【柏林城市铁路】
柏林城市铁路（德语：Berliner Stadtbahn）是一条横贯德国首都柏林市区的一条干线铁路，线路大致呈东西走向，东起柏林东站，西至Bahnhof Berlin-Charlottenburg，连接柏林的腓特烈斯海恩和夏洛滕堡。这一铁路线路共设11站，其中包括柏林火车总站。在有些定义中，“柏林城市铁路”的定义更广，包含连接柏林东十字车站和Bahnhof Berlin Westkreuz的铁路，尽管这一定义并不准确。这条铁路线始建于19世纪80年代。现为全高架四线铁路，与城市道路的交口全部为立交道。同时供柏林城市快铁、区域列车、区域快车、城际列车、欧城列车、城际快车使用。
== 与柏林城市快铁的关系 ==
柏林城市快铁（德语原名：S-Bahn Berlin）常被误译为“柏林城市铁路”。“柏林城市快铁”德文原名中的“S-Bahn”为“Stadt-Schnellbahn”的缩写，中文为“城市快铁”，含义为“穿梭于城市内部与市郊间的旅客列车，能够将乘客以较快的速度送达目的地”；“Berlin”为“柏林”。也就是说，将“S-Bahn Berlin”误译为“柏林城市铁路”丢失了部分原意，并会和柏林城市铁路（德语原名：Berliner Stadtbahn）混淆。
柏林城市铁路（德语原名：Berliner Stadtbahn）的名称含义是“贯穿柏林市区的铁路线路”。
“柏林城市快铁”行经“柏林城市铁路”全线，“柏林城市铁路”也不仅被“柏林城市快铁”使用，区域列车、区域快车、城际列车、欧城列车、城际快车均使用“柏林城市铁路”。
== 结构和轨道 ==
柏林城市铁路拥有一座总长8千米的铁路高架桥，其拥有731个拱。另有2千米的线路建于64座桥上，这64座桥上跨多条街道并三跨施普雷河，其余部分位于路堤上。
柏林城市铁路为电气化四线铁路。其中北侧两线仅供柏林城市快铁使用，电气化制式为“750伏 第三轨供电”，柏林城市快铁行径柏林城市铁路全线并停靠全部11座车站。南侧两线共主线铁路列车使用（包括区域列车、区域快车、城际列车、欧城列车、城际快车），电气化制式为“交流 15千伏 16.7赫兹 架空电缆供电”，主线铁路仅停靠其中的6座车站。
== 现车站和里程 ==
“柏林城市铁路”的里程自东向西计算，现车站和里程见下表：
== 历史 ==
=== 规划 ===
1871年时的柏林拥有8条干线铁路，其在柏林的主要火车站为多座建于外围城区、郊区且不能直接互通的尽头式车站。这对须在柏林换乘的铁路旅客十分不友好，旅客往往无法在同一火车站内换乘火车，而是需要通过倒车在相距甚远的不同火车站间换乘火车。因而规划了穿越柏林市区连通不同尽头式铁路枢纽站的铁路线。
In 1872, the Deutsche Eisenbahnbaugesellschaft (German Railway Construction Company - DEG) filed the planning application for a railway line through the city, connecting the then-Schlesischer Bahnhof (today Berlin Ostbahnhof) to Charlottenburg, and continuing to Potsdam. In December 1873, the state of Prussia as well as the private rail enterprises Berlin-Potsdamer Eisenbahn, Magdeburg-Halberstädter Eisenbahn and Berlin-Hamburger Bahn bought shares in the DEG, and jointly founded the Berliner Stadteisenbahngesellschaft (Berlin City Railway Company). However, things did not go as expected and the DEG went into bankruptcy in 1878, which forced the Prussian state government to take over operations, pay for the construction of the line with state money and to reimburse the former private owners of the DEG. The state's interest in the line was attributed to the military, which after the 1870-1871 Franco-Prussian War was of the opinion that the railway networks would hinder mobilisation when not properly interconnected.
