 0% finance to buy an electronic device worth $1000, offered on a term of 6 months' EMIs, with a $50 application processing fee and one month's EMI in advance. This sale actually results in a 12.48% effective interest rate for the customer. Several central banks have reacted strongly to zero percent or discounted interest rate schemes and want them stopped, as they feel consumers are misguided by such schemes into believing that bank funding comes for free. As such, schemes serve the purpose of attracting and exploiting vulnerable customers. Many agreements charge interest on the full price- backdated to the original purchase date- if the remaining debt is not cleared before the end of the free credit period. It has been suggested that credit providers make payment arrangements intentionally more difficult and exploit consumers' expectation that they will be sufficiently reminded (either by not reminding them or by presenting the reminder in an inconspicuous manner) in order to invoke this clause and generate income. Moreover, it has also been noted that with higher- value purchases such as car deals, the costs for the 0%-financing are compensated by going up with the price of the item. == References == Category:Loans Category:Interest rates
0+1=1 (I Promise You) is the second extended play by South Korean boy group Wanna One, a project group created through the 2017 Mnet survival show, Produce 101 Season 2, composed of eleven trainees from different entertainment companies that will promote for 18 months under YMC Entertainment. The album was released digitally and physically on March 19, 2018, by YMC Entertainment, Stone Music Entertainment and CJ E&M; Music. ==Background and release== On February 26, Wanna One announced the release date of the special theme track and their second mini-album, titled 0+1=1 (I Promise You). The special theme track, "I Promise You (I.P.U.)" was released on March 5 along with its music video, marking the 333rd day since the group's first public appearance. The title track "Boomerang" was released on March 19 along with the album. "Boomerang" is an electro trap song that talks about one's heart reaching out to a significant other and returning after making a connection. ==Promotion== Wanna One held a comeback show on March 19, which was broadcast live on Mnet. It showcases the group's performances of their new songs as well as behind- the-scenes footage of their music video. ==Commercial performance== On March 5, it was announced that the number of pre-orders for the album has surpassed 700,000 copies, breaking the previous record set by the group. "I Promise You (I.P.U.)" topped six online music charts of six major music sites: Melon, Genie, Bugs, Mnet, Naver and Soribada; and achieved a real-time "all-kill" status on the day of its release. The song also won first place on Show! Music Core and Show Champion without any promotion. ==Track listing== ==Charts== ===Weekly charts=== Chart (2018) Peak position South Korean Albums (Gaon) 1 US World Albums (Billboard) 10 ===Year- end charts=== Chart (2018) Position South Korean Albums (Gaon) 4 ==Certifications== ==References== Category:2018 EPs Category:Korean-language EPs Category:YMC Entertainment EPs Category:Wanna One albums
In lattice theory, a bounded lattice L is called a 0,1-simple lattice if nonconstant lattice homomorphisms of L preserve the identity of its top and bottom elements. That is, if L is 0,1-simple and ƒ is a function from L to some other lattice that preserves joins and meets and does not map every element of L to a single element of the image, then it must be the case that ƒ−1(ƒ(0)) = {0} and ƒ−1(ƒ(1)) = {1}. For instance, let Ln be a lattice with n atoms a1, a2, ..., an, top and bottom elements 1 and 0, and no other elements. Then for n ≥ 3, Ln is 0,1-simple. However, for n = 2, the function ƒ that maps 0 and a1 to 0 and that maps a2 and 1 to 1 is a homomorphism, showing that L2 is not 0,1-simple. ==External links== * Category:Lattice theory
thumb|right|Poster thumb|right|Cover of the Catalog The Last Futurist Exhibition of Paintings 0,10 (pronounced "zero-ten") was an exhibition presented by the Dobychina Art Bureau at Marsovo Pole, Petrograd, from 19 December 1915 to 17 January 1916. The exhibition was important in inaugurating a form of non-objective art called Suprematism, introducing a daring visual vernacular composed of geometric forms of varying colour, and in signifying the end of Russia's previous leading art movement, Cubo-Futurism, hence the exhibition's full name. The sort of geometric abstraction relating to Suprematism was distinct in the apparent kinetic motion and angular shapes of its elements. ==Origin of the name== The mysterious number 0,10 refers to a figure of thought: Zero, either because it was expected that after the destruction of the old world, the year zero could begin again, or because the artists exhibiting wanted to find the