【反天主教】
反天主教是一种针对天主教徒的强烈的反感、恐惧、歧视、敌意或偏见，也可用来指针对天主教会的宗教迫害。
在16世纪初期，天主教会在欧洲长期的权势受到了挑战和竞争，激起针对教宗和天主教神职人员权力的敌对态度。这种敌意称为反教权主义。宗教改革又带来对其属灵权威提出异议，面临前所未有的危机。此后新教徒为主的国家曾禁止天主教活动。
当代的反天主教表现为许多形式，包括对天主教少数派的迫害，政府攻击天主教信仰、歧视，和恶意攻击神职人员与信徒。加上世俗主义的兴起，反天主教的行动包括批评教廷的保守取态，如反对使用保险套等避孕行为、堕胎权和同性恋权利，也有人籍天主教神职人员性侵犯儿童等丑闻批评天主教。
==起源==
=== 新教国家 ===
Lucas Cranach the Elder在其1521年的画作《敌基督》中将教宗描绘成敌基督，指教宗是敌基督。
从马丁·路德开始，新教就攻击教宗象征着敌基督的权势，而罗马天主教则象征《启示录》中的巴比伦大淫妇。许多新教宗派的信条中明确地将教宗视为敌基督。比如在1689年公布的《浸信会信仰宣言》（The 1689 Baptist Confession of Faith）中提到：
==== 英格兰 ====
英格兰的反天主教起源于亨利八世的英格兰宗教改革，而由否定教宗权威的英国君主领导的英国国教派最后演变成一个具有强烈排外及统治性质的宗教，对天主教徒和清教徒加以迫害，并促使十七世纪初清教徒乘坐五月花号前往新大陆。
十七世纪，英王查理一世虽然表示信仰新教，但他下令全国采用接近天主教的仪式，最后引爆了清教徒革命，信仰清教的圆颅党首脑克伦威尔最后战胜了查理一世的骑士党，并将查理一世斩首示众；其子查理二世于1660年复辟。后来笃信天主教的詹姆斯二世因为光荣革命遭到推翻。
自光荣革命后，英国皇室成员一旦加入天主教或与天主教徒结婚，即视为自动放弃继承王位的机会。但在2011年10月28日，国会修改王位继承法，取消了对皇室成员与天主教徒结婚的限制，不过王位继承人依然必须是英国圣公会的成员。
==== 爱尔兰 ====
在爱尔兰，罗马天主教徒占多数，但在亨利八世的英格兰宗教改革以后，遭受迫害。一直到十九世纪，信奉天主教的爱尔兰移民也遭到当地的白人盎格鲁-撒克逊新教徒上流阶层迫害，譬如北爱尔兰的爱裔造船工人和美国的爱裔铁路工人曾受到英美雇主的压迫。
二十世纪的北爱尔兰，由于信仰天主教的激进政党新芬党和激进武装组织爱尔兰共和军（Irish Republican Army, IRA）为了脱离英国并与爱尔兰共和国统一，遂与英国当局争斗许久，最后IRA于1998年签署停火协议。
====苏格兰====
16世纪的苏格兰宗教改革使得苏格兰转向了喀尔文主义（苏格兰长老会），革命导致对罗马天主教强烈的敌意。 igh Anglicism came under intense persecution also after Charles I attempted to reform the Church of Scotland. However, the attempted reforms caused chaos as they were seen as being too Catholic- based heavily on sacraments and ritual.
Over the course of later medieval and early modern history violence against Catholics has broken out, often resulting in deaths, such as the torture of Saint John Ogilvie and execution of a Jesuit priest.
In the last 150 years, Irish immigration to Scotland increased dramatically and at the beginning of the immigration period Catholics were treated like second class citizens. However, as time has gone on Scotland has become much more open to other religions and Catholics have seen the formation of separate schools which still receive council funding. The Orange Order has grown in numbers in recent times however it is attributed to the rivalry between Rangers and Celtic football clubs as opposed to actual hatred of Catholicism .
