【王赓武】
解释清朝灭亡原因
王赓武（Wang Gungwu，catIdx=Wang王），出身马来西亚和新加坡的历史学家，海外华人史的主要开拓者，亦研究现代中国的国族史观。香港大学校长（1986-1995）、澳洲国立大学远东历史系教授兼系主任（1968-1986）、马来亚大学吉隆坡分校历史系教授兼系主任（1963-1968）。受王赓武指导的博士生计有James K. Chin、Antonia Finnane、John Fitzgerald、Huang Jianli、Lee Guan Kin、Ng Chin-Keong以及苏基朗。
== 生平 ==
王赓武父亲王宓文1903年生于江苏泰州，南京国立东南大学英国文学系毕业后，1929年获聘为荷属东印度（今印尼）泗水市第一家华文中学的校长。王赓武1930年生泗水，因父亲有新的教职，举家旋即迁至英属马来亚怡保。王赓武回忆，怡保人口主要是马来人、客家人、广府人、闽南人，而王氏一家来自苏北操一口泰州腔的中华民国国语，在当地人眼中颇为异类。
1936年入读怡保Maxwell Primary School，1年后随著该校跟另一所官立英文小学Anderson School 合并而一同过渡，在Anderson School修毕小二至小五课程。基于1941年12月日军入侵马来西亚，王赓武转学至 Ming Teh Primary School（明德小学）。小六毕业未几便接受父亲给予的初中教育，1945年才重返 Anderson School 入读中三年级。及后，他于1946年报考英国剑桥中学文凭公开试（即普通教育文凭前身），1947年入读中华民国南京国立中央大学历史系，1949年因国共内战国民政府失利而转入马来亚大学新加坡分校，毕业论文为：“Chinese Reformists and Revolutionaries in the Straits Settlements, 1900-1911”。1953年本科毕业后继续在马来亚大学攻读硕士，论文“The Nanhai Trade : a Study of the Early History of Chinese Trade in the South China Sea”。1957年获英国伦敦大学亚非学院博士学位，论文为“The Structure of Power in North Chinese During the Five Dynasty”。1957年起先后任马来亚大学历史系讲师，1963年任教授兼系主任、文学院院长。1968年移民澳大利亚，任澳大利亚首都坎培拉的澳洲国立大学远东历史系主任与太平洋研究院院长。1986年至1996年任香港大学校长。1996年起任新加坡国立大学东亚研究所所长，曾获福冈亚洲文化奖─学术研究奖（学术部门）。
所有资料都表明王赓武至少有两个国籍，但一般只指明其中一个是澳大利亚籍，另一籍则不得而知。“我在澳大利亚生活了18年，对那个国家很有感情。但我不认为自己是澳大利亚人，不管是我对他们的认识还是他们对我的认识都还很肤浅。”1957年英属马来亚独立，当地华人面临回籍中华民国、中华人民共和国还是留下入籍的选择。王赓武的研究兴趣由此扩展到东南亚各地、美国、澳大利亚、非洲华人的历史。
== 主要观点 ==
=== 中国的国族史观 ===
王赓武认为中国天下观念更有包容性，中国版图的问题、主权的问题非常复杂，为避免狭隘民族的概念及政策的问题，主张古代中国向来有的天下观，与民族国家的概念是矛盾的，但可以和理想的国家之间互相照顾、互相支持秩序结合。澳大利亚首任驻华大使费思棻曾半开玩笑地说，王赓武可以当好中国总理，他也是马来西亚民政党创办人之一。
===大陆中国及海洋中国===
王赓武在中国海洋观及中国海洋发展史等课题提出的相关学术论文及专书。学者郑永年认为王赓武仍是启发学者的典范，因为其研究想像力正是连结中国研究及国际关系学研究所需，特别在处理国际关系学理论中的跨国性而言。
王赓武在近代海洋中国的发展和国族主义的研究包含开放性及革命的关系及海洋中国的诸多历史变化
以此历史观，王赓武对邓小平改革开放政策所获得的经济成果有以下描述：
同时他认为还有一种在地理、职业及文化个性上不同的国族情绪：
他进一步指出，在中国近现代史上这两种国族情绪的差异，鼓励另外一种型态的复兴民族主义来恢复中国一贯奉行的大陆的世界观：
==主要著作==
==其他职务==
曾任澳洲人文科学院院长、亚洲历史学家国际协会主席、澳中理事会主席、香港演艺发展局主席等职。并任新加坡国立大学东亚研究所所长、《南洋学报》主编多年。1994年荣获日本国福冈亚洲文化奖。1992年成为台湾中央研究院院士。现2007年成为新加坡国立大学有史以来第三位尊称「大学教授」（University Professor）的学者。2020年荣获唐奖汉学奖。
王赓武也是拉曼大学国际顾问委员会主席。
=== 专书 ===
* Lixiang bietu: jingwai kan zhonghua 离乡别土：境外看中华(China and Its Cultures: From the Periphery). The Fu Ssu-nien Memorial Lectures 2005. Taipei: Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, 2007. 86 pages.
