【爱德华·霍列特·卡尔】
爱德华·霍列特·“泰德”·卡尔（Edward Hallett "Ted" Carr，一般简称为 E.H. Carr, 1892年6月28日—1982年11月5日）FBA，为英国历史学家、外交官、记者和国际关系学者。卡尔为国际关系中的古典现实主义理论的奠基者之一。卡尔以反对史学中的经验主义，和《苏维埃史》、《什么是历史？》闻名。
== 生平 ==
1892年，卡尔出生於伦敦的一个中产阶级家庭，就读於伦敦诺斯伍德的泰勒学院。1911年，考入剑桥三一学院，并于1916年获得古典学学位。卡尔的家族起源于英格兰北部，他的父母最初支持保守党，后在1903年张伯伦宣布反对自由贸易并宣布支持帝国优惠政策时转而支持自由党。
1916年，他毕业后便进入了英国外交部，最初分管对德国的经济封锁，后来到北方部处理和俄罗斯相关的事务。外交大臣哈利法克斯勋爵称赞他“不仅在学识和政治理解上出类拔萃，而且在行政能力上出类拔萃”。1919年，卡尔确信布尔什维克要赢得俄罗斯内战，同意首相大卫·劳合·乔治以现实政治为由反对战争部长温斯顿·丘吉尔的反布尔什维克思想。同年，卡尔参加巴黎和会，参与了与国际联盟有关的凡尔赛条约部分的起草工作。他还参与了德国和波兰之间边界的制定。最初，卡尔支持波兰，敦促英国立即承认波兰独立，并将德国控制的但泽割让给波兰。并反对为波兰制定少数民族条约的想法，认为不应该让国际社会介入波兰内政，可以最好地保障波兰少数民族和宗教少数群体的权利。但不久卡尔对波兰的态度完全调转，倾向于以牺牲波兰为代价来支持德国。
和会结束后到1921年，卡尔一直在英国驻巴黎大使馆。回国后，卡尔被分配到英国外交部处理国际联盟的部门，然后被派往英国驻拉脱维亚里加大使馆工作。在里加期间，卡尔对俄罗斯文学和文化越来越著迷，他学习俄语，阅读俄罗斯作家，并写了一些关于俄国文化的书还有陀思妥耶夫斯基、巴库宁等人的传记。1927年，卡尔首次去莫斯科。他早期还是持反共的自由派观点，不过他后来有所转向，部分接受了马克思主义。1930年，美国的斯穆特-霍利法案签署，他认为这导致世界严重分裂为相互竞争的贸易集团，也是德国在外交政策中好战的主要原因。在卡尔看来，如果可以让德国拥有自己的经济区来主导东欧可以保证世界和平。对于绥靖政策的支持使他和常任副国务卿罗伯特·范西塔特爵士产生了摩擦，这也导致了他在1936年的离职。
离职后，卡尔成为亚伯大学的伍德罗威尔逊国际政治教授。他在课上对国联的批评态度导致了戴维斯勋爵关系的恶化。同年，他到皇家国际事务研究所工作，负责过于民族主义的研究。1937年，他第二次到访苏联，此时正值大清洗，他在街上偶然碰到了他的朋友米尔斯基王子，但这次碰面导致了米尔斯基被发配古拉格。他在1939年7月出版的《二十年危机》中为绥靖政策辩护，不过他随即放弃了这种态度，转而研究苏联历史。
假战期间，他回到外交部宣传部工作。1940年3月，他转到《泰晤士报》社撰写社论，1941年任助理编辑，他一直秉持著亲苏态度。1942年，他兼任皇家国际事务研究所英苏关系研究小组的主席。1943年，他反对波兰政府因卡廷大屠杀对苏联的指责。1944年11月，希腊人民解放军和英军在雅典起了冲突，卡尔对解放军的支持态度导致了丘吉尔在众议院对他的攻击。他更主张要英国承认希腊民族解放阵线为希腊的合法政府。同时他反对伦敦的波兰流亡政府和波兰家乡军，主张承认受苏联资助的波兰民族解放委员会。乔治·奥威尔严厉的批评卡尔的态度，认为“他的效忠对象从希特勒转向了斯大林”。
1947年，卡尔辞去亚伯大学的职务。1948年，卡尔谴责马歇尔计划。他主张英国最好的做法是在冷战中寻求中立“不惜一切代价的和平必须是英国政策的基础”。1951年5月至6月，卡尔在英国广播电台发表了一系列题为“新社会”的演讲，主张致力于大众民主、平等民主和“公共控制和计划”经济。他和艾萨克·多伊彻、A.J.P.泰勒、哈罗德·拉斯基、卡尔·曼海姆交往甚密。
1956年，卡尔没有评论苏联镇压匈牙利起义，却谴责苏伊士战争。1966年，卡尔在一篇文章中写道，在印度，“自由主义得到承认并在某种程度上得到实践，如果没有美国的慈善，数百万人将死去。在自由主义被拒绝的中国，人们以某种方式得到食物。”罗伯特·康奎斯特评论说，“卡尔似乎并不熟悉中国近代史，因为从这句话来看，卡尔似乎对数以百万计的中国历史一无所知。在大跃进期间饿死的中国人。”1960年代后期，卡尔是少数支持新左派学生抗议者的英国教授之一，他希望他们能在英国带来一场社会主义革命。
1982年11月3日，卡尔於伦敦去世。
== 著作 ==
* 《两次世界大战之间的国际关系》
* 《What is history？》ISBN 0-333-38956-5
繁体中文译本：《历史论集》(王任光译，台北：幼狮出版社，1968，1990，ISBN：9575301641)、《何谓历史？》(江政宽译，台北：博雅书屋，2009，ISBN：9789866614224)、《何谓历史》(江政宽译，台北：五南图书，2013，ISBN：9789571174549)
