【热点 (地质学)】
热点（英语：Hotspot）在地质学上是指地球表面长期历经活跃的火山活动的地区。约翰·图佐·威尔逊在1963年时有了一种想法，认为像夏威夷群岛这样的火山链是板块缓慢地移动时经过地表下一个“固定的”热点而形成的。热点被认为是一股较热的、狭窄的地函从地函与地核之间的边界开始向上进行对流而形成的，这称为“地函热柱”（mantle plume）。最新的地质学上的证据则把热点的成因指向了海洋地壳隐没至核幔边界（Gutenberg discontinuity），海洋地壳因其密度较小而上升，且过程中减压融熔。地质学家也确认出了全球40到50个热点，最活跃的热点包括夏威夷、留尼旺、黄石、加拉巴哥群岛、冰岛等地。
==显著的热点路径==
数百万年来，太平洋板块在夏威夷热点上方移动，形成绵延太平洋海底的一系列海底山脉
基拉韦厄火山是世界上最活跃的盾形火山，属于夏威夷-天皇海山链，从1983年开始保持喷发状态
冒纳罗亚火山是一座大型盾形火山，也属于夏威夷-天皇海山链，上一次喷发发生于1984年
Bowie Seamount是一座休眠海底火山，属于Kodiak-Bowie Seamount chain
Axial Seamount是Cobb–Eickelberg Seamount chain中最年轻的海山，上一次喷发在在2011年4月6日
冒纳凯阿火山是夏威夷-天皇海山链海拔最高的山峰，现在处于休眠状态，但其火山渣锥仍在增长
Hualalai是夏威夷-天皇海山链一座庞大盾形火山，上次喷发在1801年
*夏威夷-天皇海山链（夏威夷热点）
*路易维尔海山链（路易维尔热点）
*鲸湾中脊（戈夫及特里斯坦热点）
*科的阿克-鲍伊海山链（鲍伊热点）
*柯布-埃克尔伯格海山链（柯布热点）
*新英格兰海山链（新英格兰热点）
*阿纳海姆火山带（阿纳海姆热点）
*马更些岩墙群（马更些热点）
*Great Meteor hotspot track（新英格兰热点）
*圣海伦娜海山链-喀麦隆火山线（圣海伦娜热点）
*留尼汪-查戈斯-马尔代夫-拉克沙岛链（留尼汪热点）
可能的热点路径
*东经九十度中脊（凯尔盖朗热点?）
*土阿莫土-莱恩岛链（Crough hotspot,可能不是热点路径）
*南方-吉尔伯特-马绍尔岛链（麦当劳热点）
===热点列表===
缩写：
*w:weight is a subjective uncertainty between simulation and determined azimuth;
*az:方位角（板块方向）
*Weight,解释：
**方位角差小于8°: w= 1.0
**方位角差小于10°: w= 0.8
**方位角差小于12°: w= 0.5
**方位角差小于15°: w= 0.3
**方位角差大于15°: w= 0.2
====欧亚板块====
* Eifel hotspot (8)
** name=Eifel hotspot, w= 1 az= 082° ±8° rate= 12 ±2 mm/yr
* Iceland hotspot (14)
** name=Iceland hotspot
*** Eurasian Plate, w= .8 az= 075° ±10° rate= 5 ±3 mm/yr
*** North American Plate, w= .8 az= 287° ±10° rate= 15 ±5 mm/yr
** Possibly related to the North Atlantic continental rifting (62 Ma), Greenland.
* Azores hotspot (1)
** name=Azores hotspot
*** Eurasian Plate, w= .5 az= 110° ±12°
*** North American Plate, w= .3 az= 280° ±15°
* Jan Mayen hotspot (15)
** name=Jan Mayen hotspot
* 海南 hotspot (46)
** name=Hainan hotspot, az= 000° ±15°
====非洲板块====
* Mount Etna (47)
** name=Mount Etna
* Hoggar hotspot (13)
** name=Hoggar hotspot, w= .3 az= 046° ±12°
* Tibesti hotspot (40)
** name=Tibesti hotspot, w= .2 az= 030° ±15°
* Jebel Marra/Darfur hotspot (6)
** name=Darfur hotspot, w= .5 az= 045° ±8°
* Afar hotspot (29, misplaced in map)