On 15 July 1878 the Königliche Direktion der Berliner Stadteisenbahn (Royal Directorate of Berlin City Railways), under the management of Ernst Dircksen, was commissioned to manage the site. The directorate at first reported to the Prussian Ministry of Transport and later became a subsidiary of the Ministry of Public Operations.
Stadtbahn seen from the Park Inn Berlin, near station Hackescher Markt
那时将这条铁路规划为复线铁路，客货混跑。值得注意的是，当时伦敦和纽约类似的铁路线为货车让客车。还有，这条铁路新线不仅要连接柏林不同的尽头式铁路枢纽站，还要连接Berlin Ringbahn并行走市郊列车。
The traffic routing was not only influenced by the location of the already existing stations the line was supposed to connect, but also by land availability in the city centre. One of the original drafts, which called for building the line along Leipziger Straße, had to be scrapped because of overly high land prices. The moat of the 17th century Berlin Fortress was filled up between Hackescher Markt and Jannowitzbrücke stations and, since it was public land, was used for building the railway line. This explains some of the curvy sections on the Stadtbahn, especially between Alexanderplatz and Jannowitzbrücke stations.
Its elevated nature sets the Stadtbahn apart from the previous Berliner Verbindungsbahn, built in 1851, which was built at street level and was a hindrance to travel.
=== 建设 ===
柏林城市铁路于1875年开工建设。1882年2月6日，即正式开通的前一天，德国皇帝威廉一世乘坐专列视察了柏林城市铁路全线。 1882年2月7日正式开通，并对短途列车开放。1882年5月15日开始对长途列车开放。当时每千米造价为5百万德国金马克（包括购买土地的费用）。这条铁路后来成为柏林城市快铁的核心路线。柏林城市铁路最初使用钢质枕木，20世纪初更换为木质枕木。
1888年5月1日，柏林城市铁路向东连通箭头半岛-鲁梅尔斯堡车站（1933年至今称柏林东十字车站）和向西经Bahnhof Berlin Westkreuz连通Bahnhof Berlin-Westend的铁路线启用。
==== 初始车站 ====
（按自西向东顺序排列）
* Bahnhof Berlin-Charlottenburg
* 柏林动物园车站
* Bahnhof Berlin Bellevue
* Berlin Lehrter Stadtbahnhof （今柏林火车总站）
* 柏林腓特烈大街车站
* 交易所站（今Bahnhof Berlin Hackescher Markt）
* 柏林亚历山大广场车站
* Bahnhof Berlin Jannowitzbrücke
* 柏林-西里西亚车站（今柏林东站）NoteTag|今柏林东站历史上曾多次更名。1842年至1881年称“柏林-法兰克福车站，1881年至1950年称“柏林-西里西亚车站”（即柏林城市铁路首通所在时间段），1950年至1987年称“柏林东站”，1987年至1998年称“柏林火车总站”，1998年至今称“柏林东站”。
==== 后期增加车站 ====
* Bahnhof Berlin Savignyplatz：1896年8月1日启用，位于Bahnhof Berlin-Charlottenburg和柏林动物园车站之间。
* Bahnhof Berlin-Tiergarten：1885年1月5日启用，位于柏林动物园车站和Bahnhof Berlin Bellevue之间。
=== 运营初期 ===
File:T2-Savignyp.jpg|停靠在柏林城市铁路Bahnhof Berlin Savignyplatz的列车，1900年前后拍摄。
File:Berlin Bahnhof Friedrichstrasse und Schluetersteg.jpg|1900年前后的柏林腓特烈大街车站，图中高架铁路为柏林城市铁路。
File:Berlin Bahnhof Friedrichstrasse Schluetersteg 1900.jpg|1900年前后的柏林腓特烈大街车站，图中高架铁路为柏林城市铁路。
File:Schluetersteg und Eisenbahnbruecke Friedrichstrasse 294.jpg|1900年前后的柏林腓特烈大街车站，图中高架铁路为柏林城市铁路。
==== 市郊列车 ====
Suburban trains operated on the local tracks, the so-called city track. At first, these were either services to the suburbs or connections to the Berlin Ringbahn, running as "half ring trains", using the Stadtbahn and either the northern or the southern Ringbahn. The trains were pulled by locomotives, which ran on coke to minimise the smell. Doors on the train compartments had to be opened by the passengers themselves and stations were not called out on the train.
