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SegFormer

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SegFormer

Overview

The SegFormer model was proposed in SegFormer: Simple and Efficient Design for Semantic Segmentation with Transformers by Enze Xie, Wenhai Wang, Zhiding Yu, Anima Anandkumar, Jose M. Alvarez, Ping Luo. The model consists of a hierarchical Transformer encoder and a lightweight all-MLP decode head to achieve great results on image segmentation benchmarks such as ADE20K and Cityscapes.

The abstract from the paper is the following:

We present SegFormer, a simple, efficient yet powerful semantic segmentation framework which unifies Transformers with lightweight multilayer perception (MLP) decoders. SegFormer has two appealing features: 1) SegFormer comprises a novel hierarchically structured Transformer encoder which outputs multiscale features. It does not need positional encoding, thereby avoiding the interpolation of positional codes which leads to decreased performance when the testing resolution differs from training. 2) SegFormer avoids complex decoders. The proposed MLP decoder aggregates information from different layers, and thus combining both local attention and global attention to render powerful representations. We show that this simple and lightweight design is the key to efficient segmentation on Transformers. We scale our approach up to obtain a series of models from SegFormer-B0 to SegFormer-B5, reaching significantly better performance and efficiency than previous counterparts. For example, SegFormer-B4 achieves 50.3% mIoU on ADE20K with 64M parameters, being 5x smaller and 2.2% better than the previous best method. Our best model, SegFormer-B5, achieves 84.0% mIoU on Cityscapes validation set and shows excellent zero-shot robustness on Cityscapes-C.

The figure below illustrates the architecture of SegFormer. Taken from the original paper.

This model was contributed by nielsr. The original code can be found here.

Tips:

SegFormer consists of a hierarchical Transformer encoder, and a lightweight all-MLP decode head. SegformerModel is the hierarchical Transformer encoder (which in the paper is also referred to as Mix Transformer or MiT). SegformerForSemanticSegmentation adds the all-MLP decode head on top to perform semantic segmentation of images. In addition, there’s SegformerForImageClassification which can be used to - you guessed it - classify images. The authors of SegFormer first pre-trained the Transformer encoder on ImageNet-1k to classify images. Next, they throw away the classification head, and replace it by the all-MLP decode head. Next, they fine-tune the model altogether on ADE20K, Cityscapes and COCO-stuff, which are important benchmarks for semantic segmentation. All checkpoints can be found on the hub.
The quickest way to get started with SegFormer is by checking the example notebooks (which showcase both inference and fine-tuning on custom data).
One can use SegformerFeatureExtractor to prepare images and corresponding segmentation maps for the model. Note that this feature extractor is fairly basic and does not include all data augmentations used in the original paper. The original preprocessing pipelines (for the ADE20k dataset for instance) can be found here. The most important preprocessing step is that images and segmentation maps are randomly cropped and padded to the same size, such as 512x512 or 640x640, after which they are normalized.
One additional thing to keep in mind is that one can initialize SegformerFeatureExtractor with reduce_labels set to True or False. In some datasets (like ADE20k), the 0 index is used in the annotated segmentation maps for background. However, ADE20k doesn’t include the “background” class in its 150 labels. Therefore, reduce_labels is used to reduce all labels by 1, and to make sure no loss is computed for the background class (i.e. it replaces 0 in the annotated maps by 255, which is the ignore_index of the loss function used by SegformerForSemanticSegmentation). However, other datasets use the 0 index as background class and include this class as part of all labels. In that case, reduce_labels should be set to False, as loss should also be computed for the background class.
As most models, SegFormer comes in different sizes, the details of which can be found in the table below.

| Model variant | Depths | Hidden sizes | Decoder hidden size | Params (M) | ImageNet-1k Top 1 | | MiT-b0 | [2, 2, 2, 2] | [32, 64, 160, 256] | 256 | 3.7 | 70.5 | | MiT-b1 | [2, 2, 2, 2] | [64, 128, 320, 512] | 256 | 14.0 | 78.7 | | MiT-b2 | [3, 4, 6, 3] | [64, 128, 320, 512] | 768 | 25.4 | 81.6 | | MiT-b3 | [3, 4, 18, 3] | [64, 128, 320, 512] | 768 | 45.2 | 83.1 | | MiT-b4 | [3, 8, 27, 3] | [64, 128, 320, 512] | 768 | 62.6 | 83.6 | | MiT-b5 | [3, 6, 40, 3] | [64, 128, 320, 512] | 768 | 82.0 | 83.8 |