core of painting, and ten, because ten artists were originally scheduled to participate. In fact, there were fourteen artists who participated in the exhibition. The non-numerical part of the exhibition's name - "Last Exhibition of Futurist Paintings" - was coined by the display's main organiser, Ivan Puni. ==Background== The first all-Futurist exhibition in Russia, "Tramway V", which was organised by Puni, opened in March that year. Vladimir Tatlin was the main focus of the exhibition, and the display was met with hostility that ultimately led to a succés de scandale. The public response to this previous exhibition would eventually lead Puni to bring together one last exhibition, the 0,10 Exhibition. Throughout that year, Kazimir Malevich was busily writing and painting about his new art movement inspired by Cubo-Futurism, Suprematism. ==Event== The exhibition itself opened on 19 December 1915, and closed on 17 January 1916. Malevich now felt ready to officially announce Suprematism, and thus thirty-nine pieces of his work were on display. Because Malevich and Tatlin were, due to an argument, rivals by the time the exhibition began, some of the artists decided to take sides. Thanks to Malevich's room planning which even Puni was unaware of, the artists who supported Malevich became the victors. In total, 155 works were shown. Highlights of the exhibition were Malevich's Black Square, Tatlin's Corner Counter Reliefs, and Olga Rozanova's Metronome. Black Square was seen by some visitors as being especially scandalous, because it was placed in the top corner of the room, a location where Russian Orthodox households place their icons. Corner Counter Reliefs were a series of abstract sculptures. Metronome was one of Rozanova's works during the middle stages in her career; the clock can be interpreted as combining moments with the infinite. Several related publications, for example the catalogue and Malevich's From Cubism to Suprematism, accompanied the exhibition. The poster was designed by Puni. ==Impact and legacy== Though only a single photograph of Malevich's exhibition space survives, the exhibition is credited as introducing a groundbreaking new era in avant-garde art. Malevich and several other artists would go on to paint in the Suprematist style, while Tatlin would become a Constructivist, and later become famous for his eponymous Tower. ==Artists== The following artists eventually exhibited: * Kazimir MalevichHonour, H. and Fleming, J. (2009) A World History of Art. 7th edn. London: Laurence King Publishing, p. 794. * Vladimir Tatlin * Ivan Puni * Liubov Popova * Ivan Kliun * Ksenia Boguslavskaya * Olga Rozanova * Nadezhda Udaltsova * Nathan Altman * Vasily Kamensky * Vera Pestel * Maria Ivanovna Vasilieva * Anna Mikhailovna Kirillova * Mikhail Menkov == See also == *Suprematism *Russian avant-garde *Vkhutemas ==Notes== ==References and sources== ;References ;Sources *Malevich: Journey to Infinity, 2008. Author: Gerry Souter, 255 pages in English language, publisher: Parkstone International, *Farewell to an Idea: Episodes from a History of Modernism, 2001. Author: T.J. Clark, 451 pages, Publisher: Yale University Press, == External links == *Museum of Modern Art, Art Terms; Suprematism. Category:Art exhibitions in Russia Category:Suprematism (art movement)
0-0-1-3 is an alcohol abuse prevention program developed in 2004 at Francis E. Warren Air Force Base based on research by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism regarding binge drinking in college students. This program was a command-led collaboration between unit leaders, base agencies, and base personnel that utilized a three-tiered approach: (1) identify and assist high risk drinkers; (2) Develop a base culture, supportive of safe and responsible behaviors, including recreational options; and (3) Partnering with the broader community to promote alcohol prevention. == Explanation of the name == right|thumb|A Midshipman is subjected to a random breathalyzer test 0-0-1-3 stands for: *0 underage drinking offenses *0 drinking and driving incidents (DUI's) *1 drink per hour *3 drinks per evening The first two numbers reflect the law. One drink per hour is approximately the amount the body can metabolize. Three drinks per night was selected as a target below the amounts recognized by NIAAA as binge drinking (4 drinks for women, 5 drinks per men). In both national research and at FE Warren rates of injuries, assaults, criminal behavior and other problems increase dramatically with binge drinking. ==Three tier approach== The first tier included screening of all personnel for binge drinking utilizing a measure such as the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Persons identified as possibly at risk were offered an alcohol screening consultation with the Alcohol and Drug Abuse Prevention and Treatment (ADAPT) program. Consistent with Air Force policy all active duty members who