zetavg/mlqa_en_zh_tw huggingface dataset:
YES or YES
Yes or Yes

context: zh_tw: 10 月 20 日為 TWICE 韓國出道三週年紀念日，TWICE YouTube 頻道上上載了「喜歡 TWICE 嗎？」的紀念影片，於影片末段正式公佈第六張迷你專輯的名稱為「YES or YES」，亦於 Facebook 及 Twitter 官網上上載 YES or YES 專輯的概念圖，為 TWICE 年內的第三次迴歸揭開序幕。
en: In early October 2018, advertisements with the phrase "Do you like Twice? Yes or Yes" (Korean: "트와이스 좋아하세요? YES or YES") were put up on subway billboards, drawing attention online. On October 11, JYP Entertainment confirmed that Twice planned to release their third Korean album of the year on November 5. Yes or Yes was revealed as the album's title on October 20 and a special video commemorating Twice's third anniversary contained a short clip of the album's lead single of the same name.
qas: question: zh_tw: 10 月 20 日釋出的這張專輯的名字是什麼？
en: What was the name of the album that was named on October 20th?
answers: zh_tw: text: YouTube 頻道上上載了「喜歡 TWICE 嗎？」的紀念影片，於影片末段正式公佈第六張迷你專輯的名稱為「YES or YES」，亦於 Facebook 及 Twitter 官網上上載 YES
en: text: Yes or Yes
詹姆斯・克拉克・麥克斯韋
James Clerk Maxwell

context: zh_tw: 詹姆斯・克拉克・麥克斯韋 FRS FRSE（英語：James Clerk Maxwell，1831 年 6 月 13 日－1879 年 11 月 5 日），蘇格蘭數學物理學家。其最大功績是提出了將電、磁、光統歸為電磁場中現象的麥克斯韋方程組。麥克斯韋在電磁學領域的功績實現了物理學自艾薩克・牛頓後的第二次統一。
en: James Clerk Maxwell  (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish scientist in the field of mathematical physics. His most notable achievement was to formulate the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation, bringing together for the first time electricity, magnetism, and light as different manifestations of the same phenomenon. Maxwell's equations for electromagnetism have been called the "second great unification in physics"  after the first one realised by Isaac Newton.
qas: question: zh_tw: 麥克斯韋擅長哪一領域？
en: In which area did Maxwell specialize?
answers: zh_tw: text: Maxwell，1831 年 6 月 13 日－1879 年 11 月 5 日），蘇格蘭數學物理學家。
en: text: mathematical physics
法蘭西殖民帝國
French colonial empire

context: zh_tw: 18 世紀中期，一連串的殖民地衝突在法國及英國之間展開，最後更險致法蘭西殖民帝國的瓦解。這一連串的衝突就是從奧地利王位繼承戰爭（1744 年 - 1748 年）、七年戰爭（1756 年 - 1763 年）、美國獨立戰爭（1778 年 - 1783 年）、法國大革命（1793 年 - 1802 年）及拿破崙戰爭（1802 年 - 1815 年）中衍生出來。
en: In the middle of the 18th century, a series of colonial conflicts began between France and Britain, which ultimately resulted in the destruction of most of the first French colonial empire and the near-complete expulsion of France from the Americas. These wars were the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748), the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), the American Revolution (1765–1783), the French Revolutionary Wars (1793–1802) and the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815). It may even be seen further back in time to the first of the French and Indian Wars. This cyclic conflict is sometimes known as the Second Hundred Years' War.
qas: question: zh_tw: 1793 年到 1802 年期間，發生過哪些戰爭？
en: What wars occurred during the years 1793 to 1802?
answers: zh_tw: text: 法國大革命
en: text: French Revolutionary Wars

context: zh_tw: 第二次世界大戰期間，法蘭西殖民帝國逐漸分解，當中大部份都為他國所佔領（如日本佔領印度支那，英國佔據了敍利亞、黎巴嫩及馬達加斯加，英美聯合佔有摩洛哥及阿爾及利亞，德國搶奪了突尼西亞）。但不久後，由戴高樂重新控制這些地方。
en: The French colonial empire began to fall during the Second World War, when various parts were occupied by foreign powers (Japan in Indochina, Britain in Syria, Lebanon, and Madagascar, the United States and Britain in Morocco and Algeria, and Germany and Italy in Tunisia). However, control was gradually reestablished by Charles de Gaulle. The French Union, included in the Constitution of 1946, nominally replaced the former colonial empire, but officials in Paris remained in full control. The colonies were given local assemblies with only limited local power and budgets. There emerged a group of elites, known as evolués, who were natives of the overseas territories but lived in metropolitan France.
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰重新獲得控制權？
en: Who regained control?
answers: zh_tw: text: 戴高樂
en: text: Charles de Gaulle
寂靜嶺 (遊戲)
Silent Hill (video game)

context: zh_tw: 本遊戲獲得普遍好評，遊戲評論網站 Metacritic 和 GameRankings 分別給予該遊戲 86/100 與 84.99％的評價。由於本遊戲售出超過兩百萬份，因此在美國 PlayStation 平臺上成為紅標籤作品。
en: Silent Hill received generally positive reviews, gaining an 86/100 aggregate at ratings website Metacritic, respectively. The game sold over two million copies, which gained Silent Hill a place in the American PlayStation Greatest Hits budget releases. In November 1999, the Verband der Unterhaltungssoftware Deutschland (VUD) gave Silent Hill a "Gold" award, indicating sales of at least 100,000 units across Germany, Austria and Switzerland.Silent Hill has been compared to the Resident Evil series of survival horror video games. Bobba Fatt of GamePro labeled Silent Hill a "shameless but slick Resident Evil clone", while Edge described it as "a near-perfect sim nightmare." Others felt that Silent Hill was Konami's answer to the Resident Evil series in that, while they noted a similarity, Silent Hill utilized a different form of horror to induce fear, attempting to form a disturbing atmosphere for the player, in contrast to the visceral scares and action-oriented approach of Resident Evil. Adding to the atmosphere was the audio, which was well-received; Billy Matjiunis of TVG described the ambient music as "engrossing"; a reviewer for Game Revolution also praised the audio, commenting that the sound and music "will set you on edge". Less well-received was the voice acting which, although some reviewers remarked it was better than that found in the Resident Evil series, was found poor overall by reviewers, and accompanied by pauses between lines that served to spoil the atmosphere.Reviewers noted that Silent Hill used real-time 3D environments, in contrast to the pre-rendered environments found in Resident Evil. Fog and darkness were heavily used to disguise the limitations of the hardware. Along with the grainy textures—also from hardware limitations—most reviewers felt that these factors actually worked in the game's favor; Francesca Reyes of IGN described it as "adding to the atmosphere of dilapidation and decay". In using 3D environments, however, controls became an issue, and in "tougher" areas, maneuverability became "an exercise in frustration".The game's popularity as the first in the series was further recognized long after its release; a list of the best PS games of all time by IGN in 2000 listed it as the 14th-best PS game, while a 2005 article by GameSpy detailing the best PS games listed Silent Hill as the 15th-best game produced for the console. A GameTrailers video feature in 2006 ranked Silent Hill as number one in its list of the top ten scariest games of all time. In 2005, the game was credited for moving the survival horror genre away from B movie horror elements to the psychological style seen in art house or Japanese horror films, due to the game's emphasis on a disturbing atmosphere rather than visceral horror. In November 2012, Time named it one of the 100 greatest video games of all time.
qas: question: zh_tw: 寂靜嶺在哪個遊戲評論網站得到 86/100 的評價？
en: What ratings website did Silent Hill get an 86/100 score on?
answers: zh_tw: text: Metacritic
en: text: Metacritic
廣義相對論

context: zh_tw: 從廣義相對論得到的部分預言和經典物理中的對應預言非常不同，尤其是有關時間流易、空間幾何、自由落體的運動以及光的傳播等問題，例如引力場內的時間膨脹、光的引力紅移和引力時間延遲效應。廣義相對論的預言至今為止已經通過了所有觀測和實驗的驗證 —— 廣義相對論雖然並非當今描述引力的唯一理論，但卻是能夠與實驗資料相符合的最簡潔的理論。不過仍然有一些問題至今未能解決。最為基礎的即是廣義相對論和量子物理的定律應如何統一以形成完備並且自洽的量子引力理論。
qas: question: zh_tw: 愛因斯坦的廣義相對論的特定預測與哪種物理學不一致？
en: Certain predictions of Einstein's theory of general relativity do not fall in line with what type of physics?
answers: zh_tw: text: 經典物理

