id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
93,070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20New%20Kind%20of%20Science | A New Kind of Science is a book by Stephen Wolfram, published by his company Wolfram Research under the imprint Wolfram Media in 2002. It contains an empirical and systematic study of computational systems such as cellular automata. Wolfram calls these systems simple programs and argues that the scientific philosophy a... | A New Kind of Science | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,721 | [
"Self-organization",
"Applied mathematics",
"Recreational mathematics",
"Cellular automata",
"Computational science",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
93,188 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-alpha%20process | The triple-alpha process is a set of nuclear fusion reactions by which three helium-4 nuclei (alpha particles) are transformed into carbon.
Triple-alpha process in stars
Helium accumulates in the cores of stars as a result of the proton–proton chain reaction and the carbon–nitrogen–oxygen cycle.
Nuclear fusion react... | Triple-alpha process | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 2,533 | [
"Nuclear fission",
"Concepts in astrophysics",
"Astrophysics",
"Nucleosynthesis",
"Nuclear physics",
"Concepts in stellar astronomy",
"Nuclear fusion"
] |
93,825 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsanto | The Monsanto Company () was an American agrochemical and agricultural biotechnology corporation founded in 1901 and headquartered in Creve Coeur, Missouri. Monsanto's best-known product is Roundup, a glyphosate-based herbicide, developed in the 1970s. Later, the company became a major producer of genetically engineered... | Monsanto | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 11,104 | [
"Genetic engineering and agriculture",
"Life sciences industry",
"Genetic engineering"
] |
94,102 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid%20angle | In geometry, a solid angle (symbol: ) is a measure of the amount of the field of view from some particular point that a given object covers. That is, it is a measure of how large the object appears to an observer looking from that point.
The point from which the object is viewed is called the apex of the solid angle, a... | Solid angle | [
"Physics"
] | 2,626 | [
"Geometric measurement",
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Physical quantities",
"Euclidean solid geometry",
"Space",
"Spacetime",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Angle"
] |
94,158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange%20inversion%20theorem | In mathematical analysis, the Lagrange inversion theorem, also known as the Lagrange–Bürmann formula, gives the Taylor series expansion of the inverse function of an analytic function. Lagrange inversion is a special case of the inverse function theorem.
Statement
Suppose is defined as a function of by an equation ... | Lagrange inversion theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 967 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Theorems in combinatorics",
"Theorems in real analysis",
"Theorems in complex analysis",
"Combinatorics",
"Theorems in discrete mathematics"
] |
3,325,140 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy%20in%20thermodynamics%20and%20information%20theory | The mathematical expressions for thermodynamic entropy in the statistical thermodynamics formulation established by Ludwig Boltzmann and J. Willard Gibbs in the 1870s are similar to the information entropy by Claude Shannon and Ralph Hartley, developed in the 1940s.
Equivalence of form of the defining expressions
Th... | Entropy in thermodynamics and information theory | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 3,333 | [
"Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics",
"Physical quantities",
"Thermodynamic entropy",
"Entropy and information",
"Entropy",
"Thermodynamics",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
3,328,072 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon%20nitride | Silicon nitride is a chemical compound of the elements silicon and nitrogen. (Trisilicon tetranitride) is the most thermodynamically stable and commercially important of the silicon nitrides, and the term ″Silicon nitride″ commonly refers to this specific composition. It is a white, high-melting-point solid that is re... | Silicon nitride | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 3,954 | [
"Ceramic engineering",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Materials",
"Superhard materials",
"Ceramic materials",
"Inorganic silicon compounds",
"Matter"
] |
3,330,825 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debye%E2%80%93Waller%20factor | The Debye–Waller factor (DWF), named after Peter Debye and Ivar Waller, is used in condensed matter physics to describe the attenuation of x-ray scattering or coherent neutron scattering caused by thermal motion. It is also called the B factor, atomic B factor, or temperature factor. Often, "Debye–Waller factor" is use... | Debye–Waller factor | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 2,489 | [
"Phases of matter",
"Materials science",
"Scattering",
"Crystallography",
"Particle physics",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Matter"
] |
16,940,523 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiphase%20topology%20optimisation | The Multi Phase Topology Optimisation is a simulation technique based on the principle of the finite element method which is able to determine the optimal distribution of two or more different materials in combination under thermal and mechanical loads.
The objective of optimization is to minimize the component's elas... | Multiphase topology optimisation | [
"Engineering"
] | 206 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Structural analysis",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
16,942,737 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAMP-dependent%20pathway | In the field of molecular biology, the cAMP-dependent pathway, also known as the adenylyl cyclase pathway, is a G protein-coupled receptor-triggered signaling cascade used in cell communication.
Discovery
cAMP was discovered by Earl Sutherland and Ted Rall in the mid 1950s. cAMP is considered a secondary messenger alo... | CAMP-dependent pathway | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,136 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Neurochemistry",
"Cell biology",
"Signal transduction"
] |
16,944,901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-exchange | In quantum mechanics, spin-exchange is an interaction process between two particles mediated by an exchange interaction. It preserves total angular momentum of the system but may allow other aspects of the system to change. When two spin-polarized atoms in their ground state experience a spin-exchange collision, the to... | Spin-exchange | [
"Physics"
] | 292 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Quantum physics stubs"
] |
18,147,992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommerfeld%20number | In the design of fluid bearings, the Sommerfeld number (S) is a dimensionless quantity used extensively in hydrodynamic lubrication analysis. The Sommerfeld number is very important in lubrication analysis because it contains all the variables normally specified by the designer.