简体中文译本：《历史是什么？》(吴柱存译，北京：商务印书馆，1981)、(陈恒译，北京：商务印书馆，2007)
==选集==
*Dostoevsky (1821–1881): A New Biography, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1931.
*The Romantic Exiles: A Nineteenth Century Portrait Gallery, London: Victor Gollancz, 1933.
*Karl Marx: A Study in Fanaticism, London: Dent, 1934.
*Michael Bakunin, London: Macmillan, 1937.
*International Relations Since the Peace Treaties, London: Macmillan, 1937.
*The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919–1939: an Introduction to the Study of International Relations, London: Macmillan, 1939, revised edition, 1946.
*Britain: A Study of Foreign Policy from the Versailles Treaty to the Outbreak of War, London; New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1939.
*Conditions of Peace, London: Macmillan, 1942.
*Nationalism and After, London: Macmillan, 1945.
*The Soviet Impact on the Western World, 1946.
*A History of Soviet Russia, London: Macmillan, 1950–1978. Collection of 14 volumes: The Bolshevik Revolution (3 volumes), The Interregnum (1 volume), Socialism in One Country (5 volumes), and The Foundations of a Planned Economy (5 volumes).
*The New Society, London: Macmillan, 1951.
*German-Soviet Relations Between the Two World Wars, 1919–1939, London: Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1952.
*What Is History?, 1961, revised edition ed. R.W. Davies, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986.
*1917 Before and After, London: Macmillan, 1969; American edition: The October Revolution Before and After, New York: Knopf, 1969.
*The Russian Revolution: From Lenin to Stalin (1917–1929), London: Macmillan, 1979.
*From Napoleon to Stalin and Other Essays, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1980.
*The Twilight of the Comintern, 1930–1935, London: Macmillan, 1982.
*The Comintern and the Spanish Civil War, 1984.
==参考文献==
*Abramsky, Chimen & Williams, Beryl J. (editors) Essays in Honour of E.H. Carr, London: Macmillan, 1974, 0-333-14384-1.
*A.K. Review of Michael Bakunin pp. 244–245 from Books Abroad, Volume 12, Issue # 2 Spring 1938.