context: zh_tw: 由於自由落體的普遍性，慣性運動（實驗中的火箭內）和在引力場中的運動（實驗中的地面上）是無法透過觀察來區分的。這是在暗示一類新的慣性運動的定義，即在引力作用下的自由落體也屬於慣性運動。透過這種慣性運動則可以重新定義周圍的時空幾何：從數學來看，引力場中慣性運動的軌跡是彎曲時空的測地線，彎曲時空代表了引力對於物體的軌跡所產生的效應。
qas: question: zh_tw: 什麼造成物體自由落體？
en: what makes objest free fall?
answers: zh_tw: text: 引力

context: zh_tw: 牛頓引力的幾何理論儘管看上去很有趣，但這一理論的基礎經典力學不過是（狹義）相對論力學的一個特例。用對稱的語言來說，在不考慮引力的情形下物理學具有洛倫茲不變性，而並非經典力學所具有的伽利略不變性。(狹義相對論的對稱性包含在龐加萊群中，它除了包含有洛倫茲變換所包含的洛倫茲遞升和旋轉外還包含平移不變性。) 在研究物件的速度接近光速或者高能的情形下這兩者的區別逐漸變得明顯。
qas: question: zh_tw: 在對稱性中，什麼是特殊的運動相對性？
en: In Symmetry, what is the special relativity of movements?
answers: zh_tw: text: 龐加萊群

context: zh_tw: 有些相對論效應與座標的方向性有關，其一是測地線效應，例如一個在彎曲時空中作自由落體運動的陀螺的自轉軸會因此而改變，即使陀螺的自轉軸方向在運動過程中儘可能保持一直穩定（即所謂在曲面上作 “平行輸運”）。地球 - 月球系統的測地線效應已經透過月球鐳射測距實驗得到驗證。近年來物理學者透過引力探測器 B 衛星測量測試質量在地球引力場中的測地線效應，其結果和理論值的誤差小於 0.3%。
qas: question: zh_tw: 什麼幫助測量了地球 - 月球系統的大地歲差？
en: What has assisted in measuring the geodetic precession of the Moon-Earth system?
answers: zh_tw: text: 月球鐳射測距實驗

context: zh_tw: 在所謂暴脹模型中，宇宙曾在誕生的極早期（～10-33 秒）經歷了劇烈的加速膨脹過程。這個在於 1980 年代提出的假說是由於某些令人困惑並且用經典宇宙學無法解釋的觀測結果而提出的，例如宇宙微波背景輻射的高度各向同性，而現在對微波背景輻射各向異性的觀測結果是支援暴脹模型的證據之一。然而，暴脹的可能的方式也是多樣的，現今的觀測還無法對此作出約束。一個更大的課題是關於極早期宇宙的物理學的，這涉及到發生在暴脹之前的、由經典宇宙學模型預言的大爆炸奇點。對此比較有權威性的意見是這個問題需要由一個完備的量子引力理論來解答，而這個理論至今還沒有建立（參見下文量子引力）。
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪種引力需要有權威性的解答？
en: What kind of gravity needs an authoritative answer?
answers: zh_tw: text: 量子引力

context: zh_tw: 在廣義相對論中沒有任何有靜止質量的物體能夠追上或超過一束光脈衝，即是說發生於某一點的事件 A 在光從那一點傳播到空間中任意位置 X 之前無法對位置 X 產生影響。因此，一個時空中所有光的世界線（零性測地線）包含了有關這個時空的關鍵因果結構資訊。描述這種因果結構的是彭羅斯 - 卡特圖，在這種圖中，無限大的空間區域和時間間隔，透過共形變換，被 “收縮”（數學上稱為緊化）在可被容納的有限時空區域內，而光的世界線仍然和在閔可夫斯基圖中一樣用對角線表示。
qas: question: zh_tw: 光定必定從某一點傳播到某一點嗎？
en: A light must be sent out from where to where?
answers: zh_tw: text: A 在光從那一點傳播到空間中任意位置 X

context: zh_tw: ADM 質量：在一個漸近平直時空中建立廣義相對論的哈密頓形式，從中定義系統的總能量。思考一個系統的總質量中被引力波攜帶至無限遠處的能量，如果不將這能量納入計算，得到的結果叫做零性無限遠處的邦迪質量。這些定義而來的質量被舍恩和丘成桐的正質量定理證明是正值，而動量和角動量也具有全域的相應定義。在這方面的研究中還有很多試圖建立所謂準局域量的嘗試，例如僅透過一個孤立系統所在的有限空間區域中包含的物理量來構造這個孤立系統的質量。這類嘗試寄希望於能夠找到一個更好地描述孤立系統的量化方式，例如環假說的某種更精確的形式。
qas: question: zh_tw: 準定域量的一個定義是什麼？
en: What is one definition of quasi-local quantities?
answers: zh_tw: text: 僅透過一個孤立系統所在的有限空間區域中包含的物理量來構造這個孤立系統的質量。
卡羅琳 (安斯巴赫)
Caroline of Ansbach

context: zh_tw: 成年後的卡羅琳，成為一個兼具智慧和美貌的女性，吸引了許多王侯的上門提親。索菲王后的母親──漢諾瓦的索菲（漢諾瓦選帝侯喬治一世之母）更稱她為「德意志最值得匹配（許配）的公主」。在普王腓特烈一世的支援下，當時德意志最有權勢的王子──神聖羅馬帝國皇帝的次子卡爾六世（正在西班牙王位繼承戰爭中競逐王位），於 1703 年正式向她求婚，並請她放棄路德新教改信天主教，以配合奧地利哈布斯堡王朝的家風。經過幾番考慮，不願改信天主教的卡羅琳在 1704 年拒絕了求婚，抵受住來自普王（相當於養父）施加的壓力，以及成為西班牙王后，甚至是神聖羅馬皇后的誘惑。
en: An intelligent and attractive woman, Caroline was much sought-after as a bride. Dowager Electress Sophia called her "the most agreeable Princess in Germany". She was considered for the hand of Archduke Charles of Austria, who was a candidate for the throne of Spain and later became Holy Roman Emperor. Charles made official overtures to her in 1703, and the match was encouraged by King Frederick of Prussia. After some consideration, Caroline refused in 1704, as she would not convert from Lutheranism to Catholicism. Early in the following year, Queen Sophia Charlotte died on a visit to her native Hanover. Caroline was devastated, writing to Leibniz, "The calamity has overwhelmed me with grief and sickness, and it is only the hope that I may soon follow her that consoles me."In June 1705, Queen Sophia Charlotte's nephew, Prince George Augustus of Hanover, visited the Ansbach court, supposedly incognito, to inspect Caroline, as his father the Elector did not want his son to enter into a loveless arranged marriage as he himself had. The nephew of three childless uncles, George Augustus was under pressure to marry and father an heir to prevent endangering the Hanoverian succession. He had heard reports of Caroline's "incomparable beauty and mental attributes". He immediately took a liking to her "good character" and the British envoy reported that George Augustus "would not think of anybody else after her". For her part, Caroline was not fooled by the prince's disguise, and found her suitor attractive. He was the heir apparent of his father's Electorate of Hanover and third-in-line to the British throne of his distant cousin Queen Anne, after his grandmother Dowager Electress Sophia and his father the Elector.On 22 August 1705, Caroline arrived in Hanover for her wedding to George Augustus; they were married that evening in the palace chapel at Herrenhausen. By May of the following year, Caroline was pregnant, and her first child Prince Frederick was born on 20 January 1707. A few months after the birth, in July, Caroline fell seriously ill with smallpox followed by pneumonia. Her baby was kept away from her, but George Augustus remained at her side devotedly, and caught and survived the infection himself. Over the next seven years, Caroline had three more children, Anne, Amelia, and Caroline, all of whom were born in Hanover.
qas: question: zh_tw: 在 17 世紀末期，德國選帝侯的夫人是誰？
en: Who was the Dowager Electress of Germany in the late 1600s?
answers: zh_tw: text: 索菲
en: text: Sophia

question: zh_tw: 這位被認為是奧地利大公查爾斯的對手的女人有什麼特殊的特質？
en: What special traits belonged to the woman who was considered for a match to Archduke Charles of Austria?
answers: zh_tw: text: 智慧和美貌
en: text: intelligent and attractive
約翰・柯川
John Coltrane

