海灣戰爭
Gulf War

context: zh_tw: 美國總統布什很快就宣佈美國將發動一項旨在防止伊拉克入侵沙烏地阿拉伯的防禦行動 ——「沙漠之盾行動」。8 月 7 日美軍進駐沙烏地阿拉伯。8 月 8 日伊拉克宣稱科威特的一部分劃分為巴士拉省，另一部分自立為省。以艾森豪威爾號航空母艦和獨立號航空母艦為首的兩支美國海軍艦隊進入戰鬥地區。最後美軍在當地的駐軍達 50 萬人。當時軍事分析家的意見是，假如伊拉克在十月份以前入侵沙烏地阿拉伯的話，美軍在當地的駐軍將不足以阻擋入侵者。聯合國安理會和阿拉伯聯盟就這場衝突發表了一系列決議，其中最重要的是 11 月 29 日的聯合國安理會第 678 號決議，其中設定伊拉克撤出科威特的截止日期為 1991 年 1 月 15 日，並授權「以一切必要手段執行第 660 號決議」—— 一種授權動武的外交語言。
en: Acting on the Carter Doctrine policy, and out of fear the Iraqi Army could launch an invasion of Saudi Arabia, US President George H. W. Bush quickly announced that the US would launch a "wholly defensive" mission to prevent Iraq from invading Saudi Arabia, under the codename Operation Desert Shield. The operation began on 7 August 1990, when US troops were sent to Saudi Arabia, due also to the request of its monarch, King Fahd, who had earlier called for US military assistance. This "wholly defensive" doctrine was quickly abandoned when, on 8 August, Iraq declared Kuwait to be Iraq's 19th province and Saddam named his cousin, Ali Hassan Al-Majid, as its military-governor.The US Navy dispatched two naval battle groups built around the aircraft carriers USS Dwight D. Eisenhower and USS Independence to the Persian Gulf, where they were ready by 8 August. The US also sent the battleships USS Missouri and USS Wisconsin to the region. A total of 48 US Air Force F-15s from the 1st Fighter Wing at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia, landed in Saudi Arabia and immediately commenced round-the-clock air patrols of the Saudi–Kuwait–Iraq border to discourage further Iraqi military advances. They were joined by 36 F-15 A-Ds from the 36th Tactical Fighter Wing at Bitburg, Germany. The Bitburg contingent was based at Al Kharj Air Base, approximately an hour south east of Riyadh. The 36th TFW would be responsible for 11 confirmed Iraqi Air Force aircraft shot down during the war. There were also two Air National Guard units stationed at Al Kharj Air Base, the South Carolina Air National Guard's 169th Fighter Wing flew bombing missions with 24 F-16s flying 2,000 combat missions and dropping four million pounds (1,800,000 kilograms; 1,800 metric tons) of munitions, and the New York Air National Guard's 174th Fighter Wing from Syracuse flew 24 F-16s on bombing missions. Military buildup continued from there, eventually reaching 543,000 troops, twice the number used in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Much of the material was airlifted or carried to the staging areas via fast sealift ships, allowing a quick buildup.
qas: question: zh_tw: 喬治・H・布什防止伊拉克入侵沙烏地阿拉伯的任務代號是什麼？
en: What was the codename for the mission to prevent Iraq from invading Saudi Arabia by George H. W. Bush?
answers: zh_tw: text: 沙漠之盾行動
en: text: Operation Desert Shield