* Chuka Bunmei to Chugoku no yukue 中华文明と中国のゆくえ (Chinese Civilization and China’s Position).The Ishizaka Lectures 2005. Translated into Japanese by Kato Mikio. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 2007. 181 pages.
* Divided China: Preparing for Reunification, 883-947. Singapore: World Scientific, 2007.
* Nation-building: Five Southeast Asian Histories. (Editor). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2005.
* Yimin ji xingqi de zhongguo 移民及兴起的中国 (Essays on Migrants and China’s Rise). Singapore: World Scientific, 2005.
* Diasporic Chinese Ventures: The Life and Work of Wang Gungwu. Edited by Gregor Benton and Liu Hong. London: Routledge, 2004.
* Maritime China in Transition, 1750-1850. (Editor, with Ng Chin-keong). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2004, 397 pages.
* Anglo-Chinese Encounters since 1800: war, trade, science and governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
* The Iraq War and its Consequences (Editor, with Irwin Abrams). Singapore: World Scientific. 2003.
* Sino-Asiatica: Papers dedicated to Professor Liu Ts’un-yan on the occasion of his eighty-fifth birthday. (Editor, with Rafe de Crespigny and Igor de Rachewiltz). Canberra: Faculty of Asian Studies, ANU. 2003.
* Damage Control: The Chinese Communist Party in the Jiang Zemin Era (Editor, with Zheng Yongnian). Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, 2003.
* Ideas Won’t Keep: the struggle for China’s future. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, 2003.
* Bind Us in Time: Nation and Civilisation in Asia. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, 2003.
* To Act is to Know: Chinese Dilemmas. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, 2003.
* Don’t Leave Home: Migration and the Chinese. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, 2003.
* Only Connect! Sino-Malay Encounters. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, 2003.
=== 论文 ===
* Family and Friends: China in Changing Asia. In Anthony Reid and Zheng Yangwen (eds.) Negotiating Asymmetry: China’s Place in Asia. Singapore: NUS Press, 2009, pp. 214–231.
* 越洋寻求空间：中国的移民，华人研究国际学报, International Journal of Diasporic Chinese Studies, vol. 1, no. 1, 2009, pp. 1–49.
* Southeast Asia: Imperial themes, New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies, June, 2009, pp. 36–48.
* The China Seas: Becoming an Enlarged Mediterranean, In Angela Schottenhammer (Ed.), The East Asian ‘Mediterranean’: Maritime Crossroads of Culture, Commerce and Human Migration. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. 2008, pp. 7–22.
* Flag, Flame and Embers: Diaspora Cultures. In Kam Louie (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Modern Chinese Cultures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 115–134.
* China and the International Order: Some Historical Perspectives. In Wang Gungwu and Zheng Yongnian (Eds), China and the New International Order. London: Routledge, 2008, pp. 21–31.
* India and Indians in East Asia: an Overview, In K. Kesavapany, A. Mani, P. Ramasamy (eds.), Rising India and Indian Communities in East Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008, pp. 3–11.
* The Rise of China: History as Policy. In Ron Huisken and Meredith Thatcher (Eds.) History as Policy:Framing the Debate on the Future of Australia, Canberra Papers of Strategy and Defence, ANU E Press, 2008.
* 南侨求学记：不同的时代，走不同的路, Nanqiao qiuxueji: butongde shidai, zou butongde lu. In 李元瑾 (主编)，跨越疆界与文化调适。Lee Guan Kin (ed.), Crossing Borders and Cultural Adjustments. 新加坡南洋理工大学中华语言文化中心， 和八方文化创室，Singapore: NTU Centre for Chinese Language and Culture, and World Scientific, 2008, pp. 13–28.
* 内与外的解析－ 论海外华人作家，世界华侨华人研究 Overseas Chinese Studies. 第一辑，2008, pp. 1–10.
* The First Decade: Historical Perspectives. In The First Decade: The Hong Kong SAR in Retrospective and Introspective Perspectives. Edited by Yeung Yue-man. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2007, pp. 3–21.
* Trading Order and Polity Structures in Asia. In The Inclusive Regionalist: A Festschrift dedicated to Jusuf Wanandi. Edited by Hadi Soesastro and Clara Joewono. Jakarta: Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), 2007, pp. 83–90.