context: zh_tw: 約翰・柯川（John Coltrane，1926 年 9 月 23 日 —1967 年 7 月 17 日）是美國爵士薩克斯風表演者和作曲家。柯川在早期生涯上積極開展咆勃爵士樂和硬咆勃的音樂風格，他開創性地運用調式併成為自由爵士樂的先鋒。他以領團人的身分組織了至少 50 次錄音，並參與其他樂手的專輯錄音（包括邁爾士・戴維斯與塞隆尼斯・孟克）。
en: John William Coltrane (September 23, 1926 – July 17, 1967) was an American jazz saxophonist and composer. Working in the bebop and hard bop idioms early in his career, Coltrane helped pioneer the use of modes and was at the forefront of free jazz. He led at least fifty recording sessions  and appeared on many albums by other musicians, including trumpeter Miles Davis and pianist Thelonious Monk. Over the course of his career, Coltrane's music took on an increasingly spiritual dimension. He remains one of the most influential saxophonists in music history. He received many posthumous awards, including canonization by the African Orthodox Church and a Pulitzer Prize in 2007. His second wife was pianist Alice Coltrane and their son, Ravi Coltrane, is also a saxophonist.
qas: question: zh_tw: 柯川因哪種音樂而著名？
en: What kind of music was Coltrane known for?
answers: zh_tw: text: 自由爵士樂
en: text: free jazz
羅赫達斯要塞
Rohtas Fort

context: zh_tw: 該要塞在蘇爾王朝創立者舍爾沙支援下建造，用以阻擋莫臥兒帝國皇帝胡馬雍，後者於卡瑙傑之役戰敗後被放逐到波斯。其扼守著阿富汗山區與旁遮普平原之間的戰略要地，阻止莫臥兒皇帝返回印度。
en: The fort was commissioned by Sher Shah Suri, founder of the Sur Empire. The fort was designed to block the advances of Mughal emperor Humayun, who had been exiled to Persia following his defeat at the Battle of Kannauj. The fort occupies a strategic position between the mountainous region of Afghanistan and the plains of Punjab, and was intended to prevent the Mughal emperor from returning to India.The fort was also designed to suppress the local Gakhar tribes of the Potohar region. The Gakhar tribes were allies of the Mughal Empire, and refused to recognize the suzerainty of Sher Shah Suri.
qas: question: zh_tw: 這一戰略要地的主要目的是什麼？
en: What was the primary purpose of the strategic position?
answers: zh_tw: text: 阻止莫臥兒皇帝返回印度
en: text: prevent the Mughal emperor from returning to India

context: zh_tw: 要塞起源最早可追溯至蘇爾王朝，舍爾沙在擊敗莫臥兒皇帝胡馬雍之後，下令建造要塞。其建造始於 1541 年。主要用以防禦 Gakkhar 人。
en: The origin of the fort goes back to the Sur dynasty, where emperor Sher Shah Suri ordered the court to be constructed after his victory over the Mughal emperor Humayun. Construction of the fort began in 1541. It was made primarily as a defense against the Gakkhars.
qas: question: zh_tw: 要塞何時建造？
en: When was the fort constructed?
answers: zh_tw: text: 要塞
en: text: 1541
古巴

context: zh_tw: 古巴共和國是現今少數幾個由共產黨執政的社會主義國家之一。古巴 1976 年的憲法規定該國為社會主義共和國。1992 年的憲法規定該國由何塞・馬蒂思想和馬克思列寧主義指導，2002 年追加 “社會主義體制不可動搖” 一條。古巴共產黨為 “社會與國家的領導力量”，作為黨和國家最高領導人的古巴共產黨中央委員會第一書記兼任古巴國務委員會主席（國家元首）兼古巴部長會議主席（政府首腦）和古巴革命武裝力量總司令，該職務和國務委員會的 31 名委員均由全國人民政權代表大會選舉產生。國家元首和政府首腦任期五年，可任兩屆。
qas: question: zh_tw: 古巴成為社會主義共和國是在哪一年？
en: Cuba was designated a socialist republic in what year?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1976

context: zh_tw: 體育是古巴的全民熱點，由於歷史上與美國的聯絡，古巴人較多地參與到流行於北美的運動中，而不是傳統上在西班牙語國家比較普遍的運動。其中棒球是最受歡迎的，其次有籃球、排球、板球和田徑等。古巴在業餘拳擊上居於主導地位，持續在國際比賽上取得獎牌。戴龍・羅伯斯曾是男子 110 米跨欄世界紀錄保持者。古巴政府 1962 年就宣佈取消體育職業化，實行全民免費觀看各項體育比賽。棒球和排球聞名世界。古巴排球的特點在於強勁的彈跳力和扣殺力，故有 “黑色橡膠” 之稱。而身著紅色球衣的棒球球員人稱 “紅色閃電”。1951 年起古巴成棒連續 40 次在世界盃、洲際盃、奧運及經典賽等國際賽都闖進決賽，贏過 25 次世界盃冠軍、10 次洲際盃冠軍，在 1992 年、1996 年和 2004 年三獲奧運會棒球金牌。2000 年開放職棒球員參賽之後，古巴的棒球優勢不再，很難再一枝獨秀。2008 年在荷蘭舉行的哈連杯，古巴竟兩度輸給美國大學明星隊，更是震撼國際棒壇。不過自 2011 年起，古巴棒球代表隊位列國際棒球總會世界排名榜首。
qas: question: zh_tw: 為什麼古巴人參與美國的運動？
en: why do Cubans play American sports?
answers: zh_tw: text: 由於歷史上與美國的聯絡
米爾頓・佛利民

context: zh_tw: 佛利民最知名的理論，是他提出的貨幣供給作為決定生產價值基準的因素，通貨膨脹在根本上源自於貨幣供給量的主張。貨幣主義是現代經濟學在貨幣數量理論的重要觀點之一，這種理論的根源可以追溯至 16 世紀西班牙的薩拉曼卡學派，佛利民的貢獻則是現代化了這種理論，將其推廣為現代經濟學的主流貨幣學說。他在 1963 年與安娜・施瓦茨合著的《美國貨幣史》一書中檢驗了美國曆史上貨幣供給和經濟活動之間的關聯。他們得出了驚人結論：貨幣供給一向是經濟活動起伏的唯一影響來源。又或者如同美國聯邦儲備系統的主席本・伯南克在 2002 年慶祝佛利民 90 歲生日時所描述的：「有關經濟大恐慌，你是正確的，我們（聯邦儲備系統）當時的確做錯了。我們真的很抱歉。」大衛・梅塞爾曼在 1960 年代進行的幾次研究顯示了貨幣供給在決定經濟投資、以及政府開銷在決定消費及生產總額上的角色是至高無上的。佛利民的觀察研究和一些學說進一步推展了這種結論，主張貨幣供給的改變是影響經濟生產的首要原因，但長期的影響則是由物價水準決定的。
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰也研究了貨幣供給？
en: Who also studied the money supply?
answers: zh_tw: text: 佛利民

context: zh_tw: 佛利民對於消費層面的分析也相當知名，亦即他在 1957 年提出的恆常所得假說。這個理論被一些經濟學者視為是他在經濟學方法論上最重要的貢獻。他其他重要的貢獻還包括了對菲利普斯曲線的批評，以及他提出的失業率的自然比率的概念（1968 年）。這些學說都與貨幣和金融政策在對經濟的長期及短期影響上有關。在統計學上，他則創造出了知名的佛利民測試。
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰聲稱所得假說是佛利民最重要的成就？
en: Who claimed that the income hypothesis was the best work of Friedman?
answers: zh_tw: text: 佛利民
久宮祐子內親王
Sachiko, Princess Hisa

context: zh_tw: 3 月 7 日，晚間 8 時 40 分身體狀況惡化，隔天 3 月 8 日午前 3 時 38 分逝世。此後，演藝節目與陸軍紀念日的活動進入自肅狀態。根據皇室喪儀令規定，未滿 7 歲的久宮不適用，所以在 3 月 13 日進行簡單的喪禮後，埋葬於豐島岡墓地。
en: On 8 March, her medical condition continued to deteriorate and the infant princess died at 3:38 am. The Emperor ordered the army to stop their actions for the day and decreed a day of national mourning. On 13 March, the princess was buried in a simple ceremony in the Toshimagaoka cemetery. The Empress was devastated; she held a doll of about the same size as Sachiko for days and would not have another child for one more year.
qas: question: zh_tw: 小公主什麼時候去世？
en: When did the infant princess pass away?
answers: zh_tw: text: 3 月 8 日
en: text: 8 March
埃瑪・戈爾德曼

context: zh_tw: My Disillusionment in Russia. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page and Co., 1923.
qas: question: zh_tw: Garden City 在那個州？
en: What state is Garden City in?
answers: zh_tw: text: New York

context: zh_tw: Emma Goldman: A Documentary History Of The American Years, Volume 1 – Made for America, 1890–1901. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-520-08670-8.
qas: question: zh_tw: 這部記錄片是基於哪幾年的？
en: What was the year span that the documentary was based on?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1890–1901
第 82 屆奧斯卡金像獎
82nd Academy Awards

