texts
sequence | meta
dict | scores
sequence | avg_score
float64 0
0.14
| num_sents
int64 5
5
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Side B\nB1. ",
"Disco Tex & His Sex-O-Lettes - Get Dancin'\nB2. ",
"Duane Eddy & The Rebelettes - Play Me Like You Play Your Guitar\nB3. ",
"ABBA - I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\nB4. ",
"Neil Sedaka - Laughter In The Rain\nB5. ",
"Long Tall Ernie And The Shakers - Get Yourself Together\nB6. ",
"Earth And Fire - Only Time Will Tell\nB7. ",
"Slade - Thanks For The Memory\nB8. ",
"The Hollies - Sandy (4th Of July, Asbury Park)"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0,
0.0425531914893617,
0.014705882352941176,
0,
0.02564102564102564,
0.016666666666666666,
0,
0.029411764705882353,
0
] | 0.014331 | 5 |
[
"Next year represents the 60th anniversary of Ferrari's 1949 wins at Mille Miglia, 24 hours of Le Mans and 24-hours of Francorchamps — the first wins in what would be an illustrious Ferrari racing history. ",
"As such, there are rumors Carrozzeria Touring is readying a coachbuilt celebration of those wins destined to be…"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.014634146341463415,
0.008928571428571428
] | 0.011781 | 5 |
[
"In a contentious back and forth with constituents at a public meeting in Kingman, Arizona, a Republican congressman tried to allay fears over so-called chemtrails only to have his explanations swatted away with one man yelling, “We don’t need science!”",
"\n\nArizona has become Ground Zero for conspiracy theorists who claim that the government or the “New World Order” is attempting to control the populace and the environment by spraying chemicals into the air from passing airplanes.",
"\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nRep. Paul Gosar (R) attended the meeting on Tuesday to listen to constituents express concerns on a variety of topics, but the meeting grew heated when the topic of chemtrails came up.",
"\n\n“My name is Al DiCicco, and my question is related to our environment here in Arizona,” one man said while standing in the hall festooned with mounted animal heads.” ",
"For the past several years we’ve been testing people’s blood, hair follicles, rainwater, and soil…” at which point Gosar interrupted him and asked, “What group are you with?”",
"\n\n“I’m not in a group, you know what I mean. ",
"I’ve been involved in opposing geo-engineering projects above Arizona as well as elsewhere,” the man explained. “",
"We have a serious situation here, where we have submitted information to the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality whose own mission statement is to protect our environment, including our air, and, you’re talking about granddkids? ",
"Yes, I have three kids and I have my own life.”",
"\n\nWith his voice rising, the man continued, “My body is filled with barium, aluminum, and strontium, and nobody is doing anything about it. ",
"That’s why I’m here today. ",
"Because we want answers and we want something done instead of being placated and have people make fun of us about tin-foil hats. ",
"Well, go get your blood tested. ",
"You’ll throw your tin-foil hat away, as well as your jokes. ",
"This is a serious matter.”",
"\n\nIndicating the audience, he said, “We all are aware that geo-engineering and solar radiation management is going on worldwide. ",
"My questions is: what are you going to do about it, and when?”",
"\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nFollowing applause from the assembled crowd, Gosar asked, “Okay, who are science guys here?”",
"\n\n“We don’t need science,” DiCicco yelled from the back of the room stunning the congressman who replied, “Really?”",
"\n\nAdmitting that he too “doesn’t trust our government,” Gosar admonished the crowd about blaming the United Nations, while pointing out that barium and uranium are “ambient” chemical elements already found in high concentrations in the Grand Canyon state.",
"\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nAfter a woman interrupts him to say, “We’re talking about what is being dispensed by aircraft,” Gosar replies, “Well, there is nothing there.”",
"\n\nAs the woman attempts to explain, “There’s covert operations…” Gosar screws up his face and says, “Yeah, come on.”",
"\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nWhile admitting that he has concerns, Gosar tells the crowd, “In some ways I have to start trusting the National Institute for Health,” as the woman continues to shout, saying “we’ve all been studying it” along with “millions of people all around the world.”",
"\n\nWatch the video below uploaded to YouTube by Gianluca Zanna:"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0,
0.008733624454148471,
0.004975124378109453,
0.005952380952380952,
0.005747126436781609,
0,
0,
0.004219409282700422,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.008695652173913044,
0.00392156862745098,
0,
0,
0.0036363636363636364,
0.03225806451612903
] | 0.003256 | 5 |
[
"4'-[Aminomethyl]fluorescein and its N-alkyl derivatives: useful reagents in immunodiagnostic techniques.",
"\nA new class of fluorescein derivatives with chemically reactive amino and N-alkylamino \"arms\" in the 4'-position were synthesized and their utility in the development of fluorescence polarization immunoassays (FPIA) for cortisol and estriol was evaluated. ",
"The positioning of the arm in one of the phenolic rings introduced chirality due to hindered rotation and led to rotational isomers. ",
"These were separable when brought into a chiral environment, i.e., conjugated to steroid molecules. ",
"In the case of cortisol conjugates, the rotamers had similar properties in the FPIA. ",
"In the case of estriol conjugates, however, each rotamer exhibited different immunoassay characteristics. ",
"The rotamers interconverted at 80 degrees C, with the rate increasing with temperature. ",
"An unusual N-alkylation phenomenon by alkanols in acidic medium was observed. ",
"A serum cortisol FPIA, developed using an N-alkylamino fluorescein derivative, showed good correlation with a reference RIA."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0 | 5 |
[
"Department Publications\n\nChemical Engineering\n\nThe Chemical Engineering\nDepartment at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) develops technology and performs services for the\npetroleum, chemical, power and alternative fuels industries. ",
"SwRI supports\n\"concept to commercialization\" technology\ndevelopment through process simulation, laboratory\ninvestigations, bench-scale development, and the design and\noperation of pilot and demonstration plants.",
"\n\nBenefiting government, industry and the public through innovative science and technology\n\nAn Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer Minority/Female/Disabled/Veteran Committed to Diversity in the Workplace\n\nSouthwest Research Institute® (SwRI®), headquartered in San Antonio, Texas, is a multidisciplinary, independent, nonprofit, applied engineering and physical sciences research and development organization with\n10 technical divisions."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.012875536480686695,
0,
0
] | 0.004292 | 5 |
[
"Subject:Kaitlyn, The Miz and Cody Rhodes, with my username somewhere.",
"Size:Up to the creator.",
"Link to last request:This is my first request. ",
"Colors:Black,Red and Grey.",
"Link some pictures for the artists to use:Some suggestions bellow."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.043478260869565216,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.008696 | 5 |
[
"How Phenological Variation Affects Species Spreading Speeds.",
"\nIn this paper, we develop a phenologically explicit reaction-diffusion model to analyze the spatial spread of a univoltine insect species. ",
"Our model assumes four explicit life stages: adult, two larval, and pupa, with a fourth, implicit, egg stage modeled as a time delay between oviposition and emergence as a larva. ",
"As such, our model is broadly applicable to holometabolous insects. ",
"To account for phenology (seasonal biological timing), we introduce four time-dependent phenological functions describing adult emergence, oviposition and larval conversion, respectively. ",
"Emergence is defined as the per-capita probability of an adult emerging from the pupal stage at a particular time. ",
"Oviposition is defined as the per-capita rate of adult egg deposition at a particular time. ",
"Two functions deal with the larva stage 1 to larva stage 2, and larva stage 2 to pupa conversion as per-capita rate of conversion at a particular time. ",
"This very general formulation allows us to accommodate a wide variety of alternative insect phenologies and lifestyles. ",
"We provide the moment-generating function for the general linearized system in terms of phenological functions and model parameters. ",
"We prove that the spreading speed of the linearized system is the same as that for nonlinear system. ",
"We then find explicit solutions for the spreading speed of the insect population for the limiting cases where (1) emergence and oviposition are impulsive (i.e., take place over an extremely narrow time window), larval conversion occurs at a constant rate, and larvae are immobile, (2) emergence and oviposition are impulsive (i.e., take place over an extremely narrow time window), larval conversion occurs at a constant rate starting at a delayed time from egg hatch, and larvae are immobile, and (3) emergence, oviposition, and larval conversion are impulsive. ",
"To consider other biological scenarios, including cases with emergence and oviposition windows of finite width as well as mobile larvae, we use numerical simulations. ",
"Our results provide a framework for understanding how phenology can interact with spatial spread to facilitate (or hinder) species expansion. ",
"This is an important area of research within the context of global change, which brings both new invasive species and range shifts for native species, all the while causing perturbations to species phenology that may impact the abilities of native and invasive populations to spread."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0 | 5 |
[
"A typical carpet is composed of four distinct materials: 1) the face fiber or pile, often made of nylon, polyethylene terephthalate, or polyolefin; 2) the backing, often made of polypropylene or natural fibers like jute; 3) the binder or adhesive, often a styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) latex; and 4) the inorganic filler, often calcium carbonate or limestone. ",
"Thousands of tons of post-consumer and post-industrial carpet are sent to landfills each year. ",
"These carpets are difficult to recycle, being mixtures of various plastics, binders, inorganic fillers, and fibers. ",
"Many high-end uses of recycled carpet require separating the different polymers, removing dirt and other contaminants, and removing the binders and other fillers. ",
"By design, carpeting is difficult to deconstruct. ",
"It is built to survive decades of wear without having the face fiber pull free from the backing material, and without the binder failing.",
"\nThe most valuable portion of the carpet is typically the “face fiber” material, also sometimes described as “pile,” which is often a polyester or a nylon, and typically makes up from about 35 to about 65 wt. % ",
"of the carpet. ",
"Carpet to be recycled is often sorted based on its face fiber composition, with nylon carpet currently being more valuable due to the higher demand for recycled nylon.",
"\nOne conventional method for recovering the face fiber material typically involves shearing, a method for removing face fiber material analogous to shearing a sheep to remove its fleece. ",
"In such methods, the balance is typically discarded. ",
"An advantage of this method is that most of the non-face fiber portion of the carpet is separated from the face fiber. ",
"A disadvantage of the method is that shearing is labor intensive. ",
"Pieces of carpet must be unrolled, cut into appropriately-sized pieces, and manually fed one-by-one into a shearing unit. ",
"The carpet must be fed into the shearer in the proper orientation, with the face fiber oriented toward the shearing blades, making the sheared fiber susceptible to contamination with the backing material. ",
"A further disadvantage of this method is that the yield of face fiber is low—typically only 25% to 50% of the face fiber is recovered.",
"\nIn shearing, the cutting depth must be carefully adjusted to maximize face fiber recovery while minimizing cutting into the backing material. ",
"Unfortunately, carpet thicknesses vary. ",
"Deep cuts risk contaminating the sheared fiber, while shallow cuts result in yield losses. ",
"Cutter wear in such applications is significant and costly.",
"\nAnother conventional method of carpet recycling is whole carpet shredding. ",
"The entire carpet is simply shredded into fibers, and a portion of the latex and inorganic filler are removed as sand or dust. ",
"However, this method has the disadvantage of leaving the backing polypropylene fibers still intermixed with the face fibers. ",
"Furthermore, the bottom end of each face fiber retains a significant portion of the latex and inorganic filler, making this face fiber unsuitable for uses that require a more purified recycled face fiber.",
"\nU.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"5,889,142 discloses a process for selectively separating polyamides from multi-component waste materials that includes the steps of subjecting the multi-component mix to a specific mixture of caprolactam and water at a preselected temperature range below the degradation temperature of the polymer to be recovered, separating the formed polyamide solution, and recovering the desired polyamide.",
"\nU.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"7,067,613 discloses, in the recycling of Nylon 6 and Nylon 6,6 polyamides from post-consumer or post-industrial waste, a process to separate the polyamides from commingled polyolefin waste components, particularly polypropylene, by admixing the waste with an ester solvent composition and heating the admixture to a temperature above the melting temperature of the contained polyolefins to form an ester solvent composition further containing dissolved polyamide polymer and a separate immiscible liquid polyolefin phase.",
"\nU.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"6,752,336 discloses a method of recovering carpet materials by reducing carpet into size-reduced fibers, slurrying the size-reduced fibers in a liquid medium, and then selectively separating the size-reduced fibers in a centrifuge. ",
"The method is said to be particularly appropriate for recovering nylon or polyester face fibers from post-industrial, pre-consumer carpet waste.",
"\nU.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"6,498,250 discloses a process for nylon depolymerization in which a multi-component material, comprising nylon and one or more non-nylon components, is fed to a depolymerization zone in which depolymerization of at least part of the nylon is effected, resulting in a product stream and a residue, the product stream containing monomers of the nylon, and the residue containing non-nylon components, in which the nylon content in the residue is measured and used to control the depolymerization process.",
"\nU.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"7,784,719 discloses methods of recovering primary construction materials from whole carpet that are said to be particularly appropriate for recovering nylon or polyester face fibers from post-industrial, post-consumer carpet waste. ",
"The methods include reducing the whole carpet into fragmented carpet materials (i.e., pile, backing, and binder), further reducing the fragmented carpet materials into size-reduced fibers and binder, slurrying the size-reduced fibers and binder in an aqueous liquid medium (e.g., water), and then separating the size-reduced fibers and binder in a centrifuge.",
"\nU.S. Pat. ",
"Publn. ",
"No. ",
"2011/0040027 discloses a method of recycling carpet components that comprises converting post-consumer carpet that includes a latex backing into a free-flowing powder that is said to be suitable for incorporation into one or more products as a recycled product component. ",
"Various processes of converting post-consumer carpet comprising a latex backing are disclosed, including a process in which a portion of face fibers may be harvested from used, post-consumer carpet, or the carpet may simply be shredded to form a first mixture, after which a portion of carpet fibers are separated from and removed from the first mixture to form a second mixture, which may subsequently be exposed to a relatively high level of heat to thermally degrade and/or partially volatilize polymeric material present in the second mixture. ",
"This mixture may then be incorporated into new products, either alone or admixed with a solid inorganic particulate material.",
"\nNotwithstanding the carpet recycling methods just described, there remains a need in the art for improved processes for recycling carpet, especially those containing face fibers such as nylons and polyesters."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} | [
0.002770083102493075,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.005988023952095809,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.09090909090909091,
0,
0,
0.09090909090909091,
0,
0.0019193857965451055,
0.09090909090909091,
0,
0,
0,
0.09090909090909091,
0,
0,
0.09090909090909091,
0,
0,
0,
0.09090909090909091,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.011586 | 5 |
[
"AMTP\n\nAMTP may refer to:-\n\nAssociation du Musée des Transports de Pithiviers, the organisation which has preserved part of the Tramway de Pithiviers à Toury in France \nAmerican Music Theatre Project."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} | [
0.005025125628140704
] | 0.005025 | 5 |
[
"Overall guest ratings\n\nNearby\n\nAbout\n\nAt Hotel Meteor, you can spend time at the beach sipping drinks, plus you'll be within a 10-minute walk of Makarska Beach. ",
"The outdoor pool and indoor pool provide a splash of fun, while guests in the mood for pampering can visit the spa to indulge in deep-tissue massages, facials, and mani/pedis. ",
"The restaurant is a great spot for a bite to eat and cold drinks are served at the pool bar. ",
"2 bars/lounges and a free kid's club are other highlights at this upscale hotel, and rooms offer minibars and room service.",
"\n\nSearch for Hotel Meteor discounts in Makarska with KAYAK. ",
"Search for the cheapest hotel deal for Hotel Meteor in Makarska. ",
"KAYAK searches hundreds of travel sites to help you find and book the hotel deal at Hotel Meteor that suits you best.",
"\n\nKAYAK is part of The Priceline Group, the world leader in online travel & related services.",
"\n\nWould you like to save as your currency permanently or for this visit only?"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.006211180124223602,
0.005681818181818182,
0,
0,
0,
0.015384615384615385,
0,
0.010752688172043012,
0
] | 0.004226 | 5 |
[
"Biodynamics of the cervical dilatation in human labor.",
"\nWe recorded the pressure between the fetus and birth canal (PFB) with small strain-gauge type pressure transducers in 37 cases of human labor and estimated expulsive activity for evaluation of the expulsive forces. ",
"Expulsive activity increased progressively in conjunction with cervical dilatation and markedly increased after rupture of the membranes. ",
"At less than 200 Hashimoto units of expulsive activity, the cervical canal could not be dilated and labor was prolonged in all periods of the first stage of labor. ",
"There were three types of modes of changes in the expulsive activities at three points on the cervical canal. ",
"These three types had different clinical characteristics of cervical dilatation during labor. ",
"New parameters such as the expulsive effort, efficiency index and resistance index of the uterine cervix, estimated together with the expulsive activity, were proposed in an attempt to evaluate the effect of expulsive forces on cervical dilatation."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0 | 5 |
[
"Last updated on .From the section Squash\n\nMatthew played his 600th PSA Tour match one day prior to injuring his ankle\n\nBy Ben Reese, BBC Sport\n\nNick Matthew has returned to the court as he attempts to get fit for the British Open, which starts on May 11.",
"\n\nBritain's 34-year-old Commonwealth champion said his preparation had been \"scrambled\" after he injured an ankle at the El Gouna International in April.",
"\n\nMatthew had been in excellent form prior to his injury, winning four consecutive tournaments to move up to second in the world rankings.",
"\n\n\"The injury has not been as quick to improve as I may have liked,\" he said.",
"\n\n\"It's been a bit of a process to get back on court so my preparation has been far from ideal.\"",
"\n\nMatthew is looking to reclaim a title he won in 2006, 2009 and 2012.",
"\n\nEllery Hanley (left) had a brief spell as a defence coach with the England rugby union team in 2001\n\nThe third seed, he is scheduled to face a qualifier in the first round.",
"\n\nAnd he has been working with rugby league legend Ellery Hanley in the lead-up to the tournament at Hull's Airco Arena.",
"\n\nThe pair have worked together on a casual basis for five years, with former Great Britain captain Hanley joining Matthew for tournaments in Britain.",
"\n\n\"Ellery helps me to think clearly under pressure and reminds me of how much my work as an athlete means to people,\" he said.",
"\n\n\"He's always telling me I'm a superstar but he's the superstar.",
"\n\n\"With my plans having been scrambled, I will need to draw on his advice more than usual.\"",
"\n\nHanley, 54, focuses on the psychological side of Matthew's game.",
"\n\nHe said: \"Nick doesn't realise the respect the other players have for him and I will remind him of that.\"",
"\n\nEgypt's world champion Ramy Ashour has withdrawn from the event after injuring his Achilles tendon."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.015748031496062992,
0.013071895424836602,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.005747126436781609,
0.016666666666666666,
0.006666666666666667,
0,
0,
0,
0.015151515151515152,
0.009345794392523364,
0.019801980198019802
] | 0.006813 | 5 |
[
"\n100\nConvert 6550.349 centuries to years.",
"\n655034.9\nHow many nanoseconds are there in one quarter of a microsecond?",
"\n250\nWhat is 58.66223 nanoseconds in microseconds?",
"\n0.05866223\nHow many centimeters are there in 5/4 of a meter?",
"\n125\nHow many years are there in 6/5 of a millennium?",
"\n1200\nHow many tonnes are there in 0.6018114 milligrams?",
"\n0.0000000006018114\nWhat is twenty-five quarters of a litre in millilitres?",
"\n6250\nHow many micrometers are there in three fifths of a millimeter?",
"\n600\nWhat is 881.0917km in meters?",
"\n881091.7\nHow many hours are there in 167592.15 milliseconds?",
"\n0.046553375\nWhat is 7/2 of a century in months?",
"\n4200\nHow many milligrams are there in 29/5 of a gram?",
"\n5800\nHow many micrograms are there in 17/10 of a milligram?",
"\n1700\nWhat is 27/5 of a millennium in decades?",
"\n540\nWhat is 8.928038 hours in microseconds?",
"\n32140936800\nWhat is 4/15 of a decade in months?",
"\n32\nConvert 1692610.2 months to millennia.",
"\n141.05085\nHow many litres are there in 1.829808 millilitres?",
"\n0.001829808\nWhat is twenty-nine halves of a century in decades?",
"\n145\nWhat is 13/4 of a day in hours?",
"\n78\nWhat is 21/8 of a decade in months?",
"\n315\nHow many months are there in three eighths of a century?",
"\n450\nHow many milligrams are there in 0.68234 nanograms?",
"\n0.00000068234\nHow many micrometers are there in eighteen fifths of a centimeter?",
"\n36000\nWhat is eleven eighths of a millimeter in micrometers?",
"\n1375\nHow many millimeters are there in 789704.9m?",
"\n789704900\nHow many years are there in 6/5 of a century?",
"\n120\nWhat is 37/2 of a litre in millilitres?",
"\n18500\nWhat is fifteen quarters of a hour in seconds?",
"\n13500\nHow many months are there in 40608.22 centuries?",
"\n48729864\nHow many seconds are there in 3/10 of a hour?",
"\n1080\nHow many millimeters are there in 76/5 of a meter?",
"\n15200\nHow many weeks are there in 523.8324s?",
"\n0.000866125\nHow many micrometers are there in one twentieth of a meter?",
"\n50000\nHow many years are there in 29/2 of a decade?",
"\n145\nConvert 568.6708 days to nanoseconds.",
"\n49133157120000000\nWhat is 63.22622 kilograms in micrograms?",
"\n63226220000\nHow many centuries are there in seven halves of a millennium?",
"\n35\nWhat is seven sixths of a year in months?",
"\n14\nHow many grams are there in 75/4 of a kilogram?",
"\n18750\nHow many millilitres are there in 383.0656 litres?",
"\n383065.6\nHow many nanoseconds are there in fifty-five quarters of a microsecond?",
"\n13750\nHow many meters are there in 311.936um?",
"\n0.000311936\nWhat is 594715.4 meters in micrometers?",
"\n594715400000\nWhat is one fifth of a kilogram in grams?",
"\n200\nHow many milliseconds are there in 21.5763 minutes?",
"\n1294578\nHow many millilitres are there in 3/50 of a litre?",
"\n60\nHow many months are there in 11/2 of a millennium?",
"\n66000\nHow many millilitres are there in one quarter of a litre?",
"\n250\nConvert 16.36775 decades to millennia.",
"\n0.1636775\nHow many grams are there in 13/4 of a kilogram?",
"\n3250\nHow many nanometers are there in 32956.3 millimeters?",
"\n32956300000\nHow many micrograms are there in 0.8159373 grams?",
"\n815937.3\nHow many grams are there in 3/32 of a tonne?",
"\n93750\nHow many microseconds are there in 7/4 of a millisecond?",
"\n1750\nWhat is 7/4 of a litre in millilitres?",
"\n1750\nWhat is 816874.5ml in litres?",
"\n816.8745\nHow many micrometers are there in 25/2 of a millimeter?",
"\n12500\nWhat is 94880.62 decades in millennia?",
"\n948.8062\nConvert 0.9576943 days to microseconds.",
"\n82744787520\nWhat is eighteen fifths of a millimeter in micrometers?",
"\n3600\nWhat is one fifth of a litre in millilitres?",
"\n200\nHow many litres are there in 9.149562ml?",
"\n0.009149562\nHow many millilitres are there in twenty-seven halves of a litre?",
"\n13500\nHow many decades are there in 7.081591 millennia?",
"\n708.1591\nHow many kilometers are there in 616.486 millimeters?",
"\n0.000616486\nConvert 8208.331 weeks to minutes.",
"\n82739976.48\nConvert 195.337 nanograms to tonnes.",
"\n0.000000000000195337\nWhat is 5/8 of a millimeter in micrometers?",
"\n625\nHow many millilitres are there in 1/4 of a litre?",
"\n250\nConvert 62.48735ug to kilograms.",
"\n0.00000006248735\nWhat is eleven quarters of a litre in millilitres?",
"\n2750\nWhat is 0.3003157 hours in seconds?",
"\n1081.13652\nHow many millilitres are there in eleven eighths of a litre?",
"\n1375\nHow many micrometers are there in 3/25 of a centimeter?",
"\n1200\nHow many millilitres are there in 25/4 of a litre?",
"\n6250\nHow many millilitres are there in 3/40 of a litre?",
"\n75\nHow many kilograms are there in 315.764ng?",
"\n0.000000000315764\nWhat is 417.1889 centuries in years?",
"\n41718.89\nHow many millilitres are there in 3/40 of a litre?",
"\n75\nHow many kilograms are there in 32/5 of a tonne?",
"\n6400\nConvert 929.9364nm to kilometers.",
"\n0.0000000009299364\nHow many millilitres are there in 23/8 of a litre?",
"\n2875\nWhat is three eighths of a litre in millilitres?",
"\n375\nConvert 9.822601 millennia to years.",
"\n9822.601\nWhat is 21/8 of a litre in millilitres?",
"\n2625\nHow many millilitres are there in seventy-seven fifths of a litre?",
"\n15400\nConvert 225.2211 days to minutes.",
"\n324318.384\nHow many micrometers are there in one quarter of a millimeter?",
"\n250\nWhat is 50.9051ml in litres?",
"\n0.0509051\nWhat is 8/25 of a hour in seconds?",
"\n1152\nHow many tonnes are there in 969.0482kg?",
"\n0.9690482\nHow many milliseconds are there in fifty-one fifths of a second?",
"\n10200\nWhat is 754.141 decades in millennia?",
"\n7.54141\nWhat is 25/4 of a litre in millilitres?",
"\n6250\nConvert 4017.842m to micrometers.",
"\n4017842000\nWhat is seven quarters of a millisecond in microseconds?",
"\n1750\nWhat is twenty-one halves of a litre in millilitres?",
"\n10500\nWhat is 11/8 of a week in minutes?",
"\n13860\nHow many minutes are there in 715.8276 weeks?",
"\n7215542.208\nWhat is one fifth of a litre in millilitres?",
"\n200\nHow many decades are there in 6/5 of a millennium?",
"\n120\nWhat is five sixths of a week in hours?",
"\n140\nConvert 863502.8 millilitres to litres.",
"\n863.5028\nHow many meters are there in 0.0462968 millimeters?",
"\n0.0000462968\nWhat is thirty-one fifths of a milligram in micrograms?",
"\n6200\nWhat is one tenth of a litre in millilitres?",
"\n100\nHow many nanoseconds are there in 26.7273 seconds?",
"\n26727300000\nHow many millennia are there in 12820.52 decades?",
"\n128.2052\nHow many tonnes are there in 587140.2 grams?",
"\n0.5871402\nWhat is 11688.01ng in grams?",
"\n0.00001168801\nWhat is eighteen fifths of a milligram in micrograms?",
"\n3600\nHow many centimeters are there in 73.20693mm?",
"\n7.320693\nWhat is 18.5029ns in seconds?",
"\n0.0000000185029\nHow many grams are there in 49/4 of a kilogram?",
"\n12250\nConvert 0.523112 kilometers to centimeters.",
"\n52311.2\nHow many millimeters are there in 23.97752cm?",
"\n239.7752\nHow many millilitres are there in 13/5 of a litre?",
"\n2600\nHow many milligrams are there in one tenth of a gram?",
"\n100\nHow many micrograms are there in 37/2 of a milligram?",
"\n18500\nWhat is 7/2 of a litre in millilitres?",
"\n3500\nWhat is 25/4 of a centimeter in micrometers?",
"\n62500\nHow many milligrams are there in 8.513647kg?",
"\n8513647\nHow many kilograms are there in 7.362022g?",
"\n0.007362022\nWhat is eighteen fifths of a gram in milligrams?",
"\n3600\nConvert 0.5051 litres to millilitres.",
"\n505.1\nHow many weeks are there in 30.591022 days?",
"\n4.370146\nConvert 844046.9 millilitres to litres.",
"\n844.0469\nHow many milligrams are there in three eighths of a gram?",
"\n375\nHow many meters are there in seven eighths of a kilometer?",
"\n875\nWhat is 26162.88 tonnes in nanograms?",
"\n26162880000000000000\nWhat is eleven quarters of a milligram in micrograms?",
"\n2750\nConvert 6.247885 micrometers to centimeters.",
"\n0.0006247885\nWhat is fifty-seven fifths of a millennium in decades?",
"\n1140\nHow many hours are there in 49.85124 days?",
"\n1196.42976\nHow many grams are there in 31/5 of a kilogram?",
"\n6200\nHow many months are there in twenty-six fifths of a decade?",
"\n624\nConvert 522.0222t to micrograms.",
"\n522022200000000\nHow many millimeters are there in 1/10 of a centimeter?",
"\n1\nHow many kilograms are there in nine tenths of a tonne?",
"\n900\nHow many months are there in 8.850204 years?",
"\n106.202448\nWhat is 3/5 of a gram in milligrams?",
"\n600\nConvert 4481.991 weeks to seconds.",
"\n2710708156.8\nWhat is 7/2 of a hour in minutes?",
"\n210\nWhat is 43/3 of a day in hours?",
"\n344\nHow many minutes are there in seventy-five quarters of a hour?",
"\n1125\nWhat is one quarter of a milligram in micrograms?",
"\n250\nHow many hours are there in fifteen quarters of a day?",
"\n90\nWhat is 13/5 of a microgram in nanograms?",
"\n2600\nWhat is 8/3 of a week in hours?",
"\n448\nConvert 85869.79 nanograms to milligrams.",
"\n0.08586979\nConve"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics"
} | [
0.024390243902439025,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.023809523809523808,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.021739130434782608,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.023255813953488372,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.02127659574468085,
0,
0,
0,
0.02702702702702703,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.024390243902439025,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.02564102564102564,
0.014705882352941176,
0,
0,
0,
0.017543859649122806,
0,
0,
0.022727272727272728,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.02,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.023255813953488372,
0,
0.02040816326530612,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.02,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.02702702702702703,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.021739130434782608,
0
] | 0.002493 | 5 |
[
"Anticapitalistas celebró la séptima edición de su Universidad de Verano en la localidad segoviana de La Granja de San Ildefonso la última semana de agosto. ",
"Durante estos seis días, en torno a un millar de personas participaron en los distintos talleres y asistieron a las diversas charlas y debates que se desarrollaron. ",
"Muchos temas fueron tratados, desde la situación internacional y europea, el cierre de las fronteras a los refugiados y alternativas a la actual Unión Europea, hasta un repaso teórico por el marxismo y el papel del ecosocialismo en la sociedad actual. ",
"La actualidad política también tuvo su hueco en las actividades programadas y en las conversaciones de militantes y simpatizantes. ",
"Anticapitalistas dejó clara su postura sobre la actual crisis de gobernabilidad: Podemos debe impedir que gobierne el PP y facilitar un gobierno del PSOE, pero nunca formar parte del mismo, sólo apoyarles en la investidura. ",
"La reflexión sobre el papel que debe desempeñar Podemos en el futuro fue, de la misma manera, una constante.",
"\n\nDistintos cargos públicos de Podemos, militantes de Anticapitalistas, reivindican el papel de esta formación como fundadora de Podemos y reclaman que en el futuro sea una organización más plural y radical en sus postulados políticos. ",
"Y es que Anticapitalistas, una organización con cerca del millar de militantes en todo el Estado y con muchos más simpatizantes, tiene entre sus filas a destacados cargos internos en distintas comunidades autónomas y públicos. ",
"Raúl Camargo, portavoz de Anticapitalistas y diputado por Podemos en la Asamblea de Madrid, declara a cuartopoder.es al respecto: \"El programa de las europeas fue bastante de izquierdas porque tuvimos presencia en su elaboración, y con aquellas propuestas conseguimos en torno a septiembre de 2014 el pico más alto de Podemos en las encuestas, sin embargo, cuando se empieza a moderar el programa, las encuestas nos empiezan a dar resultados más bajos\". ",
"Por ello, Camargo plantea la necesidad de que, cuando termine el ciclo electoral, pues todavía está abierta la posibilidad de unas terceras generales en Navidad, se celebre una nueva Asamblea Ciudadana Estatal \"para hacer balance de los últimos tres años\" y se pongan sobre la mesa nuevas propuestas. \"",
"El ciclo político es muy cambiante y si no sabes entender los cambios muy fácilmente te pueden llevar por delante. ",
"Creo que hay que adoptar posiciones políticas ofensivas, nunca conservadoras y no creo que vayamos a dejar de ser un partido sexy, hay que ser más sexy de lo que hemos sido hasta ahora\", valora este portavoz de Anticapitalistas.",
"\n\nOrganizativamente, Camargo considera que Podemos debe llevar a cabo algunos cambios para afrontar la nueva etapa. \"",
"Tenemos que afrontar cambios internos que hagan de Podemos una fuerza democrática y pluralista, que haya más autonomía de las estructuras intermedias, locales y autonómicas, y que haya una federalización e incluso una confederalización con respecto a las distintas estructuras territoriales\", analiza el diputado en la Asamblea de Madrid. ",
"Camargo añade además: \"Tenemos que conseguir que haya un reparto efectivo del poder interno, pues está muy concentrado en la Ejecutiva. ",
"Tienen que haber liderazgos más plurales y feminizar la organización, los nuevos órganos tienen que recoger la enorme pluralidad interna que hay\". ",
"Para ello, considera un error las listas planchas que se han utilizado en los distintos procesos de primarias orgánicas hasta ahora. \"",
"No puede ser que opciones con elevados porcentajes de apoyo no tengan representación en los órganos\", dice Camargo, quien considera que también hay que radicalizar la línea política. \"",
"Hay que hablar más de Europa, luchar contra las imposiciones que llegarían a un gobierno alternativo desde la Unión Europea, causantes del crack de Syriza, que ya es un partido social liberal más, como Hollande\". ",
"Este portavoz plantea defender las auditorías ciudadanas de la deuda y asumir una estrategia de control bancario para evitar la fuga de capitales que se podría dar si se da una oposición a los dictados de la Troika. ",
"En definitiva, quiere \"que Podemos vuelva a ser una opción rupturista\" y considera que se han perdido muchos votos, entre otros motivos, \"por la poca consistencia de las posiciones de la dirección, que un día dice una cosa y al siguiente otra, apelando a a socialdemocracia, incluyendo al PSOE como un partido más del cambio\".",
"\n\nEn la misma línea se expresan la concejala de Ahora Madrid, Rommy Arce, y el eurodiputado de Podemos, Miguel Urbán, también integrantes de Anticapitalistas. ",
"Arce destaca que su organización \"forma parte desde el inicio de Podemos\" y asegura que \"sin la fuerza de esta pequeña organización, Podemos no podría haberse implantado en el resto del Estado\". ",
"Para esta concejala del equipo de Manuela Carmena, \"el programa con el que Podemos se presentó a las elecciones europeas tiene hoy absoluta vigencia\", por ello considera que se debería volver a él. ",
"Internamente, cree que para futuros procesos de primarias \"hay que desterrar las listas planchas\" y apuesta porque \"haya una mayor capacidad de decisión en los círculos y en los distintos consejos ciudadanos territoriales\". \"",
"La dimensión feminista ha estado algo ausente en el programa, tenemos que hacer más hincapié en todo aquello que tiene que ver con la sostenibilidad de la vida que afecta a muchos ámbitos, también a los servicios públicos\", añade Arce y, prosigue, \"tenemos un partido muy masculinizado. ",
"La presencia masculina tiene muchísimo peso, aunque hay muchas mujeres en Podemos y las listas sean siempre paritarias, y esto es una pena porque hay compañeras valiosísimas que podrían tener mayor protagonismo\".",
"\n\nPor su parte, Urbán reflexiona para este medio: \"Tenemos que dejar claro que Podemos es una fuerza antagónica al PP, pero también al PSOE. ",
"Lo primero que habría que recuperar es la cuestión de la polarización política. ",
"Nacimos como una fuerza en oposición al bipartidismo y desde las europeas el gran error político que hemos cometido ha sido intentar centrarnos\", explica el eurodiputado. \"",
"Uno de los grandes fallos en torno a eso ha sido rescatar al PSOE como posible fuerza de cambio. ",
"Yo creo que no los son, creo que la dirección del PSOE es parte del problema y no de la solución\", explica Urbán. ",
"Para este miembro de Anticapitalistas, \"el gran peligro de Podemos en esta nueva etapa es nuestra normalización, que las instituciones nos normalicen, que parezcamos uno más. ",
"Nosotros no hemos venido aquí para que entre gente normal en las instituciones, sino para ponerlas al servicio de la gente\", insiste. \"",
"Se plantean nuevos ajustes para los de siempre mientras que el Ibex 35 sigue ganando miles de millones, esto puede suponer un reagudizamiento de la movilización social y Podemos debe poner recursos y personas para repuntar la movilización social, para crear poder popular, hay que conseguir que ante el teatro de las negociaciones para formar gobierno, la gente pueda tomar las riendas de escribir su propia historia\", valora Urbán.",
"\n\n\"Si Vistalegre supuso la configuración de un partido desde un movimiento, ahora tenemos que conseguir que el partido se convierta en un movimiento popular y para ello hay que descentralizar, no sólo territorialmente, también los espacios donde se toman las decisiones\", reflexiona Urbán. \"",
"Cada territorio y cada círculo tienen que tener soberanía para aplicar políticas y campañas. ",
"Tenemos que involucrar a la gente en la participación. ",
"La única fórmula de activar los círculos es que la gente entienda que su tiempo sirve para algo, y no hacer un vídeo y poco más\", explica. \"",
"Nuestro proyecto político es seguir luchando para construir una herramienta de poder popular que pueda cambiar nuestro país y eso no se hace sólo desde las elecciones e instituciones; hay que construir movimiento por abajo, sindicalismo social, fomentar la autorganización de la gente dentro y fuera de Podemos; trabajar por la unidad popular desde abajo, más allá de los despachos\", añade el parlamentario europeo.",
"\n\nTambién estuvo presente en la Universidad de Verano de Anticapitalistas, aunque él no es militante de esta organización integrada en el partido de Pablo Iglesias, el recién elegido secretario general de Podemos en Cataluña, Albano Dante Fachín. ",
"El líder de la formación morada catalana considera que \"el proceso vivido en Cataluña en los últimos meses puede ayudar a Podemos a nivel estatal\". ",
"Fachín cree que \"la situación ha cambiado y la maquinaria electoral, la guerra relámpago, dejará de existir\". ",
"Para el secretario general de Podemos Cataluña, \"cuando te centras en las elecciones es complicado relacionarse y crear espacios conjuntos con otros movimientos políticos y sociales y eso no puede quedar relegado\". ",
"Por ello, apuesta por \"tomárselo con más calma y abrir espacios de verdad\". ",
"La gente, explica Fachín, \"hasta ahora ha tenido comprensión, entendía la dificultad de lo que intentábamos hacer, la dificultad de los ritmos electorales para una organización que acaba de nacer, el tener que hacer frente a los numerosos ataques mediáticos... Pero somos asamblearios, y nos gustaría que la organización hubiera estado más cerca de la gente\". ",
"Según argumenta el dirigente catalán, \"ha habido una comprensión con el proceso hasta ahora, pero no podemos pedir que esa comprensión dure siempre, es más, no tiene que durar esta comprensión siempre\".",
"\n\nFachín pone el ejemplo una de sus promesas en las primarias para el Consejo Ciudadano catalán. \"",
"Una de las cosas que llevábamos en nuestra propuesta político-organizativa es la creación del Consell de Cent, un espacio de representación territorial y sectorial que dote a los círculos no sólo de capacidad de debate, también de capacidades decisorias, de esta manera nos comprometemos políticamente a distribuir ese poder\", explica. \"",
"En el Consell de Cent las sillas no tienen nombre, los representantes de cada consejo y círculo en cada momento serán diferentes, elegidos por los propios consejos y círculos, y eso dota a este espacio de un control por abajo de la organización, facilitando un espacio donde no se generen disputas entre familias\", añade. \"",
"Nuestro compromiso es que vamos a crear ese Consell de Cent y que respetaremos sus decisiones y si funciona cogeré una maleta y me iré por los distintos territorios a explicar la propuesta\", promete. ",
"Políticamente cree que hay que volver a dibujar una línea que separe con claridad a Podemos del PSOE. \"",
