【费尔南多·佩索阿】
费尔南多·佩索亚，1928年
费尔南多·佩索阿（Fernando Pessoa，），生于里斯本，是葡萄牙诗人与作家。 他生前以诗集《使命》而闻名于世。 他被认为是继路易·德贾梅士之后最伟大的葡语作家。文评家卜伦在他的作品《西方正典》形容为他是与诺贝尔奖得主巴勃鲁·聂鲁达最能够代表二十世纪的诗人。在2007年票选最伟大的葡萄牙人中，他排名第八。
== 写作风格 ==
他在文学上以「创造」性格闻名，我们称这种写作手法为「异名」(Heteronymy)。各个「异名者」(heteronyms)有着不同的阅历、性格与人生哲学。异名者与作者「自我」之间常常互通书信，交流思想。在众多角色中，以「自我」加上另外三个「异名者」最为成熟及最广为人知。三个「异名者」分别是Álvaro de Campos、Ricardo Reis和Alberto Caeiro。在他们当中，「自我」通常都是最能够带出真理、存在及个性等深层哲学意义的角色。
== 自我(Ortónimo) ==
「佩索亚的自我」性格很全面，本身也是个作家，但是总离不开士巴斯梯斯式的爱国主义思想。他的「自我」在某程度上深受一些宗教理念影响，如通神论思想及共济会的宗教观。故此，「自我」的诗词充满神话及史诗式的气魄，有时还有一种悲剧的味道。他作为一个普世主义(Universalism)诗人，他的世界观可能受到东方及理性主义哲学思想所影响，显得相当矛盾，他同时接受单一及多方面的世界观。所以，这倒令佩索亚有十足的理由把其他的三个「异名者」连同《使命》中的「半自我」－Bernando Soares从「自我」分开出来。
以葡萄牙历史人物为背景的诗集《使命》中的佩索亚，就是最能够代表这个「自我」，这也是他生前唯一出版的诗集。
por: Rui Alexandre N. Costa 12ºano Escola Secundária Paços de Ferreira '04/'05
==延伸阅读==
===图书===
* Gray de Castro, Mariana (ed.).  Fernando Pessoa's modernity without frontiers: influences, dialogues, responses date=20200801131504 . Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK. Rochester, NY; USA: Oxford: Tamesis, 2013, 9781855662568.
* Jackson, Kenneth David. Adverse Genres in Fernando Pessoa. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
* Jennings, Hubert D. and Carlos Pittella. Fernando Pessoa, the Poet with Many Faces: A biography and anthology. Providence, RI: Gavea-Brown, 2018.
* Klobucka, Anna and Mark Sabine, (eds.). Embodying Pessoa: Corporeality, Gender, Sexuality. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007.
* Santos, Maria Irene Ramalho Sousa. Atlantic Poets: Fernando Pessoa's Turn in Anglo-American Modernism. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 2003.
* Pessoa's Alberto Caeiro. Dartmouth, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 2000.
* Monteiro, George. Fernando Pessoa and Nineteenth-century Anglo-American Literature. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2000.
* Monteiro, George. The Presence of Pessoa: English, American, and Southern African Literary Responses. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1998.
* Sadlier, Darlene J. An Introduction to Fernando Pessoa, Literary Modernist. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 1998.
* Lancastre, Maria José de and Antonio Tabucchi. Fernando Pessoa: Photographic Documentation and Caption.Paris : Hazan, 1997.
* Kotowicz, Zbigniew. Fernando Pessoa: Voices of a Nomadic Soul. London: Menard, 1996.
* Lisboa, Eugénio and L. C. Taylor. A Centenary Pessoa. Manchester, England: Carcanet, 1995.
* Terlinden-Villepin, Anne. Fernando Pessoa: The Bilingual Portuguese Poet. Brussels: Facultés universitaires Saint-Louis, 1990.
* McGuirk, Bernard. Three Persons on One: A Centenary Tribute to Fernando Pessoa. Nottingham, England: University of Nottingham, 1988.
* Green, J. C. R. Fernando Pessoa: The Genesis of the Heteronyms. Isle of Skye: Aquila, 1982.
* Monteiro, George. The Man Who Never Was: Essays on Fernando Pessoa. Providence, RI: Gávea-Brown, 1982.
===文章===
* Anderson, R. N., "The Static Drama of Pessoa, Fernando" Hispanofila (104): 89–97 (January 1992).
* Bloom, Harold, "Fernando Pessoa" in Genius: A Mosaic of One Hundred Exemplary Creative Minds. New York: Warner Books, 2002.
* Brown, S.M., "The Whitman Pessoa Connection" Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 9 (1): 1–14 SUM 1991.
* Bunyan, D, "The South-African Pessoa: Fernando 20th Century Portuguese Poet", English in Africa 14 (1), May 1987, pp. 67–105.