SegformerConfig

class transformers.SegformerConfig < source >

( image_size = 224 num_channels = 3 num_encoder_blocks = 4 depths = [2, 2, 2, 2] sr_ratios = [8, 4, 2, 1] hidden_sizes = [32, 64, 160, 256] downsampling_rates = [1, 4, 8, 16] patch_sizes = [7, 3, 3, 3] strides = [4, 2, 2, 2] num_attention_heads = [1, 2, 5, 8] mlp_ratios = [4, 4, 4, 4] hidden_act = 'gelu' hidden_dropout_prob = 0.0 attention_probs_dropout_prob = 0.0 classifier_dropout_prob = 0.1 initializer_range = 0.02 drop_path_rate = 0.1 layer_norm_eps = 1e-06 decoder_hidden_size = 256 is_encoder_decoder = False reshape_last_stage = True semantic_loss_ignore_index = 255 **kwargs )

Parameters

image_size (int, optional, defaults to 512) — The size (resolution) of each image.
num_channels (int, optional, defaults to 3) — The number of input channels.
num_encoder_blocks (int, optional, defaults to 4) — The number of encoder blocks (i.e. stages in the Mix Transformer encoder).
depths (List[int], optional, defaults to [2, 2, 2, 2]) — The number of layers in each encoder block.
sr_ratios (List[int], optional, defaults to [8, 4, 2, 1]) — Sequence reduction ratios in each encoder block.
hidden_sizes (List[int], optional, defaults to [32, 64, 160, 256]) — Dimension of each of the encoder blocks.
downsampling_rates (List[int], optional, defaults to [1, 4, 8, 16]) — Downsample rate of the image resolution compared to the original image size before each encoder block.
patch_sizes (List[int], optional, defaults to [7, 3, 3, 3]) — Patch size before each encoder block.
strides (List[int], optional, defaults to [4, 2, 2, 2]) — Stride before each encoder block.
num_attention_heads (List[int], optional, defaults to [1, 2, 4, 8]) — Number of attention heads for each attention layer in each block of the Transformer encoder.
mlp_ratios (List[int], optional, defaults to [4, 4, 4, 4]) — Ratio of the size of the hidden layer compared to the size of the input layer of the Mix FFNs in the encoder blocks.
hidden_act (str or function, optional, defaults to "gelu") — The non-linear activation function (function or string) in the encoder and pooler. If string, "gelu", "relu", "selu" and "gelu_new" are supported.
hidden_dropout_prob (float, optional, defaults to 0.0) — The dropout probability for all fully connected layers in the embeddings, encoder, and pooler.
attention_probs_dropout_prob (float, optional, defaults to 0.0) — The dropout ratio for the attention probabilities.
classifier_dropout_prob (float, optional, defaults to 0.1) — The dropout probability before the classification head.
initializer_range (float, optional, defaults to 0.02) — The standard deviation of the truncated_normal_initializer for initializing all weight matrices.
drop_path_rate (float, optional, defaults to 0.1) — The dropout probability for stochastic depth, used in the blocks of the Transformer encoder.
layer_norm_eps (float, optional, defaults to 1e-6) — The epsilon used by the layer normalization layers.
decoder_hidden_size (int, optional, defaults to 256) — The dimension of the all-MLP decode head.
reshape_last_stage (bool, optional, defaults to True) — Whether to reshape the features of the last stage back to (batch_size, num_channels, height, width). Only required for the semantic segmentation model.
semantic_loss_ignore_index (int, optional, defaults to 255) — The index that is ignored by the loss function of the semantic segmentation model.

This is the configuration class to store the configuration of a SegformerModel. It is used to instantiate an SegFormer model according to the specified arguments, defining the model architecture. Instantiating a configuration with the defaults will yield a similar configuration to that of the SegFormer nvidia/segformer-b0-finetuned-ade-512-512 architecture.

Configuration objects inherit from PretrainedConfig and can be used to control the model outputs. Read the documentation from PretrainedConfig for more information.