"Yo salí a la calle en el 15M diciendo eso de PSOE y PP la misma mierda es, y Podemos recogió ese guante, pero después con los procesos electorales, las negociaciones posteriores y el ritmo mediático se ha desdibujado esa línea, habría que volver a recuperarla\", considera Fachín."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.019230769230769232,
0.012121212121212121,
0.015873015873015872,
0.015267175572519083,
0.008928571428571428,
0.018518518518518517,
0.012711864406779662,
0.00881057268722467,
0.015418502202643172,
0.016556291390728478,
0.017391304347826087,
0.017543859649122806,
0.008547008547008548,
0.017699115044247787,
0.014705882352941176,
0.013605442176870748,
0.014925373134328358,
0.010869565217391304,
0.023474178403755867,
0.009259259259259259,
0.018404907975460124,
0.031446540880503145,
0.020512820512820513,
0.005050505050505051,
0.017777777777777778,
0.013937282229965157,
0.0047169811320754715,
0.028368794326241134,
0,
0.01744186046511628,
0.020618556701030927,
0.008771929824561403,
0.005714285714285714,
0.007407407407407408,
0.018518518518518517,
0.024054982817869417,
0.021505376344086023,
0.01818181818181818,
0.02857142857142857,
0.016867469879518072,
0.020242914979757085,
0.02702702702702703,
0.01818181818181818,
0.009302325581395349,
0,
0.027777777777777776,
0,
0.02040816326530612,
0.011869436201780416,
0.018575851393188854,
0.01,
0.009708737864077669,
0.007168458781362007
] | 0.015087 | 5 |
[
"George William Johnson\n\nGeorge William Johnson may refer to:\n\nGeorge William Johnson (congressman) (1869–1944), lawyer and Democratic politician, United States Representative from West Virginia\nGeorge William Johnson (politician) (1892–1973), Canadian politician\nGeorge William Johnson (writer)\n\nSee also\nGeorge Johnson (disambiguation)"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} | [
0.017857142857142856
] | 0.017857 | 5 |
[
"Arsenic trioxide, thalidomide and retinoid acid combination therapy in higher risk myelodysplastic syndrome patients.",
"\nTo evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of arsenic trioxide, retinoic acid and thalidomide combination therapy in higher risk MDS. ",
"Twenty-one patients diagnosed with higher risk MDS were administered 10mg/day arsenic trioxide intravenously for 10 days, 40mg/day retinoic acid orally for 2 weeks and 100mg/day thalidomide orally for 4 weeks per cycle. ",
"After at least two treatment cycles, 10 patients showed hematologic responses. ",
"One achieved CR, one achieved PR, three patients achieved major hematological improvements. ",
"The efficacy rate was 24% (5/21), and the response rate was 48% (10/21). ",
"The schedule was tolerated well by all patients and toxicities were moderate and reversible. ",
"The combination of arsenic trioxide, retinoic acid and thalidomide could have therapeutic benefit in higher risk MDS with safety."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0,
0.0072992700729927005,
0.004545454545454545,
0,
0.010869565217391304,
0,
0,
0.007751937984496124
] | 0.003808 | 5 |
[
"\"[Chorus] ## The Simpsons ##\" \"[Bell Ringing]\" \"[Whistle Blowing]\" \"[ Beeping ]\" \"## [Jazzy Solo ]\" \"[ Beeping ]\" \"[ Tires Screeching ]\" \"D'oh!\" \"[ ",
"Screams ]\" \"[Man] COPS:\" \"In Springfield.\" \" ####[",
"Reggae] - [ Screaming ]\" \"All right, boys, time to bag us a cattle rustler.\" \"",
"What in God's name Are you doing?\" \"",
"Isn't this 742 Evergreen Terrace?\" \"",
"No, that's next door.\" \"[ ",
"Mooing ]\" \"Close, but no doughnut, cops.\" \"",
"This is Papa Bear.\" \"",
"Put out an A.P.B. for a male suspect... driving a... car of some sort... heading in the direction of, uh... you know, that place that sells chili.\" \"",
"Suspect is hatless.\" \"",
"Repeat, hatless.\" \"",
"Honey, you really shouldn't eat so much in bed.\" \"",
"It's not good for your heart.\" \"",
"My heart is just f-- [ Gasps, Groans ]\" \" Homie, what is it?\" \"",
"Just workin' the turkey through.\" \"",
"There it goes!\" \"",
"Hey, Lise, there was a big train wreck last night.\" \"",
"Do you wanna see the victims?\" \" ",
"Hmm, okay.\" \" ",
"Yaah!\" \" ",
"Bart, that's gross!\" \" ",
"You're right.\" \"",
"Let's bury them at sea.\" \"",
"Bleah!\" \" ",
"Da-a-d!\" \" [ ",
"Gasping ]\" \" What's wrong?\" \" ",
"You know that feeling you get... when a thousand knives of fire are stabbing you in the heart?\" \"",
"I got that right now.\" \"",
"Ooh!\" \"",
"Bacon!\" \"",
"Homer, I prepared a special Surprise just for you.\" \"",
"It could only be one thing.\" \"",
"Psst!\" \"",
"The best meat's in the rump.\" \" ",
"Here you go.\" \" ",
"What the hell is this?\" \" ",
"Nice, healthy oatmeal.\" \" ",
"Ooh, oatmeal.\" \"",
"What a delightful treat.\" \"",
"Oh, there's a bug in it.\" \" ",
"No, there isn't.\" \" ",
"Trust me.\" \"",
"Dad, there's a bug on that.\" \"",
"Eh.\" \"[ ",
"Horn Honking ]\" \"Come on, come on!\" \" ",
"Oh, dear.\" \"",
"Now you've done it.\" \" [",
"Banging]\" \"[ Growling ]\" \"[Heart Beating]\" \"[ Horn Honking ]\" \"I keep hearing this horrible irregular thumping noise.\" \"[",
"Heart Beating:\" \"Irregular]\" \"It's your heart.\" \"",
"And I think it's on its last thump.\" \"",
"Whew!\" \"",
"I was afraid it was my transmission.\" \"",
"Hey, where's he goin'?\" \"",
"Billy, remember that old Plymouth We just couldn't fix?\" \" ",
"We're gonna sell him to Mr. Nikapopolus?\" \" ",
"You're a dull boy, Billy.\" \"",
"Look at that pig stuffing his face with doughnuts on my time!\" \"",
"That's right.\" \"",
"Keep eating.\" \"",
"Little do you know you're drawing ever closer to the poisoned doughnut.\" \"[ ",
"Chuckling ] There is a poisoned one-- isn't there, Smithers?\" \"",
"Uh, no, sir.\" \"",
"I discussed this with our lawyers.\" \"",
"They consider it murder.\" \"",
"Damn their oily hides!\" \"[ ",
"Snoring ]\" \"Bring him to me!\" \" [ ",
"Beating Rapidly] - [Mr. Burns]Relax, Simpson.\" \"",
"I just brought you in here for a friendly hello.\" \" [ ",
"Sighs ] - [ Beating Slows ]\" \"And good-bye!\" \"",
"You're fired!\" \" [ ",
"Gasps ]\" \" But wait.\" \"",
"Perhaps I'm being Too hasty.\" \" ",
"You are highly skilled...\" \" [ Sighs ]\" \" at goofing off!\" \".\" \" [ ",
"Groans ]\" \"Now, don't worry, Homer.\" \"",
"You're the kind of guy I could really dig...\" \" a grave for!\" \" [ ",
"Gasps ]\" \"Your indolence is inefficacious!\" \"",
"Oh?\" \"",
"That means you're terrible!\" \"[ ",
"Gasping, Screaming ]\" \" [Thud]\" \" Hmm?\" \"",
"Mr. Burns, I think he's dead.\" \"",
"Oh, dear.\" \"",
"Send a ham to his widow.\" \"",
"Mmm.\" \"",
"Ham.\" \"",
"No, wait.\" \"",
"He's alive.\" \" ",
"Oh, good.\" \"",
"Cancel the ham.\" \" ",
"D'oh!\" \"[ ",
"Siren Wailing ]\" \" Wow, look at that.\" \"",
"How do they know to cross there?\" \" [ ",
"Groaning ]\" \"He was taking a bite, and his jaw locked.\" \"",
"Hey, look.\" \"",
"I can fit my entire fist in here.\" \"[ ",
"Muffled ] Hey, hey, hey.\" \"",
"Cut it out.\" \" ",
"What's that, Chief?\" \" ",
"Cut it out.\" \"####[",
"Reggae]\" \"Ooh.\" \"",
"Buy three tubes of Mr. Blister...\" \" get one free.\" \" [",
"Phone Ringing]\" \"Hello.\" \"",
"Yes.\" \"",
"Oh, dear Lord!\" \"",
"Homer's in the hospital!\" \"",
"They think it's his heart!\" \" [",
"Door Shuts]\" \" Oh, my God.\" \" ",
"What?\" \" ",
"Five cents off wax paper.\" \" ",
"Clear!\" \" [ ",
"Groans ]\" \"[ Steady Beep ]\" \" [ Beep Continues ]\" \" More.\" \"[ ",
"Groaning ] Thank you.\" \"",
"Oh, Homie, I was so frightened!\" \"",
"Marge, my whole life flashed before my eyes.\" \"",
"Ah, little Homer.\" \"",
"How'd he get that?\" \"## [ ",
"Angelic Singing ]\" \"What a voice.\" \"",
"Young Homer is going to make me a millionaire.\" \"## [ ",
"Voice Cracks, Deepens ]\" \"Hey, my voice just changed.\" \"## [ ",
"Singing Tunelessly]\" \"Dagnabbit!\" \"",
"Mr. Simpson, I'm afraid you've just had a mild heart attack.\" \"",
"But I'm out of the woods now, right?\" \"",
"I mean, whatever doesn't kill me can only make me stronger.\" \"",
"Oh, no.\" \"",
"Quite the opposite.\" \"",
"It's made you weak as a kitten.\" \"[ ",
"Chuckles ]\" \" Look!\" \" ",
"Hey, come on.\" \"",
"Quit it.\" \" ",
"Coochy coochy coo!\" \" ",
"Stop.\" \"",
"Please stop.\" \"",
"Oh, you swing like a girl.\" \"",
"Come on, now.\" \" ",
"Please have mercy.\" \" ",
"Got your nose.\" \" [ ",
"Chuckling ]\" \" Not funny.\" \"",
"How 'bout this little bee?\" \"[ ",
"Buzzing ]\" \"No!\" \"",
"Oh!\" \"",
"Remember your hippopotamus oath.\" \" ",
"Can't you do something for him?\" \" ",
"Well, we can't fix his heart... but we can tell you exactly how damaged it is.\" \"",
"What an age we live in!\" \"",
"Now, what you see here is the radioactive dye we injected... flowing through your husband's circulatory system.\" \"",
"But, Doctor, I haven't injected the dye yet!\" \" ",
"Good Lord.\" \" ",
"Hi.\" \"",
"Now, Homer, this is a new body fat analysis test.\" \"",
"I start you jiggling and measure how long it takes to stop.\" \"",
"Whoo-hoo!\" \"",
"Look at that blubber fly!\" \"",
"Yes.\" \"",
"Nurse, cancel my 1 :00.\" \"",
"Homer, I'm afraid you'll have to undergo a coronary bypass operation.\" \" ",
"Say it in English, Doc.\" \" ",
"You're going to need open-heart surgery.\" \"",
"Spare me your medical mumbo jumbo.\" \"",
"We're going to cut you open and tinker with your ticker.\" \" ",
"Could you dumb it down a shade?\" \" ",
"Doctor, we'll do whatever it takes to get my Homie well.\" \"",
"Good.\" \"",
"I must warn you though.\" \"",
"This procedure will cost you upwards of... $30,000.\" \" [",
"Homer Gasps, Cries Out] - [Thud]\" \"[Dr. Hibbert] I'm afraid it's now 40,000.\" \"",
"Okay, Okay.\" \"",
"We need $40,000.\" \"",
"Now, how much do we have in the checkbook?\" \" ",
"Seventy dollars.\" \" ",
"Hmm.\" \"",
"Have we deposited any $40,000 checks that haven't cleared yet?\" \"",
"No.\" \"",
"Don't you have health insurance at work?\" \"",
"Well, actually, we gave it all up for a pinball machine in the lounge.\" \" ",
"D'oh!\" \" ",
"Don't worry, Marge.\" \"",
"America's health care system is second only to Japan...\" \"Canada, Sweden, Great Britain-- well, all of Europe.\" \"",
"But you can thank your lucky stars we don't live in Paraguay.\" \"[ ",
"Sobbing ]\" \"[ Electricity Crackling ]\" \"Now, before we give you health insurance, I have to ask you a few questions.\" \"",
"Questions?\" \"",
"Questions?\" \"",
"Oh!\" \"",
"My whole scheme down the-- I mean, ask away.\" \"",
"Oh, good.\" \"",
"Now, under \"heart attacks,\"\" \"you crossed out \"3\" and wrote \"0.\"\" \"",
"Oh, I thought that said \"brain hemorrhages.\"\" \"",
"Uh-huh.\" \"",
"And, uh, do you drink?\" \"",
"I do enjoy a snifter of port at Christmas.\" \"",
"All right.\" \"",
"Here's your policy.\" \"",
"Now let me tell you something, Mr. Sucker.\" \"",
"I just\" \"Oh, hold on there.\" \"",
"Uh, you still have to sign it.\" \"",
"Oh.\" \"",
"I-- [ Gasps ]\" \"Must... sign... policy!\" \"",
"Sir, I'm sorry.\" \"",
"We can't insure you.\" \" ",
"I made an \"H.\"\" \" No, that doesn't count.\" \"",
"It's like an \"X.\" [ Groans ]\" \"Hey, we'd better get you to a hospital.\" \" ",
"Can I have a free calendar?\" \" ",
"Okay.\" \" ",
"Clear!\" \" [ ",
"Groaning ]\" \"Oh, Doctor, I was in a wonderful place filled with fire and brimstone.\" \"",
"And there were all these guys in red pajamas sticking pitchforks in my butt.\" \"",
"Mr. Simpson, you must get that operation as soon as possible.\" \"",
"I can't afford it.\" \"",
"Maybe I should buy one of those machines.\" \"[ ",
"Groaning ] Oh, yeah.\" \"",
"That's the stuff.\" \"",
"Now, I know I haven't been the best Christian.\" \"",
"In fact, when you're up there \"blah, blah, blah-ing,\"\" \"I'm usually doodling or mentally undressing the female parishioners.\" \"",
"Well, anyhoo, can I have $40,000?\" \"",
"Now, I know I haven't been the best Jew... but I rented Fiddler on the Roof, and I will watch it.\" \" ",
"Anyway, can I have $40,000?\" \" ",
"Hmm?\" \"",
"Now, I know I haven't been the best-- Oh, forget it.\" \" ",
"Honey, did you have any luck?\" \" ",
"No, but the rabbi gave me this.\" \" ",
"What is it, Dad?\" \" ",
"Son, they call it a \"droodle.\"\" \"",
"Whoo-hoo!\" \"",
"Look at it go!\" \"",
"Hi, everybody!\" \"",
"Are you looking for a way to slash the cost... of your medical expenses?\" \" ",
"Boring!\" \" ",
"Wait!\" \"",
"This might be the answer we're looking for.\" \"",
"I will perform any operation for 1 29.95.\" \"",
"Come in for brain surgery... and receive a free Chinese finger trap.\" \"[ ",
"Grunting ]\" \"Okay, friend.\" \"",
"You tried the best.\" \"",
"Now try the rest.\" \"",
"Call 1 -600-DOCTORB.\" \"",
"The \"B\" is for \"bargain\"!\" \"",
"Well, Marge, we could do worse.\" \" ",
"How?\" \" ",
"Uh, some dog could do the operation.\" \"",
"Operation?\" \"",
"What are you talking about?\" \"",
"Kids, I have something to tell you.\" \"",
"Oh, Homie, I don't know.\" \"",
"This might upset them.\" \"",
"Nothing you say can upset us.\" \"",
"We're the MTV generation.\" \" ",
"We feel neither highs nor lows.\" \" ",
"Really?\" \"",
"What's it like?\" \" ",
"Eh.\" \" ",
"Well, you kids are old enough to know the truth... and I'm not gonna sugarcoat it.\" \"",
"So the tiny Aorta fairies will take Mr. Leg Vein on a long trip... to get married to Princess Left Ventricle.\" \"",
"Dad, are you trying to tell us you're getting a coronary artery bypass graft?\" \" ",
"Uh, yeah.\" \" ",
"Oh, no.\" \"",
"What if they botch it?\" \"",
"I won't have a dad... for a while.\" \"[ ",
"Sobbing ]\" \"Kids.\" \"",
"Kids.\" \"",
"I'm not gonna die.\" \" ",
"That only happens to bad people.\" \" ",
"What about Abraham Lincoln?\" \"",
"Uh\" \" He sold poisoned milk to schoolchildren.\" \" ",
"Homer!\" \" ",
"Hey, I'm just trying to make it easier on 'em.\" \"",
"Bedgoes up.\" \"",
"Bedgoes down.\" \"",
"Bedgoes up.\" \"",
"Bedgoes down.\" \"",
"Bed goes up.\" \"",
"Bed goes down.\" \" ",
"Bed goes up.\" \"",
"Bed goes down.\" \" [",
"Flanders]Homer Simpson!\" \"",
"Well, if that don't put the \"dink\" in co-inky-dink.\" \"",
"Flanders, what are you doin' here?\" \"",
"I'm having a kidney and a lung removed.\" \" ",
"Who are you donating 'em to?\" \" ",
"First come, first serve.\" \"",
"What are you in for?\" \" ",
"I got a bad heart.\" \" ",
"If I could give you my heart, Homer, I would.\" \"",
"Shut up, Flanders.\" \"",
"Hi, everybody!\" \"",
"I'm Dr. Nick Riviera.\" \"",
"Dr. Riviera.\" \"",
"Dr. Nick Riviera.\" \"",
"Please report to the coroner immediately.\" \"",
"The coroner?\" \"",
"I'm so sick of that guy.\" \"",
"Well, see you in the operating place.\" \" [ ",
"All Chattering ]\" \" Where are the bodies?\" \"",
"Oh, such a nice day.\" \"",
"I think I'll go out the window.\" \" ",
"Ho!\" \" [",
"Objects Clattering]\" \"Dear Lord, thank you For Ziggy comics, little baby ducks... and Sweatin' to the Oldies, volumes one, two and four.\" \"",
"Dear Lord, I'm really scared about this operation tomorrow.\" \"",
"If something happens, please look after Marge...\" \" and make sure my kids grow up right.\" \" ",
"Shh!\" \"",
"Sorry.\" \" ",
"And that's why God causes train wrecks.\" \" ",
"Ah!\" \"",
"My dad is very sick.\" \"",
"What's gonna happen if he dies?\" \"",
"Well, if he's been good, he'll go to heaven.\" \"",
"In heaven, you get to do Whatever you like best all the time.\" \"",
"Cloud goes up.\" \"",
"Cloud goes down.\" \"",
"Cloud goes up.\" \"",
"Cloud goes down.\" \"",
"Bed goes up.\" \"",
"Bed goes down.\" \"",
"Hey, hey!\" \"[ ",
"Chuckling ]\" \" [ Gasps, Groans ]\" \" Hey, what's the matter?\" \"",
"Oh, that's right.\" \"",
"My grotesque appearance.\" \"[ ",
"Chuckling ]\" \" Krusty, why are you here?\" \" ",
"Eh, it's part of my public service... for my glug-glug, vroom-vroom, thump-thump.\" \"",
"Oh.\" \"",
"Well, I could use a good laugh.\" \"",
"Well, there's nothing funny about What you're about to go through.\" \"",
"I know.\" \"",
"I'm in the zipper club myself.\" \" ",
"Ahh!\" \" ",
"You seem okay.\" \"",
"Yeah?\" \"",
"Well, I got news for ya.\" \"",
"This ain't makeup.\" \"",
"They say the greatest tragedy is when a father outlives his son.\" \"",
"I've never fully understood why that is.\" \"",
"Frankly, I can see an upside to it.\" \"[ ",
"Laughing ]\" \"We passed this card around at work.\" \" ",
"Gee, thanks, guys.\" \" ",
"They had a hell of a time replacing ya.\" \"",
"When I first heard about the operation, I was against it.\" \"",
"But then I thought, if Homer wants to be a woman, so be it.\" \"",
"Barney, I'm not getting a sex change!\" \"",
"What?\" \"",
"Well, what the hell am I supposed to do... with this jumbo thong bikini?\" \"",
"Uh, Homer, I snuck you in a beer for old times' sake.\" \"",
"Thanks, Moe.\" \"",
"Uh, you know, Homer, that beer ain't free.\" \"",
"Mom, this is fascinating.\" \"",
"Did you know that they'll stop Dad's heart for six whole minutes?\" \"[ ",
"Groans ] I don't know if I like you reading all those cardiology books.\" \"",
"No, Mom.\" \"",
"It's very reassuring.\" \"",
"And I've learned a great deal from this cow's heart I got at the butcher shop.\" \" [ ",
"Groans ] - [Man]Insert the retractor... and crank it until the ribs swing open like a rusty drawbridge.\" \" [ ",
"Bones Cracking ]\" \" Ah!\" \"",
"No!\" \"",
"Blood!\" \"",
"Ugh!\" \"",
"Next, make an incision in the coronary artery\" \"And we are back with more of People Who Look Like Things.\" \" ####[",
"Theme] - [People Applauding]\" \"Oh, no!\" \"",
"No!\" \"",
"Someone taped over the end of this!\" \"",
"All we ask is to be treated with dignity and respect.\" \"",
"And a new candle now and then?\" \" ",
"Yes, and a new ca\" \" No!\" \" [",
"People Laughing]\" \"Oh, my little Maggie.\" \"",
"I may never hold you again.\" \"",
"Ew!\" \"",
"Stinky pants!\" \"",
"Now, Marge, if the unthinkable should happen, you're gonna be lonely\" \" Oh, Homie, I could never remarry.\" \" ",
"Darn right.\" \"",
"And to make sure, I want to be stuffed and put on the couch...\" \" as a constant reminder of our marital vows.\" \" ",
"Ohh.\" \"",
"Kids?\" \"",
"You can come in now.\" \"",
"Bed goes up-- Kids...\" \"I want to give you some words to remember me by in case something happens.\" \"",
"Let's see.\" \"",
"Uh\" \" Oh, I'm no good at this.\" \" [ ",
"Whispering ]\" \"Bart, the saddest thing about this is I won't get to see you grow up, because\" \"[ Whispering ]\" \"I know you're gonna turn out great, with or without your old man.\" \" ",
"Thanks, Dad.\" \" ",
"And Lisa\" \"[ Whispering ]\" \"I guess this is the time to tell you- [ Whispering ] -you're adopted and I don't like you.\" \"",
"Bart!\" \"",
"But don't worry, because you've got a big brother who loves you... and will always look out for you.\" \"[ ",
"Sobbing ] Oh, Dad.\" \" ",
"Hi, everybody!\" \" ",
"Hi, Dr. Nick!\" \" [ ",
"Snoring ]\" \" Now, if something should go wrong... let's not get the law involved.\" \"",
"One hand washes the other.\" \"",
"Ooh, that reminds me.\" \"",
"These gloves came free with my toilet brush.\" \"",
"What the hell is that?\" \"",
"Marge, this is Andre.\" \"",
"Hello.\" \"[ ",
"Chuckles ]\" \"I think you two would make a lovely couple.\" \"",
"My husband is still alive!\" \"",
"Oh.\" \"",
"Thank God.\" \"",
"I hope he pulls through.\" \"",
"Not me.\" \"[ ",
"Chuckles ]\" \"Let's have a minute of silent prayer... for our good friend, Homer Simpson.\" \" ",
"How long has it been?\" \" ",
"Six seconds.\" \" ",
"Do we have to start over?\" \" ",
"Hell, no.\" \"",
"Poor Mr. Homer.\" \"",
"Could it be that my snack treats...\" \" are responsible for his wretched health?\" \" ",
"Gimme some jerky.\" \" ",
"Would you like some vodka with that?\" \" ",
"Oh, what the hell.\" \"",
"Sure.\" \"",
"Doctor, what's wrong?\" \"",
"Don't you know where to make the incision?\" \"",
"All right, Nick.\" \"",
"Don't panic.\" \"",
"Think back to med school.\" \"",
"Seriously, baby.\" \"",
"I can prescribe anything I want.\" \"",
"I know I'm supposed to cut something, but what?\" \"",
"And where?\" \"",
"Hey!\" \"",
"The incision in the coronary artery... must be made below the blockage!\" \" ",
"Below!\" \" ",
"Thanks, little girl!\" \"## [ ",
"Singing ]\" \"Uh-oh.\" \"",
"Goodnews!\" \"",
"The operation was a complete success.\" \"",
"Oh, that's wonderful!\" \"",
"Mmm!\" \"",
"Hmm.\" \"## [ ",
"Humming ]\" \"Dr. Nick Riviera, remember me?\" \"",
"Well if it isn't my old friend Mr. McGreg... with a leg for an arm and an arm for a leg.\" \"",
"All right, Dad!\" \"",
"You rule intensive care!\" \"[ ",
"Sniffles ]\" \" [ People Chattering ]\" \" Shh!\""
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenSubtitles"
} | [
0.013513513513513514,
0,
0,
0,
0.027777777777777776,
0,
0,
0.047619047619047616,
0.006711409395973154,
0,
0,
0.02,
0,
0.015873015873015872,
0,
0,
0.018867924528301886,
0,
0,
0,
0.043478260869565216,
0,
0.038461538461538464,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.02040816326530612,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.01694915254237288,
0.022727272727272728,
0.03571428571428571,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.041666666666666664,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.03125,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.05,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.01818181818181818,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.034482758620689655,
0,
0,
0,
0.029411764705882353,
0.02127659574468085,
0,
0,
0.027777777777777776,
0,
0.01639344262295082,
0,
0.015873015873015872,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.08333333333333333,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.037037037037037035,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.01694915254237288,
0,
0,
0,
0.012658227848101266,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.045454545454545456,
0,
0.015151515151515152,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.022222222222222223,
0,
0,
0.022222222222222223,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.015625,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.030303030303030304,
0,
0.05,
0,
0.08333333333333333,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.02857142857142857,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.037037037037037035,
0,
0,
0.034482758620689655,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.008928571428571428,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.03333333333333333,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.038461538461538464,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.09523809523809523,
0,
0.041666666666666664,
0.06666666666666667,
0.05,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.125,
0.014388489208633094,
0,
0.010869565217391304,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.022727272727272728,
0.011904761904761904,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.019230769230769232,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.023255813953488372,
0,
0,
0,
0.01834862385321101,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.027777777777777776,
0,
0,
0.00819672131147541,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.05263157894736842,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.041666666666666664,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.010869565217391304,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.05555555555555555,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.05263157894736842,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.022222222222222223,
0.01098901098901099,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.00471 | 5 |
[
"Happy Holidays!",
"\n\nAs I look around campus, 2 things are clear... finals are over and fun times with friends and family are here. ",
"Great job with finals and congratulations to the graduates this semester. ",
"Best of luck to you and your future endeavors."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0 | 5 |
[
"Green Fleet\n\nUtah Clean Cities Shows BYD Refuse Truck\n\nBYD’s Class-6 26,000 lbs GVWR truck, is powered by an all-electric power source, enabling more than 85 miles of range with minimal battery degradation.",
"\n\nPhoto courtesy of BYD\n\nBuild Your Dreams (BYD) was selected by the Utah Clean Cities Coalition (UCC) to showcase its Class 6 electric refuse hauler. ",
"The UCC supports organizations and fleets in their efforts to contribute to clean air by reducing vehicle emissions. ",
"UCC is actively engaged with advanced fuel projects across the state of Utah. ",
"The Work Electric in collaboration with Rocky Mountain Power’s Live Electric program is focused on electric fleets and charging infrastructure and supports public and private fleets.",
"\n\nBYD delivered their battery-electric refuse hauler to the Salt Lake County Environmental garage as part of a special pop-up held in late June. ",
"Held in collaboration with UCC’s clean energy partner, Rocky Mountain Power (RMP), the purpose of the event is to promote clean, zero-emissions battery-electric technology for heavy industry. ",
"Together, UCC and RMP are advancing Work Electric, a program that empowers sustainability through electric technology adoption by offering incentives for Utah fleets who incorporate electric vehicles and charging infrastructure.",
"\n\nBYD’s Class 6 refuse truck is powered by their proprietary and industry-leading all-electric power source, enabling more than 85 miles of range with minimal battery degradation. ",
"The 26,000-pound truck operates with drive-axle integrated, transversely mounted motors and utilizes regenerative breaking to extend battery life.",
"\n\nIn addition to providing tremendous environmental and cost saving benefits, BYD’s zero-emission battery-electric trucks offer distinct advantages to communities such as reduced noise pollution. ",
"They can be used to replace entire fleets of fossil fuel burning trucks."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0,
0.013245033112582781,
0.008547008547008548,
0.01282051282051282,
0.016483516483516484,
0,
0.015625,
0.013157894736842105,
0,
0,
0.00510204081632653,
0
] | 0.007082 | 5 |
[
"Changes in aneurysm morphology and stent-graft configuration after endovascular repair of aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta.",
"\nWe sought to study changes in morphology and stent-graft configuration of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms after endovascular repair. ",
"Twenty-three patients treated with custom-made stent-grafts were studied. ",
"The stent-graft consisted of continuous, stainless-steel Z stents mounted within a polyester graft. ",
"In the last 11 cases the stents were interconnected with 3 longitudinal wires. ",
"Contrast-enhanced spiral computed tomography was performed preoperatively and at 1, 3, and every 6 months postoperatively. ",
"Angiography was used preoperatively and at 1-year follow-up. ",
"Proximal and distal necks were assessed for diameter and length. ",
"Aneurysm diameter, endoleaks, stent-graft migration, and changes in stent-graft configuration were evaluated. ",
"During follow-up (median, 18 months; range, 1-48 months), excluded aneurysms decreased in diameter by 4 mm (0.5-10 mm, P =.0018). ",
"Endoleaks prevented size decrease. ",
"Five patients displayed neck dilatation, 4 at both the proximal and distal fixation sites and 1 only distally. ",
"In 7 (30%) patients there was proximal migration of the distal end of the stent-graft. ",
"Three (13%) patients displayed both distal migration of the proximal end of the stent-graft and proximal migration of the distal end of the stent-graft. ",
"There was a significant correlation between stent-graft kinking and appearance of proximal or distal stent-graft migration (P =.05 and P =.0007, respectively). ",
"In no case did the migration lead to appearance of an endoleak before intervention was performed. ",
"Excluded descending thoracic aortic aneurysms decrease in size on midterm follow-up. ",
"A subgroup of patients prone to neck dilatation might exist. ",
"A combination of neck dilatation and vector forces acting on stent-grafts in the tortuous thoracic aorta might lead to stent-graft migration."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.00909090909090909,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.000478 | 5 |
[
"Rufous-winged philentoma\n\nThe rufous-winged philentoma (Philentoma pyrhoptera) is a bird species. ",
"They are now usually assigned to the Vangidae.",
"\nIt is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam.",
"\nIts natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nrufous-winged philentoma\nCategory:Birds of Malesia\nrufous-winged philentoma\nCategory:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot}"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} | [
0,
0.021739130434782608,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.004348 | 5 |
[
"Q:\n\nLocalization for multiple languages at same time\n\nI have a console MEF application which convert files. ",
"There are some classes for logging warnings and errors, each in separate assembly. ",
"Every message, which I want to log, goes to LoggerProxy class and from it to all relevant loggers. ",
"I'm using strongly typed resource names, e.g. Message.",
"NoFilesFound. ",
"Here is my problem - the strings for me must be in english or german, but messages for file owner must go in his language. ",
"It means that Message.",
"NoFilesFound should be in german on console and in the log file, but e.g. italian in the mail for customer.",
"\nHow can I setup the system for thist task?",
"\nNow I have:\nclass Main()\n{\n Message.",
"Culture = new CultureInfo(\"it\");\n LoggerProxy.",
"Write( Destination.",
"Console|Destination.",
"Customer, Message.",
"NoFilesFound );\n}\n\nclass LoggerProxy\n{\n\n [ImportMany]\n Lazy<ILogger,ILoggerMetadata>[] Loggers { get; set; }\n\n public void Write( Destination dest, string msg )\n {\n foreach ( var logger in Loggers )\n if ( (logger.",
"Metadata.",
"Destination & dest ) !",
"= 0 )\n logger.",
"Value.",
"Write( msg );\n }\n}\n\nI would like to have the culture change in LoggerProxy.",
"Write, but the parameter is already localized string.",
"\n\nA:\n\nI would like to say Log( Message.",
"FileNotFound ) and have one line on console \"Datei nicht gefunden\", same line in logfile, but in the mail for our customer in Italy \"File non trovato\". ",
"We cannot read logfiles in italian, and not all customers can read messages in german/english. – ",
"Gabriel Gnatowski 2 mins ago\n\nYou need to refactor the interfaces so that the Write method shown get's the unlocalized message id (Message.",
"NoFilesFound).",
"\nThen there are two approaches. ",
"Either the Logger (logger) has a member that portrays the locale ID to be used by the logger, or will be able to autonomically translate the ID to a message (perhaps, no translation at all, when logging to a database, so you can view the log in your preferred language at a later time, or simply for compression purposes).",
"\nI'm nog aware of any interpolation strings, but suspect you have them (\"Fichier {0} non trouvé\", e.g.) so you'd need to be able to pass these as well. ",
"A params string[] is neat on the calling site (LoggerProxy.",
"Write) but down the chain IEnumerable would be most versatile.",
"\nI suppose all of this is rather superficial, but I think it answers the question at least as far as I got the question clear.",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.009259259259259259,
0,
0.010101010101010102,
0,
0,
0,
0.045454545454545456,
0,
0,
0.025,
0,
0.05263157894736842,
0,
0.05555555555555555,
0.00411522633744856,
0.1111111111111111,
0.045454545454545456,
0,
0,
0.01282051282051282,
0,
0.02564102564102564,
0,
0,
0.014388489208633094,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.01694915254237288,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.012984 | 5 |
[
"With President Donald Trump threatening that he’s \"ready to go\" with tariffs on more than $500 billion in goods from China, there's a possibility Beijing could inflict more pain on U.S. agriculture as part of retaliation, including another round of duties on soybeans.",
"\n\nIf China were to add another round of duties on soybeans, it could add pressure on the Trump administration due to the economic importance of soy exports to China. ",
"However, the White House may have helped prepare for more pain in the American agriculture sector by rolling out a $12 billion emergency plan for U.S. farmers on Tuesday.",
"\n\n\"Nobody is going to win in this trade war,\" said Bret Davis, an Ohio soybean farmer and a member of the American Soybean Association's governing committee. \"",
"We just hope instead of a tariff that we come to an agreement and make it better for our side and their side.\"",
"\n\nStill, there is precedent for China slapping \"double whammy\" tariffs months apart on the same U.S. agricultural products. ",
"For example, China imposed two rounds of tariffs on pork, nuts and fresh fruit. ",
"In the case of pork, after the additional tariff went into effect July 6, \"the other white meat\" is now subject to an import tax that exceeds 70 percent.",
"\n\n\"You've already seen China express ways that they will probably get around soy,\" said Sam Funk, senior grain and oilseed analyst at Rabobank in St. Louis. ",
"The Chinese tariffs have already hit most lucrative sectors of agriculture, from grains and oilseeds to livestock and fresh produce. ",
"There have also been duties slapped on items such as dairy, nuts and wine.",
"\n\nIf Beijing added a second wave of tariffs on U.S. soybeans, Funk said it could be done without Chinese buyers suffering the imported tax directly, such as by going through state-owned strategic reserves and then releasing some supplies internally. ",
"The Chinese government would presumably absorb the tariff, but if there were a double tariff the costs could increase sharply for Beijing.",
"\n\nA report earlier this month from Bloomberg suggested the Chinese government would reimburse buyers for costs of the new import duties, assuming the soybean cargoes are for state stockpiles. ",
"It cited unnamed sources for the information."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.0037313432835820895,
0.006024096385542169,
0.0058823529411764705,
0.012578616352201259,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.012738853503184714,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.005208333333333333,
0
] | 0.003078 | 5 |
[
"#include \"rhine/Transform/Resolve.hpp\"\n#include \"rhine/Diagnostic/Diagnostic.hpp\"\n#include \"rhine/Externals.hpp\"\n#include \"rhine/IR/BasicBlock.hpp\"\n#include \"rhine/IR/Context.hpp\"\n#include \"rhine/IR/Instruction.hpp\"\n#include \"rhine/IR/Module.hpp\"\n#include \"rhine/IR/UnresolvedValue.hpp\"\n\n#include <list>\n\nnamespace rhine {\nResolve::Resolve() : K(nullptr) {}\n\nResolve::~Resolve() {}\n\nvoid Resolve::lookupReplaceUse(UnresolvedValue *V, Use &U, BasicBlock *Block) {\n auto Name = V->getName();\n auto K = V->context();\n if (auto S = K->Map.get(V, Block)) {\n /// %S = 2;\n /// ^\n /// Came from here (MallocInst, Argument, or Prototype)\n ///\n /// Foo(%S);\n /// ^\n /// UnresolvedValue; replace with %Replacement\n if (auto M = dyn_cast<MallocInst>(S)) {\n if (isa<StoreInst>(U->getUser()))\n U.set(M);\n else {\n auto Replacement = LoadInst::get(M);\n Replacement->setSourceLocation(V->sourceLocation());\n U.set(Replacement);\n }\n } else if (isa<BindInst>(S) || isa<Argument>(S)) {\n U.set(S);\n } else if (isa<Prototype>(S)) {\n auto Replacement = Pointer::get(S);\n Replacement->setSourceLocation(S->sourceLocation());\n U.set(Replacement);\n }\n return;\n }\n /// %V was not seen earlier (%S not initialized)\n /// Only one possibility: %V(...)\n /// ^\n /// Callee of CallInst\n auto SourceLoc = U->sourceLocation();\n if (auto Inst = dyn_cast<CallInst>(U->getUser()))\n if (Inst->callee() == V) {\n DiagnosticPrinter(SourceLoc) << \"unbound function \" + Name;\n exit(1);\n }\n DiagnosticPrinter(SourceLoc) << \"unbound symbol \" + Name;\n exit(1);\n}\n\n// T is Use *\ntemplate <typename T>\nvoid Resolve::resolveOperandsOfUser(T &&U, BasicBlock *BB) {\n for (Use &ThisUse : U->uses()) {\n Value *V = ThisUse;\n if (auto R = dyn_cast<UnresolvedValue>(V))\n lookupReplaceUse(R, ThisUse, BB);\n }\n}\n\nvoid Resolve::runOnFunction(Function *F) {\n for (auto &Arg : F->args())\n if (!",
"K->Map.add(Arg, F->getEntryBlock())) {\n DiagnosticPrinter(Arg->sourceLocation())\n << \"argument \" + Arg->getName() + \" attempting to overshadow \"\n \"previously bound symbol with \"\n \"same name\";\n exit(1);\n }\n\n // For all statements of the form:\n // %V = 7;\n // ^\n // BindInst\n //\n // Insert into K->Map\n for (auto &BB : *F)\n for (auto I : *BB) {\n if (isa<AbstractBindInst>(I))\n if (!",
"K->Map.add(I, BB)) {\n DiagnosticPrinter(I->sourceLocation())\n << \"symbol \" + I->getName() + \" attempting to overshadow \"\n \"previously bound symbol with same \"\n \"name\";\n exit(1);\n }\n }\n\n /// Resolve operands of all Users:\n /// %V(...);\n /// ^ ^---- Operands\n /// User\n for (auto &BB : *F)\n for (auto V : *BB)\n resolveOperandsOfUser(cast<User>(V), BB);\n}\n\nvoid Resolve::runOnModule(Module *M) {\n K = M->context();\n for (auto P : Externals::get(K)->getProtos())\n if (!",
"K->Map.add(P)) {\n auto ErrMsg =\n \"prototype \" + P->getName() +\n \" attempting to overshadow previously bound symbol with same name\";\n DiagnosticPrinter(P->sourceLocation()) << ErrMsg;\n exit(1);\n }\n for (auto &F : *M)\n if (!",
"K->Map.add(F)) {\n DiagnosticPrinter(F->sourceLocation())\n << \"function \" + F->getName() + \" attempting to overshadow \"\n \"previously bound symbol with same \"\n \"name\";\n exit(1);\n }\n for (auto &F : *M)\n runOnFunction(F);\n}\n\nusing KR = Context::ResolutionMap;\n\nbool KR::add(Value *Val, BasicBlock *Block) {\n assert(!isa<UnresolvedValue>(Val) &&\n \"Attempting to add an UnresolvedValue to the Map\");\n if (get(Val, Block))\n return false;\n auto &ThisResolutionMap = BlockResolutionMap[Block];\n auto Ret = ThisResolutionMap.insert(std::make_pair(Val->getName(), Val));\n bool NewElementInserted = Ret.second;\n if (!",
"NewElementInserted) {\n auto IteratorToEquivalentKey = Ret.first;\n auto &ValueOfEquivalentKey = IteratorToEquivalentKey->second;\n if (ValueOfEquivalentKey !",
"= Val)\n return false;\n }\n return true;\n}\n\nValue *KR::searchOneBlock(std::string Name, BasicBlock *Block) {\n auto &ThisResolutionMap = BlockResolutionMap[Block];\n auto IteratorToElement = ThisResolutionMap.find(Name);\n if (IteratorToElement == ThisResolutionMap.end())\n return nullptr;\n return IteratorToElement->second;\n}\n\nvoid flattenPredecessors(BasicBlock *Block, std::list<BasicBlock *> &AllPreds) {\n if (!",
"Block)\n return;\n AllPreds.push_back(Block);\n if (Block->hasNoPredecessors())\n return;\n if (auto OnlyPred = Block->getUniquePredecessor()) {\n flattenPredecessors(OnlyPred, AllPreds);\n } else { // Merge block\n auto FirstPred = *(Block->pred_begin());\n auto PredOfPred = FirstPred->getUniquePredecessor();\n assert(PredOfPred && \"Malformed branch: no phi block found\");\n flattenPredecessors(PredOfPred, AllPreds);\n }\n}\n\nValue *KR::get(std::string Name, BasicBlock *Block) {\n std::list<BasicBlock *> UniqPreds;\n flattenPredecessors(Block, UniqPreds);\n UniqPreds.unique();\n UniqPreds.push_back(nullptr); // Global\n for (auto BB : UniqPreds)\n if (auto Result = searchOneBlock(Name, BB))\n return Result;\n return nullptr;\n}\n\nValue *KR::get(Value *Val, BasicBlock *Block) {\n return get(Val->getName(), Block);\n}\n}\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0.012370113805047007,
0.0038535645472061657,
0.003236245954692557,
0.003816793893129771,
0.00684931506849315,
0.006097560975609756,
0.007058823529411765,
0.005917159763313609
] | 0.00615 | 5 |
[
"Q:\n\nSets of open interior points\n\nProve: The set of interior points of A is the largest open set contained in A.\nDefinition of interior: Let $A$ be a set of real numbers. ",
"A point $p\\in A$ is an interior point iff $p$ belongs to some open interval $S_{p}$ which is contained in A: $p\\in S_{p}\\subset A$\nDefinition of open: A set $A$ is open iff each of its points is an interior point\nproof: Given $A$, we want to show the set of interior points of $A$ denoted int($A$) is the largest open set contained in $A$. ",
"Let $G$ be open and int($A$)$\\subset G\\subset A$. ",
"I want int($A$) $ = G$.\nI am stuck here, if anyone can show me what to do next I would greatly appreciate it.",
"\n\nA:\n\nFrom the assumptions, you already know $int(A) \\subset G$. You need only to show that $G \\subset int(A)$. Let $a \\in G$. Since $G$ is open, there exists an open set $V$ so that $a \\in V \\subset G \\subset A$. ",
"This is precisely the definition of $a \\in int(A)$ and the result follows. ",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0.009174311926605505,
0.004672897196261682,
0,
0
] | 0.001978 | 5 |
[
"Simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal under low dissolved oxygen conditions.",
"\nA full-scale test was operated by using low dissolved oxygen activated sludge process to enhance biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal. ",
"When the influent concentrations of CODcr, TN and TP varied in a range of 352.9 mg/L-1338.2 mg/L, 34.4 mg/L-96.3 mg/L, and 2.21 mg/L-24.0 mg/L, the average removal efficiencies were 94.9%, 86.7% and 93.0%, respectively. ",
"During the test period of two months, effluent means of CODcr, BOD5, NH3-N, TN and TP were below 50 mg/L, 25 mg/L, 10 mg/L and 1.0 mg/L, respectively. ",
"The low dissolved oxygen activated sludge process has a simple flow sheet, fewer facilities and high N and P removal efficiency. ",
"It is very convenient to retrofit the conventional activated sludge process with the above process."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0,
0,
0.00909090909090909,
0.013245033112582781,
0,
0
] | 0.003723 | 5 |
[
"Beaulac\n\nBeaulac may refer to:\n\nFamily name\nPolydore Beaulac was a politician in the Quebec, Canada. ",
"He served as Member of the Legislative Assembly. ",
"\nWillard L. Beaulac (1899–1990) was a United States Diplomat. ",
"He served as U.S. Ambassador to Paraguay, Colombia, Cuba, Chile and Argentina.",
"\n\nPlace\n\nCanada\nBeaulac-Garthby is a municipality in the province of Quebec.",
"\n\nEgypt\nBulaq, alternatively spelt Beaulac, is a district of Cairo.",
"\n\nFrance\nBernos-Beaulac is a commune in the Gironde department in Aquitaine in southwestern France."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} | [
0.0297029702970297,
0.02040816326530612,
0.016129032258064516,
0.01282051282051282,
0.013157894736842105,
0.014925373134328358,
0
] | 0.015306 | 5 |
[
"Colorado should reject Senate Bill 19-042, which would require Colorado’s Electoral College votes to be cast in favor of the national popular vote winner.",
"\n\nFor most elections, the popular vote winner in Colorado has been the same as the national popular vote winner. ",
"However, with that being said, in the last eight presidential elections there has been no case where Colorado’s net vote would have changed the winner of the popular vote in a presidential election. ",
"Colorado’s popular vote totals, when considered on a national popular vote scale, are already functionally meaningless. ",