context: zh_tw: 第 82 屆奧斯卡頒獎典禮是美國電影藝術與科學學院旨在獎勵 2009 年最優秀電影的一場晚會，於太平洋時區 2010 年 3 月 7 日下午 17 點 30 分（北美東部時區晚上 20 點 30 分）開始在美國加利福尼亞州洛杉磯好萊塢的杜比劇院舉行，共計頒發了 24 座奧斯卡金像獎（又稱學院獎）。本次頒獎典禮與往屆相比時間有所推遲，之前幾屆都是 2 月舉行，但這次為了避免與 2010 年冬季奧林匹克運動會相沖突而推遲到了 3 月。頒獎典禮透過 ABC 在美國轉播，男演員亞歷克・鮑德溫和史提夫・馬丁擔任主持人，這是馬丁繼第 73 屆和第 75 屆奧斯卡頒獎典禮以來第三次擔任主持人，同時這也是鮑德溫首度主持。這也是繼 1987 年的第 59 屆奧斯卡頒獎典禮以來首屆有多位主持人的奧斯卡頒獎典禮。
en: The 82nd Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best films of 2009 and took place on March 7, 2010, at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST. The ceremony was scheduled well after its usual late-February date to avoid conflicting with the 2010 Winter Olympics. During the ceremony, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories. The ceremony was televised in the United States by ABC, and was produced by Bill Mechanic and Adam Shankman and directed by Hamish Hamilton. Actors Alec Baldwin and Steve Martin hosted the show. Martin hosted for the third time; he first presided over the 73rd ceremony held in 2001 and last hosted the 75th ceremony held in 2003. Meanwhile, this was Baldwin's first Oscars hosting stint. This was also the first telecast to have multiple hosts since the 59th ceremony held in 1987.On June 24, 2009, Academy president Sid Ganis announced at a press conference that, in an attempt to revitalize interest surrounding the awards, the 2010 ceremony would feature ten Best Picture nominees instead of five, a practice that was discontinued after the 16th ceremony in 1944. On February 20, 2010, in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Elizabeth Banks.The Hurt Locker won six awards, including Best Picture and Best Director for Kathryn Bigelow, the first woman to win an Academy Award for Best Director. Other winners were Avatar with three awards, Crazy Heart, Precious: Based on the Novel 'Push' by Sapphire, and Up, with two awards, and The Cove, Inglourious Basterds, The Blind Side, Logorama, Music by Prudence, The New Tenants, The Secret in Their Eyes, Star Trek, and The Young Victoria with one. The telecast garnered nearly 42 million viewers in the United States, making it the most watched Oscar telecast since the 77th Academy Awards in 2005.
qas: question: zh_tw: 第 82 屆奧斯卡頒獎典禮在哪座城市舉行？
en: In which city did the the 82nd Academy Awards ceremony take place?
answers: zh_tw: text: 洛杉磯好萊塢
en: text: Hollywood, Los Angeles
太陽系
Solar System

context: zh_tw: 克卜勒定律描述天體公轉太陽的軌道。根據克卜勒定律，天體沿著各自的橢圓軌道公轉太陽，而太陽位在其中的一個焦點上。越靠近太陽的天體（半長軸越短），因為受到較大的太陽引力，執行的軌道速度也就越快。在一個橢圓軌道上，天體與太陽的距離會隨著公轉的年（週期）不斷的變化。它在軌道上最接近太陽的位置稱為它的近日點，距離太陽最遠的位置稱為遠日點。行星的軌道接近圓形，但許多彗星、小行星和古柏帶天體執行在極度橢圓的軌道。這些天體的位置可以使用數值模擬來預測。
en: Kepler's laws of planetary motion describe the orbits of objects about the Sun. Following Kepler's laws, each object travels along an ellipse with the Sun at one focus. Objects closer to the Sun (with smaller semi-major axes) travel more quickly because they are more affected by the Sun's gravity. On an elliptical orbit, a body's distance from the Sun varies over the course of its year. A body's closest approach to the Sun is called its perihelion, whereas its most distant point from the Sun is called its aphelion. The orbits of the planets are nearly circular, but many comets, asteroids, and Kuiper belt objects follow highly elliptical orbits. The positions of the bodies in the Solar System can be predicted using numerical models.
qas: question: zh_tw: 根據克卜勒定律，所有天體都聚焦在什麼？
en: What do all objects focus on according to Kepler's laws?
answers: zh_tw: text: 太陽
en: text: Sun

context: zh_tw: 有少數的例外，距離太陽越遠的行星或環帶，軌道與軌道之間的距離，也就是從一個軌道到下一個軌道間的間隔，就越大。例如，金星到太陽的距離比水星遠 0.33AU，而土星到太陽的距離比木星遠 4.3AU，海王星又比天王星要遠 10.5AU。有些方程（例如提丟斯 - 波得定則）企圖建立與確定這些軌道之間的關聯性，但沒有可以被接受的理論。在這一章節開頭的影像顯示了在不同尺度上的太陽系各種組成的軌道。
en: With a few exceptions, the farther a planet or belt is from the Sun, the larger the distance between its orbit and the orbit of the next nearer object to the Sun. For example, Venus is approximately 0.33 AU farther out from the Sun than Mercury, whereas Saturn is 4.3 AU out from Jupiter, and Neptune lies 10.5 AU out from Uranus. Attempts have been made to determine a relationship between these orbital distances (for example, the Titius–Bode law), but no such theory has been accepted. The images at the beginning of this section show the orbits of the various constituents of the Solar System on different scales.
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪個例子試圖確定軌道距離間的關係？
en: What is an example of an attempt to determine the relationship between orbital distances?
answers: zh_tw: text: 提丟斯 - 波得定則
en: text: the Titius–Bode law
前進吧，新加坡！
Majulah Singapura

context: zh_tw: 《前進吧，新加坡！》是新加坡爭取脫離英國管治的時期譜寫的。新加坡受英國殖民統治時，唱的是英國國歌《天佑吾王》。1958 年，新加坡市議會副市長王邦文請作曲家朱比賽為市議會正式集會作曲，歌名為《前進吧，新加坡！》（Majulah Singapura）。這首歌原本是為維多利亞劇院於 1958 年 9 月的開幕典禮所作曲。1959 年，新加坡取得自治，便解散市議會。政府認為一首民族歌可以團結新加坡各種族，於是新加坡副總理杜進才選用了《前進吧，新加坡！》。1965 年，新加坡脫離馬來西亞獨立，於是《前進吧，新加坡！》就成了新加坡共和國國歌。《前進吧，新加坡！》最初以 G 大調作曲，2000 年新加坡政府委託潘耀田為國歌重新編曲。2001 年 1 月 19 日正式公佈，國歌的旋律正式調降為 F 大調，為的是讓國歌聽起來更雄壯和更振奮人心。
en: The composition of Majulah Singapura occurred during a push for independence from the United Kingdom. While Singapore was a British colony, its national anthem was "God Save the King (or Queen)". In 1951, the colony was conferred city status by a royal charter from King George VI. In 1958, Ong Pang Boon, the Deputy Mayor of the City Council of Singapore, approached Zubir Said, a score arranger and songwriter with Cathay-Keris Film Productions, to compose a theme song for the Council's official functions to be titled Majulah Singapura (Malay for "Onward Singapore"). This phrase was chosen as it was a motto to be displayed in the Victoria Theatre after its renovation in 1958.Zubir took a year to finish composing the music and lyrics for the song. In a 1984 oral history interview, he recalled the process: "[T]he difficulty is in such a short melody, I have to put in all the words.... [I]t must be very simple, understandable for all the races in Singapore.... I consult also  [sic] an author in Malay language so that I can do it in proper Malay language but not too deep and not too difficult." Summing up his philosophy when composing the anthem, Zubir cited the Malay proverb "Di mana bumi dipijak, di situ langit dijunjung" ("You should hold up the sky of the land where you live").The completed composition was first performed on 6 September 1958 by the Singapore Chamber Ensemble during the grand finale of a concert staged in the Victoria Theatre to celebrate its official reopening.In 1959, Singapore attained self-government and the City Council was dissolved. The Government felt that a national anthem was needed to unite the different races in Singapore. The Deputy Prime Minister Toh Chin Chye selected the City Council's song as it was already popular. At Toh's request, Zubir modified the lyrics and melody, and the revised song was adopted by the Legislative Assembly on 11 November 1959. On 30 November, the Singapore State Arms and Flag and National Anthem Ordinance 1959 was passed to regulate the use and display of these national emblems.
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰是新加坡的政治人物？
en: Who was a political figure in Singapore?
answers: zh_tw: text: 王邦文
en: text: Ong Pang Boon
病毒包膜
Viral envelope