The Sommerfeld number is named after Ar... | Sommerfeld number | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 590 | [
"Piping",
"Chemical engineering",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
18,149,255 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depolarizer%20%28optics%29 | A or is an optical device used to scramble the polarization of light. An ideal depolarizer would output randomly polarized light whatever its input, but all practical depolarizers produce pseudo-random output polarization.
Optical systems are often sensitive to the polarization of light reaching them (for example gr... | Depolarizer (optics) | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,266 | [
"Glass engineering and science",
"Optical components",
"Astrophysics",
"Polarization (waves)",
"Components"
] |
12,469,290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACIGA | The Australian Consortium for Interferometric Gravitational Astronomy (ACIGA) is a collaboration of Australian research institutions involved in the international gravitational wave research community.
The institutions associated with ACIGA are:
The Australian National University
University of Western Australia
Uni... | ACIGA | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 136 | [
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Gravitational-wave astronomy",
"Astrophysics"
] |
12,469,994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weisz%E2%80%93Prater%20criterion | The Weisz–Prater criterion is a method used to estimate the influence of pore diffusion on reaction rates in heterogeneous catalytic reactions. If the criterion is satisfied, pore diffusion limitations are negligible. The criterion is
Where is the reaction rate per volume of catalyst, is the catalyst particle radiu... | Weisz–Prater criterion | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 183 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Chemical reaction engineering",
"Chemical engineering",
"nan"
] |
12,473,239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic%20partial%20differential%20equation | Stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs) generalize partial differential equations via random force terms and coefficients, in the same way ordinary stochastic differential equations generalize ordinary differential equations.
They have relevance to quantum field theory, statistical mechanics, and spatial mod... | Stochastic partial differential equation | [
"Mathematics"
] | 450 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Mathematical finance"
] |
414,962 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stent | In medicine, a stent is a tube usually constructed of a metallic alloy or a polymer. It is inserted into the lumen (hollow space) of an anatomic vessel or duct to keep the passageway open.
Stenting refers to the placement of a stent. The word "stent" is also used as a verb to describe the placement of such a device, ... | Stent | [
"Biology"
] | 3,777 | [
"Medical devices",
"Medical technology"
] |
415,016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood%20substitute | A blood substitute (also called artificial blood or blood surrogate) is a substance used to mimic and fulfill some functions of biological blood. It aims to provide an alternative to blood transfusion, which is transferring blood or blood-based products from one person into another. Thus far, there are no well-accepted... | Blood substitute | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 2,345 | [
"Synthetic biology",
"Biological engineering",
"Molecular genetics",
"Bioinformatics"
] |
415,153 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major%20second | In Western music theory, a major second (sometimes also called whole tone or a whole step) is a second spanning two semitones (). A second is a musical interval encompassing two adjacent staff positions (see Interval number for more details). For example, the interval from C to D is a major second, as the note D lies ... | Major second | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,341 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Units of level",
"Quantity",
"Logarithmic scales of measurement",
"Units of measurement"
] |
415,167 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitone | A semitone, also called a minor second, half step, or a half tone, is the smallest musical interval commonly used in Western tonal music, and it is considered the most dissonant when sounded harmonically.
It is defined as the interval between two adjacent notes in a 12-tone scale (or half of a whole step), visually see... | Semitone | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 4,498 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Units of level",
"Quantity",
"Logarithmic scales of measurement",
"Units of measurement"
] |
415,513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net%20force | In mechanics, the net force is the sum of all the forces acting on an object. For example, if two forces are acting upon an object in opposite directions, and one force is greater than the other, the forces can be replaced with a single force that is the difference of the greater and smaller force. That force is the ne... | Net force | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,458 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Force",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Mass",
"Classical mechanics",
"Motion (physics)",
"Dynamics (mechanics)",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Matter"
] |
415,883 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen-alpha | Hydrogen-alpha, typically shortened to H-alpha or Hα, is a deep-red visible spectral line of the hydrogen atom with a wavelength of 656.28 nm in air and 656.46 nm in vacuum. It is the first spectral line in the Balmer series and is emitted when an electron falls from a hydrogen atom's third- to second-lowest energy le... | Hydrogen-alpha | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,079 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Optical filters",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Astrophysics",
"Filters",
"Atomic physics",
" molecular",
"Astronomical spectroscopy",
"Atomic",
"Spectroscopy",
" and optical physics"
] |
415,893 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmer%20series | The Balmer series, or Balmer lines in atomic physics, is one of a set of six named series describing the spectral line emissions of the hydrogen atom. The Balmer series is calculated using the Balmer formula, an empirical equation discovered by Johann Balmer in 1885.
The visible spectrum of light from hydrogen display... | Balmer series | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,859 | [
"Emission spectroscopy",
"Spectroscopy",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)"
] |
415,895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman%20series | In physics and chemistry, the Lyman series is a hydrogen spectral series of transitions and resulting ultraviolet emission lines of the hydrogen atom as an electron goes from n ≥ 2 to n = 1 (where n is the principal quantum number), the lowest energy level of the electron (groundstate). The transitions are named seque... | Lyman series | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 798 | [
"Emission spectroscopy",
"Spectroscopy",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)"
] |
416,612 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-validation%20%28statistics%29 | Cross-validation, sometimes called rotation estimation or out-of-sample testing, is any of various similar model validation techniques for assessing how the results of a statistical analysis will generalize to an independent data set.
Cross-validation includes resampling and sample splitting methods that use different ... | Cross-validation (statistics) | [
"Engineering"
] | 5,319 | [
"Artificial intelligence engineering",
"Machine learning"
] |
416,651 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental%20shelf | A continental shelf is a portion of a continent that is submerged under an area of relatively shallow water, known as a shelf sea. Much of these shelves were exposed by drops in sea level during glacial periods. The shelf surrounding an island is known as an "insular shelf."