*Barber, John "Carr, Edward Hallett" pp. 191–192 from Great Historians of the Modern Age ed. Lucian Boia, New York: Greenwood Press, 1991.
*Barghoorn, Frederick Review of The Interregnum, 1923–1924 pp. 190–191 from Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 302, November 1955.
*Beloff, Max "The Dangers of Prophecy" pp. 8–10 from History Today, Volume 42, Issue # 9, September 1992.
*Beloff, Max "Review: The Foundation of Soviet Foreign Policy" Review of The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923 pp. 151–158 from Soviet Studies, Volume 5, Issue # 2, October 1953.
*Bernstein, Samuel Review of Michael Bakunin pages 289–291 from Political Science Quarterly, Volume 54, Issue # 2, June 1939.
*Call, M. S. Review of International Relations Since the Peace Treaties page 122 from World Affairs, Volume 101, Issue # 2, June 1938.
*Campbell, John Review of The Twilight of the Comintern, 1930–1935 p. 1207 from Foreign Affairs, Volume 61, Issue # 5, Summer 1983.
*Carr, E. H. German-Soviet Relations Between the Two World Wars, Harper & Row: New York, 1951, 1996
*Carr, E. H. The Twilight of the Comintern New York : Pantheon Books, 1982
*Carr, E. H. What Is History? London: Penguin Books, 1961, 1987.
*Carsten, F. L. A History of Soviet Russia: Foundations of the Planned Economy, 1926–1929. Volume III, Parts 1–2 pp. 141–144 from The Slavonic and East European Review, Volume 56, Issue # 1, January 1978.
*Carsten, F. L. Review of A History of Soviet Russia: Foundations of a Planned Economy, 1926–1929. Volume III, Part 3 pp. 138–140 from The Slavonic and East European Review, Volume 58, Issue # 1, January 1980.
*Carsten, F. L. Review of The Twilight of Comintern, 1930–1935 pp. 629–631 from The Slavonic and East European Review, Volume 61, Issue # 4, October 1983.
*Cobb, Adam "Economic Security: E.H. Carr and R.W. Cox-The Most Unlikely Bedfellows" from Cambridge Review of International Studies, Volume 9, 1995.
*Cobb, Adam "Carr, E.H." pp. 180–181 from The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing ed. Kelly Boyd, Volume 1, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1999, 1-884964-33-8.
*Conolly, Violet Review of 1917: Before and After pp. 735–736 from International Affairs, Volume 45, Issue # 4, October 1969.
*Conquest, Robert "Agit-Prof" pp. 32–38 from The New Republic, Volume 424, Issue # 4, 1 November 1999.
*Corbett, P. E. Review of The Twenty Years' Crisis pp. 237–238 from Pacific Affairs, Volume 14, Issue # 2, June 1941.
*Cox, Michael "Will the Real E. H. Carr Please Stand up?" pages 643–653 from International Affairs, Volume 75, Issue # 3, July 1999.
*Cox, Michael (editor) E.H. Carr: A Critical Appraisal, London: Palgrave, 2000, 0-333-72066-0.
**Cox, Michael "Introduction" pp. 1–20.
**Davies, R.W. "Carr's Changing Views of the Soviet Union" pp. 91–108.
**Halliday, Fred "Reason and Romance: The Place of Revolution in the Works of E.H. Carr" pp. 258–279.
**Haslam, Jonathan "E.H. Carr's Search for Meaning" pp. 21–35.
**Jones, Charles "'An Active Danger': Carr at The Times" pp. 68–87.
**Porter, Brian "E.H. Carr-The Aberystwyth Years, 1936–1947" pp. 36–67.
**Stephanson, Anders "The Lessons of What Is History?" pp. 283–303.
**Ticktin, Hillel "Carr, the Cold War, and the Soviet Union" pp. 145–161.
**White, Stephen "The Soviet Carr" pp. 109–124.
**Wilson, Peter "Carr and His Early Critics: Responses to The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1939–46" pp. 165–197.