context: zh_tw: 大部分病毒（如流感病毒等許多動物病毒）都擁有病毒包膜（英語：viral envelopes）結構，覆蓋在衣殼的外面。病毒包膜物質通常源自於宿主的細胞膜（攜帶宿主的磷脂和蛋白質），但也包含有病毒的糖蛋白。病毒包膜幫助病毒躲避宿主的免疫系統的監視。包膜表面的糖蛋白可以用於識別並激活宿主細胞膜表面的受體，在病毒進入細胞後，病毒包膜會與宿主的細胞膜融合在一起，使得病毒的衣殼和基因組可以進入並感染宿主細胞。
en: Some viruses (e.g. HIV and many animal viruses) have viral envelopes covering their protective protein capsids.  The envelopes are typically derived from portions of the host cell membranes (phospholipids and proteins), but include some viral glycoproteins. They may help viruses avoid the host immune system.  Glycoproteins on the surface of the envelope serve to identify and bind to receptor sites on the host's membrane.  The viral envelope then fuses with the host's membrane, allowing the capsid and viral genome to enter and infect the host.
qas: question: zh_tw: 包膜幫助哪些病原體？
en: Envelopes help which infectious agents?
answers: zh_tw: text: 病毒
en: text: viruses
金星 10 號
Venera 10

context: zh_tw: 1975 年 10 月 23 日，軌道環繞器進入金星軌道。其任務是做為金星著陸器的中繼傳訊站及數臺大氣探測儀器的接收器。整個金星軌道環繞器搭載 17 項科學儀器與實驗裝置。
en: The orbiter entered Venus orbit on October 23, 1975. Its mission was to serve as a communications relay for the lander and to explore cloud layers and atmospheric parameters with several instruments and experiments:
qas: question: zh_tw: 它的使命是什麼？
en: What was it's mission?
answers: zh_tw: text: 做為金星著陸器的中繼傳訊站及數臺大氣探測儀器的接收器
en: text: to serve as a communications relay for the lander and to explore cloud layers and atmospheric parameters with several instruments and experiments
2019 年巴西布魯馬迪紐尾礦壩事故
Brumadinho dam disaster

context: zh_tw: 2019 年巴西布魯馬迪紐尾礦壩事故發生在 2019 年 1 月 25 日，巴西布魯馬迪紐一個鐵礦的尾礦壩突然潰決。該大壩由淡水河谷公司擁有，公司也曾涉及 2015 年的班託羅德里格斯水壩災難。大壩倒塌後出現泥石流，淹沒附近郊區的房屋。
en: The Brumadinho dam disaster occurred on 25 January 2019 when Dam I,  a tailings dam at the Córrego do Feijão iron ore mine, 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) east of Brumadinho, Minas Gerais, Brazil, suffered a catastrophic failure. The dam is owned by Vale, the same company that was involved in the 2015 Mariana dam disaster. The dam released a mudflow that advanced through the mine's offices, including a cafeteria during lunchtime, along with houses, farms, inns and roads downstream. At least 237 people died as a result of the collapse.
qas: question: zh_tw: 這個壩位於哪裡？
en: Where was the dam located?
answers: zh_tw: text: 巴西布魯馬迪紐一個鐵礦
en: text: the Córrego do Feijão iron ore mine, 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) east of Brumadinho, Minas Gerais, Brazil
卵巢囊腫
Ovarian cyst

context: zh_tw: 育齡女性的卵巢每個月都會產生小的囊泡，這是正常的現象，但有約 8% 的女性在更年期前會遇到較大、以致於會造成不適的囊泡。在停經後有 16% 的女性會得到卵巢囊腫，相較於停經前，停經後出現的卵巢囊腫是癌症的機會較高。
en: Most women of reproductive age develop small cysts each month, and large cysts that cause problems occur in about 8% of women before menopause. Ovarian cysts are present in about 16% of women after menopause and if present are more likely to be cancer.Benign ovarian cysts are common in asymptomatic premenarchal girls and found in approximately 68% of ovaries of girls 2–12 years old and in 84% of ovaries of girls 0–2 years old. Most of them are smaller than 9 mm while about 10-20% are larger macrocysts. While the smaller cysts mostly disappear within 6 months the larger ones appear to be more persistent.
qas: question: zh_tw: 更年期前，有百分之多少的女性出現囊腫問題？
en: What percent of women develop problematic cysts prior to menopause?
answers: zh_tw: text: 8
en: text: 8
約翰・肯尼迪
John F. Kennedy

context: zh_tw: 在 1960 年 11 月 8 日舉行的大選中，肯尼迪以極其微弱的優勢戰勝了尼克森。當天夜裡，雖然根據已經統計出的選票情況表明，肯尼迪可以充分肯定自己已經獲得了勝利，但由於在賓夕法尼亞州、密蘇里州、伊利諾伊州、明尼蘇達州、密歇根州和加利福尼亞州的數字十分接近，無法做出決斷，因此他拒絕宣佈獲勝。
en: Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts and graduated from Harvard University in 1940 before joining the U.S. Naval Reserve the following year. During World War II, he commanded a series of PT boats in the Pacific theater and earned the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for his service. After the war, Kennedy represented the 11th congressional district of Massachusetts in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953. He was subsequently elected to the U.S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 to 1960. While in the Senate, he published his book  Profiles in Courage, which won a Pulitzer Prize for Biography. In the 1960 presidential election, Kennedy narrowly defeated Republican opponent Richard Nixon, who was the incumbent vice president. At age 43, he became the second-youngest person to serve as president, the youngest person to be elected as U.S. president, as well as the only Roman Catholic to occupy that office. He was also the first president to have served in the U.S. Navy.Kennedy's time in office was marked by high tensions with communist states in the Cold War. He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over President Dwight D. Eisenhower. In April 1961, he authorized a failed joint-CIA attempt to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro in the Bay of Pigs Invasion. He subsequently rejected Operation Northwoods plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false flag attacks on American soil in order to gain public approval for a war against Cuba. However his administration continued to plan for an invasion of Cuba in the summer of 1962. In October 1962, U.S. spy planes discovered that Soviet missile bases had been deployed in Cuba; the resulting period of tensions, termed the Cuban Missile Crisis, nearly resulted in the breakout of a global thermonuclear conflict. Domestically, Kennedy presided over the establishment of the Peace Corps and supported the civil rights movement, but was only somewhat successful in passing his New Frontier domestic policies.
qas: question: zh_tw: 肯尼迪在 1960 年的總統選舉中擊敗了哪位共和黨人？
en: Which Republican did Kennedy defeat in the 1960 presedential election?
answers: zh_tw: text: 尼克森
en: text: Richard Nixon
肝素
Heparin

context: zh_tw: 過量使用肝素可以致命。2006 年在印地安納波里斯的一家醫院，有三個早產兒因為被錯誤地注射了成人劑量的肝素而死。
en: As with many drugs, overdoses of heparin can be fatal. In September 2006, heparin received worldwide publicity when three prematurely born infants died after they were mistakenly given overdoses of heparin at an Indianapolis hospital.
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪個城市有三個嬰兒因注射過量肝素而死？
en: In what city did three infants die from a heparin overdose?
answers: zh_tw: text: 印地安納波里
en: text: Indianapolis

context: zh_tw: 肝素在體內的功能未知。肥大細胞合成肝素後會儲存在分泌泡中，直到組織受傷時便會釋出。因此，它被認為在體內可能與防禦細菌與其他物質入侵有關。肝素被懷疑在體內與抗凝血無關的另一個原因是，許多不具有與人類類似的凝血系統的無脊椎動物也會製造肝素。
en: Heparin's normal role in the body is unclear. Heparin is usually stored within the secretory granules of mast cells and released only into the vasculature at sites of tissue injury. It has been proposed that, rather than anticoagulation, the main purpose of heparin is defense at such sites against invading bacteria and other foreign materials. In addition, it is observed across a number of widely different species, including some invertebrates that do not have a similar blood coagulation system. It is a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan. It has the highest negative charge density of any known biological molecule.
qas: question: zh_tw: 現在被質疑的，肝素的主要作用曾經廣泛被認為是什麼？
en: The main purpose of heparin, which is now being questioned, has generally been known as what?
answers: zh_tw: text: 抗凝血
en: text: anticoagulation
智慧財產權
Intellectual property