The continental margin, between the contin... | Continental shelf | [
"Physics",
"Biology"
] | 1,806 | [
"Aquatic ecology",
"Ecosystems",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physical oceanography"
] |
416,666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface%20energy | In surface science, surface energy (also interfacial free energy or surface free energy) quantifies the disruption of intermolecular bonds that occurs when a surface is created. In solid-state physics, surfaces must be intrinsically less energetically favorable than the bulk of the material (that is, the atoms on the s... | Surface energy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 3,292 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Area-specific quantities",
"Quantity",
"Phases of matter",
"Materials science",
"Surface science",
"Forms of energy",
"Energy (physics)",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Matter"
] |
416,681 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversible%20process%20%28thermodynamics%29 | In thermodynamics, a reversible process is a process, involving a system and its surroundings, whose direction can be reversed by infinitesimal changes in some properties of the surroundings, such as pressure or temperature.
Throughout an entire reversible process, the system is in thermodynamic equilibrium, both phys... | Reversible process (thermodynamics) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,136 | [
"Thermodynamic processes",
"Thermodynamics"
] |
416,754 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photodynamic%20therapy | Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a form of phototherapy involving light and a photosensitizing chemical substance used in conjunction with molecular oxygen to elicit cell death (phototoxicity).
PDT is used in treating acne, wet age-related macular degeneration, psoriasis, and herpes. It is used to treat malignant cancers... | Photodynamic therapy | [
"Physics"
] | 11,194 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Medical physics"
] |
417,014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive%20transport | Passive transport is a type of membrane transport that does not require energy to move substances across cell membranes. Instead of using cellular energy, like active transport, passive transport relies on the second law of thermodynamics to drive the movement of substances across cell membranes. Fundamentally, substan... | Passive transport | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 1,646 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Cell biology",
"Physiology",
"Chemical engineering",
"Membrane biology",
"Cellular processes",
"Molecular biology"
] |
417,036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency%20for%20Nuclear%20Projects | The Agency for Nuclear Projects (Nuclear Waste Project Office) is a part of the Nevada state government, under the administration of the Governor of Nevada. The organization is based in Carson City.
The Nevada Legislature created the Commission in 1982 to assure that the health, safety, and welfare of Nevada's citizen... | Agency for Nuclear Projects | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 215 | [
"Nuclear energy",
"Radioactivity",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
1,751,047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum%20theory | In fluid dynamics, momentum theory or disk actuator theory is a theory describing a mathematical model of an ideal actuator disk, such as a propeller or helicopter rotor, by W.J.M. Rankine (1865), Alfred George Greenhill (1888) and Robert Edmund Froude (1889).
The rotor is modeled as an infinitely thin disc, inducing ... | Momentum theory | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 289 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Chemical engineering",
"Quantity",
"Piping",
"Moment (physics)",
"Momentum",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
1,752,414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contractible%20space | In mathematics, a topological space X is contractible if the identity map on X is null-homotopic, i.e. if it is homotopic to some constant map. Intuitively, a contractible space is one that can be continuously shrunk to a point within that space.
Properties
A contractible space is precisely one with the homotopy type ... | Contractible space | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 967 | [
"Properties of topological spaces",
"Space (mathematics)",
"Topological spaces",
"Topology",
"Space",
"Geometry",
"Spacetime"
] |
1,754,980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-component%20reaction | A multi-component reaction (or MCR), sometimes referred to as a "Multi-component Assembly Process" (or MCAP), is a chemical reaction where three or more compounds
react to form a single product. By definition, multicomponent reactions are those reactions whereby more than two reactants combine in a sequential manner t... | Multi-component reaction | [
"Chemistry"
] | 609 | [
"Chemical kinetics",
"Chemical reaction engineering",
"nan",
"Chemical synthesis"
] |
1,755,301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugi%20reaction | In organic chemistry, the Ugi reaction is a multi-component reaction involving a ketone or aldehyde, an amine, an isocyanide and a carboxylic acid to form a bis-amide.
The reaction is named after Ivar Karl Ugi, who first reported this reaction in 1959.
The Ugi reaction is exothermic and usually complete within minute... | Ugi reaction | [
"Chemistry"
] | 981 | [
"Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions",
"Coupling reactions",
"Organic reactions",
"Name reactions",
"Amide synthesis reactions"
] |
19,163,321 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leak%20detection | Pipeline leak detection is used to determine if (and in some cases where) a leak has occurred in systems which contain liquids and gases. Methods of detection include hydrostatic testing, tracer-gas leak testing, infrared, laser technology, and acoustic or sonar technologies. Some technologies are used only during init... | Leak detection | [
"Chemistry"
] | 4,037 | [
"Natural gas safety",
"Natural gas technology"
] |
19,172,363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total%20curvature | In mathematical study of the differential geometry of curves, the total curvature of an immersed plane curve is the integral of curvature along a curve taken with respect to arc length:
The total curvature of a closed curve is always an integer multiple of 2, where N is called the index of the curve or turning number ... | Total curvature | [
"Physics"
] | 527 | [
"Geometric measurement",
"Physical quantities",
"Curvature (mathematics)"
] |
19,174,354 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyaddition | Polyaddition (or addition polymerisation ) is a polymerization reaction that forms polymers via individual independent addition reactions. Polyaddition occurs as a reaction between functional groups on molecules with low degrees of polymerization, such as dimers, trimers and oligomers, to form species of higher molar ... | Polyaddition | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 107 | [
"Polymer stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs",
"Materials science",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
19,174,720 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20battery | An electric battery is a source of electric power consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections for powering electrical devices. When a battery is supplying power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode. The terminal marked negative is the source of elect... | Electric battery | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 7,370 | [
"Power (physics)",
"Electrical engineering",
"Electric power",
"Physical quantities"
] |
19,174,753 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mueller%E2%80%93Hinton%20agar | Mueller Hinton agar is a type of growth medium used in microbiology to culture bacterial isolates and test their susceptibility to antibiotics. This medium was first developed in 1941 by John Howard Mueller and Jane Hinton, who were microbiologists working at Harvard University. However, Mueller Hinton agar is made up ... | Mueller–Hinton agar | [
"Biology"
] | 744 | [
"Microbiological media",
"Microbiology equipment"
] |
7,817,455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-charge | Pre-charge of the powerline voltages in a high voltage DC application is a preliminary mode which limits the inrush current during the power up procedure.