"The only way Colorado voters have a functional, constitutional means of making a difference has been through the power of our vote in the Electoral College.",
"\n\nIf this bill passes, Colorado voters might as well not bother voting for any presidential candidate at all. ",
"Already, Colorado’s popular vote doesn’t affect the winner of the national popular vote. ",
"Why surrender what little influence we have on a national scale to the voters in the nine most populous states (California, Texas, Florida, New York, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Georgia and North Carolina) where half of the population of the United States lives? ",
"Colorado would be rendered completely irrelevant in presidential politics.",
"\n\nUrge your state representatives not to take this foolish step. ",
"This bill will have the practical result of disenfranchising every Colorado voter in future presidential elections. ",
"It really will become a case where our individual votes in presidential elections won’t matter.",
"\n\nDan Jones\n\nGreeley"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.012987012987012988,
0,
0,
0,
0.00641025641025641,
0.00909090909090909,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.1
] | 0.009884 | 5 |
[
"Mary Ann “Cammy” House-Fancher, ACNP, MSN, CCRN\n\nCammy is a nationally known speaker with over 30 years of Critical Care experience. ",
"Cammy has taught the CCRN Review as well as Critical Care Updates with an emphasis on the critical thinking skills of the bedside practitioner. ",
"As well as lecturing across the country, Cammy is a reviewer for several referred nursing journals, has numerous publications in the area of critical care, and continues to have an active practice as an Acute Care Nurse Practitioner at the University of Florida , Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery. ",
"Awarded the Cardiovascular Clinical Excellence Award in 2000 by the American College of Cardiology, Nurse of the Year in 1994 from the Florida Nurses Association, and Who's Who in Nursing in 2000 and 2005. ",
"As a critical care nurse practitioner, Cammy brings much clinical practice skill to the lectures as well providing clinical pearls for bedside care."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.045112781954887216,
0.020833333333333332,
0.01,
0.009708737864077669,
0.006756756756756757
] | 0.018482 | 5 |
[
"Introduction {#Sec1}\n============\n\nThe regulation mechanism of *Trichinella spiralis* (*T. spiralis*) on host immune balance is very complicated, immune cells and related cytokines play an important role in this process. ",
"SPI (serine protease inhibitor) is currently the most widely studied protease inhibitors superfamily^[@CR1]^, which plays a vital role in many life activities. ",
"Studies have shown that the unique enzyme inhibitory activity of SPI protects the parasite against host digestive digestion, provides favorable conditions for survival in the host, helping the parasite to resist the host immune response^[@CR2]--[@CR5]^. Song *et al*. ",
"confirmed that vaccination of mice with rTsSPI triggered high level of anti-TsSPI IgG response, and they also demonstrated that TsSPI might participate in the *T. spiralis* larval invasion of IECs and it is likely the potential vaccine target against *T. spiralis* enteral stages^[@CR6],[@CR7]^. Our laboratory has confirmed that TsKaSPI and TsAdSPI are important members of the *T. spiralis* SPI superfamily, which regulate immune responses and play important roles in the inflammatory^[@CR8]^.\n\nIn recent years, the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has increased year by year, and its incidence is closely related to genetic, environmental, microbial, and immune factors, among which the role of immune abnormalities has been widely concerned by scholars^[@CR9]^. More and more studies have shown that macrophages are involved in the development of IBD, and the number of macrophages is significantly increased in the intestinal mucosa of active IBD patients. ",
"In addition, macrophages can also secrete a large number of cytokines and bioactive substances, which are involved in inflammatory responses. ",
"Recent experimental studies have confirmed that the conversion between M1 and M2 phenotype could be used as a biomarker to determine whether the body is in the process of inflammatory injury or inflammatory repair^[@CR10],[@CR11]^. During the development of IBD, a variety of factors will break the dynamic balance between M1/M2 phenotype, causing an imbalance in the number and activation, leading to an increasing number of \"classically activated\" pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages, thus aggravating the inflammatory response^[@CR12]^. And infect with *T. spiralis* and its derived proteins can lead to the activation of M2 phenotype^[@CR13]^. Therefore, we speculate that *T. spiralis* and its derived proteins may interfere with the transformation of macrophages from M1 to M2 phenotype, and restore M1/M2 to a balanced state, thereby promoting inflammation regression and tissue repair. ",
"So understanding the characteristics of macrophage activation is important for analyzing the mechanism of *T. spiralis* derived proteins in alleviating intestinal inflammation.",
"\n\nInterleukin 33 (IL-33), which transmits signal by binding to the ST2 (growth ST imulation expressed gene 2) receptor, has became a key regulator of a variety of inflammatory diseases, including IBD. ",
"After binding to ST2 receptor, IL-33 induces changes in the immune response of the body through signal transduction pathways, and it can also induce the secretion of cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β^[@CR14]^, then affect the differentiation and proliferation of Th1, Th2, Treg and other cells. ",
"Studies have shown that IL-33 plays a dual immunomodulatory functions of promoting or inhibiting inflammatory reactions in the pathogenesis of IBD^[@CR15]--[@CR17]^. However, the latest research showed that IL-33 could induce activation of M2 phenotypic macrophages and promote the secretion of IL-10 and TGF-β by binding to the ST2 receptor on the surface of macrophages, thereby promoting the repair of mucosal epithelial tissue and relieving inflammation, and it was later confirmed that this process was mainly for wound healing^[@CR15]^. Therefore, this experiment detected the expression of ST2 on the macrophages in MLN (mesenteric lymph node) and IL-33 in colon tissue to verify whether IL-33 and its receptor ST2 play a role in the process of recombinant protein promoting tissue repair of TNBS (2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid solution)-induced colitis.",
"\n\nJAK2 (Janus kinase 2)/STAT3 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription^[@CR3]^ pathway is an important signal transduction pathway in the body, which plays a role in various physiological and pathological processes such as immunity, cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and inflammatory response^[@CR18]^. Under the stimulation of certain cytokines, JAK2 is activated, then activates the STAT3, which can transduce extracellular signals into the nucleus, thereby regulating the expression of related inflammatory factors^[@CR19]^. Some researchers used gene knockout technology to knock out the mouse STAT3 gene, and found that the pro-inflammatory cytokines secreted by macrophages were significantly increased, suggesting that this signal pathway played an important role in the anti-inflammatory process^[@CR20]^. In the process of parasitic infection, JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway also plays an important role. ",
"The *Pseudophosphorus* serine protease inhibitor can activate the phosphorylation of the JAK2/STAT3 and induce the conversion of macrophages to M2 phenotype, thus regulating the dynamic balance between pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines^[@CR21]^. Therefore, we speculate whether the *T. spiralis* serine protease inhibitor can also activate the phosphorylation of JAK2/STAT3 to alleviate intestinal inflammation.",
"\n\nResults {#Sec2}\n=======\n\nChanges of the expression of M1 and M2 phenotypic macrophages in the spleen and MLN {#Sec3}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nChanges of the percentage of M1 and M2 phenotypic macrophages in the spleen (A) and MLN (B) were shown in the Fig.",
" [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"For the number of F4/80+ phenotypic macrophages in the 1 × 10^4^ cells in the gate, that in the PBS + TNBS group (1393.34 ± 35.12) was significantly higher than the Control group (983.34 ± 54.85) (*P* \\< 0.001), and that in the TsKaSPI + PBS (798.34 ± 52.52) (*P* \\< 0.05) and TsAdSPI + PBS group (735.00 ± 39.69) (*P* \\< 0.01) were significantly lower than the Control group, but that in the HT-TsKaSPI + PBS group (918.33 ± 50.08) was not significantly different from the Control group (*P* \\> 0.05). ",
"Meanwhile that in the HT-TsKaSPI + TNBS (1255.00 ± 37.75) (*P* \\< 0.01), TsKaSPI + TNBS (1023.34 ± 32.53) (*P* \\< 0.001) and TsAdSPI + TNBS group (925.00 ± 35.00) (*P* \\< 0.001) were significantly decreased compared with the PBS + TNBS group. ",
"The similar result was observed in the therapy group, and in the MLN also observed the similar result (Fig.",
" [2(a)](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}).Figure 1Demonstration of the gating strategy for the flow cytometric analysis of F4/80+CD16/32+ and F4/80+CD206+ phenotypic macrophages in spleens (A) and MLNs (B). ",
"In this experiment, single cell suspension were prepared from the spleens and MLNs of each group and stained with F4/80 (APC), CD16/32 (PE), CD206 (FITC) based on staining protocols. ",
"Data were collected with FACSDiva flow cytometer and analyzed.",
"Figure 2The number of F4/80+ phenotypic macrophages in the 1 × 10^4^ cells in the gate in spleen (**a**) and MLN (**b**), the percentage of F4/80+CD16/32+ phenotypic macrophages in the total number in the Gate in spleen (**c**) and MLN (**d**), the percentage of F4/80+CD206+ phenotypic macrophages in the total number in the Gate in spleen (**e**) and MLN (**f**), the ratio of F4/80+CD16/32+ and F4/80+CD206+ phenotypic macrophages in spleen (**g**) and MLN (**h**) were shown. ",
"Data are shown as mean ± SD of 3 mice per group. ",
"\\**P* \\< 0.05, \\*\\**P* \\< 0.01, \\*\\*\\**P* \\< 0.001 versus Control and Control' group; ^§^*P* \\< 0.05, ^§§^*P* \\< 0.01, ^§§§^*P* \\< 0.001 versus PBS + TNBS and TNBS + PBS group; ^◇^*P* \\< 0.05, ^◇◇^*P* \\< 0.01, ^◇◇◇^*P* \\< 0.001 for HT-TsKaSPI + PBS vs TsKaSPI + PBS^,^ TsAdSPI + PBS, HT-TsKaSPI + TNBS and also for PBS + HT-TsKaSPI vs PBS + TsKaSPI, PBS + TsAdSPI, TNBS + HT-TsKaSPI; ^△^*P* \\< 0.05, ^△△^*P* \\< 0.01, ^△△△^*P* \\< 0.001 for TsKaSPI + PBS vs TsAdSPI + PBS, TsKaSPI + TNBS and also for PBS + TsKaSPI vs PBS + TsAdSPI, TNBS + TsKaSPI group; ^\\#^*P* \\< 0.05, ^\\#\\#^*P* \\< 0.01, ^\\#\\#\\#^*P* \\< 0.001 for TsAdSPI + PBS vs TsAdSPI + TNBS and also for PBS + TsAdSPI vs TNBS + TsAdSPI group; ^&^*P* \\< 0.05, ^&&^*P* \\< 0.01, ^&&&^*P* \\< 0.001 for HT-TsKaSPI + TNBS vs TsKaS*P*I + TNBS, TsAdSPI + TNBS and also for TNBS + HT-TsKaSPI vs TNBS + TsKaSPI, TNBS + TsAdSPI; ^☆^*P* \\< 0.05, ^☆☆^*P* \\< 0.01, ^☆^*P* \\< 0.001 for TsKaSPI + TNBS vs TsAdSPI + TNBS and TNBS + TsKaSPI vs TNBS + TsAdSPI.",
"\n\nIn the spleen, Compared with the Control group, the percentage of F4/80+CD16/32+M1 phenotypic macrophages in the PBS + TNBS group (4.17 ± 0.38) was significantly increased (*P* \\< 0.05), and that in the TsKaSPI + PBS (2.47 ± 0.23) (*P* \\< 0.05) and TsAdSPI + PBS group (2.17 ± 0.15) (*P* \\< 0.01) were significantly decreased in the prevention group. ",
"Meanwhile, that in the HT-TsKaSPI + TNBS (3.97 ± 0.15), TsKaSPI + TNBS (3.50 ± 0.44) and TsAdSPI + TNBS group (3.27 ± 0.35) were lower than the PBS + TNBS group, but there was only signicant difference between the TsAdSPI + TNBS and PBS + TNBS group (*P* \\< 0.05). ",
"The similar trend was observed in the therapy group, but there was signicant difference between the TNBS + TsKaSPI (3.60 ± 0.17) and TNBS + PBS group (4.17 ± 0.15) (*P* \\< 0.05). ",
"In the MLN, the similar change trend was also observed, and the percentage in each group were all slightly higher than that in the spleen (Fig.",
" [2(b)](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}).",
"\n\nFor the percentage of F4/80+CD206+ M2 phenotypic macrophages in the prevention group in the spleen, that in the PBS + TNBS group (0.74 ± 0.12) was lower than the Control group (0.94 ± 0.12), but there was no significant difference. ",
"And compared with the Control group, that in the TsKaSPI + PBS (1.46 ± 0.12) and TsAdSPI + PBS group (1.60 ± 0.20) were significantly higher (*P* \\< 0.01), but there was not significantly difference compared with the HT-TsKaSPI + PBS group (1.07 ± 0.12) (*P* \\> 0.05). ",
"Meanwhile, there was significant difference compared the TsKaSPI + TNBS (1.00 ± 0.06) and TsAdSPI + TNBS group (1.06 ± 0.12) with the PBS + TNBS group (*P* \\< 0.05), and no significantly difference between the HT-TsKaSPI + TNBS (0.80 ± 0.20) and PBS + TNBS group (*P* \\> 0.05). ",
"In the therapy group, that in the PBS + TsKaSPI (1.34 ± 0.12) and PBS + TsAdSPI group (1.46 ± 0.12) were respectively lower than the TsKaSPI + PBS and TsAdSPI + PBS group, and the percentage in the TNBS + TsKaSPI (0.80 ± 0.04) and TNBS + TsAdSPI group (0.86 ± 0.12) were also respectively lower than the TsKaSPI + TNBS and TsAdSPI + TNBS group. ",
"In the MLN, the similar change trend was observed (Fig.",
" [2(c)](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}).",
"\n\nIn the prevention group in the spleen, compared with the Control group (3.34 ± 0.32), the ratio of M1/M2 phenotypic macrophages was significantly increased in the PBS + TNBS group (5.75 ± 0.75) (*P* \\< 0.01), and that in the TsKaSPI + PBS (1.69 ± 0.15) and TsAdSPI + PBS group (1.36 ± 0.08) were significantly decreased (*P* \\< 0.001). ",
"And there was no significant difference compared the TsKaSPI + TNBS (3.50 ± 0.44) and TsAdSPI + TNBS group (3.07 ± 0.21) with the Control group. ",
"But that in the TsKaSPI + TNBS and TsAdSPI + TNBS group were significantly lower than PBS + TNBS group, at the same time, the HT-TsKaSPI + TNBS group (5.14 ± 0.63) had not significantly difference compared with the PBS + TNBS group. ",
"In the therapy group, the similar trend was observed. ",
"In the MLN, there was also observed the similar trend, but the value of the ratio in each group was respectively lower than that in the spleen (Fig.",
" [2(d)](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}).",
"\n\nChanges of the expression of iNOS and Arg1 {#Sec4}\n------------------------------------------\n\nIn the prevention group, the expression of iNOS in the Control group (9.80 ± 1.19) was significntly lower than the PBS + TNBS group (22.97 ± 0.40) (*P* \\< 0.001), and significantly higher than TsKaSPI + PBS (5.29 ± 0.84) (*P* \\< 0.01) and TsAdSPI + PBS group (4.31 ± 0.17) (*P* \\< 0.001). ",
"Meanwhile, that in the TsKaSPI + TNBS (12.38 ± 1.22) and TsAdSPI + TNBS group (10.80 ± 1.41) were significantly decreased compared with the PBS + TNBS group (*P* \\< 0.001), and there was no significant difference compared with the Control group. ",
"The similar trend was found in the therapy group.",
"\n\nThe expression of Arg1 in the Control group (1.40 ± 0.07) in the prevention group was significntly higher than the PBS + TNBS (0.39 ± 0.13) (*P* \\< 0.001), HT-TsKaSPI + TNBS (0.53 ± 0.12) (*P* \\< 0.001), TsKaSPI + TNBS (0.82 ± 0.18) (*P* \\< 0.01) and TsAdSPI + TNBS group (3.58 ± 0.20) (*P* \\> 0.05), and significantly lower than TsKaSPI + PBS (3.15 ± 0.21) and TsAdSPI + PBS group (3.58 ± 0.20) (*P* \\< 0.001). ",
"Meanwhile, that in the TsKaSPI + TNBS (*P* \\< 0.05) and TsAdSPI + TNBS group (*P* \\< 0.01) were significantly increased compared with the PBS + TNBS group. ",
"The similar trend was found in the therapy group (Fig.",
" [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}).Figure 3Changes of iNOS and Arg1 in the F4/80+ phenotypic macrophages culture supernatant were tested by using ELISA. ",
"Data are shown as mean ± SD of 3 mice per group. ",
"The labels representing the significant differences between the different groups are consistent with those in Fig. ",
"3.",
"\n\nChanges of the expression of cytokine in F4/80 + phenotypic macrophages culture supernatant {#Sec5}\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nCompared with the Control group, the expression of IL-23 and IL-12 p40 in the PBS + TNBS were significantly increased, and that in the TsKaSPI + PBS and TsAdSPI + PBS group were significantly decreased. ",
"And that in the TsKaSPI + TNBS and TsAdSPI + TNBS group were significantly lower than the PBS + TNBS group. ",
"However, there was no significantly difference between the HT-TsKaSPI + TNBS and PBS + TNBS group.",
"\n\nFor TGF-β and IL-10, compared with the Control group, that in the PBS + TNBS were significantly decreased, and that in the TsKaSPI + PBS and TsAdSPI + PBS group were significantly increased. ",
"Meanwhile that in the TsKaSPI + TNBS and TsAdSPI + TNBS group were significantly higher than the PBS + TNBS group, and compared the HT-TsKaSPI + TNBS with PBS + TNBS group, there was no significantly difference. ",
"The similar trend was observed in the therapy group (Fig.",
" [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}).Figure 4Changes of IL-23, IL-12 p40, TGF-β and IL-12 p40 in the F4/80+ phenotypic macrophages culture supernatant were tested by using ELISA. ",
"Data are shown as mean ± SD of 3 mice per group. ",
"The labels representing the significant differences between the different groups are consistent with those in Fig.",
" [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}.",
"\n\nChanges of the expression of IL-33 and ST2 {#Sec6}\n------------------------------------------\n\nIn the prevention group, the expression of IL-33 and ST2 in the Control group were significntly higher than the PBS + TNBS group, and significantly lower than the TsKaSPI + PBS and TsAdSPI + PBS group. ",
"Meanwhile, that in the TsKaSPI + TNBS and TsAdSPI + TNBS group were significantly increased compared with the PBS + TNBS group, but there was no significantly difference between the HT-TsKaSPI + TNBS and PBS + TNBS group. ",
"In the therapy group, the expression of IL-33 and ST2 in the PBS + TsKaSPI and PBS + TsAdSPI group were lower than that in the TsKaSPI + PBS and TsAdSPI + PBS group. ",
"And that in the TNBS + TsKaSPI and TNBS + TsAdSPI group were also lower than that in the TsKaSPI + TNBS and TsAdSPI + TNBS group (Fig.",
" [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}).Figure 5The expression of IL-33 in the colon tissue and ST2 on the F4/80+ phenotypic macrophages were tested by using ELISA. ",
"Data are shown as mean ± SD of 3 mice per group. ",
"The labels representing the significant differences between the different groups are consistent with those in Fig.",
" [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}.",
"\n\nChanges in the degree of phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3 {#Sec7}\n----------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe western blotting results of IL-6, JAK2, p-JAK2, STAT3, p-STAT3 were showed in Fig.",
" [6](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"Compared with the Control group (0.77 ± 0.07) in the prevention group, the relative protein expression of IL-6 in the PBS + TNBS (0.56 ± 0.10) (*P* \\< 0.05) was significantly lower, while the TsKaSPI + PBS (1.30 ± 0.04) (*P* \\< 0.01), TsAdSPI + PBS group (1.42 ± 0.10) (*P* \\< 0.01) were significantly higher, but there was no significantly difference between the HT-TsKaSPI + PBS (0.89 ± 0.09) and control group (*P* \\> 0.05). ",
"Meanwhile, that in the TsKaSPI + TNBS (0.97 ± 0.08) and TsAdSPI + TNBS group (0.98 ± 0.08) were significantly higher than the PBS + TNBS group (*P* \\< 0.01), and there was no significant difference compared with the Control group. ",
"However, compared the HT-TsKaSPI + TNBS (0.70 ± 0.08) with PBS + TNBS group, there was no significantly difference (*P* \\> 0.05). ",
"The similar result was observed in the therapy group (Fig.",
" [7(a)](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}).Figure 6The representative gel of the Western Blot of IL-6, JAK-2, p-JAK2, STAT3, p-STAT3 and β-Actin.",
"Figure 7The relative protein expression of IL-6 (**a**), JAK-2 (**b**), p-JAK2 (**c**), STAT3 (**e**), p-STAT3 (**f**) compared with β-Actin and the phosphorylation level of JAK2 (**d**) and STAT3 (**g**) in the colon tissue were showed. ",
"Data are shown as mean ± SD of 3 mice per group. ",
"The labels representing the significant differences between the different groups are consistent with those in Fig.",
" [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}.",
"\n\nIn the prevention group, the relative protein expression of p-JAK2 (Fig.",
" [7(b)](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and JAK2 (Fig.",
" [7(c)](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}) in the PBS + TNBS group was significantly lower, while the TsKaSPI + PBS and TsAdSPI + PBS group were significantly higher than the Control group. ",
"And that in the TsKaSPI + TNBS and TsAdSPI + TNBS group were significantly increased compared with the PBS + TNBS group, there was no significant difference compared the TsKaSPI + TNBS and TsAdSPI + TNBS group with the Control group. ",
"However, compared the HT-TsKaSPI + TNBS with PBS + TNBS group, there was no significantly difference. ",
"The relative protein expression of p-STAT3 (Fig.",
" [7(e)](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and STAT3 (Fig.",
" [7(f)](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}) in the TsKaSPI + PBS, TsAdSPI + PBS group were significantly increased compared with the Control group, and that in the PBS + TNBS group was significantly decreased. ",
"While that in the TsKaSPI + TNBS and TsAdSPI + TNBS group were significantly higher than the PBS + TNBS group. ",
"However, there was no significantly difference compared the HT-TsKaSPI + TNBS with PBS + TNBS group. ",
"The similar result was observed in the therapy group.",
"\n\nThe degree of phosphorylation of JAK2 (Fig.",
" [7(d)](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and STAT3 (Fig.",
" [7(g)](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}) in the PBS + TNBS group was significantly lower than the Control group in the prevention group, while the TsKaSPI + PBS and TsAdSPI + PBS group were significantly higher, and compared with the PBS + TNBS group, that in the TsKaSPI + TNBS and TsAdSPI + TNBS group were significantly increased. ",
"The similar result was observed in the therapy group.",
"\n\nDiscussion {#Sec8}\n==========\n\nIBD is thought to be the result of the interactions between genes, environment and immune factors, more and more experimental evidence supports that immune disorder is the main factor in the pathogenesis of IBD^[@CR22],[@CR23]^. Macrophages are important immune effector cells in the body and the first line of defense against pathogen invasion, playing an extremely important role in innate immunity and acquired immune response^[@CR24]^. Macrophages are highly heterogeneous cells that can adapt to different tissue environments and rapidly switch functions^[@CR25]^. M1 phenotypic macrophages can be identified by the expression of inducile nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and phenotypic markers such as membrane protein CD16/32, which mainly secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, present antigens, participate in the positive immune response, play the role of immune surveillance, and have the functions of phagocytosis and killing pathogens. ",
"M2 phenotypic macrophages can be identified by arginase-1 (Arg-1) expression and phenotypic markers such as CD206, which are produced under the induction of Th2 cytokines such as IL-4, have weak antigen presenting ability, secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β to anti-inflammatory and promote tissue repair^[@CR26],[@CR27]^. Kayama *et al*.^[@CR28]^ found that the activation of M1 phenotypic macrophages in peripheral blood and inflammation sites of IBD patients was significantly increased, and the secretion level of inflammatory cytokine was also increased, indicating that the abnormal activation of M1 phenotypic macrophages could promote the inflammatory response of IBD.",
"\n\nHowever, helminth infection can induce a significant increase in the activation of M2 phenotypic macrophages in the host. ",
"M2 phenotypic macrophages down-regulate Th1 type inflammatory response by releasing a large number of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and express resistin-like molecule alpha (RELM-α), Arg-1 and chitinase-3 (Ym1) on inflammatory tissue^[@CR29]^. Consistent with the effect of helminth infection, the key immunomodulatory molecules of worms can also induce an increase in the activation of M2 phenotypic macrophages in the host^[@CR30]^. Therefore, we speculate that TsKaSPI and TsAdSPI as members of the *T. spiralis* SPI superfamily may limit the occurrence and development of IBD by inducing the activation of M2 phenotype. ",
"Previous experiments have comfired that injected TsKaSPI and TsAdSPI intraperitoneally before or after TNBS-induced mouse colitis model could decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines and disease activity index (DAI) scores, and significantly reduced inflammation^[@CR8]^. In this experiment, the number of F4/80+ phenotypic macrophages was significantly decreased, and the percentage of M2 phenotype and the expression level of its effector molecule Arg-1 were significantly increased, the secretion of cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β were increased, and at the same time, the percentage of M1 phenotype and the expression level of effector molecular iNOS were significantly decreased, and the secretion of cytokines IL-12 p40 and IL-23 were reduced, thereby producing a regulation effect on intestinal inflammation.",
"\n\nIn recent years, the role of the IL-33/ST2 pathway in IBD has received increasing attention. ",
"Seidelin *et al*.^[@CR31]^ found that the level of IL-33 mRNA in intestinal mucosa of UC patients was significantly higher than that in normal intestinal mucosa, and its expression was significantly correlated with the disease activity level. ",
"Behtran *et al*.^[@CR32]^ detected that the expression levels of ST2 and sST2 mRNA in mucosal tissues of IBD patients were higher than those in the control group, but the expression level of ST2L mRNA in each group were not significantly different. ",
"The study by Diaz-Jimenez *et al*.^[@CR33]^ also confirmed that the expression levels of IL-33 and ST2 were also significantly increased not only in intestinal mucosal tissues, but also in the peripheral blood of UC patients. ",
"A large number of studies have confirmed that IL-33 and its receptor ST2 have important clinical significance for UC patients, but for CD patients, larger samples and further studies are still lacking. ",
"Since CD mainly presents Th1 type immune response and ST2 receptor is present in Th2 type lymphocytes rather than Th1 type lymphocytes, it is still controversial whether the changes in IL-33 and ST2 expression in CD patients have clinical significance. ",
"However, the latest research showed that IL-33 could promote wound healing by binding to the ST2 receptor on the surface of macrophages^[@CR16]^. Therefore, this study detected the expression levels of ST2 protein on macrophages in MLN and IL-33 in intestinal tissue to analyze whether IL-33 and ST2 proteins were significantly changed in the TNBS-induced CD model, and further judged whether TsKaSPI and TsAdSPI could alleviate intestinal inflammation by affecting the IL-33/ST2 pathway. ",
"The results of this experiment showed that the expression levels of IL-33 and ST2 in colitis model animals were significantly lower than those in the Control and Control' group, and immune proteins could alleviate intestinal inflammation by increasing the expression levels of IL-33 and ST2. ",
"Therefore, we can initially confirm that the changes of the IL-33/ST2 pathway in CD model animals are also of great significance.",
"\n\nThe IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway is involved in many important biological processes and is closely related to intestinal homeostasis, wound healing response and tumorigenesis^[@CR34]^, and also plays an important role in the pathogenesis of IBD^[@CR35],[@CR36]^. Kisseleba *et al*.^[@CR37]^ found that F59D-JAK endogenous inhibitor JAK-binding protein (JAB) transgenic mice showed more severe inflammatory symptoms and higher STAT3 phosphorylation level compared with wild-type mice after induction of colitis by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). ",
"STAT3 is an important member of the cytoplasmic transcription factor family and plays a special role in intestinal immunity of IBD. ",
"Driver *et al*.^[@CR38]^ through animal experiments found that the removal of STAT3 from mouse macrophages and neutrophils led to spontaneous inflammation of the small intestine and colon. ",
"Maykel *et al*.^[@CR39]^ specifically removed STAT3 from mouse bone marrow cells, the mice died 4--6 weeks later and showed intestinal tissue inflammation similar to CD. ",
"Similarly, according to our results, the relative protein expression of IL-6, JAK2, p-JAK-2, STAT3 and p-STAT-3 in intestinal tissues of mice in the colitis model group were significantly lower than those in the Control and Control' group, and the phosphorylation levels of JAK2 and STAT3 were also significantly decreased. ",
"Therefore, the activation of IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 pathway is closely related to inhibit the occurrence and development of colitis, which is consistent with the expected results. ",
"However, after immunomodulation with TsKaSPI and TsAdSPI, the expression levels of IL-6, JAK2, p-JAK-2, STAT3 and p-STAT-3 proteins were significantly increased, thereby alleviating intestinal inflammation. ",
"Therefore, the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway may be a potential therapeutic target for IBD.",
"\n\nIn this experiment, we initially studied that TsKaSPI and TsAdSPI could play a protective and therapeutic role by regulating the activation of macrophages, the expression of key factors in the IL-33/ST2 and IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in the mouse CD model. ",
"Our previous experiments had also confirmed that *T. spiralis* and *T. spiralis* cysteine protease inhibitors had certain therapeutic and protective effects on experimental inflammatory bowel disease induced by TNBS in mice^[@CR40],[@CR41]^, and the effect was not much different from the *T. spiralis* serine protease inhibitors. ",
"So whether macrophages also play a role in *T. spiralis* and *T. spiralis* cysteine protease inhibitors relieving colitis remains to be further studied. ",
"At the same time, in this experiment, the changes of macrophages were studied preliminary, it remains to be further studied.",
"\n\nMethods {#Sec9}\n=======\n\nAnimals {#Sec10}\n-------\n\nMale Balb/c mice (SPF) aged 6--8 weeks were purchased from the Animal Center of Harbin Medical University. ",
"The study protocol was approved by Northeast Agriculture University Veterinary Research Ethics Committee. ",
"And all procedures were strictly in accordance with the guidelines of the Chinese National Institute of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. ",
"Minimized the number of animals used and reduced their suffering. ",
"Before the experiment, the mice were allowed to eat and drink freely at least 4 days to adapt to the feeding environment. ",
"During the whole experiment, the mice were guaranteed to eat and drink freely, and the bedding materials were changed regularly to ensure the excellent feeding environment.",
"\n\nExperimental grouping {#Sec11}\n---------------------\n\nPreparated the *Trichinella spiralis* Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor (TsKaSPI) and *Trichinella spiralis* adult serine protease inhibitor (TsAdSPI) recombinant protein followed the method described in the previous article^[@CR8]^. In order to exclude the effect of LPS in the recombinant protein on the experimental results, TsKaSPI was boiled for 10 minutes (HT-TsKaSPI) to denature and inactivate the protein components in it, but LPS was still active, thus serving as a positive control for LPS. ",
"The experimental grouping is also consistent with our previous experiment^[@CR8]^. The experimental mice were randomly divided into two large groups: prevention group and therapy group. ",
"The prevention group was divided into eight groups: the Control, HT-TsKaSPI + PBS, TsKaSPI + PBS, TsAdSPI + PBS group: intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) ",
"of 50 ug PBS, HT-TsKaSPI, TsKaSPI, TsAdSPI three times at 5d intervals respectively, then intrarectal injection of 100 ul PBS; the PBS + TNBS, HT-TsKaSPI + TNBS, TsKaSPI + TNBS, TsAdSPI + TNBS group: 50 ug PBS, HT-TsKaSPI, TsKaSPI, TsAdSPI three times by i.p. ",
"at 5d intervals respectively, then introduction of colitis; And the therapy group was also divided into eight groups: the Control', PBS + HT-TsKaSPI, PBS + TsKaSPI, PBS + TsAdSPI group: intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) ",
"respectively of 50 ug PBS, HT-TsKaSPI, TsKaSPI, TsAdSPI 24 h and 48 h after intrarectal injected with 100 ul PBS; the TNBS + PBS, TNBS + HT-TsKaSPI, TNBS + TsKaSPI, TNBS + TsAdSPI group, 50 ug PBS, HT-TsKaSPI, TsKaSPI, TsAdSPI by i.p. ",
"respectively 24 h and 48 h after TNBS administration; six or more mice in each group. ",
"All the mice were sacrificed on the seventh day after introduction of colitis and tested for various indexes. ",
"The experimental flow chart was shown in Fig.",
" [8](#Fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"}.Figure 8A scheme to clarify the exact moments of immune with protein/PBS and TNBS/PBS administration and the day when the experiment started was day 0.",
"\n\nModeling method {#Sec12}\n---------------\n\nTNBS-induced colitis model followed the approach established by Stallmach *et al*.^[@CR42]^. Mice were anesthetized with 3% sodium pentobarbital after fasting for 24 hours. ",
"Then inserted a 1.0 mm thin catheter into the colon, rapidly injected with 100 ul of 2.5 mg TNBS solution (50 ul of 5% (m/v) TNBS in 50 ul of anhydrous ethanol). ",
"After injection, pinched the anus and inverted the mice for 3--4 minutes by grabbing the tail. ",
"Then restored to normal diet and water. ",
"This colitis animal model promotes a Th1-type immune response similar to human CD.",
"\n\nFlow cytometry (FCM) detection of the expression of M1 and M2 phenotypic macrophages in the spleen and MLN {#Sec13}\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe spleen and MLN lymphocyte single-cell suspension were prepared^[@CR43]^ and dispensed into tubes at 1 × 10^6^ cells/tube. ",
"The cells were resuspended in PBS and incubated for 30 min in the dark with APC Anti-mouse F4/80, PE Anti-mouse CD16/32 (Sungene Biotech) and FITC Rat Anti-mouse CD206 (Biolegend) at 4 °C. ",
"Then washed, and resuspended again for FCM testing. ",
"All datas are from three separate experiments.",
"\n\nCulture of F4/80+ phenotypic macrophages and detection of cytokine {#Sec14}\n------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nF4/80+ phenotypic macrophages in MLN sorting was performed on the FACSDiva cytometer. ",
"After cell sorting, purity was checked (\\>90%). ",
"Macrophages were cultured with RPMI 1640 containing 10% FCS, 2 mM L-glutamine, 0.05 mM β-mercaptoethanol, 100 units/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin in a 37 °C, 5% CO~2~ incubator. ",
"The culture supernatant were collected after culturing 18 hours. ",
"Added the RIPA Lysis Buffer (biosharp) to the cell sedimentation, and repeatedly sucking several times to dissolve the sedimentation, then centrifuged at 10000--14000 × *g* for 3--5 min to obtain the supernatant, stored at −80 °C until assayed for cytokines. ",
"Culture supernatants were assayed for IL-23, IL-12 p40, iNOS, TGF-β, IL-10, Arg1 and the total protein obtained after lysing cells were assayed for ST2 using ELISA kits (Bioss) according to the manufacturer's instructions. ",
"All datas are from three separate experiments.",
"\n\nWestern blotting detection of the expressions of key factors in the JAK2/STAT3 and IL-33 in colon tissues {#Sec15}\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nPerformed experiments in strict accordance with Western Blotting operating procedures^[@CR44]^. Colon tissues were cut and weighed. ",
"Added the PIPA Lysis Buffer, and homogenized using a glass homogenizer. ",
"After lysis completion, the samples were centrifuged at 10000--14000 × *g* for 3--5 min to obtain the supernatant. ",
"Fifty micrograms of colon homogenate proteins were boiled with 5 × SDS-PAGE Sample Loading Buffer and separated by 12% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. ",
"Proteins were blotted onto a nitrocellulose filter (NC) membrane. ",
"The membrane was placed into blocking buffer (5% non-fat milk) for 2 h at room temperature. ",
"And the membrane was incubated with the Anti-IL-6, Anti-p-JAK2, Anti-JAK2, Anti-p-STAT3, Anti-STAT3 and Anti-β-Actin (1:5000 diluted in blocking buffer, Bioss) at 4 °C overnight. ",
"After being washed using PBST, the membrane was incubated with a peroxidase conjugated secondary antibody, which was diluted in 5% non-fat milk on a shaker for 1 h at room temperature. ",
"Being washed, the membrane was exposed using exposure equipment after dropping ultra-sensitive ECL chemiluminescence reagent (Alphabiotech). ",
"The bands were quantified by densitometry, and the numbers normalized to β-Actin.",
"\n\nStatistical analysis {#Sec16}\n--------------------\n\nStatistical analysis were performed using EXCEL and SPSS 21. ",
"0. ",
"All results were expressed as the mean ± standard error. ",
"Data were evaluated using one-way ANOVA analysis. *",
"P* \\< 0.05 was considered statistically significant. ",
"All statistical analysis were performed using GraphPad Prism software.",
"\n\n**Publisher's note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.",
"\n\nWe would like to thank all of the staff members who provided laboratory assistance. ",
"This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (31372427) and the State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SKLVEB2019KFKT011).",
"\n\nX.J. was the first author to designed the experiment, conducted most of the experiment, analyzed the data and written the article, W.L., Y.P., S.Y. and L.Y. helped throughout the experiment.",
"\n\nThe authors declare no competing interests.",
"\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} | [
0,
0.00625,
0.0037313432835820895,
0.0041025641025641026,
0,
0.007865168539325843,
0,
0,
0.009966777408637873,
0.005773672055427252,
0.006423982869379015,
0.0022935779816513763,
0.009433962264150943,
0,
0.009940357852882704,
0.012345679012345678,
0.018691588785046728,
0.005076142131979695,
0.02185792349726776,
0.016129032258064516,
0,
0,
0.03815261044176707,
0.0113314447592068,
0.026415094339622643,
0.01675977653631285,
0.013986013986013986,
0,
0.008547008547008548,
0.011152416356877323,
0.017985611510791366,
0.02608695652173913,
0.03636363636363636,
0,
0.014792899408284023,
0.006896551724137931,
0.030042918454935622,
0,
0.013513513513513514,
0,
0.010362694300518135,
0.012195121951219513,
0,
0.00966183574879227,
0.019230769230769232,
0.018518518518518517,
0.006802721088435374,
0,
0.008695652173913044,
0,
0.010050251256281407,
0.037037037037037035,
0.030612244897959183,
0.025906735751295335,
0.02830188679245283,
0.017543859649122806,
0.011695906432748537,
0,
0.008771929824561403,
0,
0.016722408026755852,
0.03153153153153153,
0.030120481927710843,
0.03731343283582089,
0.006493506493506494,
0,
0.008771929824561403,
0,
0.013953488372093023,
0,
0.009345794392523364,
0.012987012987012988,
0.015384615384615385,
0.017241379310344827,
0.014925373134328358,
0.012605042016806723,
0,
0.008771929824561403,
0,
0.013513513513513514,
0.021739130434782608,
0.027932960893854747,
0.021367521367521368,
0.0196078431372549,
0.020833333333333332,
0.0425531914893617,
0.025252525252525252,
0.036036036036036036,
0.019801980198019802,
0,
0.022222222222222223,
0.0425531914893617,
0.027692307692307693,
0,
0.0030303030303030303,
0.007132667617689016,
0,
0.0032102728731942215,
0.003676470588235294,
0.010526315789473684,
0.00411522633744856,
0.004016064257028112,
0.008849557522123894,
0,
0,
0.00408997955010225,
0.003424657534246575,
0,
0.012727272727272728,
0.007575757575757576,
0.010582010582010581,
0.011764705882352941,
0.009259259259259259,
0.005780346820809248,
0.004830917874396135,
0.010526315789473684,
0.0037593984962406013,
0.00906344410876133,
0,
0,
0.01875,
0.009433962264150943,
0.006211180124223602,
0,
0,
0,
0.0071301247771836,
0.005376344086021506,
0.02631578947368421,
0.03076923076923077,
0.0182648401826484,
0.0425531914893617,
0.011627906976744186,
0,
0.022222222222222223,
0.0111731843575419,
0.004608294930875576,
0.006172839506172839,
0,
0,
0,
0.011363636363636364,
0.021164021164021163,
0.019230769230769232,
0,
0.004310344827586207,
0,
0.015873015873015872,
0,
0.003861003861003861,
0.013452914798206279,
0,
0.008426966292134831,
0,
0,
0.0064516129032258064,
0,
0,
0.00558659217877095,
0.005405405405405406,
0.0070921985815602835,
0,
0.008695652173913044,
0,
0,
0.0196078431372549,
0,
0.014285714285714285,
0,
0,
0.016194331983805668,
0.005208333333333333,
0,
0
] | 0.010284 | 5 |
[
"Q:\n\nVBA - Error when plotting charts inside userform\n\nI'm trying to display some data in charts inside a userform (userform2). ",
"The columns of data that populate the charts are previously calculated using another userform (userform1).",
"\nThere are checkboxes in userform2 to enable the user to select the data to be ploted in the x axis. ",
"It also allows for more than one series to be plotted at once.",
"\nI've tested my code previously in another excel document and it worked fine, but when I tried to use it in the desired file it presented a weird behavior: the chart is creating lots of extra series I didn't ask for which are labeled with the text of the top cell (this is a merged cell that displays a title and goes from A1 to L1).",
"\nI've tried to fix the issue by copying the columns that should populate the charts to a blank worksheet once userform1 was terminated. ",
"Eventhough the cells are correctly copied, the resulting chart keeps on presenting the same errors, plotting data from worksheet1 that shouldn't appear in the graph.",
"\nPrivate Sub CommandButton1_Click()\nIf CheckBox1 = False And CheckBox2 = False And CheckBox3 = False Then\n\n MsgBox \"Select a chart to be plotted\"\n Exit Sub\n\nEnd If\n\nDim MyChart As Chart\nDim ChartData1 As Range\nDim ChartData2 As Range\nDim ChartData3 As Range\nDim ChartName1 As String\nDim ChartName2 As String\nDim ChartName3 As String\n\nSet ChartData1 = Worksheets(\"Sheet2\").Range(\"B2:B13\")\nChartName1 = Worksheets(\"Sheet2\").Range(\"B1\")\n\nSet ChartData2 = Worksheets(\"Sheet2\").Range(\"C2:C13\")\nChartName2 = Worksheets(\"Sheet2\").Range(\"C1\")\n\nSet ChartData3 = Worksheets(\"Sheet2\").Range(\"D2:D13\")\nChartName3 = Worksheets(\"Sheet2\").Range(\"D1\")\n\nApplication.",