context: zh_tw: 智慧財產權（英語：Intellectual Property），是人類智慧創造出來的無形的財產，主要涉及版權、專利、商標等領域。 音樂和文學等形式的藝術作品，以及一些發現、發明、詞語、片語、符號、設計都能被當作知識財產而受到保護。  智慧財產權可以分為工業產權與版權兩類，工業產權包括髮明（專利）、商標、工業品外觀設計和地理標誌，版權則包括文學和藝術作品。智慧財產權被概括為一切來自知識活動領域的權利，始於 17 世紀中葉法國學者卡普佐夫的著作，後由比利時法學家皮爾第所發展；到 1967 年《成立世界智慧財產權組織公約》簽訂後，智慧財產權的概念得到世界上大多數國家所認可。
en: Intellectual property (IP) is a category of property that includes intangible creations of the human intellect. Intellectual property encompasses two types of rights: industrial property rights (trademarks, patents, designations of origin, industrial designs and models) and copyright. It was not until the 19th century that the term "intellectual property" began to be used, and not until the late 20th century that it became commonplace in the majority of the world.The main purpose of intellectual property law is to encourage the creation of a wide variety of intellectual goods. To achieve this, the law gives people and businesses property rights to the information and intellectual goods they create, usually for a limited period of time.  This gives economic incentive for their creation, because it allows people to profit from the information and intellectual goods they create. These economic incentives are expected to stimulate innovation and contribute to the technological progress of countries, which depends on the extent of protection granted to innovators.The intangible nature of intellectual property presents difficulties when compared with traditional property like land or goods.  Unlike traditional property, intellectual property is "indivisible" – an unlimited number of people can "consume" an intellectual good without it being depleted.  Additionally, investments in intellectual goods suffer from problems of appropriation – a landowner can surround their land with a robust fence and hire armed guards to protect it, but a producer of information or an intellectual good can usually do very little to stop their first buyer from replicating it and selling it at a lower price. Balancing rights so that they are strong enough to encourage the creation of intellectual goods but not so strong that they prevent the goods' wide use is the primary focus of modern intellectual property law.
qas: question: zh_tw: 包含人類智力的無形創造的財產類別是什麼？
en: What is the category of property that includes intangible creations of the human intellect?
answers: zh_tw: text: 智慧財產權
en: text: Intellectual property
第二次世界大戰

context: zh_tw: 儘管阿道夫・希特勒曾在 1923 年時發起一場以失敗告結的政變嘗試推翻德國政府，出獄後競選總統輸給保羅・馮・興登堡，但在 1932 年保守右派前總理帕彭向政敵報仇的策劃下，透過右翼國家人民黨及德國企業家們政商合作，身為國會第一大黨的納粹不僅獲得資助、解除瀕臨破產的危機，更因此得到政商名流聯名遊說，最終說服興登堡任命他於 1933 年合法成為德國總理。他宣佈廢除民主制度，同時藉由民族主義的風潮提出要重新修正世界秩序，並很快便開始大規模地重整軍備。與此同時法國為了​​確保義大利仍然與其合作、維持同一陣線之協議，允許義大利將衣索比亞列為自己的殖民地。然而在希特勒的主導下，德國於 1935 年再度合併原本作為德國領土的薩爾盆地地區，而在獲得民意支援的情況下德國隨後推翻《凡爾賽條約》且加速重整軍備的計劃，甚至以大規模徵兵的方式擴充部隊兵力，而這些強調國家主權的舉動也更加加深了德國社會對於希特勒的聲望。
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪個國家允許義大利在衣索比亞獲得機會？
en: Which country allowed Italy an opportunity in Ethiopia?
answers: zh_tw: text: 法國

context: zh_tw: 儘管 1936 年 3 月希特勒不顧《凡爾賽條約》與《羅加諾公約》而進駐萊茵蘭，但是其他歐洲列強對於此事並未多加干涉。同年 7 月時西班牙內戰爆發，希特勒和墨索里尼公開支援主張法西斯獨裁的佛朗哥部隊和蘇聯支援的西班牙第二共和國軍隊交戰，這次雙方衝突也成了德國和義大利測試新型武器與作戰方式的地方，最終佛朗哥部隊於 1939 年初成功贏得內戰。1936 年 10 月，德國和義大利組成了柏林 - 羅馬軸心。1 個月後德國和日本簽署了《反共產國際協定》，義大利則在隔年也加入其中。這時中國也發生了西安事變後，國民黨和共產黨軍隊同意停火併組織統一戰線來反對日本入侵。
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪兩國首先簽署了《反共產國際協定》？
en: What two countries first signed the Anti-Comintern Pact?
answers: zh_tw: text: 德國和日本

context: zh_tw: 德國和義大利為西班牙的弗朗西斯科・佛朗哥將軍領導的國民軍提供軍事支援，並且協助打擊當時受到蘇聯支援、而明顯朝向左派傾斜的西班牙第二共和國政府。德國和蘇聯也藉由這次代理人戰爭作為契機，不斷拿這次衝突來測試新型武器和戰術。其中 1937 年 4 月德國禿鷹軍團蓄意轟炸格爾尼卡而受到當時社會的關注，這也使國際社會擔心未來的重要戰爭將會把平民居住區也納入轟炸範圍內。1939 年 4 月國民軍贏得內戰，佛朗哥接掌政權併成為獨裁者。他在第二次世界大戰中與同盟國和軸心國都進行了交涉，但沒有達成任何重要的協議，不過他仍然派出志願軍前往東線為德國作戰，但在總體上仍然保持中立，不允許任何一方借道或進駐西班牙國土。同一時間，葡萄牙由安東尼奧・薩拉查推行法西斯獨裁統治，承認西班牙的佛朗哥法西斯軍事獨裁政權，並鎮壓葡萄牙共產黨及其他反對派，簽署反共宣言，擴大並鞏固海外殖民地，並且建立葡萄牙青年團（Mocidade Portuguesa）與國家軍團（Legião Nacional），仿效義大利總理墨索里尼的黑衫隊進行軍隊訓練。
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰援助了德國？
en: Who aided Germany?
answers: zh_tw: text: 佛朗哥

context: zh_tw: 英國和法國對於德國的舉動感到震驚，但是希特勒仍進一步要求但澤自由市與其合併，這促使法國和英國向波蘭保證支援其獨立。而當意大利在 1939 年 4 月攻佔阿爾巴尼亞後，英國和法國同樣保證會支援羅馬尼亞和希臘。稍後不久英法與波蘭陸陸續續結為同盟，而德國也與義大利正式簽署了互動合作的《鋼鐵條約》。希特勒控訴英國和波蘭試圖 “包圍” 德國，並宣佈廢除《英德海軍協定》和《德波互不侵犯條約》。
qas: question: zh_tw: 二戰中德意聯盟的名稱是什麼？
en: What was the name of the German-Italian alliance in world War II?
answers: zh_tw: text: 《鋼鐵條約》
網際網路
Internet

context: zh_tw: 網際網路（英語：Internet）是指 21 世紀之初網路與網路之間所串連成的龐大網路。這些網路以一些標準的網路協議相連，連線全世界幾十億個裝置，形成邏輯上的單一巨大國際網路。它是由從地方到全球範圍內幾百萬個私人的、學術界的、企業的和政府的網路所構成，透過電子，無線和光纖網路技術等等一系列廣泛的技術聯絡在一起。這種將計算機網路互相聯接在一起的方法可稱作「網路互聯」，在這基礎上發展出覆蓋全世界的全球性網際網路絡稱網際網路，即是互相連線一起的網路。網際網路並不等同全球資訊網（WWW），全球資訊網只是一個基於超文字相互連結而成的全球性系統，且是網際網路所能提供的服務其中之一。網際網路帶有範圍廣泛的資訊資源和服務，例如相互關聯的超文字檔案，還有全球資訊網的應用，支援電子郵件的基礎設施，對等網路，檔案共享，以及 IP 電話服務。
en: The Internet (portmanteau of interconnected network) is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail, telephony, and file sharing.
qas: question: zh_tw: 所提到的電子系統中，哪個可以儲存和傳輸大量的資訊？
en: What electronic system mentioned can store and transmit a large amount of information?
answers: zh_tw: text: 網際網路
en: text: The Internet
玩命關頭
The Fast and the Furious (2001 film)

context: zh_tw: 《玩命關頭》於 2001 年 6 月 22 日在北美髮行，首映週末在 2,889 家劇院中，以 40,089,015 美元的票房位居當週冠軍。而在上映期間，電影在美國的票房總額為 144,533,925 美元，其他地區 62,750,000 美元，其全球總額高達 207,283,925 美元，大幅超越 3800 萬美元的成本。
en: The Fast and the Furious was released on June 22, 2001 in North America and ranked #1 at the box office, earning $40,089,015 during its opening weekend. Its widest release was 2,889 theaters. During its run, the film has made a domestic total of $144,533,925 along with a international total of $62,750,000 bringing its worldwide total of $207,283,925 on a budget of $38 million.
qas: question: zh_tw: 《玩命關頭》電影的基本成本是多少？
en: What is the cost basis for the original Fast and the Furious film?
answers: zh_tw: text: 3800 萬
en: text: $38 million
素數
Prime number

