【拉齐】
拉齐（ابوبكر محمّد زکرياى رازى ，Abūbakr Mohammad-e Zakariā-ye Rāzī ；865年8月26日－925年），波斯医师、炼金术师、化学家、哲学家。他博学多才，为早期医学、化学、音乐和哲学领域做出很大贡献。医学方面，他发现天花与麻疹是两种不同的疾病，并最早阐明了过敏和免疫的原理。化学上，他发现乙醇，并认为元素嬗变为金银是可能的。他创立了完善的蒸馏和提取方法，并通过蒸馏绿矾（油）和石油，分别发现硫酸和煤油。一生著有200部书籍和文章，记载了他在各领域的探索。
== 参考文献 ==
== 扩展阅读 ==
===第一手文献===
====拉齐所作====
* dead-url=no
* See C. Brockelmann for the manuscript of Razi's extant books in general, see Brockelmann, GAL, I, pp. 268–71 (second edition), Suppl., Vol. I, pp. 418–21.
* Paul Kraus, Abi Bakr Mohammadi Filii Zachariae Raghensis: Opera Philosophica, fragmentaque quae superssunt. Pars Prior. Cairo 1939. Note: this is the only edition of Al-Razi's philosophical books and fragments still extant. Only the first volume was published since Kraus's suicide prevented the publication of the second volume for which he already had gathered a great amount of material. This material was transferred, after his death, to the Institut Francais d'Archeologie Orientale, in Cairo; it still remains to be published. date=October 2010
*  year = 1978
====他人所作====
* Ibn Al-Nadim, Fihrist, (ed. Flugel), pp. 299 et sqq.
* Sa'id al-Andalusi, Tabaqat al-Umam, p. 33
* Ibn Juljul, Tabaqat al-Atibba w-al-Hukama, (ed. Fu'ad Sayyid), Cairo, 1355/1936, pp. 77–78
* J. Ruska, Al-Biruni als Quelle fur das Leben und die Schriften al-Razi's, Isis, Vol. V, 1924, pp. 26–50.
* Al-Biruni, Epitre de Beruni, contenant le repertoire des ouvres de Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi, publiee par P. Kraus, Paris, 1936
* Al-Baihaqi, Tatimmah Siwan al-Hikma, (ed. M. Ghafi), Lahore, 1351/1932
* Al-Qifti,Tarikh al-Hukama, (ed. Lippert), pp. 27–177
* Ibn Abi Usaibi'ah,Uyun al-Anba fi Tabaqat al-Atibba, Vol. I, pp. 309–21
* Abu Al-Faraj ibn al-'Ibri (Bar-Hebraeus),Mukhtasar Tarikh al-Duwal, (ed. A. Salhani), p. 291
* Ibn Khallikan, Wafayat al-A'yan, (ed. Muhyi al-Din 'Abd al-Hamid), Cairo, 1948, No. 678, pp. 244–47
* Al-Safadi, Nakt al-Himyan, pp. 249–50
* Ibn Al-'Imad, Shadharat al-Dhahab, Vol. II, p. 263
* Al-'Umari, Masalik al-Absar, Vol. V, Part 2, ff. 301-03 (photostat copy in Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyyah).
===第二手文献===
* G. S. A. Ranking, The Life and Works of Rhazes, in Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Congress of Medicine, London, 1913, pp. 237–68.
* Al-Razi als Bahnbrecher einer neuer Chemie, Deutsche Literaturzeitung, 1923, pp. 118–24.
* Die Alchemie al-Razi's der Islam, Vol. XXII,pp. 283–319.
* Uber den gegenwartigen Stand der Razi-Forschung, Archivio di stori della scienza, 1924, Vol. V, pp. 335–47
* H. H. Shader, ZDMG, 79, pp. 228–35 (see translation into Arabic by Abdurrahman Badawi in al-Insan al-Kamil,Islamica, Vol. XI, Cairo, 1950, pp. 37–44).
* E. O. von Lippmann, Entstehung und Ausbreitung der Alchemie, Vol. II, p. 181.
* S. Pines, Die Atomenlehre ar-Razi's in Beitrage zur islamischen Atomenlehre, Berlin, 1936, pp. 34–93.
* Dr. Mahmud al-Najmabadi, Shah Hal Muhammad ibn Zakariya, (1318/1900)
* Gamil Bek, Uqud al-Jauliar, Vol. I, pp. 118–27.
* Izmirli Haqqi, Ilahiyat, Fak. Macm., Vol. I, p. 151; Vol. II, p. 36, Vol. III, pp. 177 et seq.
* Abdurrahman Badawi, Min Tarlkh al-Ilhad fi al-Islam Islamica, Vol. II, Cairo, 1945, pp. 198–228.
* Hirschberg,Geschichte der Augenheilkunde, p. 101.
* E. G.Browne, Arabian Medicine, Cambridge, 1921, pp. 44–53.
* M. Meyerhof, Legacy of Islam, pp. 323 et seq.
* F. Wüstenfeld, Geschichte der Arabischen Arzte und Naturforscher, ftn. 98.
* L. Leelerc, Histoire de la medicine arabe, Paris, 1876, Vol. I, pp. 337–54.
* H. P. J. Renaud, A propos du millenaire de Razes, in bulletin de la Societe Irancaise d'Histoire de la medicine, Mars-avril, 1931, pp. 203 et seq.
* A. Eisen, Kimiya al-Razi, RAAD, DIB, 62/4.
* Aldo Mieli, La science arabe, Leiden, 1938, pp. 8, 16.
* Nasr, Science and Civilization in Islam, see. Razes: The Secret of Secrets, p. 273, also pp. 197–200, and Anawati: L'Alchemie arabe in Rased.
* isbn=  81-87570-19-9
* M. M. Sharif, A History of Muslim Philosophy
* Walker, P. "The Political Implications of al-Razi's Philosophy", in C. Butterworth (ed.) The Political Aspects of Islamic Philosophy, Cambridge, MA: 哈佛大学出版社, 61-94.(1992)
* Motazed, K. Mohammad Zakaria Razi
====百科全书====
*  dead-url = no
* Encyclopaedie des Islams, s. v. (by Ruska).
== 外部连结 ==
*  al-Razi on Islamic Philosophy Online date=20150226212646 , encyclopedic article about al-Razi by the foremost academic expert Paul E. Walker.
*  Levity.com date=20210226201332
*  Payvand.com date=20200224131439
*  Google Books Search date=20140712063552 , "Doubt: A History" p. 229
*  "Lives of the Physicians" date=20210115040209 , dating from 1882, features a biography, in Arabic, about Rhazes.