"ScreenUpdating = False\n\nSet MyChart = ActiveSheet.",
"Shapes.",
"AddChart(xlXYScatterLinesNoMarkers).Chart\n\nMyChart.",
"SeriesCollection.",
"NewSeries\n\nIf CheckBox1 = True Then\nMyChart.",
"SeriesCollection(1).Name = ChartName1\nMyChart.",
"SeriesCollection(1).Values = ChartData1\nMyChart.",
"SeriesCollection(1).XValues = ActiveSheet.",
"Range(\"A2:A13\")\nEnd If\n\nMyChart.",
"SeriesCollection.",
"NewSeries\nIf CheckBox2 = True Then\nMyChart.",
"SeriesCollection(2).Name = ChartName2\nMyChart.",
"SeriesCollection(2).Values = ChartData2\nMyChart.",
"SeriesCollection(2).XValues = ActiveSheet.",
"Range(\"A2:A13\")\nEnd If\n\nMyChart.",
"SeriesCollection.",
"NewSeries\nIf CheckBox3 = True Then\nMyChart.",
"SeriesCollection(3).Name = ChartName3\nMyChart.",
"SeriesCollection(3).Values = ChartData3\nMyChart.",
"SeriesCollection(3).XValues = ActiveSheet.",
"Range(\"A2:A13\")\nEnd If\n\nDim imageName As String\nimageName = Application.",
"DefaultFilePath & Application.",
"PathSeparator & \"TempChart.gif\"\nMyChart.",
"Export Filename:=imageName, FilterName:=\"GIF\"\n\nActiveSheet.",
"ChartObjects(1).Delete\nApplication.",
"ScreenUpdating = True\nUserForm2.Image1.Picture = LoadPicture(imageName)\nEnd Sub\n\nAlso, I have to use the command line MyChart.",
"SeriesCollection.",
"NewSeries before the If loops so even when only one checkbox is marked there are labels for 3 series (with generic titles). ",
"Is there a way around it?",
"\nI appreciate your help!",
"\n\nA:\n\nI was able to fix the issue by plotting the graph in worksheet 2 instead of plotting it in worksheet 1. ",
"I don't see why the code was failing at first, but the changes solved the problem, so it's ok.",
"\nAll I did was change all the ActiveSheet to Worksheets(\"Sheet2\"). ",
"Then, instead of using the data from worksheet2 and plotting it in worksheet 1, I do it all in worksheet 2. ",
"That doesn't really matter, since the chart will actually be displayed in the userform.",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0.016129032258064516,
0,
0,
0,
0.0030534351145038168,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.022727272727272728,
0.021739130434782608,
0,
0,
0.03125,
0,
0.023255813953488372,
0.021739130434782608,
0.020833333333333332,
0,
0.03125,
0,
0.023255813953488372,
0,
0,
0,
0.027777777777777776,
0.03333333333333333,
0.025,
0.01694915254237288,
0.02857142857142857,
0.007936507936507936,
0,
0.008064516129032258,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.008247 | 5 |
[
"---\nlayout: news_post\ntitle: \"Ruby 2.4.3 リリース\"\nauthor: \"nagachika\"\ntranslator:\ndate: 2017-12-14 16:00:00 +0000\nlang: ja\n---\n\nRuby 2.4.3 がリリースされました。",
"\nこのリリースには以下の脆弱性修正が含まれています。",
"\n\n* [CVE-2017-17405: Net::FTP におけるコマンドインジェクション](/ja/news/2017/12/14/net-ftp-command-injection-cve-2017-17405/)への対応\n\nその他いくつかの不具合修正も含まれます。詳細は [commit log](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/compare/v2_4_2...v2_4_3) を参照してください。",
"\n\n\n## ダウンロード\n\n* <https://cache.ruby-lang.org/pub/ruby/2.4/ruby-2.4.3.tar.bz2>\n\n SIZE: 12615068 bytes\n SHA1: 3ca96536320b915762d57fe1ee540df6810bf631\n SHA256: 0a703dffb7737f56e979c9ebe2482f07751803c71e307c20446b581e0f12cf30\n SHA512: fb4339e30c04d03b1422b6c32ede45902e072cd26325b36f3fc05c341d42eea6431d88718242dcc9ce24d9cad26f3d26772f2e806bd7d93f40be50268c318409\n\n* <https://cache.ruby-lang.org/pub/ruby/2.4/ruby-2.4.3.tar.gz>\n\n SIZE: 14178729 bytes\n SHA1: 787b7f4e90fb4b39a61bc1a31eb7765f875a590c\n SHA256: fd0375582c92045aa7d31854e724471fb469e11a4b08ff334d39052ccaaa3a98\n SHA512: e6859cee49f74bbfbcfc9dd583aa0f1af007354f9b56ec09959d24764e69ed6ea3d1d59a229ad25b451161a1ea2ac60e0621dbbcc484ad219eed9e55f3825e05\n\n* <https://cache.ruby-lang.org/pub/ruby/2.4/ruby-2.4.3.tar.xz>\n\n SIZE: 10040072 bytes\n SHA1: f0a49dddb4e7903a11a80554fd7a317a854cd365\n SHA256: 23677d40bf3b7621ba64593c978df40b1e026d8653c74a0599f0ead78ed92b51\n SHA512: 8bcf60c994a96787da5d743c66f5609a5a6d834d6d61243cdea7fd059197c3b10da43c99e5649be85e2f2329eedcbb1dd76e89ce3ac586be9056348f7449ed09\n\n* <https://cache.ruby-lang.org/pub/ruby/2.4/ruby-2.4.3.zip>\n\n SIZE: 15649173 bytes\n SHA1: 19744d7673914804b46f75b374faee87b2ea18d9\n SHA256: a4cd07af2cef121582b8bf7ec57fb9a916d99556c713538bc4469be68bfc1961\n SHA512: 5e51b4337ee12041925dd6b91df6d0c7fc5bf19846c1c8d5aa43823f5410d1291cd428bdb5245f08a399051d06c2cb59fde73a7d3da379cbbd24f9c2b60fcc8c\n\n## リリースコメント\n\nこのリリースにあたり、多くのコミッター、開発者、バグ報告をしてくれたユーザーの皆様に感謝を申し上げます。",
"\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0.013605442176870748,
0,
0.004608294930875576,
0.0032030749519538757,
0
] | 0.004283 | 5 |
[
"Log in\n\nTrack Lighting Description\n\nRP Lighting and Fans track is available in three finishes: White, Black and Brushed Aluminum and comes in four different lengths: 2, 4, 6, and 8 foot sections. ",
"RP Lighting track is designed as a two wire system. ",
"Line Voltage, Low Voltage and LED track heads and pendants are available and can be combined with a four foot section of track and floating feed to make up a pre packed track kit. ",
"Many accessories are available to customize a track system.",
"\n\nNew Products/Energy Star\n\nJoin Our Email List\n\nFeatured Products\n\nDo you own a small business? ",
"Are you making the switch from traditional lighting to LED lighting? ",
"Are you considering having this work done to the exterior of your office building or store, too? ",
"Are you having trouble deciding which LED manufacturer to buy from? ",
"LED lighting has replaced many of the traditional lamps and […]\n\nSUSTAINABILITY\n\nIn an effort to promote energy efficiency and recognizing the importance of energy conservation, RP Lighting has developed multiple products in each of our lighting and ceiling fan categories that are Energy Star qualified. ",
"Read More..."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0,
0.019230769230769232,
0,
0,
0.010309278350515464,
0,
0,
0,
0.006557377049180328,
0
] | 0.00361 | 5 |
[
"Pollard Conquers Five Flags Speedway\n\nPENSACOLA, Fla. – Bubba Pollard may have been fast in the Mountain Dew Kickstart 125 presented by JRi Shocks Friday night at Five Flags Speedway, but winning the race was still a challenge.",
"\n\nPollard led the majority of the 125-lap combination event between the Southern Super Series presented by Sunoco and the Five Flags’ Buddy’s Home Furnishings Blizzard Series. ",
"He lost the lead following the lap 75 competition cautio,n after contact with Anderson Bowen. ",
"The two leaders slid up the track, and third-place John Hunter Nemechek capitalized to take the lead.",
"\n\nBy lap 85, Pollard was back in front by using the high lane on a restart. ",
"The Senoia, Georgia native held off Nemechek and Donnie Wilson for his fourth career Southern Super Series victory and his eighth career Blizzard Series win.",
"\n\nAfter being collected in an incident while battling for the lead in the season-opening Southern Super Series race at South Alabama Speedway in March Pollard wasn’t going to let another victory slip from his grasp after the contact late in the race Friday night.",
"\n\n“He got under me clean and he should’ve passed me clean,” Pollard said of the incident with Bowen. “",
"He had plenty of room. ",
"I’m not taking it anymore. ",
"We’ve torn up too many racecars leading too many races.”",
"\n\nBowen chalked the incident up to hard racing.",
"\n\n“I was just racing hard and I feel like it was just a racing incident,” Bowen said.",
"\n\n“I got in there a little too hot, got loose and I chased it up the track. ",
"He was racing hard, trying to keep me pinched down like he’s supposed to do and I just slid up into him. ",
"I feel bad about it because that’s not really what you’re supposed to do, but we had a really good car all night. ",
"I just hate it for my guys that I messed up on that part.”",
"\n\nPollard regained the lead shortly after losing it and held off Nemechek, who was in search of his first Southern Super Series victory, to the checkers.",
"\n\n“He’s a good racer and he had a good racecar,” Pollard said of his Nemechek. “",
"I didn’t know if we’d have anything for him on the restart with 25 to go. ",
"I had saved just enough to have something left at the end.”",
"\n\nNemechek came up just a bit short of victory at Five Flags.",
"\n\n“Bubba had a little bit better car there at the end,” said Nemechek. “",
"We were just trying some different stuff tonight trying to get ready for the Snowball (Derby) and try to win that at the end of the year. ",
"It’s all a learning experience. ",
"It’s good to finish second, but it’s better to finish a spot ahead. ",
"We’ll go back and think on it and see what we need to do to get that next spot.”",
"\n\nPollard will now look for the Gulf Coast Weekend sweep on Saturday, when the Southern Super Series combines with the Miller Lite Series at Alabama’s Mobile International Speedway for the Mobile Lumber 125 presented by VDL Fuel Systems.",
"\n\n“It’s going to be tough to win again tomorrow night,” added Pollard. “",
"We’ve just got to get over there, get it prepared and see what we can do.”",
"\n\nDonnie Wilson overcame an early-race tangle with Johanna Long to finish third Friday night. ",
"Augie Grill finished fourth, and Bowen wound up fifth."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.013215859030837005,
0.011363636363636364,
0.010638297872340425,
0.009900990099009901,
0.013157894736842105,
0.03184713375796178,
0,
0.0196078431372549,
0,
0,
0,
0.02127659574468085,
0.011764705882352941,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.006535947712418301,
0.025,
0,
0,
0.01639344262295082,
0.027777777777777776,
0.007246376811594203,
0,
0,
0,
0.016877637130801686,
0,
0,
0.010638297872340425,
0.037037037037037035
] | 0.009071 | 5 |
[
"Sighting Reports 2008 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 older Two See 10 to 12 Foot Tall Greyish Colored Creature Crossing Highway\n\nLocation Where Two Witnesses Saw Creature. ",
"Date of Sighting: February 27, 2008\n\nTime of Sighting: 12:30 AM PST\n\nDate Sighting Reported: April 26, 2008\n\nDuration of Sighting: Few Seconds\n\nLocation of Sighting: Gresham-Boring, Oregon Area (See Map)\n\nLatitude: 45.47 Degrees North\n\nLongitude: 122.39 Degrees West\n\nNumber of Witnesses: Two\n\nNumber of Witnesses Interviewed: One\n\nWeather: Clear Skies. ",
"Visibility 10 Miles. ",
"Winds Were From the East at 14 MPH. ",
"Description: A girlfriend and I were driving east on Highway 26 towards Mt. Hood. ",
"This creature crossed the highway in 3 strides. ",
"The creature was about 10 ft maybe 12 ft tall. ",
"It was very skinny very tall, and all one color (grayish). ",
"It kind of looked like a stick. ",
"It was about 12:30 in the morning. ",
"We never reported it because people would of thought we were crazy, but someone else must of seen it besides us because the next day there were cop cars in the same exact spot I had seen the alien. ",
"Anyway thanks. ",
"Feel free to contact me. ",
"Comments: I have requested sketches of what the witnesses saw. ",
"The witness who reported the sighting has concluded that the creature was alien. ",
"Of course we don't know the identity of the creature. ",
"At 12:30 in the morning much fewer people would be driving so it is unlikely that anyone would have seen the same creature."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0,
0.00847457627118644,
0,
0.027777777777777776,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.002132 | 5 |
[
"Turnau\n\nTurnau may refer to:\n\nTurnau, German name for the Czech city of Turnov\nTurnau, Styria, market town in Austria\n\nPeople \nGrzegorz Turnau (born 1967), Polish composer, poet and singer\n\nSee also\nThurnau\n\nCategory:German-language surnames"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} | [
0.008298755186721992
] | 0.008299 | 5 |
[
"// ------------------------------------------------------------\n// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. ",
" All rights reserved.",
"\n// Licensed under the MIT License (MIT). ",
"See License.txt in the repo root for license information.",
"\n// ------------------------------------------------------------\n\n#include \"stdafx.h\"\n\nusing namespace Transport;\nusing namespace Common;\n\nnamespace\n{\n bool perMessageTraceDisabled[Actor::EndValidEnum];\n INIT_ONCE initOnce = INIT_ONCE_STATIC_INIT;\n const StringLiteral TraceType(\"PerMessageTracing\");\n\n BOOL CALLBACK InitFunction(PINIT_ONCE, PVOID, PVOID *)\n {\n auto disableList = TransportConfig::GetConfig().PerMessageTraceDisableList;\n vector<wstring> tokens;\n StringUtility::Split<wstring>(disableList, tokens, L\",\");\n if (tokens.empty())\n {\n textTrace.",
"WriteInfo(TraceType, \"no actor is disabled\");\n return TRUE;\n }\n\n map<wstring, Actor::Enum, IsLessCaseInsensitiveComparer<wstring>> actorMap;\n for (int actor = Actor::Empty; actor < Actor::EndValidEnum; ++actor)\n {\n perMessageTraceDisabled[actor] = false;\n\n wstring key;\n StringWriter sw(key);\n Actor::WriteToTextWriter(sw, (Actor::Enum)actor);\n actorMap.emplace(move(key), (Actor::Enum)actor);\n }\n\n for (auto const & token : tokens)\n {\n auto iter = actorMap.find(token);\n if (iter !",
"= actorMap.cend())\n {\n perMessageTraceDisabled[iter->second] = true;\n textTrace.",
"WriteInfo(TraceType, \"disabled for actor {0}\", iter->second);\n continue;\n }\n\n textTrace.",
"WriteError(TraceType, \"skipped invalid actor {0}\", token);\n }\n\n return TRUE;\n }\n}\n\n#ifdef PLATFORM_UNIX\n\nnamespace\n{\n EventLoopPool* eventLoopPool = nullptr;\n INIT_ONCE initPoolOnce = INIT_ONCE_STATIC_INIT;\n\n BOOL CALLBACK InitEventLoopPool(PINIT_ONCE, PVOID, PVOID*)\n {\n // create a dedicated EventLoopPool for isolation\n eventLoopPool = new EventLoopPool(L\"Transport\");\n return TRUE;\n }\n}\n\nEventLoopPool* IDatagramTransport::GetDefaultTransportEventLoopPool()\n{\n PVOID lpContext = NULL;\n BOOL bStatus = ::InitOnceExecuteOnce(\n &initPoolOnce,\n InitEventLoopPool,\n nullptr,\n nullptr);\n\n ASSERT_IF(!bStatus, \"Failed to initialize EventLoopPool for Transport\");\n return eventLoopPool; \n}\n\n#endif\n\nIDatagramTransport::IDatagramTransport()\n{\n auto bStatus = ::InitOnceExecuteOnce(\n &initOnce,\n InitFunction,\n nullptr,\n nullptr);\n\n ASSERT_IF(!bStatus, \"IDatagramTransport: InitOnceExecuteOnce failed\");\n}\n\nIDatagramTransport::~IDatagramTransport()\n{\n}\n\nbool IDatagramTransport::IsPerMessageTraceDisabled(Actor::Enum actor)\n{\n return (Actor::Empty <= actor) && (actor < Actor::EndValidEnum) && perMessageTraceDisabled[actor];\n}\n\nISendTarget::SPtr IDatagramTransport::ResolveTarget(\n std::wstring const & address,\n std::wstring const & targetId,\n uint64 instance)\n{\n return Resolve(address, targetId, L\"\", instance);\n}\n\nISendTarget::SPtr IDatagramTransport::ResolveTarget(\n std::wstring const & address,\n std::wstring const & targetId,\n std::wstring const & sspiTarget,\n uint64 instance)\n{\n return Resolve(address, targetId, sspiTarget, instance);\n}\n\nISendTarget::SPtr IDatagramTransport::ResolveTarget(NamedAddress const & namedAddress)\n{\n return Resolve(namedAddress.",
"Address, namedAddress.",
"Name, L\"\", 0);\n}\n\nstd::wstring IDatagramTransport::TargetAddressToTransportAddress(std::wstring const & targetAddress)\n{\n // Need to parse \"targetAddress\" since there may be things following transport address, e.g. replication passing something like this:\n // \"host.bricks.com:49904/4216d69d-e661-4f48-9f4c-89d7172a57ab-129722966844577360\". ",
"The guid suffix is for replication demuxing.",
"\n // As long as we want to share ISendTarget for the same TCP transport address, we should get rid of such suffixes.",
"\n auto spliterPosition = targetAddress.find_first_of(L'/');\n if (spliterPosition == std::wstring::npos)\n {\n return targetAddress;\n }\n\n return targetAddress.substr(0, spliterPosition);\n}\n\nvoid IDatagramTransport::Test_Reset()\n{\n Common::Assert::CodingError(\"Not implemented\");\n}\n\nnamespace\n{\n auto healthCallbackLock = make_global<RwLock>();\n auto healthCallback = make_global<IDatagramTransport::HealthReportingCallback>();\n StringLiteral const TraceHealth(\"Health\");\n}\n\nvoid IDatagramTransport::SetHealthReportingCallback(HealthReportingCallback && callback)\n{\n AcquireWriteLock grab(*healthCallbackLock);\n\n if (*healthCallback)\n {\n textTrace.",
"WriteInfo(TraceHealth, \"healthCallback already set\");\n return;\n }\n\n *healthCallback = move(callback);\n}\n\nvoid IDatagramTransport::RerportHealth(SystemHealthReportCode::Enum reportCode, wstring const & dynamicProperty, wstring const & description, TimeSpan ttl)\n{\n HealthReportingCallback callback;\n {\n AcquireReadLock grab(*healthCallbackLock);\n callback = *healthCallback;\n }\n\n if (!",
"callback)\n {\n textTrace.",
"WriteNoise(\n TraceHealth,\n \"ingnore health report as healthCallback is empty, reportCode = {0}, dynamicProperty = '{1}', description = {2}, ttl = {3}\",\n reportCode, dynamicProperty, description, ttl);\n return;\n }\n\n callback(reportCode, dynamicProperty, description, ttl);\n}\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0.009615384615384616,
0,
0.047619047619047616,
0.017543859649122806,
0.006472491909385114,
0.0032310177705977385,
0,
0,
0.007679648930334613,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.007204610951008645,
0.002364066193853428,
0,
0.00625
] | 0.006352 | 5 |
[
"Mayor-elect of Juneau died of natural causes, autopsy says\n\nBy The Washington Post\n\nPublished\n2:56 pm EST, Tuesday, December 8, 2015\n\nIn this photo taken Monday night, Nov. 30, 2015, DJ Thomson, right, and Joyce Levine light candles on Kennedy Street after hearing about the death of Mayor Stephen “Greg” Fisk in Juneau, Alaska. ",
"Fisk, the newly elected mayor of Alaska’s capital city, was found dead in his home Monday. ",
"Circumstances surrounding the death were not immediately known. ",
"less\n\nIn this photo taken Monday night, Nov. 30, 2015, DJ Thomson, right, and Joyce Levine light candles on Kennedy Street after hearing about the death of Mayor Stephen “Greg” Fisk in Juneau, Alaska. ... ",
"more\n\nPhoto: Michael Penn/The Juneau Empire Via AP\n\nPhoto: Michael Penn/The Juneau Empire Via AP\n\nImage\n1of/3\n\nCaption\n\nClose\n\nImage 1 of 3\n\nIn this photo taken Monday night, Nov. 30, 2015, DJ Thomson, right, and Joyce Levine light candles on Kennedy Street after hearing about the death of Mayor Stephen “Greg” Fisk in Juneau, Alaska. ",
"Fisk, the newly elected mayor of Alaska’s capital city, was found dead in his home Monday. ",
"Circumstances surrounding the death were not immediately known. ",
"less\n\nIn this photo taken Monday night, Nov. 30, 2015, DJ Thomson, right, and Joyce Levine light candles on Kennedy Street after hearing about the death of Mayor Stephen “Greg” Fisk in Juneau, Alaska. ... ",
"more\n\nPhoto: Michael Penn/The Juneau Empire Via AP\n\nMayor-elect of Juneau died of natural causes, autopsy says\n\n1 / 3\n\nBack to Gallery\n\nStephen “Greg” Fisk was what people tended to describe as “a young 70.” ",
"Outgoing and athletic, he ran a successful fisheries consulting service and had just been elected mayor of Alaska’s state capital by a sweeping margin.",
"\n\nAnd yet, on Monday evening he was discovered in his Juneau home, bloodied and bruised and dead seemingly without explanation.",
"\n\nFisk’s death, less than two months after he took office, sparked a wave of rumors in Alaska’s remote capital. ",
"But after a preliminary autopsy, police say they believe Fisk died of natural causes.",
"\n\nIt’s thought that Fisk suffered from some sort of heart problem and fell, Police Chief Bryce Johnson told reporters Wednesday, according to the Associated Press. ",
"The 70-year-old’s injuries were consistent with a fall, he said.",
"\n\nFisk’s deputy Mayor Mary Becker has been named acting mayor, according to the AP.",
"\n\nOfficials say they found no signs of foul play: no evidence that someone forced their way into Fisk’s hillside home, where he lived alone, no traces of a violent struggle. ",
"Suicide and drug overdose had been ruled out.",
"\n\nOn Tuesday, police had confirmed that Fisk hadn’t died of a gunshot wound, but could not offer more clarity.",
"\n\n“Could be natural. ",
"Could be an accident. ",
"Could be a lot of things,” Johnson said in an interview with KTUU. ",
"Asked about the possibility it was an assault, he said, “That’s part of what we need to find out with cause of death.”",
"\n\nThe strange circumstances - and the lingering absence of clarity - brought national interest to the small city on the Alaskan panhandle, a place of glittering glaciers and fog-shrouded mountains only reachable by boat and plane.",
"\n\nThough Fisk had lived in Juneau for decades, his rise to political prominence there was a relatively recent one. ",
"He declared his candidacy for mayor in August, running against a one-term incumbent who until then had been unopposed.",
"\n\nHis campaign site promised “active and innovative leadership for Juneau,” and was adorned with pictures of Fisk in various typical Alaskan settings - gutting a fish, posing on skis, grinning from the top of a windswept mountain. ",
"Everything about him advertised good health.",
"\n\nBruce Botelho, who served as Juneau mayor for 12 years, told the Los Angeles Times that he persuaded Fisk to run for the office. ",
"He used to swim with Fisk on a daily basis, he said, and though he knew about his friend’s health problems, he described Fisk as vigorous for his age.",
"\n\n“He had had some heart issues,” Botelho said. “",
"We discussed those. ",
"We felt those issues were behind him.”",
"\n\nAfter what the Alaska Dispatch News described as an “unusually cordial” campaign, Fisk roundly bested the incumbent mayor, winning every precinct in the city.",
"\n\nThat was on Oct. 6. ",
"Two weeks later, he was sworn in. ",
"And a month and a half after that, his adult son found him dead in his home.",
"\n\nOnlookers wondered about the initial lack of clarity from officials about the circumstances of Fisk’s death. ",
"But speaking at the press conference Wednesday, Johnson said that police had an obligation to rule out every possibility, a process that took time.",
"\n\n“And people being people, they run with the unknown for that couple of days, and it’s Juneau, Alaska, it’s an exotic location. ",
"It’s a newly elected mayor. ",
"And so it was an intriguing story,” he said."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.015197568389057751,
0,
0,
0.014634146341463415,
0.017857142857142856,
0,
0,
0.014634146341463415,
0.014423076923076924,
0,
0,
0,
0.011764705882352941,
0.018292682926829267,
0,
0.024096385542168676,
0,
0,
0.00909090909090909,
0,
0,
0.029850746268656716,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.030534351145038167,
0.013333333333333334,
0.02040816326530612,
0,
0,
0.0125,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.006802721088435374,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.006034 | 5 |
[
"Das Sterben der Urwälder im Meer : Zurück bleibt eine Seeigelwüste\n\nBesorgt beobachten Wissenschaftler, wie riesige Tangwälder vor den Küsten verschwinden. ",
"Übrig bleibt Ödland auf dem Meeresgrund.",
"\n\nUm rund 1,6 Grad Celsius haben sich die Meere in den letzten Jahrzehnten erwärmt – das war alles, was es brauchte, um einst üppige, artenreiche Riesentangwälder vor Australien und Tasmanien dem Untergang zu weihen: Dicke Pflanzenschichten, die einst einen Großteil der Meeresoberfläche an den Küsten bedeckten, verwelkten im zu warmen und nährstoffarmen Wasser. ",
"Dann wanderten Seeigel ein. ",
"Die unersättlichen Pflanzenfresser grasten die verbliebene Vegetation ab, zurück blieb, was Wissenschaftler Seeigel-Ödland nennen – trostlose Meeresgebiete, die weitgehend frei von Leben sind.",
"\n\nBis heute sind mehr als 95 Prozent der Tangwälder im Osten Tasmaniens verschwunden – einst üppige Ökosysteme im Meer, die Nahrung und Lebensraum für Arten auf allen Ebenen der Nahrungskette bieten. ",
"Weil sich das Wasser schnell weiter erwärmt und sich die Seeigel nach Süden ausbreiten, sehen Wissenschaftler kaum Chancen, das Ökosystem zu retten.",
"\n\n„Unsere Riesentangwälder sind auf einen winzigen Bruchteil ihrer einstigen Pracht geschrumpft“, sagt Craig Johnson, Wissenschaftler am Institut für Meeres- und Antarktisstudien der Universität von Tasmanien. „",
"Das Ökosystem war eine Ikone Osttasmaniens – das ist vorbei.“",
"\n\nDas tasmanische Beispiel ist nur eins von vielen, wie Klimawandel und andere Umweltveränderungen weltweit dem Riesentang zu schaffen machen, einer Braunalge mit bis zu 35 Meter langen Stielen. ",
"In Westaustralien vernichtete der Anstieg der Meerestemperatur riesige Bestände der einheimischen Art Ecklonia radiata. ",
"Im Süden Norwegens ist der Zuckertang seit den 1990ern massenhaft abgestorben, zurück blieben Algenmatten. ",
"In Westeuropa bedroht die Erwärmung des Atlantiks die Bestände von Fingertang. ",
"Wissenschaftler der Universität Lille prognostizierten 2013, dass die Art in der ersten Hälfte des 21. ",
"Jahrhunderts bei Frankreich, Dänemark und Südengland ausstirbt.",
"\n\nIm Osten Tasmaniens ist die Temperatur an der Meeresoberfläche viermal so stark angestiegen wie im weltweiten Durchschnitt, berichtet Craig Johnson, der den Rückgang der Tangwälder der Region zusammen mit seinem Kollegen Scott Ling genau beobachtet hat. ",
"Die australische Regierung führt Riesentangwälder als bedrohtes Ökosystem. ",
"Die dramatische Umweltveränderung begann Mitte des 20. ",
"Jahrhunderts und beschleunigte sich in den frühen 1990er Jahren. ",
"Riesentang, Macrocystis pyrifera, wächst laut Johnson am besten bei 10 bis 15 Grad Celsius Wassertemperatur, mittlerweile erwärmt sich das Wasser im Sommer auf 18 Grad.",
"\n\nDie Fressfeinde der Seeigel vernichtet der Mensch\n\nEine andere Folge der Temperaturveränderung ist ähnlich gravierend: Der Antillen-Diademseeigel, der mindestens 12 Grad Celsius braucht, hat sich mit seinen wandernden Larven nach Süden in die tasmanischen Gewässer ausgebreitet. ",
"Auf ihre natürlichen Fressfeinde trafen die Seeigel kaum: Hummer werden seit Jahrzehnten heftig gefischt.",
"\n\nSeit den 1980er Jahren haben außerdem Diademseeigel der Art Centrostephanus rodgersii den Meeresgrund südöstlich von Australien und nordöstlich von Tasmanien übernommen. ",
"Sie bilden dort riesige Seeigelwüsten, ein bemerkenswertes Phänomen der Meeresökologie.",
"\n\nKyle Cavanaugh, Uni Kalifornien „Das System erholt sich nicht mehr. ",
"Die Seeigel sind überall“\n\nDabei leben die Tiere so dicht, dass sie die Vegetation am Meeresgrund auslöschen und eine Art Sperre gegen ökologische Veränderungen schaffen. „",
"Wenn ein Gebiet erst mal in eine Seeigelwüste umgekippt ist, gibt es faktisch keine Chance auf eine Erholung“, sagt Johnson. ",
"An der Südwestküste der japanischen Insel Hokkaido und vor den Aleuten bestehen solche Wüsten seit Jahrzehnten. ",
"Lediglich den Südosten Tasmaniens haben die Seeigel bisher noch nicht überrannt. „",
"Aber wir sehen, dass sich das Problem nach Süden bewegt“, sagt Johnson. ",
"Rund die Hälfte der Küste werde sich in eine Seeigelwüste verwandeln, fürchtet er.",
"\n\nEine ähnliche Entwicklung spielt sich im nördlichen Kalifornien ab, wo Taucher und Fischer berichten, wie die regionalen Bullentangwälder kollabieren. ",
"Die Probleme begannen im Jahr 2013, als ein mysteriöses Syndrom viele Seesternarten der nordamerikanischen Westküste ausrottete.",
"\n\nSeesterne – vor allem Pycnopodia helianthoides, der Sonnenblumen-Seestern – fressen Seeigel. ",
"Mit dem plötzlichen Verschwinden der Jäger wuchs die Population der Purpurseeigel schnell. ",
"Gleichzeitig verhinderten ungewöhnliche Winde und Meeresströmungen den Auftrieb von kaltem, nährstoffreichem Wasser, das die Gewässer vor der Westküste Nordamerikas sonst so ertragreich für Tang macht. ",
"Die Wälder verschwanden.",
"\n\n„Die Seeigel sind überall“\n\nDer Auftriebskreislauf hat seitdem wieder den Betrieb aufgenommen. „",
"Aber das System kann sich nicht erholen, auch nicht mit einem Rückgang der Wassertemperatur“, sagt Kyle Cavanaugh, Dozent für Geografie an der Universität Kalifornien, der globale Tangökosysteme erforscht. „",
"Die Seeigel sind überall.“ ",
"Taucher, die den Meeresboden untersuchten, zählen bis zu 100-mal so viele Seeigel wie früher, sagt Cynthia Catton, Biologin der kalifornischen Fischereibehörde. ",
"An manchen Orten zernagen Dutzende Seeigel pro Quadratmeter die Überbleibsel der Tangwälder, 95 Prozent sind bereits vernichtet.",
"\n\nAuch andere Tiere sind von Tang abhängig. ",
"Rote Seeohren, eine Schneckenart, sterben in Massen, Hobbyfischerei könnte im kommenden Jahr verboten werden, sagt Catton. ",
"Viele Jungfische nutzen Tang als Brutstätte, die Bestände mancher Fischarten könnten also mangels schützender Vegetation zurückgehen. ",
"Auch die Bestände der kommerziell geschätzten roten Seeigel – fingergroße, goldene Keile, die auf Sushi-Menüs als Uni stehen – sind betroffen, da ihre Keimdrüsen schrumpfen.",
"\n\nSeeigelwüsten gelten als stabiler Zustand eines Ökosystem. ",
"Das heißt, die Tiere müssten fast komplett ausgerottet werden, damit wieder Tangwald entstehen kann. „",
"Man braucht viel mehr Seeigel, um eine Wüste zu schaffen, als um sie aufrechtzuerhalten“, so Johnson. ",
"Seeigel sind zudem extrem widerstandsfähig und verhungern kaum. ",
"Wenn sie alle Pflanzen aufgezehrt haben, überleben sie fast alle anderen konkurrierenden Organismen. ",
"In den Seeigelwüsten Hokkaidos, die vor 80 Jahren aus unerklärlichen Gründen entstanden, leben laut einer Analyse aus dem Jahr 2014 einzelne Seeigel schon seit fünf Jahrzehnten in der zusammengebrochenen Umwelt.",
"\n\nHungrige Seeigel\n\nWas noch schlimmer ist: Seeigel werden umso zerstörerischer, je hungriger sie sind. ",
"Studien haben gezeigt, dass Kiefer und Zähne kräftiger werden – so können sie sonst unverwertbares Material fressen.",
"\n\n„Sie fressen sich durch Rankenfußkrebse, durch Korallenalgen, die auf Felsen siedeln, und durch Abalonenschalen“, sagt Catton. ",
"Seeigel werden auch aggressiver. ",
"Während sie in gesunden Tangökosystemen einen Großteil ihres Lebens in Felsspalten verbringen und auf driftenden Tang warten, verlassen sie ihr Versteck, wenn die Umgebung verwüstet ist, und jagen aktiv nach Nahrung.",
"\n\nIn Tasmanien setzen Johnson und Ling Felshummer aus, die die Seeigel zurückdrängen sollen. ",
"Regierungsbehörden haben den Fang von Hummer stark eingeschränkt. ",
"Trotzdem hat sich die Seeigeldichte seit 2001 an Dutzenden von Forschungsorten mehr als verdoppelt. ",
"Lediglich bei relativ kleinen Wüsten, die von gesunden Riffökosystemen umgeben sind, haben Hummer die Seeigel so weit verringert, dass wieder Pflanzen wachsen können.",
"\n\nEine kleine Hoffnung ist der gefräßige Seeotter\n\n„In die großen Wüsten kann man so viele Hummer setzen, wie man will. ",
"Sie fressen Hunderttausende von Seeigeln, trotzdem dezimiert sie das nicht genug, dass sich der Tang wieder erholen kann“, sagt Ling. „",
"Selbst wenn man all diese Seeigelwüsten morgen in Meeresschutzgebiete umwandeln würde, könnte man 200 Jahre warten und hätte immer noch keinen Tangwald zurück.“ ",
"Lediglich in Zentralkalifornien wachsen die Tangwälder wieder: Dort gibt es viele Seeotter, die gefräßige Seeigelräuber sind.",
"\n\nCarr taucht nicht nur als Forscher, sondern auch in seiner Freizeit. ",
"Dabei verfolgt er den Rückgang der nordkalifornischen Tangwälder mit großer Sorge. „",
"Es ist, als verwandelt sich ein Wald, den man einst kannte, in eine Wüste“, sagt er. „",
"Es gehen nicht nur alle Bäume verloren, auch die kleineren Pflanzen rundherum sterben, bis nichts mehr übrig ist.“",
"\n\nDer Text erschien zuerst im Online-Magazin „Yale Environment 360“ Übersetzung: Malte Kreutzfeldt, Alexander Wenzel"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.038461538461538464,
0,
0.016483516483516484,
0.03571428571428571,
0.03125,
0.039603960396039604,
0.026845637583892617,
0.03317535545023697,
0.03278688524590164,
0.010256410256410256,
0.025,
0.028037383177570093,
0.02531645569620253,
0.02912621359223301,
0.015873015873015872,
0.0234375,
0.02666666666666667,
0,
0,
0.017857142857142856,
0.03202846975088968,
0.01904761904761905,
0.023255813953488372,
0.022988505747126436,
0.02857142857142857,
0.023255813953488372,
0.032,
0.044642857142857144,
0.036585365853658534,
0.013888888888888888,
0.036585365853658534,
0.006535947712418301,
0.03125,
0.021052631578947368,
0.02197802197802198,
0.024752475247524754,
0.041666666666666664,
0.02040816326530612,
0.028985507246376812,
0,
0.031055900621118012,
0.0234375,
0.022727272727272728,
0.04065040650406504,
0.029850746268656716,
0.028901734104046242,
0.03278688524590164,
0.0196078431372549,
0.00980392156862745,
0.015625,
0.009900990099009901,
0.023696682464454975,
0.009615384615384616,
0.017241379310344827,
0.031007751937984496,
0.030303030303030304,
0.023148148148148147,
0.021505376344086023,
0.015151515151515152,
0.01,
0.024096385542168676,
0.016666666666666666,
0.014814814814814815,
0.006211180124223602,
0.032,
0.028169014084507043,
0.023809523809523808,
0.023255813953488372,
0.008771929824561403,
0.008620689655172414
] | 0.022826 | 5 |
[
"/* This file was manually copied from the Linux kernel source\n * and manually stripped from __KERNEL__ sections and unused functions.",
"\n */\n\n/*\n * Definitions and Declarations for tuple.",
"\n *\n * 16 Dec 2003: Yasuyuki Kozakai @USAGI <yasuyuki.kozakai@toshiba.co.jp>\n *\t- generalize L3 protocol dependent part.",
"\n *\n * Derived from include/linux/netfiter_ipv4/ip_conntrack_tuple.h\n */\n\n#ifndef _NF_CONNTRACK_TUPLE_H\n#define _NF_CONNTRACK_TUPLE_H\n\n#include <linux/netfilter/x_tables.h>\n#include <linux/netfilter/nf_conntrack_tuple_common.h>\n\n/* A `tuple' is a structure containing the information to uniquely\n identify a connection. ",
" ie. ",
"if two packets have the same tuple, they\n are in the same connection; if not, they are not.",
"\n\n We divide the structure along \"manipulatable\" and\n \"non-manipulatable\" lines, for the benefit of the NAT code.",
"\n*/\n\n#define NF_CT_TUPLE_L3SIZE\tARRAY_SIZE(((union nf_inet_addr *)NULL)->all)\n\n/* The protocol-specific manipulable parts of the tuple: always in\n network order! */",
"\nunion nf_conntrack_man_proto\n{\n\t/* Add other protocols here. */",
"\n\t__be16 all;\n\n\tstruct {\n\t\t__be16 port;\n\t} tcp;\n\tstruct {\n\t\t__be16 port;\n\t} udp;\n\tstruct {\n\t\t__be16 id;\n\t} icmp;\n\tstruct {\n\t\t__be16 port;\n\t} dccp;\n\tstruct {\n\t\t__be16 port;\n\t} sctp;\n\tstruct {\n\t\t__be16 key;\t/* GRE key is 32bit, PPtP only uses 16bit */\n\t} gre;\n};\n\n/* The manipulable part of the tuple. */",
"\nstruct nf_conntrack_man\n{\n\tunion nf_inet_addr u3;\n\tunion nf_conntrack_man_proto u;\n\t/* Layer 3 protocol */\n\tu_int16_t l3num;\n};\n\n/* This contains the information to distinguish a connection. */",
"\nstruct nf_conntrack_tuple\n{\n\tstruct nf_conntrack_man src;\n\n\t/* These are the parts of the tuple which are fixed. */",
"\n\tstruct {\n\t\tunion nf_inet_addr u3;\n\t\tunion {\n\t\t\t/* Add other protocols here. */",
"\n\t\t\t__be16 all;\n\n\t\t\tstruct {\n\t\t\t\t__be16 port;\n\t\t\t} tcp;\n\t\t\tstruct {\n\t\t\t\t__be16 port;\n\t\t\t} udp;\n\t\t\tstruct {\n\t\t\t\tu_int8_t type, code;\n\t\t\t} icmp;\n\t\t\tstruct {\n\t\t\t\t__be16 port;\n\t\t\t} dccp;\n\t\t\tstruct {\n\t\t\t\t__be16 port;\n\t\t\t} sctp;\n\t\t\tstruct {\n\t\t\t\t__be16 key;\n\t\t\t} gre;\n\t\t} u;\n\n\t\t/* The protocol. */",
"\n\t\tu_int8_t protonum;\n\n\t\t/* The direction (for tuplehash) */\n\t\tu_int8_t dir;\n\t} dst;\n};\n\nstruct nf_conntrack_tuple_mask\n{\n\tstruct {\n\t\tunion nf_inet_addr u3;\n\t\tunion nf_conntrack_man_proto u;\n\t} src;\n};\n\n#endif /* _NF_CONNTRACK_TUPLE_H */\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0,
0,
0.016666666666666666,
0,
0,
0,
0.008695652173913044,
0,
0.015625,
0.009933774834437087,
0.010309278350515464,
0,
0,
0.010344827586206896,
0.008403361344537815
] | 0.005332 | 5 |
[
"Sepideh - Reaching for the Stars2013\n\nSepideh – Drømmen om stjernerne\n\nIn a provincial town in Iran, young Sepideh dreams of becoming an astronomer, although almost no one she knows thinks this a fit pursuit for a young woman. ",
"Filmed over several years, this doco traces her surprising progress.",
"\n\nMusic\n\nWith\n\nFestivals\n\nElsewhere\n\n“In a rural village far from Tehran, the night sky glows brilliantly, unimpeded by light pollution, and a teenage girl named Sepideh dreams of becoming a renowned astronomer. ",
"Lugging a telescope as tall as herself, Sepideh spends her nights stargazing, inspired by Anousheh Ansari, the first Iranian in space. ",
"But achieving such a lofty ambition is easier said than done for an Iranian girl. ",
"Her uncle threatens something rash if Sepideh persists in her unladylike behavior, and her widowed mother warns that she cannot pay for the necessary schooling. ",
"Unphased, Sepideh composes impassioned missives to Albert Einstein and keeps her eyes on the prize. ",
"Yet when she’s passed over for a university scholarship and suitors come knocking at the door, her determination is seriously tested. ",
"The camera is everywhere we want it to be in this magical documentary – charting the strained, yet devoted, relationship between daughter and mother and capturing unexpected moments that will change Sepideh’s life forever. ",
"Shots of breathtaking constellations are windows into Sepideh’s interior world and the vast universe that enthrals her.” — ",
"Caroline Libresco, Sundance Film Festival\n\nYou Might Also Like\n\n“This documentary accessibly conveys the science and the human drama behind the largest machine ever built – the Large Hadron Collider – and its crowning achievement, the discovery of the Higgs boson particle.” — ",
"Scientific American\n\nGerman filmmaker Erwin Wagenhofer travels Europe and Asia to assemble evidence in favour of less regimented and competitive notions of education than those prevailing throughout much of the world (including New Zealand).",
"\n\nA fascinating, spectacular and arrestingly intimate excursion into the heart of the Kumbh Mela, where millions of Hindu pilgrims converge every three years to purify themselves in the waters of a sacred river."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0.007407407407407408,
0,
0,
0.01,
0,
0,
0,
0.007220216606498195,
0.004149377593360996,
0
] | 0.002214 | 5 |
[
"Scientists Create Ghosts, Trick Brain Into Believing What's Not There\n\nScientists in Switzerland have tricked the brains of test subjects to create a sense of ghosts in the lab.",
"\n\nA robotic device that touches the subjects on the back induces a ghostly sensation, Reuters reported. ",
"The device follows the subjects’ hand movements in its touch, but when the robotic touch was delayed or offset from the subjects’ hand movements, the ghostly sensation occurred.",
"\n\n“Our robot makes it impossible for our healthy subjects now to predict those signals,” Olaf Blanke, leaf researcher at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, told Reuters. “",
"Actually some subjects reacted very strongly and they reported not only that they felt that somebody else was touching them, but somebody else was also present. ",
"So strong that some of them preferred not to finish the experiment.\"",
"\n\nThe researchers began by studying subjects with neurological disorders who have reported ghost sensations. ",
"Brain scans revealed abnormalities in areas of the brain that process self-awareness, movement, and the sense of position in space.",
"\n\nThe scientists then conducted experiments to trigger similar perceptions in healthy test subjects.",
"\n\n“We are very interested in pursuing this line of work to build similar robotic devices based on our prototype that do not induce psychotic symptoms in healthy subjects but a similar robot that could be used to down regulate psychotic symptoms in actual patients,” Blanke said.",
"\n\nHe envisions a wearable device that would reduce these feelings in patients."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0,
0.009615384615384616,
0,
0.01675977653631285,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.0035971223021582736,
0
] | 0.002725 | 5 |
[
"Business updates\n\nThe Winning Formula !",
"\n\nWith a few months before the Budget speech and amidst a political cloud of uncertainty, the pace of the high level meetings between the Government and the Business community has accelerated with a degree of transparency and urgency. ",
"The frankness and openness of the exchanges with relevant stakeholders have been refreshing. ",
"New ideas and adoption of stretch targets with an uncompromising stance towards those reluctant to change can only augur well for the future. ",
"New synergies and the identification of real shakers and movers can only make us all move in one direction, which is to reverse the dwindling growth rate we have seen over the past few years.",
"\n\nRenewed dynamism alone will not suffice, if it is not backed up by regulatory certainty and institutional predictability. ",
"As has been made abundantly clear during the various pre-budget consultations, We know what to do, but the HOW remains to be addressed. ",
"The need to carefully assess the regulatory impact of certain proposed measures ahead of their inclusion in the budget can only help to ensure the smooth implementation of important measures, and it is very commendable that the exercise has started in earnest and also much earlier than in previous years. ",
"The joint public / private assessment and review of the key sectors of the economy has undoubtedly helped to bridge the gap of expectations and lay out a path for sustained reforms to enable us to move forward."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0,
0.00425531914893617,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.000473 | 5 |
[
"29 ноября утром украинский активист Владимир Балух на стене собственного дома в Крыму, в Раздольненском районе, разместил табличку «Вулиця Героїв Небесної сотні 18». ",
"Над крышей дома у Балуха с декабря 2013 года развивается украинский флаг.",
"\n\nБалух сообщил Крымской правозащитной группе, что в 17 часов в этот же день к нему приехал председатель сельского совета Степанюк Виталий Викторович с двумя помощниками и потребовал снять табличку.",
"\n\n«Степанюк сказал, что табличку я разместил незаконно, он намекнул на будущее общение меня с полицией», — рассказал Владимир Балух.",
"\n\nЗа свою проукраинскую позицию Владимир Балух ранее подвергался преследованию со стороны де-факто власти как в административном, так и уголовном порядке.",
"\n\nКрымская правозащитная группа сообщала, что в доме у Балуха и его родственников сотрудники полиции провели два обыска. ",
"Первый обыск прошел в апреле 2015 года. ",
"В ходе первого обыска с крыши его дома снимали украинский флаг. ",
"После проведения второго обыска украинца обвинили в оскорблении сотрудника полиции Евгения Баранова и приговорили к 320 часам обязательных работ.",
"\n\nРуководитель КПГ Ольга Скрипник считает, что дело имеет политическую мотивацию. ",
