Split (1)

train · 29k rows

id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 32 168	text stringlengths 7 145k	source stringlengths 2 105	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 32.2k	subcategories listlengths 0 27
27,059	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless%20steel	Stainless steel, also known as inox, corrosion-resistant steel (CRES), and rustless steel, is an iron-based alloy containing a minimum level of chromium that is resistant to rusting and corrosion. Stainless steel's resistance to corrosion results from the 10.5%, or more, chromium content which forms a passive film th...	Stainless steel	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	8,229	[ "Biomaterials", "Building engineering", "Architecture", "Construction", "Materials", "Alloys", "Medical technology", "Chromium alloys", "Matter", "Building materials" ]
27,114	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon	Silicon is a chemical element; it has symbol Si and atomic number 14. It is a hard, brittle crystalline solid with a blue-grey metallic lustre, and is a tetravalent metalloid and semiconductor. It is a member of group 14 in the periodic table: carbon is above it; and germanium, tin, lead, and flerovium are below it. It...	Silicon	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	8,872	[ "Physical phenomena", "Phase transitions", "Chemical elements", "Redox", "Semiconductor materials", "Reducing agents", "Group IV semiconductors", "Materials", "Materials that expand upon freezing", "Atoms", "Matter" ]
27,573	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluid%20helium-4	Superfluid helium-4 (helium II or He-II) is the superfluid form of helium-4, an isotope of the element helium. A superfluid is a state of matter in which matter behaves like a fluid with zero viscosity. The substance, which resembles other liquids such as helium I (conventional, non-superfluid liquid helium), flows wit...	Superfluid helium-4	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	4,311	[ "Physical phenomena", "Phase transitions", "Bose–Einstein condensates", "Chemical engineering", "Phases of matter", "Superfluidity", "Condensed matter physics", "Exotic matter", "Piping", "Matter", "Fluid dynamics" ]
27,709	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor	A semiconductor is a material that is between the conductor and insulator in ability to conduct electrical current. In many cases their conducting properties may be altered in useful ways by introducing impurities ("doping") into the crystal structure. When two differently doped regions exist in the same crystal, a sem...	Semiconductor	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	5,688	[ "Electrical resistance and conductance", "Physical quantities", "Semiconductors", "Materials", "Electronic engineering", "Condensed matter physics", "Solid state engineering", "Matter" ]
27,712	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar	Sugar is the generic name for sweet-tasting, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food. Simple sugars, also called monosaccharides, include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Compound sugars, also called disaccharides or double sugars, are molecules made of two bonded monosaccharides; common examples are suc...	Sugar	[ "Chemistry" ]	7,661	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Carbohydrates", "Organic compounds", "Sugar", "Carbohydrate chemistry" ]
27,725	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface%20area	The surface area (symbol A) of a solid object is a measure of the total area that the surface of the object occupies. The mathematical definition of surface area in the presence of curved surfaces is considerably more involved than the definition of arc length of one-dimensional curves, or of the surface area for polyh...	Surface area	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,212	[ "Scalar physical quantities", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Size", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Area" ]
27,745	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20temperature%20and%20pressure	Standard temperature and pressure (STP) or standard conditions for temperature and pressure are various standard sets of conditions for experimental measurements used to allow comparisons to be made between different sets of data. The most used standards are those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistr...	Standard temperature and pressure	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	1,789	[ "Matter", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Physical quantities", "Engineering thermodynamics", "Quantity", "Phases of matter", "Measurement", "Size", "Aerodynamics", "Thermodynamics", "nan", "Aerospace engineering", "Dynamical systems", "Mechanical engineering", "Statistical mec...
27,752	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy	Spectroscopy is the field of study that measures and interprets electromagnetic spectra. In narrower contexts, spectroscopy is the precise study of color as generalized from visible light to all bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. Spectroscopy, primarily in the electromagnetic spectrum, is a fundamental exploratory...	Spectroscopy	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Astronomy" ]	4,284	[ " absorption and radiative transfer (optics)", "Molecular physics", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Concepts in astronomy", "Instrumental analysis", "Observational astronomy", "Scattering", "Spectroscopy", "Astronomical sub-disciplines" ]
27,837	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superoxide%20dismutase	Superoxide dismutase (SOD, ) is an enzyme that alternately catalyzes the dismutation (or partitioning) of the superoxide () anion radical into normal molecular oxygen (O2) and hydrogen peroxide (). Superoxide is produced as a by-product of oxygen metabolism and, if not regulated, causes many types of cell damage. Hydro...	Superoxide dismutase	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	4,161	[ "Aging-related enzymes", "Oxidoreductases", "Senescence", "Metalloproteins", "Bioinorganic chemistry" ]
27,970	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoisomerism	In stereochemistry, stereoisomerism, or spatial isomerism, is a form of isomerism in which molecules have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms (constitution), but differ in the three-dimensional orientations of their atoms in space. This contrasts with structural isomers, which share the same molecul...	Stereoisomerism	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	2,003	[ "Stereochemistry", "Space", "Isomerism", "nan", "Spacetime" ]
28,002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple%20machine	A simple machine is a mechanical device that changes the direction or magnitude of a force. In general, they can be defined as the simplest mechanisms that use mechanical advantage (also called leverage) to multiply force. Usually the term refers to the six classical simple machines that were defined by Renaissance sci...	Simple machine	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	2,725	[ "Machines", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Physical systems", "Mechanical engineering", "Simple machines" ]
28,186	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry%20group	In group theory, the symmetry group of a geometric object is the group of all transformations under which the object is invariant, endowed with the group operation of composition. Such a transformation is an invertible mapping of the ambient space which takes the object to itself, and which preserves all the relevant s...	Symmetry group	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	2,688	[ "Group theory", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Geometry", "Symmetry" ]
28,305	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String%20theory	In physics, string theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings. String theory describes how these strings propagate through space and interact with each other. On distance scales larger than the string scale, a string act...	String theory	[ "Physics", "Astronomy", "Mathematics" ]	14,401	[ "Geometric measurement", "Astronomical hypotheses", "Physical quantities", "Applied mathematics", "Theoretical physics", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Particle physics", "nan", "Theory of relativity", "String theory", "Mathematical physics", "Dimension", "Physics beyond the Standard Model...