Cooperation between The Kirk and the Catholic Church in Scotland has grown greatly in recent times as both churches are moving to eradicate sectarian violence from football and work together to fight poverty. The Moderator of the Church of Scotland and Cardinal Patrick O'Brien both attended a follow up to the G8 summit in May 2007.
Scotland is considered by some to be the historic Catholic heartland of the modern day United Kingdom.
====美国====
自从美国建国以来，虽然美国宪法规定保障宗教自由和平等，但美国总统在就职典礼上握住圣经宣誓就职，是以新教的仪轨进行。
在19世纪，随著大量欧洲移民的进入，包含信仰天主教的西班牙、爱尔兰、义大利、拉丁美洲移民，他们除了备受美国本土信仰新教的主流族群排挤和歧视外，也造成了贫困、犯罪、失业等生活问题，更在1929年经济大萧条时期受害最深，因为他们的社经地位比信仰新教的美国主流族群来得低。
=== 天主教国家 ===
反天主教 是一个反对以天主教为主的宗教权力制度的历史运动，该运动在公众政治的所有方面都有显著影响影响。该运动代表着更加积极的反对和抗议而不是仅仅laïcité. The goal of anti-clericalism is sometimes to reduce religion to a purely private belief-system with no public profile or influence.  However, many times it has included outright suppression of all aspects of faith.
Anti-clericalism has at times been violent, leading to murders and the desacration, destruction and seizure of church property.
Anti-clericalism in one form or another has existed through most of Christian history, and is considered to be one of the major popular forces underlying the 16th Century reformation. Some of the philosophers of the Enlightenment, including Voltaire, continually attacked the Catholic Church, its leadership and priests claiming moral corruption of many of its clergy. These assaults in part led to the suppression of the Jesuits, and played a major part in the wholesale attacks on the very existence of the Church during the French Revolution in the Reign of Terror and the program of dechristianization.  Similar attacks on the Church occurred in Mexico and in Spain in20世纪。
France's Third Republic was cemented by anti-clericalism, the desire to secularise the State and social life, faithful to the French Revolution.
Mexico's Cristero War of 1926-1929 stemmed from Plutarco Elías Calles's denial of priests rights and martyred many Saints of the Cristero War. Events relating to this were famously portrayed in the novel The Power and the Glory by Graham Greene.  The persecution of Catholics was most severe in the state of Tabasco under the Governor Tomás Garrido Canabal.  Under the rule of Garrido many priests were killed, all Churches in the state were closed and priests were forced to marry or flee at risk of their lives.
François and Jean-Claude Duvalier's family dictatorship of Haiti wanted to weaken or control the Roman Catholic Church by bringing Vodou "openly into the political process", according to Michel S. LaGuerre in Voodoo and Politics in Haiti.
Anti-clericalism in Spain at the start of the Spanish Civil War resulted in the killing of almost 7,000 clergy, the destruction of hundreds of churches and the persecution of lay people in Spain's Red Terror.
===波兰===
Catholicism in Poland, the religion of the vast majority of the population, was persecuted under the Communist regime from the 1950s. Current Stalinist ideology claimed the Church and religion in general was about to disintegrate. To begin with Archbishop Wyszyński entered into an agreement with the Communist authorities, which was signed on 14 February 1950 by the Polish episcopate and the government. The Agreement regulated the matters of the Church in Poland. However in May of that year, the Sejm breached the Agreement by passing a law for the confiscation of Church property.
On 12 January 1953, Wyszyński was elevated to the rank of cardinal by Pius XII as another wave of persecution began in Poland. When the bishops voiced their opposition to state interference in ecclesiastical appointments, mass trials and the internment of priests began - the cardinal being among the number of its victims. On 25 September 1953 he was imprisoned at Grudziądz, and later placed under house arrest in monasteries in Prudnik near Opole and in Komańcza in the Bieszczady Mountains. He was not released until 26 October 1956.