context: zh_tw: 一個自然數（如 1、2、3、4、5、6 等）若恰有兩個正因數（1 及此數本身），則稱之為質數。大於 1 的自然數若不是質數，則稱之為合數。
en: A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that cannot be formed by multiplying two smaller natural numbers. A natural number greater than 1 that is not prime is called a composite number. For example, 5 is prime because the only ways of writing it as a product, 1 × 5 or 5 × 1, involve 5 itself.
qas: question: zh_tw: 大於 1 且不是質數的數字稱為什麼？
en: How do you call a number that is higher than 1 and is not prime?
answers: zh_tw: text: 合數
en: text: composite number.
托爾德西里亞斯條約
Treaty of Tordesillas

context: zh_tw: 條約規定兩國將共同壟斷歐洲之外的世界，並將穿越當時已屬葡萄牙的西非維德角群島與哥倫布最早為西班牙發現的美洲土地古巴島和伊斯帕尼奧拉島連線中點的經線作為兩國的勢力分界線。這條經線位於維德角以西 370 裡格，即西經 46°37' 附近。分界線以西歸西班牙，以東歸葡萄牙。西、葡兩國分別於該年的 7 月 2 日和 9 月 5 日批准了該條約。這條分界線也被稱為教皇子午線。
en: The lands to the east would belong to Portugal and the lands to the west to Castile. The treaty was signed by Spain, 2 July 1494, and by Portugal, 5 September 1494. The other side of the world was divided a few decades later by the Treaty of Zaragoza, signed on 22 April 1529, which specified the antimeridian to the line of demarcation specified in the Treaty of Tordesillas. Originals of both treaties are kept at the  General Archive of the Indies in Spain and at the Torre do Tombo National Archive in Portugal.This treaty would be observed fairly well by Spain and Portugal, despite considerable ignorance as to the geography of the New World; however, it omitted all of the other European powers. Those countries generally ignored the treaty, particularly those that became Protestant after the Protestant Reformation.
qas: question: zh_tw: 葡萄牙什麼時候簽署了該條約？
en: When did Portugal sign the treaty?
answers: zh_tw: text: 9 月 5 日
en: text: 5 September 1494

question: zh_tw: 提到包含最後一個英文字母的條約是什麼？
answers: en: text: the Treaty of Zaragoza

context: zh_tw: 1500 年葡萄牙探險家佩德羅・卡布拉爾意外越過子午線，並發現了巴西。1512 年葡萄牙在太平洋發現了極有經濟價值的香料群島摩鹿加。這引起了西班牙的垂涎。1521 年環球航行的由西班牙資助的葡萄牙探險家麥哲倫，也在摩鹿加登陸。西班牙與葡萄牙在這裡遭遇。葡西兩國從 1523 年開始談判，至 1529 年達成《薩拉戈薩條約》，修訂勢力範圍界線，並明確這一分割線在太平洋上的位置。太平洋分界線劃在摩鹿加群島以東，西班牙退出摩鹿加群島，葡萄牙為此賠償西班牙 35 萬個達克特金幣。而太平洋分界線以西的菲律賓則繼續被西班牙統治。
qas: question: zh_tw: 提到包含最後一個英文字母的條約是什麼？
en: What treaty is mentioned which contains the last letter of the English alphabet?
answers: zh_tw: text: 薩拉戈薩條約
澳大利亞議會

context: zh_tw: 澳大利亞聯邦國會由 1901 年 5 月 9 日在墨爾本成立。當時在墨爾本市內能夠容納一萬四千名來賓的場所只有皇家展覽館（Royal Exhibition Building）。在此之後，聯邦國會向維多利亞州議會借用議會大樓（即墨爾本國會大廈），並從 1901 年至 1927 年在此議事。國會於 1927 年 5 月 9 日遷至新首都堪培拉，議場也隨之遷至到現在被稱為舊國會大廈的廳所議事。雖然開始只是打算暫時在此辦公，可事實上在隨後的 60 多年裡它一直充當國會大廈的角色。
qas: question: zh_tw: 1901 年至 1927 年的議會會議在哪裡舉行？
en: Where were the Parliament meetings held between 1901 and 1927?
answers: zh_tw: text: 議會大樓（即墨爾本國會大廈）

context: zh_tw: 澳大利亞國會可以決定眾議院議員的數目，不過憲法要求這個數目必需 “應儘可能地為參議員人數的兩倍”。這個要求一般被稱之為 “關係條款”，因此目前眾議院由 150 位議員組成。每個州根據人口數目分配議席；不過憲法保證每個創始州不管大小至少擁有 5 個議席。憲法不保證各地區的議席數額。國會於 1922 年和 1948 年分別准予 1 個北領地和 1 個首都領地議席，但是這些地區代表在 1968 年以前只有有限表決權。
qas: question: zh_tw: 什麼文件不保證各地區有議席？
en: What document does not guarantee that territories get representation?
answers: zh_tw: text: 憲法

context: zh_tw: 從 1901 年至 1949 年，眾議院由 74 或 75 名議員組成（參議員為 36 名）。從 1949 年至 1984 年，眾議院議員人數在 121 至 127 人之間（參議員為 60 人直到 1975 年升至 64 人）1977 年最高法院遵循關係條款，指令眾議院議員人數由 127 人減少到 124 人。1984 年參眾兩院擴大；其後眾議院議員人數在 148 人至 150 人之間（參議員為 76 人）。
qas: question: zh_tw: 1949 年至 1984 年那裡有多少成員？
en: How many members were there between 1949 and 1984?
answers: zh_tw: text: 在 121 至 127 人之間

context: zh_tw: 國會的主要職責是立法和透過法案。任何一位參眾兩院議員都可以向眾議院提交申請法案（財政法案除外）。實際上，絕大多數的法案都是由內閣成員所提出，而由其他議員所提出的法案被稱為普通議員法案。所有的法案必須經上下兩院透過才能正式生效。參議院擁有和眾議院相同的立法權力，然而參議院只能投票透過或否決財政法案而不能對其進行修改。國會法案的法案制定程式僅為 “由澳大利亞國會制定”
qas: question: zh_tw: 參議院和眾議院的立法權力有什麼不同？
en: What is the difference between the Senate and the House legislative powers?
answers: zh_tw: text: 只能投票透過或否決財政法案而不能對其進行修改
貓和老鼠 (童話)
Cat and Mouse in Partnership

context: zh_tw: 貓和老鼠（德語：Katze und Maus in Gesellschaft），又譯貓和老鼠合夥，是格林兄弟所著的一個童話。
en: "Cat and Mouse in Partnership" (German: Katze und Maus in Gessellschaft) is a Brothers Grimm fairy tale.  It is Aarne-Thompson type 15, Stealing the Partner's Butter.
qas: question: zh_tw: 阿爾內・湯普森格林兄弟的故事《偷夥伴的黃油》對應的是格林兄弟的哪個故事？
en: The story Stealing the parttner's butter by Aarne Thompson Grimm Brothers corrasponds to which story by gri mm brothers?
answers: zh_tw: text: 貓和老鼠（德語：Katze und Maus in Gesellschaft），又譯貓和老鼠合夥
en: text: "Cat and Mouse in Partnership"
計時工具的歷史

context: zh_tw: 千百年來，人類利用各種裝置來計時和報時。目前正在使用的六十進位制時間系統，追溯至公元前大約 2000 年的蘇美爾。古埃及把一天分為二個部份，每一部份再分為 12 個小時，並使用大型方尖碑追蹤太陽的移動。他們還發明瞭水鍾（water clocks）。Precinct of Amun-Re 很可能是最初使用水鐘的地方，後來在埃及以外的地方也有人使用水鍾；古希臘人就經常使用叫作 clepsydrae 的水鍾。約在同一時間，相信商朝已使用洩水型水鍾──漏壺；而漏壺可能早在公元前 2000 年，從美索不達米亞傳入。其他古代計時器包括有蠟燭鍾──在中國、日本、英格蘭，和伊拉克使用；日晷──在印度和西藏，以及歐洲一些地區廣泛使用；此外，還有沙漏，運作原理和水鍾一樣。
qas: question: zh_tw: 古代用什麼來確定時間？
en: what was used to determine time in the ancient days?
answers: zh_tw: text: 蠟燭鍾

context: zh_tw: 埃及的日影鍾把白天分為十個部分，另外加上 4 個 “微亮小時”── 早上 2 個、傍晚 2 個。有一種日影鍾由一枝長杆和高架橫杆組成，長竿上有 5 個不相等的記號，橫杆的陰影會投射到記號之上。橫杆在早上指向東方，在正午會指向西方。方尖碑的運作方式差不多：陰影投射到圍繞它的記號上，埃及人從而可以計算時間。方尖碑可以指出上午或下午、夏至或冬至。
qas: question: zh_tw: 方尖碑有何象徵意義？
en: What did the obelisk indicate?
answers: zh_tw: text: 上午或下午

