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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 32 168	text stringlengths 7 145k	source stringlengths 2 105	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 32.2k	subcategories listlengths 0 27
706,295	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical%20commutation%20relation	In quantum mechanics, the canonical commutation relation is the fundamental relation between canonical conjugate quantities (quantities which are related by definition such that one is the Fourier transform of another). For example, between the position operator and momentum operator in the direction of a point par...	Canonical commutation relation	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,999	[ "Applied mathematics", "Theoretical physics", "Mathematical physics", "Quantum mechanics" ]
706,311	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical%20coordinates	In mathematics and classical mechanics, canonical coordinates are sets of coordinates on phase space which can be used to describe a physical system at any given point in time. Canonical coordinates are used in the Hamiltonian formulation of classical mechanics. A closely related concept also appears in quantum mechani...	Canonical coordinates	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	746	[ "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Theoretical physics", "Classical mechanics", "Lagrangian mechanics", "Hamiltonian mechanics", "Topology", "Differential topology", "Coordinate systems", "Dynamical systems", "Moment (physics)" ]
706,399	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path-ordering	In theoretical physics, path-ordering is the procedure (or a meta-operator ) that orders a product of operators according to the value of a chosen parameter: Here p is a permutation that orders the parameters by value: For example: In many fields of physics, the most common type of path-ordering is time-ordering, wh...	Path-ordering	[ "Physics" ]	712	[ "Quantum field theory", "Quantum mechanics" ]
706,884	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterspout	A waterspout is a rotating column of air that occurs over a body of water, usually appearing as a funnel-shaped cloud in contact with the water and a cumuliform cloud. There are two types of waterspout, each formed by distinct mechanisms. The most common type is a weak vortex known as a "fair weather" or "non-tornadic"...	Waterspout	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	2,273	[ "Physical phenomena", "Vortices", "Weather hazards", "Weather", "Dynamical systems", "Fluid dynamics" ]
706,999	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric%20chemistry	Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of atmospheric science that studies the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets. This multidisciplinary approach of research draws on environmental chemistry, physics, meteorology, computer modeling, oceanography, geology and volcanology, climatology and other dis...	Atmospheric chemistry	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	2,493	[ "Environmental chemistry", "Atmospheric dispersion modeling", "nan", "Environmental engineering", "Environmental modelling" ]
216,474	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real%20options%20valuation	Real options valuation, also often termed real options analysis, (ROV or ROA) applies option valuation techniques to capital budgeting decisions. A real option itself, is the right—but not the obligation—to undertake certain business initiatives, such as deferring, abandoning, expanding, staging, or contracting a capit...	Real options valuation	[ "Engineering" ]	7,064	[ "Real options", "Engineering economics" ]
216,650	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrimagnetism	A ferrimagnetic material is a material that has populations of atoms with opposing magnetic moments, as in antiferromagnetism, but these moments are unequal in magnitude, so a spontaneous magnetization remains. This can for example occur when the populations consist of different atoms or ions (such as Fe2+ and Fe3+). ...	Ferrimagnetism	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,812	[ "Quantum phases", "Phases of matter", "Quantum mechanics", "Electric and magnetic fields in matter", "Materials science", "Magnetic ordering", "Condensed matter physics", "Matter" ]
216,900	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20jay	The green jay (Cyanocorax luxuosus) is a species of the New World jays, found in Central America, Mexico, and South Texas. Adults are about long and variable in color across their range; they usually have blue and black heads, green wings and mantle, bluish-green tails, black bills, yellow or brown eye rings, and dark...	Green jay	[ "Biology" ]	806	[ "Ethology", "Behavior", "Tool-using animals" ]
217,116	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20equilibrium	In chemistry, a dynamic equilibrium exists once a reversible reaction occurs. Substances initially transition between the reactants and products at different rates until the forward and backward reaction rates eventually equalize, meaning there is no net change. Reactants and products are formed at such a rate that the...	Dynamic equilibrium	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	1,076	[ "Equilibrium chemistry", "Thermodynamics", "Dynamical systems" ]
217,607	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20process	The alpha process, also known as alpha capture or the alpha ladder, is one of two classes of nuclear fusion reactions by which stars convert helium into heavier elements. The other class is a cycle of reactions called the triple-alpha process, which consumes only helium, and produces carbon. The alpha process most comm...	Alpha process	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,262	[ "Nuclear fission", "Astrophysics", "Nucleosynthesis", "Nuclear physics", "Nuclear fusion" ]
217,717	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-burning%20process	The carbon-burning process or carbon fusion is a set of nuclear fusion reactions that take place in the cores of massive stars (at least 4 at birth) that combines carbon into other elements. It requires high temperatures (> 5×108 K or 50 keV) and densities (> 3×109 kg/m3). These figures for temperature and density ar...	Carbon-burning process	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,886	[ "Nuclear fission", "Astrophysics", "Nucleosynthesis", "Nuclear physics", "Nuclear fusion" ]
217,720	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen-burning%20process	The oxygen-burning process is a set of nuclear fusion reactions that take place in massive stars that have used up the lighter elements in their cores. Oxygen-burning is preceded by the neon-burning process and succeeded by the silicon-burning process. As the neon-burning process ends, the core of the star contracts an...	Oxygen-burning process	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,587	[ "Nuclear fission", "Astrophysics", "Nucleosynthesis", "Nuclear physics", "Nuclear fusion" ]