had alcohol-related misconduct incidents were also referred for evaluation. Based on evaluation results individuals were provided educational and motivational enhancement interventions, or if found to have a substance use disorder, entered into a treatment program. The second tier included a primary prevention-level education of all personnel regarding low- risk alcohol use, hazards of binge drinking and illness, a social norming media campaign targeted and pilot-tested for both young adult and older adult groups, development and promotion of alternative recreational options, and use of disciplinary and legal consequences, among other actions. This included development of the name 0-0-1-3 as both a slogan and a guideline for low risk alcohol use. Personnel from the age range at highest risk for binge drinking, 18-25, were involved in development and execution of these actions. thumb|Phase-1 info 0013explain thumb|(BLUE) Puke thumb|(ORANGE) Pregnancy The third tier included partnering with the Wyoming Governor's Council on Impaired Driving and the Advisory Council for the Enforcing Underage Drinking Laws Program, as well as local law enforcement, the Chamber of Commerce, and others to promote responsibility and safety regarding alcohol beverage sales, service, and use. ==Initial results== Metrics collected in 2005 showed a "74% decrease in alcohol-related incidents such as driving violations, public drunkenness, domestic violence, sexual assault, thefts, and other infractions. The base also reported 81% fewer cases of underage drinking and 45% fewer drunken-driving arrests." Multiple other military bases adopted elements of the program including a grant-funded trials at five bases. The program served as the model for the Air Force's Culture of Responsible Choices (CoRC) program. A 0-0-1-3 program was also implemented by the senior administration of the United States Naval Academy in response to a string of alcohol-related incidents that generated a large amount of negative publicity during the 2005-2006 school year. Its primary aim there is to "promote responsible alcohol use" within the brigade of midshipmen. Although most health professionals recommend limiting alcohol consumption to 2-4 drinks per day for men, the three drink cap has contributed the most to its massive unpopularity among the brigade, as it is designed to ensure that no midshipman is able to achieve a blood alcohol content (BAC) level above the Maryland legal driving limit of 0.08 (even when not driving or operating machinery). == Enforcement == While the senior leadership at the Naval Academy insists that 0-0-1-3 is only a guideline for responsible alcohol use, its enforcement involves mandatory, random breathalyzer tests for all midshipmen regardless of age or rank. Those found in "violation" of 0-0-1-3 (evidenced by having a BAC above 0.08) are placed on record as having alcohol abuse issues, and repeat offenders are subject to severe administrative infractions, up to and including expulsion. In contrast, neither the U.S. Military Academy (West Point) nor the U.S. Air Force Academy conducts random breathalyzers or punishes students simply for blowing above a particular BAC when not driving a motor vehicle. == See also == * Alcohol advertising on college campuses * Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States == References == == Further reading == * * * * == External links == *Links about 0-0-1-3 on the United States Air Force CoRC resource website (archived versions) Category:Alcohol abuse in the United States Category:United States Naval Academy Category:Alcohol in the United States Category:Alcohol and the military
0–10 V is one of the first and simplest electronic lighting control signaling systems, used as an early fluorescent dimming system. Simply put, the control signal is a DC voltage that varies between zero and ten volts. Two standards are recognized: current sourcing and current sinking. == Current Sourcing == Typically used in commercial and theatrical dimming, the controller sends volts to the device. The controlled lighting should scale its output so that at 10 V, the controlled light should be at 100% of its potential output, and at 0 V it should at 0% output (i.e., off). Dimming devices may be designed to respond in various patterns to the intermediate voltages, giving output curves that are linear for: voltage output, actual light output, power output, or perceived light output. Receivers have a nominal input impedance of 100±20 kΩ (i.e., maximum 1.0±0.2 mW at 10 V) thumb|0-10V dimmer In production lighting this system was replaced by analog multiplexed systems such as D54 and AMX192, which themselves have been almost completely replaced by DMX512. For dimmable fluorescent lamps (where it operates instead at 1–10 V, where 1 V is minimum and 0 V is off), the system is being replaced by DSI, which itself is in the process of being replaced by DALI. However, 