安妮 (英國女王)
Anne, Queen of Great Britain

context: zh_tw: 安妮幼時患有一種症狀為流淚過多，稱之為「流下」的眼疾。為治療此症，她被送往法蘭西和祖母亨利埃塔・瑪麗亞王太后一起居住在巴黎附近的白鴿城堡。安妮在祖母於 1669 年過世後搬至姑姑奧爾良公爵夫人亨利埃塔・安妮的宮殿居住。可她的姑姑旋於 1670 年因病驟逝，安妮只得返回英格蘭。次年，她的母親也不幸辭世。
en: Anne was born at 11:39 p.m. on 6 February 1665 at St James's Palace, London, the fourth child and second daughter of the Duke of York (afterwards James II and VII), and his first wife, Anne Hyde. Her father was the younger brother of King Charles II, who ruled the three kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland, and her mother was the daughter of Lord Chancellor Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon. At her Anglican baptism in the Chapel Royal at St James's, her older sister, Mary, was one of her godparents, along with the Duchess of Monmouth and the Archbishop of Canterbury, Gilbert Sheldon. The Duke and Duchess of York had eight children, but Anne and Mary were the only ones to survive into adulthood.As a child, Anne suffered from an eye condition, which manifested as excessive watering known as "defluxion". For medical treatment, she was sent to France, where she lived with her paternal grandmother, Henrietta Maria of France, at the Château de Colombes near Paris. Following her grandmother's death in 1669, Anne lived with an aunt, Henrietta Anne, Duchess of Orléans. On the sudden death of her aunt in 1670, Anne returned to England. Her mother died the following year.As was traditional in the royal family, Anne and her sister were brought up separated from their father in their own establishment at Richmond, London. On the instructions of Charles II, they were raised as Protestants. Placed in the care of Colonel Edward and Lady Frances Villiers, their education was focused on the teachings of the Anglican church. Henry Compton, Bishop of London, was appointed as Anne's preceptor.Around 1671, Anne first made the acquaintance of Sarah Jennings, who later became her close friend and one of her most influential advisors. Jennings married John Churchill (the future Duke of Marlborough) in about 1678. His sister, Arabella Churchill, was the Duke of York's mistress, and he was to be Anne's most important general.In 1673, the Duke of York's conversion to Catholicism became public, and he married a Catholic princess, Mary of Modena, who was only six and a half years older than Anne. Charles II had no legitimate children, and so the Duke of York was next in the line of succession, followed by his two surviving daughters from his first marriage, Mary and Anne—as long as he had no son. Over the next ten years, the new Duchess of York had ten children, but all were either stillborn or died in infancy, leaving Mary and Anne second and third in the line of succession after their father. There is every indication that, throughout Anne's early life, she and her stepmother got on well together, and the Duke of York was a conscientious and loving father.
qas: question: zh_tw: 安妮的祖母何時過世？
en: When did Anne's grandmother die?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1669
en: text: 1669

context: zh_tw: 當查理二世在 1685 年駕崩後，安妮的父親遂繼承王位成為英格蘭和愛爾蘭的詹姆斯二世及蘇格蘭的詹姆斯七世。讓英國人吃驚錯愕的是，詹姆斯一即位就授予天主教徒擔任軍事和行政官職位，違反了為了避免此種任命而制定的《測試法令》（1673 年訂立）。而安妮繼續參加英國國教禮拜儀式，引起了人們的普遍關注。由於安妮的姊姊瑪麗居住在尼德蘭，安妮在她的家庭裡是在英格蘭參加新教禮拜儀式的唯一的王室成員。當她的父親試圖讓安妮年幼的女兒接受天主教洗禮時，安妮突然大哭了起來。“羅馬天主教是罪惡而危險的”，她在給姊姊的信中說：「他們的儀式–其中大多數是–徹頭徹尾的盲目崇拜」。由於詹姆斯對英格蘭教會勢力的削弱，使得安妮開始疏遠父親和繼母。
en: When Charles II died in 1685, Anne's father became King James II of England and VII of Scotland. To the consternation of the English people, James began to give Catholics military and administrative offices, in contravention of the Test Acts that were designed to prevent such appointments. Anne shared the general concern, and continued to attend Anglican services. As her sister Mary lived in the Netherlands, Anne and her family were the only members of the royal family attending Protestant religious services in England. When her father tried to get Anne to baptise her youngest daughter into the Catholic faith, Anne burst into tears. "The Church of Rome is wicked and dangerous", she wrote to her sister, "their ceremonies—most of them—plain downright idolatry." Anne became estranged from her father and stepmother, as James moved to weaken the Church of England's power.In early 1687, within a matter of days, Anne miscarried, her husband caught smallpox, and their two young daughters died of the same infection. Lady Rachel Russell wrote that George and Anne had "taken [the deaths] very heavily ... Sometimes they wept, sometimes they mourned in words; then sat silent, hand in hand; he sick in bed, and she the carefullest nurse to him that can be imagined." Later that year, she suffered another stillbirth.