==当代的反天主教==
===文学与通俗媒体===
Anti-Catholic stereotypes are a long-standing feature of Anglo-Saxon literary, sub-literary and even pornographic traditions. Gothic fiction is particularly rich in this regard with the figure of the lustful priest, the cruel abbess, the immured nun and the sadistic inquisitor appearing in such works as The Italian by Anne Radcliffe, The Monk by Matthew Lewis, Melmoth the Wanderer by Charles Maturin and "The Pit and the Pendulum" by Edgar Allan Poe.
Such gothic fiction may have inspired Rebecca Reed's Six Months in a Convent which describes her alleged captivity by an Ursuline order near Boston in 1832  Her claims inspired an angry mob to burn down the convent, and her narrative, released three years later as the rioters were tried, famously sold 200,000 copies in one month.  In another bestselling fraudulent exposé, Awful Disclosures of the Hotel-Dieu Nunnery, Maria Monk claimed that the convent served as a harem for Roman Catholic priests, and that any resulting children were murdered after baptism.  Col. William Stone, a New York city newspaper editor, along with a team of Protestant investigators, made inquiry into the claims of Monk, inspecting the convent in the process.  Col. Stone's investigation concluded there was no evidence that Maria Monk "had ever been within the walls of the cloister".
Reed's book became a best-seller, and Monk or her handlers hoped to cash in on the evident market for anti-Catholic horror fiction by their offering. The tale of Maria Monk was, in fact, clearly modelled on the gothic novels that were popular in the early 19th century, a literary genre that had already been used for anti-Catholic sentiments in works such as Matthew Lewis' The Monk. Monk's story explores the genre-defining elements of a young, innocent woman being trapped in a remote, old, and gloomily picturesque estate; she learns the dark secrets the place contains, and after harrowing adventures makes her escape.
Pornography has been the vehicle for anti-Catholic sentiments from Denis Diderot's La Religieuse (1798), to contemporary nunsploitation films.