218,091	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream%20function	In fluid dynamics, two types of stream function are defined: The two-dimensional (or Lagrange) stream function, introduced by Joseph Louis Lagrange in 1781, is defined for incompressible (divergence-free), two-dimensional flows. The Stokes stream function, named after George Gabriel Stokes, is defined for incompressi...	Stream function	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	1,671	[ "Continuum mechanics", "Chemical engineering", "Classical mechanics", "Piping", "Fluid dynamics" ]
218,268	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic%20polynomial	In linear algebra, the characteristic polynomial of a square matrix is a polynomial which is invariant under matrix similarity and has the eigenvalues as roots. It has the determinant and the trace of the matrix among its coefficients. The characteristic polynomial of an endomorphism of a finite-dimensional vector spac...	Characteristic polynomial	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	1,655	[ "Linear algebra", "Polynomials", "Tensors", "Algebra" ]
218,320	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet%20catastrophe	The ultraviolet catastrophe, also called the Rayleigh–Jeans catastrophe, was the prediction of late 19th century and early 20th century classical physics that an ideal black body at thermal equilibrium would emit an unbounded quantity of energy as wavelength decreased into the ultraviolet range. The term "ultraviolet c...	Ultraviolet catastrophe	[ "Physics" ]	882	[ "Physical phenomena", "Foundational quantum physics", "Quantum mechanics" ]
218,445	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lean%20manufacturing	Lean manufacturing is a method of manufacturing goods aimed primarily at reducing times within the production system as well as response times from suppliers and customers. It is closely related to another concept called just-in-time manufacturing (JIT manufacturing in short). Just-in-time manufacturing tries to match...	Lean manufacturing	[ "Engineering" ]	6,691	[ "Lean manufacturing", "Manufacturing", "Mechanical engineering" ]
218,628	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20potential	In thermodynamics, the chemical potential of a species is the energy that can be absorbed or released due to a change of the particle number of the given species, e.g. in a chemical reaction or phase transition. The chemical potential of a species in a mixture is defined as the rate of change of free energy of a thermo...	Chemical potential	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	3,576	[ "Thermodynamic properties", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Physical quantities", "Chemical engineering", "Quantity", "Thermodynamics", "nan", "Chemical engineering thermodynamics", "Chemical thermodynamics", "Physical chemistry" ]
219,021	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary%20action	Capillary action (sometimes called capillarity, capillary motion, capillary rise, capillary effect, or wicking) is the process of a liquid flowing in a narrow space without the assistance of external forces like gravity. The effect can be seen in the drawing up of liquids between the hairs of a paint-brush, in a thin ...	Capillary action	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	2,189	[ "Hydrology", "Porous media", "Chemical engineering", "Materials science", "Surface science", "Condensed matter physics", "Environmental engineering", "Piping", "Fluid dynamics" ]
219,072	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk%20assessment	Risk assessment determines possible mishaps, their likelihood and consequences, and the tolerances for such events. The results of this process may be expressed in a quantitative or qualitative fashion. Risk assessment is an inherent part of a broader risk management strategy to help reduce any potential risk-related ...	Risk assessment	[ "Engineering" ]	7,212	[ "Safety engineering", "Systems engineering", "Hazard analysis", "Reliability engineering" ]
219,144	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressible%20flow	Compressible flow (or gas dynamics) is the branch of fluid mechanics that deals with flows having significant changes in fluid density. While all flows are compressible, flows are usually treated as being incompressible when the Mach number (the ratio of the speed of the flow to the speed of sound) is smaller than 0.3 ...	Compressible flow	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	4,422	[ "Aerodynamics", "Civil engineering", "Aerospace engineering", "Fluid mechanics", "Fluid dynamics" ]
219,277	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon%20usage%20bias	Codon usage bias refers to differences in the frequency of occurrence of synonymous codons in coding DNA. A codon is a series of three nucleotides (a triplet) that encodes a specific amino acid residue in a polypeptide chain or for the termination of translation (stop codons). There are 64 different codons (61 codons ...	Codon usage bias	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	2,533	[ "Gene expression", "Molecular genetics", "Cellular processes", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry" ]
219,284	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryobiology	Cryobiology is the branch of biology that studies the effects of low temperatures on living things within Earth's cryosphere or in science. The word cryobiology is derived from the Greek words κρῧος [kryos], "cold", βίος [bios], "life", and λόγος [logos], "word". In practice, cryobiology is the study of biological mate...	Cryobiology	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	3,558	[ "Physical phenomena", "Phase transitions", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Phases of matter", "Cryogenics", "Critical phenomena", "Cryobiology", "Biochemistry", "Statistical mechanics", "Matter" ]
2,427,587	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricci%20decomposition	In the mathematical fields of Riemannian and pseudo-Riemannian geometry, the Ricci decomposition is a way of breaking up the Riemann curvature tensor of a Riemannian or pseudo-Riemannian manifold into pieces with special algebraic properties. This decomposition is of fundamental importance in Riemannian and pseudo-Rie...	Ricci decomposition	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	1,371	[ "Tensors in general relativity", "Tensors", "Tensor physical quantities", "Physical quantities" ]