28,356	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplectic%20manifold	In differential geometry, a subject of mathematics, a symplectic manifold is a smooth manifold, , equipped with a closed nondegenerate differential 2-form , called the symplectic form. The study of symplectic manifolds is called symplectic geometry or symplectic topology. Symplectic manifolds arise naturally in abstrac...	Symplectic manifold	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	2,519	[ "Theoretical physics", "Classical mechanics", "Hamiltonian mechanics", "Topology", "Differential topology", "Dynamical systems" ]
28,420	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific%20heat%20capacity	In thermodynamics, the specific heat capacity (symbol ) of a substance is the amount of heat that must be added to one unit of mass of the substance in order to cause an increase of one unit in temperature. It is also referred to as Massic heat capacity or as the Specific heat. More formally it is the heat capacity of ...	Specific heat capacity	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	7,211	[ "Thermodynamic properties", "Physical phenomena", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Thermodynamics", "Physical properties" ]
28,437	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple%20harmonic%20motion	In mechanics and physics, simple harmonic motion (sometimes abbreviated as ) is a special type of periodic motion an object experiences by means of a restoring force whose magnitude is directly proportional to the distance of the object from an equilibrium position and acts towards the equilibrium position. It results ...	Simple harmonic motion	[ "Physics" ]	1,677	[ "Physical phenomena", "Classical mechanics", "Motion (physics)", "Mechanics", "Space", "Spacetime" ]
28,462	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudbury%20Neutrino%20Observatory	The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) was a neutrino observatory located 2100 m underground in Vale's Creighton Mine in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. The detector was designed to detect solar neutrinos through their interactions with a large tank of heavy water. The detector was turned on in May 1999, and was turned off ...	Sudbury Neutrino Observatory	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	2,339	[ "Nuclear research institutes", "Nuclear organizations", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Particle physics", "Physics beyond the Standard Model" ]
28,464	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-Kamiokande	Super-Kamiokande (abbreviation of Super-Kamioka Neutrino Detection Experiment, also abbreviated to Super-K or SK; ) is a neutrino observatory located under Mount Ikeno near the city of Hida, Gifu Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo with the help of an internat...	Super-Kamiokande	[ "Physics" ]	7,134	[ "Unsolved problems in physics", "Particle physics", "Physics beyond the Standard Model" ]
28,481	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical%20mechanics	In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. Sometimes called statistical physics or statistical thermodynamics, its applications include many problems in the fields of physics, biology, chemistry, neur...	Statistical mechanics	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	4,445	[ "Statistical mechanics", "Thermodynamics", "Dynamical systems" ]
28,524	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20splicing	RNA splicing is a process in molecular biology where a newly-made precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) transcript is transformed into a mature messenger RNA (mRNA). It works by removing all the introns (non-coding regions of RNA) and splicing back together exons (coding regions). For nuclear-encoded genes, splicing occur...	RNA splicing	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	4,246	[ "Gene expression", "Molecular genetics", "Cellular processes", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry" ]
28,616	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotgun%20sequencing	In genetics, shotgun sequencing is a method used for sequencing random DNA strands. It is named by analogy with the rapidly expanding, quasi-random shot grouping of a shotgun. The chain-termination method of DNA sequencing ("Sanger sequencing") can only be used for short DNA strands of 100 to 1000 base pairs. Due to t...	Shotgun sequencing	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	2,470	[ "Biological engineering", "Bioinformatics", "Molecular biology techniques", "DNA sequencing", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry" ]
28,728	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting%20magnetic%20energy%20storage	Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) systems store energy in the magnetic field created by the flow of direct current in a superconducting coil that has been cryogenically cooled to a temperature below its superconducting critical temperature. This use of superconducting coils to store magnetic energy was in...	Superconducting magnetic energy storage	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	4,724	[ "Physical quantities", "Superconductivity", "Materials science", "Condensed matter physics", "Electrical resistance and conductance" ]
28,729	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution%20%28chemistry%29	In chemistry, a solution is defined by IUPAC as "A liquid or solid phase containing more than one substance, when for convenience one (or more) substance, which is called the solvent, is treated differently from the other substances, which are called solutes. When, as is often but not necessarily the case, the sum of t...	Solution (chemistry)	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,528	[ "Pharmacology", "Colloidal chemistry", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Drug delivery devices", "Colloids", "Surface science", "Homogeneous chemical mixtures", "Chemical mixtures", "Alchemical processes", "nan", "Solutions", "Physical chemistry" ]
28,736	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed%20of%20light	The speed of light in vacuum, commonly denoted , is a universal physical constant that is exactly equal to ). According to the special theory of relativity, is the upper limit for the speed at which conventional matter or energy (and thus any signal carrying information) can travel through space. All forms of electro...	Speed of light	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	10,005	[ "Physical phenomena", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Electromagnetic spectrum", "Special relativity", "Waves", "Physical constants", "Motion (physics)", "Light", "Vector physical quantities", "Fundamental constants", "Theory of relativity", "Velocity", ...