0–10 V control again gained popularity in the 2010's. It is common in LED flat panel fixtures. == Current Sinking == Typically utilized in architectural lighting, a current sinking control scheme uses ballast or driver provided 10 V DC. The controller reduces the returned volts to the light. If the controller returns the full 10 V, the light will be at its brightest level. The light will be at minimum level if no volts are returned. The current sinking scheme creates a fail safe situation. Should a control wire be cut or the controller fail, the lights will illuminate. Commonly, the 10 V control voltage is supplied through a resistor. Control is achieved (and current is sunk) by connecting a variable resistor between the control voltage terminal and ground. The two resistors form a voltage divider to produce a control voltage Vc = Vs * (Rc / (Rc + Rs)) where Vc is the returned control voltage, Vs is the source voltage, Rc is the variable control resistance, and Rs is the source resistance. Vs may be greater than 10 V so that a maximum intended value of Rc produces a 10 V maximum control voltage. Rc must be adjusted to a value of 0 ohms (a direct short) to return a 0 V control voltage. As a practical matter, many 0-10 V dimming control inputs can be operated by replacing the variable control resistor with an electronic switch. When the switch is on, the control voltage is near 0 and the light is fully dim. When the switch is off, the control voltage is maximum and the light is fully bright. The switch is controlled by a PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) signal, which alternately turns the switch on and off at a rapid rate. The relative proportion of off time vs. on time determines brightness. For example, if the switch is off 10% of the time, the resulting control signal would be the equivalent of 1 V produced with a variable resistor. The PWM method does not require selection of accurate resistance values. It can be applied simultaneously to control signals of multiple lights by connecting their control inputs in parallel. As of the early 2020's, a significant percentage of 0–10 V dimmable LED flat panels do not respond rapidly to control signal changes or even follow the average control signal value. A pulse width modulated control signal, as described above, does not work well with such fixtures. Dimming fluorescent ballasts and dimming LED drivers often use 0–10 V control signals to control dimming functions. In many cases, the dimming range of the power supply or ballast is limited. If the light output can only be dimmed from 100% down to 10%, there must be a switch or relay available to kill power to the system and turn the light completely off. Some 0–10 V controllers offer a built-in line voltage relay, others require an external line voltage relay. Some 0-10 V controllers, usually called 0-10 V Blink'n'Dim adapters, create a 0-10 V control signal in response to short blink signals from the power switch. Depending on the application, these options should be considered. == Advantages and disadvantages == The simplicity of the lighting system makes it straightforward to understand, implement and diagnose, and its low current (typically 1 mA) means it can be run along relatively thin cables with little voltage drop. However, since it requires one wire per control channel (plus a common return wire), a sophisticated system could have hundreds of wires, requiring expensive multicore cables and connectors. Over a long cable, the voltage drop requires every channel of the receiving device to be calibrated to compensate for the voltage losses. (This is only a theoretical limitation as the resistance of the thinnest practical wire is around 20 Ω/1000 m.) Capacitive coupling from nearby AC power cables can affect the signal to the fitting and even cause flickering. Signal wire running parallel to power cables for a fair distance would need to be screened. This is particularly difficult when control wires must be run inside closed and previously wired walls. When using this system, one must take into consideration the actual application, since controlling office lights is not the same as controlling theatrical lighting. 0–10 V lighting control is widely used in commercial and industrial lighting by ballast manufacturers such as GE, Philips, Universal, Metrolight, Sylvania, Creative Lighting, and Lumascape.Mark 7 0-10V - Products - Philips Lighting ElectronicsMetrolight Electronic BallastsCreative Lighting There are distributed control approaches on the market today that can be installed inside or very near the fixture(s) to be controlled thus eliminating the wire runs and the voltage drop. ==See also== * Dimmer * Lighting control console * Lighting control system ==References== * ESTA E1.3, Entertainment Technology - Lighting Control System - 0 to 10V Analog Control Protocol, Draft 9 June 1997 (CP/97-1003r1) (summarized) * IEC Standard 60929 Annex E - AC and/or DC-supplied electronic control gear for tubular fluorescent lamps - Performance requirements (abstract) Category:Stage lighting Category:Analog communication interfaces
