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README.md
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- time-series
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---
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# TinyTimeMixer (TTM) Model Card
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<p align="center" width="100%">
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<img src="ttm_image.webp" width="600">
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</p>
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TinyTimeMixers (TTMs) are compact pre-trained models for Multivariate Time-Series Forecasting, open-sourced by IBM Research.
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**With less than 1 Million parameters, TTM introduces the notion of the first-ever “tiny” pre-trained models for Time-Series Forecasting.**
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TTM outperforms several popular benchmarks demanding billions of parameters in zero-shot and few-shot forecasting. TTMs are lightweight
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forecasters, pre-trained on publicly available time series data with various augmentations. TTM provides state-of-the-art zero-shot forecasts and can easily be
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fine-tuned for multi-variate forecasts with just 5% of the training data to be competitive.
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**The current open-source version supports point forecasting use-cases specifically ranging from minutely to hourly resolutions
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**Note that zeroshot, fine-tuning and inference tasks using TTM can easily be executed in 1 GPU machine or in laptops too!!**
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**Recent updates:** We have developed more sophisticated variants of TTMs (TTM-B, TTM-E and TTM-A), featuring extended benchmarks that compare them with some of the latest models
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such as TimesFM, Moirai, Chronos, Lag-llama, and Moment. For full details, please refer to the latest version of our [paper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.03955.pdf).
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Stay tuned for the release of the model weights for these newer variants.
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##
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-
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- [colab](https://colab.research.google.com/github/IBM/tsfm/blob/main/notebooks/tutorial/ttm_tutorial.ipynb)
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- [512-96 Benchmarks](https://github.com/IBM/tsfm/blob/main/notebooks/hfdemo/tinytimemixer/ttm_benchmarking_512_96.ipynb)
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- [1024-96 Benchmarks](https://github.com/IBM/tsfm/blob/main/notebooks/hfdemo/tinytimemixer/ttm_benchmarking_1024_96.ipynb)
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- Script for Exogenous support - to be added soon
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## Recommended Use
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1. Users have to externally standard scale their data independently for every channel before feeding it to the model (Refer to [TSP](https://github.com/IBM/tsfm/blob/main/tsfm_public/toolkit/time_series_preprocessor.py), our data processing utility for data scaling.)
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3. Enabling any upsampling or prepending zeros to virtually increase the context length for shorter-length datasets is not recommended and will
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impact the model performance.
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## Benchmark Highlights:
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- TTM (with less than 1 Million parameters) outperforms the following popular Pre-trained SOTAs demanding several hundred Million to Billions of parameters [paper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.03955v5.pdf):
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- *GPT4TS (NeurIPS 23) by 7-12% in few-shot forecasting*
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- *LLMTime (NeurIPS 23) by 24% in zero-shot forecasting*.
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- *SimMTM (NeurIPS 23) by 17% in few-shot forecasting*.
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- *Time-LLM (ICLR 24) by 2-8% in few-shot forecasting*
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- *UniTime (WWW 24) by 27% in zero-shot forecasting.*
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- Zero-shot results of TTM surpass the *few-shot results of many popular SOTA approaches* including
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PatchTST (ICLR 23), PatchTSMixer (KDD 23), TimesNet (ICLR 23), DLinear (AAAI 23) and FEDFormer (ICML 22).
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- TTM (1024-96, released in this model card with 1M parameters) outperforms pre-trained MOIRAI-Small (14M parameters) by 10%, MOIRAI-Base (91M parameters) by 2% and
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MOIRAI-Large (311M parameters) by 3% on zero-shot forecasting (horizon = 96). [[notebook]](https://github.com/IBM/tsfm/blob/main/notebooks/hfdemo/tinytimemixer/ttm_benchmarking_1024_96.ipynb)
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- TTM quick fine-tuning also outperforms the competitive statistical baselines (Statistical ensemble and S-Naive) in
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M4-hourly dataset which existing pretrained TS models are finding difficult to outperform. [[notebook]](https://github.com/IBM/tsfm/blob/main/notebooks/hfdemo/tinytimemixer/ttm_m4_hourly.ipynb)
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- TTM takes only a *few seconds for zeroshot/inference* and a *few minutes for finetuning* in 1 GPU machine, as
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opposed to long timing-requirements and heavy computing infra needs of other existing pre-trained models.