28,758	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetime	In physics, spacetime, also called the space-time continuum, is a mathematical model that fuses the three dimensions of space and the one dimension of time into a single four-dimensional continuum. Spacetime diagrams are useful in visualizing and understanding relativistic effects, such as how different observers perce...	Spacetime	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	16,030	[ "Physical phenomena", "Time in physics", "Physical quantities", "Time", "Vector spaces", "Quantity", "Theoretical physics", "Space (mathematics)", "nan", "Theory of relativity", "Spacetime", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities" ]
28,927	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar%20classification	In astronomy, stellar classification is the classification of stars based on their spectral characteristics. Electromagnetic radiation from the star is analyzed by splitting it with a prism or diffraction grating into a spectrum exhibiting the rainbow of colors interspersed with spectral lines. Each line indicates a pa...	Stellar classification	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	9,317	[ "Concepts in astronomy", "Astronomical sub-disciplines", "Stellar astronomy" ]
28,930	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN%201987A	SN 1987A was a type II supernova in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a dwarf satellite galaxy of the Milky Way. It occurred approximately from Earth and was the closest observed supernova since Kepler's Supernova in 1604. Light and neutrinos from the explosion reached Earth on February 23, 1987 and was designated "SN 1987A...	SN 1987A	[ "Chemistry", "Astronomy" ]	3,444	[ "Supernovae", "Astronomical events", "Dorado", "Constellations", "Explosions" ]
4,518,807	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasiprobability%20distribution	A quasiprobability distribution is a mathematical object similar to a probability distribution but which relaxes some of Kolmogorov's axioms of probability theory. Quasiprobability distributions arise naturally in the study of quantum mechanics when treated in phase space formulation, commonly used in quantum optics, t...	Quasiprobability distribution	[ "Physics" ]	1,599	[ "Quantum optics", "Quantum mechanics" ]
4,521,890	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20loop	A control loop is the fundamental building block of control systems in general and industrial control systems in particular. It consists of the process sensor, the controller function, and the final control element (FCE) which controls the process necessary to automatically adjust the value of a measured process variab...	Control loop	[ "Engineering" ]	1,608	[ "Control engineering" ]
16,953,152	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme%20environment	An extreme environment is a habitat that is considered very hard to survive in due to its considerably extreme conditions such as temperature, accessibility to different energy sources or under high pressure. For an area to be considered an extreme environment, it must contain certain conditions and aspects that are co...	Extreme environment	[ "Biology", "Environmental_science" ]	1,374	[ "Organisms by adaptation", "Extremophiles", "Environmental microbiology", "Bacteria" ]
16,955,480	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwater%20detention%20vault	A stormwater detention vault is an underground structure designed to manage excess stormwater runoff on a developed site, often in an urban setting. This type of best management practice may be selected when there is insufficient space on the site to infiltrate the runoff or build a surface facility such as a detentio...	Stormwater detention vault	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	389	[ "Hydrology", "Water treatment", "Stormwater management", "Chemical engineering", "Water pollution", "Physical systems", "Hydraulics", "Civil engineering", "Environmental engineering", "Hydraulic engineering" ]
16,958,330	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshimakobu	Meshimakobu and sanghuang / sanghwang, also known as mesima (English) or black hoof mushroom (American English), is a mushroom in East Asia. Understanding of the concept Etymology and association with mulberry The Japanese name is composed of , an island of Gotō, Nagasaki, where this mushroom used to grow, and , whi...	Meshimakobu	[ "Biology" ]	910	[ "Fungus common names", "Fungi", "Common names of organisms" ]
16,959,258	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20vascular%20plants%20of%20the%20Karelian%20Isthmus	This is a comprehensive list of the vascular plants of the Karelian Isthmus, a land mass in Russia connected to Finland on one side and otherwise surrounded by three bodies of water: the Gulf of Finland, the Neva River, and Lake Ladoga. Pteridophyta Aspleniaceae Asplenium septentrionale - rare Asplenium trichomanes ...	List of vascular plants of the Karelian Isthmus	[ "Biology" ]	8,891	[ "Lists of biota", "Lists of plants", "Plants" ]
16,959,357	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millimeter%20wave%20scanner	A millimeter wave scanner is a whole-body imaging device used for detecting objects concealed underneath a person’s clothing using a form of electromagnetic radiation. Typical uses for this technology include detection of items for commercial loss prevention, smuggling, and screening for weapons at government buildings...	Millimeter wave scanner	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	2,418	[ "Measuring instruments" ]
16,960,154	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paclobutrazol	Paclobutrazol (PBZ) is the ISO common name for an organic compound that is used as a plant growth retardant and triazole fungicide. It is a known antagonist of the plant hormone gibberellin, acting by inhibiting gibberellin biosynthesis, reducing internodal growth to give stouter stems, increasing root growth, causing...	Paclobutrazol	[ "Biology" ]	1,546	[ "Fungicides", "Biocides" ]
16,960,816	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trithorax-group%20proteins	Trithorax-group proteins (TrxG) are a heterogeneous collection of proteins whose main action is to maintain gene expression. They can be categorized into three general classes based on molecular function: histone-modifying TrxG proteins chromatin-remodeling TrxG proteins DNA-binding TrxG proteins, plus other TrxG p...	Trithorax-group proteins	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	710	[ "Molecular genetics", "Molecular biology" ]
