metadata
license:
- apache-2.0
- bsd-3-clause
tags:
- summarization
- summary
- booksum
- long-document
- long-form
datasets:
- kmfoda/booksum
metrics:
- rouge
languages: en
widget:
- text: >-
large earthquakes along a given fault segment do not occur at random
intervals because it takes time to accumulate the strain energy for the
rupture. The rates at which tectonic plates move and accumulate strain at
their boundaries are approximately uniform. Therefore, in first
approximation, one may expect that large ruptures of the same fault
segment will occur at approximately constant time intervals. If subsequent
main shocks have different amounts of slip across the fault, then the
recurrence time may vary, and the basic idea of periodic mainshocks must
be modified. For great plate boundary ruptures the length and slip often
vary by a factor of 2. Along the southern segment of the San Andreas fault
the recurrence interval is 145 years with variations of several decades.
The smaller the standard deviation of the average recurrence interval, the
more specific could be the long term prediction of a future mainshock.
example_title: earthquakes
- text: ' A typical feed-forward neural field algorithm. Spatiotemporal coordinates are fed into a neural network that predicts values in the reconstructed domain. Then, this domain is mapped to the sensor domain where sensor measurements are available as supervision. Class and Section Problems Addressed Generalization (Section 2) Inverse problems, ill-posed problems, editability; symmetries. Hybrid Representations (Section 3) Computation & memory efficiency, representation capacity, editability: Forward Maps (Section 4) Inverse problems Network Architecture (Section 5) Spectral bias, integration & derivatives. Manipulating Neural Fields (Section 6) Edit ability, constraints, regularization. Table 2: The five classes of techniques in the neural field toolbox each addresses problems that arise in learning, inference, and control. (Section 3). We can supervise reconstruction via differentiable forward maps that transform Or project our domain (e.g, 3D reconstruction via 2D images; Section 4) With appropriate network architecture choices, we can overcome neural network spectral biases (blurriness) and efficiently compute derivatives and integrals (Section 5). Finally, we can manipulate neural fields to add constraints and regularizations, and to achieve editable representations (Section 6). Collectively, these classes constitute a ''toolbox'' of techniques to help solve problems with neural fields There are three components in a conditional neural field: (1) An encoder or inference function € that outputs the conditioning latent variable 2 given an observation 0 E(0) =2. 2 is typically a low-dimensional vector, and is often referred to aS a latent code Or feature code_ (2) A mapping function 4 between Z and neural field parameters O: Y(z) = O; (3) The neural field itself $. The encoder € finds the most probable z given the observations O: argmaxz P(2/0). The decoder maximizes the inverse conditional probability to find the most probable 0 given Z: arg- max P(Olz). We discuss different encoding schemes with different optimality guarantees (Section 2.1.1), both global and local conditioning (Section 2.1.2), and different mapping functions Y (Section 2.1.3) 2. Generalization Suppose we wish to estimate a plausible 3D surface shape given a partial or noisy point cloud. We need a suitable prior over the sur- face in its reconstruction domain to generalize to the partial observations. A neural network expresses a prior via the function space of its architecture and parameters 0, and generalization is influenced by the inductive bias of this function space (Section 5).'
example_title: scientific paper
- text: >-
Is a else or outside the cob and tree written being of early client rope
and you have is for good reasons. On to the ocean in Orange for time. By's
the aggregate we can bed it yet. Why this please pick up on a sort is do
and also M Getoi's nerocos and do rain become you to let so is his brother
is made in use and Mjulia's's the lay major is aging Masastup coin present
sea only of Oosii rooms set to you We do er do we easy this private
oliiishs lonthen might be okay. Good afternoon everybody. Welcome to this
lecture of Computational Statistics. As you can see, I'm not socially my
name is Michael Zelinger. I'm one of the task for this class and you might
have already seen me in the first lecture where I made a quick appearance.
I'm also going to give the tortillas in the last third of this course. So
to give you a little bit about me, I'm a old student here with better
Bulman and my research centres on casual inference applied to biomedical
disasters, so that could be genomics or that could be hospital data. If
any of you is interested in writing a bachelor thesis, a semester paper
may be mastathesis about this topic feel for reach out to me. you have my
name on models and my email address you can find in the directory I'd Be
very happy to talk about it. you do not need to be sure about it, we can
just have a chat. So with that said, let's get on with the lecture.
There's an exciting topic today I'm going to start by sharing some slides
with you and later on during the lecture we'll move to the paper. So bear
with me for a few seconds. Well, the projector is starting up. Okay, so
let's get started. Today's topic is a very important one. It's about a
technique which really forms one of the fundamentals of data science,
machine learning, and any sort of modern statistics. It's called cross
validation. I know you really want to understand this topic I Want you to
understand this and frankly, nobody's gonna leave Professor Mineshousen's
class without understanding cross validation. So to set the stage for
this, I Want to introduce you to the validation problem in computational
statistics. So the problem is the following: You trained a model on
available data. You fitted your model, but you know the training data you
got could always have been different and some data from the environment.