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## Model Description
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Each pre-trained model will be released in a different branch name in this model card. Kindly access the required model using our
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getting started [notebook](https://github.com/IBM/tsfm/blob/main/notebooks/hfdemo/ttm_getting_started.ipynb) mentioning the branch name.
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## Model Releases (along with the branch name where the models are stored):
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- **512-96:** Given the last 512 time-points (i.e. context length), this model can forecast up to next 96 time-points (i.e. forecast length)
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in future. This model is targeted towards a forecasting setting of context length 512 and forecast length 96 and
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recommended for hourly and minutely resolutions (Ex. 10 min, 15 min, 1 hour, etc). (branch name: main)
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- **1024-96:** Given the last 1024 time-points (i.e. context length), this model can forecast up to next 96 time-points (i.e. forecast length)
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in future. This model is targeted towards a long forecasting setting of context length 1024 and forecast length 96 and
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recommended for hourly and minutely resolutions (Ex. 10 min, 15 min, 1 hour, etc). (branch name: 1024-96-v1)
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- Stay tuned for more models !
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## Model Details
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For more details on TTM architecture and benchmarks, refer to our [paper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.
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TTM-1 currently supports 2 modes:
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Decoder Channel-Mixing can be enabled during fine-tuning for capturing strong channel-correlation patterns across
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time-series variates, a critical capability lacking in existing counterparts.
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In addition, TTM also supports exogenous infusion and categorical data
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Stay tuned for these extended features.
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### Model Sources
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- **Repository:** https://github.com/
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- **Paper:** https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.
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- **Paper (Newer variants, extended benchmarks):** https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.03955.pdf
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### External Blogs on TTM
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- https://aihorizonforecast.substack.com/p/tiny-time-mixersttms-powerful-zerofew
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- https://medium.com/@david.proietti_17/predicting-venetian-lagoon-tide-levels-with-multivariate-time-series-modeling-8bafdf229588
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## Uses
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```
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- US Births: https://zenodo.org/records/4656049
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- Wind Farms Production data: https://zenodo.org/records/4654858
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- Wind Power: https://zenodo.org/records/4656032
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## Citation [optional]
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**BibTeX:**
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```
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@
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title={Tiny Time Mixers (TTMs): Fast Pre-trained Models for Enhanced Zero/Few-Shot Forecasting of Multivariate Time Series},
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author={Vijay Ekambaram and Arindam Jati and Pankaj Dayama and Sumanta Mukherjee and Nam H. Nguyen and Wesley M. Gifford and Chandra Reddy and Jayant Kalagnanam},
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year={2024},
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eprint={2401.03955},
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archivePrefix={arXiv},
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primaryClass={cs.LG}
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}
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```
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**APA:**
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Ekambaram, V., Jati, A., Dayama, P., Mukherjee, S., Nguyen, N. H., Gifford, W. M., … Kalagnanam, J. (2024). Tiny Time Mixers (TTMs): Fast Pre-trained Models for Enhanced Zero/Few-Shot Forecasting of Multivariate Time Series. arXiv [Cs.LG]. Retrieved from http://arxiv.org/abs/2401.03955
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## Model Card Authors
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Vijay Ekambaram, Arindam Jati, Pankaj Dayama,
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## IBM Public Repository Disclosure:
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- time-series
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---
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# TinyTimeMixer (TTM) 1M Model Card
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<p align="center" width="100%">
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<img src="ttm_image.webp" width="600">
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</p>
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TinyTimeMixers (TTMs) are compact pre-trained models for Multivariate Time-Series Forecasting, open-sourced by IBM Research.
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**With less than 1 Million parameters, TTM introduces the notion of the first-ever “tiny” pre-trained models for Time-Series Forecasting.**
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TTM is accepted in NeurIPS 2024.