2,427,912	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False%20nearest%20neighbor%20algorithm	Within abstract algebra, the false nearest neighbor algorithm is an algorithm for estimating the embedding dimension. The concept was proposed by Kennel et al. (1992). The main idea is to examine how the number of neighbors of a point along a signal trajectory change with increasing embedding dimension. In too low an...	False nearest neighbor algorithm	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	156	[ "Mechanics", "Dynamical systems" ]
2,428,476	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%20balance	In physics, a mass balance, also called a material balance, is an application of conservation of mass to the analysis of physical systems. By accounting for material entering and leaving a system, mass flows can be identified which might have been unknown, or difficult to measure without this technique. The exact cons...	Mass balance	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	2,815	[ "Transport phenomena", "Scalar physical quantities", "Physical phenomena", "Physical quantities", "Chemical engineering", "Quantity", "Mass", "Size", "Chemical process engineering", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Matter" ]
2,428,570	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoelectrophoresis	Immunoelectrophoresis is a general name for a number of biochemical methods for separation and characterization of proteins based on electrophoresis and reaction with antibodies. All variants of immunoelectrophoresis require immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, reacting with the proteins to be separated or charac...	Immunoelectrophoresis	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	2,315	[ "Biochemistry methods", "Instrumental analysis", "Protein methods", "Protein biochemistry", "Immunologic tests", "Biochemical separation processes", "Molecular biology techniques", "nan", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry", "Electrophoresis" ]
2,428,994	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockcroft%E2%80%93Walton%20generator	The Cockcroft–Walton (CW) generator, or multiplier, is an electric circuit that generates a high DC voltage from a low-voltage AC. It was named after the British and Irish physicists John Douglas Cockcroft and Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton, who in 1932 used this circuit design to power their particle accelerator, perfor...	Cockcroft–Walton generator	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	1,944	[ "X-rays", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Electromagnetic spectrum", "Electronic engineering", "History of electronic engineering", "Electrical engineering", "Electrical circuits" ]
2,430,192	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltammetry	Voltammetry is a category of electroanalytical methods used in analytical chemistry and various industrial processes. In voltammetry, information about an analyte is obtained by measuring the current as the potential is varied. The analytical data for a voltammetric experiment comes in the form of a voltammogram, which...	Voltammetry	[ "Chemistry" ]	3,075	[ "Electroanalytical methods", "Electroanalytical chemistry" ]
2,430,317	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-vibration%20compound	An anti-vibration compound is a temperature-resistant mixture of a liquid with fine particles, which is used to reduce oscillations in calender rolls and to dampen vibrations in fabricated structures like machine beds and housings. Use Vibration may limit the performance of a calender or paper machine. It can have num...	Anti-vibration compound	[ "Physics" ]	240	[ "Mechanics", "Classical mechanics" ]
2,430,525	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech%20transmission%20index	Speech Transmission Index (STI) is a measure of speech transmission quality. The absolute measurement of speech intelligibility is a complex science. The STI measures some physical characteristics of a transmission channel (a room, electro-acoustic equipment, telephone line, etc.), and expresses the ability of the chan...	Speech transmission index	[ "Physics" ]	2,826	[ "Waves", "Physical phenomena", "Motion (physics)" ]
2,431,002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erd%C5%91s%E2%80%93Straus%20conjecture	The Erdős–Straus conjecture is an unproven statement in number theory. The conjecture is that, for every integer that is greater than or equal to 2, there exist positive integers , , and for which In other words, the number can be written as a sum of three positive unit fractions. The conjecture is named after Pau...	Erdős–Straus conjecture	[ "Mathematics" ]	3,062	[ "Unsolved problems in mathematics", "Mathematical objects", "Equations", "Unsolved problems in number theory", "Diophantine equations", "Conjectures", "Mathematical problems", "Number theory" ]
2,431,128	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorem%20on%20friends%20and%20strangers	The theorem on friends and strangers is a mathematical theorem in an area of mathematics called Ramsey theory. Statement Suppose a party has six people. Consider any two of them. They might be meeting for the first time—in which case we will call them mutual strangers; or they might have met before—in which case we w...	Theorem on friends and strangers	[ "Mathematics" ]	742	[ "Discrete mathematics", "Mathematical theorems", "Theorems in discrete mathematics", "Combinatorics", "Articles containing proofs", "Mathematical problems", "Ramsey theory" ]
2,431,881	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foaming%20agent	A foaming agent is a material such as a surfactant or a blowing agent that facilitates the formation of foam. A surfactant, when present in small amounts, reduces surface tension of a liquid (reduces the work needed to create the foam) or increases its colloidal stability by inhibiting coalescence of bubbles. A blowing...	Foaming agent	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	433	[ "Building engineering", "Foams", "Construction", "Materials", "Building materials", "Matter", "Architecture" ]
2,431,954	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residual%20gas%20analyzer	A residual gas analyzer (RGA) is a small and usually rugged mass spectrometer, typically designed for process control and contamination monitoring in vacuum systems. When constructed as a quadrupole mass analyzer, there exist two implementations, utilizing either an open ion source (OIS) or a closed ion source (CIS). ...	Residual gas analyzer	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	845	[ "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Instrumental analysis", "Mass", "Vacuum", "Mass spectrometry", "Vacuum gauges", "Vacuum systems", "Matter" ]