Example:

>>> from transformers import SegformerModel, SegformerConfig

>>> # Initializing a SegFormer nvidia/segformer-b0-finetuned-ade-512-512 style configuration
>>> configuration = SegformerConfig()

>>> # Initializing a model from the nvidia/segformer-b0-finetuned-ade-512-512 style configuration
>>> model = SegformerModel(configuration)

>>> # Accessing the model configuration
>>> configuration = model.config

SegformerFeatureExtractor

class transformers.SegformerFeatureExtractor < source >

( do_resize = True size = 512 resample = 2 do_normalize = True image_mean = None image_std = None reduce_labels = False **kwargs )

Parameters

do_resize (bool, optional, defaults to True) — Whether to resize the input based on a certain size.
size (int or Tuple(int), optional, defaults to 512) — Resize the input to the given size. If a tuple is provided, it should be (width, height). If only an integer is provided, then the input will be resized to (size, size). Only has an effect if do_resize is set to True.
resample (int, optional, defaults to PIL.Image.BILINEAR) — An optional resampling filter. This can be one of PIL.Image.NEAREST, PIL.Image.BOX, PIL.Image.BILINEAR, PIL.Image.HAMMING, PIL.Image.BICUBIC or PIL.Image.LANCZOS. Only has an effect if do_resize is set to True.
do_normalize (bool, optional, defaults to True) — Whether or not to normalize the input with mean and standard deviation.
image_mean (int, optional, defaults to [0.485, 0.456, 0.406]) — The sequence of means for each channel, to be used when normalizing images. Defaults to the ImageNet mean.
image_std (int, optional, defaults to [0.229, 0.224, 0.225]) — The sequence of standard deviations for each channel, to be used when normalizing images. Defaults to the ImageNet std.
reduce_labels (bool, optional, defaults to False) — Whether or not to reduce all label values of segmentation maps by 1. Usually used for datasets where 0 is used for background, and background itself is not included in all classes of a dataset (e.g. ADE20k). The background label will be replaced by 255.

Constructs a SegFormer feature extractor.

This feature extractor inherits from FeatureExtractionMixin which contains most of the main methods. Users should refer to this superclass for more information regarding those methods.

__call__ < source >

( images: typing.Union[PIL.Image.Image, numpy.ndarray, ForwardRef('torch.Tensor'), typing.List[PIL.Image.Image], typing.List[numpy.ndarray], typing.List[ForwardRef('torch.Tensor')]] segmentation_maps: typing.Union[PIL.Image.Image, numpy.ndarray, ForwardRef('torch.Tensor'), typing.List[PIL.Image.Image], typing.List[numpy.ndarray], typing.List[ForwardRef('torch.Tensor')]] = None return_tensors: typing.Union[str, transformers.file_utils.TensorType, NoneType] = None **kwargs ) → BatchFeature

Parameters

images (PIL.Image.Image, np.ndarray, torch.Tensor, List[PIL.Image.Image], List[np.ndarray], List[torch.Tensor]) — The image or batch of images to be prepared. Each image can be a PIL image, NumPy array or PyTorch tensor. In case of a NumPy array/PyTorch tensor, each image should be of shape (C, H, W), where C is the number of channels, H and W are image height and width.
segmentation_maps (PIL.Image.Image, np.ndarray, torch.Tensor, List[PIL.Image.Image], List[np.ndarray], List[torch.Tensor], optional) — Optionally, the corresponding semantic segmentation maps with the pixel-wise annotations.
return_tensors (str or TensorType, optional, defaults to 'np') — If set, will return tensors of a particular framework. Acceptable values are:
- 'tf': Return TensorFlow tf.constant objects.
- 'pt': Return PyTorch torch.Tensor objects.
- 'np': Return NumPy np.ndarray objects.
- 'jax': Return JAX jnp.ndarray objects.

Returns

BatchFeature

A BatchFeature with the following fields:

pixel_values — Pixel values to be fed to a model, of shape (batch_size, num_channels, height, width).
labels — Optional labels to be fed to a model (when segmentation_maps are provided)

Main method to prepare for the model one or several image(s) and optional corresponding segmentation maps.

NumPy arrays and PyTorch tensors are converted to PIL images when resizing, so the most efficient is to pass PIL images.

SegformerModel

class transformers.SegformerModel < source >

( config )

Parameters

config (SegformerConfig) — Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the from_pretrained() method to load the model weights.