* Cruz, Anne J., "Masked Rhetoric: Contextuality in Fernando Pessoa's Poems", Romance Notes, vol. XXIX, no. 1 (Fall, 1988), pp. 55–60.
* De Castro, Mariana, "Oscar Wilde, Fernando Pessoa, and the art of lying". Portuguese Studies 22 (2): 219, 2006.
* Dyer, Geoff, "Heteronyms" The New Statesman, vol. 4 (6 December 1991), p. 46.
* Eberstadt, Fernanda, "Proud of His Obscurity", The New York Times Book Review, vol. 96, (1 September 1991), p. 26.
* Ferari, Patricio. "Proverbs in Fernando Pessoa's works." Proverbium vol. 31, pp. 235–244.
* Guyer, Leland, "Fernando Pessoa and the Cubist Perspective", Hispania, vol. 70, no. 1 (March 1987), pp. 73–78.
* Haberly, David T., "Fernando Pessoa: Overview" in Lesley Henderson (Ed.), Reference Guide to World Literature, 2nd ed. St. James Press, 1995.
* Hicks, J., "The Fascist imaginary in Pessoa and Pirandello" Centennial Review 42 (2): 309–332 SPR 1998.
* Hollander, John, "Quadrophenia" The New Republic, 7 September 1987, pp. 33–6.
* Howes, R. W., "Pessoa, Fernando, Poet, Publisher, and Translator", British Library Journal 9 (2): 161–170 1983.
* Jennings, Hubert D.,  "In Search of Fernando Pessoa" Contrast 47 – South African Quarterly, vol. 12 no. 3 (June 1979).
* Lopes J. M., "Cubism and intersectionism in Fernando Pessoa's 'Chuva Obliqua" Texte (15–16),1994, pp.  63–95.
* Mahr, G., "Pessoa, life narrative, and the dissociative process" in Biography 21 (1) Winter 1998, pp. 25–35.
* McNeill, Pods, "The aesthetic of fragmentation and the use of personae in the poetry of Fernando Pessoa and W.B. Yeats" Portuguese Studies 19: 110–121 2003.
* Monteiro, George, "The Song of the Reaper-Pessoa and Wordsworth" Portuguese Studies 5, 1989, pp. 71–80.
* Muldoon P., "In the hall of mirrors: 'Autopsychography' by Fernando Pessoa" New England Review 23 (4), Fal 2002, pp. 38–52.
* Pasi, Marco,  "September 1930, Lisbon: Aleister Crowley’s lost diary of his Portuguese trip" date=20210427235945  Pessoa Plural, no. 1 (Spring 2012), pp. 253–283.
* Pasi, Marco & Ferrari, Patricio,  "Fernando Pessoa and Aleister Crowley: New discoveries and a new analysis of the documents in the Gerald Yorke Collection" date=20200806064317  Pessoa Plural, no. 1 (Spring 2012), pp. 284–313.
* Phillips, A., "Pessoa's Appearances" in Promises, Promises. London: Faber and Faber Limited, 2000, pp. 113–124.
* Ribeiro, A. S., "A tradition of empire: Fernando Pessoa and Germany" Portuguese Studies 21: 201–209, 2005
* Riccardi, Mattia, "Dionysus or Apollo? The heteronym Antonio Mora as moment of Nietzsche's reception by Pessoa" Portuguese Studies 23 (1), 109, 2007.
* Rosenthal, David H., "Unpredictable Passions", The New York Times Book Review, 13 December 1987, p. 32.
* Seabra, J.A., "Pessoa, Fernando Portuguese Modernist Poet", Europe 62 (660): 41–53 1984.
* Severino, Alexandrino E., "Fernando Pessoa's Legacy: The Presença and After", World Literature Today, vol. 53, no. 1 (Winter, 1979), pp. 5–9.
* Severino, Alexandrino E., "Pessoa, Fernando – A Modern Lusiad", Hispania 67 (1): 52–60 1984.
* Severino, Alexandrino E.,  "Was Pessoa Ever in South Africa?" date=20130114073339   Hispania date=20200217041138 , vol. 74, no. 3 (September 1991).
* Sheets, Jane M., "Fernando Pessoa as Anti-Poet: Alberto Caeiro", Bulletin of Hispanic Studies, vol. XLVI, no. 1 (January 1969), pp. 39–47.
* Sousa, Ronald W., "The Structure of Pessoa's Mensagem", Bulletin of Hispanic Studies, vol. LIX, no. 1, January 1982, pp. 58–66.
* Steiner, George,  "A man of many parts" date=20210517070314 , The Observer, 3 June 2001.
* Suarez, Jose, "Fernando Pessoa's acknowledged involvement with the occult" Hispania 90 (2): (May 2007), 245–252.
* Wood, Michael, "Mod and Great" The New York Review of Books, vol. XIX, no. 4 (21 September 1972), pp. 19–22.
* Zenith, Richard, "Pessoa, Fernando and the Theater of his Self" Performing Arts Journal (44), May 1993, pp. 47–49.