16,961,399	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocity%20overshoot	Velocity overshoot is a physical effect resulting in transit times for charge carriers between terminals that are smaller than the time required for emission of an optical phonon. The velocity therefore exceeds the saturation velocity up to three times, which leads to faster field-effect transistor or bipolar transist...	Velocity overshoot	[ "Physics", "Materials_science" ]	132	[ "Physical phenomena", "Materials science stubs", "Charge carriers", "Electrical phenomena", "Condensed matter physics", "Condensed matter stubs" ]
18,156,469	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repulsive%20guidance%20molecule	Repulsive guidance molecules (RGMs) are members of a three gene family (in vertebrates) composed of RGMa, RGMb, and RGMc (also called hemojuvelin). RGMa has been implicated to play an important role in the developing brain and in the scar tissue that forms after a brain injury. For example, RGMa helps guide retinal gan...	Repulsive guidance molecule	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	172	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Behavior", "Developmental biology", "Reproduction", "Molecular biology", "Proteins" ]
18,161,071	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-performance%20thin-layer%20chromatography	High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) serves as an extension of thin-layer chromatography (TLC), offering robustness, simplicity, speed, and efficiency in the quantitative analysis of compounds. This TLC-based analytical technique enhances compound resolution for quantitative analysis. Some of these improv...	High-performance thin-layer chromatography	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,302	[ "Chromatography", "Separation processes" ]
18,162,840	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLAS%20detector	CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS) is a nuclear and particle physics detector located in the experimental Hall B at Jefferson Laboratory in Newport News, Virginia, United States. It is used to study the properties of the nuclear matter by the collaboration of over 200 physicists (CLAS Collaboration) from many c...	CLAS detector	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,468	[ "Spectrometers", "Spectroscopy", "Spectrum (physical sciences)" ]
15,230,235	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material%20handling	Material handling involves short-distance movement within the confines of a building or between a building and a transportation vehicle. It uses a wide range of manual, semi-automated, and automated equipment and includes consideration of the protection, storage, and control of materials throughout their manufacturing,...	Material handling	[ "Physics" ]	1,961	[ "Materials", "Material handling", "Matter" ]
15,233,345	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square%20pyramidal%20molecular%20geometry	Square pyramidal geometry describes the shape of certain chemical compounds with the formula where L is a ligand. If the ligand atoms were connected, the resulting shape would be that of a pyramid with a square base. The point group symmetry involved is of type C4v. The geometry is common for certain main group compo...	Square pyramidal molecular geometry	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	369	[ "Molecular geometry", "Molecules", "Stereochemistry", "Matter" ]
15,234,661	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen%20and%20Non-Protein%20Nitrogen%27s%20effects%20on%20Agriculture	Nitrogen's effects on agriculture profoundly influence crop growth, soil fertility, and overall agricultural productivity, while also exerting significant impacts on the environment. Nitrogen is an element vital to many environmental processes. Nitrogen plays a vital role in the nitrogen cycle, a complex biogeochemica...	Nitrogen and Non-Protein Nitrogen's effects on Agriculture	[ "Chemistry" ]	997	[ "Fertilizers", "Adulteration", "Drug safety", "Nitrogen cycle", "Soil chemistry", "Metabolism" ]
15,235,947	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overcurrent	In an electric power system, overcurrent or excess current is a situation where a larger than intended electric current exists through a conductor, leading to excessive generation of heat, and the risk of fire or damage to equipment. Possible causes for overcurrent include short circuits, excessive load, incorrect desi...	Overcurrent	[ "Physics" ]	361	[ "Physical systems", "Electrical systems" ]
7,828,928	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anathyrosis	Anathyrosis is the technical word for the ancient method of dressing the joints of stone blocks in dry stone construction, i. e., masonry without mortar, which was then commonly used. Because the stone blocks are set in immediate contact with each other without gaps, their joints must be exactly dressed. In order to re...	Anathyrosis	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	279	[ "Building engineering", "Construction", "Stonemasonry", "Architectural elements", "Components", "Architecture" ]
7,831,083	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensometer	An extensometer is a device that is used to measure changes in the length of an object. It is useful for stress-strain measurements and tensile tests. Its name comes from "extension-meter". It was invented by Charles Huston who described it in an article in the Journal of the Franklin Institute in 1879. Huston later...	Extensometer	[ "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,385	[ "Materials testing", "Materials science" ]
7,831,498	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HoloVID	HoloVID is a measuring instrument, originally developed by Mark Slater for the holographic dimensional measurement of the internal isogrid structural webbing of the Delta family of launch vehicles in 1981. History Delta launch vehicles were produced by McDonnell Douglas Astronautics until the line was purchased by Boe...	HoloVID	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	797	[ "Glass engineering and science", "Dimensional instruments", "Physical quantities", "Optical devices", "Quantity", "Size" ]
7,833,211	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%20matrix	In matrix theory and combinatorics, a Pascal matrix is a matrix (possibly infinite) containing the binomial coefficients as its elements. It is thus an encoding of Pascal's triangle in matrix form. There are three natural ways to achieve this: as a lower-triangular matrix, an upper-triangular matrix, or a symmetric mat...	Pascal matrix	[ "Mathematics" ]	928	[ "Matrices (mathematics)", "Mathematical objects", "Triangles of numbers", "Combinatorics" ]