The bare SegFormer encoder (Mix-Transformer) outputting raw hidden-states without any specific head on top. This model is a PyTorch torch.nn.Module sub-class. Use it as a regular PyTorch Module and refer to the PyTorch documentation for all matter related to general usage and behavior.

forward < source >

( pixel_values output_attentions = None output_hidden_states = None return_dict = None ) → BaseModelOutput or tuple(torch.FloatTensor)

Parameters

pixel_values (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, num_channels, height, width)) — Pixel values. Padding will be ignored by default should you provide it. Pixel values can be obtained using SegformerFeatureExtractor. See transformers.SegformerFeatureExtractor.call() for details.
output_attentions (bool, optional) — Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See attentions under returned tensors for more detail.
output_hidden_states (bool, optional) — Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See hidden_states under returned tensors for more detail.
return_dict (bool, optional) — Whether or not to return a ModelOutput instead of a plain tuple.

Returns

BaseModelOutput or tuple(torch.FloatTensor)

A BaseModelOutput or a tuple of torch.FloatTensor (if return_dict=False is passed or when config.return_dict=False) comprising various elements depending on the configuration (SegformerConfig) and inputs.

last_hidden_state (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)) — Sequence of hidden-states at the output of the last layer of the model.
hidden_states (tuple(torch.FloatTensor), optional, returned when output_hidden_states=True is passed or when config.output_hidden_states=True) — Tuple of torch.FloatTensor (one for the output of the embeddings + one for the output of each layer) of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size).

Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the initial embedding outputs.
attentions (tuple(torch.FloatTensor), optional, returned when output_attentions=True is passed or when config.output_attentions=True) — Tuple of torch.FloatTensor (one for each layer) of shape (batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length).

Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.

The SegformerModel forward method, overrides the __call__ special method.

Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the pre and post processing steps while the latter silently ignores them.

Examples:

>>> from transformers import SegformerFeatureExtractor, SegformerModel
>>> from PIL import Image
>>> import requests

>>> feature_extractor = SegformerFeatureExtractor.from_pretrained("nvidia/segformer-b0-finetuned-ade-512-512")
>>> model = SegformerModel("nvidia/segformer-b0-finetuned-ade-512-512")

>>> url = 'http://images.cocodataset.org/val2017/000000039769.jpg'
>>> image = Image.open(requests.get(url, stream=True).raw)

>>> inputs = feature_extractor(images=image, return_tensors="pt")
>>> outputs = model(**inputs)
>>> sequence_output = outputs.last_hidden_state

SegformerDecodeHead

SegformerForImageClassification

class transformers.SegformerForImageClassification < source >

( config )

Parameters

config (SegformerConfig) — Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the from_pretrained() method to load the model weights.

SegFormer Model transformer with an image classification head on top (a linear layer on top of the final hidden states) e.g. for ImageNet.

This model is a PyTorch torch.nn.Module sub-class. Use it as a regular PyTorch Module and refer to the PyTorch documentation for all matter related to general usage and behavior.

forward < source >

( pixel_values = None labels = None output_attentions = None output_hidden_states = None return_dict = None ) → SequenceClassifierOutput or tuple(torch.FloatTensor)

Parameters

pixel_values (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, num_channels, height, width)) — Pixel values. Padding will be ignored by default should you provide it. Pixel values can be obtained using SegformerFeatureExtractor. See transformers.SegformerFeatureExtractor.call() for details.
output_attentions (bool, optional) — Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See attentions under returned tensors for more detail.
output_hidden_states (bool, optional) — Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See hidden_states under returned tensors for more detail.
return_dict (bool, optional) — Whether or not to return a ModelOutput instead of a plain tuple.
labels (torch.LongTensor of shape (batch_size,), optional) — Labels for computing the image classification/regression loss. Indices should be in [0, ..., config.num_labels - 1]. If config.num_labels == 1 a regression loss is computed (Mean-Square loss), If config.num_labels > 1 a classification loss is computed (Cross-Entropy).

Returns

SequenceClassifierOutput or tuple(torch.FloatTensor)

A SequenceClassifierOutput or a tuple of torch.FloatTensor (if return_dict=False is passed or when config.return_dict=False) comprising various elements depending on the configuration (SegformerConfig) and inputs.

loss (torch.FloatTensor of shape (1,), optional, returned when labels is provided) — Classification (or regression if config.num_labels==1) loss.
logits (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, config.num_labels)) — Classification (or regression if config.num_labels==1) scores (before SoftMax).
hidden_states (tuple(torch.FloatTensor), optional, returned when output_hidden_states=True is passed or when config.output_hidden_states=True) — Tuple of torch.FloatTensor (one for the output of the embeddings + one for the output of each layer) of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size).

Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the initial embedding outputs.
attentions (tuple(torch.FloatTensor), optional, returned when output_attentions=True is passed or when config.output_attentions=True) — Tuple of torch.FloatTensor (one for each layer) of shape (batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length).

Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.

The SegformerForImageClassification forward method, overrides the __call__ special method.

Examples:

>>> from transformers import SegformerFeatureExtractor, SegformerForImageClassification
>>> from PIL import Image
>>> import requests

>>> url = 'http://images.cocodataset.org/val2017/000000039769.jpg'
>>> image = Image.open(requests.get(url, stream=True).raw)

>>> feature_extractor = SegformerFeatureExtractor.from_pretrained('nvidia/mit-b0')
>>> model = SegformerForImageClassification.from_pretrained('nvidia/mit-b0')

>>> inputs = feature_extractor(images=image, return_tensors="pt")
>>> outputs = model(**inputs)
>>> logits = outputs.logits
>>> # model predicts one of the 1000 ImageNet classes
>>> predicted_class_idx = logits.argmax(-1).item()
>>> print("Predicted class:", model.config.id2label[predicted_class_idx])

SegformerForSemanticSegmentation

class transformers.SegformerForSemanticSegmentation < source >

( config )

Parameters

config (SegformerConfig) — Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the from_pretrained() method to load the model weights.

SegFormer Model transformer with an all-MLP decode head on top e.g. for ADE20k, CityScapes. This model is a PyTorch torch.nn.Module sub-class. Use it as a regular PyTorch Module and refer to the PyTorch documentation for all matter related to general usage and behavior.

forward < source >

( pixel_values labels = None output_attentions = None output_hidden_states = None return_dict = None ) → SequenceClassifierOutput or tuple(torch.FloatTensor)

Parameters

pixel_values (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, num_channels, height, width)) — Pixel values. Padding will be ignored by default should you provide it. Pixel values can be obtained using SegformerFeatureExtractor. See transformers.SegformerFeatureExtractor.call() for details.
output_attentions (bool, optional) — Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See attentions under returned tensors for more detail.
output_hidden_states (bool, optional) — Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See hidden_states under returned tensors for more detail.
return_dict (bool, optional) — Whether or not to return a ModelOutput instead of a plain tuple.
labels (torch.LongTensor of shape (batch_size, height, width), optional) — Ground truth semantic segmentation maps for computing the loss. Indices should be in [0, ..., config.num_labels - 1]. If config.num_labels > 1, a classification loss is computed (Cross-Entropy).

Returns

SequenceClassifierOutput or tuple(torch.FloatTensor)

loss (torch.FloatTensor of shape (1,), optional, returned when labels is provided) — Classification (or regression if config.num_labels==1) loss.
logits (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, config.num_labels)) — Classification (or regression if config.num_labels==1) scores (before SoftMax).
hidden_states (tuple(torch.FloatTensor), optional, returned when output_hidden_states=True is passed or when config.output_hidden_states=True) — Tuple of torch.FloatTensor (one for the output of the embeddings + one for the output of each layer) of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size).

Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the initial embedding outputs.
attentions (tuple(torch.FloatTensor), optional, returned when output_attentions=True is passed or when config.output_attentions=True) — Tuple of torch.FloatTensor (one for each layer) of shape (batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length).

Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.

The SegformerForSemanticSegmentation forward method, overrides the __call__ special method.

Examples:

>>> from transformers import SegformerFeatureExtractor, SegformerForSemanticSegmentation
>>> from PIL import Image
>>> import requests

>>> feature_extractor = SegformerFeatureExtractor.from_pretrained("nvidia/segformer-b0-finetuned-ade-512-512")
>>> model = SegformerForSemanticSegmentation.from_pretrained("nvidia/segformer-b0-finetuned-ade-512-512")

>>> url = 'http://images.cocodataset.org/val2017/000000039769.jpg'
>>> image = Image.open(requests.get(url, stream=True).raw)

>>> inputs = feature_extractor(images=image, return_tensors="pt")
>>> outputs = model(**inputs)
>>> logits = outputs.logits # shape (batch_size, num_labels, height/4, width/4)

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