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| # Masked Language Modeling and the Distributional Hypothesis: Order Word Matters Pre-training for Little | |
| [https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.06644](https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.06644) | |
| ## Introduction | |
| In this work, we pre-train [RoBERTa](../roberta) base on various word shuffled variants of BookWiki corpus (16GB). We observe that a word shuffled pre-trained model achieves surprisingly good scores on GLUE, PAWS and several parametric probing tasks. Please read our paper for more details on the experiments. | |
| ## Pre-trained models | |
| | Model | Description | Download | | |
| | ------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | |
| | `roberta.base.orig` | RoBERTa (base) trained on natural corpus | [roberta.base.orig.tar.gz](https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/unnatural_pretraining/roberta.base.orig.tar.gz) | | |
| | `roberta.base.shuffle.n1` | RoBERTa (base) trained on n=1 gram sentence word shuffled data | [roberta.base.shuffle.n1.tar.gz](https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/unnatural_pretraining/roberta.base.shuffle.n1.tar.gz) | | |
| | `roberta.base.shuffle.n2` | RoBERTa (base) trained on n=2 gram sentence word shuffled data | [roberta.base.shuffle.n2.tar.gz](https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/unnatural_pretraining/roberta.base.shuffle.n2.tar.gz) | | |
| | `roberta.base.shuffle.n3` | RoBERTa (base) trained on n=3 gram sentence word shuffled data | [roberta.base.shuffle.n3.tar.gz](https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/unnatural_pretraining/roberta.base.shuffle.n3.tar.gz) | | |
| | `roberta.base.shuffle.n4` | RoBERTa (base) trained on n=4 gram sentence word shuffled data | [roberta.base.shuffle.n4.tar.gz](https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/unnatural_pretraining/roberta.base.shuffle.n4.tar.gz) | | |
| | `roberta.base.shuffle.512` | RoBERTa (base) trained on unigram 512 word block shuffled data | [roberta.base.shuffle.512.tar.gz](https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/unnatural_pretraining/roberta.base.shuffle.512.tar.gz) | | |
| | `roberta.base.shuffle.corpus` | RoBERTa (base) trained on unigram corpus word shuffled data | [roberta.base.shuffle.corpus.tar.gz](https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/unnatural_pretraining/roberta.base.shuffle.corpus.tar.gz) | | |
| | `roberta.base.shuffle.corpus_uniform` | RoBERTa (base) trained on unigram corpus word shuffled data, where all words are uniformly sampled | [roberta.base.shuffle.corpus_uniform.tar.gz](https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/unnatural_pretraining/roberta.base.shuffle.corpus_uniform.tar.gz) | | |
| | `roberta.base.nopos` | RoBERTa (base) without positional embeddings, trained on natural corpus | [roberta.base.nopos.tar.gz](https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/unnatural_pretraining/roberta.base.nopos.tar.gz) | | |
| ## Results | |
| [GLUE (Wang et al, 2019)](https://gluebenchmark.com/) & [PAWS (Zhang et al, 2019)](https://github.com/google-research-datasets/paws) _(dev set, single model, single-task fine-tuning, median of 5 seeds)_ | |
| | name | CoLA | MNLI | MRPC | PAWS | QNLI | QQP | RTE | SST-2 | | |
| | :----------------------------------- | ----: | ----: | ----: | ----: | ----: | ----: | ----: | ----: | | |
| | `roberta.base.orig` | 61.4 | 86.11 | 89.19 | 94.46 | 92.53 | 91.26 | 74.64 | 93.92 | | |
| | `roberta.base.shuffle.n1` | 35.15 | 82.64 | 86 | 89.97 | 89.02 | 91.01 | 69.02 | 90.47 | | |
| | `roberta.base.shuffle.n2` | 54.37 | 83.43 | 86.24 | 93.46 | 90.44 | 91.36 | 70.83 | 91.79 | | |
| | `roberta.base.shuffle.n3` | 48.72 | 83.85 | 86.36 | 94.05 | 91.69 | 91.24 | 70.65 | 92.02 | | |
| | `roberta.base.shuffle.n4` | 58.64 | 83.77 | 86.98 | 94.32 | 91.69 | 91.4 | 70.83 | 92.48 | | |
| | `roberta.base.shuffle.512` | 12.76 | 77.52 | 79.61 | 84.77 | 85.19 | 90.2 | 56.52 | 86.34 | | |
