【普遍文法】
普遍文法（universal grammar，缩写为 UG），又译为普遍语法，一种语言学理论，最有名的提倡者为乔姆斯基。这个理论认为在人类能够学习到各种文法的普遍能力，是内建在大脑中的。它可以用来解释语言习得的一般过程，说明儿童在发展语言时，使用同一个法则，来学习不同的语言。
这个想法最早可以追溯到英国的哲学家培根。最早提出这个理论的语言学家，是乔姆斯基、萨丕尔、与理查德·蒙塔古。
== 培根及早期哲学家 ==
== 乔姆斯基的理论 ==
20世纪80年代初，乔姆斯基和其他一些语言学家提出了普遍语法理论，也称为原则与参数理论。
乔姆斯基认为，人类的大脑，只使用几组固定的规则来组织语言。所以，他假设所有的语言，在底层都拥有相同的文法结构。这几组有限的规则，称为普遍文法（universal grammar）。
他们认为，普遍语法是人类所特有的语言知识体系，存在于正常人的大脑中。根据这一原则和参数体系，普遍语法包括一套普遍原则，利用这些原则，可以不断合成短语；普遍语法还含有一系列参数，这些参数可以帮助和指导普遍原则更好地操作。
==参考文献==
*isbn=978-0-521-76804-7
*Baker, Mark C. The Atoms of Language: The Mind's Hidden Rules of Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2003. 0-19-860632-X.
*Beattie, James. "Of Universal Grammar". Section II, The Theory of Language (1788). Rpt in Dissertations Moral and Critical (1783, 1986.)
*Blair, Hugh. Lecture 6, 7, and 8, Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres, (1783). Rpt New York: Garland, 1970.
*Burnett, James. Of the Origin and Progress of Language. Edinburgh, 1774–1792.
*Chomsky, N. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. MIT Press, 1965. 0-262-53007-4.
*Elman, J., Bates, E. et al. Rethinking innateness. MIT Press, 1996.
*Harris, James. Hermes or A Philosophical Inquiry Concerning Universal Grammar. (1751, 1771.)
*Kliesch, C. (2012). Making sense of syntax – Innate or acquired? Contrasting universal grammar with other approaches to language acquisition. Journal of European Psychology Students, 3, 88–94,
*"Of Universal Grammar". In "Grammar". Encyclopædia Britannica, (1771).
*Pesetsky, David.  "Linguistic Universals and Universal Grammar" date=20170830073146 . In The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. Ed. Robert A. Wilson and Frank C. Keil Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 1999.
*Sampson, G. The "Language Instinct" Debate. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005. 0-8264-7384-9.
*Smith, Adam. "Considerations Concerning the First Formation of Languages". In Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres. Ed. J. C. Bryce. Indianapolis: Liberty Press, 1983, 203–226.
*Smith, Adam. "Of the Origin and Progress of Language". Lecture 3, Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres. Ed. J. C. Bryce. Indianapolis: Liberty Press, 1983, 9–13.
*Tomasello, M. Constructing a Language: A Usage-Based Theory of Language Acquisition. Harvard University Press, 2003. 0-674-01030-2.
*Window on Humanity. A Concise Introduction to Anthropology. Conrad Phillip Kottak. Ed. Kevin Witt, Jill Gordon. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2005.
*White, Lydia. "Second Language Acquisition and Universal Grammar". Cambridge University Press, 2003. 0-521-79647-4
*Zuidema, Willem. How the poverty of stimulus solves the poverty of stimulus. "Evolution of Language: Fourth International Conference", Harvard University, March 2002.
* http://ling.auf.net/lingBuzz/000100 date=20200519112823
* год=2002
* Chomsky, Noam: Rules and Representations. Columbia University Press, New York 1980.
* Chomsky, Noam: Lectures on Government and Binding. Foris, Dordrecht, 1981.
* Chomsky, Noam: The Minimalist Program. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1995.
* Christiansen, M. H.; Chater, N. (2008):  Language as shaped by the brain. date=20130320092503  In: Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 31(05): 489–509 (PDF-Datei; 928 kB)
* Evans, N.; Levinson, S. C. (2009):  The myth of language universals: Language diversity and its importance for cognitive science. In: Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32(05): 429–448 (PDF-Datei; 717 kB)
* Tomasello, M. (1995):  Language is not an instinct. In: Cognitive Development, 10, 131–156 (PDF-Datei; 1,9 MB)
* Tomasello, Michael: Constructing a Language. A Usage-Based Theory of Language Acquistion. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2003.
* Evans, Vyvyan: The Language Myth: Why Language Is Not an Instinct. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2014. ISBN 978-1-107-61975-3.
== 外部连结 ==
* Pesetsky, David.   "Linguistic Universals and Universal Grammar" date=20170830073146 .  In The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. Ed. Robert A. Wilson and Frank C. Keil Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 1999.