* The Great Powers in Asia: a View from Singapore, Strategy: Global Forces 2007 Proceedings, vol. 2. Canberra: Australian Strategic Policy Institute, December 2007, pp. 1–8.
* Liuxue 留学 and yimin 移民: From Study to Migranthood. In Mette Thuno (ed.), Beyond Chinatown: New Chinese Migration and the Global Expansion of China. Copenhagen: NIAS Press, 2007.
* Mixing Memory and Desire: Tracking the Migrant Cycles. In Chinese Overseas: Migration, Research and Documentation. Edited by Tan Chee-Beng, Colin Storey and Julia Zimmerman. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 2007, pp. 3–22.
* Rethinking Chinese History in a global Age: an Interview with Wang Gungwu by Alan Baumler, The Chinese Historical Review, vol. 14, no. 1, Spring 2007, pp. 97–113.
* In Conversation with Wang Gungwu by Vineeta Sinha, ISA E-Bulletin, no. 6, March 2007, pp. 54–80.
* Zouxiang xinde xiandaixing: xianggang huigui de lishi shijiao (走向新的现代性：香港回归的历史视角,Towards New Modernity: The Return of Hong Kong from a Historical Perspective), 二十一世纪(Twenty-First Century), no. 101, June 2007, pp. 4–12.
* Inception, Origins, Contemplations: a Personal Perspective. In Imagination, Openness & Courage: The National University of Singapore at 100. Singapore: National University of Singapore, 2006, pp. 1–31.
* Lishi yu zhishi: zhongxi fenlei de chayi (历史与知识：中西分类的差异, History and Knowledge: different library classifications in China and the West). In Pan Mingxin (editor), Nanshan lunxueji: Qian Cunxun xiansheng jiuwu shengri jinian (南山论学集：钱存训先生九五生日纪念). Beijing: National Library, 2006, pp. 24–30.
* China and Southeast Asia. In David Shambaugh (ed.) Power Shift: China and Asia’s New Dynamics. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.
* Within and Without: Chinese Writers Overseas, Journal of Chinese Overseas, vol. 1, no. 1 (May 2005), pp. 1–15.
* Two Perspectives of Southeast Asian Studies: Singapore and China. In Henk Schulte Nordholt, Remco Rabin and Paul Kratoska (eds.), Discovering Southeast Asia: Genealogies, Concepts, Comparisons, and Prospects. Singapore and Athens, OH: Singapore University Press and Ohio University Press, 2005, pp. 60–81.
* Maritime China in Transition. In Ng Chin Keong and Wang Gungwu (eds.) Maritime China and Overseas Chinese Communities in Transition, 1750-1850. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005. pp. 3–16.
* The Age of New Paradigms (Keynote Lecture, 18th Conference of International Association of Historians of Asia, December 2004), Yatai yanjiu luntan (Asia-Pacific Forum), no. 26, 2004, pp. 1–15.
* China’s Long Road to Sovereignty. In G. Doeker-Mach and K.A. Ziegert (eds.) Law, Legal Culture and Politicss in the Twentieth First Century. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2004, pp. 453–464.
* The Cultural Implications of the Rise of China for the Region. In Kokubun Ryosei and Wang Jisi (eds.), The Rise of China and a Changing East Asian Order. Tokyo and New York: Japan Center for International Exchange, 2004. pp. 77–87.
* Confucianism, in Frank-Jürgen Richter, Pamela Mar: Asia’s New Crisis, John Wiley & Sons, Singapore, 2004 (see  Amazon date=20130509073844 )
* Secular China (Giri Deshingkar Memorial Lecture), China Report, 2003, vol. 39, no. 3, July–September 2003, pp. 305–321.
* Social Bonding and Freedom: Problems of Choice in Immigrant Societies. In Michael Charney and Brenda Yeoh (eds.), Asian Migrants and Education in Immigrant Societies. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2003, pp. 1–13.
* The Limits of Decolonization. In Marc Frey, Ronald W. Preussen and Tan Tay Yong (eds.), The Transformation of Southeast Asia: International Perspectives on Decolonization. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 2003, pp. 268–273.
* Chinese Political Culture and Scholarship about the Malay World. In Ding Choo Ming. (ed.). Chinese Studies of the Malay World: a revaluation of a scholarly tradition. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, 2003, pp. 12–30.
* Reflections on Networks and Structures in Asia. In Melissa G. Curley and Liu Hong (eds), China and Southeast Asia: changing social-cultural interactions. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Centre of Asian Studies, 2003, pp. 13–26.
==编著==
==参考来源==