context: zh_tw: 科威特被佔領後不久，在美國就成立了一個叫做「公民為自由科威特」的組織，這個組織用科威特政府的 1100 萬美元開始了一場宣傳戰。其中一個很可能是欺騙性的情節談到，伊拉克士兵將科威特嬰兒從他們的保育箱中扔出來，讓他們在醫院的地板上死去。這個情節出現在一個由多個美國電視臺報道的，由美國國會舉行的關於伊拉克在科威特的暴行的聽證會上。在這次聽證會上，陳述這個情節的那個 15 歲的女孩後來證明是科威特駐美國大使的女兒，一位王室成員。
en: Although there were human rights abuses committed in Kuwait by the invading Iraqi military, the alleged incidents that received the most publicity in the US were fabrications of the public relations firm hired by the government of Kuwait to influence US opinion in favor of military intervention. Shortly after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, the organization Citizens for a Free Kuwait was formed in the US. It hired the public relations firm Hill & Knowlton for about $11 million, paid by Kuwait's government.Among many other means of influencing US opinion, such as distributing books on Iraqi atrocities to US soldiers deployed in the region, "Free Kuwait" T-shirts and speakers to college campuses, and dozens of video news releases to television stations, the firm arranged for an appearance before a group of members of the US Congress in which a young woman identifying herself as a nurse working in the Kuwait City hospital described Iraqi soldiers pulling babies out of incubators and letting them die on the floor.The story helped tip both the public and Congress towards a war with Iraq: six Congressmen said the testimony was enough for them to support military action against Iraq and seven Senators referenced the testimony in debate. The Senate supported the military actions in a 52–47 vote. However, a year after the war, this allegation was revealed to be a fabrication. The young woman who had testified was found to be a member of Kuwait's Royal Family, in fact the daughter of Kuwait's ambassador to the US. She hadn't lived in Kuwait during the Iraqi invasion.
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪國入侵科威特導致美國採取軍事行動？
en: What country's invasion of Kuwait resulted in U.S. military action?
answers: zh_tw: text: 伊拉克
en: text: Iraq

context: zh_tw: 聯合國安理會第 678 號決議的最後通牒過後，1991 年 1 月 17 日，聯軍開始執行名為「沙漠風暴行動」的強烈空襲，每天的攻擊次數上千。使用的武器有制導炸彈、集束炸彈、空氣炸彈和巡航導彈。相應地伊拉克次日向以色列發射了 8 顆飛毛腿導彈。盟軍的首要目標是摧毀伊拉克的空軍和防空設施，這個任務很快就完成了，在此後的戰爭期間盟軍空軍幾乎暢通無阻。雖然伊拉克的防空能力比預期的要好，但在戰爭第一天盟軍只損失了一架隸屬於 VFA-81「劃日者」的 F/A-18C 戰鬥機（機號 AA403），遭伊拉克空軍的 MIG-25 PD 戰鬥機擊落。在這段時間裡隱形戰機被多次使用來消滅伊拉克的地對空導彈和其它防空武器。這些武器被消滅後，盟軍的其它飛機的行動就安全得多了。大多數飛機是從沙烏地阿拉伯和盟軍在波斯灣的六艘航空母艦上起飛的。
en: Iraq's government made no secret that it would attack if invaded. Prior to the war's start, in the aftermath of the failed US–Iraq peace talks in Geneva, Switzerland, a reporter asked Iraq's English-speaking Foreign Minister and Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz: "Mr. Foreign Minister, if war starts ... will you attack?" His response was: "Yes, absolutely, yes."Five hours after the first attacks, Iraq's state radio broadcast declaring that "The dawn of victory nears as this great showdown begins." Iraq fired eight missiles the next day. These missile attacks were to continue throughout the war. A total of 88 Scud missiles were fired by Iraq during the war's seven weeks.
qas: question: zh_tw: 伊拉克一共發射了多少枚導彈？
en: How many missiles in total did Iraq launch?
answers: zh_tw: text: 8 顆飛毛腿導彈
en: text: eight missiles

context: zh_tw: 盟軍的下一個目標是指揮和通訊設施。薩達姆在兩伊戰爭中對他的軍隊的指揮非常詳細，小部隊自己的主動性幾乎全部喪失。盟軍戰略家希望假如伊拉克的指揮和控制系統被摧毀後它的抵抗力就會被大為削減。戰爭的第一個星期中伊拉克進行了幾次攻擊，但其效果甚小，38 架伊拉克米格機被盟軍飛機擊落，此後伊拉克空軍開始逃往伊朗。
en: The next targets were command and communication facilities. Saddam Hussein had closely micromanaged Iraqi forces in the Iran–Iraq War, and initiative at lower levels was discouraged. Coalition planners hoped that Iraqi resistance would quickly collapse if deprived of command and control.
qas: question: zh_tw: 策劃人員希望用什麼樣的剝奪領導權的方式來瓦解伊拉克的抵抗力量？
en: What type of leadership deprivation did planners hope would collapse the Iraqi resistance?
answers: zh_tw: text: 指揮和控制系統
en: text: command and control

