Text-to-image

Text-to-image models like Stable Diffusion are conditioned to generate images given a text prompt.

Training a model can be taxing on your hardware, but if you enable gradient_checkpointing and mixed_precision, it is possible to train a model on a single 24GB GPU. If you’re training with larger batch sizes or want to train faster, it’s better to use GPUs with more than 30GB of memory. You can reduce your memory footprint by enabling memory-efficient attention with xFormers. JAX/Flax training is also supported for efficient training on TPUs and GPUs, but it doesn’t support gradient checkpointing, gradient accumulation or xFormers. A GPU with at least 30GB of memory or a TPU v3 is recommended for training with Flax.

This guide will explore the train_text_to_image.py training script to help you become familiar with it, and how you can adapt it for your own use-case.

Before running the script, make sure you install the library from source:

git clone https://github.com/huggingface/diffusers
cd diffusers
pip install .

Then navigate to the example folder containing the training script and install the required dependencies for the script you’re using:

cd examples/text_to_image
pip install -r requirements.txt

Initialize an 🤗 Accelerate environment:

accelerate config

To setup a default 🤗 Accelerate environment without choosing any configurations:

accelerate config default

Or if your environment doesn’t support an interactive shell, like a notebook, you can use:

from accelerate.utils import write_basic_config

write_basic_config()

Lastly, if you want to train a model on your own dataset, take a look at the Create a dataset for training guide to learn how to create a dataset that works with the training script.

Script parameters

The training script provides many parameters to help you customize your training run. All of the parameters and their descriptions are found in the parse_args() function. This function provides default values for each parameter, such as the training batch size and learning rate, but you can also set your own values in the training command if you’d like.

For example, to speedup training with mixed precision using the fp16 format, add the --mixed_precision parameter to the training command:

accelerate launch train_text_to_image.py \
  --mixed_precision="fp16"

Some basic and important parameters include:

• --pretrained_model_name_or_path: the name of the model on the Hub or a local path to the pretrained model
• --dataset_name: the name of the dataset on the Hub or a local path to the dataset to train on
• --image_column: the name of the image column in the dataset to train on
• --caption_column: the name of the text column in the dataset to train on
• --output_dir: where to save the trained model
• --push_to_hub: whether to push the trained model to the Hub
• --checkpointing_steps: frequency of saving a checkpoint as the model trains; this is useful if for some reason training is interrupted, you can continue training from that checkpoint by adding --resume_from_checkpoint to your training command

Min-SNR weighting

The Min-SNR weighting strategy can help with training by rebalancing the loss to achieve faster convergence. The training script supports predicting epsilon (noise) or v_prediction, but Min-SNR is compatible with both prediction types. This weighting strategy is only supported by PyTorch and is unavailable in the Flax training script.

Add the --snr_gamma parameter and set it to the recommended value of 5.0:

accelerate launch train_text_to_image.py \
  --snr_gamma=5.0

You can compare the loss surfaces for different snr_gamma values in this Weights and Biases report. For smaller datasets, the effects of Min-SNR may not be as obvious compared to larger datasets.

Training script

The dataset preprocessing code and training loop are found in the main() function. If you need to adapt the training script, this is where you’ll need to make your changes.

The train_text_to_image script starts by loading a scheduler and tokenizer. You can choose to use a different scheduler here if you want:

noise_scheduler = DDPMScheduler.from_pretrained(args.pretrained_model_name_or_path, subfolder="scheduler")
tokenizer = CLIPTokenizer.from_pretrained(
    args.pretrained_model_name_or_path, subfolder="tokenizer", revision=args.revision
)

Then the script loads the UNet model:

load_model = UNet2DConditionModel.from_pretrained(input_dir, subfolder="unet")
model.register_to_config(**load_model.config)

model.load_state_dict(load_model.state_dict())

Next, the text and image columns of the dataset need to be preprocessed. The tokenize_captions function handles tokenizing the inputs, and the train_transforms function specifies the type of transforms to apply to the image. Both of these functions are bundled into preprocess_train:

def preprocess_train(examples):
    images = [image.convert("RGB") for image in examples[image_column]]
    examples["pixel_values"] = [train_transforms(image) for image in images]
    examples["input_ids"] = tokenize_captions(examples)
    return examples

Lastly, the training loop handles everything else. It encodes images into latent space, adds noise to the latents, computes the text embeddings to condition on, updates the model parameters, and saves and pushes the model to the Hub. If you want to learn more about how the training loop works, check out the Understanding pipelines, models and schedulers tutorial which breaks down the basic pattern of the denoising process.

Launch the script

Once you’ve made all your changes or you’re okay with the default configuration, you’re ready to launch the training script! 🚀

export MODEL_NAME="runwayml/stable-diffusion-v1-5"
export dataset_name="lambdalabs/naruto-blip-captions"

accelerate launch --mixed_precision="fp16"  train_text_to_image.py \
  --pretrained_model_name_or_path=$MODEL_NAME \
  --dataset_name=$dataset_name \
  --use_ema \
  --resolution=512 --center_crop --random_flip \
  --train_batch_size=1 \
  --gradient_accumulation_steps=4 \
  --gradient_checkpointing \
  --max_train_steps=15000 \
  --learning_rate=1e-05 \
  --max_grad_norm=1 \
  --enable_xformers_memory_efficient_attention \
  --lr_scheduler="constant" --lr_warmup_steps=0 \
  --output_dir="sd-naruto-model" \
  --push_to_hub

Once training is complete, you can use your newly trained model for inference:

from diffusers import StableDiffusionPipeline
import torch

pipeline = StableDiffusionPipeline.from_pretrained("path/to/saved_model", torch_dtype=torch.float16, use_safetensors=True).to("cuda")

image = pipeline(prompt="yoda").images[0]
image.save("yoda-naruto.png")

Next steps

Congratulations on training your own text-to-image model! To learn more about how to use your new model, the following guides may be helpful:

• Learn how to load LoRA weights for inference if you trained your model with LoRA.
• Learn more about how certain parameters like guidance scale or techniques such as prompt weighting can help you control inference in the Text-to-image task guide.