2,432,047	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane-introduction%20mass%20spectrometry	Membrane-introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) is a method of introducing analytes into the mass spectrometer's vacuum chamber via a semi-permeable membrane. Usually a thin, gas-permeable, hydrophobic membrane is used, for example polydimethylsiloxane. Samples can be almost any fluid including water, air or sometimes...	Membrane-introduction mass spectrometry	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	217	[ "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Instrumental analysis", "Mass", "Mass spectrometry", "Analytical chemistry stubs", "Matter" ]
2,432,697	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACPI	Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) is an open standard that operating systems can use to discover and configure computer hardware components, to perform power management (e.g. putting unused hardware components to sleep), auto configuration (e.g. Plug and Play and hot swapping), and status monitoring. It...	ACPI	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	2,437	[ "Physical quantities", "Computer standards", "System administration", "Power (physics)", "Information systems", "Electric power", "Electrical engineering", "Computer hardware standards" ]
2,432,911	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%20flow%20sensor	A mass (air) flow sensor (MAF) is a sensor used to determine the mass flow rate of air entering a fuel-injected internal combustion engine. The air mass information is necessary for the engine control unit (ECU) to balance and deliver the correct fuel mass to the engine. Air changes its density with temperature and pr...	Mass flow sensor	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	2,221	[ "Scalar physical quantities", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Mass", "Measuring instruments", "Size", "Flow meters", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Matter", "Fluid dynamics" ]
19,147,875	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20localization%20function	In quantum chemistry, the electron localization function (ELF) is a measure of the likelihood of finding an electron in the neighborhood space of a reference electron located at a given point and with the same spin. Physically, this measures the extent of spatial localization of the reference electron and provides a me...	Electron localization function	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	725	[ "Quantum chemistry", "Quantum mechanics", "Theoretical chemistry", "Condensed matter physics", " molecular", "nan", "Atomic", "Chemical bonding", " and optical physics" ]
19,158,870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Automata%2C%20Languages%20and%20Combinatorics	The Journal of Automata, Languages and Combinatorics (JALC) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of computer science. It was established in 1965 as the Journal of Information Processing and Cybernetics (German: Elektronische Informationsverarbeitung und Kybernetik) and obtained its current title in 1996 with volume nu...	Journal of Automata, Languages and Combinatorics	[ "Mathematics" ]	382	[ "Theoretical computer science", "Applied mathematics" ]
5,947,843	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welch%E2%80%93Satterthwaite%20equation	In statistics and uncertainty analysis, the Welch–Satterthwaite equation is used to calculate an approximation to the effective degrees of freedom of a linear combination of independent sample variances, also known as the pooled degrees of freedom, corresponding to the pooled variance. For sample variances , each res...	Welch–Satterthwaite equation	[ "Mathematics" ]	247	[ "Mathematical theorems", "Theorems in statistics", "Mathematical objects", "Equations", "Mathematical relations", "Statistical approximations", "Mathematical problems", "Approximations" ]
5,949,047	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjulstr%C3%B6m%20curve	The Hjulström curve, named after Filip Hjulström (1902–1982), is a graph used by hydrologists and geologists to determine whether a river will erode, transport, or deposit sediment. It was originally published in his doctoral thesis "Studies of the morphological activity of rivers as illustrated by the river Fyris." in...	Hjulström curve	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	506	[ "Hydrology", "Hydrology stubs", "Environmental engineering" ]
5,950,590	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautilus%20%28secure%20telephone%29	Nautilus is a program which allows two parties to securely communicate using modems or TCP/IP. It runs from a command line and is available for the Linux and Windows operating systems. The name was based upon Jules Verne's Nautilus and its ability to overcome a Clipper ship as a play on Clipper chip. The program was ...	Nautilus (secure telephone)	[ "Mathematics" ]	288	[ "Cryptographic software", "Mathematical software" ]
18,132,644	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signomial	A signomial is an algebraic function of one or more independent variables. It is perhaps most easily thought of as an algebraic extension of multivariable polynomials—an extension that permits exponents to be arbitrary real numbers (rather than just non-negative integers) while requiring the independent variables to b...	Signomial	[ "Mathematics" ]	396	[ "Mathematical analysis", "Functions and mappings", "Mathematical objects", "Mathematical relations", "Mathematical optimization" ]
18,140,032	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentiometer%20%28measuring%20instrument%29	A potentiometer is an instrument for measuring voltage or 'potential difference' by comparison of an unknown voltage with a known reference voltage. If a sensitive indicating instrument is used, very little current is drawn from the source of the unknown voltage. Since the reference voltage can be produced from an accu...	Potentiometer (measuring instrument)	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	1,418	[ "Voltmeters", "Physical quantities", "Measuring instruments", "Voltage", "Electrical meters" ]
10,084,899	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static%20synchronous%20compensator	In Electrical Engineering , a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is a shunt-connected, reactive compensation device used on transmission networks. It uses power electronics to form a voltage-source converter that can act as either a source or sink of reactive AC power to an electricity network. It is a member of ...	Static synchronous compensator	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	3,656	[ "Physical quantities", "Power (physics)", "Electronic engineering", "Electric power", "Electrical engineering", "Power electronics" ]