A high-voltage system with a large capacitive load can be exposed to high electric current during initial turn-on. This current, if not limited, can cause considera... | Pre-charge | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,357 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Electronic engineering",
"Computer engineering"
] |
7,819,800 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kfar%20Monash%20Hoard | The Kfar Monash Hoard is a hoard of metal objects dated to the Early Bronze Age (the third millennium BCE) found in the spring of 1962 by the agriculturalist Zvi Yizhar in Kfar Monash, Israel. Kfar Monash is located 3.3 km south-east of Tel Hefer (Tell Ishbar) in the Plain of Sharon or in modern terms 9 km/6 mi northea... | Kfar Monash Hoard | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 618 | [
"Archaeometallurgy",
"Metallurgy"
] |
7,822,233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface%20conditions%20for%20electromagnetic%20fields | Interface conditions describe the behaviour of electromagnetic fields; electric field, electric displacement field, and the magnetic field at the interface of two materials. The differential forms of these equations require that there is always an open neighbourhood around the point to which they are applied, otherwise... | Interface conditions for electromagnetic fields | [
"Physics"
] | 948 | [
"Electromagnetism concepts"
] |
7,824,361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware-in-the-loop%20simulation | Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation, also known by various acronyms such as HiL, HITL, and HWIL, is a technique that is used in the development and testing of complex real-time embedded systems. HIL simulation provides an effective testing platform by adding the complexity of the process-actuator system, known as a p... | Hardware-in-the-loop simulation | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 2,174 | [
"Embedded systems",
"Computer science",
"Computer engineering",
"Computer systems"
] |
15,217,532 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKLF%20%28gene%29 | Chemokine-like factor (CKLF) is a member of the CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family of proteins that in humans is encoded by the CKLF gene. This gene is located on band 22.1 in the long (i.e. "q") arm of chromosome 16.
Isoforms
Through the process of alternative splicing, the CKLF gene encodes 4 C... | CKLF (gene) | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 666 | [
"Gene expression",
"Molecular genetics",
"Cellular processes",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry"
] |
15,217,608 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHF20 | PHD finger protein 20 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PHF20 gene.
References
Further reading
External links
Transcription factors | PHF20 | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 28 | [
"Induced stem cells",
"Gene expression",
"Transcription factors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
15,218,518 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Environmental%20Sciences%20and%20Technology | The Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology (IEST) is a non-profit, technical society where professionals who impact controlled environments connect, gain knowledge, receive advice, and work together to create industry best practices. The organization uniquely serves environmental test engineers, qualificati... | Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,611 | [
"Environmental testing",
"Reliability engineering",
"Cleanroom technology"
] |
15,219,150 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIM33 | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM33, also known as (ectodermin homolog and tripartite motif-containing 33) is a protein encoded in the human by the gene TRIM33, a member of the tripartite motif family.
TRIM33 is thought to be a transcriptional corepressor. However unlike the related TRIM24 and TRIM28 proteins, few tran... | TRIM33 | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 260 | [
"Gene expression",
"Molecular genetics",
"Cellular processes",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry"
] |
15,220,286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttria-stabilized%20zirconia | Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is a ceramic in which the cubic crystal structure of zirconium dioxide is made stable at room temperature by an addition of yttrium oxide. These oxides are commonly called "zirconia" (ZrO2) and "yttria" (Y2O3), hence the name.
Stabilization
Pure zirconium dioxide undergoes a phase tr... | Yttria-stabilized zirconia | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,538 | [
"Refractory materials",
"Electrochemistry",
"Materials",
"Matter"
] |
15,221,133 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%20force | In classical mechanics, the Euler force is the fictitious tangential force
that appears when a non-uniformly rotating reference frame is used for analysis of motion and there is variation in the angular velocity of the reference frame's axes. The Euler acceleration (named for Leonhard Euler), also known as azimuthal ac... | Euler force | [
"Physics"
] | 288 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Force",
"Physical quantities",
"Classical mechanics stubs",
"Classical mechanics",
"Fictitious forces",
"Rotation",
"Motion (physics)"
] |
15,221,427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating%20current%20field%20measurement | Alternating current field measurement (ACFM) is an electromagnetic technique for non-destructive testing detection and sizing of surface breaking discontinuities. It was derived from the methods used in eddy-current testing and works on all metals, ferrous or non-ferrous. Since it doesn't require direct electrical cont... | Alternating current field measurement | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 675 | [
"Electromagnetism",
"Physical phenomena",
"Nondestructive testing",
"Materials testing",
"Civil engineering",
"Fundamental interactions",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Engineering mechanics"
] |
15,221,812 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20security%20switch | A virtual security switch is a software Ethernet switch with embedded security controls within it that runs within virtual environments such as VMware vSphere, Citrix XenDesktop, Microsoft Hyper-V and Virtual Iron. The primary purpose of a virtual security switch is to provide security measures such as isolation, cont... | Virtual security switch | [
"Engineering"
] | 952 | [
"Computer networks engineering",
"Virtualization"
] |
2,434,383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%20reference%20frame | In theoretical physics, a local reference frame (local frame) refers to a coordinate system or frame of reference that is only expected to function over a small region or a restricted region of space or spacetime.