qas: question: zh_tw: 設計了什麼來防止給天主教徒提供軍事職位？
en: What was designed to prevent giving Catholics military jobs?
answers: zh_tw: text: 測試法令
en: text: Test Acts

context: zh_tw: 從 1688 年 11 月 5 日開始，奧蘭治的威廉（安妮的姊夫）入侵英格蘭，最終廢黜了詹姆斯國王，此一行為後世稱之為「光榮革命」。之前在 1687 年春天中旬，詹姆斯竭力阻止了瑪麗訪問英格蘭的計劃，再次表達出抗拒新教勢力的態度；詹姆斯強烈的反新教意圖，使安妮與瑪麗意識到威廉應當儘快入侵英格蘭，才能扭轉英國新教徒的厄運。1688 年底威廉登陸之後，安妮接受了丘吉爾的意見，不願再支援詹姆斯的統治權利。於是她在 11 月 18 日寫信給姊夫，表明自己贊成他的入侵行動。24 日當天，丘吉爾拋棄了不得民心的國王，連同四百位軍官倒戈加入威廉軍；而喬治王子在那天也作出了相同的決定。聽聞訊息的翌日夜晚，詹姆斯二世及七世下令將薩拉・丘吉爾軟禁在聖詹姆斯宮。安妮和薩拉在康普頓主教的幫助下，從白廳宮的後樓梯逃離。她們在康普頓的家裡躲藏了一個晚上，隨後在 12 月 1 日趕到了諾丁漢。兩個星期後，在一支大規模連隊的護送下，安妮抵達了牛津，並見到了凱旋歸來的喬治王子。“上帝助我！” 在 11 月 26 日，詹姆斯發現他的女兒拋棄了他而發出感嘆，“連我的孩子也拋棄了我。” 在 12 月 19 日，安妮回到倫敦，她第一次會見了姊夫威廉。詹姆斯則在 12 月 23 日逃往法蘭西。安妮對他父親的逃亡的訊息毫不關心，反倒則僅要求玩她平日的遊戲卡牌。正像她對自己的解釋：“我過去經常玩牌，並從未愛上做看上去裝腔作勢並侷促不安的任何事”。1689 年 1 月，慣例議會在英格蘭召開並申明當詹姆斯逃離後就已經自動放棄王位了，因此英格蘭和愛爾蘭王位空缺。蘇格蘭國會也採取了同樣的決議，並宣佈威廉和瑪麗為三國君主。《1689 年權利法令》和《1689 年權利要求法令》解決了王位繼承問題。威廉和瑪麗將由安妮和她的後裔繼承，緊接著是威廉假如再娶的話的後裔。1689 年 7 月 24 日，安妮誕下一個儘管出生時病了卻活過了嬰兒期的兒子格洛斯特公爵威廉王子。由於威廉和瑪麗未有子嗣，使得安妮的兒子好像將有在最終繼承王位的希望。
en: William of Orange invaded England on 5 November 1688 in an action, known as the Glorious Revolution, which ultimately deposed King James. Forbidden by James to pay Mary a projected visit in the spring of 1687, Anne corresponded with her and was aware of the plans to invade. On the advice of the Churchills, she refused to side with James after William landed and instead wrote to William on 18 November declaring her approval of his action. Churchill abandoned the unpopular King James on the 24th. Prince George followed suit that night, and in the evening of the following day James issued orders to place Sarah Churchill under house arrest at St James's Palace. Anne and Sarah fled from Whitehall by a back staircase, putting themselves under the care of Bishop Compton. They spent one night in his house, and subsequently arrived at Nottingham on 1 December. Two weeks later and escorted by a large company, Anne arrived at Oxford, where she met Prince George in triumph. "God help me!", lamented James on discovering the desertion of his daughter on 26 November, "Even my children have forsaken me." On 19 December, Anne returned to London, where she was at once visited by William. James fled to France on the 23rd. Anne showed no concern at the news of her father's flight, and instead merely asked for her usual game of cards. She justified herself by saying that she "was used to play and never loved to do anything that looked like an affected constraint".In January 1689, a Convention Parliament assembled in England and declared that James had effectively abdicated when he fled, and that the thrones of England and Ireland were therefore vacant. The Parliament or Estates of Scotland took similar action, and William and Mary were declared monarchs of all three realms. The Bill of Rights 1689 and Claim of Right Act 1689 settled the succession. Anne and her descendants were to be in the line of succession after William and Mary, and they were to be followed by any descendants of William by a future marriage. On 24 July 1689, Anne gave birth to a son, Prince William, Duke of Gloucester, who, though ill, survived infancy. As King William and Queen Mary had no children, it looked as though Anne's son would eventually inherit the Crown.
