【迈克尔·希尔弗斯坦】
迈克尔·希尔弗斯坦（Michael Silverstein，7月17日）是美国语言学和人类学家。他曾经是芝加哥大学人类学、语言学和心理学查尔斯·F·格里杰出教授。他整个职业生涯的工作对语言人类学、交流符号学、互动社会学、语用学、社会语言学、和语法理论均有原创性贡献。他将实用主义哲学家查尔斯·桑德斯·皮尔士的符号学理论引入语言人类学，并且创造“Metapragmatics”（metapragmatics）和“Language ideology”（language ideology）等概念，是1980年代以后语言人类学范式的最重要奠基人。
==学术生涯==
希尔弗斯坦在哈佛大学获得本科学位和博士学位。语言学家、符号学家和文学评论家罗曼·雅各布森是他的最重要的导师之一。希尔弗斯坦在哈佛也师从逻辑学家和哲学家威拉德·奎因 和语言学家诺姆·乔姆斯基。1982 年，他在麦克阿瑟奖设立的第二年获得该奖，并且是当年最年轻的获奖者（同一年的获奖者包括弦论物理学家爱德华·威腾和后来获得2004年诺贝尔物理学奖的弗兰克·维尔切克）。 基于语言学家本杰明·李·沃夫和哲学家查尔斯·桑德斯·皮尔士的工作，希尔弗斯坦开创了“元语言学”和“语言意识形态”两个重要概念，并把它们发展成为连接语言结构与社会和文化结构之间的理论桥梁。他的工作引发了人类学、语言学和社会语言学中一系列理论范式的转变，并且重新引发了学界对“语言相对论”的兴趣。他的理论也提供了对乔姆斯基语言观的新的批判 。希尔弗斯坦的理论还促进了语言人类学和社会语言学中对社会语言、政治语言、语言政策、语言教育等方向的研究。他职业生涯的早期研究还涉及对澳大利亚和美洲土著语言的田野调查和语言学分析。
2014年，他被美国人类学协会授予该协会最负盛名的奖项，以美国人类学家弗朗茨·博阿斯命名的弗朗茨·博阿斯奖。
希尔弗斯坦因胶质母细胞瘤恶化于2020年7月17日在芝加哥过世，享年74岁。
==主要著作==
* 1976a. " Hierarchy of features and ergativity date=20211127012608 ." In Grammatical Categories in Australian Languages （R.M.W. Dixon, ed.）, 112–171.
* 1976b. "Shifters, linguistic categories and cultural description."
* 1977. "Cultural prerequisites to grammatical analysis." In Linguistics and Anthropology （M. Saville-Troike, ed.）, 139-51. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
* 1979. "Language structure and linguistic ideology." In The Elements: A Parasession on Linguistic Units and Levels （R. Cline, W. Hanks, and C. Hofbauer, eds.）, 193-247. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
* 1981. "Case marking and the nature of language." Australian Journal of Linguistics, 227-244.
* 1985a. "Language and the culture of gender: at the intersection of structure, usage, and ideology." In Semiotic Mediation: Sociocultural and Psychological Perspectives （E. Mertz and R. Parmentier, eds.）, 219-259. Orlando: Academic Press.
* 1985b. "The functional stratification of language and ontogenesis."
* 1987a. "The three faces of function: preliminaries to a psychology of language."
* 1987b. "Cognitive implications of a referential hierarchy."
* 1987c. "Monoglot 'Standard' in America: standardization and metaphors of linguistic hegemony."
* 1992. "The indeterminacy of contextualization: when is enough enough?" In The Contextualization of Language （Auer, Peter & Aldo Di Luzio, eds.）, 55-76.
* 1992. "Of nominatives and datives: universal grammar from the bottom up."
* 1993. "Metapragmatic discourse and metapragmatic function." In Reflexive Language: Reported Speech and Metapragmatics （J. Lucy, ed.）, 33-58.
* 1996. Natural Histories of Discourse （editor, with Greg Urban）. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 0-8223-3474-7.
** Includes chapter, "The Secret Life of Texts," 81-105.
* 1997a. "Encountering languages and languages of encounter in North American ethnohistory."
* 1997b. "The Improvisational Performance of Culture in Realtime Discursive Practice". In Creativity in Performance （R. K. Sawyer, ed.）. Greenwich, CT: Ablex Publishing Corp., 265-312.
* 1998. "Contemporary transformations of local linguistic communities." Annual Review of Anthropology.
* 2000. "Whorfianism and the linguistic imagination of nationality." In Regimes of Language.
* 2003a. "Indexical order and the dialectics of sociolinguistic life."
* 2003b. "The Whens and Wheres—as well as Hows—of Ethnolinguistic Recognition."
* 2003c.  Talking Politics: The substance of style from Abe to "W". Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press. 0-9717575-5-0.
* 2004a. " 'Cultural' Concepts and the Language-Culture Nexus date=20220127201438 ". Current Anthropology 45（5）, 621-652.
* 2004b. "Boasian cosmographic anthropology and the sociocentric component of mind." In Significant Others: Interpersonal and Professional Commitments in Anthropology" （Richard Handler, ed.）, 131-157.
* 2005a. "Axes of Evals: Token versus Type Interdiscursivity." Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 15.1:6-22.
* 2005b. "Languages/Cultures are Dead! Long Live the Linguistic-Cultural!" In D. Segal & S. Yanagisako, eds., Unwrapping the Sacred Bundle: Reflections on the Disciplining of Anthropology. Durham: Duke University Press, 99-125. 0-8223-3474-7.
* 2005c. "The Poetics of Politics: 'Theirs' and 'Ours'."
* 2006a. "How we look from where we stand" （review article）.
* 2006b. "Old wine, new ethnographic lexicography." Annual Review of Anthropology.
== 引用文献 ==