"Оба обыска в отношении Владимира Балуха проходили с грубыми нарушениями, все дела строились на показаниях одного и того же свидетеля, которого Владимир ранее никогда не видел."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.006024096385542169,
0.0136986301369863,
0.015151515151515152,
0.03787878787878788,
0.006493506493506494,
0.01652892561983471,
0,
0,
0.013793103448275862,
0.012195121951219513,
0.011428571428571429
] | 0.012108 | 5 |
[
"The Golden Legend, by Nadeem Aslam (Knopf, 336 pp., ",
"$26.95)\n\n‘Things being as bad as they are, . . . ",
"this world won’t last for much longer,” an old baker observes partway through Nadeem Aslam’s hard-eyed new novel. ",
"The baker’s young nephew Imran has already seen too much of the world to be persuaded by such avuncular hopefulness, and very much holds with his brother Laal’s view: “I’ve got worse news for you, uncle. . . . ",
"The world will survive forever, with everything staying exactly as it is now.” ",
"One sentence later, this youthful fatalism proves more than a cheap tough pose: We learn that Imran’s “brother was gunned down outside the baker’s shop, the corpse dragged through the streets behind a military vehicle over the coming days, until nothing remained at the end of the rope. ",
"Imran managed to disappear and began another long journey, this time towards Pakistan.”",
"\n\nThe poor guy! ",
"In Aslam’s rendering, present-day Pakistan just might be the world-historical capital of fatalism. ",
"After all, this is a place where men matter-of-factly raise their shirts to assure one another they’re not wearing suicide-bomber vests; where an intelligence officer roughs up a grieving widow in her home and then demands that he be shown out formally like a proper guest; where a four-year-old boy dies soon after his father converts to Christianity, “poisoned, everyone suspected, for being the child of an apostate, by someone in [the] family.” ",
"Elsewhere, the leader of a sectarian mob turns down a request “to burn down every Christian house before daybreak,” but not out of mercy: He’s the local landlord and he needs the rent money from an alleged blasphemer’s coreligionists. ",
"He successfully encourages the mob to focus its fury on that one man. ",
"Meanwhile, the survivors of family members killed as part of a CIA-related gunfight rage against America but accept U.S. citizenship as reparation and migrate there."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.038461538461538464,
0,
0.008771929824561403,
0.009523809523809525,
0,
0.003484320557491289,
0,
0,
0.010101010101010102,
0,
0,
0,
0.006060606060606061
] | 0.005877 | 5 |
[
"Influence of thermal extraction of extracellular polymeric substances on cell integrity in activated sludge and membrane bioreactor samples.",
"\nThe influence of the soluble microbial products (SMP) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) heating extraction method on cell viability was evaluated for each phase of the protocol using epifluorescence microscopy. ",
"In addition, the effect of different centrifugation conditions (2700 g at 24 degrees C; 12,000 g at 4 degrees C) was also tested. ",
"Sludge samples were collected from a conventional wastewater treatment and a membrane bioreactor (MBR) pilot plant fed in parallel. ",
"Results show that different centrifugation parameters do not induce cell membrane damaging. ",
"Heating significantly influences membrane integrity; for instance, 75 to 90% of initial viable cells are damaged during this phase, possibly leading to the predominance of protein compared to carbohydrate content. ",
"The protein content in EPS is 60 to 88 mg bovine serum albumin/ g volatile suspended solids (VSS); higher values observed in MBR sludge samples are probably attributable to the different characteristics of microbial flocs and process operating parameters. ",
"Carbohydrate concentrations are not significantly different regardless of applied procedure and sludge type, and are between 10.4 to 11.6 mg glucose/g VSS."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0,
0.008968609865470852,
0,
0.007575757575757576,
0,
0,
0.0078125,
0
] | 0.003045 | 5 |
[
"Anxious-depressive symptoms in schizophrenia: a new treatment target for pharmacotherapy?",
"\nSchizophrenia patients frequently manifest concurrent anxiety and depressive symptoms. ",
"Such features exhibit prognostic relevance (i.e. patient morbidity and mortality). ",
"Despite this, they remain relatively unstudied and are not universally viewed as therapeutic targets. ",
"Conventional neuroleptic agents may not improve these symptoms and may actually worsen them. ",
"However, with the introduction of novel pharmacological agents for the treatment of schizophrenia, there is reason to believe that a wider spectrum of symptomatology may be treatment responsive. ",
"In this post hoc analysis of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale anxiety-depression cluster, olanzapine therapy was associated with a significantly greater baseline-to-end-point improvement in the cluster compared with haloperidol therapy among 1996 randomized, double-blind subjects. ",
"Moreover, the olanzapine treatment-effect advantage included both direct (mood symptoms) and indirect (positive, negative, and extrapyramidal symptoms) elements. ",
"This study concluded that the novel pharmacology of olanzapine delivered greater therapeutic activity in anxious and depressive symptoms accompanying schizophrenia than did the conventional dopamine D2 antagonist haloperidol."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0 | 5 |
[
"Q:\n\nDoes this new quantum experiment rule out the possibility of a many-worlds interpretation?",
"\n\nThis brand new published result (nature):\n\nExperimental non-classicality of an indivisible quantum system by\n Radek Lapkiewicz, Peizhe Li, Christoph Schaeff, Nathan K. Langford, Sven Ramelow, Marcin Wieśniak & Anton Zeilinger\n\n(see here, for a more popular article about it see here; also for a pre-print see the ArXiv here)\nseems to support the Copenhagen interpretation.",
"\nMy question Does this definitely rule out the many-worlds interpretation - or are there still loopholes? ",
"How could a many-worlds interpretation of this experiment possibly look like (if possible)?",
"\nThank you\nEDIT\nBecause I obviously created some confusion, how I came to that question: at the end of the NewScientist-article it says:\n\nNiels Bohr, a giant of quantum\n physics, was a great proponent of the\n idea that the nature of quantum\n reality depends on what we choose to\n measure, a notion that came to be\n called the Copenhagen interpretation.",
"\n \"This experiment lends more support to\n the Copenhagen interpretation,\" says\n Zeilinger.",
"\n\nA:\n\nThey don't make any claim in the paper about interpretations of quantum theory, either for the Copenhagen interpretation or against many-worlds interpretations. ",
"Nor does the Phys. ",
"Rev. Lett. ",
"101, 20403 (2008) that they cite as their principal theoretical source. ",
"The Vienna group's stated intention here, as, I think, in a number of papers over the last few years, has been to try to rule out contextual classical particle models for experiments. ",
"This is to me something of a straw man, but they have been hacking away at it.",
"\nI was going to ask that you expand your Question to say why you think this experiment supports the Copenhagen interpretation over other interpretations, because I do not see that to be the case, but I finally saw the off the cuff remark to that effect from Zeilinger at the very end of the New Scientist article [you should have cited this]. ",
"That's definitely not enough to rule out many-worlds interpretations without a much more substantial argument. ",
"There isn't, so far, enough of an argument to have loopholes in it.",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0,
0.017948717948717947,
0,
0,
0.011204481792717087,
0,
0.005988023952095809,
0,
0.09090909090909091,
0,
0,
0.01282051282051282,
0.0058309037900874635,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.009044 | 5 |
[
"Q:\n\ncss z-index pointer-events\n\nSo my problem is, I want to be able to click through the .row because it's width fills the window but not the .fourcol because that has content like links and images. ",
"Is there something I'm missing with CSS? ",
"or can I achieve this with jquery?",
"\nMy CSS and HTML is like this:\n<div class=\"container >\n <div class=\"row\">\n <div class=\"fourcol>\n <p>Content</p>\n </div>\n </div>\n</div>\n\nThen I have something underneath\n<div class=\"drag\">\n<img src=\"image.png\"/>\n</div>\n\nWith the CSS:\n.row {\nwidth: 100%;\nmax-width: 1240px;\nmin-width: 755px;\noverflow: hidden;\nz-index: 1;\n}\n\n.fourcol {\nz-index: 3;\n}\n\nThen I position .drag with position: absolute; and z-index: 2; just near <p>content</p> \nThanks heaps.",
"\n\nA:\n\nz-index only works when there is a position property. ",
"So the z-index for .row will do nothing. ",
"You need to add position: relative; as a minimum. ",
"Then adding the .drag div inside the .fourcol div with the higher z-index, should cause it to come forward. ",
"Although you may need to use a value higher than 2.",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0,
0.024390243902439025,
0,
0.0021321961620469083,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.002652 | 5 |
[
"Q:\n\nEvaluate $\\int_Y R \\ dS.$\n\nThe spherical surface $x^2+y^2+z^2=R^2$ has a charge with the density\n$$\\rho(x,y,z)=\\sqrt{R^2-x^2-y^2} \\quad C/m^2.$$\nDetermine the total charge of the sphere.",
"\n\nSo I have two different parametrizations that I've attempted and my answer is very close to the correct one, which is $2\\pi R^3$. Can someone check my two approaches to see where I make the mistakes?",
"\n\nMethod 1\nThe surface can be parametrized by \n$$\\left\\{\n \\begin{array}{rcr}\n x & = & R\\sin{\\theta}\\cos{\\varphi} \\\\\n y & = & R\\sin{\\theta\\sin{\\varphi}} \\\\\n z & = & R\\cos{\\theta}\n \\end{array}\n\\right. ",
"\\implies D:\\left\\{\n \\begin{array}{rcr}\n 0\\leq \\theta \\leq \\pi\\\\\n 0\\leq \\varphi \\leq 2\\pi \\\\\n \\end{array}\n\\right.$$\nA positionvector is $\\vec{r}(\\theta,\\varphi)=R(\\sin{\\theta}\\cos{\\varphi},\\sin{\\theta\\sin{\\varphi}},\\cos{\\theta})$, thus the magnitude of the normalvector is\n$$dS=||\\vec{n}||d\\theta d\\varphi=||\\vec{r}'_\\theta\\times\\vec{r}'_\\varphi||d\\theta d\\varphi=R^2\\sin{\\theta} \\ d\\theta d\\varphi.$$\nPutting things together I get \n$$I=\\iint_Y\\rho \\ dS=\\iint_DR^2\\sin{\\theta}\\sqrt{R^2-x^2-y^2} \\ d\\theta d\\varphi = \\\\ = \\iint_DR^3\\cos{\\theta}\\sin{\\theta} \\ d\\theta d\\varphi = 2\\pi R^3\\int_0^\\pi \\cos{\\theta}\\sin{\\theta} \\ d\\theta d\\varphi = 0.$$\nHowever, if the upper bound for $\\theta$ is $\\pi/2$, the answer becomes correct. ",
"But I believe my bounds are correct since that is standard for spherical coordinates. ",
"What is wrong?",
"\nMethod 2\nJust leaving the variables as they are I get the position vector expressed only in the variables $x$ and $y$ by\n$$\\vec{r}(x,y)=(x,y,\\sqrt{R^2-x^2-y^2}),$$\nso a the magnitude of the normalvector is \n$$dS=||\\vec{n}||dxdy=||\\vec{r}'_x\\times\\vec{r}'_y||dx dy=\\frac{R}{\\sqrt{R^2-x^2-y^2}} \\ dxdy$$\nand I get that \n$$I=\\iint_Y \\rho \\ dS=\\iint_D R r \\ drd\\theta =\\int_0^{2\\pi}\\int_0^RRr \\ drd\\theta=\\pi R^3,$$\nwhich is half of the correct answer.",
"\n\nA:\n\nIn method 2, setting $z=\\sqrt{R^2-x^2-y^2}$ only gives you the upper hemisphere. ",
" When you add in the integral over the lower hemisphere with $z=-\\sqrt{R^2-x^2-y^2}$, you'll double the answer to get your missing factor of $2$.\nIn method 1 you again have an issue with the signs of square roots: $\\sqrt{R^2-x^2-y^2}$ is $R|\\cos\\theta|$, not $R\\cos\\theta$. Correcting this, you get the right answer. ",
" (Note that contrary to what you said, integrating from $0$ to $\\pi/2$ does not give the right answer: it is still off by a factor of $2$, though it gives you the same answer as you got in method 2.)",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.005263157894736842,
0,
0.004761904761904762,
0.005420054200542005,
0,
0,
0.004454342984409799,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.001809 | 5 |
[
"15.2Mills to Finch, yorker length, hits the toe end of the bat and dug out to long-on, they get a single but go for the second too, fielded and thrown back well by Kapugedera and Mills gathers it clean, dislodges the bails and sends back the non-striker 137/2\n\n10.5 to Rupasinghe, bouncer! ",
"That is nothing short of a bouncer from a spinner, went over the batsman's face and he has pulled him straight to the deep square-leg fielder, what a ball to get a wicket! ",
"97/1\n\n0.2 gone, yorker, misses and lbw! ",
"Again a full pitched ball, it was one of the closest definitions of a toe-crusher, hits him flush on the leg stump, the umpire has no hesitation giving it out and Uthura are one down for nothing 0/1\n\n4.3 wide outside the off and slashed it down the third-man's laps, he makes it look slightly more difficult than it was but the end result matters, three down and going nowhere with the required-rate 22/3\n\n2.5 bowled 'em! ",
"Another yoker, another wicket! ",
"In terms of line and length, this was a perfect yorker, and helped by Taylor who missed it and the ball finds its way to hit the base of the stumps, two down without too many on the board 17/2\n\n6.4 gone, caught behind! ",
"Not a yorker but very full and he went for the drive, gets an outside feather, the keeper's up to the stumps and he still manages to grab it well, after bit of a fumble if I may add 34/4\n\n10.4 slower on his pads and that has been flicked to the short fine-leg! ",
"It was a decent slower ball but a bad line, should have been spanked away for four, instead he has holed out, simple catch straight to the fielder 79/5\n\n12.1 gone, slogged and caught at long-on! ",
"it was short and with the required-rate touching 15, he had to go for it, but did not hit anywhere near the middle of the bat and is easily caught at wide long-on 95/8\n\n11.4 slower one, on the length and bowled! ",
"This has not been such a good day for Mills, it was not quick which sent his defensive stroke a tad awry, missed the length and the off stump gets rattled 90/7\n\n14.2Malinga to Muralitharan, another slower one and this time Murali tries to slog it away, misses and the non-striker wants a single, Muralia responds, PJ has a shy at the stumps, hits it and Peiris is gone! ",
"114/9\n\n15.5 goes for another slog and it looks like it has been caught at long-on, Murali thinks it might have bounced before it went into Silva's hands, but he is sent on his way by the on-field umpires, win for Ruhuna 118/10\n\n0.2 to Imran Farhat, gone, yorker, misses and lbw! ",
"Again a full pitched ball, it was one of the closest definitions of a toe-crusher, hits him flush on the leg stump, the umpire has no hesitation giving it out and Uthura are one down for nothing 0/12.5 to Taylor, bowled 'em! ",
"Another yoker, another wicket! ",
"In terms of line and length, this was a perfect yorker, and helped by Taylor who missed it and the ball finds its way to hit the base of the stumps, two down without too many on the board 17/211.1 to Gunaratne, gone, caught at deep point, six down! ",
"Outside the off, pitched fuller and slower too, he tries to slash it over the boundary, gets it far but not far enough, caught well over his head 83/611.4 to Mills, slower one, on the length and bowled! ",
"This has not been such a good day for Mills, it was not quick which sent his defensive stroke a tad awry, missed the length and the off stump gets rattled 90/7\n\n10.4 to Mubarak, slower on his pads and that has been flicked to the short fine-leg! ",
"It was a decent slower ball but a bad line, should have been spanked away for four, instead he has holed out, simple catch straight to the fielder 79/5\n\n4.3 to Udawatte, wide outside the off and slashed it down the third-man's laps, he makes it look slightly more difficult than it was but the end result matters, three down and going nowhere with the required-rate 22/3\n\n12.1 to Maharoof, gone, slogged and caught at long-on! ",
"it was short and with the required-rate touching 15, he had to go for it, but did not hit anywhere near the middle of the bat and is easily caught at wide long-on 95/8\n\n6.4 to Kapugedera, gone, caught behind! ",
"Not a yorker but very full and he went for the drive, gets an outside feather, the keeper's up to the stumps and he still manages to grab it well, after bit of a fumble if I may add 34/4\n\n15.5 to Muralitharan, goes for another slog and it looks like it has been caught at long-on, Murali thinks it might have bounced before it went into Silva's hands, but he is sent on his way by the on-field umpires, win for Ruhuna 118/10"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.010344827586206896,
0,
0,
0.002369668246445498,
0,
0.0045662100456621,
0,
0,
0,
0.008108108108108109,
0.007168458781362007,
0.008888888888888889,
0,
0.008032128514056224,
0,
0.0040650406504065045,
0.00468384074941452,
0.004784688995215311,
0.0047169811320754715
] | 0.003565 | 5 |
[
"---\nabstract: 'For a scheme $X$, we construct a sheaf ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}$ of complexes on $X$ such that for every quasi-compact open $U \\subset X$, ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}(U)$ is quasi-isomorphic to the Hochschild complex of $U$ [@lowenvandenbergh2]. ",
"Since ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}$ is moreover acyclic for taking sections on quasi-compact opens, we obtain a local to global spectral sequence for Hochschild cohomology if $X$ is quasi-compact.'",
"\naddress: |\n Departement DWIS\\\n Vrije Universiteit Brussel\\\n Pleinlaan 2\\\n 1050 Brussel\\\n Belgium\nauthor:\n- 'Wendy Lowen$^{\\ast}$'\nbibliography:\n- 'Bibfile.bib'\ntitle: 'A sheaf of Hochschild complexes on quasi-compact opens'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nLet $X$ be a scheme over a field $k$. In [@lowenvandenbergh2], the Hochschild complex ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}(X, {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{O}}}_X)$ of $X$ is defined to be the Hochschild complex of the abelian category ${\\ensuremath{\\mathsf{Mod}} }(X)$ of sheaves on $X$. Its cohomology theory coincides with various notions of Hochschild cohomology of X considered in the literature, for example by Swan [@swan] and Kontsevich [@kontsevich], which in the commutative case agree with the earlier theory of Gerstenhaber-Schack [@gerstenhaberschack2].",
"\n\nFor a basis ${\\mathfrak{b}}$ of affine opens of $X$, there is an associated $k$-linear category (also denoted by ${\\mathfrak{b}}$) and there is a quasi-isomorphism $${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}(X, {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{O}}}_X) \\cong {\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}({\\mathfrak{b}})$$ where ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}({\\mathfrak{b}})$ is the Hochschild complex of the $k$-linear category ${\\mathfrak{b}}$ (§\\[hochscheme\\]). ",
"The Hochschild complexes have a considerable amount of extra structure containing in particular the cup-product and the Gerstenhaber bracket. ",
"This extra structure is important for deformation theory. ",
"It is captured by saying that the complexes are $B_{\\infty}$-algebras [@getzlerjones; @keller6], and $\\cong$ as above means the existence of an isomorphism in the homotopy category of $B_{\\infty}$-algebras. ",
"Let ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{O}}}_{{\\mathfrak{b}}}$ be the restriction of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{O}}}_X$ to the basis ${\\mathfrak{b}}$. Then $\\cong$ above is reflected in the fact that there is an equivalence between the deformation theory of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathsf{Mod}} }(X)$ as an abelian category [@lowenvandenbergh1] and the deformation theory of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{O}}}_{{\\mathfrak{b}}}$ as a twisted presheaf [@lowen4].",
"\n\nIf we consider the restrictions ${\\mathfrak{b}}|_U$ of ${\\mathfrak{b}}$ to open subsets $U \\subset X$, we obtain a presheaf of Hochschild complexes on $X$ $$\\mathbf{C}_{{\\mathfrak{b}}}: U\n\\longmapsto \\mathbf{C}({\\mathfrak{b}}|_U)$$ To relate the “global” Hochschild complex ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}({\\mathfrak{b}})$ to the “local” Hochschild complexes ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}({\\mathfrak{b}}|_U)$ of certain open subsets $U \\subset X$, it would be desirable for ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}_{{\\mathfrak{b}}}$ to be a sheaf, which is preferably acyclic for taking global sections. ",
"Unfortunately, ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}_{{\\mathfrak{b}}}$ is not even a separated presheaf with regard to finite coverings. ",
"In this paper, we construct a *sheaf* ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}$ of $B_{\\infty}$-algebras such that\n\n1. ",
" ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}(U, {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{O}}}_U) \\cong {\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}(U)$ *for $U$ quasi-compact open*.",
"\n\n2. ",
" ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}$ is acyclic for taking quasi-compact sections, i.e. $R\\Gamma(U, {\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}) = {\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}(U)$ *for $U$ quasi-compact open*.",
"\n\nFor $U$ quasi-compact open, ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}(U)$ is obtained as a colimit of complexes ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}_{{\\mathfrak{b}}}(U)$ over a collection ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}(U)$ of bases of $U$ (§\\[presheaf\\]). ",
"The properties of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}$ depend upon the choice of a *good* presheaf ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}$ of bases (Definition \\[good\\]).",
"\n\nFrom properties (1) and (2), we readily deduce the existence of a local to global spectral sequence $$E^{p,q}_2 = H^p(X, \\mathbf{H}^q{\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}) \\Rightarrow H^{p+q}{\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}(X)$$ for Hochschild cohomology for a quasi-compact scheme $X$ (Theorem \\[spectr\\]).",
"\n\nWe should remark that for a smooth separated scheme, another sheaf of $B_{\\infty}$-algebras ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{D}}}_{\\mathrm{poly}}$ is considered for example by Kontsevich [@Kontsevich1], Van den Bergh [@vandenbergh4], Yekutieli [@yekutieli1]. ",
"Let ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{O}}}(U))$ be the Hochschild complex of the ring ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{O}}}(U)$, and let ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}_{\\mathrm{poly}}({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{O}}}(U))$ be the subcomplex which consists of the polydifferential operators, i.e. multilinear maps ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{O}}}(U)^{\\otimes p} {\\longrightarrow}{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{O}}}(U)$ which are differential operators in each argument. ",
"Then for $U$ *affine* open ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{D}}}_{\\mathrm{poly}}$ satisfies $${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{D}}}_{\\mathrm{poly}}(U) \\cong {\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}_{\\mathrm{poly}}({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{O}}}(U))$$ The complex $R\\Gamma(X, {\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{D}}}_{\\mathrm{poly}})$ computes the Hochschild cohomology of $X$, but a priori does not inherit the structure of $B_{\\infty}$-algebra. ",
"One way to overcome this problem is by using a fibrant resolution ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{D}}}_{\\mathrm{poly}} {\\longrightarrow}\\mathbf{F}_{\\mathrm{poly}}$ in the model category of presheaves of $B_{\\infty}$-algebras as defined by Hinich [@hinich1]. ",
"Alternatively, in [@vandenbergh4 Appendix B], Van den Bergh constructs a quasi-isomorphic object $R\\Gamma(X, {\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{D}}}_{\\mathrm{poly}})^{\\mathrm{tot}}$ that *does* inherit this structure (the construction, which uses pro-hypercoverings, is functorial and inherits any operad-algebra structure). ",
"Moreover, $R\\Gamma(X, {\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{D}}}_{\\mathrm{poly}})^{\\mathrm{tot}}$ is isomorphic to ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}(X, {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{O}}}_X)$ in the homotopy category of $B_{\\infty}$-algebras [@vandenbergh4 Theorem 3.1, Appendices A, B] and by [@vandenbergh4 Appendix B.10], we actually have $R\\Gamma(X, {\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{D}}}_{\\mathrm{poly}})^{\\mathrm{tot}} \\cong \\Gamma(X, \\mathbf{F}_{\\mathrm{poly}})$ in the same sense.",
"\n\nFinally, as to the existence of a local to global spectral sequence for Hochschild cohomology for a general ringed space $(X, {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{O}}}_X)$, a proof using hypercoverings is in preparation [@lowenvandenbergh3].",
"\n\nPresheaves of Hochschild complexes\n==================================\n\nThe Hochschild complex of a scheme {#hochscheme}\n----------------------------------\n\nThroughout, $k$ is a field. ",
"Let $(X, {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{O}}}_X)$ be a scheme over $k$ and let ${\\mathfrak{b}}$ be a basis of affine opens. ",
"We use the same notation for the associated $k$-linear category with ${\\mathfrak{b}}$ as objects and $${\\mathfrak{b}}(V,U) = \\begin{cases} {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{O}}}_X(V) & \\text{if}\\, \\, \\, V \\subset U \\\\ 0 & \\text{else} \\end{cases}$$ In [@lowenvandenbergh2 §7.1], the Hochschild complex $\\mathbf{C}(X, {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{O}}}_X)$ of $X$ is defined and in [@lowenvandenbergh2 Theorem 7.3.1], there is shown to be a quasi-isomorphism $${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}(X, {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{O}}}_X) \\cong {\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}({\\mathfrak{b}})$$ where ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}({\\mathfrak{b}})$ is the Hochschild complex of the $k$-linear category ${\\mathfrak{b}}$ [@mitchell], i.e. $${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}^p({\\mathfrak{b}}) = \\prod_{U_0, \\dots, U_p \\in {\\mathfrak{b}}} {\\mathrm{Hom}}_k({\\mathfrak{b}}(U_{p-1}, U_p) \\otimes_k \\dots \\otimes_k {\\mathfrak{b}}(U_0, U_1), {\\mathfrak{b}}(U_0, U_p))$$ and the differential is the usual Hochschild differential. ",
"More concretely, we have $${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}^p({\\mathfrak{b}}) = \\prod_{U_0 \\subset U_1 \\subset \\dots \\subset U_p \\in {\\mathfrak{b}}} {\\mathrm{Hom}}_k({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{O}}}_X(U_{p-1}) \\otimes_k \\dots \\otimes_k {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{O}}}_X(U_0), {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{O}}}_X(U_0))$$ $${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}^0({\\mathfrak{b}}) = \\prod_{U_0 \\in {\\mathfrak{b}}} {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{O}}}_X(U_0)$$ Hence this complex combines the nerve of the poset ${\\mathfrak{b}}$ with the algebraic structure of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{O}}}_X$. In fact, both complexes are $B_{\\infty}$-algebras [@getzlerjones; @keller6] and $\\cong$ means the existence of an isomorphism in the homotopy category of $B_{\\infty}$-algebras.",
"\n\nThe presheaf ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}_{{\\mathfrak{b}}}$ of Hochschild complexes\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nFor an arbitrary open subset $U \\subset X$, put ${\\mathfrak{b}}|_U = \\{B \\in\n{\\mathfrak{b}}\\, |\\, B \\subset U\\}$. Then ${\\mathfrak{b}}|_U$ is a basis of affine opens for the scheme $(U, {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{O}}}_U)$, hence we have a quasi-isomorphism $${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}(U, {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{O}}}_U) \\cong {\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}({\\mathfrak{b}}|_U)$$ For $V \\subset U$ there is an obvious restriction map $${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}({\\mathfrak{b}}|_U) {\\longrightarrow}{\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}({\\mathfrak{b}}|_V)$$ We thus obtain a presheaf $${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}_{{\\mathfrak{b}}}: U \\longmapsto {\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}_{{\\mathfrak{b}}}(U) = {\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}({\\mathfrak{b}}|_U)$$ of Hochschild complexes on $X$. It is readily seen that in general, ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}_{{\\mathfrak{b}}}$ fails to be a sheaf. ",
"Indeed, suppose we have $W \\in {\\mathfrak{b}}$ and $W = U \\cup V$ with $U$ and $V$ proper open subsets. ",
"Then there is a non-zero element $\\varphi = (\\varphi_{U_0})_{U_0} \\in {\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}^0_{{\\mathfrak{b}}}(W)$ with $$\\varphi_{U_0} = \\begin{cases} 1\\in {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{O}}}_X(U_0) & \\text{if}\\, \\, \\, U_0 = W \\\\ 0 & \\text{else} \\end{cases}$$ whose restriction to $U$ and $V$ is zero. ",
"In this example, the fact that $W = U \\cup V$ makes the presence of $W$ in ${\\mathfrak{b}}$ redundant. ",
"This suggests that to obtain a sheaf, we have to work with variable bases, as will be done in the next section.",
"\n\nThe presheaf ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}}$ of colimit Hochschild complexes {#presheaf}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIn this section we will consider instead of $\\mathbf{C}_{{\\mathfrak{b}}}(U)$ for a fixed basis ${\\mathfrak{b}}$ of $X$, a colimit of complexes $\\mathbf{C}({\\mathfrak{b}})$ over different bases ${\\mathfrak{b}}$ of $U$. More precisely, we are looking for collections ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}(U)$ of bases of affine opens of $U$, which allow us to define “colimit Hochschild complexes” $$\\mathbf{C}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}}(U) = {\\mathrm{colim}}_{{\\mathfrak{b}}\\in {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}(U)}\\mathbf{C}({\\mathfrak{b}})$$ Here ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}(U)$ is ordered by $\\supset$ and ${\\mathfrak{b}}\\supset {\\mathfrak{b}}'$ corresponds to the canonical $\\mathbf{C}({\\mathfrak{b}}) {\\longrightarrow}\\mathbf{C}({\\mathfrak{b}}')$. Since we do not want the colimit to change the cohomology, we want it to be a filtered colimit. ",
"In particular, this is the case if ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}(U)$ is closed under intersections, i.e. if we have the operation $$\\label{doorsnede}\n{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}(U) \\times {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}(U) {\\longrightarrow}{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}(U): ({\\mathfrak{b}},{\\mathfrak{b}}') \\longmapsto {\\mathfrak{b}}\\cap {\\mathfrak{b}}'$$ Note that in general, ${\\mathfrak{b}}\\cap {\\mathfrak{b}}'$ need not even be a basis. ",
"If ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}(U) \\neq \\varnothing$ and we have (\\[doorsnede\\]), then there are quasi-isomorphisms $$\\mathbf{C}(U,{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{O}}}_U) \\cong \\mathbf{C}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}}(U)$$ For $\\mathbf{C}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}}: U \\longmapsto \n\\mathbf{C}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}}(U)$ to become a presheaf, we need restriction operations $$\\label{restr}\n{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}(U) {\\longrightarrow}{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}(V): {\\mathfrak{b}}\\longmapsto {\\mathfrak{b}}|_V = \\{B \\in {\\mathfrak{b}}\\, |\\, B\n\\subset V\\}$$ for $V \\subset U$, making ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}$ itself into a presheaf of collections of bases. ",
"In this way, ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}}$ clearly becomes a presheaf of $B_{\\infty}$-algebras on $X$.\n\nIn order to prove Proposition \\[fincov\\] in the next section, we need two more operations on ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}$. First, we want to take the union of bases coinciding on the intersection of their domains, i.e. we want the operation $$\\label{glue}\n{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}(U) \\times_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}(U \\cap V)} {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}(V) {\\longrightarrow}{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}(U\\cup V): ({\\mathfrak{b}},{\\mathfrak{b}}')\n\\longmapsto\n{\\mathfrak{b}}\\cup\n{\\mathfrak{b}}'$$ Secondly, we want to refine bases by plugging in finer bases, i.e. for $V\n\\subset U$ we want the operation $$\\label{plug}\n{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}(U) \\times {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}(V) {\\longrightarrow}{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}(U): ({\\mathfrak{b}}_U, {\\mathfrak{b}}_V) \\longmapsto {\\mathfrak{b}}_U \\circ\n{\\mathfrak{b}}_V = \\{B \\in\n{\\mathfrak{b}}_U \\, |\\, B \\subset V \\implies B \\in {\\mathfrak{b}}_V\\}$$ Note that (\\[doorsnede\\]) is just a special case of (\\[plug\\]). ",
"Also, combining (\\[restr\\]), (\\[glue\\]) and (\\[plug\\]) yields the following refinement operation on ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}$. If $\\delta$ is any finite collection of open subsets of $U$ (not necessarily covering $U$), we have $$\\label{delta}\n{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}(U) \\longrightarrow {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}(U): {\\mathfrak{b}}\\longmapsto {\\mathfrak{b}}_{\\delta} = \\{B \\in\n{\\mathfrak{b}}\\, |\\, V \\subset \\cup \\delta \\implies \\exists D \\in \\delta, V \\subset D\\}$$\n\n\\[good\\] ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}$ is called *good* if ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}(X) \\neq \\varnothing$ and ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}$ has the operations (\\[doorsnede\\]),…, (\\[delta\\]).",
"\n\nWe will now show that there exists a good ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}$.\n\n1. ",
" If ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}$ with ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}(X) \\neq \\varnothing$ has (\\[restr\\]), (\\[glue\\]) and (\\[plug\\]), then it is good.",
"\n\n2. ",
" Let ${\\mathfrak{b}}$ be any basis of affine opens of $X$. There exists a smallest good ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}$ with ${\\mathfrak{b}}\\in {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}(X)$. This ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}$ is given by $${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}(U) = \\{({\\mathfrak{b}}|_U)_{\\delta_1, \\dots \\delta_n} \\, |\\, \\delta_i \\subset\n \\mathrm{open}(U),\\, |\\delta_i| < \\infty \\}.$$\n\n\\(1) follows from the discussion above. ",
"For (2), first note that ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}$ is obviously contained in any good ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}'$. If $V \\subset U$ and $\\delta$ is a collection in $U$, we put $\\delta|_V\n= \\{D \\cap V\\,|\\,D \\in \\delta\\}$. For any basis ${\\mathfrak{b}}'$ of $U$, we have $({\\mathfrak{b}}'_{\\delta})|_V =\n({\\mathfrak{b}}'|_V)_{(\\delta|_V)}$ so (\\[restr\\]) holds. ",
"For (\\[plug\\]), note that $({\\mathfrak{b}}|_U)_{\\delta_1, \\dots \\delta_n} \\circ\n({\\mathfrak{b}}|_V)_{\\varepsilon_1, \\dots \\varepsilon_m} = (B|_U)_{\\delta_1, \\dots\n\\delta_n,\\varepsilon_1, \\dots \\varepsilon_m}$. Finally for (\\[glue\\]), if $({\\mathfrak{b}}|_U)_{\\delta_1, \\dots \\delta_n}$ and $({\\mathfrak{b}}|_V)_{\\varepsilon_1, \\dots\n\\varepsilon_m}$ coincide on $U \\cap V$, then their union equals $({\\mathfrak{b}}|_{U \\cup\nV})_{\\delta_1, \\dots\n\\delta_n,\\varepsilon_1, \\dots \\varepsilon_m, \\{U,V\\}}$.\n\nSheaves of Hochschild complexes\n===============================\n\nThe presheaf ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}}$ for a good ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}$\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nFrom now on, ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}$ is a good presheaf of bases and we consider the presheaf ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}}$ of colimit Hochschild complexes as defined in §\\[presheaf\\].",
"\n\n\\[fincov\\]\n\n1. ",
" $\\mathbf{C}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}}$ is flabby.",
"\n\n2. ",
" $\\mathbf{C}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}}$ satisfies the sheaf condition with respect to finite coverings.",
"\n\n\\(2) By induction, we may consider $U = U_1 \\cup U_2$ and given elements $\\varphi_i\n\\in\n\\mathbf{C}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}}^{p}(U_i)$ such that $\\varphi_1|_{U_{12}} = \\varphi_2|_{U_{12}}$, where $U_{12} = U_1 \\cap U_2$. Let $\\varphi_i$ be a representing element in $\\mathbf{C}^p({\\mathfrak{b}}_i)$ for a basis ${\\mathfrak{b}}_i \\in {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}(U_i)$ and let ${\\mathfrak{b}}'\n\\subset\n{\\mathfrak{b}}_1|_{U_{12}} \\cap {\\mathfrak{b}}_2|_{U_{12}}$ be a basis in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}(U_{12})$ for which $\\varphi_1|_{U_{12}}$ and $\\varphi_2|_{U_{12}}$ coincide in $\\mathbf{C}^p({\\mathfrak{b}}')$. Put ${\\mathfrak{b}}_i' = {\\mathfrak{b}}_i \\circ {\\mathfrak{b}}' \\in {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}(U_i)$ (using (\\[plug\\])) and put ${\\mathfrak{b}}=\n{\\mathfrak{b}}_1' \\cup {\\mathfrak{b}}_2' \\in {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}(U \\cup V)$ (using (\\[glue\\])). ",
"We can now easily give an element $\\varphi \\in \\mathbf{C}^p({\\mathfrak{b}})$ which represents a glueing of $\\varphi_1$ and $\\varphi_2$ on $U$, by specifying its value for $V_0 \\subset \n\\dots \\subset V_p$: if $V_p \\in {\\mathfrak{b}}'_i$, we use the element specified by $\\varphi_i$. This is well defined since $V_p \\in {\\mathfrak{b}}'_1\n\\cap {\\mathfrak{b}}'_2$ implies $V_p \\in {\\mathfrak{b}}'$. It is a glueing of the $\\varphi_i$ since $\\varphi$ and $\\varphi_i$ coincide on ${\\mathfrak{b}}_i' \\subset {\\mathfrak{b}}_i$.\n\nNow suppose we have an element $\\varphi \\in\n\\mathbf{C}^p({\\mathfrak{b}}')$ for ${\\mathfrak{b}}' \\in {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}(U)$ and suppose we have bases ${\\mathfrak{b}}_i\n\\subset\n{\\mathfrak{b}}'|_{U_i}$ for which $\\varphi|_{U_i}$ becomes zero in $\\mathbf{C}^p({\\mathfrak{b}}_i)$. If we put ${\\mathfrak{b}}'_i = {\\mathfrak{b}}_i \\circ ({\\mathfrak{b}}_1|_{U_{12}} \\cap\n{\\mathfrak{b}}_2|_{U_{12}})$ and ${\\mathfrak{b}}= {\\mathfrak{b}}'_1 \\cup {\\mathfrak{b}}'_2$, then $\\varphi$ becomes zero in $\\mathbf{C}^p({\\mathfrak{b}}')$.\n\n\\(1) Consider the restriction map $\\mathbf{C}^p(U) {\\longrightarrow}\\mathbf{C}^p(V)$ for $V\n\\subset U$. If $\\varphi \\in \\mathbf{C}^p({\\mathfrak{b}})$ is a representing element in the codomain, we can lift it to $\\bar{\\varphi} \\in\n\\mathbf{C}^p({\\mathfrak{b}}' \\circ {\\mathfrak{b}})$ where ${\\mathfrak{b}}' \\in {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}(U)$ is arbitrary and the value of $\\bar{\\varphi}$ for $V_0 \\subset \\dots \\subset V_p$ is the value specified by $\\varphi$ if $V_p\n\\subset V$ and is zero else.",
"\n\nThe sheaf ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}_{\\mathrm{qc}}$ of colimit Hochschild complexes\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nLet $\\mathrm{qc}(X) \\subset \\mathrm{open}(X)$ be the subposet of quasi-compact opens with the induced Grothendieck topology. ",
"We immediately get:\n\n\\[sheaf\\] The restriction ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}_{\\mathrm{qc}}$ of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}}$ to $\\mathrm{qc}(X)$ is a sheaf.",
"\n\nSince every covering of a quasi-compact $U \\subset X$ has a finite subcovering, it suffices to check the sheaf condition on finite coverings, which is done in Proposition \\[fincov\\].",
"\n\nThe sheaf ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}= a{\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}}$ {#thesheaf}\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nLet ${\\ensuremath{\\mathsf{Pr}} }(X)$ and ${\\ensuremath{\\mathsf{Sh}} }(X)$ (resp. ",
"${\\ensuremath{\\mathsf{Pr}} }_{\\mathrm{qc}}(X)$ and ${\\ensuremath{\\mathsf{Sh}} }_{\\mathrm{qc}}(X)$) be the categories of presheaves and sheaves on $X$ (resp. ",
"on $\\mathrm{qc}(X)$). ",
"Since $\\mathrm{qc}(X)$ is a basis of $X$, by the (proof of the) Lemme the Comparaison [@artingrothendieckverdier1], there is a commutative square $$\\xymatrix{{\\ensuremath{\\mathsf{Pr}} }(X) \\ar[d]_{a} \\ar[r]^-{(-)_{\\mathrm{qc}}} & {\\ensuremath{\\mathsf{Pr}} }_{\\mathrm{qc}}(X) \\ar[d]^{a'}\\\\\n{\\ensuremath{\\mathsf{Sh}} }(X) \\ar[r]^-{(-)_{\\mathrm{qc}}}_-{\\cong} & {\\ensuremath{\\mathsf{Sh}} }_{\\mathrm{qc}}(X)}$$ in which the vertical arrows are sheafifications, the horizontal arrows are restrictions to $\\mathrm{qc}(X)$, and the lower horizontal arrow is an equivalence. ",
"Let ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}= a\\mathbf{C}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}}$ be the sheafification of $\\mathbf{C}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}}$.\n\n\\[nochange\\] If $U \\subset X$ is a quasi-compact open, then $$\\mathbf{C}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}}(U) {\\longrightarrow}\\mathbf{C}(U)$$ is an isomorphism. ",
"In particular, there is a quasi-isomorphism $${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}(U, {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{O}}}_U) \\cong {\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}(U)$$\n\nBy Proposition \\[sheaf\\] we have $(\\mathbf{C}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}})_{\\mathrm{qc}} \\cong a'(\\mathbf{C}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}})_{\\mathrm{qc}} \\cong (a\\mathbf{C}_{{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{B}}}})_{\\mathrm{qc}}$.\n\n\\[acyc\\] ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}^p$ is acyclic for taking quasi-compact sections, i.e. for $U \\subset X$ a quasi-compact open and $i > 0$, we have $H^i(U, {\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}^p) = 0$.\n\nBy Propositions \\[fincov\\](1) and \\[nochange\\], the restriction maps ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}^p(X) {\\longrightarrow}{\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}^p(U)$ are surjective for $U$ quasi-compact. ",