context: zh_tw: 柏拉圖把水鍾（漏壺）引進古希臘之後，水鍾成為古希臘廣泛使用的計時工具。柏拉圖也發明了一種以水鍾為基礎的鬧鐘。希臘人和新巴比倫王國儲存計時記錄，作為組成天體觀察的重要部分。漏壺也用在希臘法庭，和後來的羅馬法庭上。
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪裡使用漏壺？
en: Where were clepsydrae used?
answers: zh_tw: text: 法庭

context: zh_tw: 雖然水鍾比日影鍾更好用──水鍾在室內、夜間或天空多雲的日子都可以使用；不過它們並不準確。因此，希臘人尋求方法改善他們的水鍾。到了公元前 325 年，水鐘的準確度大為改善，雖然仍然及不上日影鍾。這時的鐘有鐘面，其上有時針，令人更容易讀準時間。水鍾較常見的問題是水壓：當容器注滿水時，增加的水壓令水流更迅速。在公元前 100 年，希臘和羅馬的鐘表專家，開始解決這個問題；其後的幾個世紀，在這一方面得到持續改善。為了抵消高水壓增加的水流量做成的影響，裝水的容器造成圓錐形狀，上濶下窄。於是雖然水平面下降的距離相等，但當容器水滿的時候，流出的水要比水半滿的時候多。然而，還是有些問題沒有得到解決：如溫度的影響。天氣寒冷的時候，水流比較緩慢，甚至可能凍結。
qas: question: zh_tw: 增加的壓力會導致什麼結果？
en: What is a result of the increased pressure?
answers: zh_tw: text: 令水流更迅速

context: zh_tw: 雖然希臘人和羅馬人大大改進水鐘的技術，他們仍然繼續使用影子鐘錶。據說數學家和天文學家比提尼亞的狄奧多（Theodosius of Bithynia），發明了全球通用的日晷。這個日晷在地球上任何地方都能準確報時，不過現代對它所知甚少。羅馬人在奧古斯都大帝統治期間，建造有史以來最大的日晷──奧古斯都日晷（Solarium Augusti)。其晷針是從赫利奧波利斯（Heliopolis）而來的方尖碑。
qas: question: zh_tw: 比提尼亞的狄奧多以什麼而聞名？
en: What was Theodosius of Bithynia known for being?
answers: zh_tw: text: 數學家和天文學家

context: zh_tw: 遠東地區除了使用水鍾、機械鐘和蠟燭鍾外，也會使用香鍾計時。中國大約在六世紀首先使用香鍾。在日本的正倉院，仍儲存了一個香鍾，不過在其上的文字不是中文，而是梵文。由於佛教經常使用梵文，因此愛德華．沙菲爾推測香鍾在佛教儀式中使用，而且是由印度人發明。香鍾跟蠟燭鍾很相似，不過香燒均勻而且無火焰，因此在室內使用時，比蠟燭鍾更準確和更安全。
qas: question: zh_tw: 香鍾為什麼在室內更安全？
en: What makes incense clocks safer indoors?
answers: zh_tw: text: 香燒均勻而且無火焰
喬治三世

context: zh_tw: 喬治王子在 1738 年生於倫敦諾福克府，父母分別是威爾斯親王腓特烈與薩克森 - 哥達的奧古斯塔，而喬治王子也是祖父喬治二世的孫子。由於喬治王子比原定的預產期早兩個月出生，因此他最初被認為不能活得長久，並在出生同一天獲聖詹姆士的教區牧師進行施洗。在公曆 1738 年 7 月 4 日，牛津主教托馬斯・塞克覆在諾福克府為他進行公開施洗。他的教父母為瑞典國王弗雷德裡克一世（由巴爾的摩勳爵任代理人）、薩克森 - 哥達公爵（由卡那封勳爵任代理人）、以及他的祖姑母普魯士王后索菲亞・桃樂西婭（由已故第四代漢彌爾頓公爵之女兒夏洛特・埃德溫女爵任代理人）。
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰給喬治王子施洗？
en: Who baptized George?
answers: zh_tw: text: 托馬斯・塞克復

context: zh_tw: 與此同時，喬治的健康卻不斷惡化，一方面陷入完全失明，另方面失聰的情況也愈益明顯。喬治從不知道自己在 1814 年被宣告成為漢諾威國王，也不知道自己的妻子已在 1818 年過世。在 1819 年聖誕節前後，他甚至曾持續地自言自語達 58 小時，在去世前的數星期也喪失了步行的能力。最後在 1820 年 1 月 29 日，喬治三世在溫莎堡內走完人生的盡頭，享壽八十一歲，結束了長達五十九年又九十六天的統治。臨終時，他最喜愛的兒子約克公爵腓特烈與他一起。在喬治三世駕崩前六日，他的第四子肯特公爵愛德華・奧古斯塔亦在 1 月 23 日因病去世。喬治三世的遺體在 2 月 15 日被安葬於溫莎堡聖喬治禮拜堂內。
qas: question: zh_tw: 喬治三世生病後發生了什麼？
en: What happened after George III got sick?
answers: zh_tw: text: 他甚至曾持續地自言自語達 58 小時，在去世前的數星期也喪失了步行的能力。

context: zh_tw: 喬治三世終年 81 歲又 239 天，在位 59 年又 96 天，這兩個紀錄超越了在他以前的歷任英格蘭或不列顛君主。現今這個紀錄只曾被他的孫女維多利亞和後人伊麗莎白二世超越。而比較喬治三世之前三任君主，即安妮女王、喬治一世及喬治二世而言，他們三人加起來的在位時間也要比喬治三世一人短。
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰比喬治三世活得還久？
en: Who lived longer than George III?
answers: zh_tw: text: 維多利亞和後人伊麗莎白二世

context: zh_tw: 儘管在統治初年的聲望很高，但踏入 1770 年代中期以後，喬治卻因革命浪潮而失去北美十三州殖民地人民的支援（相當於英國在北美殖民地的三分一人口）。從美國獨立宣言中的指控所見，喬治被指「重複地破壞和侵奪」，以及在美洲殖民地試圖建立起「絕對暴政」，這使得美國大眾一般留下喬治三世是暴君的印象。至於在愛爾蘭，喬治也因為大不列顛暴力鎮壓 1798 年叛亂等原因而名聲不佳。當代的學者一般對喬治三世的生平評價分成了兩大陣營，一方將「意見集中於其統治後期，即是他成為全國抵抗法國計劃及力量的崇敬象徵」的那段時期；而另一方則從他們「在喬治在位頭 20 年所經歷的痛苦黨派鬥爭中，建立起他們對喬治三世的看法，因此他們在作品中反映的，往往就是反對派的意見」。從上述後者的觀點發展，使得一些 19 及 20 世紀初的英國曆史學家如脫利衛連爵士及厄爾斯金・梅等等，都對喬治三世的生平加諸以懷有敵意的評價。但到了 20 世紀中期，另一些歷史學家如劉易斯・伯恩斯坦・奈米爾爵士卻認為過往對喬治的評論「過於中傷」，並專注重新對喬治與其統治作出評估。踏入 20 世紀後期，學者諸如巴特菲爾德、裴瑞斯、麥考潘及亨特等，都傾向以同情的角度看待喬治，並把他視作命運與疾病的受害者。而時至今日，喬治三世漫長的統治，一般被視為君主政治權力萎縮的一個延續，以及君主慢慢轉形化身為國家道德形象的時代。
qas: question: zh_tw: 美國獨立宣言指控國王喬治三世犯了什麼罪？
en: What was King George III accused of in the Declaration of Independence?
answers: zh_tw: text: 絕對暴政

question: zh_tw: 喬治國王在哪個年代失去了美國殖民地人民的支援？
en: During which time period did King George lose popularity amongst american colonists?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1770 年代中期
特超巨星
Hypergiant

context: zh_tw: 手槍星：接近銀河系的中心，位於人馬座內。手槍星的質量可能是太陽的 80～150 倍，光度是太陽的 170 萬倍。
en: The Pistol Star (V4627 Sgr), near the center of the Milky Way, in the constellation of Sagittarius. The Pistol Star is possibly as much as 150 times more massive than the Sun, and is about 1.7 million times more luminous. Considered a candidate LBV, but variability has not been confirmed.
qas: question: zh_tw: 手槍星位於哪個星系？
en: in which galaxy is the Pistol Star located ?
answers: zh_tw: text: 銀河系
en: text: Milky Way,