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--- |
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pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity |
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tags: |
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- sentence-transformers |
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- feature-extraction |
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- sentence-similarity |
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language: en |
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--- |
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# Model description |
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The project aims to train sentence embedding models on very large sentence level datasets using a self-supervised |
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contrastive learning objective. We used the pretrained [`distilroberta-base`](https://huggingface.co/distilroberta-base) model and fine-tuned in on a |
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1B sentence pairs dataset. We use a contrastive learning objective: given a sentence from the pair, the model should predict which out of a set of randomly sampled other sentences, was actually paired with it in our dataset. |
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We developped this model during the |
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[Community week using JAX/Flax for NLP & CV](https://discuss.huggingface.co/t/open-to-the-community-community-week-using-jax-flax-for-nlp-cv/7104), |
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organized by Hugging Face. We developped this model as part of the project: |
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[Train the Best Sentence Embedding Model Ever with 1B Training Pairs](https://discuss.huggingface.co/t/train-the-best-sentence-embedding-model-ever-with-1b-training-pairs/7354). We benefited from efficient hardware infrastructure to run the project: 7 TPUs v3-8, as well |
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as intervention from Google’s Flax, JAX, and Cloud team member about efficient deep learning frameworks. |
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## Intended uses |
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Our model is intented to be used as a sentence encoder. Given an input sentence, it ouptuts a vector which captures |
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the sentence semantic information. The sentence vector may be used for information retrieval, clustering or sentence |
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similarity tasks. |
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## How to use |
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Here is how to use this model to get the features of a given text using [SentenceTransformers](https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers) library: |
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```python |
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from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer |
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model = SentenceTransformer('flax-sentence-embeddings/all_datasets_v3_distilroberta-base') |
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text = "Replace me by any text you'd like." |
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text_embbedding = model.encode(text) |
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# array([-0.01559514, 0.04046123, 0.1317083 , 0.00085931, 0.04585106, |
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# -0.05607086, 0.0138078 , 0.03569756, 0.01420381, 0.04266302 ...], |
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# dtype=float32) |
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``` |
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# Training procedure |
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## Pre-training |
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We use the pretrained [`distilroberta-base`](https://huggingface.co/distilroberta-base). Please refer to the model |
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card for more detailed information about the pre-training procedure. |
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## Fine-tuning |
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We fine-tune the model using a contrastive objective. Formally, we compute the cosine similarity from each possible sentence pairs from the batch. |
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We then apply the cross entropy loss by comparing with true pairs. |
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### Hyper parameters |
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We trained ou model on a TPU v3-8. We train the model during 540k steps using a batch size of 1024 (128 per TPU core). |
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We use a learning rate warm up of 500. The sequence length was limited to 128 tokens. We used the AdamW optimizer with |
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a 2e-5 learning rate. The full training script is accessible in this current repository. |
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### Training data |
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We use the concatenation from multiple datasets to fine-tune our model. The total number of sentence pairs is above 1 billion sentences. |
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We sampled each dataset given a weighted probability which configuration is detailed in the `data_config.json` file. |
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| Dataset | Paper | Number of training tuples | |
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|:--------------------------------------------------------:|:----------------------------------------:|:--------------------------:| |
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| [GOOAQ: Open Question Answering with Diverse Answer Types](https://github.com/allenai/gooaq) | [paper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.08727.pdf) | 3,012,496 | |
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| [Stack Exchange](https://huggingface.co/datasets/flax-sentence-embeddings/stackexchange_title_body_jsonl) | - | 364,001 | |
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| [Flickr 30k](https://shannon.cs.illinois.edu/DenotationGraph/) | [paper](https://transacl.org/ojs/index.php/tacl/article/view/229/33) | 317,695 | |
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| [COCO 2020](COCO 2020) | [paper](https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-10602-1_48) | 828,395| |
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| [Code Search](https://huggingface.co/datasets/code_search_net) | - | 1,151,414 | |
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| [TriviaqQA](https://huggingface.co/datasets/trivia_qa) | - | 73,346 | |
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| [SQuAD2.0](https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/) | [paper](https://aclanthology.org/P18-2124.pdf) | 87,599 | |
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| [Natural Questions (NQ)](https://ai.google.com/research/NaturalQuestions) | [paper](https://transacl.org/ojs/index.php/tacl/article/view/1455) | 100,231 | |
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| [Simple Wikipedia](https://cs.pomona.edu/~dkauchak/simplification/) | [paper](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2117/) | 102,225 | |
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| [Quora Question Pairs](https://quoradata.quora.com/First-Quora-Dataset-Release-Question-Pairs) | - | 103,663 | |
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| [Altlex](https://github.com/chridey/altlex/) | [paper](https://aclanthology.org/P16-1135.pdf) | 112,696 | |
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| [Wikihow](https://github.com/pvl/wikihow_pairs_dataset) | [paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09305) | 128,542 | |
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| [Sentence Compression](https://github.com/google-research-datasets/sentence-compression) | [paper](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1155/) | 180,000 | |
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| AllNLI ([SNLI](https://nlp.stanford.edu/projects/snli/) and [MultiNLI](https://cims.nyu.edu/~sbowman/multinli/) | [paper SNLI](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d15-1075), [paper MultiNLI](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n18-1101) | 277,230 | |
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| [Eli5](https://huggingface.co/datasets/eli5) | [paper](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1346) | 325,475 | |
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| [SPECTER](https://github.com/allenai/specter) | [paper](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.207) | 684,100 | |
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| [S2ORC](https://github.com/allenai/s2orc) Title/Abstract | [paper](https://aclanthology.org/2020.acl-main.447/) | 41,769,185 | |
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| [S2ORC](https://github.com/allenai/s2orc) Citation/Citation | [paper](https://aclanthology.org/2020.acl-main.447/) | 52,603,982 | |
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| [S2ORC](https://github.com/allenai/s2orc) Citation/Abstract | [paper](https://aclanthology.org/2020.acl-main.447/) | 116,288,806 | |
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| [PAQ](https://github.com/facebookresearch/PAQ) | [paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.07033) | 64,371,441 | |
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| [WikiAnswers](https://github.com/afader/oqa#wikianswers-corpus) | [paper](https://doi.org/10.1145/2623330.2623677) | 77,427,422 | |
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| SearchQA | - | 582,261 | |
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| [Yahoo Answers](https://www.kaggle.com/soumikrakshit/yahoo-answers-dataset) Title/Answer | [paper](https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2015/hash/250cf8b51c773f3f8dc8b4be867a9a02-Abstract.html) | 1,198,260 | |
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| [Yahoo Answers](https://www.kaggle.com/soumikrakshit/yahoo-answers-dataset) Title/Question | [paper](https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2015/hash/250cf8b51c773f3f8dc8b4be867a9a02-Abstract.html) | 659,896 | |
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| [Yahoo Answers](https://www.kaggle.com/soumikrakshit/yahoo-answers-dataset) Question/Answer | [paper](https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2015/hash/250cf8b51c773f3f8dc8b4be867a9a02-Abstract.html) | 681,164 | |
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| [MS MARCO](https://microsoft.github.io/msmarco/) | [paper](https://doi.org/10.1145/3404835.3462804) | 9,144,553 | |
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| [Reddit conversationnal](https://github.com/PolyAI-LDN/conversational-datasets/tree/master/reddit) | [paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.06472) | 726,484,430 | |
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| total | | 1,097,953,922 | |
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