愛爾蘭歷史
History of Ireland

context: zh_tw: 羅馬帝國佔領英格蘭後愛爾蘭的貴族有時襲擊英格蘭進行搶劫。羅馬人稱愛爾蘭為希伯尼亞（Hibernia）。托勒密於 100 年精確地描寫了愛爾蘭的地理和部落。愛爾蘭從未是羅馬帝國的一部分，但羅馬的影響往往超出它的疆域。塔西陀曾提及一個愛爾蘭部落首領，他在大不列顛與羅馬將軍阿古可拉相遇後回到愛爾蘭去奪權。尤維納爾報道說羅馬 “軍隊在愛爾蘭海岸被俘”。假如羅馬或其同盟者試圖入侵過愛爾蘭的話，那麼他們沒有留下多少痕跡。愛爾蘭與羅馬的關係到底怎樣今天不很清楚。
en: Linguists realised from the 17th century onwards that the language spoken by these people, the Goidelic languages, was a branch of the Celtic languages. This is usually explained as a result of invasions by Celts from the continent. However, other research has postulated that the culture developed gradually and continuously, and that the introduction of Celtic language and elements of Celtic culture may have been a result of cultural exchange with Celtic groups in southwest continental Europe from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age.The hypothesis that the native Late Bronze Age inhabitants gradually absorbed Celtic influences has since been supported by some recent genetic research.The Romans referred to Ireland as Scotia 500 CE, and later Hibernia. Ptolemy, in 100 CE, recorded Ireland's geography and tribes. Ireland was never a part of the Roman Empire, but Roman influence was often projected well beyond its borders. Tacitus writes that an exiled Irish prince was with Agricola in Roman Britain and would return to seize power in Ireland. Juvenal tells us that Roman "arms had been taken beyond the shores of Ireland". In recent years, some experts have hypothesized that Roman-sponsored Gaelic forces (or perhaps even Roman regulars) mounted some kind of invasion around 100 CE, but the exact relationship between Rome and the dynasties and peoples of Hibernia remains unclear.
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪位學者在 100 年記錄了愛爾蘭的部落和地理？
en: What scholar made records of both the tribes and geography of Ireland in 100CE?
answers: zh_tw: text: 托勒密
en: text: Ptolemy

question: zh_tw: 誰記述了流亡的愛爾蘭王子？
en: who wrote about the the exiled  Irish prince ?
answers: zh_tw: text: 塔西陀
en: text: Tacitus

context: zh_tw: 隨著新的信仰的普及傳統的德魯伊教垮臺了。愛爾蘭的學者在修道院中學習拉丁語和基督教神學，修道院在愛爾蘭非常繁華。從愛爾蘭到英格蘭和歐洲大陸的傳道士宣傳愛爾蘭的學風，從歐洲各地吸引了許多學者到愛爾蘭來。這些修道院非常出色，而且它們與世隔絕，為將拉丁語的許多知識儲存下來起了很大的作用。為書畫插圖的藝術、金屬加工、雕刻在愛爾蘭獲得巨大發展。
en: Patrick is traditionally credited with preserving and codifying Irish laws and changing only those that conflicted with Christian practices. He is credited with introducing the Roman alphabet, which enabled Irish monks to preserve parts of the extensive oral literature. The historicity of these claims remains the subject of debate and there is no direct evidence linking Patrick with any of these accomplishments. The myth of Patrick, as scholars refer to it, was developed in the centuries after his death.Irish scholars excelled in the study of Latin learning and Christian theology in the monasteries that flourished shortly thereafter. Missionaries from Ireland to England and Continental Europe spread news of the flowering of learning, and scholars from other nations came to Irish monasteries. The excellence and isolation of these monasteries helped preserve Latin learning during the Early Middle Ages. The period of Insular art, mainly in the fields of illuminated manuscripts, metalworking, and sculpture flourished and produced such treasures as the Book of Kells, the Ardagh Chalice, and the many carved stone crosses that dot the island. Insular style was to be a crucial ingredient in the formation of the Romanesque and Gothic styles throughout Western Europe. Sites dating to this period include clochans, ringforts and promontory forts.
qas: question: zh_tw: 提到的第一個國家是哪個？
en: What is the first country mentioned?
answers: zh_tw: text: 愛爾蘭
en: text: Ireland