*Davies, R.W. "Edward Hallett Carr, 1892–1982" pp. 473–511 from Proceedings of the British Academy, Volume 69, 1983.
*Cite journal | last = Davies | first = R.W. | author-link = Robert William Davies | title = ‘Drop the Glass Industry’: collaborating with E.H. Carr | journal = New Left Review | volume = I | issue = 145 | pages = 56–70 | publisher = New Left Review | date = May–June 1984 | url = https://newleftreview.org/I/145/r-w-davies-drop-the-glass-industry-collaborating-with-e-h-carr | ref = harv | postscript = . | access-date = 2017-09-07 | archive-date = 2017-07-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170711052357/https://newleftreview.org/I/145/r-w-davies-drop-the-glass-industry-collaborating-with-e-h-carr | dead-url = no
*Deutscher, Isaac "Review: The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–23: A Review Article" review of A History of Soviet Russia: Vol. I: The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917–23 pp. 204–207 from International Affairs, Volume 27, Issue # 2, April 1951.
*Deutscher, Isaac "Mr E.H. Carr as a Historian of the Bolshevik Régime" pp. 91–110 from Heretics and Renegades and Other Essays, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1969.
*Cite journal | last = Deutscher | first = Tamara | author-link = Tamara Deutscher | title = E. H. Carr—A Personal Memoir | journal = New Left Review | volume = I | issue = 137 | pages = 78–86 | publisher = New Left Review | date = January–February 1983 | url = http://newleftreview.org/I/137/tamara-deutscher-e-h-carr-a-personal-memoir | ref = harv | postscript = . | access-date = 2017-09-07 | archive-date = 2019-02-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190212132507/https://newleftreview.org/I/137/tamara-deutscher-e-h-carr-a-personal-memoir | dead-url = no
*Drinan, Patrick Review of The Russian Revolution: From Lenin to Stalin, 1917–1929 pages 100–101 from Military Affairs, Volume 44, Issue # 2, April 1980.
* Evans, Graham "E. H. Carr and International Relations" pages 77–97 from British Journal of International Studies, Volume 1, Issue # 2, July 1975.
*F.D. Review of Nationalism and After pages 289–290 from World Affairs, Volume 108, Issue # 4, December 1945.
*Fox, William R. T. "E.H Carr and Political Realism: Vision and Revision" pp. 1–16 from Review of International Studies, Volume 11, 1985.
*Gathorne-Hardy, G. M. Review of International Relations between the Two World Wars (1919–1939) pp. 263–264 from International Affairs, Volume 24, Issue # 2, April 1948.
*Gellner, Ernest "Nationalism Reconsidered and E. H. Carr" pages 285–293 from Review of International Studies, Volume 18, Issue # 4, October 1992.
*Goldfischer, David "E. H. Carr: A 'Historical Realist' Approach for the Globalisation Era" pp. 697–717 from Review of International Studies, Volume 28, Issue # 4 October 2002.
*Griffins, Martin Fifty Key Thinkers in International Relations, London: Routledge, 2000, 0-415-16228-9.
*Gruber, Helmut Review of Twilight of the Comintern, 1930–1935 pp. 195–200 from New German Critique, Volume 30, Autumn, 1983.
*Gurian, Waldemar "Review: Soviet Problems" pages 251–254 from The Review of Politics, Volume 13, Issue # 2, April 1951
*Gurian, Waldemar  "Review: Soviet Foreign Policy" pages 118–120 from The Review of Politics, Volume 16, Issue # 1, January 1954.
*Hanak, Harry Review of A History of Soviet Russia Foundations of a Planned Economy 1926–1929, iii, Parts 1 and 2 pages 644–646 from The English Historical Review, Volume 93, Issue # 368, July 1978.
*Hanak, Harry Review of A History of Soviet Russia Foundations of a Planned Economy 1926–1929 pages 642–643 from The English Historical Review, Volume 95, Issue # 376, July 1980.
*Haslam, Jonathan "We Need a Faith: E.H. Carr, 1892–1982" pp. 36–39 from History Today, Volume 33, Issue # 8, August 1983.
