【2028年夏季奥林匹克运动会】
}
第三十四届夏季奥林匹克运动会（the Games of the XXXIV Olympiad，les Jeux de la XXXIVe Olympiade），一般称为LA28或2028洛杉矶奥运，将于2028年7月14日至7月30日在美国洛杉矶举行。
国际奥委会于2017年7月于瑞士洛桑举行的第130次全会中决定，将于同年9月在秘鲁利马举行的国际奥委会第130次全体会议上连同2024年奥运会主办地决定主办权，获得主办权的两个城市再进行协商以决定先后举办的顺序。打破以往在每届的7年前才决定主办城市的惯例。
2017年7月11日，国际奥委会决定以投票同时选出2024年和2028年奥运会的举办城市，两座城市同时获得奥运会举办权。洛杉矶、巴黎和国际奥委会将在全会结束后立刻进行三方谈判，寻求敲定一份“三方协议”，通过谈判来决定举办奥运会的先后顺序（但仍可能改变，例如其中一方仅保证进入来次决选）。
2017年7月31日，经过洛杉矶与巴黎协商决定：由巴黎举办2024年夏季奥林匹克运动会，洛杉矶举办2028年夏季奥林匹克运动会。此举使洛杉矶成为继2012年伦敦奥运及2024年巴黎奥运后，第三个成功三度举行夏季奥运会之城市，也是美国在进入21世纪后首个夏季奥运会及第5个由美国作东道主之夏季奥运会。之后国际奥委会于2017年9月13日在秘鲁利马举行的第131届国际奥林匹克委员会会议上正式确认这一协商。
==申办过程==
=== 举办城市 ===
==筹备==
===场地建设与翻新===
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
Interior view of SoFi Stadium at Hollywood Park
While most host cities have seven years to prepare for the Olympic Games, Los Angeles will get an additional four, giving the city eleven years. The Los Angeles bid relied on a majority of existing venues; other venues that are already under construction or were planned regardless of the Games. Banc of California Stadium, which opened in 2018 as the home of Major League Soccer's Los Angeles FC, will host football (soccer) and several events in athletics. SoFi Stadium (which will be named as Los Angeles Olympic Stadium during the Gamesdate=January 2022), which opened in 2020 as the home of the NFL's Los Angeles Rams and Los Angeles Chargers, will host the main opening ceremony, football, and archery. Around the time when Los Angeles won its bid, the Los Angeles Clippers proposed building a new arena in Inglewood. However, this venue has not yet been approved and has yet to be mentioned as a potential Olympic venue.
The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum underwent a major renovation and restoration program from 2017 to 2019. A new press box, loge boxes, and club seats were installed. This reduced stadium capacity from 93,607 to 78,467. As the track and field venue, future renovations include the re-installation of an athletics track.
===基础设施===
Metro E Line train in Downtown Los Angeles
The Twenty-eight by '28 initiative is an effort set forth by Mayor Eric Garcetti that the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority complete 28 transit infrastructure projects before the start of the games. Most of these projects were already in the planning stages but will receive accelerated priority, while several new projects were programmed with the initiative.
As of 2019, the K Line light rail had been expected to open and be fully completed by 2021; revenue operation has since been delayed to late 2022. It will link the Crenshaw District, Inglewood and Westchester once completed. The K line will also connect to a people mover being constructed to link Los Angeles International Airport with the Aviation/96th Street station. The construction of the people mover will be expedited in anticipation of the 2028 Olympics, with a completion date of 2023 being set. The LAX people mover started construction in early 2018 and the K Line is currently 99.5% completed (as of January 2022). The Inglewood Transit Connector is another people mover planned to provide transportation between the K line and the Olympic venues in Inglewood.
While various infrastructure improvements were planned regardless of the outcome of the Los Angeles Olympic bid, the extension of the Metro D Line will be expedited to serve the 2028 Olympics. Three phases were created to extend the line. The first phase will extend the D Line from the Wilshire/Western station to the new Wilshire/La Cienega station. This phase will be completed by 2023. The second phase will extend the D Line to Century City by 2025, while the third and final phase will extend the line to the West Los Angeles VA Medical Center in Westwood with a completion date set for 2026. The third phase will also include a station adjoining the UCLA campus, connecting the Olympic village and Pauley Pavilion with venues in downtown Los Angeles. Currently phase one, two and three broke ground and are under construction. Phase 3 did not have a "ground breaking ceremony", but did receive its federal funding grants in February 2020. Construction began in 2019 and remains on schedule.