| | `roberta.base.shuffle.corpus` | 0 | 71.9 | 70.52 | 58.52 | 71.11 | 85.52 | 53.99 | 83.35 | | |
| | `roberta.base.shuffle.corpus_random` | 9.19 | 72.33 | 70.76 | 58.42 | 77.76 | 85.93 | 53.99 | 84.04 | | |
| | `roberta.base.nopos` | 0 | 63.5 | 72.73 | 57.08 | 77.72 | 87.87 | 54.35 | 83.24 | | |
| For more results on probing tasks, please refer to [our paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.06644). | |
| ## Example Usage | |
| Follow the same usage as in [RoBERTa](https://github.com/pytorch/fairseq/tree/main/examples/roberta) to load and test your models: | |
| ```python | |
| # Download roberta.base.shuffle.n1 model | |
| wget https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/unnatural_pretraining/roberta.base.shuffle.n1.tar.gz | |
| tar -xzvf roberta.base.shuffle.n1.tar.gz | |
| # Load the model in fairseq | |
| from fairseq.models.roberta import RoBERTaModel | |
| roberta = RoBERTaModel.from_pretrained('/path/to/roberta.base.shuffle.n1', checkpoint_file='model.pt') | |
| roberta.eval() # disable dropout (or leave in train mode to finetune) | |
| ``` | |
| **Note**: The model trained without positional embeddings (`roberta.base.nopos`) is a modified `RoBERTa` model, where the positional embeddings are not used. Thus, the typical `from_pretrained` method on fairseq version of RoBERTa will not be able to load the above model weights. To do so, construct a new `RoBERTaModel` object by setting the flag `use_positional_embeddings` to `False` (or [in the latest code](https://github.com/pytorch/fairseq/blob/main/fairseq/models/roberta/model.py#L543), set `no_token_positional_embeddings` to `True`), and then load the individual weights. | |
| ## Fine-tuning Evaluation | |
| We provide the trained fine-tuned models on MNLI here for each model above for quick evaluation (1 seed for each model). Please refer to [finetuning details](README.finetuning.md) for the parameters of these models. Follow [RoBERTa](https://github.com/pytorch/fairseq/tree/main/examples/roberta) instructions to evaluate these models. | |
| | Model | MNLI M Dev Accuracy | Link | | |
| | :----------------------------------------- | :------------------ | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | |
| | `roberta.base.orig.mnli` | 86.14 | [Download](https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/unnatural_pretraining/roberta.base.orig.mnli.tar.gz) | | |
| | `roberta.base.shuffle.n1.mnli` | 82.55 | [Download](https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/unnatural_pretraining/roberta.base.shuffle.n1.mnli.tar.gz) | | |
| | `roberta.base.shuffle.n2.mnli` | 83.21 | [Download](https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/unnatural_pretraining/roberta.base.shuffle.n2.mnli.tar.gz) | | |
| | `roberta.base.shuffle.n3.mnli` | 83.89 | [Download](https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/unnatural_pretraining/roberta.base.shuffle.n3.mnli.tar.gz) | | |
| | `roberta.base.shuffle.n4.mnli` | 84.00 | [Download](https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/unnatural_pretraining/roberta.base.shuffle.n4.mnli.tar.gz) | | |
| | `roberta.base.shuffle.512.mnli` | 77.22 | [Download](https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/unnatural_pretraining/roberta.base.shuffle.512.mnli.tar.gz) | | |
| | `roberta.base.shuffle.corpus.mnli` | 71.88 | [Download](https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/unnatural_pretraining/roberta.base.shuffle.corpus.mnli.tar.gz) | | |
| | `roberta.base.shuffle.corpus_uniform.mnli` | 72.46 | [Download](https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/unnatural_pretraining/roberta.base.shuffle.corpus_uniform.mnli.tar.gz) | | |
| ## Citation | |
| ```bibtex | |
| @misc{sinha2021masked, | |
| title={Masked Language Modeling and the Distributional Hypothesis: Order Word Matters Pre-training for Little}, | |
| author={Koustuv Sinha and Robin Jia and Dieuwke Hupkes and Joelle Pineau and Adina Williams and Douwe Kiela}, | |
| year={2021}, | |
| eprint={2104.06644}, | |
| archivePrefix={arXiv}, | |
| primaryClass={cs.CL} | |
| } | |
| ``` | |