7,835,398	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantal%20response%20equilibrium	Quantal response equilibrium (QRE) is a solution concept in game theory. First introduced by Richard McKelvey and Thomas Palfrey, it provides an equilibrium notion with bounded rationality. QRE is not an equilibrium refinement, and it can give significantly different results from Nash equilibrium. QRE is only defined f...	Quantal response equilibrium	[ "Mathematics" ]	928	[ "Game theory", "Game theory equilibrium concepts" ]
7,835,738	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial%20explosion	In mathematics, a combinatorial explosion is the rapid growth of the complexity of a problem due to the way its combinatorics depends on input, constraints and bounds. Combinatorial explosion is sometimes used to justify the intractability of certain problems. Examples of such problems include certain mathematical func...	Combinatorial explosion	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,336	[ "Discrete mathematics", "Recreational mathematics", "Combinatorics", "Game theory", "Combinatorial game theory" ]
7,836,846	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%20maker	A Model maker is a professional Craftsperson who creates a three-dimensional representation of a design or concept. Most products in use and in development today first take form as a model. This "model" may be an exacting duplicate (prototype) of the future design or a simple mock-up of the general shape or concept. Ma...	Model maker	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	589	[ "Model makers", "Scale modeling", "Architectural communication", "Architecture" ]
7,836,920	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymethylpentene	Polymethylpentene (PMP), also known as poly(4-methyl-1-pentene), is a thermoplastic polyolefin. It is used for gas-permeable packaging, autoclavable medical and laboratory equipment, microwave components, and cookware. It is commonly called TPX, which is a trademark of Mitsui Chemicals. Production Polymethylpentene is...	Polymethylpentene	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	708	[ "Organic polymers", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Organic compounds", "Materials", "Dielectrics", "Amorphous solids", "Matter", "Plastics" ]
3,332,762	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthalenesulfonic%20acid	Naphthalenesulfonic acid may refer to: Naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid Naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid Sulfonic acids	Naphthalenesulfonic acid	[ "Chemistry" ]	39	[ "Functional groups", "Sulfonic acids" ]
3,333,005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylsilyl%20chloride	Trimethylsilyl chloride, also known as chlorotrimethylsilane is an organosilicon compound (silyl halide), with the formula , often abbreviated or TMSCl. It is a colourless volatile liquid that is stable in the absence of water. It is widely used in organic chemistry. Preparation TMSCl is prepared on a large scale by...	Trimethylsilyl chloride	[ "Chemistry" ]	929	[ "Functional groups", "Trimethylsilyl compounds", "Reagents for organic chemistry" ]
3,333,075	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%20cycle	The Q cycle (named for quinol) describes a series of sequential oxidation and reduction of the lipophilic electron carrier Coenzyme Q (CoQ) between the ubiquinol and ubiquinone forms. These reactions can result in the net movement of protons across a lipid bilayer (in the case of the mitochondria, the inner mitochondr...	Q cycle	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,111	[ "Cellular respiration", "Biochemical reactions", "Cellular processes", "Biochemistry", "Metabolism" ]
3,333,683	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined%20gas%20and%20steam	Combined gas and steam (COGAS) is a type of marine compound powerplant comprising gas and steam turbines, the latter being driven by steam generated using the heat from the exhaust of the gas turbines. System In this way, some of the otherwise lost energy can be reclaimed and the specific fuel consumption of the plan...	Combined gas and steam	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	433	[ "Physical quantities", "Steam power", "Power (physics)", "Marine engineering", "Marine propulsion" ]
3,335,116	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20iron%20metabolism	Human iron metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that maintain human homeostasis of iron at the systemic and cellular level. Iron is both necessary to the body and potentially toxic. Controlling iron levels in the body is a critically important part of many aspects of human health and disease. Hematologists have...	Human iron metabolism	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	5,081	[ "Pharmacology", "Properties of chemical elements", "Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements", "Human homeostasis", "Homeostasis", "Biochemistry" ]
3,340,143	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-slag%20remelting	Electroslag remelting (ESR), also known as electro-flux remelting, is a process of remelting and refining steel and other alloys for mission-critical applications in aircraft, thermal power stations, nuclear power plants, military technology and others. The electroslag remelting (ESR) process is used to remelt and ref...	Electro-slag remelting	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	501	[ "Metallurgical processes", "Steelmaking", "Metallurgy" ]
5,963,858	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20wastewater%20treatment%20technologies	This page consists of a list of wastewater treatment technologies: See also Agricultural wastewater treatment Industrial wastewater treatment List of solid waste treatment technologies Waste treatment technologies Water purification Sewage sludge treatment References Industrial Wastewater Treatment Technology ...	List of wastewater treatment technologies	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	59	[ "Water treatment", "Chemical engineering", "Water pollution", "Sewerage", "Chemical processes", "Civil engineering", "Water technology", "Environmental engineering", "Chemical process engineering", "nan" ]
1,151,127	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydimethylsiloxane	Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), also known as dimethylpolysiloxane or dimethicone, is a silicone polymer with a wide variety of uses, from cosmetics to industrial lubrication and passive daytime radiative cooling. PDMS is particularly known for its unusual rheological (or flow) properties. It is optically clear and, in g...	Polydimethylsiloxane	[ "Physics", "Biology" ]	3,396	[ "Biomaterials", "Materials", "Matter", "Medical technology" ]