"The rest of the proof is along the lines of the classical proof that flabby sheaves are acyclic for taking global sections.",
"\n\nLocal to global spectral sequence\n=================================\n\nIn this section, $X$ is a quasi-compact scheme and ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}$ is the sheaf of complexes of §\\[thesheaf\\]. ",
"In particular, there are quasi-isomorphisms ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}(U, {\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{O}}}_U) \\cong {\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}(U)$ for $U$ quasi-compact open. ",
"We obtain a local to global spectral sequence for Hochschild cohomology:\n\n\\[spectr\\] There is a local to global spectral sequence $$E^{p,q}_2 = H^p(X, \\mathbf{H}^q{\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}) \\Rightarrow H^{p+q}{\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}(X)$$\n\nSince, by Proposition \\[acyc\\], ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}$ is a bounded below complex of acyclic objects for $\\Gamma$, ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}$ is itself acyclic i.e. $R\\Gamma(X, {\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}) = {\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}(X)$. So the above is just the hypercohomology spectral sequence [@grothendieck 2.4.2] for the complex of sheaves ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{C}}}$.\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "ArXiv"
} | [
0.003816793893129771,
0.005128205128205128,
0.013414634146341463,
0.007211538461538462,
0.014084507042253521,
0,
0.00966183574879227,
0.00468384074941452,
0.005136986301369863,
0,
0,
0.007936507936507936,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.0034482758620689655,
0.016,
0.0022271714922048997,
0,
0.008064516129032258,
0.006430868167202572,
0.011312217194570135,
0.0043859649122807015,
0.005376344086021506,
0.008771929824561403,
0.011434511434511435,
0.0027816411682892906,
0.004935834155972359,
0.009615384615384616,
0.010067114093959731,
0.009708737864077669,
0,
0.0019011406844106464,
0,
0.0076103500761035,
0.0036330608537693005,
0.004518072289156626,
0.01282051282051282,
0.006802721088435374,
0,
0.007194244604316547,
0.005479452054794521,
0.003988035892323031,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.0011547344110854503,
0.0038860103626943004,
0.006756756756756757,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.001763668430335097,
0,
0.0026845637583892616,
0,
0,
0.005952380952380952,
0.00322061191626409
] | 0.004206 | 5 |
[
"A Shop Update + A Giveaway.",
"\n\nThe shop has been updated with a few little treats + will be getting new pretty things added all week. ",
"Brooches in lots more colors, a few more paper items, and some new card designs are in the works. ",
"Would you like to win a $30 Dandee Shop credit? ",
"If so, head over to The Blog Guidebook. ",
"There you will find an interview from me and My Favorite Things conspirator Molly, along with the giveaway.",
"\n\nIn other news, today is the last day of school for the children. ",
"Hip, hip! ",
"We'll be spending the afternoon by Grandma's pool enjoying the \"hooray it's summer, finally\" weather.",
"\n\nlol. ",
"daisy's school ended friday. ",
"am. ",
"so. ",
"glad.we should definitely count our blessings though. ",
"happened upon the touchet school district site earlier today and their kids' last day is the 17th!!! ",
"oy vey is right. ",
"=)have fun at the pool. ",
"cute new items. ",
"totally dug the interview. ",
"nicely done.definitely entered the giveaway. ",
"i love your talent. ",
"totally fresh. ",
"you, simply, are amazing.enjoy summer!",
"\n\nHi Superchick!New to you and THRILLED!!! ",
"I'm loving your blog! ",
"Every post has me wanting more! ",
"I've been thinking about doing a blog feature and you've convinced me to start YOU! ",
"The post will be up by the end of today! ",
"=)Geneviève"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.037037037037037035,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.009345794392523364,
0,
0,
0.009900990099009901,
0,
0.034482758620689655,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.058823529411764705,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.005158 | 5 |
[
"Cryopreservation and revival of mesenchymal stromal cells.",
"\nOver the past few years, the pace of preclinical stem cell research is astonishing and adult stem cells have become the subject of intense research. ",
"Due to the presence of promising supporting preclinical data, human clinical trials for stem cell regenerative treatment of various diseases have been initiated. ",
"As there has been a precedent for the use of bone marrow stem cells in the treatment of hematological malignancies and ischemic heart diseases through randomized clinical safety and efficacy trials, the development of new therapies based on culture-expanded human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) opens up new possibilities for cell therapy. ",
"To facilitate these applications, cryopreservation and long-term storage of MSCs becomes an absolute necessity. ",
"As a result, optimization of this cryopreservation protocol is absolutely critical. ",
"The major challenge during cellular cryopreservation is the lethality associated with the cooling and thawing processes. ",
"The major objective is to minimize damage to cells during low temperature freezing and storage and the use of a suitable cryoprotectant. ",
"The detrimental effects of cellular cryopreservation can be minimized by controlling the cooling rate, using better cryoprotective agents, maintaining appropriate storage temperatures, and controlling the cell thawing rate. ",
"As is described in this chapter, human MSCs can either be frozen in cryovials or in freezing bags together with cryopreserve solutions containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0 | 5 |
[
"/*\n * Copyright (c) 2006, Technical University of Munich\n * All rights reserved.",
"\n *\n * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without\n * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions\n * are met:\n * 1. ",
"Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright\n * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.",
"\n * 2. ",
"Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright\n * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the\n * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.",
"\n * 3. ",
"Neither the name of the Institute nor the names of its contributors\n * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software\n * without specific prior written permission.",
"\n *\n * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE INSTITUTE AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND\n * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE\n * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE\n * ARE DISCLAIMED. ",
" IN NO EVENT SHALL THE INSTITUTE OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE\n * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL\n * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS\n * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)\n * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT\n * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY\n * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF\n * SUCH DAMAGE.",
"\n *\n * This file is part of the Contiki operating system.",
"\n *\n * @(#)$$\n */\n#define PRINTF(FORMAT,args...) printf_P(PSTR(FORMAT),##args)\n\n#define ANNOUNCE_BOOT 1 //adds about 600 bytes to program size\n#if ANNOUNCE_BOOT\n#define PRINTA(FORMAT,args...) printf_P(PSTR(FORMAT),##args)\n#else\n#define PRINTA(...)\n#endif\n\n#define DEBUG 0\n#if DEBUG\n#define PRINTD(FORMAT,args...) printf_P(PSTR(FORMAT),##args)\n#else\n#define PRINTD(...)\n#endif\n\n/* Track interrupt flow through mac, rdc and radio driver */\n//#define DEBUGFLOWSIZE 64\n#if DEBUGFLOWSIZE\nunsigned char debugflowsize,debugflow[DEBUGFLOWSIZE];\n#define DEBUGFLOW(c) if (debugflowsize<(DEBUGFLOWSIZE-1)) debugflow[debugflowsize++]=c\n#else\n#define DEBUGFLOW(c)\n#endif\n\n#include <avr/pgmspace.h>\n#include <avr/fuse.h>\n#include <avr/eeprom.h>\n#include <stdio.h>\n#include <string.h>\n#include <dev/watchdog.h>\n\n#include \"loader/symbols-def.h\"\n#include \"loader/symtab.h\"\n\n#if RF230BB //radio driver using contiki core mac\n#include \"radio/rf230bb/rf230bb.h\"\n#include \"net/mac/frame802154.h\"\n#include \"net/mac/framer-802154.h\"\n#include \"net/ipv6/sicslowpan.h\"\n\n#else //radio driver using Atmel/Cisco 802.15.4'ish MAC\n#include <stdbool.h>\n#include \"mac.h\"\n#include \"sicslowmac.h\"\n#include \"sicslowpan.h\"\n#include \"ieee-15-4-manager.h\"\n#endif /*RF230BB*/\n\n#include \"contiki.h\"\n#include \"contiki-net.h\"\n#include \"contiki-lib.h\"\n\n#include \"dev/rs232.h\"\n#include \"dev/serial-line.h\"\n#include \"dev/slip.h\"\n\n#ifdef RAVEN_LCD_INTERFACE\n#include \"raven-lcd.h\"\n#endif\n\n#if AVR_WEBSERVER\n#include \"httpd-fs.h\"\n#include \"httpd-cgi.h\"\n#endif\n\n#ifdef COFFEE_FILES\n#include \"cfs/cfs.h\"\n#include \"cfs/cfs-coffee.h\"\n#endif\n\n#if UIP_CONF_ROUTER&&0\n#include \"net/routing/rimeroute.h\"\n#include \"net/rime/rime-udp.h\"\n#endif\n\n#include \"net/rime/rime.h\"\n\n#include \"params.h\"\n\n/* Get periodic prints from idle loop, from clock seconds or rtimer interrupts */\n/* Use of rtimer will conflict with other rtimer interrupts such as contikimac radio cycling */\n/* STAMPS will print ENERGEST outputs if that is enabled. */",
"\n#define PERIODICPRINTS 1\n#if PERIODICPRINTS\n//#define PINGS 64\n#define ROUTES 600\n#define STAMPS 60\n#define STACKMONITOR 600\nuint32_t clocktime;\n#define TESTRTIMER 0\n#if TESTRTIMER\nuint8_t rtimerflag=1;\nstruct rtimer rt;\nvoid rtimercycle(void) {rtimerflag=1;}\n#endif\n#endif\n\n/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n/*----------------------Configuration of the .elf file---------------------*/\n#if 1\n/* The proper way to set the signature is */\n#include <avr/signature.h>\n#else\n/* Older avr-gcc's may not define the needed SIGNATURE bytes. ",
"Do it manually if you get an error */\ntypedef struct {const unsigned char B2;const unsigned char B1;const unsigned char B0;} __signature_t;\n#define SIGNATURE __signature_t __signature __attribute__((section (\".signature\")))\nSIGNATURE = {\n .B2 = 0x05,//SIGNATURE_2, //ATMEGA1284p\n .B1 = 0x97,//SIGNATURE_1, //128KB flash\n .B0 = 0x1E,//SIGNATURE_0, //Atmel\n};\n#endif\n\n#if !",
"MCU_CONF_LOW_WEAR\n/* JTAG, SPI enabled, Internal RC osc, Boot flash size 4K, 6CK+65msec delay, brownout disabled */\nFUSES ={.low = 0xe2, .high = 0x99, .extended = 0xff,};\n#endif\n\n/* Get a pseudo random number using the ADC */\nuint8_t\nrng_get_uint8(void) {\nuint8_t i,j;\n ADCSRA=1<<ADEN; //Enable ADC, not free running, interrupt disabled, fastest clock\n for (i=0,j=0;i<4;i++) {\n ADMUX = 0; //toggle reference to increase noise\n ADMUX =0x1E; //Select AREF as reference, measure 1.1 volt bandgap reference.",
"\n ADCSRA|=1<<ADSC; //Start conversion\n while (ADCSRA&(1<<ADSC)); //Wait till done\n\tj = (j<<2) + ADC;\n }\n ADCSRA=0; //Disable ADC\n PRINTD(\"rng issues %d\\n\",j);\n return j;\n}\n\n/*-------------------------Low level initialization------------------------*/\n/*------Done in a subroutine to keep main routine stack usage small--------*/\nvoid initialize(void)\n{\n watchdog_init();\n watchdog_start();\n\n#ifdef RAVEN_LCD_INTERFACE\n /* First rs232 port for Raven 3290 port */\n rs232_init(RS232_PORT_0, USART_BAUD_38400,USART_PARITY_NONE | USART_STOP_BITS_1 | USART_DATA_BITS_8);\n /* Set input handler for 3290 port */\n rs232_set_input(0,raven_lcd_serial_input);\n#else\n /* Generic or slip connection on uart0 */\n rs232_init(RS232_PORT_0, USART_BAUD_38400,USART_PARITY_NONE | USART_STOP_BITS_1 | USART_DATA_BITS_8);\n#endif\n\n /* Second rs232 port for debugging or slip alternative */\n rs232_init(RS232_PORT_1, USART_BAUD_57600,USART_PARITY_NONE | USART_STOP_BITS_1 | USART_DATA_BITS_8);\n /* Redirect stdout to second port */\n rs232_redirect_stdout(RS232_PORT_1);\n clock_init();\n\n PRINTD(\"\\n\\nChecking MCUSR...\\n\");\n if(MCUSR & (1<<PORF )) PRINTD(\"Power-on reset.\\n\");\n if(MCUSR & (1<<EXTRF)) PRINTD(\"External reset!\\n\");\n if(MCUSR & (1<<BORF )) PRINTD(\"Brownout reset!\\n\");\n if(MCUSR & (1<<WDRF )) PRINTD(\"Watchdog reset!\\n\");\n if(MCUSR & (1<<JTRF )) PRINTD(\"JTAG reset!\\n\");\n MCUSR = 0;\n \n PRINTD(\"CLOCK_SECOND %d\\n\",CLOCK_SECOND);\n PRINTD(\"RTIMER_ARCH_SECOND %lu\\n\",RTIMER_ARCH_SECOND);\n PRINTD(\"F_CPU %lu\\n\",F_CPU);\n\n#if STACKMONITOR\n /* Simple stack pointer highwater monitor. ",
"Checks for magic numbers in the main\n * loop. ",
"In conjuction with PERIODICPRINTS, never-used stack will be printed\n * every STACKMONITOR seconds.",
"\n */\n{\nextern uint16_t __bss_end;\nuint16_t p=(uint16_t)&__bss_end;\n do {\n *(uint16_t *)p = 0x4242;\n p+=10;\n } while (p<SP-10); //don't overwrite our own stack\n}\n#endif\n\n/* Calibrate internal mcu clock against external 32768Hz watch crystal */\n#define CONF_CALIBRATE_OSCCAL 0\n#if CONF_CALIBRATE_OSCCAL\nvoid calibrate_rc_osc_32k();\n{\nextern uint8_t osccal_calibrated;\nuint8_t i;\n PRINTD(\"\\nBefore calibration OSCCAL=%x\\n\",OSCCAL);\n for (i=0;i<10;i++) { \n calibrate_rc_osc_32k(); \n PRINTD(\"Calibrated=%x\\n\",osccal_calibrated);\n//#include <util/delay_basic.h>\n//#define delay_us( us ) ( _delay_loop_2(1+(us*F_CPU)/4000000UL) ) \n// delay_us(50000);\n }\n clock_init();\n}\n#endif \n\n PRINTA(\"\\n*******Booting %s*******\\n\",CONTIKI_VERSION_STRING);\n\n/* rtimers needed for radio cycling */\n rtimer_init();\n\n /* Initialize process subsystem */\n process_init();\n\n /* etimers must be started before ctimer_init */\n process_start(&etimer_process, NULL);\n\n#if RF230BB\n\n ctimer_init();\n /* Start radio and radio receive process */\n NETSTACK_RADIO.init();\n\n/* Get a random seed for the 802.15.4 packet sequence number.",
"\n * Some layers will ignore duplicates found in a history (e.g. Contikimac)\n * causing the initial packets to be ignored after a short-cycle restart.",
"\n */\n random_init(rng_get_uint8());\n\n /* Set addresses BEFORE starting tcpip process */\n\n linkaddr_t addr;\n if (params_get_eui64(addr.u8)) {\n PRINTA(\"Random EUI64 address generated\\n\");\n }\n \n#if NETSTACK_CONF_WITH_IPV6 \n memcpy(&uip_lladdr.addr, &addr.u8, sizeof(linkaddr_t));\n linkaddr_set_node_addr(&addr); \n rf230_set_pan_addr(params_get_panid(),params_get_panaddr(),(uint8_t *)&addr.u8);\n#elif WITH_NODE_ID\n node_id=get_panaddr_from_eeprom();\n addr.u8[1]=node_id&0xff;\n addr.u8[0]=(node_id&0xff00)>>8;\n PRINTA(\"Node ID from eeprom: %X\\n\",node_id);\n uint16_t inv_node_id=((node_id&0xff00)>>8)+((node_id&0xff)<<8); // change order of bytes for rf23x\n linkaddr_set_node_addr(&addr);\n rf230_set_pan_addr(params_get_panid(),inv_node_id,NULL);\n#else\n linkaddr_set_node_addr(&addr);\n rf230_set_pan_addr(params_get_panid(),params_get_panaddr(),(uint8_t *)&addr.u8);\n#endif\n rf230_set_channel(params_get_channel());\n rf230_set_txpower(params_get_txpower());\n\n#if NETSTACK_CONF_WITH_IPV6\n PRINTA(\"EUI-64 MAC: %x-%x-%x-%x-%x-%x-%x-%x\\n\",addr.u8[0],addr.u8[1],addr.u8[2],addr.u8[3],addr.u8[4],addr.u8[5],addr.u8[6],addr.u8[7]);\n#else\n PRINTA(\"MAC address \");\n uint8_t i;\n for (i=sizeof(linkaddr_t); i>0; i--){\n PRINTA(\"%x:\",addr.u8[i-1]);\n }\n PRINTA(\"\\n\");\n#endif\n\n /* Initialize stack protocols */\n queuebuf_init();\n NETSTACK_RDC.init();\n NETSTACK_MAC.init();\n NETSTACK_NETWORK.init();\n\n#if ANNOUNCE_BOOT\n PRINTA(\"%s %s, channel %u , check rate %u Hz tx power %u\\n\",NETSTACK_MAC.name, NETSTACK_RDC.name, rf230_get_channel(),\n CLOCK_SECOND / (NETSTACK_RDC.channel_check_interval() == 0 ? ",
"1:NETSTACK_RDC.channel_check_interval()),\n rf230_get_txpower());\t \n#if UIP_CONF_IPV6_RPL\n PRINTA(\"RPL Enabled\\n\");\n#endif\n#if UIP_CONF_ROUTER\n PRINTA(\"Routing Enabled\\n\");\n#endif\n#endif /* ANNOUNCE_BOOT */\n\n// rime_init(rime_udp_init(NULL));\n// uip_router_register(&rimeroute);\n\n#if NETSTACK_CONF_WITH_IPV6 || NETSTACK_CONF_WITH_IPV4\n process_start(&tcpip_process, NULL);\n#endif\n\n#else /* !",
"RF230BB */\n/* Original RF230 combined mac/radio driver */\n/* mac process must be started before tcpip process! */",
"\n process_start(&mac_process, NULL);\n#if NETSTACK_CONF_WITH_IPV6 || NETSTACK_CONF_WITH_IPV4\n process_start(&tcpip_process, NULL);\n#endif\n#endif /* RF230BB */\n\n#ifdef RAVEN_LCD_INTERFACE\n process_start(&raven_lcd_process, NULL);\n#endif\n\n /* Autostart other processes */\n autostart_start(autostart_processes);\n\n /*---If using coffee file system create initial web content if necessary---*/\n#if COFFEE_FILES\n int fa = cfs_open( \"/index.html\", CFS_READ);\n if (fa<0) { //Make some default web content\n PRINTA(\"No index.html file found, creating upload.html!\\n\");\n PRINTA(\"Formatting FLASH file system for coffee...\");\n cfs_coffee_format();\n PRINTA(\"Done!\\n\");\n fa = cfs_open( \"/index.html\", CFS_WRITE);\n int r = cfs_write(fa, &\"It works!\", ",
"9);\n if (r<0) PRINTA(\"Can''t create /index.html!\\n\");\n cfs_close(fa);\n// fa = cfs_open(\"upload.html\"), CFW_WRITE);\n// <html><body><form action=\"upload.html\" enctype=\"multipart/form-data\" method=\"post\"><input name=\"userfile\" type=\"file\" size=\"50\" /><input value=\"Upload\" type=\"submit\" /></form></body></html>\n }\n#endif /* COFFEE_FILES */\n\n/* Add addresses for testing */\n#if 0\n{ \n uip_ip6addr_t ipaddr;\n uip_ip6addr(&ipaddr, UIP_DS6_DEFAULT_PREFIX, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);\n uip_ds6_addr_add(&ipaddr, 0, ADDR_AUTOCONF);\n// uip_ds6_prefix_add(&ipaddr,64,0);\n}\n#endif\n\n/*--------------------------Announce the configuration---------------------*/\n#if ANNOUNCE_BOOT\n{\n#if AVR_WEBSERVER\n uint8_t i;\n char buf1[40],buf[40];\n unsigned int size;\n\n for (i=0;i<UIP_DS6_ADDR_NB;i++) {\n\tif (uip_ds6_if.addr_list[i].isused) {\t \n\t httpd_cgi_sprint_ip6(uip_ds6_if.addr_list[i].ipaddr,buf);\n PRINTA(\"IPv6 Address: %s\\n\",buf);\n\t}\n }\n cli();\n eeprom_read_block (buf1,eemem_server_name, sizeof(eemem_server_name));\n eeprom_read_block (buf,eemem_domain_name, sizeof(eemem_domain_name));\n sei();\n buf1[sizeof(eemem_server_name)]=0;\n PRINTA(\"%s\",buf1);\n buf[sizeof(eemem_domain_name)]=0;\n size=httpd_fs_get_size();\n#ifndef COFFEE_FILES\n PRINTA(\".%s online with fixed %u byte web content\\n\",buf,size);\n#elif COFFEE_FILES==1\n PRINTA(\".%s online with static %u byte EEPROM file system\\n\",buf,size);\n#elif COFFEE_FILES==2\n PRINTA(\".%s online with dynamic %u KB EEPROM file system\\n\",buf,size>>10);\n#elif COFFEE_FILES==3\n PRINTA(\".%s online with static %u byte program memory file system\\n\",buf,size);\n#elif COFFEE_FILES==4\n PRINTA(\".%s online with dynamic %u KB program memory file system\\n\",buf,size>>10);\n#endif /* COFFEE_FILES */\n\n#else\n PRINTA(\"Online\\n\");\n#endif /* AVR_WEBSERVER */\n\n#endif /* ANNOUNCE_BOOT */\n}\n}\n\n#if ROUTES && NETSTACK_CONF_WITH_IPV6\nstatic void\nipaddr_add(const uip_ipaddr_t *addr)\n{\n uint16_t a;\n int8_t i, f;\n for(i = 0, f = 0; i < sizeof(uip_ipaddr_t); i += 2) {\n a = (addr->u8[i] << 8) + addr->u8[i + 1];\n if(a == 0 && f >= 0) {\n if(f++ == 0) PRINTF(\"::\");\n } else {\n if(f > 0) {\n f = -1;\n } else if(i > 0) {\n PRINTF(\":\");\n }\n PRINTF(\"%x\",a);\n }\n }\n}\n#endif\n\n/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n/*------------------------- Main Scheduler loop----------------------------*/\n/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\nint\nmain(void)\n{\n#if NETSTACK_CONF_WITH_IPV6\n uip_ds6_nbr_t *nbr;\n#endif /* NETSTACK_CONF_WITH_IPV6 */\n initialize();\n\n while(1) {\n process_run();\n watchdog_periodic();\n\n#if 0\n/* Various entry points for debugging in the AVR Studio simulator.",
"\n * Set as next statement and step into the routine.",
"\n */\n NETSTACK_RADIO.send(packetbuf_hdrptr(), 42);\n process_poll(&rf230_process);\n packetbuf_clear();\n len = rf230_read(packetbuf_dataptr(), PACKETBUF_SIZE);\n packetbuf_set_datalen(42);\n NETSTACK_RDC.input();\n#endif\n\n#if 0\n/* Clock.c can trigger a periodic PLL calibration in the RF230BB driver.",
"\n * This can show when that happens.",
"\n */\n extern uint8_t rf230_calibrated;\n if (rf230_calibrated) {\n PRINTD(\"\\nRF230 calibrated!\\n\");\n rf230_calibrated=0;\n }\n#endif\n\n/* Set DEBUGFLOWSIZE in contiki-conf.h to track path through MAC, RDC, and RADIO */\n#if DEBUGFLOWSIZE\n if (debugflowsize) {\n debugflow[debugflowsize]=0;\n PRINTF(\"%s\",debugflow);\n debugflowsize=0;\n }\n#endif\n\n#if PERIODICPRINTS\n#if TESTRTIMER\n/* Timeout can be increased up to 8 seconds maximum.",
"\n * A one second cycle is convenient for triggering the various debug printouts.",
"\n * The triggers are staggered to avoid printing everything at once.",
"\n */\n if (rtimerflag) {\n rtimer_set(&rt, RTIMER_NOW()+ RTIMER_ARCH_SECOND*1UL, 1,(void *) rtimercycle, NULL);\n rtimerflag=0;\n#else\n if (clocktime!=clock_seconds()) {\n clocktime=clock_seconds();\n#endif\n\n#if STAMPS\nif ((clocktime%STAMPS)==0) {\n#if ENERGEST_CONF_ON\n#include \"lib/print-stats.h\"\n print_stats();\n#elif RADIOSTATS\nextern volatile unsigned long radioontime;\n PRINTF(\"%u(%u)s\\n\",clocktime,radioontime);\n#else\n PRINTF(\"%us\\n\",clocktime);\n#endif\n\n}\n#endif\n#if TESTRTIMER\n clocktime+=1;\n#endif\n\n#if PINGS && NETSTACK_CONF_WITH_IPV6\nextern void raven_ping6(void); \nif ((clocktime%PINGS)==1) {\n PRINTF(\"**Ping\\n\");\n raven_ping6();\n}\n#endif\n\n#if ROUTES && NETSTACK_CONF_WITH_IPV6\nif ((clocktime%ROUTES)==2) {\n \nextern uip_ds6_netif_t uip_ds6_if;\n\n uint8_t i,j;\n PRINTF(\"\\nAddresses [%u max]\\n\",UIP_DS6_ADDR_NB);\n for (i=0;i<UIP_DS6_ADDR_NB;i++) {\n if (uip_ds6_if.addr_list[i].isused) {\n ipaddr_add(&uip_ds6_if.addr_list[i].ipaddr);\n PRINTF(\"\\n\");\n }\n }\n j = 1;\n PRINTF(\"\\nNeighbors [%u max]\\n\",NBR_TABLE_MAX_NEIGHBORS);\n for(nbr = nbr_table_head(ds6_neighbors);\n nbr !",
"= NULL;\n nbr = nbr_table_next(ds6_neighbors, nbr)) {\n ipaddr_add(&nbr->ipaddr);\n PRINTF(\"\\n\");\n j=0;\n }\n if (j) PRINTF(\" <none>\");\n {\n uip_ds6_route_t *r;\n PRINTF(\"\\nRoutes [%u max]\\n\",UIP_DS6_ROUTE_NB);\n j = 1;\n for(r = uip_ds6_route_head();\n r !",
"= NULL;\n r = uip_ds6_route_next(r)) {\n ipaddr_add(&r->ipaddr);\n PRINTF(\"/%u (via \", r->length);\n ipaddr_add(uip_ds6_route_nexthop(r));\n PRINTF(\") %lus\\n\", r->state.lifetime);\n j = 0;\n }\n }\n if (j) PRINTF(\" <none>\");\n PRINTF(\"\\n---------\\n\");\n}\n#endif\n\n#if STACKMONITOR\nif ((clocktime%STACKMONITOR)==3) {\n extern uint16_t __bss_end;\n uint16_t p=(uint16_t)&__bss_end;\n do {\n if (*(uint16_t *)p !",
"= 0x4242) {\n PRINTF(\"Never-used stack > %d bytes\\n\",p-(uint16_t)&__bss_end);\n break;\n }\n p+=10;\n } while (p<RAMEND-10);\n}\n#endif\n\n }\n#endif /* PERIODICPRINTS */\n\n#if RF230BB&&0\nextern uint8_t rf230processflag;\n if (rf230processflag) {\n PRINTF(\"rf230p%d\",rf230processflag);\n rf230processflag=0;\n }\n#endif\n\n#if RF230BB&&0\nextern uint8_t rf230_interrupt_flag;\n if (rf230_interrupt_flag) {\n // if (rf230_interrupt_flag!=11) {\n PRINTF(\"**RI%u\",rf230_interrupt_flag);\n // }\n rf230_interrupt_flag=0;\n }\n#endif\n }\n return 0;\n}\n\n/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n\nvoid log_message(char *m1, char *m2)\n{\n PRINTF(\"%s%s\\n\", m1, m2);\n}\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0.0125,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.005671077504725898,
0.017543859649122806,
0.011,
0.00865051903114187,
0.008021390374331552,
0.003629764065335753,
0.004920049200492005,
0,
0,
0.006145741878841089,
0.006711409395973154,
0.008009858287122612,
0.01256281407035176,
0.008849557522123894,
0.011764705882352941,
0.008711433756805808,
0,
0.006389776357827476,
0,
0.015418502202643172,
0,
0.014705882352941176,
0.011484098939929329,
0.01056338028169014,
0.004555808656036446,
0.012328767123287671
] | 0.006181 | 5 |
[
"The effect of finite diffusion gradient pulse duration on fibre orientation estimation in diffusion MRI.",
"\nAn essential step for fibre-tracking is the accurate estimation of neuronal fibre orientations within each imaging voxel, and a number of methods have been proposed to reconstruct the orientation distribution function based on sampling three-dimensional q-space. ",
"In the q-space formalism, very short (infinitesimal) gradient pulses are the basic requirement to obtain the true spin displacement probability density function. ",
"On current clinical MR systems however, the diffusion gradient pulse duration (delta) is inevitably finite due to the limit on the achievable gradient intensity. ",
"The failure to satisfy the short gradient pulse (SGP) requirement has been a recurrent criticism for fibre orientation estimation based on the q-space approach. ",
"In this study, the influence of a finite delta on the DW signal measured as a function of gradient direction is described theoretically and demonstrated through simulations and experimental models. ",
"Our results suggest that the current practice of using long delta for DW imaging on human clinical MR scanners, which is enforced by hardware limitations, might in fact be beneficial for estimating fibre orientations. ",
"For a given b-value, the prolongation of delta is advantageous for estimating fibre orientations for two reasons: first, it leads to a boost in DW signal in the transverse plane of the fibre. ",
"Second, it stretches out the shape of the measured diffusion profile, which improves the contrast between DW orientations. ",
"This is especially beneficial for resolving crossing fibres, as this contrast is essential to discriminate between different fibre directions."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0 | 5 |
[
"Project by\n\nAbout this project\n\nHi! ",
"I'm Sutu. ",
"I'm an interactive comic artist and the creator of the Webby Award winning Nawlz and the FWA winning NEOMAD. ",
"Today I'm creating a new story with my own new technology. ",
"It's called MODERN POLAXIS and it's an Augmented Reality comic book.",
"\n\nThe story is about a paranoid time traveller known as Modern Polaxis. ",
"The book will be presented as Polaxis's private journal. ",
"Polaxis writes about his day to day life, but all his secret information, his paranoid delusions and conspiracy theories, he hides away in the Augmented Reality layer.",
"\n\nPolaxis 'theorising'\n\nOnly those (like you) with the right tool (an iPhone or an iPad) can unlock Polaxis's hidden journal and hear and see what is really going on....or it least what Polaxis believes is really going on. ",
"It is possible that he is completely mad.",
"\n\nAll you'll need to do is buy the comic book and download the 'Polaxis' app (for FREE) from the iTunes App Store. ",
"Then, you point your camera at the comic and the pages will come to life. ",
"The app will work with both the printed comic book and the pdf.",
"\n\nPolaxis believes the world we live in is a projection from another plane in the universe. ",
"This projection is known as Intafrag and is patrolled by Intafrag agents. ",
"The agents monitor glitches and pursue time travelling fugitives. ",
"Polaxis believes he is one of these fugitives. ",
"He can't quite prove any of this because he was pretty wasted the last time he time travelled but either way he is certain the Intafrag agents are after him. ",
"The story follows Polaxis from a boring office job in Brisbane (Australia) to a house party in Montreal to the Amazon jungles of Peru. ",
"He travels the globe evading the Intafrag agents. ",
"He must hurry, for IF the fabric of our reality is merely a flickering light, what happens when someone flicks the switch off?",
"\n\nThe story will incorporate real audio, footage, and photography and the story itself is based on true events. ",
"In that sense, reality is truly augmented as fact and fiction are blurred.",
"\n\nFor friends and fans in Australia, there is a documentary on me and my art practice tonight (Tuesday July 8 @ 10pm). ",
"The creative process of Modern Polaxis will be a feature of the documentary. ",
"Check it out here: http://www.abc.net.au/arts/stories/s4033964.htm\n\nModern Polaxis at the Fantoche International Animation FestivalI will be exhibiting Modern Polaxis at Fantoche in Switzerland this September. ",
"I will also be performing a live Modern Polaxis AR projection performance.",
"\n\nMore Info\n\nModern Polaxis will include over 40 pages of audiovisual content. ",
"Sutu will be collaborating with musician and sound designer Lhasa Mencur to create original soundscapes for every page. ",
"Lhasa has a fine reputation for creating immersive sound experiences for video games, as well as being an accomplished electronica musician.",
"NEW REWARDS! ",
"$55 for both books or $65 for both books signed\n\nBONUS COMIC REWARD\n\nA kickstarter special only. ",
"You can get a pre-release of Sutu's latest comic (only available here ). ",
"There is a limited quantity. ",
"For current backers it is possible to up your pledge to include the new comic. ",
"For more info and a preview of Krysalis visit: http://www.sutueatsflies.com/krysalis/\n\nA page from Krysalis\n\nAnother page from Krysalis\n\nAR POSTER\n\nPolaxis AR Poster #1\n\n$2000 Shipping (based upon an estimated 60/40 split between US and International orders)\n\n$3000 Printing costs\n\n$2500 App development - includes app optimisation for iPhone and iPad, UI design\n\n$1000 Sound design\n\n$500 Kickstarter fees\n\nThe Technology\n\nOur Augmented Reality Technology is built on the backbone of our own BOOMCORE technology. ",
"Sutu and Lukasz have collaborated over the last 4 years to develop BOOMCORE, a software used for the creation of animation and interactive digital content. ",
"BOOMCORE has been used to produce over 20 episodes of content across 4 story franchises including Sutu's own Nawlz and Neomad.",
"\n\nYour investment in Polaxis is also an investment in the ongoing development of the BOOMCORE framework and the release of more exciting and innovating story experiences in the future. ",
"The potential for this technology is not limited to comic books and could easily apply to many forms of media including magazines, stickers, t-shirts, posters as well as screen content.",
"\n\nStretch Goals\n\n$10,000 Additional layer of AR to 5 pages\n\n$11,000 New AR activated poster\n\n$13,000 5 additional pages of artwork\n\nMore Art from Polaxis...\n\nPolaxis AR sample gif\n\nPolaxis learns of Light Breakers\n\nFeliz - the dealer\n\nThe Flux bug, a time travelling catalyst or a nasty trip?",
"\n\nDetail from comic - Polaxis evades the Intafrag agents\n\nOriginal art will be varying sizes with a minimum size of 19cm X 24cm\n\nSample of original Art\n\nRisks and challenges\n\nThe project is in a good place. ",
"I have written the story and have already completed about 20 pages of illustrations and animations. ",
"I still need to create 20 more pages of illustrations, complete with animations and sound design in order to finish the Augmented Reality comic book. ",
"As you can see from the video we've made great headway on the programming for the Augmented Reality technology. ",
"Now, we need to optimise that technology so that the app can manage 40 pages of animation and run smoothly on both the iPhone and iPad.",
"\n\nTo resolve these challenges I am working with the genius AR programmer Lukasz Karluk. ",
"Lukasz and I have worked together over the last 4 years to develop BOOMCORE, a framework for delivering interactive stories including NAWLZ and NEOMAD. ",
"The most recent update of the BOOMCORE framework has been the addition of the Augmented Reality capability. ",
"This means I can continue to create my animations the way I have for my last projects only now, they will work in the new dimension of Augmented Reality.",
"\n\nFAQ\n\nWe have looked in to it but unfortunately an Android version is beyond the capacity of our team and by team I mean myself and Lukasz. ",
"Lukasz is the programmer for the project and he specialises in iOS and OSX.",
"\n\nI'm Sutu. ",
"I'm an International award winning illustrator and interactive designer from Australia. ",
"I have over 10 years experience in creating innovating and rich multimedia experiences. ",
"I'm best known for being a pioneer of interactive comics, and as the creator of NAWLZ, an online interactive sci-fi comic series and NEOMAD, an interactive comic book/space opera set in the Australian outback. ",
"I have also adapted traditional Australian Aboriginal stories into interactive comics as part of his work with Big hART (a social arts and justice organisation), created multimedia installations for Australia's National Museum and pilot training programs for Australia's Defence Force. ",
"My work has been exhibited in Australia and internationally and I have been a keynote speaker at numerous international design events and comic festivals.",
"\n\nRewards\n\nPledge $1 or more\n\nPledge $5 or more\n\n3 backers\n\nI’M INTERESTED - Receive project updates. ",
"You will also be thanked in the website credits.",
"\n\nEstimated delivery:Oct 2014\n\nYou selected\n\nPledge $20 or more\n\n8 backers\n\nREALLY INTERESTED - Digital PDF version to print yourself (will function with the free version of the application available through the iTunes App Store. ",
"It will even work when the PDF is displayed on your screen).",
"\n\nEstimated delivery:Oct 2014\n\nYou selected\n\nPledge $30 or more\n\n20 backers\nAll gone!",
"\n\nEARLY BIRD - Printed Book 15.5 X 19.5 cm spiral bound Polaxis notebook (will function with the free version of the application available through the iTunes App Store). ",
"Includes postage worldwide.",
"\n\nEstimated delivery:Oct 2014\n\nShips anywhere in the world\n\nYou selected\n\nPledge $35 or more\n\n19 backers\n\nPRINTED BOOK - 15.5 X 19.5 cm Wire-O bound Polaxis notebook (will function with the free version of the application available through the iTunes App Store). ",
"Includes postage worldwide.",
"\n\nEstimated delivery:Oct 2014\n\nShips anywhere in the world\n\nYou selected\n\nPledge $35 or more\n\n3 backers\nAll gone!",
"\n\n**WE MADE IT! ",
"SPECIAL** - Get a SIGNED copy of the Polaxis Printed Book and then get a FREE SIGNED copy of the Krysalis Printed book. (",
"shipping included). (",
"The Polaxis book will function with the free version of the application available through the iTunes App Store)\n\nEstimated delivery:Oct 2014\n\nShips anywhere in the world\n\nYou selected\n\nPledge $40 or more\n\n5 backers\nAll gone!",
"\n\nDay 7 SUPER DEAL - Get the Polaxis Printed Book and then get a FREE copy of the Krysalis Printed book. (",
"shipping included). (",
"The Polaxis book will function with the free version of the application available through the iTunes App Store)\n\nEstimated delivery:Oct 2014\n\nShips anywhere in the world\n\nYou selected\n\nPledge $45 or more\n\n4 backers\n\nPRINTED BOOK & PDF COMBO - 15.5 X 19.5 cm Wire-O Polaxis notebook (will function with the free version of the application available through the iTunes App Store). ",
"AND PDF version (that will also function with the app) Includes postage worldwide.",
"\n\nEstimated delivery:Oct 2014\n\nShips anywhere in the world\n\nYou selected\n\nPledge $45 or more\n\n17 backers\nLimited (83 left of 100)\n\nSIGNED PRINTED BOOK - Signed and numbered book (the book will function with the free version of the application available through the iTunes App Store). ",
"Includes postage worldwide.",
"\n\nEstimated delivery:Oct 2014\n\nShips anywhere in the world\n\nYou selected\n\nPledge $55 or more\n\n2 backers\nLimited (98 left of 100)\n\nSIGNED PRINTED BOOK & PDF - Signed and numbered book (the book will function with the free version of the application available through the iTunes App Store). ",
"Includes postage worldwide.",
"\n\nEstimated delivery:Oct 2014\n\nShips anywhere in the world\n\nYou selected\n\nPledge $55 or more\n\n15 backers\nLimited (35 left of 50)\n\n*SPECIAL BOOK COMBO - Get a copy of both the Polaxis Printed Book and The Krysalis Printed book. (",
"shipping included). ",
"FYI For current backers, it is possible to up your pledge to include the new comic.",
"\n\nEstimated delivery:Oct 2014\n\nShips anywhere in the world\n\nYou selected\n\nPledge $65 or more\n\n9 backers\nLimited (41 left of 50)\n\n*SUPER SPECIAL BOOK COMBO - Get SIGNED copies of both the Polaxis Printed Book and The Krysalis Printed book. (",
"shipping included). ",
"FYI For current backers, it is possible to up your pledge to include the new comic.",
"\n\nEstimated delivery:Oct 2014\n\nShips anywhere in the world\n\nYou selected\n\nPledge $80 or more\n\n5 backers\nLimited (35 left of 40)\n\nSIGNED AND ILLUSTRATED BOOK - Signed with a small illustration on the inside back cover (the book will function with the free version of the application available through the iTunes App Store). ",
"Includes postage worldwide.",
"\n\nEstimated delivery:Oct 2014\n\nShips anywhere in the world\n\nYou selected\n\nPledge $80 or more\n\n0 backers\nLimited (40 left of 40)\n\nSIGNED AR POSTER - Will activate with the app. ",
"Includes postage worldwide.",
"\n\nEstimated delivery:Oct 2014\n\nShips anywhere in the world\n\nYou selected\n\nPledge $110 or more\n\n4 backers\nLimited (36 left of 40)\n\nSIGNED AR POSTER & SIGNED BOOK - The book and poster will function with the free version of the application available through the iTunes App Store. ",
"Includes postage worldwide.",
"\n\nEstimated delivery:Oct 2014\n\nShips anywhere in the world\n\nYou selected\n\nPledge $160 or more\n\n2 backers\nLimited (8 left of 10)\n\nSIGNED BOOK & ORIGINAL ART- Receive an original piece of art from the comic and a signed copy of the book. ",
"Art will be of varying sizes (minimum size 19cm X 25cm). ",
"The book will function with the free version of the application available through the iTunes App Store. ",
"Includes postage worldwide.",
"\n\nEstimated delivery:Oct 2014\n\nShips anywhere in the world\n\nYou selected\n\nPledge $170 or more\n\n3 backers\nAll gone!",
"\n\n*POWER PACK - Get an ORIGINAL piece of art and SIGNED copies of both the Polaxis Printed Book and The Krysalis Printed book. (",
"shipping included). ",
"FYI For current backers, it is possible to up your pledge. ",
"The Polaxis book will function with the free version of the app available through the iTunes App Store\n\nEstimated delivery:Oct 2014\n\nShips anywhere in the world\n\nYou selected\n\nPledge $240 or more\n\n8 backers\nLimited (2 left of 10)\n\nSUPER COLLECTOR - Receive a signed book, AR poster and original piece of art from the comic. ",
"Original art will be of varying sizes (mimimum size 19cm X 25cm). ",
"The book and poster will function with the free version of the application available through the iTunes App Store Includes postage worldwide.",
"\n\nEstimated delivery:Oct 2014\n\nShips anywhere in the world\n\nYou selected\n\nPledge $2,000 or more\n\n2 backers\nLimited (1 left of 3)\n\nCORPORATE SPONSOR - Be our official corporate sponsor for the project. ",
"You will receive maximum visibility throughout all communications in the app and printed book, and exposure at the 2014 Fantoche Animation Festival in September in Switzerland where Sutu is a guest exhibiter and keynote speaker.",
"\n\nEstimated delivery:Oct 2014\n\nFunding period\n\nJul 7, 2014 - Aug 6, 2014\n(30 days)\n\nEureka! ",
"You've found our little secret.",
"\n\nSign up for our Happening email for all the inside info about arts and culture in the Kickstarter universe and beyond."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0,
0,
0.01834862385321101,
0,
0.014705882352941176,
0.013888888888888888,
0,
0.005988023952095809,
0.008968609865470852,
0,
0.008695652173913044,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.007407407407407408,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.012987012987012988,
0.014285714285714285,
0.013513513513513514,
0.012658227848101266,
0.008333333333333333,
0.007142857142857143,
0,
0,
0.0136986301369863,
0,
0,
0.01364522417153996,
0.019230769230769232,
0.031746031746031744,
0.005405405405405406,
0,
0.003424657534246575,
0.004830917874396135,
0,
0,
0.008928571428571428,
0.014814814814814815,
0.011363636363636364,
0.019736842105263157,
0.009259259259259259,
0.006535947712418301,
0.014184397163120567,
0.013333333333333334,
0,
0,
0,
0.009523809523809525,
0.01048951048951049,
0,
0,
0,
0.004347826086956522,
0.016666666666666666,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.01652892561983471,
0,
0,
0.018867924528301886,
0,
0.002638522427440633,
0.012195121951219513,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.0043859649122807015,
0,
0,
0.004166666666666667,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.0035971223021582736,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.015625,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.0043859649122807015,
0,
0,
0.008333333333333333
] | 0.004341 | 5 |
[
"Q:\n\nSelect distinct columns sql server\n\nI have a table which contain identity primary key id, CNum, CUID and some other columns. ",
"I want to select distinct records based on CNum and CUID, in other words if two records have the same CNum and CUID I want to get the top one, I tried to group by but it will not work since the want the whole row.",
"\nwith a as (SELECT distinct CNum, CUID\nFROM Con) \nselect c.CNum from Con c inner join\na on a.CNum = c.CNum\nand a.CUID= c.CUID\norder by id\n\nThis approach still gets duplicate records. ",
"\nAnyone knows how to solve the problem?",
"\n\nA:\n\nIf you want to select the first row of a set of rows with the same characteristics, you can use the ROW_NUMBER() function and PARTITION BY clause. ",
"Something like this:\nSELECT * FROM (\n SELECT *, ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY CNum, CUID ORDER BY Id) AS ROWNUM \n FROM Con\n) x WHERE x.ROWNUM = 1\n\nThe subquery adds a row number to each row having the same values for CNum/CUID.",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.007751937984496124,
0,
0.0273224043715847,
0,
0.006535947712418301,
0.00851063829787234,
0
] | 0.00716 | 5 |
[
"[Acute dyspnoe and swollen leg in patient with heart failure].",
"\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0,
0
] | 0 | 5 |
[
"BEA Systems buying would-be Microsoft competitor Crossgain\n\nBy JOHN COOK, SEATTLE POST-INTELLIGENCER REPORTER\n\nUpdated 10:00 pm, Tuesday, July 10, 2001\n\nCrossgain Corp., the Redmond Internet start-up that scored financial backing from The Barksdale Group and was attempting to compete against Microsoft in the business software category, has been acquired by BEA Systems Inc.\n\nFinancial terms of the deal, which has yet to be finalized, were not disclosed.",
"\n\nCrossgain won notoriety earlier this year when about 20 employees, all of whom at one time worked at Microsoft, were fired for potentially violating non-compete agreements. ",
"Crossgain executives Adam Bosworth, Tod Nielsen and Rod Chavez, all of whom held senior positions at Microsoft, also resigned.",