In a chapter of Fyodor Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov called The Grand Inquisitor, the Church convicts a resurrected Jesus Christ of heresy and is portrayed as a servant of Satan.  (Interestingly the book is said to be well-liked by Pope Benedict XVI, former head of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, a successor office to the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition.)date=February 2007 In  Notes from Underground the main character thinks about making the world a better place by eliminating or overthrowing the Pope.
Dan Brown's best-selling novel The Da Vinci Code depicts the Roman Catholic Church as determined to hide the truth about Jesus Christ.  An article in an April 2004 issue of National Catholic Register maintains that the "The Da Vinci Code claims that Catholicism is a big, bloody, woman-hating lie created out of pagan cloth by the manipulative Emperor of Rome". An earlier book by Brown Angels and Demons, depicts the Church as involved in an elemental battle with Freemasonry.
===现代反天主教辩论===
除了标准的新教论战的比喻，天主教反基督和巴比伦等现代反天主教争议主题的妓女列入其中，指责谋求世界霸权的教会异端，批评偶像崇拜和阴谋论的指责。
标准新教的论战是由美国福音派作家代表牧师约翰·道林，在他最畅销的书中，他指责罗马天主教会是“基督的全真教会的恶毒的敌人 - 她拥有无人认领被称为基督教堂 - 但是，随着长期腐败，邪恶的人也看穿她的三冠王，她是敌基督的。
希斯录的《两个巴比伦》（1858年）宣称罗马天主教发源于巴比伦神秘宗教，其实行带有异教徒的色彩（偶像崇拜）。
背弃天主教的神父Charles Chiniquy著有50 Years In The Church of Rome和The Priest, the Woman and the Confessional（1885年），也将罗马天主教描绘成异教。
Avro的曼哈顿的书“梵蒂冈的大屠杀”（1986）“，”梵蒂冈十亿”（1983）和”梵蒂冈莫斯科联盟”（1982）认为，教会的工程师战争统治世界。
希斯洛普的和Chiniquy的十九世纪​​论战和一系列的基础上由著名现代反天主教和漫画书的Avro曼哈顿工作的组成部分传道杰克小鸡谁也指责教宗配套使用的共产主义，耶稣会士煽动革命和策划的大屠杀的。据小鸡，天主教会是“巴比伦妓女”中的启示录的图书提及，并会带来撒旦新世界秩序之前，它是由耶稣基督破坏。小鸡声称天主教浸润和企图摧毁或损坏的一切其他宗教和教会，以及它使用各种手段，包括诱惑，取景和谋杀压制批评。画上的阿尔贝托·里维拉的想法，小鸡还声称，天主教会有助于塑造伊斯兰教作为一种工具来引诱人们远离基督教在他所谓的伊斯兰教的阴谋。
理查德·道金斯在他的畅销书上帝错觉（2006年）断言，一个天主教教养促进内疚人（167页）的“半永久状态病态内疚由罗马天主教遭受具备正常的人性弱点和不智力正常的。讨论文书的性虐待在爱尔兰的后果，他还建议，“可怕的性虐待毫无疑问是，损害是可以说是比把孩子送进天主教会，在第一时间造成长期的心理伤害少”（317页） 。
===反天主教讽刺===
从宗教改革的时候到今天，天主教会一直是被讽刺和幽默的目标。这样的讽刺和幽默的范围从轻微艳舞恶性攻击。天主教神职人员组织，如天主教联盟监视器，特别是围攻和贬义的指责，表达对他们的反对和抗议。
==各国反天主教==
===美国===
美国圣公会史学家菲利浦·詹金斯，在书中反天主教：最后的可接受偏见（牛津大学出版社2005年国际标准书号0-19-515480-0）认为，一些人谁否则避免种族，宗教，种族或性别群体得罪成员都毫无保留的宣泄教徒的仇恨。在20世纪早期，美国哈佛大学教授老阿瑟·施莱辛格米反对对天主教徒的偏见，“最深的偏见在美国人民的历史”的耶鲁大学教授彼得Viereck曾评论说：“反天主教是自由派的反犹太主义。”
2006年5月12日的盖洛普民意测验表明有30%的美国人对罗马天主教信仰持不赞成态度，57%的美国人对罗马天主教信仰持赞成态度。不赞成的比率高于2000年，但低于2002年。当中白人新教徒及天主教徒对天主教持肯定态度，而无宗教信仰者及非基督徒则多数持否定态度，他们对罗马天主教的教义持负面看法，而神职人员的性丑闻及贪婪，罗马天主教对同性恋的观点，和独身神职人员使那些对罗马天主教持负面看法的名单上。2012年一个较新的盖洛普民意调查显示只有4％的美国人对罗马天主教徒持“非常负面”的看法
2000年，莱斯Balsiger在俄勒冈州多个城市进行反天主教运动 。
==== 性、避孕和堕胎 ====