1,151,323	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thue%20equation	In mathematics, a Thue equation is a Diophantine equation of the form where is an irreducible bivariate form of degree at least 3 over the rational numbers, and is a nonzero rational number. It is named after Axel Thue, who in 1909 proved that a Thue equation can have only finitely many solutions in integers and , ...	Thue equation	[ "Mathematics" ]	684	[ "Mathematical theorems", "Number theory stubs", "Mathematical objects", "Equations", "Diophantine equations", "Theorems in number theory", "Mathematical problems", "Number theory" ]
1,151,599	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%28I%29%20fluoride	Silver(I) fluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula AgF. It is one of the three main fluorides of silver, the others being silver subfluoride and silver(II) fluoride. AgF has relatively few niche applications; it has been employed as a fluorination and desilylation reagent in organic synthesis and in aqueous...	Silver(I) fluoride	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,418	[ "Inorganic compounds", "Salts", "Fluorinating agents", "Metal halides", "Reagents for organic chemistry", "Fluorides" ]
1,151,991	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic%20in%20computer%20science	Logic in computer science covers the overlap between the field of logic and that of computer science. The topic can essentially be divided into three main areas: Theoretical foundations and analysis Use of computer technology to aid logicians Use of concepts from logic for computer applications Theoretical foundati...	Logic in computer science	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	1,469	[ "Software engineering", "Mathematical logic", "Logic in computer science", "Formal methods" ]
1,152,079	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-minimum%20spanning%20tree	The -minimum spanning tree problem, studied in theoretical computer science, asks for a tree of minimum cost that has exactly vertices and forms a subgraph of a larger graph. It is also called the -MST or edge-weighted -cardinality tree. Finding this tree is NP-hard, but it can be approximated to within a constant app...	K-minimum spanning tree	[ "Mathematics" ]	942	[ "NP-hard problems", "Mathematical problems", "Computational problems" ]
1,152,311	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signature%20%28topology%29	In the field of topology, the signature is an integer invariant which is defined for an oriented manifold M of dimension divisible by four. This invariant of a manifold has been studied in detail, starting with Rokhlin's theorem for 4-manifolds, and Hirzebruch signature theorem. Definition Given a connected and ori...	Signature (topology)	[ "Mathematics" ]	774	[ "Quadratic forms", "Topology", "Number theory", "Geometric topology" ]
1,152,833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP%20Multimedia%20Subsystem	The IP Multimedia Subsystem or IP Multimedia Core Network Subsystem (IMS) is a standardised architectural framework for delivering IP multimedia services. Historically, mobile phones have provided voice call services over a circuit-switched-style network, rather than strictly over an IP packet-switched network. Variou...	IP Multimedia Subsystem	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	6,195	[ "Information and communications technology", "Network architecture", "Computer networks engineering", "Telecommunications", "Multimedia", "IMS services" ]
1,153,819	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordierite	Cordierite (mineralogy) or iolite (gemology) is a magnesium iron aluminium cyclosilicate. Iron is almost always present, and a solid solution exists between Mg-rich cordierite and Fe-rich sekaninaite with a series formula: to . A high-temperature polymorph exists, indialite, which is isostructural with beryl and has a...	Cordierite	[ "Physics" ]	902	[ "Materials", "Gemstones", "Matter" ]
1,154,853	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrosequencing	Pyrosequencing is a method of DNA sequencing (determining the order of nucleotides in DNA) based on the "sequencing by synthesis" principle, in which the sequencing is performed by detecting the nucleotide incorporated by a DNA polymerase. Pyrosequencing relies on light detection based on a chain reaction when pyrophos...	Pyrosequencing	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,405	[ "Genetics techniques", "Life sciences industry", "Biotechnology", "DNA sequencing methods", "DNA sequencing", "nan", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry" ]
1,156,215	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz%20equation	In mathematics, the Helmholtz equation is the eigenvalue problem for the Laplace operator. It corresponds to the elliptic partial differential equation: where is the Laplace operator, is the eigenvalue, and is the (eigen)function. When the equation is applied to waves, is known as the wave number. The Helmholtz eq...	Helmholtz equation	[ "Physics" ]	1,759	[ "Physical phenomena", "Equations of physics", "Eponymous equations of physics", "Waves", "Motion (physics)" ]
1,156,527	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detection%20theory	Detection theory or signal detection theory is a means to measure the ability to differentiate between information-bearing patterns (called stimulus in living organisms, signal in machines) and random patterns that distract from the information (called noise, consisting of background stimuli and random activity of the ...	Detection theory	[ "Physics", "Mathematics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	2,413	[ "Mathematical psychology", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Computer engineering", "Signal processing", "Telecommunications engineering", "Applied mathematics", "Psychophysics" ]
1,156,603	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilter	Biofiltration is a pollution control technique using a bioreactor containing living material to capture and biologically degrade pollutants. Common uses include processing waste water, capturing harmful chemicals or silt from surface runoff, and microbiotic oxidation of contaminants in air. Industrial biofiltration ca...	Biofilter	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology", "Environmental_science" ]	3,010	[ "Bioreactors", "Water filters", "Biological engineering", "Water treatment", "Biodegradable waste management", "Chemical reactors", "Chemical engineering", "Environmental soil science", "Filters", "Biochemical engineering", "Microbiology equipment", "Biodegradation", "Civil engineering", "...