** name=Afar hotspot, w= .2 az= 030° ±15° rate= 16 ±8 mm/yr
** Possibly related to the Afar Triple Junction, 30 Ma.
* Cameroon hotspot (17)
** name=Cameroon hotspot, w= .3 az= 032° ±3° rate= 15 ±5 mm/yr
* Madeira hotspot (48)
** name=Madeira hotspot, w= .3 az= 055° ±15° rate= 8 ±3 mm/yr
* Canary hotspot (18)
** name=Canary hotspot, w= 1 az= 094° ±8° rate= 20 ±4 mm/yr
* New England/Great Meteor hotspot (28)
** name=Great Meteor hotspot, w= .8 az= 040° ±10°
* Cape Verde hotspot (19)
** name=Cape Verde hotspot, w= .2 az= 060° ±30°
* St. Helena hotspot (34)
** name=St. Helena hotspot, w= 1 az= 078° ±5° rate= 20 ±3 mm/yr
* Gough hotspot (49), at 40°19' S 9°56' W.
** name=Gough hotspot, w= .8 az= 079° ±5° rate= 18 ±3 mm/yr
* Tristan hotspot (42), at 37°07′ S 12°17′ W.
** name=Tristan hotspot
* Vema hotspot (Vema Seamount, 43), at 31°38' S 8°20' E.
** name=Vema hotspot
** Related maybe to the Paraná and Etendeka traps (c. 132 Ma) through the Walvis Ridge.
* Discovery hotspot (50) (Discovery Seamounts)
** name=Discovery hotspot, w= 1 az= 068° ±3°
* Bouvet hotspot (51)
** name=Bouvet hotspot
* Shona/Meteor hotspot (27)
** name=Shona hotspot, w= .3 az= 074° ±6°
* Réunion hotspot (33)
** name=Réunion hotspot, w= .8 az= 047° ±10° rate= 40 ±10 mm/yr
** Possibly related to the Deccan Traps (main events: 68.5–66 Ma)
* Comoros hotspot (21)
** name=Comoros hotspot, w= .5 az=118 ±10° rate=35 ±10 mm/yr
====南极板块====
* Marion hotspot (25)
** name=Marion hotspot, w= .5 az= 080° ±12°
* Crozet hotspot (52)
** name=Crozet hotspot, w= .8 az= 109° ±10° rate= 25 ±13 mm/yr
** Possibly related to the Karoo-Ferrar geologic province (183 Ma)
* Kerguelen hotspot (20)
** name=Kerguelen hotspot, w= .2 az= 050° ±30° rate= 3 ±1 mm/yr
** Île Saint-Paul and Île Amsterdam could be part of the Kerguelen hotspot trail (St. Paul is probably not another hotspot)
** Related maybe to the Kerguelen Plateau (130 Ma)
* Heard hotspot (53)
** name=Heard hotspot, w= .2 az= 030° ±20°
* Balleny hotspot (2)
** name=Balleny hotspot, w= .2 az= 325° ±7°
* Erebus hotspot (54)
** name=Erebus hotspot
====南美板块====
* Trindade/Martin Vaz hotspot (41)
** name=Trindade hotspot, w= 1 az= 264° ±5°
* Fernando hotspot (9)
** name=Fernando hotspot, w= 1 az= 266° ±7°
** Possibly related to the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (c. 200 Ma)
* Ascension hotspot (55)
** name=Ascension hotspot
====北美板块====
* Bermuda hotspot (56)
** name=Bermuda hotspot, w= .3 az= 260° ±15°
* Yellowstone hotspot (44)