qas: question: zh_tw: 安妮對什麼毫不關心？
en: What wasn't Anne concerned about?
answers: zh_tw: text: 父親的逃亡的訊息
en: text: news of her father's flight

context: zh_tw: 1700 年 1 月 25 日，安妮又經歷了一次流產，誕下一個胎死腹中的男嬰，從此她不再有孕，結束了長年的妊娠生活。自結婚之後算起，她至少懷孕過十七次，其中至少有十二次生育失敗（不是流產就是胎兒死腹中，或是生下來就是死胎）。在她五個活產的孩子裡，有四個沒活到兩歲就夭折了。至少從 1698 年起，安妮就因為「痛風」發作而苦不堪言，疼痛先從四肢開始，最終蔓延到頭部和胃部。以她多次產下死嬰和軀體症狀為根據，學者在此基礎上推斷，她可能患有播散性紅斑狼瘡或是抗磷脂綜合徵。又或者，盆腔炎可以解釋為什麼她發病的症狀和她倒數第二次懷孕的症狀大致相近。除此之外，造成她接連懷孕失敗的可疑因素，還有利斯特菌病、糖尿病、宮內生長遲緩以及 Rh 因子不相配等。不過，Rh 因子不相配通常不會連續懷孕，所以從安妮頻繁的懷孕來看，患有此病的機率極低。另外，當那個唯一活過嬰兒期的兒子格洛斯特公爵威廉王子出生之後，安妮又懷出了一連串的死胎，因此專家們亦排除了與其病史不相合的梅毒、卟啉症和盆骨變形。安妮的痛風使她在晚年嚴重跛腳而不良於行。在宮廷出入移動時，她需要乘轎子或是坐輪椅，並由侍官搬運推動。當她想在自家宅院移動時，就使用一匹馬拉的輕便馬車代步，她自己駕車驅馬「洶洶氣勢似耶戶而嗜獵逞強似寧錄」。由於她長期的久坐不動，使她的體重直線上升；用薩拉的話來說：“暴增的體重使她如此臃腫、肥胖。這讓她看起來威嚴雄偉，但愁眉鎖眼卻滲進了靈魂深處”。第一代子爵約翰・卡拉克在 1706 年描述她 “在一陣陣痛風的突發下，進入到了極度心痛和痛苦之中，在這種場合下，她的一切都能使她最下賤的臣民的身體也被同樣的疾病所錯亂。她那紅而有斑的臉，在那不講究的服飾下顯得是多麼的可怕，她腳上的膏藥被一些令人厭惡的繃帶緊緊捆綁。我深為此景象所感動 ...”。
en: Anne's final pregnancy ended on 25 January 1700 with a stillbirth. She had been pregnant at least seventeen times over as many years, and had miscarried or given birth to stillborn children at least twelve times. Of her five liveborn children, four died before reaching the age of two. Anne suffered from bouts of "gout" (pains in her limbs and eventually stomach and head) from at least 1698. Based on her foetal losses and physical symptoms, she may have had disseminated lupus erythematosus, or Hughes syndrome. Alternatively, pelvic inflammatory disease could explain why the onset of her symptoms roughly coincided with her penultimate pregnancy. Other suggested causes of her failed pregnancies are listeriosis, diabetes, intrauterine growth retardation, and rhesus incompatibility. Rhesus incompatibility, however, generally worsens with successive pregnancies, and so does not fit with the pattern of Anne's pregnancies, as her only son to survive infancy, Prince William, Duke of Gloucester, was born after a series of stillbirths. Experts also rule out syphilis, porphyria and pelvic deformation as incompatible with her medical history.
qas: question: zh_tw: 人們說什麼是懷孕失敗的原因？
en: What did people say were failed pregnancy causes?
answers: zh_tw: text: 利斯特菌病、糖尿病、宮內生長遲緩以及 Rh 因子不相配
en: text: listeriosis, diabetes, intrauterine growth retardation, and rhesus incompatibility