阿凡達
Avatar (2009 film)

context: zh_tw: 《阿凡達》（英語：Avatar）是 2009 年上映的一部美國科幻史詩式電影，由詹姆斯・卡麥隆撰寫劇本並執導，主要演員有山姆・沃辛頓、柔伊・沙達納、雪歌妮・薇佛、蜜雪兒・羅德里奎茲和史帝芬・朗。電影設定於 2154 年，當時人類正在南門二恆星系生態茂盛的潘朵拉衛星上開採珍稀礦產難得素。 採礦殖民地的擴張威脅到了當地部落納美人的生存：納美人是土生土長於潘多拉星球上的有感知智慧能力的類人種族。電影的標題「阿凡達」，指的是經過基因改造而能為部分人類所控制的納美人身體，人類使用他們來同潘朵拉星上的原住民展開交流。阿凡達的開發始於 1994 年，卡梅隆當時為這部電影撰寫了 80 頁的劇本論述。柯麥隆原計劃在 1997 年的《鐵達尼號》攝製完成後就開始製作這部電影，並打算在 1999 年上映，但最終未能如願。柯麥隆解釋說，當時的技術手段還不足以表現出他想像的電影場景。為電影中的外星人創造語言的工作開始於 2005 年夏天，柯麥隆也在 2006 年初開始發展劇本及其虛構世界。官方公佈的《阿凡達》製作費為 2.37 億美元。其餘的估計則認為電影製作大概花費了 2.8 至 3.1 億美元，另外投入 1.5 億美元到市場的宣傳營銷上。在發行上，這部電影不僅使用了傳統的 2D 放映格式，還使用了包括 RealD 3D、Dolby 3D、XpanD 3D 和 IMAX 3D 在內的多種 3D 格式，乃至 4D 格式。因為在 3D 視野和立體視覺製片上有著諸多創新，這部電影被譽為電影製片技術上的一大突破。因為這部電影，爾後所有好萊塢動作片都使用了 3D 拍攝技術，之後，3D 放映版本也開始遍及全世界幾乎所有的首輪戲院。
en: Avatar (marketed as James Cameron's Avatar) is a 2009 American epic science fiction film directed, written, produced, and co-edited by James Cameron, and stars Sam Worthington, Zoe Saldana, Stephen Lang, Michelle Rodriguez, and Sigourney Weaver. The film is set in the mid-22nd century, when humans are colonizing Pandora, a lush habitable moon of a gas giant in the Alpha Centauri star system, in order to mine the mineral unobtanium, a room-temperature superconductor. The expansion of the mining colony threatens the continued existence of a local tribe of Na'vi – a humanoid species indigenous to Pandora. The film's title refers to a genetically engineered Na'vi body operated from the brain of a remotely located human that is used to interact with the natives of Pandora.Development of Avatar began in 1994, when Cameron wrote an 80-page treatment for the film. Filming was supposed to take place after the completion of Cameron's 1997 film Titanic, for a planned release in 1999, but, according to Cameron, the necessary technology was not yet available to achieve his vision of the film. Work on the language of the film's extraterrestrial beings began in 2005, and Cameron began developing the screenplay and fictional universe in early 2006. Avatar was officially budgeted at $237 million. Other estimates put the cost between $280 million and $310 million for production and at $150 million for promotion. The film made extensive use of new motion capture filming techniques, and was released for traditional viewing, 3D viewing (using the RealD 3D, Dolby 3D, XpanD 3D, and IMAX 3D formats), and for "4D" experiences in select South Korean theaters. The stereoscopic filmmaking was touted as a breakthrough in cinematic technology.Avatar premiered in London on December 10, 2009, and was released in the United States on December 18 to positive reviews, with critics highly praising its groundbreaking visual effects. During its theatrical run, the film broke several box office records and became the highest-grossing film of all time, as well as in the United States and Canada, surpassing Cameron's Titanic, which had held those records for twelve years. It also became the first film to gross more than $2 billion and the best-selling film of 2010 in the United States. Avatar was nominated for nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director, and won three, for Best Art Direction, Best Cinematography and Best Visual Effects.
qas: question: zh_tw: 《阿凡達》製作費為多少美元？
en: What was the original amount allotted to film Avatar?