The term is most often used in the context of the application of local inertial frames to small regions ... | Local reference frame | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 389 | [
"Frames of reference",
"Classical mechanics",
"Theory of relativity",
"Relativity stubs",
"Coordinate systems"
] |
2,434,399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaak%20Khalatnikov | Isaak Markovich Khalatnikov (, ; 17 October 1919 – 9 January 2021) was a leading Soviet theoretical physicist who made significant contributions to many areas of theoretical physics, including general relativity, quantum field theory, as well as the theory of quantum liquids. He is well known for his role in developin... | Isaak Khalatnikov | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 737 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Phase transitions",
"Phases of matter",
"Superfluidity",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Exotic matter",
"Matter",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
2,434,620 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken%20gun | A chicken gun or flight impact simulator is a large-diameter, compressed-air gun used to fire bird carcasses at aircraft components in order to simulate high-speed bird strikes during the aircraft's flight. Jet engines and aircraft windshields are particularly vulnerable to damage from such strikes, and are the most co... | Chicken gun | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,604 | [
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
2,436,311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%20coating | Spin coating is a procedure used to deposit uniform thin films onto flat substrates. Usually a small amount of coating material in liquid form is applied on the center of the substrate, which is either spinning at low speed or not spinning at all. The substrate is then rotated at speeds up to 10,000 rpm to spread the c... | Spin coating | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics"
] | 604 | [
"Microtechnology",
"Thin film deposition",
"Coatings",
"Thin films",
"Semiconductor device fabrication",
"Planes (geometry)",
"Solid state engineering"
] |
2,437,021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CASTEP | CASTEP is a shared-source academic and commercial software package which uses density functional theory with a plane wave basis set to calculate the electronic properties of crystalline solids, surfaces, molecules, liquids and amorphous materials from first principles. CASTEP permits geometry optimisation and finite t... | CASTEP | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 774 | [
"Computational chemistry software",
"Chemistry software",
"Computational physics",
"Computational chemistry",
"Density functional theory software",
"Physics software"
] |
2,437,128 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronoamperometry | In electrochemistry, chronoamperometry is an analytical technique in which the electric potential of the working electrode is stepped and the resulting current from faradaic processes occurring at the electrode (caused by the potential step) is monitored as a function of time. The functional relationship between curren... | Chronoamperometry | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,918 | [
"Electroanalytical methods",
"Electroanalytical chemistry"
] |
2,437,401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20conjunction | Solar conjunction generally occurs when a planet or other Solar System object is on the opposite side of the Sun from the Earth. From an Earth reference, the Sun will pass between the Earth and the object. Communication with any spacecraft in solar conjunction will be severely limited due to the Sun's interference on ... | Solar conjunction | [
"Engineering"
] | 300 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Satellite broadcasting"
] |
2,437,593 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid%20integrated%20circuit | A hybrid integrated circuit (HIC), hybrid microcircuit, hybrid circuit or simply hybrid is a miniaturized electronic circuit constructed of individual devices, such as semiconductor devices (e.g. transistors, diodes or monolithic ICs) and passive components (e.g. resistors, inductors, transformers, and capacitors), bon... | Hybrid integrated circuit | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,073 | [
"Electronic engineering",
"Electronic circuits"
] |
2,438,400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longest%20uncrossed%20knight%27s%20path | The longest uncrossed (or nonintersecting) knight's path is a mathematical problem involving a knight on the standard 8×8 chessboard or, more generally, on a square n×n board. The problem is to find the longest path the knight can take on the given board, such that the path does not intersect itself. A further distinct... | Longest uncrossed knight's path | [
"Mathematics"
] | 427 | [
"Computational problems in graph theory",
"Mathematical chess problems",
"Recreational mathematics",
"Computational mathematics",
"Graph theory",
"Computational problems",
"Mathematical relations",
"Mathematical problems"
] |
2,438,415 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix%20isolation | Matrix isolation is an experimental technique used in chemistry and physics. It generally involves a material being trapped within an unreactive matrix. A host matrix is a continuous solid phase in which guest particles (atoms, molecules, ions, etc.) are embedded. The guest is said to be isolated within the host matrix... | Matrix isolation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,117 | [
"Reaction mechanisms",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Molecular physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Spectroscopy",
"Physical organic chemistry",
"nan",
"Chemical kinetics",
"Physical chemistry"
] |
2,438,898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuck-at%20fault | A stuck-at fault is a particular fault model used by fault simulators and automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) tools to mimic a manufacturing defect within an integrated circuit. Individual signals and pins are assumed to be stuck at Logical '1', '0' and 'X'. For example, an input is tied to a logical 1 state duri... | Stuck-at fault | [
"Engineering"
] | 938 | [
"Electronic engineering",
"Digital electronics"
] |
5,952,732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic%20angiogenesis | Therapeutic angiogenesis is an experimental area in the treatment of ischemia, the condition associated with decrease in blood supply to certain organs, tissues, or body parts. This is usually caused by constriction or obstruction of the blood vessels. Angiogenesis is the natural healing process by which new blood vess... | Therapeutic angiogenesis | [
"Biology"
] | 299 | [
"Angiogenesis"
] |
5,953,219 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refeeding%20syndrome | Refeeding syndrome (RFS) is a metabolic disturbance which occurs as a result of reinstitution of nutrition in people who are starved, severely malnourished, or metabolically stressed because of severe illness. When too much food or liquid nutrition supplement is consumed during the initial four to seven days following ... | Refeeding syndrome | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,954 | [
"Metabolic disorders",
"Metabolism"
] |
5,953,552 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20transit | In astronomy, a solar transit is a movement of any object passing between the Sun and the Earth. This includes the planets Mercury and Venus (see Transit of Mercury and Transit of Venus). A solar eclipse is also a solar transit of the Moon, but technically only if it does not cover the entire disc of the Sun (an annula... | Solar transit | [
"Astronomy",
"Engineering"
] | 724 | [
"Planetary science",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Satellite broadcasting",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines"
] |
5,954,006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enyne%20metathesis | An enyne metathesis is an organic reaction taking place between an alkyne and an alkene with a metal carbene catalyst forming a butadiene. This reaction is a variation of olefin metathesis.