The 0-10,000 Fast Pairs or 10K Fast Pairs is held at the Fall American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) North American Bridge Championship (NABC). The 10K Fast Pairs is a four-session matchpoint pairs event with two qualifying sessions and two final sessions; tables are permitted 11 minutes to finish their two-board rounds, rather than the standard 15 minutes. The event is restricted to players with fewer than 10,000 masterpoints. ==History== The inaugural 10K Fast Pairs was held in 2015 at the Fall NABC in Denver, Colorado. ==Winners== Year Winners Runners-up 2015 Vladislav Isporski, James Melville David MacRae, Christina van Leeuwen 2016 Mary Jane Gladfelter, Michael Gladfelter Rob Gordon, Dori Cohen 2017 Daniel Miles, Justyna Zmuda Joan Brody, Radu Nistor 2018 Hiroaki Miura, Keiko Miwa Joshua Donn, Peter Gelfand 2019 David Rodney, Rusty Krauss Li Yiting, Laura Dekkers 2020 Not held due to COVID-19 Not held due to COVID-19 2021 Bryan Delfs, Marc Sylvester Greg Resz, Jeff McKee 2022 Mike Develin, Eric Mayefsky Rick Clelland, Ying Zhang ==Sources== * *"ACBL Live" acbl.org. ACBL. Retrieved 1 August 2019. *"NABC Winners" acbl.org. ACBL. Retrieved 13 November 2020 ==References== ==External links== *ACBL official website Category:North American Bridge Championships
The 0-10,000 NABC Pairs or 10K NABC Pairs is held at the Summer American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) North American Bridge Championship (NABC). The 10K NABC Pairs is a four-session matchpoint pairs event with two qualifying sessions and two final sessions. The event is restricted to players with fewer than 10,000 masterpoints. ==History== The inaugural 10K NABC Pairs was held in 2014 at the Summer NABC in Las Vegas, Nevada. ==Winners== Year Winners Runners-up 2014 John Jones, Mark Bartusek John Hoffman, Leila Sink 2015 Frank Treiber III, Diane Travis Edward Piken, Viktor Anikovich 2016 David Rodney, Rusty Krauss Mohsin Chandna, Jay Kelkar 2017 Michael Lipkin, David Gurvich Pierre Daigneault, Francine Cimon 2018 Phil Clayton, Andrew Gumperz Edward Piken,Steve Cohen 2019 Robert Kuhnreich, Elliot Sternlicht Stephen Donahue, David Joyce ==References== ==Sources== * *"ACBL Live" acbl.org. ACBL. Retrieved 1 August 2019. *"NABC Winners" acbl.org. ACBL. Retrieved 1 August 2019 ==External links== *ACBL official website Category:North American Bridge Championships
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, represents the wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, ten powered and coupled driving wheels on five axles and no trailing wheels. In the United Kingdom, this type is known as a Decapod, a name which is applied to types in the United States. In the United States, the type is known as ten-coupled. ==Overview== The lack of leading and trailing wheels makes this wheel arrangement unstable at speed, and it is a type usually confined to fairly low-speed work, such as switching (shunting), transfer runs, slow-speed drag freight, or running over mountainous terrain. The Russian E class was the most numerous single class of locomotive in the world, with around 11,000 manufactured. ==Usage== ===Austria=== thumb|A Gölsdorf 0-10-0 at work in Slovenia, Bled Jezero station, 1971 In 1899, Karl Gölsdorf introduced his famous 180.00 class for the Austrian State Railway, an 0-10-0 for mountain regions which had a remarkably low axle load. It employed the Gölsdorf axle system and had the drive, unusually, on the fourth axle. The class existed both as simple expansion and as two-cylinder compound engines, and they later worked in Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Romania and France. ===Canada=== Three 0-10-0 locomotives were owned by the Canadian Pacific Railway. ===China=== Sixteen narrow gauge 0-10-0 locomotives, built by Baldwin Locomotive Works from 1924 to 1929, remained operational on the Yunnan-Kopei Railway until 1990. ===Finland=== The VR Class Vr3 0-10-0T was numbered in the range from 752 to 756 and nicknamed Rooster. The first locomotive was ordered in 1924 from Hanomag in Germany. No. 755 is stored at the Finnish Railway Museum. ===Germany=== The 0-10-0 type proved popular in Germany. Several types of freight tender locomotives of this arrangement were built between approximately 1905 and 1915, after which the wheel arrangement was abandoned in favor of the 2-10-0. Subsequent German locomotives of this type were tank locomotives, including classes BR82, BR87, BR940, BR941, BR942-4, BR945-17, BR9419-21 and BR975. ===Indonesia=== The Staatspoorwegen ter Sumatara's Westkust (SSS) built a railway line on the west coast of Sumatra from 1887 until 1896. This railway used to haul products from Ombilin coal mines to the port of Teluk Bayur