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	---
	language:
	- en
	library_name: nemo
	datasets:
	- librispeech_asr
	- fisher_corpus
	- Switchboard-1
	- WSJ-0
	- WSJ-1
	- National-Singapore-Corpus-Part-1
	- National-Singapore-Corpus-Part-6
	- vctk
	- VoxPopuli-(EN)
	- Europarl-ASR-(EN)
	- Multilingual-LibriSpeech-(2000-hours)
	- mozilla-foundation/common_voice_7_0
	thumbnail: null
	tags:
	- automatic-speech-recognition
	- speech
	- audio
	- CTC
	- Conformer
	- Transformer
	- pytorch
	- NeMo
	- hf-asr-leaderboard
	- Riva
	license: cc-by-4.0
	widget:
	- example_title: Librispeech sample 1
	src: https://cdn-media.huggingface.co/speech_samples/sample1.flac
	- example_title: Librispeech sample 2
	src: https://cdn-media.huggingface.co/speech_samples/sample2.flac
	model-index:
	- name: stt_en_conformer_ctc_large
	results:
	- task:
	name: Automatic Speech Recognition
	type: automatic-speech-recognition
	dataset:
	name: LibriSpeech (clean)
	type: librispeech_asr
	config: clean
	split: test
	args:
	language: en
	metrics:
	- name: Test WER
	type: wer
	value: 2.2
	- task:
	type: Automatic Speech Recognition
	name: automatic-speech-recognition
	dataset:
	name: LibriSpeech (other)
	type: librispeech_asr
	config: other
	split: test
	args:
	language: en
	metrics:
	- name: Test WER
	type: wer
	value: 4.3
	- task:
	type: Automatic Speech Recognition
	name: automatic-speech-recognition
	dataset:
	name: Multilingual LibriSpeech
	type: facebook/multilingual_librispeech
	config: english
	split: test
	args:
	language: en
	metrics:
	- name: Test WER
	type: wer
	value: 7.2
	- task:
	type: Automatic Speech Recognition
	name: automatic-speech-recognition
	dataset:
	name: Mozilla Common Voice 7.0
	type: mozilla-foundation/common_voice_7_0
	config: en
	split: test
	args:
	language: en
	metrics:
	- name: Test WER
	type: wer
	value: 8.0
	- task:
	type: Automatic Speech Recognition
	name: automatic-speech-recognition
	dataset:
	name: Mozilla Common Voice 8.0
	type: mozilla-foundation/common_voice_8_0
	config: en
	split: test
	args:
	language: en
	metrics:
	- name: Test WER
	type: wer
	value: 9.48
	- task:
	type: Automatic Speech Recognition
	name: automatic-speech-recognition
	dataset:
	name: Wall Street Journal 92
	type: wsj_0
	args:
	language: en
	metrics:
	- name: Test WER
	type: wer
	value: 2.0
	- task:
	type: Automatic Speech Recognition
	name: automatic-speech-recognition
	dataset:
	name: Wall Street Journal 93
	type: wsj_1
	args:
	language: en
	metrics:
	- name: Test WER
	type: wer
	value: 2.9
	- task:
	type: Automatic Speech Recognition
	name: automatic-speech-recognition
	dataset:
	name: National Singapore Corpus
	type: nsc_part_1
	args:
	language: en
	metrics:
	- name: Test WER
	type: wer
	value: 7.0
	---

	# NVIDIA Conformer-CTC Large (en-US)

	<style>
	img {
	display: inline;
	}
	</style>

	\| [![Model architecture](https://img.shields.io/badge/Model_Arch-Conformer--CTC-lightgrey#model-badge)](#model-architecture)
	\| [![Model size](https://img.shields.io/badge/Params-120M-lightgrey#model-badge)](#model-architecture)
	\| [![Language](https://img.shields.io/badge/Language-en--US-lightgrey#model-badge)](#datasets)
	\| [![Riva Compatible](https://img.shields.io/badge/NVIDIA%20Riva-compatible-brightgreen#model-badge)](#deployment-with-nvidia-riva) \|


	This model transcribes speech in lowercase English alphabet including spaces and apostrophes, and is trained on several thousand hours of English speech data.
	It is a non-autoregressive "large" variant of Conformer, with around 120 million parameters.
	See the [model architecture](#model-architecture) section and [NeMo documentation](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/nemo/user-guide/docs/en/main/asr/models.html#conformer-ctc) for complete architecture details.
	It is also compatible with NVIDIA Riva for [production-grade server deployments](#deployment-with-nvidia-riva).


	## Usage

	The model is available for use in the NeMo toolkit [3], and can be used as a pre-trained checkpoint for inference or for fine-tuning on another dataset.

	To train, fine-tune or play with the model you will need to install [NVIDIA NeMo](https://github.com/NVIDIA/NeMo). We recommend you install it after you've installed latest PyTorch version.

	```
	pip install nemo_toolkit['all']
	```

	### Automatically instantiate the model

	```python
	import nemo.collections.asr as nemo_asr
	asr_model = nemo_asr.models.EncDecCTCModelBPE.from_pretrained("nvidia/stt_en_conformer_ctc_large")
	```

	### Transcribing using Python
	First, let's get a sample
	```
	wget https://dldata-public.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/2086-149220-0033.wav
	```
	Then simply do:
	```
	asr_model.transcribe(['2086-149220-0033.wav'])
	```

	### Transcribing many audio files

	```shell
	python [NEMO_GIT_FOLDER]/examples/asr/transcribe_speech.py
	pretrained_name="nvidia/stt_en_conformer_ctc_large"
	audio_dir="<DIRECTORY CONTAINING AUDIO FILES>"
	```

	### Input

	This model accepts 16000 kHz Mono-channel Audio (wav files) as input.