These trains ran from 4 o'clock in the morning to 1 o'clock at night, typically at intervals between two and five minutes, depending on the time of day. Fares in the early 20th century were 10 pfennig in 3rd class and 15 pfennig in 2nd class.
==== 货运列车 ====
The freight traffic to the central market at Alexanderplatz was carried by seven special trains per day, of which four ran at night, two during the day and one in the evening. Apart from this, the Stadtbahn carried no freight; normal freight traffic instead used the freight stations Charlottenburg, Moabit, Wedding, Zentralviehhof, Weißensee, Frankfurter Allee, Rixdorf, Tempelhof, Wilmersdorf-Friedenau and Halensee on the ring line.
==== 长途列车 ====
In the first years of the Stadtbahn, many trains previously terminating at the old terminuses Lehrter Bahnhof, Görlitzer Bahnhof or Potsdamer Bahnhof operated via the Stadtbahn to reduce the load on the terminus stations. By the end of the 19th century, however, most of these train runs had to terminate at their old destination stations again due to the increasing local traffic on the Stadtbahn.
The remaining traffic on the Stadtbahn mostly consisted of express trains to Hanover and Cologne via the Lehrter Bahn, Kanonenbahn trains to  Dessau, trains to Königsberg and Danzig on the Preußische Ostbahn and trains to Frankfurt/Oder and Breslau. Suburban trains to Spandau and Strausberg also ran on the Stadtbahn's long-distance tracks until 1928.
Trains heading west usually left from the Schlesischer Bahnhof station, those heading east from Charlottenburg. Depots were situated in Rummelsburg (then called Bw Karlshorst) and Grunewald.
Station Jannowitzbrücke
=== Station expansions and viaducts ===
In 1914, the Friedrichstraße station was rebuilt; the long-distance section of the station was expanded to four tracks and the current station hall was built. Between 1922 and 1932, the Stadtbahn viaduct was thoroughly modernised in order to handle the ever-increasing train weight. Also, the train sheds of Alexanderplatz and Schlesischer Bahnhof were replaced. The suburban line's platforms were raised to a height of 96 centimetres.
A second long-distance platform and a new hall were built at Zoo station from 1934 to 1940. The station hall was only glazed in the 1950s, however. The notable terraced vestibule dates from the same time.
=== 电气化 ===
On 11 June 1928 the suburban line Potsdam-Stadtbahn-Erkner was fully equipped with DC third rail gear. Five trains of the new DRG Class ET 165 – the type appropriately named Stadtbahn – went into service, still sharing the track with steam trains. By November 1928 all lines leading toward the Stadtbahn, namely the lines from Kaulsdorf, Spandau and Grünau as well as the Berlin Ringbahn, were fully electrified. Therefore, suburban services to Spandau could be moved from the long-distance tracks to the local tracks. The last steam trains disappeared in 1929 when the ring became fully operated by electric trains. Half-ring trains operated only as peak time services.
In December 1930 the term S-Bahn and the symbol of a white S on a green circle were introduced for the city, ring and suburban services.
=== 二战结束至冷战时期 ===
After World War II, the Stadtbahn lay devastated by bombs, but was rebuilt very quickly. Because Joseph Stalin wanted to travel by train to the Potsdam Conference, the Stadtbahn was converted to the Russian lk=on broad gauge in 1945. The national importance had diminished with the loss of eastern Germany; only a few trains ran towards the western zones. Some trains from the Soviet zone terminated on the Stadtbahn.