Maybe it's a random process. You do not really know what it is, but you
know that somebody else who gets a different batch of data from the same
environment they would get slightly different training data and you do not
care that your method performs as well. On this training data. you want to
to perform well on other data that you have not seen other data from the
same environment. So in other words, the validation problem is you want to
quantify the performance of your model on data that you have not seen. So
how is this even possible? How could you possibly measure the performance
on data that you do not know The solution to? This is the following
realization is that given that you have a bunch of data, you were in
charge. You get to control how much that your model sees. It works in the
following way: You can hide data firms model. Let's say you have a
training data set which is a bunch of doubtless so X eyes are the features
those are typically hide and national vector. It's got more than one
dimension for sure. And the why why eyes. Those are the labels for
supervised learning. As you've seen before, it's the same set up as we
have in regression. And so you have this training data and now you choose
that you only use some of those data to fit your model. You're not going
to use everything, you only use some of it the other part you hide from
your model. And then you can use this hidden data to do validation from
the point of you of your model. This hidden data is complete by unseen. In
other words, we solve our problem of validation.
example_title: transcribed audio - lecture
- text: >-
Transformer-based models have shown to be very useful for many NLP tasks.
However, a major limitation of transformers-based models is its O(n^2)O(n
2) time & memory complexity (where nn is sequence length). Hence, it's
computationally very expensive to apply transformer-based models on long
sequences n > 512n>512. Several recent papers, e.g. Longformer, Performer,
Reformer, Clustered attention try to remedy this problem by approximating
the full attention matrix. You can checkout 🤗's recent blog post in case
you are unfamiliar with these models.
BigBird (introduced in paper) is one of such recent models to address this
issue. BigBird relies on block sparse attention instead of normal
attention (i.e. BERT's attention) and can handle sequences up to a length
of 4096 at a much lower computational cost compared to BERT. It has
achieved SOTA on various tasks involving very long sequences such as long
documents summarization, question-answering with long contexts.
BigBird RoBERTa-like model is now available in 🤗Transformers. The goal of
this post is to give the reader an in-depth understanding of big bird
implementation & ease one's life in using BigBird with 🤗Transformers.
But, before going into more depth, it is important to remember that the
BigBird's attention is an approximation of BERT's full attention and
therefore does not strive to be better than BERT's full attention, but
rather to be more efficient. It simply allows to apply transformer-based
models to much longer sequences since BERT's quadratic memory requirement
quickly becomes unbearable. Simply put, if we would have ∞ compute & ∞
time, BERT's attention would be preferred over block sparse attention
(which we are going to discuss in this post).
If you wonder why we need more compute when working with longer sequences,
this blog post is just right for you!
Some of the main questions one might have when working with standard
BERT-like attention include:
Do all tokens really have to attend to all other tokens? Why not compute
attention only over important tokens? How to decide what tokens are
important? How to attend to just a few tokens in a very efficient way? In
this blog post, we will try to answer those questions.
What tokens should be attended to? We will give a practical example of how
attention works by considering the sentence 'BigBird is now available in
HuggingFace for extractive question answering'. In BERT-like attention,
every word would simply attend to all other tokens.
Let's think about a sensible choice of key tokens that a queried token
actually only should attend to by writing some pseudo-code. Will will
assume that the token available is queried and build a sensible list of
key tokens to attend to.
>>> # let's consider following sentence as an example >>> example =
['BigBird', 'is', 'now', 'available', 'in', 'HuggingFace', 'for',
'extractive', 'question', 'answering']
>>> # further let's assume, we're trying to understand the representation
of 'available' i.e. >>> query_token = 'available' >>> # We will initialize
an empty `set` and fill up the tokens of our interest as we proceed in
this section. >>> key_tokens = [] # => currently 'available' token doesn't
have anything to attend Nearby tokens should be important because, in a
sentence (sequence of words), the current word is highly dependent on
neighboring past & future tokens. This intuition is the idea behind the
concept of sliding attention.
example_title: bigbird blog intro
- text: >-
To be fair, you have to have a very high IQ to understand Rick and Morty.
