佔語字母
Cham script

context: zh_tw: 佔語字母發展自婆羅米文，而婆羅米文又是亞蘭字母的後裔。約在公元 200 年，佔文發展自一種稱為加蘭塔的南印度婆羅米文。隨著印度教和佛教的擴大，加蘭塔文被帶到東南亞。刻有占城文明的印度石廟中就有梵語和佔語的獻辭。在越南最早的獻辭在美山寺中找到。追溯到約公元 400 年，最早期的文字實際是被寫錯的梵語。此後，獻辭的用語不斷在這兩中文字中交替。占城國王曾學習經典的印度經文，如法典（Dharmaśāstra，一譯法論），和引自梵語文學的獻辭。最終，當佔語和梵語互相影響時，占城吸收了印度教的文化，並終有足夠的佔語詞彙表達印度宗教的相關思想。 在公元 8 世紀時，佔語字母終於脫離梵語的影響而獨立發展。 而大多尚存的手稿著重於宗教儀式，戰爭史詩和神話。現代佔語屬於東南亞語言聯盟，有聲調等音節上的相似。然而，這些語言到達中南半島後出現了雙音節詞和無聲調詞。為了適應這種變化，文字要改變。佔族人分為兩支，一支居住在柬埔寨，另一支居住在越南，其中，居住於越南的成為藩朗佔族。對於公元第一個千年期，占人的語言僅被看作越南海岸邊的一種方言。當越南語使用範圍向南部擴充套件時，當時的越南人才發現兩種語言是有明顯差別的，也正因為這次越南語的推廣運動，使大部分佔族人搬回高地，而小部分藩朗占人則留在低地，受越南人統治。隨著越南人推翻當時佔王朝的首都，西部佔族人的佔語與藩朗佔語開始產生分歧。他們各自使用截然不同的字母，儘管前者大多數為穆斯林 ，而且現在多使用阿拉伯字母。後者更多為印度教徒，並依舊使用佔語字母。在法國殖民統治期間，兩支都不得不使用拉丁字母。
en: The Cham script is a descendant of the Brahmi script of India. Cham was one of the first scripts to develop from a Tamil Brahmi script called the Grantha alphabet some time around 200 CE. It came to Southeast Asia as part of the expansion of Hinduism and Buddhism. Hindu stone temples of the Champa civilization contain both Sanskrit and Chamic language stone inscriptions. The earliest inscriptions in Vietnam are found in Mỹ Sơn, a temple complex dated to around 400 CE. The oldest inscription is written in faulty Sanskrit. After this, inscriptions alternate between Sanskrit and the Cham language of the times.Cham kings studied classical Indian texts such as the Dharmaśāstra and inscriptions make reference to Sanskrit literature. Eventually, while the Cham and Sanskrit languages influenced one another, Cham culture assimilated Hinduism, and Chams were eventually able adequately express the Hindu religion in their own language. By the 8th century, the Cham script had outgrown Sanskrit and the Cham language was in full use. Most preserved manuscripts focus on religious rituals, epic battles and poems, and myths.Modern Chamic languages have the Southeast Asian areal features of monosyllabicity, tonality, and glottalized consonants. However, they had reached the Southeast Asia mainland disyllabic and non-tonal. The script needed to be altered to meet these changes.The Cham now live in two groups: the Western Cham of Cambodia and the Eastern Cham (Phan Rang Cham) of Vietnam. For the first millennium AD, the Chamic languages were a dialect chain along the Vietnam coast. The breakup of this chain into distinct languages occurred once the Vietnamese pushed south, causing most Cham to move back into the highlands while some like Phan Rang Cham became a part of the lowland society ruled by the Vietnamese. The division of Cham into Western and Phan Rang Cham immediately followed the Vietnamese overthrow of the last Cham polity. Each uses a distinct variety of the script, although the former are mostly Muslim and now prefer to use the Arabic alphabet.  The latter are mostly Hindu and still use the Cham script.  During French colonial times, both groups had to use the Latin alphabet.
qas: question: zh_tw: 美山寺，位於越南的一個名字寫錯的寺廟可以追溯到什麼時候？
en: My Son, a temple complex in Vietnam is dated to around what year?
answers: zh_tw: text: 公元 400 年
en: text: 400 CE

question: zh_tw: 印度的加蘭塔文是如何被帶到東南亞？
en: How did the Cham script of India come to be found in Southeast Asia?
answers: zh_tw: text: 印度教和佛教的擴大
en: text: as part of the expansion of Hinduism and Buddhism