许多女权运动和LGBT（女同性恋者、男同性恋者、双性恋者与跨性别者）激进分子批评天主教对于性、避孕和堕胎的观点。与传统的反天主教形式不同，反天主教者并不仅仅是因为它是天主教而反对，而是针对其特别的立场，即使天主教相对于其他更保守的新教教派来说相对开明，但仍持反对看法。
反天主教活动人士，如威廉·多诺霍引用这是反天主教偏执，反对者争辩说，一个组织的实际位置上的问题，批评不构成偏执。
在2007年1月30日，美国民主党候选人约翰·爱德华兹2008年美国总统选举初选期间聘请了阿曼达作为广告活动的顾问反对团体对她采取了进攻，以她的一些早期作品，她声称教会试图“证明公司厌女症与...上古神话”，并公开要求爱德华兹竞选团体结束马科特的任命。马科特随后辞职，理由是受到“性暴力，威胁邮件”。
一些同性恋激进活动家与罗马天主教关系十分恶劣。在1989年艾滋病联盟成员和妇女组织动员人士打乱周日弥撒，在圣帕特里克大教堂抗议教会对同性恋，安全性行为和使用避孕套的保守态度。抗议者其后被捕，至少一名抗议者扔已使用的安全套在教堂祭坛，亵渎弥撒。
==== 娱乐业 ====
按照耶稣会神父詹姆士·马丁的说法，美国娱乐业对于天主教有“两个头脑”，他说道：
马丁又说，虽然天主教有不可抵御的魅力，但是娱乐业也最为显著地轻视天主教。"好像制片、导演、编剧和电影制片人的感觉迫使被鼓吹他们与他们保持在这样的奴隶制度的差异建立自己的知识产权的诚意。不过，马丁认为，“正是电视已经证明了反天主教的题材是写作中最肥沃的土壤。当牧师他们出现在电视节目，通常显示为恋童癖者或白痴，也很少看到在做自己的工作。”
在巴西度假题材的电影'我们的阿帕雷西达圣母'，在被称为一个小插曲普世教会王国神＃的“踢圣的”“踢了圣徒”的主教五旬节普世教会的神的王国​​多次击败说守护神的雕像。
已经带来了积极的反天主教问题中脱颖而出的一组是关于天主教联盟的宗教和民权。成立于1975年，由维吉尔百隆，威廉·多诺霍的领导下，组织天主教联盟，反击那些电影对天主教的批评及嘲讽。天主教联盟已经对这种娱乐产品如神圣的没什么，牧师和科珀斯克里斯蒂提出诉讼。1999年10月，他们在纽约时报购买了一整版的广告，声讨名利场杂志对其涉嫌向反天主教的团体倾斜。
2004年多诺霍宣称“好莱坞被仇恨基督教、特别是仇恨天主教的犹太人长期控制。...好莱坞像喜欢肛交
2006年10月，明尼苏达州的天主教上层领袖呼吁明尼苏达大学校长罗伯特·Bruininks重新考虑大学容许一部反天主教的争议舞台剧上映，他们被视为反天主教争议发挥了难得的一步。 “教宗和女巫”，讽刺教宗的偏执，药物腐坏的白痴和梵蒂冈的腐败，引起了愤怒，秋天全国天主教团体和一些当地的教会、圣保罗和明尼阿波利斯总教区大主教哈里·弗林，以及来自克鲁克斯顿主教薇诺娜，写信给州的160万天主教徒。他们敦促Bruininks重新思考应否播出有关戏剧。丹尼斯·麦格拉思，圣保罗和明尼阿波利斯总教区的发言人，说他不记得国家的主教曾提出这样的要求。该大学表示，它没有计划停止舞台剧播放。
===苏格兰===
近年来，足球一直是很多在苏格兰的宗派偏见的一幕。通过格拉斯哥对手凯尔特人足球俱乐部（罗马天主教有关）和格拉斯哥流浪（新教）的宗教背景对鸿沟的两边​​引发了更大的愤怒，变成宗派偏见和冲突。
===俄罗斯===
天主教会被认为在社会中发挥了宗教的作用，但在其他时间，指俄罗斯东正教会被国家操纵，被用以打击罗马天主教。
===以色列===
以色列的反天主教起源于1948年这个犹太人国家成立之时。当时有几个天主教徒占多数的村庄，例如Kafr Bir'im和Iqrit，都被以色列国防军用强制手段减少人口。1948年以后，天主教神父被驱逐出这个国家，许多教堂被占用、关闭或强迫出售。最近以色列拒绝并试图阻止任命天主教会任命巴勒斯坦人为主教。 以色列政府1998努力阻止圣座任命加利利总主教被梵蒂冈和其他国家的谴责。以色列怀疑和敌视天主教神职人员，导致事故，如2002年10月的拘留和骚扰希腊大主教埃利亚斯Chacour和大主教布特罗斯Mouallem，防止他离开耶路撒冷，以防止他参加在伦敦的宗教会议。 近年以色列政府与教廷关系改善。
==参考文献==
==延伸阅读==
* Anbinder; Tyler Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s 1992
*  Bennett; David H. The Party of Fear: From Nativist Movements to the New Right in American History University of North Carolina Press, 1988
* Billingon, Ray. The Protestant Crusade, 1830-1860 (1938)
*  Blanshard; Paul.American Freedom and Catholic Power Beacon Press, 1949
* Thomas M. Brown, "The Image of the Beast: Anti-Papal Rhetoric in Colonial America", in Richard O. Curry and Thomas M. Brown, eds., Conspiracy: The Fear of Subversion in American History (1972), 1-20.