The general scheme is given by scheme 1:
When the reaction is intramolecular (in an enyne) it is called ring-closing enyne metat... | Enyne metathesis | [
"Chemistry"
] | 522 | [
"Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions",
"Rearrangement reactions",
"Organic reactions"
] |
5,954,264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mock%20modular%20form | In mathematics, a mock modular form is the holomorphic part of a harmonic weak Maass form, and a mock theta function is essentially a mock modular form of weight . The first examples of mock theta functions were described by Srinivasa Ramanujan in his last 1920 letter to G. H. Hardy and in his lost notebook. Sander Zwe... | Mock modular form | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,299 | [
"Modular forms",
"Q-analogs",
"Number theory",
"Combinatorics"
] |
5,955,500 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-nine%20engine | The straight-nine engine (also referred to as an inline-nine engine; abbreviated I9 or L9) is a piston engine with nine cylinders arranged in a straight line along the crankshaft. The most common application is for large diesel engines used by ships.
Examples of straight-nine engines include:
Rolls-Royce Bergen B, C a... | Straight-nine engine | [
"Engineering"
] | 138 | [
"Mechanical engineering stubs",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
5,956,526 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20stagnation | Water stagnation or still water occurs when water stops flowing for a long period of time. Stagnant water can be a significant environmental hazard.
Dangers
Malaria and dengue are among the main dangers of still water, which can become a breeding ground for the mosquitoes that transmit these diseases.
Stagnant water... | Water stagnation | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 548 | [
"Hydrology",
"Environmental soil science",
"Wetlands",
"Water pollution",
"Aquifers",
"Ecosystems",
"Environmental engineering",
"Aquatic ecology",
"Water supply"
] |
10,096,050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIKEN%20MDGRAPE-3 | MDGRAPE-3 is an ultra-high performance petascale supercomputer system developed by the Riken research institute in Japan. It is a special purpose system built for molecular dynamics simulations, especially protein structure prediction.
MDGRAPE-3 consists of 201 units of 24 custom MDGRAPE-3 chips (4,824 total), plus ad... | RIKEN MDGRAPE-3 | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Technology"
] | 312 | [
"Supercomputers",
"Molecular physics",
"Supercomputing",
"Computational physics",
"Molecular dynamics",
"Computational chemistry"
] |
10,096,234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyespot%20apparatus | The eyespot apparatus (or stigma) is a photoreceptive organelle found in the flagellate or (motile) cells of green algae and other unicellular photosynthetic organisms such as euglenids. It allows the cells to sense light direction and intensity and respond to it, prompting the organism to either swim towards the light... | Eyespot apparatus | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 875 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Neurochemistry",
"Molecular biology",
"Signal transduction"
] |
10,101,991 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s%20inequalities | In mathematics, the Newton inequalities are named after Isaac Newton. Suppose a1, a2, ..., an are non-negative real numbers and let denote the kth elementary symmetric polynomial in a1, a2, ..., an. Then the elementary symmetric means, given by
satisfy the inequality
Equality holds if and only if all the numbers a... | Newton's inequalities | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 141 | [
"Mathematical theorems",
"Algebra",
"Binary relations",
"Symmetric functions",
"Mathematical relations",
"Inequalities (mathematics)",
"Mathematical problems",
"Symmetry"
] |
10,104,622 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuratowski%27s%20closure-complement%20problem | In point-set topology, Kuratowski's closure-complement problem asks for the largest number of distinct sets obtainable by repeatedly applying the set operations of closure and complement to a given starting subset of a topological space. The answer is 14. This result was first published by Kazimierz Kuratowski in 192... | Kuratowski's closure-complement problem | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 412 | [
"Topology stubs",
"Topology",
"Space",
"Geometry",
"Spacetime",
"Mathematical problems"
] |
10,105,237 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester%20equation | In mathematics, in the field of control theory, a Sylvester equation is a matrix equation of the form:
It is named after English mathematician James Joseph Sylvester. Then given matrices A, B, and C, the problem is to find the possible matrices X that obey this equation. All matrices are assumed to have coefficients ... | Sylvester equation | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,010 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Control theory",
"Mathematical objects",
"Matrices (mathematics)",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
10,106,425 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orr%E2%80%93Sommerfeld%20equation | The Orr–Sommerfeld equation, in fluid dynamics, is an eigenvalue equation describing the linear two-dimensional modes of disturbance to a viscous parallel flow. The solution to the Navier–Stokes equations for a parallel, laminar flow can become unstable if certain conditions on the flow are satisfied, and the Orr–Somm... | Orr–Sommerfeld equation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,675 | [
"Equations of fluid dynamics",
"Equations of physics",
"Fluid dynamic instabilities",
"Chemical engineering",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
10,107,406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double%20inverted%20pendulum | A double inverted pendulum is the combination of the inverted pendulum and the double pendulum. The double inverted pendulum is unstable, meaning that it will fall down unless it is controlled in some way. The two main methods of controlling a double inverted pendulum are moving the base, as with the inverted pendulum,... | Double inverted pendulum | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 115 | [
"Control engineering",
"Classical mechanics stubs",
"Classical mechanics"
] |
11,542,343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription%20factor%20II%20A | Transcription factor TFIIA is a nuclear protein involved in the RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription of DNA. TFIIA is one of several general (basal) transcription factors (GTFs) that are required for all transcription events that use RNA polymerase II. Other GTFs include TFIID, a complex composed of the TATA bin... | Transcription factor II A | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 574 | [
"Gene expression",
"Signal transduction",
"Molecular genetics",
"Induced stem cells",
"Cellular processes",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry",
"Transcription factors"
] |
709,137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome%20P450 | Cytochromes P450 (P450s or CYPs) are a superfamily of enzymes containing heme as a cofactor that mostly, but not exclusively, function as monooxygenases. However, they are not omnipresent; for example, they have not been found in Escherichia coli. In mammals, these enzymes oxidize steroids, fatty acids, xenobiotics, a... | Cytochrome P450 | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,881 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacokinetics",
"Cellular processes",
"Biochemistry",
"Metabolism"
] |
709,237 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Academy%20of%20Engineering | The Royal Academy of Engineering (RAEng) is the United Kingdom's national academy of engineering.
