【三色堇】
三色菫（学名：Viola tricolor；wild pansy）是堇菜科堇菜属的一年生或短期多年生草本植物，又名三色堇菜（中国植物图鉴）、蝴蝶花、三色紫罗兰、人脸花、阿拉叶－尼勒－其其格（蒙语），在欧洲是常见的野花，也常栽培于公园中，是一种常见的园艺植物。三色菫也被引进北美，并在当地广泛繁衍。
三色菫以露天栽种为宜，无论花坛、庭园、盆栽皆适合。不适合种于室内，因为光线不足，生长会迟缓，枝叶无法充分茁壮，导致无法开花，开花后也不应移入室内，以长保花朵寿命。
== 特征 ==
株高10－40厘米，茎直立或稍倾，具棱，无枝或多分枝，基生叶长圆形或披针形，具长柄，茎生叶卵形或长披针形，先端钝圆，基部圆，叶缘具圆形或钝疏齿，上部叶柄长，下部叶柄短，托叶大，叶片状，羽状深裂，长1－4厘米。花直径3.5－6厘米，每茎3－10朵，每朵通常为有紫、白、黄三色，栽培种有其他不同颜色，花梗稍粗，叶腋单生，上部具对生三角卵形小苞片2枚，萼片绿色，长披针形，长1.2－2.2厘米，宽3－5毫米，先端尖，边缘荚膜质，基部具附属物，长3－6毫米，边缘不齐；上侧花瓣一般均为深紫色，两侧和下侧花瓣均为三色且具紫条纹，两侧花瓣内面基部被密须毛，下方花距较细，长5－8毫米；子房无毛，花柱短，基部膝曲明显，柱头球状膨大，先端具较大柱头孔。蒴果椭球形，无毛，长8－12毫米。染色体2n=20、26、42或46。花期4－7月，果期5－8月。
三色堇染色体数为2n = 26。
==异名==
* Mnemion elegans Spach
* Mnemion sagotii (Jord.) Fourr.
* Mnemion sudeticum Fourr.
* Mnemion tricolor (L.) Spach
* Mnemion variatum (Jord.) Fourr.
* Viola alpestris subsp. paulini Hayek
* Viola ammotropha E.H.L.Krause
* Viola banatica Kit. ex Schult.
* Viola bella Gren.
* Viola bicolor Hoffm.
* Viola calcarata Vill.
* Viola calcaratasubsp. grandiflora (L.) Nyman, 1878
* Viola calcarata var. grandiflora (L.) Rouy & Foucaud, 1896
* Viola cenisia Schangin
* Viola confinis Jord. ex Nyman
* Viola curtisiae E.Forst.
* Viola deminuta Schur
* Viola derelicta Jord.
* Viola flavida Jord.
* Viola foucaudii Sav.
* Viola garganica Strobl
* Viola gracilis Martrin-Donos ex Nyman
* Viola grandiflora L.
* Viola kupffieri Klokov
* Viola lepida Jord.
* Viola leptoceras Schur
* Viola lilascens Heldr. ex Boiss.
* Viola lloydii Jord. ex Boreau
* Viola lutea var. sagotii (Jord.) Nyman, 1878
* Viola lutea var. vivariensis (Jord.) Nyman, 1878
* Viola maritima Spreng.
* Viola maritima Spreng. ex Mert. & W.D.J.Koch
* Viola media (DC.) Chaillet ex Schult.
* Viola meduanensis Boreau
* Viola mentita Jord.
* Viola micrantha Bertol.
* Viola mucuzii Orph. ex Nyman
* Viola mutabilis Rochel
* Viola occulta Otto
* Viola olonnensis Genev.
* Viola paillouxi Jord.
* Viola pallescens Jord.
* Viola parviflora Kit. ex Schult.
* Viola peregrina Jord.
* Viola peregrina Jord. ex Boreau
* Viola perennis Vilm.
* Viola perrobusta Borbás
* Viola provostii Boreau
* Viola pseudolutea Schur
* Viola ruralis Jord. ex Boreau
* Viola sabulosa (DC. ex Ging.) Boreau
* Viola sagotii Jord.
* Viola saxatilis var. vivariensis (Jord.) Gren., 1847
* Viola soongorica Fisch.
* Viola soongorica Fisch. ex Ledeb.
* Viola subtilis Jord.
* Viola symei Baker
* Viola tenella Michx.
* Viola tenella Muhl.
* Viola tricolor f. tenella Farw.
* Viola tricolor subsp. alpestris (DC.) Schinz & R.Keller, 1905
* Viola tricolor subsp. grandiflora (L.) Berher, 1887
* Viola tricolor subsp. ruralis (Jord. ex Boreau) Berher, 1887
* Viola tricolor subsp. vivariensis (Jord.) Rouy & Foucaud, 1896
* Viola tricolor var. alpestris DC.
* Viola tricolor var. ammotropha Wittr.
* Viola tricolor var. derelicta (Jord.) Nyman, 1878
* Viola tricolor var. pallescens (Jord.) Nyman, 1878
* Viola tricolor var. sabulosa DC.
* Viola tricolor var. sabulosa DC. ex Ging.
* Viola tricolor var. sagotii (Jord.) Gaut., 1898
* Viola tricolor var. subalpina Latourr.
* Viola tricolor var. vectensis N.H.Williams
* Viola variata Jord.
* Viola variegata Vuk.
* Viola vectensis (F.N.Williams) Drabble
* Viola versicolor Salisb.
* Viola virgata Gren.
* Viola vivariensis Jord.
==亚种==
* Viola tricolor subsp. alpestris (Ging.) Ces.
* Viola tricolor subsp. curtisii (E.Forst.) Syme
* Viola tricolor subsp. faeroeënsis Becker
* Viola tricolor subsp. maritima Schweigg. ex Clausen
* Viola tricolor subsp. matutina (Klokov) Valentine
* Viola tricolor subsp. polychroma (A.Kern.) Nyman
* Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor
== 文化 ==
三色堇为冰岛原产花卉，定为国花。三色菫也是波兰的国花。
意大利人对三色堇的花语定义为“思慕”和“想念我吧”，通常都是指恋人之间的思念。也有些人定义三色堇的花语为白日梦。
== 用途 ==
三色堇本身是一种美丽的观赏植物，但由于花朵较小，常见栽培的大多是其衍生杂交种，如大花三色堇、小花三色堇。
三色堇的花可以食用，常用来装饰甜点。
== 图集 ==
== 参考文献 ==