11,543,936	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huber%27s%20equation	Huber's equation, first derived by a Polish engineer Tytus Maksymilian Huber, is a basic formula in elastic material tension calculations, an equivalent of the equation of state, but applying to solids. In most simple expression and commonly in use it looks like this: where is the tensile stress, and is the shear st...	Huber's equation	[ "Physics", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	148	[ "Structural engineering", "Physical phenomena", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Classical mechanics stubs", "Structural analysis", "Classical mechanics", "Mechanical engineering", "Aerospace engineering", "Physical properties" ]
11,544,764	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollover%20protection%20structure	A rollover protection structure or rollover protection system (ROPS) ( or ) is a system or structure intended to protect equipment operators and motorists from injuries caused by vehicle overturns or rollovers. Like rollcages and rollbars in cars and trucks, cabs, frames or rollbars on agricultural and construction equ...	Rollover protection structure	[ "Engineering" ]	3,004	[ "Engineering vehicles", "Tractors" ]
11,546,101	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp%20Solar	Sharp Solar, a subsidiary of Sharp Electronics, is a solar energy products company owned by Sharp Corporation and based in Osaka, Japan. Products The company produces thin film modules and mono and poly-crystalline silicon solar cells. Sharp's photovoltaic (PV) modules are used for many applications, from satellites...	Sharp Solar	[ "Engineering" ]	570	[ "Photovoltaics manufacturers", "Engineering companies" ]
11,546,489	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20photovoltaics%20companies	This is a list of notable photovoltaics (PV) companies. Grid-connected solar photovoltaics (PV) is the fastest growing energy technology in the world, growing from a cumulative installed capacity of 7.7 GW in 2007, to 320 GW in 2016. In 2016, 93% of the global PV cell manufacturing capacity utilized crystalline silic...	List of photovoltaics companies	[ "Engineering" ]	1,852	[ "Electrical engineering", "Photovoltaics manufacturers", "Electrical-engineering-related lists", "Engineering companies" ]
11,548,654	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenated%20starch%20hydrolysates	Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates (HSHs), also known as polyglycitol syrup (INS 964), are mixtures of several sugar alcohols (a type of sugar substitute). Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates were developed by the Swedish company Lyckeby Starch in the 1960s. The HSH family of polyols is an approved food ingredient in Canad...	Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates	[ "Chemistry" ]	578	[ "Organic compounds", "Carbohydrates", "Sugar alcohols" ]
11,548,952	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censoring%20%28statistics%29	In statistics, censoring is a condition in which the value of a measurement or observation is only partially known. For example, suppose a study is conducted to measure the impact of a drug on mortality rate. In such a study, it may be known that an individual's age at death is at least 75 years (but may be more). ...	Censoring (statistics)	[ "Engineering" ]	1,528	[ "Systems engineering", "Reliability engineering" ]
11,549,201	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretomanid	Pretomanid is an antibiotic medication used for the treatment of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis affecting the lungs. It is generally used together with bedaquiline and linezolid. It is taken by mouth. The most common side effects include nerve damage, acne, vomiting, headache, low blood sugar, diarrhea, and liver i...	Pretomanid	[ "Chemistry" ]	893	[ "Chemicals in medicine", "Prodrugs" ]
11,549,406	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality%20control%20and%20genetic%20algorithms	The combination of quality control and genetic algorithms led to novel solutions of complex quality control design and optimization problems. Quality is the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics of an entity fulfils a need or expectation that is stated, general implied or obligatory. ISO 9000 defines qualit...	Quality control and genetic algorithms	[ "Engineering", "Biology" ]	859	[ "Genetics techniques", "Statistical process control", "Engineering statistics", "Genetic algorithms" ]
11,551,960	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayes%20similitude%20principle	The Hayes similitude principle enabled aerodynamicists to take the results of one series of tests or calculations and apply them to the design of an entire family of similar configurations where neither tests nor detailed calculations are available. The similitude principle was developed by Wallace D. Hayes, a pioneer...	Hayes similitude principle	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	523	[ "Aerospace engineering", "Aerodynamics", "Fluid dynamics stubs", "Fluid dynamics" ]
10,109,430	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds%20analogy	The Reynolds Analogy is popularly known to relate turbulent momentum and heat transfer. That is because in a turbulent flow (in a pipe or in a boundary layer) the transport of momentum and the transport of heat largely depends on the same turbulent eddies: the velocity and the temperature profiles have the same shape. ...	Reynolds analogy	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	409	[ "Transport phenomena", "Chemical engineering", "Physical phenomena" ]
10,109,665	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilton%20and%20Colburn%20J-factor%20analogy	Chilton–Colburn J-factor analogy (also known as the modified Reynolds analogy) is a successful and widely used analogy between heat, momentum, and mass transfer. The basic mechanisms and mathematics of heat, mass, and momentum transport are essentially the same. Among many analogies (like Reynolds analogy, Prandtl–Tayl...	Chilton and Colburn J-factor analogy	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	286	[ "Transport phenomena", "Chemical engineering", "Physical phenomena" ]
10,111,265	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributyltin%20hydride	Tributyltin hydride is an organotin compound with the formula (C4H9)3SnH. It is a colorless liquid that is soluble in organic solvents. The compound is used as a source of hydrogen atoms in organic synthesis. Synthesis and characterization The compound is produced by reduction of tributyltin oxide with polymethylhydr...	Tributyltin hydride	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	479	[ "Inorganic compounds", "Radical initiators", "Reducing agents", "Metal hydrides", "Polymer chemistry", "Reagents for organic chemistry" ]
10,112,524	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transforming%20growth%20factor%20beta%20superfamily	The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily is a large group of structurally related cell regulatory proteins that was named after its first member, TGF-β1, originally described in 1983. They interact with TGF-beta receptors. Many proteins have since been described as members of the TGF-β superfamily in a ...	Transforming growth factor beta superfamily	[ "Biology" ]	732	[ "Protein classification", "Membrane proteins", "Protein domains", "Developmental genes and proteins", "Protein families", "Induced stem cells" ]
10,113,122	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20radar	Quantum radar is a speculative remote-sensing technology based on quantum-mechanical effects, such as the uncertainty principle or quantum entanglement. Broadly speaking, a quantum radar can be seen as a device working in the microwave range, which exploits quantum features, from the point of view of the radiation sour...	Quantum radar	[ "Physics" ]	1,378	[ "Quantum optics", "Quantum mechanics" ]