The Regional Connector in downtown Los Angeles will be complete in 2022. The project will connect the Metro E Line, which already links venues in Downtown Santa Monica to venues at Exposition Park and in downtown Los Angeles, to the Metro L Line. This will allow for direct rail service between Santa Monica and East Los Angeles. The Regional Connector will also link the Metro A Line with the Metro L Line, connecting the Long Beach area and San Gabriel Valley via downtown.
These infrastructure improvements, among others, are being funded by "Measure R", a temporary half-cent sales tax increase, and "Measure M", a continuation of Measure R's tax increase plus an additional permanent half-cent sales tax increase, both tax measures applicable to Los Angeles County. Measure R was approved by voters in November 2008 and Measure M was approved by voters in November 2016.
===预算===
In April 2019, the estimated cost of the Games was assessed as being approximately $6.88 billion with all the money coming from the private sector, although the Los Angeles city council and state of California legislators have agreed to serve as a "financial backstop." The organizers adjusted the budget for inflation after LA, which originally bid for the 2024 Games, agreed to wait four more years.
The City of Los Angeles is the lead public guarantor, committing to spend up to $250 million to cover shortfalls. In 2016, the California legislature took action so that the Governor is empowered to negotiate the next $250 million in public backup, but only after the city backup money has been used first. LA 2024 also agreed to purchase a wide range of insurance policies, including natural disaster, terrorism, event cancellation, as well as reduced ticket sales. The games are expected to generate as much as they cost, with $2.5 billion coming in through sponsorships and nearly $2 billion earned through ticket sales. Average ticket prices for the games will range between $13 and $457 (in 2016 dollars).
The federal government will designate the Olympics a National Special Security Event (NSSE) in which the US Secret Service heads a single chain of command. The US federal government will also cover the cost of security, with an agreement signed by the LA organizing committee and Department of Homeland Security in February 2020. The federal government will not be involved in the Games' funding, covering only security costs.
==比赛场地==
Under present IOC policy, venues with corporate naming rights will not be allowed to use their sponsored name during the Olympics.
===Sports parks===
There will be four “sports parks” throughout the city to host events at existing, temporary, and planned venues, as well as venues already under construction. The most prominent of the four locations will be the Downtown Sports Park, which will host events at various venues in Downtown Los Angeles. The Downtown Sports Park will host events including swimming, diving, football, badminton, road cycling, fencing, taekwondo and basketball at Los Angeles City Hall and Grand Park, the Los Angeles Convention Center, Crypto.com Arena, Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, and the campus of the University of Southern California. In addition to sporting events, the Downtown Sports Park will also host the Main Press Center, Media Village, and Olympic Family Hotels, and serve as the venue for the Opening and Closing Ceremonies.
Additional sports parks include the Valley Sports Park, South Bay Sports Park, and the Long Beach Sports Park.
===市区体育公园===
===山谷体育公园===
===南湾区体育公园===
===长滩体育公园===
===洛杉矶县西边区===
===南加州区===
===足球场馆===
洛杉矶县赛区:
* 玫瑰杯球场：预赛、四强赛、半决赛、女子决赛
* SoFi体育场：预赛、四强赛、半决赛、男子决赛
* 加州银行体育场：预赛
旧金山湾区赛区:
* 李维斯体育场：预赛、四强赛、男子铜牌赛
* 加利福利亚纪念体育场：预赛
* 斯坦福体育场：预赛、四强赛、女子铜牌赛
* PayPal公园：预赛
圣迭戈县赛区:
* 骁龙体育场：小组赛
==赛事==
===比赛项目===
Under current IOC policies, the program of the Summer Olympics consists of 28 "core" sports that persist between Games, with other slots able to be filled with backing of the IOC and organizing committee in order to improve local interest, provided that the total number of participants does not exceed 10,500 athletes.
On December 9, 2021, the IOC stated that boxing, modern pentathlon, and weightlifting had been removed from the "initial" program for the 2028 Summer Olympics, and would only be included if their respective governing bodies resolve issues raised by the IOC by 2023. In particular, the International Boxing Association (AIBA) has faced ongoing governance issues (which resulted in boxing at the 2020 Summer Olympics being overseen by an external task force), the International Weightlifting Federation has faced issues with doping and governance (resulting in weightlifting being considered "provisional" for the 2024 Summer Olympics), while the Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne (UIPM) must also finalize and seek approval for their proposed replacement of show jumping in the modern pentathlon.