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TTM outperforms several popular benchmarks demanding billions of parameters in zero-shot and few-shot forecasting. TTMs are lightweight
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forecasters, pre-trained on publicly available time series data with various augmentations. TTM provides state-of-the-art zero-shot forecasts and can easily be
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fine-tuned for multi-variate forecasts with just 5% of the training data to be competitive. Refer to our [paper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.03955.pdf) for more details.
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**The current open-source version supports point forecasting use-cases specifically ranging from minutely to hourly resolutions
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**Note that zeroshot, fine-tuning and inference tasks using TTM can easily be executed in 1 GPU machine or in laptops too!!**
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## Model Releases (along with the branch name where the models are stored):
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- **512-96:** Given the last 512 time-points (i.e. context length), this model can forecast up to next 96 time-points (i.e. forecast length)
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in future. This model is targeted towards a forecasting setting of context length 512 and forecast length 96 and
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recommended for hourly and minutely resolutions (Ex. 10 min, 15 min, 1 hour, etc). This model refers to the TTM-Q variant used in the paper. (branch name: main) [[Benchmark Scripts]](https://github.com/IBM/tsfm/blob/main/notebooks/hfdemo/tinytimemixer/ttm_benchmarking_512_96.ipynb)
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- **1024-96:** Given the last 1024 time-points (i.e. context length), this model can forecast up to next 96 time-points (i.e. forecast length)
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in future. This model is targeted towards a long forecasting setting of context length 1024 and forecast length 96 and
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recommended for hourly and minutely resolutions (Ex. 10 min, 15 min, 1 hour, etc). (branch name: 1024-96-v1) [[Benchmark Scripts]](https://github.com/IBM/tsfm/blob/main/notebooks/hfdemo/tinytimemixer/ttm_benchmarking_1024_96.ipynb)
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- **New Releases (trained on larger pretraining datasets, released on October 2024)**:
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- **512-96-r2**: Given the last 512 time-points (i.e. context length), this model can forecast up to next 96 time-points (i.e. forecast length)
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in future. This model is pre-trained with a larger pretraining dataset for improved accuracy. Recommended for hourly and minutely
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resolutions (Ex. 10 min, 15 min, 1 hour, etc). This model refers to the TTM-B variant used in the paper (branch name: 512-96-r2) [[Benchmark Scripts]](https://github.com/ibm-granite/granite-tsfm/blob/ttm_v2_release/notebooks/hfdemo/tinytimemixer/ttm_v2_benchmarking_512_96.ipynb)
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## Model Capabilities with example scripts
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The below model scripts can be used for any of the above TTM models. Please update the HF model URL and branch name in the `from_pretrained` call appropriately to pick the model of your choice.
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- Getting Started [[colab]](https://colab.research.google.com/github/IBM/tsfm/blob/main/notebooks/tutorial/ttm_tutorial.ipynb)
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- Zeroshot Multivariate Forecasting [[Example]](https://github.com/ibm-granite/granite-tsfm/blob/ttm_v2_release/notebooks/hfdemo/ttm_getting_started.ipynb)
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- Finetuned Multivariate Forecasting:
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- Channel-Independent Finetuning [[Example]](https://github.com/ibm-granite/granite-tsfm/blob/ttm_v2_release/notebooks/hfdemo/ttm_getting_started.ipynb) [M4-Hourly finetuning](https://github.com/ibm-granite/granite-tsfm/blob/ttm_v2_release/notebooks/hfdemo/tinytimemixer/ttm_m4_hourly.ipynb)
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- Channel-Mix Finetuning [[Example]](https://github.com/ibm-granite/granite-tsfm/blob/ttm_v2_release/notebooks/tutorial/ttm_channel_mix_finetuning.ipynb)
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- **New Releases (extended features released on October 2024)**
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- Finetuning and Forecasting with Exogenous/Control Variables [[Example]](https://github.com/ibm-granite/granite-tsfm/blob/ttm_v2_release/notebooks/tutorial/ttm_with_exog_tutorial.ipynb)
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- Finetuning and Forecasting with static categorical features [Example: To be added soon]
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- Rolling Forecasts - Extend forecast lengths beyond 96 via rolling capability [[Example]](https://github.com/ibm-granite/granite-tsfm/blob/ttm_v2_release/notebooks/hfdemo/ttm_rolling_prediction_getting_started.ipynb)
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- Helper scripts for optimal Learning Rate suggestions for Finetuning [[Example]](https://github.com/ibm-granite/granite-tsfm/blob/ttm_v2_release/notebooks/tutorial/ttm_with_exog_tutorial.ipynb)
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## Benchmarks
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TTM outperforms popular benchmarks such as TimesFM, Moirai, Chronos, Lag-Llama, Moment, GPT4TS, TimeLLM, LLMTime in zero/fewshot forecasting while reducing computational requirements significantly.