The Academy was founded in June 1976 as the Fellowship of Engineering with support from Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, who became the first senior fellow and remained so until his death. The Fellowship was incorporated... | Royal Academy of Engineering | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,358 | [
"Royal Academy of Engineering",
"National academies of engineering"
] |
709,427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro%20black%20hole | Micro black holes, also called mini black holes or quantum mechanical black holes, are hypothetical tiny (<1 ) black holes, for which quantum mechanical effects play an important role. The concept that black holes may exist that are smaller than stellar mass was introduced in 1971 by Stephen Hawking.
It is possible th... | Micro black hole | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 2,720 | [
"Hypothetical particles",
"Matter",
"Physical phenomena",
"Black holes",
"Physical quantities",
"Astronomical hypotheses",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Astronomical myths",
"Astrophysics",
"Hypothetical astronomical objects",
"Density",
"Stellar phenomena",
"Astronomical objects",
"Phy... |
709,783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy-stealing%20argument | In combinatorial game theory, the strategy-stealing argument is a general argument that shows, for many two-player games, that the second player cannot have a guaranteed winning strategy. The strategy-stealing argument applies to any symmetric game (one in which either player has the same set of available moves with th... | Strategy-stealing argument | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,191 | [
"Mathematical games",
"Recreational mathematics",
"Combinatorics",
"Game theory",
"Combinatorial game theory"
] |
709,796 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen%20peroxide%E2%80%93urea | Hydrogen peroxide–urea (also called Hyperol, artizone, urea hydrogen peroxide, and UHP) is a white crystalline solid chemical compound composed of equal amounts of hydrogen peroxide and urea. It contains solid and water-free hydrogen peroxide, which offers a higher stability and better controllability than liquid hydro... | Hydrogen peroxide–urea | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology"
] | 985 | [
"Redox",
"Cleaning product components",
"Oxidizing agents",
"Organic compounds",
"Explosive chemicals",
"Components",
"Ureas"
] |
710,045 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsed%20laser%20deposition | Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) is a physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique where a high-power pulsed laser beam is focused inside a vacuum chamber to strike a target of the material that is to be deposited. This material is vaporized from the target (in a plasma plume) which deposits it as a thin film on a substrate ... | Pulsed laser deposition | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,196 | [
"Microtechnology",
"Thin film deposition",
"Coatings",
"Thin films",
"Semiconductor device fabrication",
"Planes (geometry)",
"Solid state engineering"
] |
710,115 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic%20welding | Ultrasonic welding is an industrial process whereby high-frequency ultrasonic acoustic vibrations are locally applied to work pieces being held together under pressure to create a solid-state weld. It is commonly used for plastics and metals, and especially for joining dissimilar materials. In ultrasonic welding, there... | Ultrasonic welding | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,978 | [
"Packaging machinery",
"Welding",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Industrial machinery"
] |
710,251 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind%20wave | In fluid dynamics, a wind wave, or wind-generated water wave, is a surface wave that occurs on the free surface of bodies of water as a result of the wind blowing over the water's surface. The contact distance in the direction of the wind is known as the fetch. Waves in the oceans can travel thousands of kilometers bef... | Wind wave | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 4,663 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Water waves",
"Surface waves",
"Waves",
"Physical oceanography",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
711,201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake%20oil%20%28cryptography%29 | In cryptography, snake oil is any cryptographic method or product considered to be bogus or fraudulent. The name derives from snake oil, one type of patent medicine widely available in 19th century United States.