in Padang. Severe terrain with 8% grades required a locomotive with great power. The E10 was a rack tank steam locomotive employed in West Sumatra, of which 22 were built from 1921 to 1928 by Esslingen in Germany and SLM (Schweizerische Lokomotiv-und Maschinenfabrik) in Switzerland. The E10 has four cylinders, with two cylinders dedicated to drive the rack gears. The class E10 eventually consisted of 39 locomotives, of which the last seven engines were built in 1967 by Nippon Sharyo, the last steam locomotives to be built by that firm. The class was used in regular service until the mid-1980s.Kautzor, 2010 Continental Ry. Jrnl. #163 ===Japan=== thumb|Former JNR class 4110 0-10-0 preserved in Hokkaido, Japan, 2005 Four 4100 class 0-10-0T locomotives, numbered from 4100 to 4103 and built by Krauss-Maffei in Germany, were imported to Japan in 1912. Based on this design, a total of 39 4110 Class 0-10-0T locomotives, numbered from 4110 to 4148, were built in Japan in 1914 and 1917. The last members of the class were withdrawn from service on JNR in 1950, but some were sold to private freight railways and remained in service as late as 1971. Four of the locomotives were sent to the Korean Peninsula in 1938, but their subsequent fate is unknown. ===Russia=== The 0-10-0 type was the principal standard freight locomotive in Russia and was manufactured in very large numbers. The E class (Cyrillic Э, not to be confused with Е-class), freight locomotive was made up of several sub-classes, all developed from the same original basic machine. The sub-classes included E, Em, , Esh, Eu, and Er. A number of both the Em and class received condensing tenders for working in areas where water supplies were scarce. These were designated Emk and Egk class respectively. However, these locomotives were experimental and the condensing tender was mainly used on the 2-10-0 SO19-series locomotive. The E class was the most numerous single class of locomotive in the world, with around 11,000 manufactured in Russia and other countries such as Czechoslovakia, Germany, Sweden, Hungary and Poland. This class even far outnumbered the German DRB Class 52 2-10-0 Kriegslok. The class was eventually superseded by the SO class which can be considered a further development of the E class, the L class and the FD class . Despite being superseded, it was not replaced, and the class was widely used until the end of steam in Russia. ===South West Africa=== In 1911, the Lüderitzbucht Eisenbahn (Lüderitzbucht Railway) in German South West Africa () placed six Decapod locomotives in service, built in 1910 by Henschel & Son for a French colony in Africa. The engines were rejected by French inspectors, however, and they were purchased by the German government for £2,000 each in 1911, on behalf of the Lüderitzbucht-Gesellschaft company who leased the Lüderitzbucht Eisenbahn and shared the profits with the government.Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1948). The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter VII - South African Railways (Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, January 1948. pp. 31–32.Henschel-Lieferliste (Henschel & Son works list), compiled by Dietmar Stresow. To protect the motion from wind-blown sand in the Namib Desert, it had plate shields arranged along the full length of the engine, hinged on the running board to allow access to the motion. The locomotives were placed in service on the Südbahn line from Lüderitzbucht via Seeheim to Kalkfontein, where they formed the mainstay of motive power. None of these engines survived the First World War. ===Taiwan=== A steam locomotive of this form served the sole purpose of pushing passengers up to the highest altitude station, 勝興, in Taiwan. ===Thailand=== Two Hanomag 0-10-0 steam Locomotives, numbers 401 and 402, were imported from Germany in 1913 for service in Siam and were used on standard gauge. In 1924 they were regauged to metre gauge. ===United Kingdom=== Only two 0-10-0 locomotives saw service on British railways. One was a suburban tank locomotive prototype, built by James Holden for the Great Eastern Railway in 1902 and called the Decapod. The other was a tender locomotive, No. 2290, built by the Midland Railway in 1919, specifically for use as a banker for the Lickey Incline. ===United States=== thumb|left|0-10-0 pusher locomotive of the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad, The 0-10-0 was not very popular in the United States and North America in general and probably fewer than seventy of this type were constructed. For switching work, large locomotives were preferred, and when more than four driven axles were required, the preference was for articulated locomotives such as 0-6-6-0 and 0-8-8-0 Mallet engines. On mainlines, a with the added stability of its leading truck, or a 2-10-2 or 2-10-4 with room for larger fireboxes, were preferred. The first 0-10-0 in the United