*Haslam, Jonathan "E.H. Carr and the History of Soviet Russia" Reviews of Reviews of The Russian Revolution from Lenin to Stalin 1917–1929, From Napoleon to Stalin and Other Essays and The Twilight of Comintern 1930–35 pp. 1021–1027 from Historical Journal, Volume 26, Issue #4, December 1983.
*Haslam, Jonathan The Vices Of Integrity: E.H. Carr, 1892–1982, London; New York: Verso, 1999, 1-85984-733-1.
*Howe, Paul "The Utopian Realism of E.H. Carr" pp. 277–297 from Review of International Studies, Volume 20, Issue #3, 1994.
*Hudson, G.F. Review of A History of Soviet Russia. The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923. Volume I pp. 597–601 from The Slavonic and East European Review, Volume 29, Issue # 73, June 1951.
*Hughes-Warrington, Marnie Fifty Key Thinkers On History, London: Routledge, 2000, 0-415-16982-8.
*Hunter, Holland Review of Foundations of a Planned Economy, 1926–1929 A History of Soviet Russia page 484 from Slavic Review, Volume 38, Issue # 3, September 1979.
*Karpovich, Michael Review of Michael Bakunin pp. 380–382 from The American Historical Review, Volume 44, Issue # 2, January 1939.
*Keep, John Review of Foundations of a Planned Economy, 1926–1929 pp. 284–289 from Soviet Studies, Volume 24, Issue # 2, October 1972.
*Keeton, G. W. Review of The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919–1939 pp. 156–157 from The Modern Law Review, Volume 4, Issue # 2, October 1940.
*Kendall, Walter Review of The Comintern and the Spanish Civil War pp. 122–123 from International Affairs, Volume 62, Issue # 1, Winter 1985–1986.
*Kenez , Peter Review of The Russian Revolution: From Lenin to Stalin page 372 from Russian Review, Volume 39, Issue # 3, July 1980.
*Jackson, George Review of Twilight of the Comintern, 1930–1935 pp. 815–817 from The American Historical Review, Volume 89, Issue # 3, June 1984.
*Jenkins, Keith On 'What Is History?': From Carr and Elton to Rorty and White, London: Routledge, 1995, 0-415-09725-8.
*Johnston, Whittle "E. H. Carr's Theory Of International Relations: A Critique" pp. 861–884 from Journal of Politics, Volume 29, Issue # 4, 1967.
*Jones, Charles E.H. Carr And International Relations: A Duty To Lie, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998, 0-521-47272-5.
*Labedz, Leopold "E.H. Carr: A Historian Overtaken by History" pp. 94–111 from Survey March 1988 Volume 30 Issue # 1/2.
*Laqueur, Walter The Fate of the Revolution: Interpretations of Soviet History from 1917 to the Present, New York: Scribner, 1987 0-684-18903-8.
*Linklater, Andrew "The Transformation of Political Community: E. H. Carr, Critical Theory and International Relations" from Review of International Studies, Volume 23, Issue # 3, July 1997.
*W. N. M. Review of German-Soviet Relations between the Two World Wars, 1919–1939 pp. 625–626 from The English Historical Review, Volume 67, Issue # 265, October 1952.
*Manning, C. A. W. "Review: Conditions of Peace by E. H. Carr" pp. 443–444 from International Affairs Review Supplement, Volume 19, Issue # 8, June 1942.
*Molloy, Seán "Dialectics and Transformation: Exploring the International Theory of E. H. Carr" pp. 279–306 from International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, Volume 17, Issue # 2, Winter 2003.
*Morgenthau, Hans "The Political Science of E. H. Carr" pages 127–134 from World Politics Volume 1, Issue # 1, October 1948.
*Nove, Alec Review of A History of Soviet Russia: Socialism in One Country, Volume I pp. 552–555 from The Slavonic and East European Review, Volume 37, Issue # 89, June 1959.