	### Output

	This model provides transcribed speech as a string for a given audio sample.

	## Model Architecture

	Conformer-CTC model is a non-autoregressive variant of Conformer model [1] for Automatic Speech Recognition which uses CTC loss/decoding instead of Transducer. You may find more info on the detail of this model here: [Conformer-CTC Model](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/nemo/user-guide/docs/en/main/asr/models.html#conformer-ctc).

	## Training

	The NeMo toolkit [3] was used for training the models for over several hundred epochs. These model are trained with this [example script](https://github.com/NVIDIA/NeMo/blob/main/examples/asr/asr_ctc/speech_to_text_ctc_bpe.py) and this [base config](https://github.com/NVIDIA/NeMo/blob/main/examples/asr/conf/conformer/conformer_ctc_bpe.yaml).

	The tokenizers for these models were built using the text transcripts of the train set with this [script](https://github.com/NVIDIA/NeMo/blob/main/scripts/tokenizers/process_asr_text_tokenizer.py).

	The checkpoint of the language model used as the neural rescorer can be found [here](https://ngc.nvidia.com/catalog/models/nvidia:nemo:asrlm_en_transformer_large_ls). You may find more info on how to train and use language models for ASR models here: [ASR Language Modeling](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/nemo/user-guide/docs/en/main/asr/asr_language_modeling.html)

	### Datasets

	All the models in this collection are trained on a composite dataset (NeMo ASRSET) comprising of several thousand hours of English speech:

	- Librispeech 960 hours of English speech
	- Fisher Corpus
	- Switchboard-1 Dataset
	- WSJ-0 and WSJ-1
	- National Speech Corpus (Part 1, Part 6)
	- VCTK
	- VoxPopuli (EN)
	- Europarl-ASR (EN)
	- Multilingual Librispeech (MLS EN) - 2,000 hours subset
	- Mozilla Common Voice (v7.0)

	Note: older versions of the model may have trained on smaller set of datasets.

	## Performance

	The list of the available models in this collection is shown in the following table. Performances of the ASR models are reported in terms of Word Error Rate (WER%) with greedy decoding.

	\| Version \| Tokenizer \| Vocabulary Size \| LS test-other \| LS test-clean \| WSJ Eval92 \| WSJ Dev93 \| NSC Part 1 \| MLS Test \| MLS Dev \| MCV Test 6.1 \|Train Dataset \|
	\|---------\|-----------------------\|-----------------\|---------------\|---------------\|------------\|-----------\|-------\|------\|-----\|-------\|---------\|
	\| 1.6.0 \| SentencePiece Unigram \| 128 \| 4.3 \| 2.2 \| 2.0 \| 2.9 \| 7.0 \| 7.2 \| 6.5 \| 8.0 \| NeMo ASRSET 2.0 \|

	While deploying with [NVIDIA Riva](https://developer.nvidia.com/riva), you can combine this model with external language models to further improve WER. The WER(%) of the latest model with different language modeling techniques are reported in the following table.

	\| Language Modeling \| Training Dataset \| LS test-other \| LS test-clean \| Comment \|
	\|-------------------------------------\|-------------------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------------------------------------------------\|
	\|N-gram LM \| LS Train + LS LM Corpus \| 3.5 \| 1.8 \| N=10, beam_width=128, n_gram_alpha=1.0, n_gram_beta=1.0 \|
	\|Neural Rescorer(Transformer) \| LS Train + LS LM Corpus \| 3.4 \| 1.7 \| N=10, beam_width=128 \|
	\|N-gram + Neural Rescorer(Transformer)\| LS Train + LS LM Corpus \| 3.2 \| 1.8 \| N=10, beam_width=128, n_gram_alpha=1.0, n_gram_beta=1.0 \|


	## Limitations

	Since this model was trained on publicly available speech datasets, the performance of this model might degrade for speech which includes technical terms, or vernacular that the model has not been trained on. The model might also perform worse for accented speech.

	## Deployment with NVIDIA Riva

	For the best real-time accuracy, latency, and throughput, deploy the model with [NVIDIA Riva](https://developer.nvidia.com/riva), an accelerated speech AI SDK deployable on-prem, in all clouds, multi-cloud, hybrid, at the edge, and embedded.
	Additionally, Riva provides:

	* World-class out-of-the-box accuracy for the most common languages with model checkpoints trained on proprietary data with hundreds of thousands of GPU-compute hours
	* Best in class accuracy with run-time word boosting (e.g., brand and product names) and customization of acoustic model, language model, and inverse text normalization
	* Streaming speech recognition, Kubernetes compatible scaling, and Enterprise-grade support

	Check out [Riva live demo](https://developer.nvidia.com/riva#demos).

	## References

	- [1] [Conformer: Convolution-augmented Transformer for Speech Recognition](https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.08100)

	- [2] [Google Sentencepiece Tokenizer](https://github.com/google/sentencepiece)

	- [3] [NVIDIA NeMo Toolkit](https://github.com/NVIDIA/NeMo)