States was built to provide service on Madison Hill which, at 5.89%, has the steepest standard gauge grade in the country. It was a tank locomotive, designed in 1868 by Reuben Wells for the Jeffersonville, Madison and Indianapolis Railroad and named for its designer. The Reuben Wells is on display at the Children's Museum of Indianapolis. It is long and weighs 55 tons. Later 0-10-0 versions were delivered in 1891 to the St. Clair Tunnel Company to haul trains between Sarnia, Ontario and Port Huron, Michigan. The next were a series of 21 locomotives for New York Central Railroad and its subsidiaries for hump yard work. Others included seven owned by Illinois Central Railroad, fifteen by Chesapeake and Ohio Railway, two by Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and four, the heaviest built, for Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway. ==References== 10,0-10-0
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-10-2 represents the wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, ten powered and coupled driving wheels on five axles, and two trailing wheels on one axle (usually in a trailing truck). Other equivalent classifications are: UIC classification: E1 (also known as German classification and Italian classification) French classification: 051 Turkish classification: 56 Swiss classification: 5/6 == United States == In the US, this type is known as the Union after the only US railroad to have new locomotives built in this arrangement. These were ten 0-10-2s built for the Union Railroad in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area. They were used as heavy duty transfer locomotives rather than switchers. In Greenville, Pennsylvania, one is on static display lettered for the Duluth Missabe and Iron Range Railway #604 (Upon dieselization, the Union RR sold all of theirs to the DM&IR;) . The Chicago & North Western Railway converted two 2-10-2 locomotives formerly owned by subsidiary Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha into 0-10-2 locomotives in 1944. They were classified J-1 both before and after conversion. One was scrapped in 1950 and the other in 1953. == Europe == In Germany, a number of narrow gauge tank locomotives were built with an 0-10-2 configuration. All used some form of articulated drive that allowed the outer driving axles to move sideways or radially to negotiate curves. An example was a group of locomotives built for the narrow gauge lines of Bosnia that utilised the Klose System for an articulated drive. ==External links== * Klose system locomotives, including an 0-10-2 . * Trains.com article mentioning the Union Railroad 0-10-2s . * Info sheet on the surviving Union Railroad 0-10-2. ==References== 10,0-10-2
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-12-0 represents the wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, twelve powered and coupled driving wheels on six axles, and no trailing wheels. ==Equivalent classifications== Other equivalent classifications are: *UIC classification: F (also known as German classification and Italian classification) *French classification: 060 *Turkish classification: 66 *Swiss classification: 6/6 ==Tender engine== The first example of the 0-12-0 was the Pennsylvania, designed by Jame Milholland for the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad and built at its own shops in 1863. It weighed fifty tons and was, at the time, the heaviest steam locomotive in the world. It was intended to haul Pennsylvania coal trains. ==Tank engines== There were only two classes of 0-12-0T locomotives: The first was a class of three rack locomotives built by Lokomotivfabrik Floridsdorf in 1912 for use on the Erzberg Railway (Erzbergbahn) in Austria. Initially classified as class 269 by the kkStB, they passed to the BBÖ after World War I, the Deutsche Reichsbahn in 1939, and finally the ÖBB after World War II. They all stayed in service until the 1970s. The only others of the type, was a class of ten 0-12-0T locomotives built by Hanomag in 1922 for the Bulgarian State Railways (BDŽ). They were initially numbered 4001–4010, but were renumbered 45.01 to 45.10 in 1935–1936. They were built as two-cylinder compound locomotives, with a boiler feeding a high-pressure cylinder discharging to a , both of which were connected to the driving wheels. The locomotives weighed . ==References== * * * 12,0-12-0 Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1863