*Nove, Alec Review of 1917: Before and After pp. 451–453 from Soviet Studies, Volume 22, Issue #3, January 1971.
*Oldfield, A. "Moral Judgments in History" pp. 260–277 from History and Theory, Volume 20, Issue #3, 1981.
*Pethybridge , R. Review of A History of Soviet Russia Foundations of a Planned Economy, 1926–1929 pages 942–943 from The English Historical Review, Volume 88, Issue # 349, October 1973.
*Pickles, W. Review of Studies in Revolution p. 180 from The British Journal of Sociology, Volume 2, Issue # 2, June 1951.
*Porter, Brian "E.H. Carr-The Aberystwyth Years, 1936–1947" pp. 36–67 from E.H. Carr A Critical Appraisal ed. Michael Cox, London: Palgrave, 2000
*Prince, J. R. Review of What Is History? pp. 136–145 from History and Theory, Volume 3, Issue # 1, 1963.
*Rauch, Georg von Review of The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923 pages 376–380 from Historische Zeitschrift, Volume 178, Issue #2, 1954.
*Rauch, Georg von Review of A History of Soviet Russia pages 181–182 from Historische Zeitschrift, Volume 193, Issue # 1 August  1961.
*Reynolds, P. A. Review of German-Soviet Relations between the Two World Wars, 1919–39 from International Affairs, Volume 28, Issue # 4, October 1952.
*Rowse, A. L. Review of The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919–1939 pp. 92–95 from The Economic Journal, Volume 51, Issue # 201, April 1941.
*Schlesinger, Rudolf Review of The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923 pp. 389–396 from Soviet Studies, Volume 2, Issue # 4 April 1951.
*Schlesinger, Rudolf "The Turning Point" from Soviet Studies, Volume XI, Issue No. 4, April 1960.
*Seton-Watson, Hugh The Bolshevik Revolution, Volume II pp. 569–572 from The Slavonic and East European Review, Volume 31, Issue # 77, June 1953.
*St. Clair-Sobell, James Review of A History of Soviet Russia: The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923 pages 128–129 from International Journal, Volume 8 ,Issue # 2, Spring 1953.
*St. Clair-Sobell, James Review of A History of Soviet Russia: The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923 pages 59–60 from International Journal, Volume 9, Issue # 1, Winter 1954.
*Struve, Gleb Review of Michael Bakunin pp. 726–728 from The Slavonic and East European Review, Volume 16, Issue # 48, April 1938
*Trevor-Roper, Hugh "E.H. Carr's Success Story" pp. 69–77 from Encounter, Volume 84, Issue No. 104, 1962.
*Walsh. W. H. Review of What Is History? pp. 587–588 from The English Historical Review, Volume 78, Issue # 308, July 1963.
*Willetts, H. Review of A History of Soviet Russia Volume VI pages 266–269 from The Slavonic and East European Review, Volume 40, Issue # 94, December 1961.
*Wolfe, Bertram "Professor Carr's Wave of the Future Western Academics and Soviet Realities" from Commentray, Volume XIX, Issue # 3, March 1955.
*Woodward, E. L. Review of Karl Marx: A Study in Fanaticism page 721 from International Affairs, Volume 13,  Issue # 5, September – October  1934.
*Review of The Conditions of Peace pages 164–167 from The American Economic Review, Volume. 34, Issue # 1 March 1944.
==外部连接==
* The Vices of Integrity: E H Carr
* E. H. Carr: historian of the future date=20080516030341
* Review of What Is History? date=20130112212711
* The Two Faces of E.H. Carrdate=20110809211116  by Richard J. Evans
* E.H. Carr Studies in Revolutions date=20081030192313
* E. H. Carr and Isaac Deutscher: A Very Special Relationship
* E.H. Carr The Historian As A Marxist Partisan
* Review of The Vices of Integrity date=20121015051850
* Review of E.H. Carr: A Critical Appraisal date=20121025232404  by Alun Munslow
* E.H. Carr vs. Idealism: The Battle Rages On date=20130308190515  by John Mearsheimer