The humour is extremely subtle, and without a solid grasp of theoretical
physics most of the jokes will go over a typical viewer's head. There's
also Rick's nihilistic outlook, which is deftly woven into his
characterisation- his personal philosophy draws heavily from Narodnaya
Volya literature, for instance. The fans understand this stuff; they have
the intellectual capacity to truly appreciate the depths of these jokes,
to realise that they're not just funny- they say something deep about
LIFE. As a consequence people who dislike Rick & Morty truly ARE idiots-
of course they wouldn't appreciate, for instance, the humour in Rick's
existential catchphrase 'Wubba Lubba Dub Dub,' which itself is a cryptic
reference to Turgenev's Russian epic Fathers and Sons. I'm smirking right
now just imagining one of those addlepated simpletons scratching their
heads in confusion as Dan Harmon's genius wit unfolds itself on their
television screens. What fools.. how I pity them. 😂
And yes, by the way, i DO have a Rick & Morty tattoo. And no, you cannot
see it. It's for the ladies' eyes only- and even then they have to
demonstrate that they're within 5 IQ points of my own (preferably lower)
beforehand. Nothin personnel kid 😎
example_title: Richard & Mortimer
parameters:
max_length: 48
min_length: 2
no_repeat_ngram_size: 3
encoder_no_repeat_ngram_size: 3
early_stopping: true
length_penalty: 0.1
num_beams: 2
base_model: google/pegasus-x-large
model-index:
- name: pszemraj/pegasus-x-large-book-summary
results:
- task:
type: summarization
name: Summarization
dataset:
name: samsum
type: samsum
config: samsum
split: test
metrics:
- type: rouge
value: 33.1401
name: ROUGE-1
verified: true
verifyToken: >-
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value: 9.3095
name: ROUGE-2
verified: true
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- type: rouge
value: 24.8552
name: ROUGE-L
verified: true
verifyToken: >-
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- type: rouge
value: 29.0391
name: ROUGE-LSUM
verified: true
verifyToken: >-
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- type: loss
value: 2.288182497024536
name: loss
verified: true
verifyToken: >-
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- type: gen_len
value: 45.2173
name: gen_len
verified: true
verifyToken: >-
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- task:
type: summarization
name: Summarization
dataset:
name: launch/gov_report
type: launch/gov_report
config: plain_text
split: test
metrics:
- type: rouge
value: 39.7279
name: ROUGE-1
verified: true
verifyToken: >-
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- type: rouge
value: 10.8944
name: ROUGE-2
verified: true
verifyToken: >-
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- type: rouge
value: 19.7018
name: ROUGE-L
verified: true
verifyToken: >-
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- type: rouge
value: 36.5634
name: ROUGE-LSUM
verified: true
verifyToken: >-
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- type: loss
value: 2.473011016845703
name: loss
verified: true
verifyToken: >-
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- type: gen_len
value: 212.8243
name: gen_len
verified: true
verifyToken: >-
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- task:
type: summarization
name: Summarization
dataset:
name: billsum
type: billsum
config: default
split: test
metrics:
- type: rouge
value: 42.1065
name: ROUGE-1
verified: true
verifyToken: >-
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- type: rouge
value: 15.4079
name: ROUGE-2
verified: true
verifyToken: >-
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- type: rouge
value: 24.8814
name: ROUGE-L
verified: true
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- type: rouge
value: 36.0375
name: ROUGE-LSUM
verified: true
verifyToken: >-
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- type: loss
value: 1.9130958318710327
name: loss
verified: true
verifyToken: >-
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- type: gen_len
value: 179.2184
name: gen_len
verified: true
verifyToken: >-
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- task:
type: summarization
name: Summarization
dataset:
name: kmfoda/booksum
type: kmfoda/booksum
config: kmfoda--booksum
split: test
metrics:
- type: rouge
value: 35.2154
name: ROUGE-1
verified: true
verifyToken: >-
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- type: rouge
value: 6.8702
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verified: true
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- type: rouge
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- type: rouge
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- task:
type: summarization
name: Summarization
dataset:
name: big_patent
type: big_patent
config: 'y'
split: test
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pszemraj/pegasus-x-large-book-summary
Get SparkNotes-esque summaries of arbitrary text! Due to the model size, it's recommended to try it out in Colab (linked above) as the API textbox may time out.
This model is a fine-tuned version of google/pegasus-x-large on the kmfoda/booksum dataset for approx eight epochs.
Training and evaluation data
More information needed
Training procedure
Training hyperparameters
Epochs 1-4
TODO
Epochs 5 & 6
The following hyperparameters were used during training:
- learning_rate: 6e-05
- train_batch_size: 4
- eval_batch_size: 1
- seed: 42
- distributed_type: multi-GPU
- gradient_accumulation_steps: 32
- total_train_batch_size: 128
- optimizer: ADAN using lucidrains'
adan-pytorchwith default betas - lr_scheduler_type: constant_with_warmup
- data type: TF32
- num_epochs: 2
Epochs 7 & 8
- epochs 5 & 6 were trained with 12288 tokens input
- this fixes that with 2 epochs at 16384 tokens input
The following hyperparameters were used during training:
- learning_rate: 0.0004
- train_batch_size: 4
- eval_batch_size: 1
- seed: 42
- distributed_type: multi-GPU
- gradient_accumulation_steps: 16
- total_train_batch_size: 64
- optimizer: ADAN using lucidrains'
adan-pytorchwith default betas - lr_scheduler_type: cosine
- lr_scheduler_warmup_ratio: 0.03
- num_epochs: 2
Framework versions
- Transformers 4.22.0
- Pytorch 1.11.0a0+17540c5
- Datasets 2.4.0
- Tokenizers 0.12.1