Additionally, the IOC executive board has proposed that skateboarding, sport climbing, and surfing be promoted to the core program of the 2028 Summer Olympics; the three sports successfully debuted as discretionary events at the 2020 Summer Olympics, and are expected to return in the same capacity in 2024.
===选办项目===
2022年8月，宣布有9个运动项目入围选办项目，预计将在当月晚些时候进行展示。 它们包括:
* 板球 (国际板球理事会)
* 霹雳舞 (世界运动舞蹈总会)
* 棒球/垒球 (世界棒垒球联盟)
* 腰旗美式足球 (国际美式足球总会)
* 袋棍球 (国际袋棍球总会)
* 空手道 (世界空手道联盟)
* 踢拳 (世界踢拳总会)
* 壁球 (世界壁球总会)
* 赛车 (国际汽车联盟)
===开闭幕式===
据报导，2017 年 1 月，申办委员会提议在 SoFi 体育场和历史悠久的洛杉矶纪念体育馆举行开幕式和闭幕式，以便证明于 1932 年和 1984 年奥运会中的历史见证。 该计划称火炬传递的最后一站将从体育馆正式启动，同时在 SoFi 体育场为参与者提供开幕式提供同步直播，以及在圣火在体育场重新点燃俱有历史意义的奥运圣火在英格伍德点亮。 闭幕式将反向方式进行，开幕式则在 SoFi 体育场举行，官方仪式则在体育馆举行。 该提议是史无前例的，这将标志著开幕式和闭幕式中将会在两个主要场馆同时进行。 最终计划正在等待国际奥委会的批准。
==宣传==
===会徽===
美国当地时间2020年9月1日，洛杉矶2028奥运会组委会发布了2028洛杉矶奥运会与残奥会会徽，正式开启迈向2028年的旅程。此系列一共26个全新的会徽，通过运动员、艺术家和倡言人共同的声音，来歌颂运动、艺术以及洛杉矶社区，展现洛杉矶所代表的无限可能，以及创造力、多元化、自我展现和兼容并蓄。
此次奥运会与残奥会会徽专为数字时代而打造，反映了洛杉矶的精神，为使随后8年的历程保持新鲜感，醒目的字母L和数字28是会徽的基础，通过动态且不断变化的的字母A来表达这所城市不同的故事。而是次会征设计的参与者包括男子攀石运动员纳撒尼尔·科尔曼、女子冲浪运动员嘉莉莎·摩亚、女子滑板运动员丝佳·布朗、女子短跑运动员艾丽森·菲利克斯、男子田径运动员史葛·巴西特、女子单板滑雪运动员克洛伊·金、The Hundreds联合创始人兼CCO波比·亨德斯、歌手怪奇比莉、涂鸦艺术家查斯·包若克、女子足球员亚历丝·摩根、男子残疾田径运动员莱克斯·吉莱特、墨西哥速食店商人祖·艾华兹、男子游泳运动员贾马尔·希尔、前男子田径运动员麦可·詹森、奥斯卡金像影后女星丽丝·韦达丝潘、视觉艺术家史提芬·夏灵顿、女子游泳运动员西蒙娜·曼努埃尔、捐赠平台Swipe Out Hunger创办人丽素·苏米克、男子残疾单车动员奥斯·山卓士、著名残疾女演员劳伦·「露露」·史宾莎、女子剑击运动员伊布蒂哈吉·穆罕默德、著名纹身师Dr. Woo、著名艺术家艾力斯·以沙维、社区负责人高坂亚登、男子花样滑冰运动员亚当·里彭、女子体操运动员加布丽埃勒·道格拉斯、加拿大藉YouTube红人兼女演员莉莉·辛格、男子跳高残疾运动员以斯拉·费治以及女子拳击运动员钱特尔·拉华露。
=== 奖牌 ===
===吉祥物===
=== 口号 ===
===体育项目图标===
=== 海报 ===
== 赞助商 ==
==转播商==
*BRA – 环球集团
*CHN - 中央广播电视总台
*JPN – 日本广播联合体
*South Korea – JTBC
*United States – NBC环球
*Canada – CBC/Radio-Canada