During the Berlin Blockade, the long-distance traffic came to an almost complete halt. The Stadtbahn was useful for the re-established S-Bahn, however, now with connections to places line Königs Wusterhausen, Strausberg, Staaken and Falkensee.
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-12947-0003, Berlin, Bodemuseum, Pergamonmuseum.jpg|1951年12月12日时的柏林城市铁路靠近博物馆岛博德博物馆、佩加蒙博物馆的高架桥。
1952年5月18日，柏林城市铁路西柏林段除柏林动物园车站外的长途铁路车站、铁路枢纽站全部关闭。1953年，最后一列行走柏林城市铁路的东德国内列车开出。
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-P0115-0313, Berlin, S-Bahnbogen, Dirksenstraße.jpg|1953年时的柏林城市铁路柏林亚历山大广场车站至Bahnhof Berlin Jannowitzbrücke区间，图中列车为柏林城市快铁列车。
1961年建成的柏林墙使得柏林动物园车站成为西柏林事实上的火车总站，柏林东站成为东柏林事实上的火车总站。The station Friedrichstraße now was the terminal point of the separated West and East Berlin S-Bahn lines and departure point for the Interzonenzug (Inter-zone train) services between West Berlin and West Germany. Friedrichstraße station was separated into Eastern and Western parts with steel walls, and enabled West Berliners to change to S-Bahn trains running on the Nord-Süd-Bahn and the U6 line of the Berlin U-Bahn without passing through GDR border controls. The station also featured a border crossing into East Berlin.
Through trains between Zoo and Ostbahnhof only existed in international traffic, for example the Paris to Warsaw trains. Later, through coaches and shuttle trains connecting to the night trains to Scandinavia crossed the intra-German border on the Stadtbahn as well.
File:Transitzug Bahnhof Zoo.jpg|Transit train at Zoo station 1976
Due to a quirk in legislation, the West Berlin parts of the Stadtbahn belonged to the Deutsche Reichsbahn, which made it (and therefore the GDR government) one of the largest landowners in West Berlin. Regular quarrels erupted between the DR, the GDR government, the West Berlin Senate and the Allied occupation powers.
Prices for the West Berlin S-Bahn were kept slightly below the fares of the West Berlin BVG. In East Berlin, a flat fee of 0.20 Mark was charged until 1991. West Berlin politics and most of the populace fully boycotted the S-Bahn, which was run by the East German railways, and introduced bus and U-Bahn lines running parallel to the S-Bahn network and the Stadtbahn.
Despite problems, the Deutsche Reichsbahn made improvements to the line and reconstructed at great expense the Westkreuz railway station which had been built on swamp land.
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-M0316-0030, Berlin, Straßenszene, Passanten.jpg|1973年3月23日时的柏林城市铁路东柏林段。
Meanwhile, the number of S-Bahn lines running in West Berlin was reduced to just three as a consequence of a strike carried out by the Deutsche Reichsbahn's West Berlin-based employees in September 1980.
On 9 January 1984 a treaty between the GDR and the West Berlin Senate came into force and turned over the responsibility for operation of the S-Bahn in West Berlin to the West Berlin transport authority, the Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe. Soon thereafter, talks with the GDR commenced regarding improvements of the Stadtbahn in West Berlin as well as the modernisation of the Zoologischer Garten station. The Lehrter Stadtbahnhof was also carefully restored to its original 1880s look and became a listed building. In East Berlin, the Ostbahnhof was partially rebuilt and renamed to Hauptbahnhof, in time for the 750th anniversary of Berlin's founding in 1987.