10,086,335	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete%20theory	In mathematical logic, a theory is complete if it is consistent and for every closed formula in the theory's language, either that formula or its negation is provable. That is, for every sentence the theory contains the sentence or its negation but not both (that is, either or ). Recursively axiomatizable first-ord...	Complete theory	[ "Mathematics" ]	407	[ "Mathematical logic stubs", "Mathematical logic", "Model theory" ]
10,087,500	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedance%20parameters	Impedance parameters or Z-parameters (the elements of an impedance matrix or Z-matrix) are properties used in electrical engineering, electronic engineering, and communication systems engineering to describe the electrical behavior of linear electrical networks. They are also used to describe the small-signal (lineariz...	Impedance parameters	[ "Engineering" ]	897	[ "Electrical engineering", "Two-port networks", "Electronic engineering", "Electrical parameters" ]
10,087,606	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry%20operation	In mathematics, a symmetry operation is a geometric transformation of an object that leaves the object looking the same after it has been carried out. For example, a turn rotation of a regular triangle about its center, a reflection of a square across its diagonal, a translation of the Euclidean plane, or a point refl...	Symmetry operation	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	1,415	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "nan", "Geometry", "Physical chemistry", "Symmetry" ]
10,088,199	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetocapacitance	Magnetocapacitance is a property of some dielectric, insulating materials, and metal–insulator–metal heterostructures that exhibit a change in the value of their capacitance when an external magnetic field is applied to them. Magnetocapacitance can be an intrinsic property of some dielectric materials, such as multifer...	Magnetocapacitance	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	128	[ "Quantum electronics", "Spintronics", "Phases of matter", "Quantum mechanics", "Materials science", "Condensed matter physics", "Nanotechnology", "Matter" ]
10,088,265	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papkovich%E2%80%93Neuber%20solution	The Papkovich–Neuber solution is a technique for generating analytic solutions to the Newtonian incompressible Stokes equations, though it was originally developed to solve the equations of linear elasticity. It can be shown that any Stokes flow with body force can be written in the form: where is a harmonic vector...	Papkovich–Neuber solution	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	112	[ "Piping", "Chemical engineering", "Fluid dynamics stubs", "Fluid dynamics" ]
10,090,547	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peano%20existence%20theorem	In mathematics, specifically in the study of ordinary differential equations, the Peano existence theorem, Peano theorem or Cauchy–Peano theorem, named after Giuseppe Peano and Augustin-Louis Cauchy, is a fundamental theorem which guarantees the existence of solutions to certain initial value problems. History Peano f...	Peano existence theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	671	[ "Mathematical analysis", "Theorems in mathematical analysis", "Mathematical theorems", "Mathematical problems" ]
10,092,186	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagata%20ring	In commutative algebra, an N-1 ring is an integral domain whose integral closure in its quotient field is a finitely generated -module. It is called a Japanese ring (or an N-2 ring) if for every finite extension of its quotient field , the integral closure of in is a finitely generated -module (or equivalently a fi...	Nagata ring	[ "Mathematics" ]	680	[ "Fields of abstract algebra", "Commutative algebra", "Algebraic geometry" ]
10,092,550	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body%20force	In physics, a body force is a force that acts throughout the volume of a body. Forces due to gravity, electric fields and magnetic fields are examples of body forces. Body forces contrast with contact forces or surface forces which are exerted to the surface of an object. Fictitious forces such as the centrifugal force...	Body force	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	577	[ "Force", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Mass", "Classical mechanics", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Matter" ]
10,093,384	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-TEFb	The positive transcription elongation factor, P-TEFb, is a multiprotein complex that plays an essential role in the regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) in eukaryotes. Immediately following initiation Pol II becomes trapped in promoter proximal paused positions on the majority of human genes (Figur...	P-TEFb	[ "Chemistry" ]	832	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Proteins", "Molecular biology" ]
10,093,989	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-ring	In commutative algebra, a G-ring or Grothendieck ring is a Noetherian ring such that the map of any of its local rings to the completion is regular (defined below). Almost all Noetherian rings that occur naturally in algebraic geometry or number theory are G-rings, and it is quite hard to construct examples of Noetheri...	G-ring	[ "Mathematics" ]	637	[ "Fields of abstract algebra", "Commutative algebra" ]
10,094,198	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy%E2%80%93Littlewood%20maximal%20function	In mathematics, the Hardy–Littlewood maximal operator M is a significant non-linear operator used in real analysis and harmonic analysis. Definition The operator takes a locally integrable function f : Rd → C and returns another function Mf. For any point x ∈ Rd, the function Mf returns the maximum of a set of reals,...	Hardy–Littlewood maximal function	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,475	[ "Mathematical objects", "Functions and mappings", "Types of functions", "Mathematical relations" ]
12,461,193	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCell	PCell stands for parameterized Cell, a concept used widely in the automated design of analog integrated circuits. A PCell represents a part or a component of the circuit whose structure is dependent on one or more parameters. Hence, it is a cell which is automatically generated by electronic design automation (EDA) sof...	PCell	[ "Engineering" ]	679	[ "Electronic engineering", "Electronic circuits" ]