answers: zh_tw: text: 2.37 億
en: text: $237 million

context: zh_tw: 2006 年 1 月至 4 月，柯麥隆逐步完善了劇本，並發展了電影中外星人納美人的文化。南加州大學的語言學家保羅・弗朗莫創造了該族的語言。納美語大概有 1000 個詞彙，其中有 30 個是由柯麥隆加入的。發音音位中的緊喉子音（例如將「kx」讀成「skxawng」）出現在衣索比亞的阿姆哈拉語中；而詞尾的「ng」則可能是柯麥隆從紐西蘭的毛利語裡借出來的。雪歌妮・韋佛與電影的佈景設計師拜訪了加州大學河濱分校的植物生理學教授喬迪・S・霍爾特，向他求教植物學家研究和取樣植物的方法，並對如何解釋電影中潘多拉星生物的交流進行了討論。2006 年 7 月，柯麥隆宣佈他將在 2007 年 2 月確定演員後開始《阿凡達》的主要攝影工作，並計劃於 2008 年年中上映。同年 8 月，特效公司維塔數碼與柯麥隆簽約，以協助其製作《阿凡達》。此前與柯麥隆合作過的斯坦・溫斯頓，也協助了《阿凡達》的設計。電影的製片設計花費了幾年時間。電影有著兩組不同的製片設計師，和兩組相互獨立的藝術部門，其一主要負責潘朵拉星的植物群和動物群，其二主要負責創作人類機器和人類元素。2006 年 9 月，報導稱柯麥隆將使用他自己的現實攝影系統拍攝 3D 畫面。該系統將在一臺攝影機體中使用兩臺高畫質晰度的攝影機，以產生有深度感的畫面。當所有準備工作開始進行後，福克斯卻動搖了，他們還記得柯麥隆上部電影《鐵達尼號》預算超支和延期上映的痛苦經歷。柯麥隆為此重寫了《阿凡達》的劇本，合併了好幾名角色，還答應假如電影不成功的話就減少他的報酬，但都未能完全消除福克斯的擔心。柯麥隆在聯合制片人喬恩・蘭多的辦公室外安裝了盞交通訊號燈，並將其設為黃燈，以表現電影無法確定的未來。2006 年年中，福克斯告訴柯麥隆，他們已經「毫無疑問地放棄了這部電影」；於是，柯麥隆開始尋找其他的公司，並向迪克・庫克（後來成為了華特迪士尼公司的主席）展示了他的概念驗證。然而，當迪士尼打算接手時，福克斯卻動用了它的優先購買權。2006 年 10 月，在精巧媒體答應支援這部電影后，福克斯終於同意將《阿凡達》付諸製作；前者為後者分擔了佔官方預算一半以上的財務風險。在福克斯接受《阿凡達》後，柯麥隆和蘭多將交通燈轉為綠色。在兩位製片人參與撰寫的《阿凡達的藝術：詹姆士・柯麥隆的史詩歷險》（The Art of Avatar: James Cameron's Epic Adventure）一書中，有位仍覺懷疑的福克斯主管告訴蘭多說：「我不知道讓你們拍這電影是誰的瘋狂主意，是我們的還是你們的！」2006 年 12 月，柯麥隆將《阿凡達》描述為「一部 200 年後發生在一顆星球上的未來故事…… 是一場飽含環保意識的老式叢林歷險」。2007 年 1 月釋出的新聞稿則這樣描述這部電影：「《阿凡達》還是一場關於救贖和革命的心靈旅程。是一出關於一名負傷的前海軍陸戰隊隊員的故事，他不情願地加入了旨在佔領並利用一顆生物繁茂的外星球的行動，但他最終轉而率領當地種族為生存而戰」。而「我們將創造整個世界，包括由幻影般的植物和動物構成的完整生態系統，以及具有豐富文化和語言的原住民。」根據估計，電影使用了大約 2.8 至 3.1 億美元用於製作，並使用 1.5 億美元用於營銷；其 3,000 萬美元的稅收抵免在一定程度上減緩了對片方及其融資方的財務衝擊。然而，製片廠的一位發言人對電影網站 The Wrap 說，電影的預算「為 2.37 億美元，另有 1.5 億用於推廣，這就是全部了。」
en: From January to April 2006, Cameron worked on the script and developed a culture for the film's aliens, the Na'vi. Their language was created by Dr. Paul Frommer, a linguist at USC. The Na'vi language has a lexicon of about 1000 words, with some 30 added by Cameron. The tongue's phonemes include ejective consonants (such as the "kx" in "skxawng") that are found in the Amharic language of Ethiopia, and the initial "ng" that Cameron may have taken from New Zealand Māori. Actress Sigourney Weaver and the film's set designers met with Jodie S. Holt, professor of plant physiology at University of California, Riverside, to learn about the methods used by botanists to study and sample plants, and to discuss ways to explain the communication between Pandora's organisms depicted in the film.From 2005 to 2007, Cameron worked with a handful of designers, including famed fantasy illustrator Wayne Barlowe and renowned concept artist Jordu Schell, to shape the design of the Na'vi with paintings and physical sculptures when Cameron felt that 3-D brush renderings were not capturing his vision, often working together in the kitchen of Cameron's Malibu home. In July 2006, Cameron announced that he would film Avatar for a mid-2008 release and planned to begin principal photography with an established cast by February 2007. The following August, the visual effects studio Weta Digital signed on to help Cameron produce Avatar. Stan Winston, who had collaborated with Cameron in the past, joined Avatar to help with the film's designs. Production design for the film took several years. The film had two different production designers, and two separate art departments, one of which focused on the flora and fauna of Pandora, and another that created human machines and human factors. In September 2006, Cameron was announced to be using his own Reality Camera System to film in 3-D. The system would use two high-definition cameras in a single camera body to create depth perception.While these preparations were underway, Fox kept wavering in its commitment to Avatar because of its painful experience with cost overruns and delays on Cameron's previous picture, Titanic, even though Cameron rewrote the script to combine several characters together and offered to cut his fee in case the film flopped. Cameron installed a traffic light with the amber signal lit outside of co-producer Jon Landau's office to represent the film's uncertain future. In mid-2006, Fox told Cameron "in no uncertain terms that they were passing on this film," so he began shopping it around to other studios, and approached Walt Disney Studios, showing his proof-of-concept to then-chairman Dick Cook. However, when Disney attempted to take over, Fox exercised its right of first refusal. In October 2006, Fox finally agreed to commit to making Avatar after Ingenious Media agreed to back the film, which reduced Fox's financial exposure to less than half of the film's official $237 million budget. After Fox accepted Avatar, one skeptical Fox executive shook his head and told Cameron and Landau, "I don't know if we're crazier for letting you do this, or if you're crazier for thinking you can do this ..."
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰協助柯麥隆製作《阿凡達》？
en: Who assisted Cameron in making avatar?
answers: zh_tw: text: 維塔數碼
en: text: Weta Digital