"\n\nLatest business videos\n\nSan Jose, Calif.-based BEA extended offers to all 28 Crossgain employees, including company founders Bosworth and Chavez. ",
"Nielsen, the former Crossgain chief executive who is not presently working at the company, also has been extended an offer, said John Kiger, director of product marketing at BEA Systems. ",
"Crossgain employees who accept the offers will continue to work out of Redmond, where BEA will establish a branch office.",
"\n\nKiger said he does not foresee any problems arising with Microsoft as a result of the purchase.",
"\n\n\"We are acquiring the company, but in particular we are acquiring the people as opposed to any technology, products or intellectual property that might have been affected by prior relationships with Microsoft,\" said Kiger.",
"\n\nBEA, which makes business software based on the Java programming language, competes against Microsoft's .Net strategy. ",
"It has about 10,000 customers using its WebLogic platform.",
"\n\nCrossgain raised $10 million in venture capital from The Barksdale Group and Benchmark Capital in September. ",
"Executives could not be reached for comment."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.019736842105263157,
0.005714285714285714,
0.031746031746031744,
0.02027027027027027,
0.0106951871657754,
0.008264462809917356,
0.020618556701030927,
0.008928571428571428,
0.024793388429752067,
0.017241379310344827,
0.018018018018018018,
0
] | 0.015502 | 5 |
[
"Could “fake news” have helped determine the outcome of the 2016 presidential election?",
"\n\nSocial media users and intensely partisan news broadcasts disseminated a massive number of messages during the campaign. ",
"Many of these messages demonized candidates and seriously distorted the facts presented to voters. ",
"One recent study of nearly 25,000 election social media messages shared by Michigan voters identified nearly half as “unverified WikiLeaks content and Russian-origin news stories” that fall “under the definition of propaganda based on its use of language and emotional appeals.”",
"\n\nWhat hasn’t been clear, however, is how much of an impact – if any – these “fake news” items had on the outcome of the election. ",
"To our knowledge, there have been no empirical studies that have systematically assessed the extent to which believing fake news stories influenced voting decisions in 2016. ",
"So, we set out to do one.",
"\n\nWe are scholars associated with the Comparative National Elections Project, which is coordinated at The Ohio State University. ",
"In December 2016, we commissioned YouGov to conduct a nationwide post-election survey. ",
"Our study concludes that fake news most likely did have a substantial impact on the voting decisions of a strategically important set of voters.",
"\n\nHere’s what we learned.",
"\n\nOur research questions\n\nThe survey had 1,600 respondents. ",
"We focus our analysis on the 2016 electoral behavior of 585 respondents who had voted for Barack Obama in 2012. ",
"This strategic subset of voters was selected for two reasons.",
"\n\nFirst, restricting our analysis to former Obama supporters allowed us to weed out those respondents who were hostile to all Democratic candidates.",
"\n\nSecond, if Hillary Clinton had retained the support of Obama voters, she would have most likely won the 2016 election. ",
"Instead, just 77 percent of Obama voters supported Clinton. ",
"Our survey data show that 10 percent of these former Obama voters cast ballots for Trump in 2016, 4 percent switched to minor parties and 8 percent did not vote.",
"\n\nOur key research question is: What accounts for these defections?",
"\n\nStudy methodology and results\n\nOur survey asked 281 questions, including three false statements best characterized as fake news – two negative statements about Hillary Clinton and one positive statement about Donald Trump. ",
"All three were widely disseminated through social media and spread by mainstream and partisan news outlets.",
"\n\nThe first is that “Hillary Clinton is in very poor health due to a serious illness.” ",
"Twenty-five percent of all survey respondents believed that this was “definitely true” or “probably true,” as did 12 percent of our former Obama supporters.",
"\n\nThe second is a statement that asked our respondents if they believed that “During her time as U.S. secretary of state, Hillary Clinton approved weapon sales to Islamic jihadists, including ISIS.” ",
"Thirty-five percent of our national sample believed that Clinton had sold weapons to the Islamic State, as did 20 percent of former Obama voters.",
"\n\nFinally, the third is a statement that “Pope Francis endorsed Donald Trump for president prior to the election.” ",
"About 10 percent of our national sample and 8 percent of Obama supporters thought this statement was true.",
"\n\nBelief in these fake news stories is very strongly linked to defection from the Democratic ticket by 2012 Obama voters. ",
"Among respondents who didn’t believe any of the fake news stories, 89 percent cast ballots for Hillary Clinton in 2016. ",
"Sixty-one percent of those who believed one fake news item voted for Clinton. ",
"But only 17 percent of those who believed two or all three of these false assertions voted for Clinton.",
"\n\nTo be sure, data from a one-time survey cannot “prove” that these fake news items caused former Obama voters to defect. ",
"It is also possible that someone who chose not to vote for Clinton might endorse these false statements after the fact in order to rationalize their voting decision.",
"\n\nWe also explored a number of other possible explanations for these voters’ defections.",
"\n\nWhat else could explain these defections?",
"\n\nAP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite\n\nThe Clinton campaign heavily emphasized gender issues in an attempt to mobilize female voters. ",
"Could this have alienated men to the extent that they abandoned their prior support for the Democratic presidential candidate? ",
"Our data provide no support for such a claim. ",
"An identical 23 percent of both male and female respondents who had voted for Obama in 2012 defected from the Democratic ticket.",
"\n\nDid the lack of an African-American presidential candidate lead black voters to waiver in their commitment to the Democratic candidate? ",
"No. ",
"Indeed, fewer African-American voters (20 percent) defected from Clinton than did white voters (23 percent).",
"\n\nAge is weakly related to defection from Clinton. ",
"While 20 percent of voters over 35 abandoned the Democratic ticket in 2016, 30 percent of younger voters did so.",
"\n\nEducation is also weakly associated with defection. ",
"Among college-educated former Obama voters, just 16 percent did not vote for Clinton, but the percentage almost doubled to 27 percent defecting for those with lower educational attainment.",
"\n\nMore overtly political variables had a stronger impact. ",
"Half of those who placed themselves near the conservative end of the ideological scale defected from the Democratic candidate, while only 14 percent of those on the left did so.",
"\n\nSimilarly, dissatisfaction with the condition of the economy also had an impact: Just 12 percent of those who thought that the economic situation at the time of the survey was “good” or “very good” abandoned Hillary Clinton, while 39 percent who regarded the economy as “poor” or “very poor” at the time of the survey defected from the Democratic ticket.",
"\n\nParty identification exerted a stronger influence. ",
"Among the former Obama voters who identified themselves as Democrats, 7 percent did not vote for Clinton. ",
"This rose to 40 percent among independents and to 68 percent among those who identified with the Republican, Libertarian or Green parties.",
"\n\nControlling for alternative explanations\n\nSo do all of these alternative factors mean it’s impossible to measure the unique impact of belief in fake news on the vote in 2016? ",
"Actually social science offers us a way. ",
"Multiple regression analysis is a tool that allows researchers to account for many different factors influencing behavior, in this case defecting from the Democratic ticket in 2016.",
"\n\nWe used this tool to estimate the joint impact on the vote of all of these alternative explanatory factors. ",
"The first equation we ran included gender, race, age, education, ideological orientation, dissatisfaction with the condition of the economy and party identification. ",
"All together, these variables “explained” 38 percent of the likelihood of defection.",
"\n\nWe then added the fake news items to the equation to measure their impact. ",
"The three fake news items explained an additional 14 percent of the likelihood of Obama voters defecting after the influence of all of the other variables had been taken into consideration.",
"\n\nWe also added one more compelling element to our study. ",
"Using “feeling thermometers,” we measured how much each respondent liked or disliked Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump. ",
"If defection of Obama voters was only due to disliking Hillary Clinton or liking Donald Trump, then the introduction of this thermometer variable into the equation should make the link with fake news disappear.",
"\n\nThough how people felt about Clinton and Trump did somewhat reduce the strength of the relationship between fake news and defection, it did not eliminate it. ",
"Belief in fake news remained a significant predictor of defecting from Clinton. ",
"In sum, even after the impact of all of these other factors is taken into consideration, former Obama voters who believed one or more of these fake news stories were 3.3 times more likely to defect from the Democratic ticket in 2016 than those who did not believe any of these false claims.",
"\n\nThat may not seem like much, but Clinton lost the presidency by about 78,000 votes (0.6 percent of nationwide vote) cast in the key battleground states of Pennsylvania, Michigan and Wisconsin. ",
"Though our evidence does not “prove” that belief in fake news “caused” these former Obama voters to defect from the Democratic candidate in 2016, our study results suggest that it is highly likely that the pernicious pollution of our political discourse by fake news was sufficient to influence the outcome of what was a very close election."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.015503875968992248,
0.011494252873563218,
0,
0,
0,
0.008928571428571428,
0,
0,
0.008264462809917356,
0.016666666666666666,
0.006211180124223602,
0,
0.008888888888888889,
0,
0.011494252873563218,
0,
0.010050251256281407,
0.013793103448275862,
0.017391304347826087,
0,
0,
0.008333333333333333,
0.01282051282051282,
0.009708737864077669,
0,
0.006060606060606061,
0,
0,
0.007874015748031496,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.009259259259259259,
0.0196078431372549,
0,
0,
0.005319148936170213,
0,
0,
0.0028089887640449437,
0,
0.009433962264150943,
0.007246376811594203,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.01680672268907563,
0.009523809523809525,
0.0125,
0.0125,
0,
0.005128205128205128,
0
] | 0.004171 | 5 |
[
"During Barack Obama’s eight years in office, he was regularly branded a socialist by the right for his perceived hostility towards capitalism and business. ",
"According to Republicans in Congress, the “left-wing” president was “attacking capitalism” and freedom, and advancing a blatantly socialist (or even communist) agenda. ",
"Virtually every economic policy enacted by the Obama administration was denounced as socialism, whether it was the Affordable Care Act, environmental and financial regulations, the stimulus package (which was, if anything, “socialism for the rich”) or modest tax increases on the wealthy (after Obama first extended George W. Bush's tax cuts).",
"\n\nThese ad hominem attacks on Obama were ironic for a variety of reasons, but mostly because the president was essentially a business-friendly centrist who did more than anyone to save capitalism and preserve the status quo. ",
"When Obama entered office in 2009, it looked as if the global economy was on the verge of collapse, with capitalism facing its greatest test since the 1930s. ",
"The financial crisis was a result of nearly three decades of neoliberal economic policies — financial deregulation, tax cuts, union-busting, free trade deals and so on — which had had overwhelming bipartisan support over the previous two decades.",
"\n\nAdvertisement:\n\nThe fledgling president could have taken advantage of this crisis — along with the popular anger against Wall Street — to promote a more radical agenda. ",
"Were he truly a “socialist” or a left-winger, Obama would have at least attempted to go this route. ",
"Instead, his administration took a “pragmatic” approach that involved stabilizing the economy at all costs and allaying public rage. “",
"My administration is the only thing between you and the pitchforks,” said the president in a meeting with top Wall Street CEOs in 2009. “",
"I’m not out there to go after you. ",
"I’m protecting you. ",
"But if I’m going to shield you from public and congressional anger, you have to give me something to work with on these issues of compensation.”",
"\n\nObama acted as a mediator between Wall Street elites and the furious public, and oversaw modest reforms that were necessary to stabilize the economy. ",
"For this the president was labeled a treasonous socialist or a Marxist, which is roughly as accurate as calling Donald Trump an “intellectual.\"",
"\n\nOf course, since Obama left office almost a year ago the Republican Party has worked hard to reverse his “socialist” agenda and restore “free market capitalism.” ",
"The Trump administration has dismantled many of Obama’s regulatory achievements — particularly those related to the environment and finance — and this week the Republicans passed their major tax bill, providing massive tax cuts and benefits to the biggest corporations and the richest Americans (including some Republican congressmen and the president himself). ",
"According to Republican rhetoric, these right-wing policies will unleash the true potential of capitalism and lead to enormous growth and prosperity for all. ",
"In reality (and according to most mainstream economists) they will exacerbate inequality, increase the national debt, destabilize the financial system and empower corporate and Wall Street elites, just as the same neoliberal policies did leading up to the 2008 financial crisis.",
"\n\nAdvertisement:\n\nIn a sense, then, these policies will unleash the true potential of capitalism, though not in the way Trump and his Republican cronies claim. ",
"Capitalism is, after all, an inherently unstable system that breeds inequality and class conflict. ",
"When the “free market” is left unfettered, these tendencies — what Marxists call the “contradictions of capitalism” — go unchecked and worsen over time. ",
"There is a real irony in the Republican effort to reverse Obama’s economic agenda in the name of reviving the capitalist spirit, since their right-wing agenda will likely do more to engender a crisis of capitalism than anything the “anti-capitalist” Obama ever did.",
"\n\nThere has long been a popular notion on the left that as the contradictions of capitalism heighten, the potential for revolution grows too. ",
"The thinking behind this is simple: The more conflict and instability there is in society, the more likely radical movements will form and the more vulnerable the status quo becomes. ",
"This has been demonstrated throughout history, and looking back at some of the major revolutions it is clear that nothing was inevitable. ",
"Had the ancien régime in France made smarter fiscal decisions and not involved itself in the American Revolution — which nearly bankrupted the monarchy — perhaps the regime could have staved off revolution. ",
"Later on, had Louis XVI accepted the reforms of 1789 instead of attempting to launch a counterrevolution, the revolution might have never been radicalized and the king might have kept his head. ",
"Likewise, had the last Russian Tsar, Nicholas II, agreed to liberal and democratic reforms before the first World War, rather than stubbornly fighting to preserve autocracy, the Bolsheviks might not have had the opportunity to seize power a decade later.",
"\n\nAdvertisement:\n\nThese are big what-ifs, of course, and the archaic institutions those rulers presided over were already in decline at the time of revolution. ",
"Only radical reforms could have extended their shelf life, but instead those autocratic rulers opted to double down on the past and ended up exacerbating the problems of the present.",
"\n\nThis is a highly contentious position, but some leftists look back at those historical episodes and apply the same logic to our current situation, advocating that we “heighten the contradictions” in order to accelerate capitalism’s demise. ",
"Karl Marx himself appeared to support this attitude in a speech he gave on free trade in 1848, pointing out that economic protectionism was ultimately a conservative policy, and that free trade “breaks up old nationalities and pushes the antagonism of the proletariat and the bourgeoisie to the extreme point.” ",
"In short, he noted, “the free trade system hastens the social revolution.” ",
"The author of the \"Communist Manifesto\" thus supported free trade because it promised to heighten the contradictions of capitalism and move society toward revolutionary change.",
"\n\nAdvertisement:\n\nOne of the main drivers of political and economic turmoil today is inequality, which is currently at one of the highest points ever seen in human history, according to a recent study by Washington State University and 13 other institutions. ",
"The study also revealed that inequality has been a major source of political and social discord throughout history, and one of the authors, anthropologist Tim Kohler, warned that if inequality becomes too pronounced \"we could be inviting revolution, or we could be inviting state collapse.”",
"\n\nIf defenders of the status quo were students of history, they would recognize that preserving the current system and its institutions will require confronting problems like inequality head-on. ",
"Reformers on the center-left seem to understand this, and support policies akin to the social democratic reforms of the mid-20th century. (",
"This is evident in Robert Reich’s new documentary, “Saving Capitalism,” in which Bill Clinton's former labor secretary makes the case for reforming capitalism.)",
"\n\nThe most pro-capitalist party in the world, on the other hand, is currently implementing an agenda that will no doubt heighten the contradictions of capitalism. ",
"The Republican tax bill, the most regressive tax reform of the past half-century -- a period that included the extremely regressive Bush tax cuts -- won’t just make the rich richer, but the middle class poorer. ",
"Income inequality has been rising steadily for the past 40 years in the United States, and one of the major drivers behind this trend has been tax cuts for the rich.",
"\n\nAdvertisement:\n\n“The income-inequality trajectory observed in the United States is largely due to massive educational inequalities, combined with a tax system that grew less progressive despite a surge in top labor compensation since the 1980s,” the authors of the newly released 2018 World Inequality Report observe in their executive summary. ",
"Republicans are now succeeding in making the tax system even more regressive.",
"\n\nAt a time when global capitalism seems to be heading toward the dystopian nightmare that Marx predicted 150 years ago, Republicans seem intent on telling the “forgotten men and women” of America to “eat cake.” ",
"Rather than taking a hard look at the consequences of corporate capitalism and neoliberalism, the GOP is enthusiastically doubling down on the policies that got us here in the first place. “",
"I think Republicans are underestimating the extent to which this tax-cut bill is going to radicalize their future opposition,” Slate writer Jordan Weissmann tweeted earlier this month. ",
"It is safe to say that Republicans are also underestimating the extent to which their policies will destabilize capitalism itself."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0,
0.005952380952380952,
0.008746355685131196,
0,
0.006329113924050633,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.006578947368421052,
0.006993006993006993,
0.006097560975609756,
0.0055248618784530384,
0,
0,
0.00625,
0,
0,
0.0037735849056603774,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.005154639175257732,
0.003937007874015748,
0,
0,
0,
0.003215434083601286,
0,
0,
0.003861003861003861,
0.0034482758620689655,
0,
0,
0.0125,
0,
0.004739336492890996,
0,
0,
0,
0.0047169811320754715,
0.005263157894736842,
0.005405405405405406,
0
] | 0.002214 | 5 |
[
"LAVAL – Pourquoi ne pas s’inspirer des meilleurs lorsqu’on veut retourner dans la LNH ? ",
"Les entraîneurs du Rocket de Laval ont vendu cette approche à Éric Gélinas et ils souhaitent le voir intégrer des éléments du jeu de Shea Weber dans son répertoire.",
"\n\nSur le coup, on pourrait croire que l’idée consiste à développer Gélinas en un spécialiste du jeu de puissance grâce à son puissant lancer. ",
"Non, le plan est plutôt de simplifier le jeu du Québécois de 26 ans pour qu’il devienne efficace, simple et fiable défensivement tout en incluant une dimension physique.",
"\n\n« J’ai eu une rencontre avec les entraîneurs mercredi et on parlait de comment je pourrais modifier mon jeu pour me rapprocher du sien. ",
"C’est important d’apprendre des meilleurs », a révélé Gélinas, jeudi, après l’entraînement du Rocket à la Place Bell.",
"\n\n« Le but est de s’attarder surtout sur les petits détails défensivement, son positionnement et ses prises de décision avec la rondelle. ",
"Ça fait de lui une superstar dans la LNH sans qu’il soit flamboyant. ",
"Il a du succès parce qu’il fait les bonnes choses », a détaillé le gaucher de six pieds quatre pouces et 223 livres.",
"\n\nGélinas regarde donc très attentivement toutes les parties du Tricolore pour y déceler tous les indices pertinents.",
"\n\n« Ce qu’on veut faire avec lui, c’est parfaire son jeu pour qu’il puisse rester dans la LNH. ",
"On sait qu’il peut être dominant dans la LAH, mais ça ne veut pas dire qu’il pourra jouer de la même manière dans la LNH. ",
"On souhaite donc ajuster certaines facettes de son jeu pour faire en sorte qu’il devienne un joueur plus complet et qu’il puisse rester là pas juste pendant un an ou deux ans, mais pour plusieurs années », a expliqué l’entraîneur Sylvain Lefebvre qui trouve des modèles pour d’autres de ses joueurs.",
"\n\nPar conséquent, Gélinas aborde les rencontres dans l’uniforme du Rocket avec une mentalité modifiée.",
"\n\n« Personnellement, ça va super bien. ",
"L’entourage est vraiment agréable, ça rend les choses plus faciles. ",
"Pour moi, ce n’est pas une question de me concentrer sur l’attaque, je sais que je peux faire ce travail, je l’ai toujours fait. ",
"Je suis ici pour améliorer les choses qui sont demandées. ",
"C’est comme ça que j’approche mes parties », a confié Gélinas.",
"\n\nPour l’instant, l’échantillonnage se limite à un match durant lequel le grand gaucher a présenté un différentiel de +2 en plus de décocher deux tirs sur le filet adverse.",
"\n\n« Le personnel d’entraîneurs était content de ma partie. ",
"Ce n’était pas ma meilleure à vie, mais j’ai essayé d’intégrer ce qu’on m’a recommandé. »",
"\n\nD’ailleurs, on sent un beau respect lorsque Gélinas parle du personnel hockey du Rocket. ",
"Il semble avoir compris que ces hommes peuvent relancer sa carrière. ",
"Il a sauté sur l’occasion de les vanter quand on lui a posé une question sur le rôle que Francis Bouillon pourrait avoir avec lui.",
"\n\n« Tous les entraîneurs m’aident. ",
"J’ai eu de bons coachs dans ma carrière, mais l’encadrement est exceptionnel ici. ",
"En commençant par Sylvain Lefebvre qui a eu une longue carrière, Donald Dufresne et Francis. ",
"Je peux apprendre de tous ces gars. ",
"Sébastien Bordeleau peut également aider sur d’autres aspects. ",
"Bref, j’ai tous les atouts autour de moi pour apprendre. ",
"C’est important pour moi et les autres joueurs. ",
"Ils ont à cœur le développement des gars et ça paraît. ",
"C’est à nous d’utiliser les ressources à notre disposition », a souligné le choix de deuxième ronde des Devils en 2009.",
"\n\nGélinas ouvre grand les oreilles auprès d’eux, mais il voudrait rejoindre l’entourage du Canadien à court terme. ",
"Honnête, il admet que le départ cahoteux du CH renferme un côté stimulant pour lui et ses coéquipiers du Rocket.",
"\n\n« Oui, le but ultime est de revenir dans la LNH. ",
"Je ne cacherai pas que c’est motivant dans un sens. ",
"C’est difficile de faire des changements quand l’équipe est au premier rang. ",
"Je ne dis pas que ça va mal, ça ne fait que quatre matchs, ce n’est rien de catastrophique. ",
"Mais c’est motivant », a-t-il exprimé.",
"\n\nCe contexte pourrait favoriser Gélinas, mais également Jakub Jerabek.",
"\n\n« Il a seulement joué un match, mais tu vois son talent et qu’il a joué à un haut niveau. ",
"Il a des habiletés intéressantes et c’est un professionnel. ",
"Il n’a pas du tout eu l’air fou. ",
"Je pense que l’adaptation va bien se faire pour lui. ",
"Quand il se sentira encore plus confortable, on pourra voir ses vraies capacités, le vrai joueur qu’il est », a conclu Gélinas à propos du Tchèque qui est né quatre jours après lui en 1991."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0,
0.006097560975609756,
0.014084507042253521,
0,
0.021739130434782608,
0,
0,
0.014492753623188406,
0,
0.008547008547008548,
0.021052631578947368,
0.02459016393442623,
0.010033444816053512,
0.029411764705882353,
0,
0.014705882352941176,
0.015503875968992248,
0.034482758620689655,
0.016129032258064516,
0.011627906976744186,
0,
0.02247191011235955,
0.02197802197802198,
0,
0.023076923076923078,
0,
0.012195121951219513,
0.021505376344086023,
0.027777777777777776,
0.015873015873015872,
0.017543859649122806,
0,
0,
0,
0.034782608695652174,
0.026785714285714284,
0.0196078431372549,
0.038461538461538464,
0.012987012987012988,
0.043478260869565216,
0,
0.028169014084507043,
0.03260869565217391,
0.016666666666666666,
0,
0.03773584905660377,
0.015873015873015872
] | 0.015151 | 5 |
[
"Q:\n\nVue app with WebStorm in mac npm ERR! ",
"missing script: dev\n\nI am trying to create a Vue App with WebStorm in Mac. ",
"When I run the npm run dev get this error:\n\nnpm ERR! ",
"missing script: dev\n\nThis is my package.json:\n\"version\": \"0.1.0\",\n \"private\": true,\n \"scripts\": {\n \"serve\": \"vue-cli-service serve\",\n \"build\": \"vue-cli-service build\",\n \"lint\": \"vue-cli-service lint\"\n },\n \"dependencies\": {\n \"vue\": \"^2.5.16\"\n },\n \"devDependencies\": {\n \"@vue/cli-plugin-babel\": \"^3.0.0-beta.15\",\n \"@vue/cli-plugin-eslint\": \"^3.0.0-beta.15\",\n \"@vue/cli-service\": \"^3.0.0-beta.15\",\n \"vue-template-compiler\": \"^2.5.16\"\n },\n\nA:\n\nThat's because there's no dev script in your package.json. ",
"You should do npm run serve. ",
"The available scripts are the following\npackage.json\n// ...\n\"scripts\": {\n \"serve\": \"vue-cli-service serve\", // npm run serve\n \"build\": \"vue-cli-service build\", // npm run build\n \"lint\": \"vue-cli-service lint\" // npm run lint\n}, \n// ...\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.07142857142857142,
0.013333333333333334,
0.017857142857142856,
0.005660377358490566,
0,
0
] | 0.018047 | 5 |
[
"Stadium & Entertainment\n\nStadiums, entertainment venues and theatres service a large number of customers in a short space of time. ",
"With a diverse range of retail and catering outlets from restaurants and bars to hospitality boxes and fast food kiosks, the IT needs are complex and require a flexible solution.",
"\n\nManaging and controlling large venue operations can be challenging. ",
"Frenetic half time breaks or show intervals leave a small window of time to serve a high volume of customers. ",
"In these environments it is essential the technology is fast to operate and robust, just one small delay can cause queues to build quickly, leading to loss of revenue and profit. ",
"Our innovative EPOS solutions provide features like stock countdown, interval drinks and on-line ordering to enhance operations and maximise these selling opportunities.",
"\n\nDifferent events may require different product ranges, pricing and promotions. ",
"Central till management allows operators to control products, prices and screen layouts. ",
"At the control centre detailed management and reporting tools allow the system to be scaled from one kiosk to hundreds.",
"\n\nOur handheld BrandM8 checklist solution can help ensure that restaurants and kiosks are ready to go before the event. ",
"Paperless inspection checks can help highlight and report any problem areas, ensuring standards and operations are not compromised. ",
"For more details visit www.brandm8.co.uk"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.007633587786259542,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.025
] | 0.002719 | 5 |
[
"Vaduz\n\nVaduz is a small city on the Rhine River with a castle on the hillside. ",
"You can get soups, fresh fish, local dishes with an Asian twist, and inventive use of produce. ",
"There are organic menus 15 miles away.",
"\n\nHAVE YOUR LISTING SHOW FIRST!",
"\n\nWith Premium Placement, you can get to the top of the list! ",
"Sign up before someone else does as there are only 3 spots per city!"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.012658227848101266,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.00211 | 5 |
[
"Cryptocurrency has garnered a lot of interest and raked in strong opinions, both for and against it. ",
"With the number of digital tokens perpetually increasing, there is always a lot of people eager to invest.",
"\n\nThe doorway into the sphere of cryptocurrency is provided by crypto exchanges (commonly referred to as digital currency exchanges or cryptocurrency exchanges or Bitcoin exchanges), which allow users to trade their digital tokens for other assets like conventional fiat money, or other digital currencies. ",
"A crypto exchange typically acts as a market maker, and performs trades for a fee. ",
"Let us take a quick peek into the history of crypto exchanges, and observe their evolution, from then to now.",
"\n\nThe Concept behind Crypto Exchange Platforms\n\nThe simple concept behind crypto exchanges is to allow the trade of digital assets and various tokens, rather than just trading in Bitcoin(BTC)trade, Ethereum (ETH)trade, and other popular cryptocurrencies. ",
"These virtual currency exchanges facilitate the transfer of these cryptocurrencies into the personal wallet of users. ",
"These also allow you to trade conventional currency with digital tokens, by opening an account and verifying your ID.",
"\n\nThe Types of Crypto Exchange Platforms\n\nThere are 3 major types of crypto exchanges:\n\nTrading platforms, which connect buyers and sellers, claiming a small fee for each individual trade Direct trading, whereby sellers set their own exchange rate, and offer direct trading, involving traders from different countries. ",
"Brokers, which allow anyone to buy cryptocurrency at a price set by brokers, who are akin to foreign exchange dealers.",
"\n\nThe History of Crypto Exchange Platforms\n\nThe first decentralized cryptocurrency, Bitcoin(BTC)trade, was made in 2009. ",
"This was probably made by the pseudonymous developer Satoshi Nakamoto, who is a person, or group of people.",
"\n\nSubsequently, the first Bitcoin exchange ever recorded, went live in March 2010. ",
"It was Bitcoinmarket[dot]com, a now defunct platform, proposed on the popular Bitcointalk forum, by “dwdollar”, on Jan 15, 2010. ",
"Dwdollar stated:\n\n“I am trying to create a market where Bitcoins are treated as a commodity. ",
"People will be able to trade Bitcoins for dollars and speculate on the value. ",
"In theory, this will establish a real-time exchange rate so we will all have a clue what the current value of a Bitcoin is, compared to a dollar.”",
"\n\nIn July of that year, Mt. Gox, another crypto market, was also launched. ",
"It was later hacked into, in June 2011, and 2,000 Bitcoin(BTC)trade, holding a value of $30,000, was stolen at the time. ",
"However, they went on to become the largest crypto exchange, handling 70% of all transactions in 2013. ",
"This joy was short lived, however, as it was followed by yet another hack, this time 850,000 BTC, priced at $460,000,000 (!) ",
"at the time.",
"\n\nThis was an important moment in the history of cryptocurrency, and much needed too, as there was a lot of guesswork going around on how much Bitcoin was actually worth. ",
"The launch of Bitcoinmarket, however, priced the BTC at around 0.003$, and went live on March 17, 2010. ",
"With a lot of giddiness surrounding it, Bitcoinmarket went down, but it no doubt paved the way for future crypto exchanges.",
"\n\nThese digital currency exchanges act as a financial intermediary, and there are now multiple cryptocurrency exchanges for many altcoins, all of which facilitate the easy trade of these virtual coins. ",
"Most crypto exchanges now allow traders to trade digital currencies for other digital currencies, buy them for conventional cash, and perform a lot of different functions, and of course trades.",
"\n\nSmall Sample of Crypto Exchange Hacks\n\nThere have been countless incidents that caused major safety concerns and shook the crypto markets all around the world. ",
"Some of the more infamous crypto exchange hacks and scams are:\n\n2014: Mt.Gox\n\nThe Bitcoin exchange, based in Japan, was the largest crypto exchange at the time. ",
"Lack of security had already been hinted at, after recovering from a 2011 hack. ",
"In 2014 the cryptocurrency exchange put a sudden stop to services, and an investigating team found malleability attacks. ",
"The company shortly filed for bankruptcy, and the net worth of BTC tokens stolen would amount to $437 million in today’s world. ",
"This resulted in a 36% drop in the Bitcoin price.",
"\n\n2016: Bitfinex and the Tether Scam\n\nBitfinex claimed a loss of around $60 million in Bitcoins, in 2016. ",
"While the case was never solved, it was widely believed that the resulting price inflation was related to sustaining the rates of the Tether (USDT) stablecoin, with many regarding it as a scam.",
"\n\n2018: The Coincheck Heist\n\nThe Japan-based crypto exchange, Coincheck, saw a mighty hack in 2018. ",
"All NEM deposits were suspended, and subsequent investigations found that unauthorized transactions had resulted in a loss of around $534 million at the time.",
"\n\nThe past four years alone have seen many hacks, resulting in the loss of $1.37 billion in total. ",
"This resulted in the rise of a number of security concerns, regarding crypto exchanges.",
"\n\nDecentralized Crypto Exchange Platforms\n\nAfter a plethora of centralized crypto exchanges came up, regulatory frameworks started being imposed on these platforms, curtailing privacy and seemingly infringing on the very principle of cryptocurrency. ",
"In addition, the number of hacks and scams associated with these crypto exchanges has risen rapidly, causing a number of security concerns among investors and traders.",
"\n\nThis partially contributed to the rise of decentralized exchanges, commonly referred to as DEXs. ",
"They operate without a central authority, and allow peer to peer trading, which ensures that users need not transfer their digital currency to exchanges. ",
"This protects their digital assets, ensuring that they do not lose their currency, even if the exchange itself is hacked. ",
"They are anonymous, and can prevent occurrences of price manipulation, or faked trading volume.",
"\n\nCrypto Exchange Regulations\n\nWith the increasing call for stricter regulations of crypto exchanges, rules and frameworks started changing.",
"\n\n2016 saw a number of major crypto exchanges obtain licenses to operate in the EU, under the EU Payment Services Directive, and the EU Electronic Money Directive. ",
"However, the EU council and parliament are yet to impose any regulations.",
"\n\n2018 had the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) demanding that all crypto exchange platforms that offer the service of trading digital assets, which are securities (although there are SEC Commissioners who think differently), must register with the SEC as a national securities exchange, or must receive particular exemption from registration.",
"\n\nAll crypto exchanges have sought to conform to the rules and regulations put down by the governing bodies. ",
"However, there are still unclear policies related to these crypto exchanges in many nations, resulting in a number of exchanges blocking traders from particular regions. ",
"Incidentally, several crypto exchanges have either decided to cancel service to, or limit access to, traders located in the United States (for instance Bittrex and Bancor). ",
"All this is a result of confusing regulatory frameworks, which crypto exchanges believe paves a rocky road ahead for them. ",
"This has put a number of traders in jeopardy, as they can hold on to their virtual assets, but cannot trade them.",
"\n\nIn addition, Know Your Customer, Anti Money Laundering Compliance and other policies are to be worked on by crypto exchanges in order to gain approval. ",
"This puts them in a very precarious position.",
"\n\nChina and South Korea have a hostile take on the whole affair, and China has banned Bitcoin miners. ",
"Japan mandates the requirement for a special license, obtained from the Financial Services Authority, in order to operate a crypto exchange, while Australia is yet to announce conclusive regulations.",
"\n\nIn the latest requirements by the G20’s Financial Action Task Force, crypto exchanges have to share customer details, and must also have the means to store transaction information for all transactions over $10. ",
"This would essentially require restructuring the blockchain and the design, for both the currency as well as the crypto exchanges.",
"\n\nThe Largest Crypto Exchange\n\nIn the current crypto market, the largest crypto exchange is, without doubt, Binance , and it has been in this position since early 2018. ",
"Founded in 2017 in China, Binance moved its servers and headquarters out of China, following the crypto ban that took over the nation in September 2017. ",
"Headed by CEO Changpeng Zhao, its market capitalization stood at $1.3 billion in January 2018. ",
"It was subject to a hack on May 7, 2019, but it didn’t appear to leave a serious mark. ",
"In fact, it still maintains its position, but as this is an incredibly volatile industry, future developments remain to be seen.",
"\n\nThe current crypto exchanges host more than 2,000 digital currencies, and there are many more that spring into existence almost on a daily basis. ",
"There is a huge prospect for the development of cryptocurrency exchanges worldwide, and the crypto exchange market cannot be predicted with the large volume of new virtual currencies, and digital currency exchanges that keep forming.",
"\n\nWith DEX also playing significant roles now, it remains to be seen what the future of these crypto exchanges is, and how they can shape the future of the world. ",
"Crypto is an extremely dynamic market, and change is the only constant."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.00784313725490196,
0,
0,
0.003134796238244514,
0,
0,
0.009345794392523364,
0,
0.007751937984496124,
0.010752688172043012,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.009433962264150943,
0.0051813471502590676,
0.03,
0.006329113924050633,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.018292682926829267,
0.0136986301369863,
0.011299435028248588,
0,
0,
0.011560693641618497,
0,
0,
0.006493506493506494,
0,
0,
0.005025125628140704,
0.004694835680751174,
0,
0.011834319526627219,
0,
0.010526315789473684,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.006134969325153374,
0.014084507042253521
] | 0.002948 | 5 |
[
"<HTML>\n<HEAD>\n<meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\n<title>LoadingViewHolder.<init> - features/characters_list</title>\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"../../../../style.css\">\n</HEAD>\n<BODY>\n<a href=\"../../index.html\">features/characters_list</a> / <a href=\"../index.html\">com.vmadalin.dynamicfeatures.characterslist.ui.list.adapter.holders</a> / <a href=\"index.html\">LoadingViewHolder</a> / <a href=\"./-init-.html\"><init></a><br/>\n<br/>\n<h1><init></h1>\n<a name=\"com.vmadalin.dynamicfeatures.characterslist.ui.list.adapter.holders.",
"LoadingViewHolder$<init>(android.view.",
"LayoutInflater)\"></a>\n<code><span class=\"identifier\">LoadingViewHolder</span><span class=\"symbol\">(</span><span class=\"identifier\" id=\"com.vmadalin.dynamicfeatures.characterslist.ui.list.adapter.holders.",
"LoadingViewHolder$<init>(android.view.",
"LayoutInflater)/inflater\">inflater</span><span class=\"symbol\">:</span> <a href=\"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/LayoutInflater.html\"><span class=\"identifier\">LayoutInflater</span></a><span class=\"symbol\">)</span></code>\n<p>Class describes characters loading view and metadata about its place within the <a href=\"#\">RecyclerView</a>.</p>\n<p><strong>See Also</strong><br/>\n<p><a href=\"#\">BaseViewHolder</a></p>\n</p>\n</BODY>\n</HTML>\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0.0036101083032490976,
0,
0,
0,
0.0043859649122807015
] | 0.001599 | 5 |
[
"Q:\n\n.NET convert external CSS to inline CSS\n\nI'm looking for a tool that converts external CSS to inline CSS. ",
"The resulting HTML is used in e-mail and for PDF creation.",
"\n\nA:\n\nPremailer.",
"Net should do the trick it's written in C#\n\nC# .Net library, that moves your stylesheets to inline style\n attributes, for maximum compatibility with E-mail clients.",
"\n\nHere is the Git repo:\nhttps://github.com/milkshakesoftware/PreMailer.Net:\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.03636363636363636,
0.017241379310344827,
0,
0,
0.025974025974025976
] | 0.015916 | 5 |
[
"Q:\n\nUnexpected results while filtering query with equal, contains, startswith and endswith\n\nSELECT value count(1) from c where c.FormName = \"Newsletter\" returns 2191\nSELECT value count(1) from c where contains (c.FormName, \"Newsletter\") returns 697\nSELECT value count(1) from c where startswith(c.",
"FormName, \"Newsletter\") returns 2191\nSELECT value count(1) from c where endswith(c.",
"FormName, \"Newsletter\") returns 701\nI was expecting all those requests to returns the same value 2191, but contains and endswithreturn an unexpected value.",
"\nIs this normal?",
"\n\nA:\n\nIt is normal yes. ",
"All of these queries will consume some RUs. ",
"The RUs that will be consumed are different for each query because their \"load\" is different.",
"\nWhen you're doing SELECT value count(1) you're forcing Cosmos to return all of it's results in a single query. ",
"However, Cosmos DB only returns paginated results by design. ",
"This pagination also helps to spread the load across many queries and aggregate them on the client site. ",