12,461,863	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targeted%20temperature%20management	Targeted temperature management (TTM), previously known as therapeutic hypothermia or protective hypothermia, is an active treatment that tries to achieve and maintain a specific body temperature in a person for a specific duration of time in an effort to improve health outcomes during recovery after a period of stoppe...	Targeted temperature management	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	4,118	[ "Biochemistry", "Physical phenomena", "Phase transitions", "Cryobiology" ]
15,211,685	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose-regulated%20protein	Glucose-regulated protein is a protein in the endoplasmic reticulum in the cell. It comes in several different molecular masses, including: Grp78 (78 kDa) Grp94 (94 kDa) Grp170 (170 kDa), which is a human chaperone protein References Endoplasmic reticulum resident proteins	Glucose-regulated protein	[ "Chemistry" ]	78	[ "Biochemistry stubs", "Protein stubs" ]
15,213,007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLwiN	MLwiN is a statistical software package for fitting multilevel models. It uses both maximum likelihood estimation and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. MLwiN is based on an earlier package, MLn, but with a graphical user interface (as well as other additional features). MLwiN represents multilevel models using m...	MLwiN	[ "Mathematics" ]	133	[ "Statistical software", "Mathematical software" ]
15,213,798	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHF8	PHD finger protein 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PHF8 gene. Function PHF8 belongs to the family of ferrous iron and alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases superfamily., and is active as a histone lysine demethylase with selectivity for the di-and monomethyl states. PHF8 induces an EMT (epitheli...	PHF8	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	470	[ "Induced stem cells", "Gene expression", "Transcription factors", "Signal transduction" ]
15,215,073	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMGB3	High-mobility group protein B3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HMGB3 gene. References Further reading External links PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human High mobility group protein B3 (HMGB3) Transcription factors	HMGB3	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	61	[ "Induced stem cells", "Gene expression", "Transcription factors", "Signal transduction" ]
15,215,486	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JARID2	Protein Jumonji is a protein that in humans is encoded by the JARID2 gene. JARID2 is a member of the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylase superfamily. Jarid2 (jumonji, AT rich interactive domain 2) is a protein coding gene that functions as a putative transcription factor. Distinguished as a nuclear protein neces...	JARID2	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	409	[ "Induced stem cells", "Gene expression", "Transcription factors", "Signal transduction" ]
15,217,260	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFIL3	Nuclear factor, interleukin 3 regulated, also known as NFIL3 or E4BP4 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the NFIL3 gene. Function Expression of interleukin-3 (IL-3) is restricted to activated T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and mast cell lines. Transcription initiation depends on the activating capacity ...	NFIL3	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	116	[ "Induced stem cells", "Gene expression", "Transcription factors", "Signal transduction" ]
4,510,223	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%20moment	The London moment (after Fritz London) is a quantum-mechanical phenomenon whereby a spinning superconductor generates a magnetic field whose axis lines up exactly with the spin axis. The term may also refer to the magnetic moment of any rotation of any superconductor, caused by the electrons lagging behind the rotation...	London moment	[ "Physics" ]	576	[ "Theoretical physics", "Quantum mechanics" ]
4,510,496	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head%20gasket	In an internal combustion engine, a head gasket provides the seal between the engine block and cylinder head(s). Its purpose is to seal the combustion gases within the cylinders and to avoid coolant or engine oil leaking into the cylinders. Leaks in the head gasket can cause poor engine running and/or overheating. Pu...	Head gasket	[ "Physics", "Technology" ]	1,241	[ "Seals (mechanical)", "Engines", "Engine problems", "Engine technology", "Materials", "Matter" ]
4,510,659	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji%20Electric	, operating under the brand name FE, is a Japanese electrical equipment company, manufacturing pressure transmitters, flowmeters, gas analyzers, controllers, inverters, pumps, generators, ICs, motors, and power equipment. History Fuji Electric was established in 1923 as a capital and technology tie-up between Furukawa...	Fuji Electric	[ "Engineering" ]	374	[ "Electrical engineering organizations", "Electrical equipment manufacturers" ]
4,510,677	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent%20architecture	Agent architecture in computer science is a blueprint for software agents and intelligent control systems, depicting the arrangement of components. The architectures implemented by intelligent agents are referred to as cognitive architectures. The term agent is a conceptual idea, but not defined precisely. It consists ...	Agent architecture	[ "Engineering" ]	149	[ "Robot architectures", "Robotics engineering" ]
4,512,803	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor%20activated%20solely%20by%20a%20synthetic%20ligand	A receptor activated solely by a synthetic ligand (RASSL) or designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD), is a class of artificially engineered protein receptors used in the field of chemogenetics which are selectively activated by certain ligands. They are used in biomedical research, in particu...	Receptor activated solely by a synthetic ligand	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,399	[ "Biochemistry", "Neurochemistry", "Signal transduction" ]
11,521,009	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Tolman%20metric	In physics, the Lemaître–Tolman metric, also known as the Lemaître–Tolman–Bondi metric or the Tolman metric, is a Lorentzian metric based on an exact solution of Einstein's field equations; it describes an isotropic and expanding (or contracting) universe which is not homogeneous, and is thus used in cosmology as an al...	Lemaître–Tolman metric	[ "Physics", "Astronomy", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	803	[ "Exact solutions in general relativity", "Astronomical sub-disciplines", "Tensors", "Vector spaces", "Coordinate systems", "Theoretical physics", "Mathematical objects", "Astrophysics", "General relativity", "Equations", "Space (mathematics)", "Metric tensors", "Theory of relativity", "Spa...