context: zh_tw: 1991 年 2 月 22 日伊拉克同意一個由蘇聯提出的停火協議。這個協議要求伊拉克在三週內退回到戰前的位置和完全停火，此外聯合國安理會觀察撤兵和停火。美國拒絕了這個建議但說回退的伊拉克軍隊將不被攻擊並限令伊拉克於 24 小時內撤兵。
en: The coalition rejected the proposal, but said that retreating Iraqi forces would not be attacked, and gave 24 hours for Iraq to withdraw its forces. On 23 February, fighting resulted in the capture of 500 Iraqi soldiers. On 24 February, British and American armored forces crossed the Iraq–Kuwait border and entered Iraq in large numbers, taking hundreds of prisoners. Iraqi resistance was light, and four Americans were killed.
qas: question: zh_tw: 聯盟軍隊要求在多長時間內撤兵？
en: How long did the coalition provide for the removal of forces?
answers: zh_tw: text: 24 小時
en: text: 24 hours

context: zh_tw: 假如我們在 1991 年消滅薩達姆政府，將陸戰改為入侵伊拉克的話，那麼我們將違反我們的不在行動中改變目標的宗旨，進入目標滑動的狀態，其結果是不可估算的人道和政治代價…… 我們將不得不佔領巴格達和整個伊拉克。同盟將立刻解散，阿拉伯國家會憤怒地離開我們，其它同盟國也會離開。在這種情況下我們沒有任何可行的，不違反我們的原則的「逃避計劃」…… 假如我們入侵的話，美國可能今天還是一個敵對國的佔領者。其結果 —— 可能是悲慘的結果 —— 將是另一個樣子。伊拉克沒有使用化學武器，而盟軍的進展也比美國將軍估計的要快。2 月 26 日伊拉克軍隊開始退出科威特，他們撤出時將科威特油田點燃。在從科威特通向伊拉克的高速公路上伊拉克軍隊和伊拉克和巴勒斯坦平民組成了一條長龍。這支隊伍被盟軍飛機猛烈轟炸以至於它獲得了「死亡高速公路」的外號。陸戰開始後 100 小時布什總統宣佈停火，2 月 27 日他宣佈科威特被解放。記者西摩・赫希稱停火被宣佈兩天後一支由巴里・邁卡弗裡指揮的美軍系統地屠殺撤退的伊拉克軍隊和一些平民。邁卡弗裡自己否認這個事件，在後來美國陸軍的調查中邁卡弗裡被證實無罪。
en: On 25 February 1991, Iraqi forces fired a Scud missile at an American barracks in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. The missile attack killed 28 US military personnel.The coalition's advance was much swifter than US generals had expected. On 26 February, Iraqi troops began retreating from Kuwait, after they had set 737 of its oil wells on fire. A long convoy of retreating Iraqi troops formed along the main Iraq-Kuwait highway. Although they were retreating, this convoy was bombed so extensively by coalition air forces that it came to be known as the Highway of Death. Thousands of Iraqi troops were killed. American, British, and French forces continued to pursue retreating Iraqi forces over the border and back into Iraq, eventually moving to within 150 miles (240 km) of Baghdad, before withdrawing back to Iraq's border with Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.One hundred hours after the ground campaign started, on 28 February, President Bush declared a ceasefire, and he also declared that Kuwait had been liberated.
qas: question: zh_tw: 該地區最終被命名為什麼？
en: What did the area ultimately be named as?
answers: zh_tw: text: 死亡高速公路
en: text: Highway of Death

