Quantize 🤗 Transformers models

bitsandbytes Integration

🤗 Transformers is closely integrated with most used modules on bitsandbytes. You can load your model in 8-bit precision with few lines of code. This is supported by most of the GPU hardwares since the 0.37.0 release of bitsandbytes.

Learn more about the quantization method in the LLM.int8() paper, or the blogpost about the collaboration.

Since its 0.39.0 release, you can load any model that supports device_map using 4-bit quantization, leveraging FP4 data type.

Here are the things you can do using bitsandbytes integration

FP4 quantization

Requirements

Make sure that you have installed the requirements below before running any of the code snippets below.

• Latest bitsandbytes library pip install bitsandbytes>=0.39.0

• Install latest accelerate from source pip install git+https://github.com/huggingface/accelerate.git

• Install latest transformers from source pip install git+https://github.com/huggingface/transformers.git

Load a large model in 4bit

By using load_in_4bit=True when calling the .from_pretrained method, you can divide your memory use by 4 (roughly).

# pip install transformers accelerate bitsandbytes
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer

model_id = "bigscience/bloom-1b7"

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_id, device_map="auto", load_in_4bit=True)

Load a large model in 8bit

You can load a model by roughly halving the memory requirements by using load_in_8bit=True argument when calling .from_pretrained method

# pip install transformers accelerate bitsandbytes
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer

model_id = "bigscience/bloom-1b7"

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_id, device_map="auto", load_in_8bit=True)

Then, use your model as you would usually use a PreTrainedModel.

You can check the memory footprint of your model with get_memory_footprint method.

print(model.get_memory_footprint())

With this integration we were able to load large models on smaller devices and run them without any issue.

Advanced usecases

Here we will cover some advanced usecases you can perform with FP4 quantization

Change the compute dtype

The compute dtype is used to change the dtype that will be used during computation. For example, hidden states could be in float32 but computation can be set to bf16 for speedups. By default, the compute dtype is set to float32.

import torch
from transformers import BitsAndBytesConfig

quantization_config = BitsAndBytesConfig(load_in_4bit=True, bnb_4bit_compute_dtype=torch.bfloat16)

Using NF4 (Normal Float 4) data type

You can also use the NF4 data type, which is a new 4bit datatype adapted for weights that have been initialized using a normal distribution. For that run:

from transformers import BitsAndBytesConfig

nf4_config = BitsAndBytesConfig(
    load_in_4bit=True,
    bnb_4bit_quant_type="nf4",
)

model_nf4 = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_id, quantization_config=nf4_config)

Use nested quantization for more memory efficient inference

We also advise users to use the nested quantization technique. This saves more memory at no additional performance - from our empirical observations, this enables fine-tuning llama-13b model on an NVIDIA-T4 16GB with a sequence length of 1024, batch size of 1 and gradient accumulation steps of 4.

from transformers import BitsAndBytesConfig

double_quant_config = BitsAndBytesConfig(
    load_in_4bit=True,
    bnb_4bit_use_double_quant=True,
)

model_double_quant = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_id, quantization_config=double_quant_config)

Push quantized models on the 🤗 Hub

You can push a quantized model on the Hub by naively using push_to_hub method. This will first push the quantization configuration file, then push the quantized model weights. Make sure to use bitsandbytes>0.37.2 (at this time of writing, we tested it on bitsandbytes==0.38.0.post1) to be able to use this feature.

from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer

model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("bigscience/bloom-560m", device_map="auto", load_in_8bit=True)
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("bigscience/bloom-560m")

model.push_to_hub("bloom-560m-8bit")

Load a quantized model from the 🤗 Hub

You can load a quantized model from the Hub by using from_pretrained method. Make sure that the pushed weights are quantized, by checking that the attribute quantization_config is present in the model configuration object.

from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer

model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("{your_username}/bloom-560m-8bit", device_map="auto")

Note that in this case, you don’t need to specify the arguments load_in_8bit=True, but you need to make sure that bitsandbytes and accelerate are installed. Note also that device_map is optional but setting device_map = 'auto' is prefered for inference as it will dispatch efficiently the model on the available ressources.

Advanced usecases

This section is intended to advanced users, that want to explore what it is possible to do beyond loading and running 8-bit models.

Offload between cpu and gpu

One of the advanced usecase of this is being able to load a model and dispatch the weights between CPU and GPU. Note that the weights that will be dispatched on CPU will not be converted in 8-bit, thus kept in float32. This feature is intended for users that want to fit a very large model and dispatch the model between GPU and CPU.

First, load a BitsAndBytesConfig from transformers and set the attribute llm_int8_enable_fp32_cpu_offload to True:

from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer, BitsAndBytesConfig

quantization_config = BitsAndBytesConfig(llm_int8_enable_fp32_cpu_offload=True)

Let’s say you want to load bigscience/bloom-1b7 model, and you have just enough GPU RAM to fit the entire model except the lm_head. Therefore write a custom device_map as follows:

device_map = {
    "transformer.word_embeddings": 0,
    "transformer.word_embeddings_layernorm": 0,
    "lm_head": "cpu",
    "transformer.h": 0,
    "transformer.ln_f": 0,
}

And load your model as follows:

model_8bit = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
    "bigscience/bloom-1b7",
    device_map=device_map,
    quantization_config=quantization_config,
)

And that’s it! Enjoy your model!

Play with llm_int8_threshold

You can play with the llm_int8_threshold argument to change the threshold of the outliers. An “outlier” is a hidden state value that is greater than a certain threshold. This corresponds to the outlier threshold for outlier detection as described in LLM.int8() paper. Any hidden states value that is above this threshold will be considered an outlier and the operation on those values will be done in fp16. Values are usually normally distributed, that is, most values are in the range [-3.5, 3.5], but there are some exceptional systematic outliers that are very differently distributed for large models. These outliers are often in the interval [-60, -6] or [6, 60]. Int8 quantization works well for values of magnitude ~5, but beyond that, there is a significant performance penalty. A good default threshold is 6, but a lower threshold might be needed for more unstable models (small models, fine-tuning). This argument can impact the inference speed of the model. We suggest to play with this parameter to find which one is the best for your usecase.

from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer, BitsAndBytesConfig

model_id = "bigscience/bloom-1b7"

quantization_config = BitsAndBytesConfig(
    llm_int8_threshold=10,
)

model_8bit = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
    model_id,
    device_map=device_map,
    quantization_config=quantization_config,
)
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)

Skip the conversion of some modules

Some models has several modules that needs to be not converted in 8-bit to ensure stability. For example Jukebox model has several lm_head modules that should be skipped. Play with llm_int8_skip_modules

from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer, BitsAndBytesConfig

model_id = "bigscience/bloom-1b7"

quantization_config = BitsAndBytesConfig(
    llm_int8_skip_modules=["lm_head"],
)

model_8bit = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
    model_id,
    device_map=device_map,
    quantization_config=quantization_config,
)
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)

Fine-tune a model that has been loaded in 8-bit

With the official support of adapters in the Hugging Face ecosystem, you can fine-tune models that have been loaded in 8-bit. This enables fine-tuning large models such as flan-t5-large or facebook/opt-6.7b in a single google Colab. Please have a look at peft library for more details.

Note that you don’t need to pass device_map when loading the model for training. It will automatically load your model on your GPU. You can also set the device map to a specific device if needed (e.g. cuda:0, 0, torch.device('cuda:0')). Please note that device_map=auto should be used for inference only.

BitsAndBytesConfig

Quantization with 🤗 optimum

Please have a look at Optimum documentation to learn more about quantization methods that are supported by optimum and see if these are applicable for your usecase.