11,523,713	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20%28management%29	Control is a function of management that helps to check errors and take corrective actions. This is done to minimize deviation from standards and ensure that the stated goals of the organization are achieved in a desired manner. According to modern concepts, control is a foreseeing action; earlier concepts of control ...	Control (management)	[ "Mathematics" ]	6,832	[ "Applied mathematics", "Control theory", "Dynamical systems" ]
11,524,295	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahalomethane	Tetrahalomethanes are fully halogenated methane derivatives of general formula CFkCllBrmInAtp, where:Tetrahalomethanes are on the border of inorganic and organic chemistry, thus they can be assigned both inorganic and organic names by IUPAC: tetrafluoromethane - carbon tetrafluoride, tetraiodomethane - carbon tetraiodi...	Tetrahalomethane	[ "Chemistry" ]	269	[ "Inorganic carbon compounds", "Inorganic compounds" ]
11,525,168	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-asphalter	A de-asphalter is a unit in a crude oil refinery or bitumen upgrader that separates asphalt from the residuum fraction of crude oil or bitumen. The primary purpose of the separation is to remove contaminants (asphaltenes, metals) from the feed that would cause rapid deactivation of catalysts in downstream processing un...	De-asphalter	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	362	[ "Separation processes", "Chemical equipment", "Petroleum technology", "Petroleum engineering", "Distillation", "nan" ]
11,527,974	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerite	A traditional glycerite is a fluid extract of an herb or other medicinal substance made using glycerin as the majority of the fluid extraction medium. Definition According to King's American Dispensatory (1898), glycerite is:Glycerita.—Glycerites. By this class of preparations is generally understood solutions of m...	Glycerite	[ "Chemistry" ]	657	[ "Pharmacology", "Pharmacognosy" ]
11,528,159	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTU%20method	The number of transfer units (NTU) method is used to calculate the rate of heat transfer in heat exchangers (especially parallel flow, counter current, and cross-flow exchangers) when there is insufficient information to calculate the log mean temperature difference (LMTD). Alternatively, this method is useful for dete...	NTU method	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,979	[ "Transport phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Heat transfer", "Thermodynamics" ]
14,111,610	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERBB3	Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-3, also known as HER3 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 3), is a membrane bound protein that in humans is encoded by the ERBB3 gene. ErbB3 is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ERBB) family of receptor tyrosine kinases. The kinase-impaired ErbB3 is known ...	ERBB3	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,164	[ "Tyrosine kinase receptors", "Signal transduction" ]
14,117,191	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIN3A	Paired amphipathic helix protein Sin3a is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIN3A gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a transcriptional regulatory protein. It contains paired amphipathic helix (PAH) domains, which are important for protein-protein interactions and may mediate repression by th...	SIN3A	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	233	[ "Gene expression", "Molecular genetics", "Cellular processes", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry" ]
14,119,736	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin%20D3	G1/S-specific cyclin-D3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCND3 gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the highly conserved cyclin family, whose members are characterized by a dramatic periodicity in protein abundance through the cell cycle. Cyclins function as regulators of CDK kinas...	Cyclin D3	[ "Chemistry" ]	280	[ "Cell cycle regulators", "Signal transduction" ]
14,119,752	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent%20kinase%207	Cyclin-dependent kinase 7, or cell division protein kinase 7, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK7 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) family. CDK family members are highly similar to the gene products of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cdc28, and Schi...	Cyclin-dependent kinase 7	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	961	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Cellular processes", "Molecular biology", "Proteins", "Cell cycle" ]
14,119,857	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFATC2	Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NFATC2 gene. Function This gene is a member of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) family. The product of this gene is a DNA-binding protein with a REL-homology region (RHR) and an NFAT-homology region (NHR). ...	NFATC2	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	308	[ "Induced stem cells", "Gene expression", "Transcription factors", "Signal transduction" ]
14,120,062	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELK1	ETS Like-1 protein Elk-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ELK1. Elk-1 functions as a transcription activator. It is classified as a ternary complex factor (TCF), a subclass of the ETS family, which is characterized by a common protein domain that regulates DNA binding to target sequences. Elk1 plays import...	ELK1	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	2,210	[ "Induced stem cells", "Gene expression", "Transcription factors", "Signal transduction" ]
14,120,476	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REL	The proto-oncogene c-Rel is a protein that in humans is encoded by the REL gene. The c-Rel protein is a member of the NF-κB family of transcription factors and contains a Rel homology domain (RHD) at its N-terminus and two C-terminal transactivation domains. c-Rel is a myeloid checkpoint protein that can be targeted f...	REL	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	159	[ "Induced stem cells", "Gene expression", "Transcription factors", "Signal transduction" ]
14,120,660	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeobox%20protein%20CDX-2	Homeobox protein CDX-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDX2 gene. The CDX-2 protein is a homeobox transcription factor expressed in the nuclei of intestinal epithelial cells, playing an essential role in the development and function of the digestive system. CDX2 is part of the ParaHox gene cluster, a grou...	Homeobox protein CDX-2	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	737	[ "Induced stem cells", "Gene expression", "Transcription factors", "Signal transduction" ]
14,122,543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burns%20temperature	The Burns temperature, Td, is the temperature where a ferroelectric material, previously in paraelectric state, starts to present randomly polarized nanoregions, that are polar precursor clusters. This behaviour is typical of several, but not all, ferroelectric materials, and was observed in lead titanate (PbTiO3), po...	Burns temperature	[ "Physics", "Materials_science" ]	192	[ "Materials science stubs", "Physical phenomena", "Electrical phenomena", "Electromagnetism stubs" ]
1,146,267	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric%20quantization	In mathematical physics, geometric quantization is a mathematical approach to defining a quantum theory corresponding to a given classical theory. It attempts to carry out quantization, for which there is in general no exact recipe, in such a way that certain analogies between the classical theory and the quantum theor...	Geometric quantization	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,585	[ "Functions and mappings", "Functional analysis", "Mathematical objects", "Quantum mechanics", "Mathematical quantization", "Mathematical relations" ]