** name=Yellowstone hotspot, w= .8 az= 235° ±5° rate= 26 ±5 mm/yr
** Possibly related to the Columbia River Basalt Group (17–14 Ma).
* Raton hotspot (32)
** name=Raton hotspot, w= 1 az= 240°±4° rate= 30 ±20 mm/yr
* Anahim hotspot (45)
** name=Anahim hotspot (Nazko Cone)
====印澳板块====
* Lord Howe hotspot (22)
** name=Lord Howe hotspot, w= .8 az= 351° ±10°
* Tasmantid hotspot (39)
** name=Tasmanid hotspot, w= .8 az= 007° ±5° rate= 63 ±5 mm/yr
* East Australia hotspot (30)
** name=East Australia hotspot, w= .3 az= 000° ±15° rate= 65 ±3 mm/yr
====纳兹卡板块====
* Juan Fernández hotspot (16)
** name=Juan Fernández hotspot, w= 1 az= 084° ±3° rate= 80 ±20 mm/yr
* San Felix hotspot (36)
** name=San Felix hotspot, w= .3 az= 083° ±8°
* Easter hotspot (7)
** name=Easter hotspot, w= 1 az= 087° ±3° rate= 95 ±5 mm/yr
* Galápagos hotspot (10)
** name=Galápagos hotspot
*** Nazca Plate, w= 1 az= 096° ±5° rate= 55 ±8 mm/yr
*** Cocos Plate, w= .5 az= 045° ±6°
** Possibly related to the Caribbean large igneous province (main events: 95–88 Ma).
====太平洋板块====
Over millions of years, the Pacific Plate has moved over the Bowie hotspot, creating the Kodiak-Bowie Seamount chain in the Gulf of Alaska
* Louisville hotspot (23)
** name=Louisville hotspot, w= 1 az= 316° ±5° rate= 67 ±5 mm/yr
** Possibly related to the Ontong Java Plateau (125–120 Ma).
* Foundation hotspot/Ngatemato seamounts (57)
** name=Foundation hotspot, w= 1 az= 292° ±3° rate= 80 ±6 mm/yr
* Macdonald hotspot (24)
** name=Macdonald hotspot, w= 1 az= 289° ±6° rate= 105 ±10 mm/yr
* North Austral/President Thiers (President Thiers Bank, 58)
** name=North Austral hotspot, w= (1.0) azim= 293° ± 3° rate= 75 ±15 mm/yr
* Arago hotspot (Arago Seamount, 59)
** name=Arago hotspot, w= 1 azim= 296° ±4° rate= 120 ±20 mm/yr
* Maria/Southern Cook hotspot (Îles Maria, 60)
** name=Maria/Southern Cook hotspot, w= 0.8 az= 300° ±4°
* Samoa hotspot (35)
** name=Samoa hotspot, w= .8 az= 285°±5° rate= 95 ±20 mm/yr
* Crough hotspot (Crough Seamount, 61)
** name=Crough hotspot, w= .8 az= 284° ± 2°
* Pitcairn hotspot (31)
** name=Pitcairn hotspot, w= 1 az= 293° ±3° rate= 90 ±15 mm/yr
* Society/Tahiti hotspot (38)
** name=Society hotspot, w= .8 az= 295°±5° rate= 109 ±10 mm/yr
* Marquesas hotspot (26)
** name=Marquesas hotspot, w= .5 az= 319° ±8° rate= 93 ±7 mm/yr
* Caroline hotspot (4)
** name=Caroline hotspot, w= 1 az= 289° ±4° rate= 135 ±20 mm/yr
* Hawaii hotspot (12)
** name=Hawaii hotspot, w= 1 az= 304° ±3° rate= 92 ±3 mm/yr
** Possibly related to the Siberian Traps (251–250 Ma).
* Socorro/Revillagigedos hotspot (37)
** name=Socorro
* Guadalupe hotspot (11)
** name=Guadalupe hotspot, w= .8 az= 292° ±5° rate= 80 ±10 mm/yr
* Cobb hotspot (5)
** name=Cobb hotspot, w= 1 az= 321° ±5° rate= 43 ±3 mm/yr
* Bowie/Pratt-Welker hotspot (3)
** name=Bowie hotspot, w=.8 az= 306° ±4° rate= 40 ±20 mm/yr