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1987-0415-029, Berlin, Markt, Marktstände.jpg|1987年4月15日时的柏林城市铁路柏林亚历山大广场车站附近路段。
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1987-0705-008, Berlin, 750-Jahr-Feier, historischer Markt.jpg|1987年7月5日时的柏林城市铁路。图中车站为柏林亚历山大广场车站，远处为柏林电视塔。
=== 两德统一前后 ===
柏林墙倒塌及两德统一后，柏林城市铁路的重要性急剧上升。1990年开始有经柏林城市铁路开往科隆的区际列车。1991年起，开往卡尔斯鲁厄、科隆的城际列车经柏林城市铁路运行。柏林至汉堡的列车随之经柏林城市铁路延线至德累斯顿和布拉格，柏林至慕尼黑的“跨境列车”NoteTag|此处的“跨境列车”专指两德分裂时期连接东德、西德、西柏林间的列车。也随之改为“城际列车”并途经柏林城市铁路。
通往柏林动物园车站的西段主线铁路股道于1993年7月4日完成电气化，通往今柏林东站的东段主线铁路股道于1987年完成电气化（柏林城市铁路柏林城市快铁股道早已完成电气化）。柏林城市铁路主线铁路股道通往柏林动物园车站的路段电气化工程完工后，城际快车开始使用柏林动物园车站。
File:Bahnhof Berlin Zoologischer Garten- panoramio.jpg|柏林城市铁路上的柏林动物园车站，1989年6月18日拍摄。
File:Stadtbahn Berlijn 1990 2.jpg|1990年时的柏林城市铁路。
File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F088836-0005, Berlin-Mitte, Hauptgebäude der Charitè.jpg|1991年7月27日时的柏林城市铁路。
=== 1994年现代化改造及以后 ===
1994年10月，柏林城市铁路现代化工程开工，全线大兴土木。高架桥进行了检测和加固，轨道更换了新混凝土枕木以增加耐久性和舒适性。全线所有车站均进行了投资较大的现代化工程。在此期间，长途列车暂不使用柏林城市铁路，柏林城市快铁暂时使用主线铁路股道。1998年3月24日，柏林城市铁路现代化工程竣工，城际快车、城际列车、区域快车恢复在柏林城市铁路运行。
位于新柏林火车总站接入柏林城市铁路工程于2001年开工，2002年7月完工，此次工程包含构成柏林火车总站的铁路高架桥和上跨Humboldthafen的铁路高架桥。直到2006年夏天，柏林城市铁路一直是长途火车的主要通道，通常停靠柏林动物园车站和柏林东站。在新柏林火车总站2006年5月28日启用后，柏林城市铁路的重要性略有减弱，因为在此之后许多列车改经Nord-Süd-Fernbahn进出柏林火车总站。仅有的途径柏林城市铁路的城际列车，多开往汉诺威和科隆，通常停靠柏林火车总站和柏林东站。
File:Berlin 2012 (022).jpg|现在的柏林火车总站。图中连通柏林火车总站的高架铁路即为柏林城市铁路，行驶在这段高架铁路上的列车为柏林城市快铁列车。
File:BerlinHauptbahnhof.jpg|现在的柏林火车总站。图中柏林火车总站上部轨道层即为柏林城市铁路轨道层。
File:Berlin Hauptbahnhof (6953797548).jpg|2012年4月21日时的柏林火车总站上部轨道层（柏林城市铁路所在轨道层），图中列车为城际快车。
File:BR 481 Hbf.JPG|2008年6月1日途径柏林火车总站上部轨道层（柏林城市铁路所在轨道层）的柏林城市快铁7号线列车，图中列车的型号为“德国铁路481型电力动车组”。
File:Berlin-Hauptbahnhof-46-2016-gje.jpg|2016年3月14日途径柏林火车总站上部轨道层（柏林城市铁路所在轨道层）的柏林城市快铁5号线列车。
截至2023年4月7日，停靠柏林火车总站的柏林城市快铁线路有3号线、5号线、7号线、9号线。这4条柏林城市快铁线路全部行走柏林城市铁路全线，在柏林火车总站均使用上部轨道层（柏林城市铁路所在轨道层）。