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Moreover, TTMs are lightweight and can be executed even on CPU-only machines, enhancing usability and fostering wider
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adoption in resource-constrained environments. For more details, refer to our [paper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.03955.pdf) TTM-Q referred in the paper maps to the `512-96` model
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uploaded in the main branch, and TTM-B referred in the paper maps to the `512-96-r2` model. Please note that the Granite TTM models are pre-trained exclusively on datasets
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with clear commercial-use licenses that are approved by our legal team. As a result, the pre-training dataset used in this release differs slightly from the one used in the research
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paper, which may lead to minor variations in model performance as compared to the published results. Please refer to our paper for more details.
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## Recommended Use
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1. Users have to externally standard scale their data independently for every channel before feeding it to the model (Refer to [TSP](https://github.com/IBM/tsfm/blob/main/tsfm_public/toolkit/time_series_preprocessor.py), our data processing utility for data scaling.)
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3. Enabling any upsampling or prepending zeros to virtually increase the context length for shorter-length datasets is not recommended and will
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impact the model performance.
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## Model Description
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Each pre-trained model will be released in a different branch name in this model card. Kindly access the required model using our
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getting started [notebook](https://github.com/IBM/tsfm/blob/main/notebooks/hfdemo/ttm_getting_started.ipynb) mentioning the branch name.
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## Model Details
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For more details on TTM architecture and benchmarks, refer to our [paper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.03955.pdf).
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TTM-1 currently supports 2 modes:
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Decoder Channel-Mixing can be enabled during fine-tuning for capturing strong channel-correlation patterns across
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time-series variates, a critical capability lacking in existing counterparts.
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In addition, TTM also supports exogenous infusion and categorical data infusion.
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### Model Sources
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- **Repository:** https://github.com/ibm-granite/granite-tsfm/tree/main/tsfm_public/models/tinytimemixer
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- **Paper:** https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.03955.pdf
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### Blogs and articles on TTM:
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- Refer to our [wiki](https://github.com/ibm-granite/granite-tsfm/wiki)
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## Uses
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```
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- US Births: https://zenodo.org/records/4656049
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- Wind Farms Production data: https://zenodo.org/records/4654858
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- Wind Power: https://zenodo.org/records/4656032
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- [to be updated]
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## Citation [optional]
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**BibTeX:**
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```
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@inproceedings{ekambaram2024tinytimemixersttms,
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title={Tiny Time Mixers (TTMs): Fast Pre-trained Models for Enhanced Zero/Few-Shot Forecasting of Multivariate Time Series},
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author={Vijay Ekambaram and Arindam Jati and Pankaj Dayama and Sumanta Mukherjee and Nam H. Nguyen and Wesley M. Gifford and Chandra Reddy and Jayant Kalagnanam},
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booktitle={Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2024)},
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year={2024},
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}
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```
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## Model Card Authors
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Vijay Ekambaram, Arindam Jati, Pankaj Dayama, Wesley M. Gifford, Sumanta Mukherjee, Chandra Reddy and Jayant Kalagnanam
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## IBM Public Repository Disclosure:
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