10,113,242	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String-net%20liquid	In condensed matter physics, a string-net is an extended object whose collective behavior has been proposed as a physical mechanism for topological order by Michael A. Levin and Xiao-Gang Wen. A particular string-net model may involve only closed loops; or networks of oriented, labeled strings obeying branching rules g...	String-net liquid	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	560	[ "Quantum phases", "Chemical engineering", "Phases of matter", "Quantum mechanics", "Materials science", "Condensed matter physics", "nan", "Matter" ]
10,113,932	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking%20clock	A talking clock (also called a speaking clock and an auditory clock) is a timekeeping device that presents the time as sounds. It may present the time solely as sounds, such as a phone-based time service (see "Speaking clock") or a clock for the visually impaired, or may have a sound feature in addition to an analog or...	Talking clock	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	1,840	[ "Physical systems", "Machines", "Clocks", "Measuring instruments" ]
10,115,658	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20self-assembly	In chemistry and materials science, molecular self-assembly is the process by which molecules adopt a defined arrangement without guidance or management from an outside source. There are two types of self-assembly: intermolecular and intramolecular. Commonly, the term molecular self-assembly refers to the former, while...	Molecular self-assembly	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Mathematics" ]	1,147	[ "Self-organization", "Supramolecular chemistry", "nan", "Nanotechnology", "Dynamical systems" ]
10,117,078	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base%20extraction	Acid–base extraction is a subclass of liquid–liquid extractions and involves the separation of chemical species from other acidic or basic compounds. It is typically performed during the work-up step following a chemical synthesis to purify crude compounds and results in the product being largely free of acidic or bas...	Acid–base extraction	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,252	[ "Equilibrium chemistry", "Extraction (chemistry)", "nan", "Separation processes" ]
10,119,238	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential%20extension	In mathematics, specifically module theory, given a ring R and an R-module M with a submodule N, the module M is said to be an essential extension of N (or N is said to be an essential submodule or large submodule of M) if for every submodule H of M, implies that As a special case, an essential left ideal of R is a...	Essential extension	[ "Mathematics" ]	925	[ "Fields of abstract algebra", "Commutative algebra", "Module theory" ]
10,120,241	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-demicubic%20honeycomb	The 5-demicube honeycomb (or demipenteractic honeycomb) is a uniform space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 5-space. It is constructed as an alternation of the regular 5-cube honeycomb. It is the first tessellation in the demihypercube honeycomb family which, with all the next ones, is not regular, bei...	5-demicubic honeycomb	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	688	[ "Tessellation", "Crystallography", "Honeycombs (geometry)", "Symmetry" ]
10,121,045	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pore%20space%20in%20soil	The pore space of soil contains the liquid and gas phases of soil, i.e., everything but the solid phase that contains mainly minerals of varying sizes as well as organic compounds. In order to understand porosity better a series of equations have been used to express the quantitative interactions between the three pha...	Pore space in soil	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,770	[ "Soil mechanics", "Porous media", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Materials science" ]
19,176,602	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double%20mass%20analysis	Double mass analysis is a simple graphical method to evaluate the consistency of hydrological data. The DM approach plots the cumulative data of one variable against the cumulative data of a second variable. A break in the slope of a linear function fit to the data is thought to represent a change in the relation betwe...	Double mass analysis	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	498	[ "Hydrology", "Hydrology stubs", "Environmental engineering" ]
19,179,678	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocell	A protocell (or protobiont) is a self-organized, endogenously ordered, spherical collection of lipids proposed as a rudimentary precursor to cells during the origin of life. A central question in evolution is how simple protocells first arose and how their progeny could diversify, thus enabling the accumulation of nove...	Protocell	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	5,756	[ "Synthetic biology", "Evolutionary biology", "Biological engineering", "Origin of life", "Membrane biology", "Prebiotic chemistry", "Bioinformatics", "Molecular genetics", "Molecular biology", "Biological hypotheses" ]
19,179,706	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiogenesis	Abiogenesis is the natural process by which life arises from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds. The prevailing scientific hypothesis is that the transition from non-living to living entities on Earth was not a single event, but a process of increasing complexity involving the formation of a habitable ...	Abiogenesis	[ "Chemistry", "Astronomy", "Biology" ]	12,888	[ "Evolutionary biology", "Origin of life", "Speculative evolution", "Prebiotic chemistry", "Astrobiology", "Biological hypotheses", "Astronomical sub-disciplines" ]
19,188,374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad%20Osterwalder	Konrad Osterwalder (born June 3, 1942) is a Swiss mathematician and physicist, former Undersecretary-General of the United Nations, former Rector of the United Nations University (UNU), and Rector Emeritus of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich). He is known for the Osterwalder–Schrader theorem...	Konrad Osterwalder	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	3,320	[ "Quantum physicists", "Geometers", "Quantum mechanics", "Geometry" ]
219,713	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium%20dioxide	Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania , is the inorganic compound derived from titanium with the chemical formula . When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white, Pigment White 6 (PW6), or CI 77891. It is a white solid that is insoluble in water, although mineral forms can appear black. As...	Titanium dioxide	[ "Chemistry" ]	5,460	[ "Inorganic pigments", "Inorganic compounds" ]
219,847	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levinson%20recursion	Levinson recursion or Levinson–Durbin recursion is a procedure in linear algebra to recursively calculate the solution to an equation involving a Toeplitz matrix. The algorithm runs in time, which is a strong improvement over Gauss–Jordan elimination, which runs in Θ(n3). The Levinson–Durbin algorithm was proposed fi...	Levinson recursion	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,901	[ "Mathematical objects", "Computational mathematics", "Matrices (mathematics)", "Mathematical relations", "Numerical analysis", "Approximations" ]
219,861	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-place%20algorithm	In computer science, an in-place algorithm is an algorithm that operates directly on the input data structure without requiring extra space proportional to the input size. In other words, it modifies the input in place, without creating a separate copy of the data structure. An algorithm which is not in-place is someti...	In-place algorithm	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,342	[ "Applied mathematics", "Algorithms", "Mathematical logic" ]
220,046	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20of%20chemistry%20articles	Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem), meaning "earth") is the physical science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions. Below is a list of chemistry-related articles in alphabetical order. Chemical compounds are listed separatel...	Index of chemistry articles	[ "Chemistry" ]	128	[ "nan" ]

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.