Distinguishing secure cryptography from insecure cryptography can be difficult from the viewpoint of a use... | Snake oil (cryptography) | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 697 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Cryptography",
"Cybersecurity engineering"
] |
711,288 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoelasticity | In materials science and continuum mechanics, viscoelasticity is the property of materials that exhibit both viscous and elastic characteristics when undergoing deformation. Viscous materials, like water, resist both shear flow and strain linearly with time when a stress is applied. Elastic materials strain when stretc... | Viscoelasticity | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 5,731 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Continuum mechanics",
"Elasticity (physics)",
"Deformation (mechanics)",
"Hysteresis",
"Classical mechanics",
"Materials science",
"nan",
"Physical properties"
] |
711,593 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enalapril | Enalapril, sold under the brand name Vasotec among others, is an ACE inhibitor medication used to treat high blood pressure, diabetic kidney disease, and heart failure. For heart failure, it is generally used with a diuretic, such as furosemide. It is given by mouth or by injection into a vein. Onset of effects are typ... | Enalapril | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,402 | [
"Carboxylic acids",
"Stereochemistry",
"Functional groups",
"Enantiopure drugs",
"Prodrugs",
"Chemicals in medicine"
] |
711,862 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reissner%E2%80%93Nordstr%C3%B6m%20metric | In physics and astronomy, the Reissner–Nordström metric is a static solution to the Einstein–Maxwell field equations, which corresponds to the gravitational field of a charged, non-rotating, spherically symmetric body of mass M. The analogous solution for a charged, rotating body is given by the Kerr–Newman metric.
Th... | Reissner–Nordström metric | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,270 | [
"Exact solutions in general relativity",
"Black holes",
"Physical phenomena",
"Tensors",
"Physical quantities",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Astrophysics",
"Equations",
"Metric tensors",
"Density",
"Stellar phenomena",
"Astronomical objects"
] |
711,886 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%20horizon | In physics, a Cauchy horizon is a light-like boundary of the domain of validity of a Cauchy problem (a particular boundary value problem of the theory of partial differential equations). One side of the horizon contains closed space-like geodesics and the other side contains closed time-like geodesics. The concept is ... | Cauchy horizon | [
"Physics"
] | 360 | [
"General relativity",
"Relativity stubs",
"Theory of relativity"
] |
711,898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper%20length | Proper length or rest length is the length of an object in the object's rest frame.
The measurement of lengths is more complicated in the theory of relativity than in classical mechanics. In classical mechanics, lengths are measured based on the assumption that the locations of all points involved are measured simult... | Proper length | [
"Physics"
] | 1,156 | [
"Theory of relativity"
] |
12,477,587 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-linked%20enzyme%20aggregate | In biochemistry, a cross-linked enzyme aggregate is an immobilized enzyme prepared via cross-linking of the physical enzyme aggregates with a difunctional cross-linker. They can be used as stereoselective industrial biocatalysts.
Background
Enzymes are proteins that catalyze (i.e. accelerate) chemical reactions. They ... | Cross-linked enzyme aggregate | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 2,058 | [
"Catalysis",
"Stereochemistry",
"Space",
"nan",
"Spacetime",
"Chemical kinetics"
] |
14,123,742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myeloma%20protein | A myeloma protein is an abnormal antibody (immunoglobulin) or (more often) a fragment thereof, such as an immunoglobulin light chain, that is produced in excess by an abnormal monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells, typically in multiple myeloma or Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Other terms for s... | Myeloma protein | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 812 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Immune system",
"Organ systems",
"Molecular biology",
"Proteins"
] |
14,125,672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibroblast%20growth%20factor%20receptor%204 | Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR-4) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FGFR4 gene. FGFR4 has also been designated as CD334 (cluster of differentiation 334).
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the fibroblast growth factor receptor family, where amino acid sequence is highly conserved be... | Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 385 | [
"Tyrosine kinase receptors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
14,129,063 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradykinin%20receptor%20B2 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Bradykinin receptor B2}}
Bradykinin receptor B2 is a G-protein coupled receptor for bradykinin, encoded by the BDKRB2 gene in humans.
Mechanism
The B2 receptor (B2R) is a G protein-coupled receptor, probably coupled to Gq and Gi. A 2022 Nature cryo-EM study of human B2R-Gq complexes by Jinkeng Sheng et... | Bradykinin receptor B2 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 534 | [
"G protein-coupled receptors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
14,134,201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced%20oxidation%20process | Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), in a broad sense, are a set of chemical treatment procedures designed to remove organic (and sometimes inorganic) materials in water and wastewater by oxidation through reactions with hydroxyl radicals (·OH). In real-world applications of wastewater treatment, however, this term usu... | Advanced oxidation process | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,217 | [
"Green chemistry",
"Water treatment",
"Chemical engineering",
"Environmental chemistry",
"Water pollution",
"Civil engineering",
"nan",
"Environmental engineering",
"Water technology"
] |
14,134,326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver%20X%20receptor%20alpha | Liver X receptor alpha (LXR-alpha) is a nuclear receptor protein that in humans is encoded by the NR1H3 gene (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 3).
Expression
miRNA hsa-miR-613 autoregulates the human LXRα gene by targeting the endogenous LXRα through its specific miRNA response element (613MRE) within t... | Liver X receptor alpha | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 470 | [
"Induced stem cells",
"Gene expression",
"Transcription factors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
14,136,041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo-reactive%20amino%20acid%20analog | Photo-reactive amino acid analogs are artificial analogs of natural amino acids that can be used for crosslinking of protein complexes. Photo-reactive amino acid analogs may be incorporated into proteins and peptides in vivo or in vitro. Photo-reactive amino acid analogs in common use are photoreactive diazirine analog... | Photo-reactive amino acid analog | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 674 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
"Protein–protein interaction assays",
"Biotechnology",
"nan",
"Biochemistry"
] |
27,058 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel | Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon with improved strength and fracture resistance compared to other forms of iron. Because of its high tensile strength and low cost, steel is one of the most commonly manufactured materials in the world. Steel is used in buildings, as concrete reinforcing rods, in bridges, infrastruct... | Steel | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 6,279 | [
"Building engineering",
"Construction",
"Materials",
"Building materials",
"Matter",
"Architecture"
] |
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