context: zh_tw: 和平談判是在被佔領的伊拉克土地上進行的。在這個會議上，伊拉克被准許在它的邊界內使用武裝直升機。此後不久，這些直升飛機和其它部隊被用來打擊南部的叛亂。在北方，庫爾德人的領導人相信了美國關於支援人民起義的號召開始武裝暴亂，並希望以此激起一次政變。但當美國不進行干涉時，伊拉克軍人保持他們的忠誠並嚴重地打擊了庫爾德人的軍隊。上百萬庫爾德人逃過土耳其和伊朗的邊境。後來這些事件被用來建立伊拉克南部和北部的禁飛地帶。在科威特，埃米爾的獨裁政府被恢復。被懷疑為伊拉克合作者的人，尤其巴勒斯坦人受到特別法庭調查。最後 40 萬以上的人被逐出境。
en: In coalition-occupied Iraqi territory, a peace conference was held where a ceasefire agreement was negotiated and signed by both sides. At the conference, Iraq was authorized to fly armed helicopters on their side of the temporary border, ostensibly for government transit due to the damage done to civilian infrastructure. Soon after, these helicopters and much of Iraq's military were used to fight an uprising in the south. The rebellions were encouraged by an airing of "The Voice of Free Iraq" on 2 February 1991, which was broadcast from a CIA-run radio station out of Saudi Arabia. The Arabic service of the Voice of America supported the uprising by stating that the rebellion was well supported, and that they soon would be liberated from Saddam.In the North, Kurdish leaders took American statements that they would support an uprising to heart, and began fighting, hoping to trigger a coup d'état. However, when no US support came, Iraqi generals remained loyal to Saddam and brutally crushed the Kurdish uprising. Millions of Kurds fled across the mountains to Turkey and Kurdish areas of Iran. These events later resulted in no-fly zones being established in northern and southern Iraq. In Kuwait, the Emir was restored, and suspected Iraqi collaborators were repressed. Eventually, over 400,000 people were expelled from the country, including a large number of Palestinians, because of PLO support of Saddam. Yasser Arafat didn't apologize for his support of Iraq, but after his death, the Fatah under Mahmoud Abbas' authority formally apologized in 2004.There was some criticism of the Bush administration, as they chose to allow Saddam to remain in power instead of pushing on to capture Baghdad and overthrowing his government. In their co-written 1998 book, A World Transformed, Bush and Brent Scowcroft argued that such a course would have fractured the alliance, and would have had many unnecessary political and human costs associated with it.
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪裡建立了禁飛地帶？
en: Where were the no-fly zones established?
answers: zh_tw: text: 伊拉克南部和北部
en: text: northern and southern Iraq

context: zh_tw: 海灣戰爭也是一場「媒體戰」。戰爭不再是來自遙遠地方的新聞故事，首次世界各地的人可以直接在電視前看到導彈擊中它們的目標或從軍艦上發射的戰鬥實況轉播。盟軍非常願意顯示他們武器的精確性。
en: The war was heavily televised. For the first time, people all over the world were able to watch live pictures of missiles hitting their targets and fighters departing from aircraft carriers. Allied forces were keen to demonstrate their weapons' accuracy.
qas: question: zh_tw: 為了證明他們武器的精確性，盟軍使用實時照片來顯示戰士從哪裡離開？
en: Allied forces, wanting to demonstrate their weapon's accuracy, used live pictures to show fighters departing from where?
answers: zh_tw: text: 軍艦
en: text: aircraft carriers

context: zh_tw: 美國的愛國者導彈第一次在戰時被使用。美國軍方聲稱他們將多枚飛毛腿導彈在飛行中擊落。後來證明愛國者導彈對於聯軍的保護主要是心理上的。其實際攔截效率很難確定，最低的一種估計甚至認為只有為 9%。而美國軍方始終堅持愛國者導彈在海灣戰爭中的表現是「奇蹟般的」。
en: Scud missiles utilize inertial guidance which operates for the duration that the engines operate. Iraq used Scud missiles, launching them into both Saudi Arabia and Israel. Some missiles caused extensive casualties, while others caused little damage.The US Patriot missile was used in combat for the first time. The US military claimed a high effectiveness against Scuds at the time, but later analysis gives figures as low as 9%, with 45% of the 158 Patriot launches being against debris or false targets. The Dutch Ministry of Defense, which also sent Patriot missiles to protect civilians in Israel and Turkey, later disputed the higher claim. Further, there is at least one incident of a software error causing a Patriot missile's failure to engage an incoming Scud, resulting in deaths. Both the US Army and the missile manufacturers maintained the Patriot delivered a "miracle performance" in the Gulf War.
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪類導彈在海灣戰爭中備受好評？
en: Which type of missile was greatly acclaimed in the Gulf war?
answers: zh_tw: text: 愛國者
en: text: Patriot