* Steve Bruce, No Pope of Rome: Anti-Catholicism in Modern Scotland (Edinburgh, 1985).
*Elias Chacour:  "Blood Brothers. A Palestinian Struggles for Reconciliation in the Middle East" ISBN 978-0-8007-9321-0 with Hazard, David, and Baker III, James A., Secretary (Foreword by)  2nd Expanded ed. 2003. (Archbishop of Galilee, born in Kafr Bir'im, the book covers his childhood growing up in the town. (The first six chapters of Blood Brothers can be downloaded   here (the Nov 08, 2005 link).
* Robin Clifton, "Popular Fear of Catholics during the English Revolution", Past and Present, 52 ( 1971), 23-55.
*   Cogliano; Francis D. No King, No Popery: Anti-Catholicism in Revolutionary New England Greenwood Press, 1995
* David Brion Davis, "Some Themes of Counter-subversion: An Analysis of Anti-Masonic, Anti-Catholic and Anti-Mormon Literature", Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 47 (1960), 205-224.
* Andrew M. Greeley, An Ugly Little Secret: Anti-Catholicism in North America 1977.
* Henry, David. "Senator John F. Kennedy Encounters the Religious Question: I Am Not the Catholic Candidate for President." Contemporary American Public Discourse. Ed. H. R. Ryan. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, Inc., 1992. 177-193.
*  Higham; John. Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860-1925 1955
* Hinckley, Ted C. "American Anti-catholicism During the Mexican War"  Pacific Historical Review 1962 31(2): 121-137. ISSN 0030-8684
* Hostetler; Michael J. "Gov. Al Smith Confronts the Catholic Question: The Rhetorical Legacy of the 1928 Campaign" Communication Quarterly. Volume: 46. Issue: 1. 1998. Page Number: 12+.
*Philip Jenkins, The New Anti-Catholicism: The Last Acceptable Prejudice (Oxford University Press, New ed. 2004). ISBN 978-0-19-517604-9
* Jensen, Richard. The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888-1896 (1971)
*  Jensen, Richard. "'No Irish Need Apply': A Myth of Victimization," Journal of Social History 36.2 (2002) 405-429date=20050208093948 , with illustrations
* Karl Keating, Catholicism and Fundamentalism — The Attack on "Romanism" by "Bible Christians" (Ignatius Press, 1988). ISBN 978-0-89870-177-7
* Kenny; Stephen. "Prejudice That Rarely Utters Its Name: A Historiographical and Historical Reflection upon North American Anti-Catholicism." American Review of Canadian Studies. Volume: 32. Issue: 4. 2002. pp : 639+.
* Khalidi, Walid. "All that Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948." 1992.  ISBN 978-0-88728-224-9.
* McGreevy, John T. "Thinking on One's Own: Catholicism in the American Intellectual Imagination, 1928-1960." The Journal of American History, 84 (1997): 97-131.
*  J.R. Miller, "Anti-Catholic Thought in Victorian Canada" in Canadian Historical Review 65, no.4. (December 1985), p. 474+
* Moore; Edmund A. A Catholic Runs for President 1956.
*  Moore; Leonard J. Citizen Klansmen: The Ku Klux Klan in Indiana, 1921-1928 University of North Carolina Press, 1991
* E. R. Norman, Anti-Catholicism in Victorian England (1968).
* D. G. Paz, "Popular Anti-Catholicism in England, 1850-1851", Albion 11 (1979), 331-359.
* Thiemann, Ronald F. Religion in Public Life Georgetown University Press, 1996.
* Carol Z. Wiener, "The Beleaguered Isle. A Study of Elizabethan and Early Jacobean Anti-Catholicism", Past and Present, 51 (1971), 27-62.
* Wills, Garry. Under God 1990.
* White, Theodore H. The Making of the President 1960 1961.