1,146,294	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current%20algebra	Certain commutation relations among the current density operators in quantum field theories define an infinite-dimensional Lie algebra called a current algebra. Mathematically these are Lie algebras consisting of smooth maps from a manifold into a finite dimensional Lie algebra. History The original current algebra, p...	Current algebra	[ "Physics" ]	500	[ "Quantum field theory", "Quantum mechanics", "Quantum physics stubs" ]
1,146,338	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogoliubov%20transformation	In theoretical physics, the Bogoliubov transformation, also known as the Bogoliubov–Valatin transformation, was independently developed in 1958 by Nikolay Bogolyubov and John George Valatin for finding solutions of BCS theory in a homogeneous system. The Bogoliubov transformation is an isomorphism of either the canonic...	Bogoliubov transformation	[ "Physics" ]	2,302	[ "Quantum field theory", "Quantum mechanics" ]
1,147,005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternary%20compound	In inorganic chemistry and materials chemistry, a ternary compound or ternary phase is a chemical compound containing three different elements. While some ternary compounds are molecular, e.g. chloroform (), more typically ternary phases refer to extended solids. The perovskites are a famous example. Binary phases,...	Ternary compound	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	812	[ "Chemical compounds", "Molecules", "Matter" ]
1,147,994	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedmann%20equations	The Friedmann equations, also known as the Friedmann–Lemaître (FL) equations, are a set of equations in physical cosmology that govern cosmic expansion in homogeneous and isotropic models of the universe within the context of general relativity. They were first derived by Alexander Friedmann in 1922 from Einstein's fie...	Friedmann equations	[ "Physics" ]	2,154	[ "General relativity", "Eponymous equations of physics", "Equations of physics", "Theory of relativity" ]
1,148,092	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial%20fluctuations	Primordial fluctuations are density variations in the early universe which are considered the seeds of all structure in the universe. Currently, the most widely accepted explanation for their origin is in the context of cosmic inflation. According to the inflationary paradigm, the exponential growth of the scale factor...	Primordial fluctuations	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	901	[ "Astronomical sub-disciplines", "Theoretical physics", "Physical cosmology", "Astrophysics" ]
1,148,356	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lami%27s%20theorem	In physics, Lami's theorem is an equation relating the magnitudes of three coplanar, concurrent and non-collinear vectors, which keeps an object in static equilibrium, with the angles directly opposite to the corresponding vectors. According to the theorem, where are the magnitudes of the three coplanar, concurrent ...	Lami's theorem	[ "Physics" ]	259	[ "Statics", "Equations of physics", "Classical mechanics", "Eponymous theorems of physics", "Physics theorems" ]
1,148,456	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry%20in%20biology	Symmetry in biology refers to the symmetry observed in organisms, including plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria. External symmetry can be easily seen by just looking at an organism. For example, the face of a human being has a plane of symmetry down its centre, or a pine cone displays a clear symmetrical spiral patter...	Symmetry in biology	[ "Physics", "Mathematics", "Biology" ]	3,437	[ "Evolutionary biology", "Behavior", "Developmental biology", "Reproduction", "Geometry", "Symmetry" ]
1,150,115	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germicidal%20lamp	A germicidal lamp (also known as disinfection lamp or sterilizer lamp) is an electric light that produces ultraviolet C (UVC) light. This short-wave ultraviolet light disrupts DNA base pairing, causing formation of pyrimidine dimers, and leads to the inactivation of bacteria, viruses, and protozoans. It can also be use...	Germicidal lamp	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,216	[ "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Electromagnetic spectrum", "Ultraviolet radiation" ]
1,150,377	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slurry	A slurry is a mixture of denser solids suspended in liquid, usually water. The most common use of slurry is as a means of transporting solids or separating minerals, the liquid being a carrier that is pumped on a device such as a centrifugal pump. The size of solid particles may vary from 1 micrometre up to hundreds of...	Slurry	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	941	[ "Chemical engineering", "Materials", "Civil engineering", "Environmental engineering", "Fluid mechanics", "Matter" ]
1,150,897	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioimmunoassay	A radioimmunoassay (RIA) is an immunoassay that uses radiolabeled molecules in a stepwise formation of immune complexes. A RIA is a very sensitive in vitro assay technique used to measure concentrations of substances, usually measuring antigen concentrations (for example, hormone levels in blood) by use of antibodies. ...	Radioimmunoassay	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	906	[ "Radiobiology", "Biochemistry detection reactions", "Immunologic tests", "Biochemical reactions", "Microbiology techniques", "Radioactivity" ]
92,377	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnet	An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by an electric current. Electromagnets usually consist of wire wound into a coil. A current through the wire creates a magnetic field which is concentrated along the center of the coil. The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned ...	Electromagnet	[ "Physics" ]	5,777	[ "Electromagnetism", "Physical phenomena", "Fundamental interactions" ]
92,447	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superoxide	In chemistry, a superoxide is a compound that contains the superoxide ion, which has the chemical formula . The systematic name of the anion is dioxide(1−). The reactive oxygen ion superoxide is particularly important as the product of the one-electron reduction of dioxygen , which occurs widely in nature. Molecular ox...	Superoxide	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,685	[ "Matter", "Anions", "Immune system", "Free radicals", "Senescence", "Organ systems", "Biomolecules", "Ions" ]
92,512	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein	A lipoprotein is a biochemical assembly whose primary function is to transport hydrophobic lipid (also known as fat) molecules in water, as in blood plasma or other extracellular fluids. They consist of a triglyceride and cholesterol center, surrounded by a phospholipid outer shell, with the hydrophilic portions orient...	Lipoprotein	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	3,309	[ "Lipid biochemistry", "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Physiology", "Organic compounds", "Lipids", "Lipoproteins" ]
92,923	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverdrup	In oceanography, the sverdrup (symbol: Sv) is a non-SI metric unit of volumetric flow rate, with equal to . It is equivalent to the SI derived unit cubic hectometer per second (symbol: hm3/s or hm3⋅s−1): 1 Sv is equal to 1 hm3/s. It is used almost exclusively in oceanography to measure the volumetric rate of transport...	Sverdrup	[ "Physics", "Mathematics", "Environmental_science" ]	526	[ "Hydrology", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Oceanography", "Quantity", "Non-SI metric units", "Units of flow", "Units of measurement" ]
92,943	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital-to-analog%20converter	In electronics, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC, D/A, D2A, or D-to-A) is a system that converts a digital signal into an analog signal. An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) performs the reverse function. There are several DAC architectures; the suitability of a DAC for a particular application is determined by figu...	Digital-to-analog converter	[ "Engineering" ]	3,079	[ "Electronic engineering", "Electronic circuits" ]

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