An 0-2-2, in the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, is one that has two coupled driving wheels followed by two trailing wheels, with no leading wheels. The configuration was briefly built by Robert Stephenson and Company for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. ==Equivalent classifications== Other equivalent classifications are: *UIC classification: A1 (also known as German classification and Italian classification) *French classification: 011 *Turkish classification: 12 *Swiss classification: 1/2 == Liverpool & Manchester Railway == === Rocket === The 0-2-2 or Northumbrian wheel arrangement was first used for Stephenson's Rocket, their entry for the Rainhill Trials of 1829, a competition to choose a locomotive design for the new Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Stephenson recognised that the rules of the competition favoured a fast, light locomotive of only moderate hauling power. Although George Stephenson's previous designs had been heavy four-coupled freight locomotives, Rocket was almost entirely new. Stephenson was an advocate of the adhesion railway, against the fashion of the time, and believed that the light loads for Rainhill would even allow just a single driving axle. This allowed the simplification of not requiring either a chain drive between the axles or Stephenson's invention of the external coupling rods. Achieving adequate traction required more of Rocket's weight to be over the driving axle than the carrying axle. The heavy boiler was placed forwards, with the axle beneath it, giving a 0-2-2 layout rather than 2-2-0. The cylinders were set at a steep angle, as used the year before for Lancashire Witch, rather than the typical vertical cylinders of this period. The cylinders were thus over the firebox and both driver and fireman shared a footplate at the same, rear, end of the engine. Previously they had often been separated to their own ends of the engine. === Novelty === Ericsson and Braithwaite's entry for the Trials, their Novelty, was an 0-2-2 well tank locomotive. Both the driving wheels and trailing wheels were the same size, and there may also have been the facility to fit a coupling chain drive to give better adhesion "when needed". Novelty has also been described as a 2-2-0WT design, as there is no clear "front" or "rear" to this design. === Northumbrian === Rocket was the only locomotive to complete the trials successfully and Stephenson became the supplier of locomotives to the L&MR.; The 0-2-2 arrangement was subsequently used by Robert Stephenson and Company on eight locomotives supplied to the Liverpool and Manchester Railway after 1829:, Meteor, Comet, Dart, Arrow, Phoenix, North Star, Northumbrian, and Majestic. Like the rebuilt Rocket, these had their cylinders set low in a near-horizontal position. The Northumbrian type was superseded by the 2-2-0 Planet type. These reversed the layout, placing the cylinders inside, between the frames, and below the smokebox at the front. The inside cylinders were closer together, giving less of a rocking couple and so were less prone to yawing oscillation at speed. Placing the cylinders below the smokebox also permitted shorter steampipes and exhaust pipes to the blastpipe, giving better efficiency. Northumbrians were the last, and only, production locomotives with this wheel arrangement. After the Planets, most passenger locomotives began to use a 2-2-2 arrangement, with an additional front carrying axle to give better riding at speed. == Tank engines == thumb|left|Railmotor with 0-2-2 locomotive unit c.1905 In the early 20th Century a number of railmotors were built by various railway companies in the UK where the locomotive section had an 0-2-2 wheel arrangement, but they were designed to operate semi-permanently coupled to a coach unit. The LSWR C14 class used a similar layout, but reversed as a 2-2-0T. Their low adhesive weight gave them a poor performance and half of them were rebuilt as the 0-4-0T S14. ==References== Category:0-2-2 locomotives 2,0-2-2
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-2-2-0 represents the wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, four powered but uncoupled driving wheels on two axles, and no trailing wheels. Some authorities place brackets around the duplicated but uncoupled wheels, creating a notation 0-(2-2)-0. ==Usage== The only recorded usage of the arrangement was in four locomotives designed by Patrick Stirling for the Glasgow and South Western Railway in 1855. The design was not successful and the locomotives were withdrawn by 1867. The Mount Washington Cog Railway has 8 0-2-2-0's in existence and only 2 are in working order, 3 are in storage, and the rest are on display. ==References== * 0-2-2-0 Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1855
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-2-4 represents the wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, two powered driving wheels on one axle, and four trailing wheels on two axles. ==History== thumb|right|Dundee and Newtyle Railway 0-2-4 This is a most unusual wheel arrangement, with the only known examples being three locomotives supplied to the 4ft 6in Dundee and Newtyle Railway by J and C Carmichael of Dundee in 1833. These were still in operation in 1847, but may have been scrapped in 1849 when the line was converted to the standard gauge. ==References== * * 2,0-2-4