"SELECT value count(1) won't allow for such aggregation so the response you get is the number before your request run out of RUs.",
"\nIf you did SELECT c.id from c where blablabla and you used the while(query.",
"HasMoreResults) & query.",
"ExecuteNextAsync() approach and aggregated the count on the client side, you should be getting the same numbers.",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.006734006734006734,
0.012048192771084338,
0.0064516129032258064,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.001682 | 5 |
[
"The present disclosure relates to a forceps used for both endoscopic and open surgical procedures that includes an electrode assembly that allows a user to selectively seal and/or cut tissue. ",
"More particularly, the present disclosure relates to a forceps that includes a first set of electrically conductive surfaces that applies a unique combination of mechanical clamping pressure and electrosurgical energy to effectively seal tissue and a second set of electrically conductive surfaces that is selectively energizable to sever tissue between sealed tissue areas."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} | [
0,
0
] | 0 | 5 |
[
"Missed an episode? ",
"Been wanting to catch up? ",
"This series is also available on:\n\nADDITIONAL NOTES:a show on hiatus for longer than 12 months - without any news about its future - is assumed to be canceled\n\nDESCRIPTION:(from VH1's web site) Andrew Dice Clay made a career out of being the most outrageous comic of his time. ",
"Before Chappelle, before South Park, Dice was shocking audiences - breaking the rules with a never-before-seen style of hardcore comedy. ",
"His rise to fame was meteoric - with sold-out arenas, platinum albums, and starring roles in films and TV specials. ",
"His fall was just as epic - blackballed by the industry and becoming the man to hate by every PC group in the country. ",
"He calls himself the Rocky of Comedy, and now this heavyweight king of comedy is coming out of retirement to train for the greatest career move yet."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0,
0,
0.007220216606498195,
0.014598540145985401,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.003117 | 5 |
[
"Understanding systolic hypertension in the elderly.",
"\nAmong the various causes of blood pressure in the elderly population, isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) is the commonest. ",
"Its prevalence increases with age. ",
"Age related rigidity of aorta is the primary cause of ISH. ",
"Systolic rise in blood pressure is at least as important as the diastolic blood pressure. ",
"Several non-pharmacological and pharmacological therapies are well-established for reduction of blood pressure in this age group. ",
"Among different groups of anti-hypertensive drugs, the preference depends primarily on co-morbidities and overall cardiovascular risk. ",
"Lifestyle modification should also be an integral part of therapy for each patient. ",
"Various studies suggest that control of blood pressure definitely decreases the incidence of mortality as well as coronary artery disease, stroke and other morbidities."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0 | 5 |
[
"TARGETS := $(shell ls scripts)\n\n.dapper:\n\t@echo Downloading dapper\n\t@curl -sL https://releases.rancher.com/dapper/latest/dapper-`uname -s`-`uname -m` > .dapper.tmp\n\t@@chmod +x .dapper.tmp\n\t@./.dapper.tmp -v\n\t@mv .dapper.tmp .dapper\n\n$(TARGETS): .dapper\n\t./.dapper $@\n\n.DEFAULT_GOAL := ci\n\n.PHONY: $(TARGETS)\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0.016233766233766232
] | 0.016234 | 5 |
[
"Three dimensional ultrasound: abnormalities of the fetal face in surface and volume rendering mode.",
"\nTo evaluate three dimensional ultrasound in surface and volume rendering mode in fetal malformations of the face. ",
"Day assessment unit in a university hospital. ",
"Four cases have been examined: two cases represented cleft lip, one case was a male with trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome) with proboscis, and one case represented a male fetus with unilateral anophthalmia. ",
"A new technique of three dimensional ultrasound visualisation in fetal malformation using surface and volume rendering is presented. ",
"The equipment consisted of a commercially available ultrasound machine, a built-in graphic workstation, and three dimensional software. ",
"Post-processing of data required approximately 10 minutes of calculation. ",
"The application of three dimensional ultrasound in complex malformations of the face appears to provide reasonable value for prenatal diagnosis and may become clinically useful in the near future."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0 | 5 |
[
" NO. ",
"07-04-0593-CR\n\n IN THE COURT OF APPEALS\n\n FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS\n\n AT AMARILLO\n\n PANEL D\n\n APRIL 13, 2005\n\n ______________________________\n\n ANTONIO SCHMIDT, APPELLANT\n\n V.\n\n THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE\n _________________________________\n\n FROM THE 242ND DISTRICT COURT OF HALE COUNTY;\n\n NO. ",
"B15510-0405; HONORABLE ED SELF, JUDGE\n _______________________________\n\nBefore QUINN and REAVIS and CAMPBELL, JJ.",
"\n\n\n MEMORANDUM OPINION\n\n\n Appellant Antonio Schmidt appeals the denial of his application for writ of habeas\n\ncorpus seeking reduction of his appeal bond. ",
"Appellant was convicted of retaliation against\n\na prospective witness.1 He appealed that conviction and bail on appeal was set at\n\n$25,000. ",
"A hearing was held on his habeas application. ",
"The trial court denied his request.",
"\n\n\n\n\n 1\n Tex. ",
"Pen. ",
"Code Ann. § ",
"36.06 (Vernon Supp. ",
"2004).",
"\n\f By a single point of error, appellant contends that the trial court abused its discretion\n\nin failing to set a reasonable bail. ",
" He argues the $25,000 bail is excessive and\n\nunreasonable in violation of article 17.15 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. ",
"Tex.",
"\n\nCode Crim. ",
"Proc. ",
"Ann. ",
"art. ",
"17.15 (Vernon 2005). ",
"See Tex. ",
"Code Crim. ",
"Proc. ",
"Ann. ",
"art.",
"\n\n44.04 (Vernon Supp. ",
"2004). ",
"The trial court has discretion in determining the amount of\n\nbail. ",
"Ex parte Penagos, 810 S.W.2d 796, 798 (Tex. ",
"App.–Houston [1st Dist.] ",
"1991, no\n\npet.). ",
"The exercise of that discretion will not be disturbed unless clearly abused. ",
"See Ex\n\nparte Rubac, 611 S.W.2d 848, 849-50 (Tex.",
"Crim.",
"App. [",
"Panel Op.] ",
"1981).",
"\n\n\n The trial court is to determine the amount of bail on appeal based primarily on the\n\nlength of the sentence imposed and the nature of the offense. ",
"Mayo v. State, 611 S.W.2d\n\n442, 444 (Tex.",
"Crim.",
"App. ",
"1981); Ex parte Rubac, 611 S.W.2d at 849. ",
"There are other\n\nconsiderations in setting the amount of bail: (1) The bail shall be sufficiently high to give\n\nreasonable assurance that the undertaking will be complied with. (",
"2) The power to require\n\nbail is not to be so used as to make it an instrument of oppression. (",
"3) The nature of the\n\noffense and the circumstances under which it was committed are to be considered. (",
"4) The\n\nability to make bail is to be regarded, and proof may be taken upon this point. (",
"5) The\n\nfuture safety of a victim of the alleged offense and the community shall be considered. ",
"Tex.",
"\n\nCode Crim. ",
"Proc. ",
"Ann. ",
"art. ",
"17.15.",
"\n\n\n The trial court may consider other factors, identified by the Court of Criminal\n\nAppeals to include: the accused’s work record; his family and community ties; his length\n\nof residency; prior record; conformity with the conditions of any previous bond; the\n\n\n\n -2-\n\fexistence of outstanding bonds, if any; and the alleged aggravating circumstances involved\n\nin the offense. ",
"Ex parte Rubac, 611 S.W.2d at 849-50. ",
"The burden of showing bail to be\n\nexcessive is on appellant. ",
"Id. at 849.",
"\n\n\n Appellant suggests his indigence requires consideration of a personal recognizance\n\nbond. ",
"The Code of Criminal Procedure provides a defendant’s ability to make bail is to be\n\nregarded. ",
"Tex. ",
"Code Crim. ",
"Proc. ",
"Ann. ",
"art. ",
"17.15. ",
"Case law also provides a defendant’s\n\nindigence is a circumstance to be considered in setting bail. ",
"Ex parte August, 552 S.W.2d\n\n169, 170 (Tex.",
"Crim.",
"App. ",
"1977). ",
"Neither statute nor case law indicate, though, that ability\n\nto make bail is a controlling or even primary consideration. ",
"Ability to make bail simply is\n\nlisted among the factors in article 17.15. ",
"As noted, Ex parte Rubac states the primary\n\nfactors determining reasonable bail on appeal are the length of the sentence and the\n\nnature of the offense. ",
"611 S.W.2d at 849. ",
"Ability to make the bond is included in that\n\nopinion’s list of “other supportive data” the Court of Criminal Appeals “deems relevant.” ",
"Id.\n\nSee August, 552 S.W.2d at 170; Ex parte Clark, 537 S.W.2d 40, 42 (Tex.",
"Crim.",
"App. ",
"1976).",
"\n\n\n Appellant was convicted of a violent crime.2 He was sentenced to seven years,\n\nwhich, as the State notes, is toward the higher end of the range of punishment for a third\n\ndegree felony, two to ten years. ",
"Tex. ",
"Pen. ",
"Code. ",
"Ann. § ",
"12.34 (Vernon 2003).",
"\n\n\n\n\n 2\n The indictment included in the record includes the allegation that appellant struck\nthe victim of the retaliation.",
"\n\n -3-\n\f Appellant testified that he had contacted three bail bondsmen and could obtain a\n\nsufficient bond for an initial payment of $1500 with two cosigners. ",
"The testimony indicated\n\nthat appellant could not raise the $1500. ",
"At the time of the hearing, appellant had no\n\nmoney, and no vehicle or other property that could be sold to make bond. ",
"His testimony\n\nwas that he had no relatives or friends able to provide the initial cash required by\n\nbondsmen, but that his mother and girlfriend both were willing to help with monthly\n\npayments. ",
"There was no testimony to indicate what amount of bond appellant would be\n\nable to raise. ",
"His pretrial bond was $10,000, and the record indicates he was not able to\n\narrange for his release on that bond.",
"\n\n\n Appellant presented evidence that he had lived in Hale County most of his life and\n\nupon release would reside with his mother in Plainview. ",
"Appellant was unemployed and\n\npresented no prospects for employment, other than working for his mother, who he testified\n\nowns several rent houses. ",
"He was arrested for burglary at the age of sixteen, certified as\n\nan adult, convicted and sentenced to four years in the Texas Department of Criminal\n\nJustice. ",
"Since his release from prison, he has convictions for several misdemeanor\n\noffenses, including resisting arrest in September 2001, possession of marijuana in June\n\n2002, evading detention in January 2003 and driving while intoxicated in August 2003.",
"\n\nAppellant was released on bond after his arrest for each of the misdemeanor offenses. ",
"He\n\ntestified that his bond was surrendered only one time, and that caused by a mistake on the\n\npart of the bonding company. ",
"He acknowledged that the January and August 2003\n\noffenses were committed while he was out of jail on bond.",
"\n\n\n\n\n -4-\n\f Appellant contends he should be treated no worse than the defendant in Ex parte\n\nBrown, 561 S.W.2d 175 (Tex.",
"Crim.",
"App. ",
"1978), who plead guilty to an aggravated robbery\n\nin which the victim was shot. ",
"The court found the $50,000 appeal bond set by the trial\n\ncourt was excessive and reduced it to $15,000. ",
"The facts in Brown bear similarity to those\n\npresent here, in that the defendant had lived in the area most of his life, had family in the\n\narea and had a job waiting with a family member, and testimony indicated neither the\n\ndefendant nor his mother had cash or other assets. ",
"Differences in the cases include that\n\nthe felony offense there was aggravated and the defendant admitted his guilt, while\n\nappellant contends the evidence of his guilt of retaliation is weak.3 But differences in the\n\ncases also include that the defendant in Brown had no prior criminal record, and had\n\nremained free on bond pending trial for three years, during which time he remained within\n\nthe jurisdiction and met all appearances. ",
"Although appellant testified he met the terms of\n\nprevious bonds, he has a record of committing criminal offenses even while released on\n\nbond. ",
"Too, even in Brown, the court did not reduce the bond to the amount the defendant\n\nsaid he could meet. ",
"The defendant testified he could afford a $5,000 bond, but the\n\nappeals court set bond at three times that amount. ",
"We do not see that the Brown opinion\n\nprovides a basis to conclude the court’s action here was an abuse of its discretion.",
"\n\n\n\n\n 3\n Appellant cites Ex parte Vasquez, 558 S.W.2d 477 (Tex.",
"Crim.",
"App. ",
"1977), for the\nproposition that weak evidence on the underlying crime is a factor to be considered in\nsetting bail. ",
"Without in any way prejudging the merits of appellant’s pending appeal of his\nconviction, we note that Vasquez involved a pretrial bond. ",
"Id. at 478. ",
"See generally Ex\nparte Anderer, 61 S.W.3d 398 (Tex.",
"Crim.",
"App. ",
"2001).",
"\n\n -5-\n\f Considering his family ties to the community and lack of resources, but considering\n\nalso the length of his sentence, the violent nature of the offense of which he has been\n\nconvicted, his work and criminal records, and his commission of offenses while on bond,\n\nwe cannot say the requirement of bail here was used as an instrument of oppression, or\n\nthat appellant has demonstrated the trial court abused its discretion in setting bail.",
"\n\nAppellant’s issue is overruled. ",
"The order of the trial court is affirmed.",
"\n\n\n\n\n Per Curiam\n\n\nDo not publish.",
"\n\n\n\n\n -6-\n\f"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
} | [
0,
0.001564945226917058,
0.022058823529411766,
0.005235602094240838,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.05,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.09090909090909091,
0,
0,
0,
0.045454545454545456,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.02040816326530612,
0.2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.024390243902439025,
0.2,
0,
0.047619047619047616,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.002336448598130841,
0.05263157894736842,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.09090909090909091,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.05263157894736842,
0.007352941176470588,
0.013333333333333334,
0.2,
0,
0,
0.004672897196261682,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.00625,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.2,
0,
0,
0,
0.0036101083032490976,
0.002288329519450801,
0,
0.009708737864077669,
0,
0.00819672131147541,
0.013157894736842105,
0.2,
0,
0,
0.0072992700729927005,
0,
0.0196078431372549,
0.2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.0136986301369863,
0
] | 0.016123 | 5 |
[
"flake8\npluggy<1,>=0.12.0\npytest\npytest-cov\ntox\ntox-travis\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0.017241379310344827
] | 0.017241 | 5 |
[
"Certain laser applications, such as a Raman laser with controllable suppression of parasitic radiation, disclosed and claimed by E. V. George in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. ",
"No. ",
"473,178 filed Mar. 8, 1983 and assigned to the same assignee, require generation of two predetermined, distinct laser radiation frequencies and propagation of the two beams containing these emanations along substantially the same optical path within the remainder of the laser system.",
"\nDichroic devices such as diffraction gratings can be used to combine distinct frequencies converging on the dichroic device from different directions to produce an output directed along a single optical path; but such devices are often not very efficient. ",
"A \"bare\", partially transmissive mirror, oriented at a predetermined angle to combine two optical beams (transmitted and reflected) converging from different directions can also be employed. ",
"However, once again a substantial fraction (.ltoreq.50%) of the energy of at least one of these beams is lost at each pass, and this can be unacceptable in a multipass system.",
"\nIt would be desirable to provide a method and apparatus for propagating two distinct laser beams along substantially the same optical path while minimizing loss of energy in either beam. ",
"It would also be desirable to provide the above referenced method and apparatus where the two distinct frequencies are closely spaced."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} | [
0.016216216216216217,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.002027 | 5 |
[
"Justin Timberlake reportedly set to become minority owner of the Grizzlies\n\nStep aside, Jay-Z. A new music industry juggernaut is joining the NBA community. ",
"Prospective new owner of the Grizzlies Robert Pera is reportedly nearing completion on an agreement with the team’s current ownership group, and he is in the process of recruiting minority owners. ",
"According to ESPN.com, Justin Timberlake has agreed to join the ownership team.",
"\n\nOne source told ESPN that Timberlake and Pera have quickly struck up a friendship and that the celebrity is prepared to make a “meaningful investment” and be much more than a silent partner. ",
"That would make sense since J.T. is a known basketball fan who has been known to sit courtside during games and hand out congratulatory butt slaps.",
"\n\nPera has said that his purchasing of the team would “practically guarantee” that the Grizzlies stay in Memphis for at least 15 more seasons. ",
"Timberlake was born in Memphis and raised in Tennessee, so that commitment is believed to be a major selling point for him. ",
"Your move, Justin Bieber."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.025477707006369428,
0.005076142131979695,
0.02531645569620253,
0.010362694300518135,
0.006802721088435374,
0.006993006993006993,
0,
0.04
] | 0.015004 | 5 |
[
"T_Identifier@1,1:i\nTAnonymous@1,3:if\nT_Identifier@1,6:iff\nT_Identifier@1,10:ifff\nT_Decimal@2,1:70\nT_Zero@3,1:zero\nT_Hex@4,1:0xFFff\nT_IpAddress@5,1:192.168.0.1\nTEnd@6,1:\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0
] | 0 | 5 |
[
"1. ",
"Place all of the ingredients into a food processor and blend until super smooth and creamy, scraping down the sides as necessary.2. ",
"Add more salt and hot sauce to taste if needed.3. ",
"Garnish with cooked garbanzo beans and a little smoked paprika if you're trying to be all fancy about it. ",
"Enjoy!"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0 | 5 |
[
"After it was published in 1977, Learning to Labour had quite an impact on the social sciences. ",
"Reading it, many of those working in the field became aware of the potential of cultural studies and ethnographic research. ",
"In 2002 the Dutch Sociological Association invited the author, Paul Willis, to Amsterdam to celebrate the books twenty-fifth anniversary and, more important, to discuss the development of its problematics. ",
"Henk Kleijer and Ger Tillekens met him there for this interview.",
"\n\nIt is the future in the present that hammers\nfreedom to inequality ... (Willis, 1977: 120)\n\n1\n\nPhoto right: Paul Willis in his CCCS years (1977)\n\nAt the end of the 1970s, popular culture was developing into a regular topic for academic study and for many eager students the way towards this subject was paved by the work of the Centre of Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) of the Birmingham University. ",
"In those early days, Paul Willis was working at the centre. ",
"From 1973 on, he was one of the prolific authors in the institute's famous series of Stencilled Occasional Papers. ",
"At that time, his subjects mostly were centring on the transition from school to work, but he also published a theory for the social meaning of pop music and even a paper on women in sport. ",
"Some were the basis for later chapters in the CCCS-readers, published by Hutchinson, to which he also added his interest in ethnographic research.",
"\n\nWillis published some rather influential books. ",
"The first one was Learning to Labour (Farnborough, Hants: Saxon House, 1977), which was widely acclaimed not only within the field of cultural studies but also among sociologists. ",
"Shortly thereafter the second book Profane culture (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978) appeared, describing the subcultures of bikers and hippies. ",
"Though published in 1978, most of it had been written at an earlier date, as it was an adapted version of his doctoral dissertation \"Popular music and youth culture groups in Birmingham\". ",
"Willis then left Birmingham for Wolverhampton and with periods of ten years intermittingly published yet two other books: Common Culture (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990) and The ethnographic imagination (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2000). ",
"From 2000 on, together with Loïc Wacquant, he is editor of Ethnography, an academic journal on all matters concerning ethnography, published by Sage Publications. ",
"In December 2002 the Dutch Sociological Association invited him to Amsterdam to celebrate twenty-five year of Learning To Labour and, more important, to discuss the development of its problematics. ",
"We met Willis there for this interview.",
"\n\n2\n\nKleijer: You started your work at the CCCS in Birmingham. ",
"Then and there, you were deeply immersed into the question of the transition of school to work of working class kids. ",
"It was the subject of Learning to Labour and your findings were quickly appropriated by sociologists and incorporated into their body of knowledge. ",
"Now, when you traded Birmingham for the University of Wolverhampton media studies, at the same time you traded that subject for popular culture and media studies. ",
"Still, your name is mentioned more often within sociology than in media studies ...\n\nWillis: That's not as strange as it may seem at first sight. ",
"My association with media studies really was an accident of history. ",
"First and for all, I see myself as a social scientist, and parts of media studies I think are not properly theorized. ",
"So, I do not have an immediate interest in the field of media studies. ",
"My own post at Wolverhampton was relatively privileged because a third of it was paid for by the Cultural Studies Centre of the Väksjö University in Sweden and my job was to develop research in the university. ",
"I was not directly involved in teaching undergraduate programmes; I was working at the postgraduate level. ",
"So, I can't say that I was a media studies teacher, though I was the head of the division and I know the general area.",
"\n\nKleijer: I ask this question, because there seems to be some discrepancy between those fields in the reception of British Cultural Studies. ",
"Paging through only a few of the impressive load of reviews and summaries of the history of the CCCS, one is quick to note some sort of difference between the way in which the CCCS is received by media studies at one hand and by sociology and related studies at the other. ",
"One only has to look at the names and quotations. ",
"Media studies mostly refer to the likes of Stuart Hall, but here your name is almost never mentioned, nor that of Angela McRobbie for instance. ",
"Then at the other hand, when you look at educational studies, the social sciences and also music studies, it's always Willis, Hebdige and so on. ",
"So, why does your work not show up in media studies ...\n\nWillis: Or cultural studies ... Because I never dealt with media reception, is the simple answer. ",
"It's a complicated story what has happened to cultural studies. ",
"Especially since it got exported to the States, it split into a variety of camps: post-colonialism, discourse studies, post-structuralism, humanity studies, media studies, media reception, and so on. ",
"The story of British cultural studies is rather complex since it was started in the mid-sixties by Richard Hoggart in the humanities department. ",
"My own background was in English at Cambridge. ",
"At that point, it was a literary humanistic study and I developed my own kind of practical sociology, based on a certain adaptation of literary critisism, especially close reading. ",
"In Cambridge, we were given a poem and you had to respond to the words on the page and explain how the words worked. ",
"I saw myself as adapting this literary critical technique to lived cultural forms. ",
"So I was asking how the bike in the biker subculture worked as a set of symbols: the circular handlebars, the shining kick-starters, the ways in which the bike was rearranged, the form of the bike and for a long initial period you could see it as within the humanities but going over into the social sciences in successive ways.",
"\n\nWell, the centre was a very exciting place, especially after the actions to further student involvement in decision making, of course, when it was student-lead. ",
"Stuart Hall had a very particular view of collective work and revolutions arriving in the social sciences arrived at the centre very quickly. ",
"Marxism, feminism, anti-racism, all of those successively moved the debate on as well as varieties of post structuralism in French theory and in just a ten year period the centre went through three or four revolutions, many of which were highly contradictory and, although we somehow look back on the Birmingham school as unified, the truth is it had compressed in it several different disciplines in lines of development, many of them not very compatible. ",
"And my own history was starting in that humanistic way into a humanistic sociology and grappling with the series of revolutions, not least of course the Marxist one but also the feminist one. ",
"Since this golden period of the Cultural Studies Centre, what's now called British cultural studies has spun off into its constituency again. ",
"I think it's rather hard to talk of the ethnographic cultural studies — to which I belong with my recent book, you could argue — while attempting to argue with certain other inheritances of the CCCS.",
"\n\n3\n\nTillekens: Your answer seems to imply that the ways of media studies have parted with the interests of ethnographers. ",
"In respect to the effects of the media, ethnography has always stressed the importance of looking at the audience and the ways in which they actively receive and handle the messages sent by the media. ",
"Do you think that media studies is just forgetting the audience, as for instance some of your Britain colleagues, Greg Philo and Dave Miller, have argued recently? ",
"According to them, it is about time to revive the concept of \"lived experience\" in media studies.",
"\n\nWillis: Well, this is one answer to your question why I'm not in media studies — and was I ever in media studies? ",
"And yes, there really are some differences between the current interests of media studies and ethnography. ",
"I thought the Birmingham school, and I still think my own ethnographic approach, is so to speak holistic and theoretically informed and just as I would approach education or factory production or pub life, I would approach media studies in a different more holistic way. ",
"For me the encoding and decoding model, which is still very powerful, turns too much within the reception side, and my interest would be to look into the role of the electronic mediation and commodification in every day life forms from the perspective and the interest of a common culture. ",
"That's what my recent book about the ethnographic imagination is all about, but this interest also goes way back to the beginnings of the CCCS. ",
"Raymond Williams once said that culture is a relation between elements in a way of life and I'm sure he meant the symbolic codes, the reception of the codes, the ways in which meanings derived from them and other sources are taken up in the home, the street, the factory, the school.",
"\n\nAnd, for me media studies has missed this last element. ",
"It's got two elements: the uncoding and the decoding bit. ",
"However, it hasn't got another third element, everyday culture, or fourth element which would be the economy of the society. ",
"For me, what counts is everyday culture. ",
"So there's no sense at all in which I think I've been dumped by media studies. ",
"I think there are up to ten cultural studies camps and I've probably been dumped in most of them, but I'm certainly not ignored within sociology or within anthropology. ",
"Within the sociology of education, the book Learning to Labour continues to sell more than ever and, in some sense, you could say I've travelled out of cultural studies. ",
"It's not an issue for me. ",
"My new journal even is deliberately aiming at sociology, anthropology, cultural anthropology ...\n\nI don't see media studies as the inheritor of classical British cultural studies. ",
"It's one of the many strands and, I think, it's greatly in need of reattaching to a more holistic social view. ",
"Of course, that's very difficult, but you can see that it's possible to do an ethnography of reception, whether I do it or not. ",
"I won't deny that it's a hard job, but it can be done. ",
"Look, for instance at the study of Dorothy Hobson on television soaps, reported in her book Crossroads (1982). ",
"She's one of my colleagues at Wolverhampton and she's just writing another book in her own attempt to develop a research culture over there. ",
"You can learn from her work, that a theoretical stance is very important. ",
"Of course, you can sit with viewers and that's very important. ",
"However, it's much harder to see how that viewing gets involved in shop-floor culture or in school culture. ",
"For me the issue always must be broadened by the ethnographic imagination, to get grips on what is left out by most posivistic forms of decoding on sight: the ways in which the resources for cultural understanding have become commodified and mediated and the implications of those changes in the modes of information for the remaining sites of struggle and existence. ",
"That, for me, is the media question.",
"\n\n4\n\nKleijer: I want to go to Learning to Labour, which as we've said before, is a very interesting book for sociologists. ",
"In the book you described and analysed the way in which working class pupils in the lower reaches of the educational system reacted to school: the boisterous and resistant \"lads\" and their more obedient and resilient counterparts, the \"ear'oles\". ",
"Nowadays, the book has become a standard in the field of sociology and summaries of your work often link it up with Robert K. Merton's theory of anomie. ",
"Your description of \"how working class boys get working class jobs\" as a reaction to the meritocratic workings of the school indeed can be seen as an illustration of Merton's theory. ",
"But, to me, it seems there's more to your analysis. ",
"Concepts like \"counter culture\", \"authenticity\" clearly have a theoretical surplus. ",
"To me Learning to Labour is more than just a sociological analysis of deviance and resistance. ",
"What is your own opinion on that matter?",
"\n\nWillis: I don't know whether I can place the book within classical sociology. ",
"Remember my own route was out of the literature department through the work of Richard Hoggart into everyday culture and for me there was a displacement of an interest in aesthetic creativity in written forms, where I kind of drew a blanc at Cambridge, into looking for the same thing in a more democratic 1960s way in everyday culture. ",
"So the motive of my ethnographic recording of life — while being in the Cultural Studies Centre and going through those successive waves of social and Marxist and feminist revolutions — was to show forms of humanistic creativity, and this is still the case today. ",
"As a humanist, I'm attempting to make a theorized humanism which still preserves some element of creativity.",
"\n\nAnd from this point of view I think I'm developing — and my book The ethnographic imagination tries to spell it out — a view of cultural production of creativity. ",
"As such the analysis must be based on historical grounds, while clearing up given discursive forms. ",
"In fact, you could argue, it is an attempt to develop an ethnographically based form of post-structuralism, treating the question of how previous systems of symbols and previous discursive resources are related to actual practices. ",
"From this point of view, I see Learning to Labour — and my more recent work — as studies of forms of cultural production of meaning in everyday life. ",
"In this respect, I always feel pushed into a sociological straight-jacket when people take the outcomes of my work in terms of resistance or anomie, because my point is the general production of meanings within a context ...\n\n5\n\nTillekens: I was wondering about all those belligerent metaphors of struggles, fights and arena's, one finds so abundantly in Learning to Labour. ",
"Are you still seeing the processes in which people give meaning to their lives in those terms? ",
"In which way are those concepts steering your analysis?",
"\n\nWillis: This question partly overlaps with that other, very interesting question about how to write ethnography. ",
"Writing down your findings, in my mind, by itself is not a science. ",
"I have always seen it as an extension of a literary technique, just like it is practiced by post-modernism and post-structuralism. ",
"Of course, there is the question of the replication of one's findings, which is a theoretical scientific problem. ",
"But, as post-modernism and post-structuralism holds, there's more to it and in one way, I always felt I understood that argument. ",
"When I was writing down my analyses for Learning to Labour, I knew it was a construction and I was very willing to use literary techniques in order to promote a preferred meaning. ",
"In that, I see the social sciences really as social sciences, which means that they include important humanistic elements. ",
"One has to read the book that way. ",
"So, it's not always fair to take a metaphor in its full context as delivering a whole theory. ",
"So, in order to emphasise a degree of creativity and of activity and rationality in these subcultures, hitherto seen as pathological or deviant, I mobilized metaphors and used literary techniques.",
"\n\nMoreover, I think it's part of the richness of ethnography that it can travel into different disciplines and have different interpretations. ",
"But in so far as I can see, my heartland consideration was to offer a preferred reading. ",
"The concepts of \"resistance\" and \"struggle\" were meant to point to the forms of cultural production in a context when that context is compulsion combined with disaffection from the education that goes with it. ",
"Under these conditions, the institution of the school becomes oppression and then cultural production turns into a resistance to that particular site. ",
"But of course, any extension of my argument into resistance in general, in my view, becomes rather meaningless because the lads were not resisting in this sense. ",
"Actually, they were rather conservative and the long-term result of their resistance was, of course, a passive reproduction of the social order in these self-same resistant kids.",
"\n\n6\n\nKleijer: Because of that, many people even said that Learning to Labour was a very pessimistic book. ",
"I once even read a description of the work, saying that \"a melancholic pessimism\" was \"dripping out of this book.\" ",
"Some years after its publication, you wrote an article about the same subject for a reader edited by Len Barton and Stephan Walker, which sounded more open and optimistic. ",
"Yet, after having read both the book and article, most readers will be left with a gloomy feeling of things going from bad to worse.",
"\n\nWillis: Yes, I still think this, but remember what I'm saying, about the allusive and metaphorical style of ethnography: an absolute necessity for its own form of reproduction which is a construction, not a reflection of reality, and if that lens of magnification and projection goes through literary forms, then there is a variety of ways of reading the metaphor and I think a lot of the metaphors I used were heroic, about a resistance against all odds, and there was also an aesthetic sense of irony, of foreseeing future events, of the riders of life pursuing their course.",
"\n\nAnd you see I'm coming back to my point: I think that there is a variety of ways of reading and misreading the relative independence of an ethnographic text and in order to pursue my larger sociological, if you like, purpose, I used a spirit of prolepsis of the workings of fate, the melancholic ways in which futures are mapped but lived through choice. ",
"I tried to describe the ways in which current choices produce future traps and this was part of my purpose. ",
"The heartland of the book, I still see as analysing the production of meanings and the complex ways within which those meanings become embedded in structures and thereby reproductive, ironic and trapping. ",
"But, by representing it in a humanistic way, in whatever literary form, the point in my mind was always an openness, a mismatch between the cultural forms and their outcomes. ",
"That cultural practices become trapping is a sociological question capable of analysis. ",
"It is also a cultural therapeutic question of the possibility of change and there is always the possibility of making practices not inevitable by understanding them. ",
"And in my mind, this was the main message of the book, not the trapping.",
"\n\n7\n\nTillekens: In the book, there is some permanent clash going on between the middle-class culture of the school on the one hand and the working class culture of the \"lads\" on the other and you yourself, so it seems, take a partisan view in this struggle.",
"\n\nWillis: Yes, well I'm not sure if the ear'oles in any sense are middle class. ",
"For me this is another misunderstanding of the book. ",
"Both the lads and ear'oles represent working class culture. ",
"So, at school, there were two working class roots at that point and as the subsequent history of the lads and ear'oles shows, in time many of them did change places, depending on the accidents of the labour market.",
"\n\nTillekens: Yet, there is something in your analysis about middle class culture, which gives it a negative ring. ",
"Middle class culture is depicted as individualistic, polished and \"inauthentic\". ",
"As such, it mirrors your description of working class culture ...\n\nWillis: Well, if you're talking about the book, and the ethnographic presentation and the literary tropes, yes, I needed metaphors and I needed foils. ",
"I needed a frame. ",
"I needed to dramatise oppositions and I don't say there is a falsity in that. ",
"There is always a degree of projection, where if you bring one group to life it is at the expense of the life of another group. ",
"So you could argue, that I didn't give a full picture of the era. ",
"You could argue, that the whole analysis was in some sense counter pointed against a view of middle class culture as less creative in everyday life forms, as more individualistic, as more ethnological in a broader sense, again perhaps as giving obeisance to form from the point of view of social prestige rather than living the meaning of the shape of the hunger, as Bourdieu says. ",
"Yet, there's more to it. ",
"My argument, indeed, is that there is something about the freedoms of working class culture that is the opposite of the melancholy and the trappings, we were speaking about. ",
"Some way or another, so it seems to me, working class culture is able to take in commodity culture and defetishise its commodified meanings in relation to everyday life in a way that middle class culture doesn't.",
"\n\nIn my recent book, I'm saying that schooling is a kind of early modernist formation of cultural transmission and there's a huge question about what it means for the subordinate class. ",
"You could argue, that the current big question is the electronic mediation of culture and the commodification of meanings material. ",
"Is this another form of oppressing workers in the social factory? ",
"Or has it given them a form of expression and a means of culturally mediated self-knowledge which is in some sense more useful than the continuingly institutionalised, individualized certificated knowledge, offered by the school? ",
"So I think, yes, throughout my work there is an attempt to try to update class cultural analysis and to try to see subordinate cultures as in some sense more creative than received middle class cultures.",
"\n\nThough, of course, the point — the point of mediation and the point of the post-modern condition — is that there's a degree of convergence. ",
"We are all saturated with electronic means and middle class kids might be taking a certain view of Shakespeare and electro-dynamics in the university whilst their leisure pursuits are in the bar and with clothes and with music that show a convergence with the preferences of working class kids. ",
"This means, that we will have to update our cultural analysis to see continuingly class-based differences in cultural forms. ",
"In this respect, we have outrun the older English models of working class culture and middle-class culture and the separations between them. ",
"You could argue that Learning to Labour is still courting those old divisions, and I think it is now necessary to try to see differences in the class cultures along different dynamics and those dynamics must include the uses of electronic mediation and commodification. ",
"Yet, for me, there still is a difference in bindings and, yes, I would argue that there is a tendency of difference in the way those materials are used by working class and middle-class youth.",
"\n\n8\n\nKleijer:Learning to Labour was published in 1977. ",
"Then punk emerged and Dick Hebdige wrote his book about this new style that did seem to explode the concept of subcultures itself. ",
"If I remember well, you once said yourself that maybe you caught British labour class culture at its last high tide and that it was just dwindling away afterwards. ",
"Popular culture now has evolved into \"style\", an arbitrary mixture of cultural elements, originating from everywhere and for everyone to pick to his or her likings. ",
"Style now has become very important, as Hebdige argued, and with the globalisation of culture is becoming more important everyday. ",
"You tackled this issue yourself in Common Culture — I step over to the next book — where you argued about the creation of new communities ...\n\nWillis: In that book I call them proto-communities and part of the task I see myself as working on and part of where we are at in the progressive social science — and I see that as including anthropology and education studies as well as sociology and cultural studies — is trying to understand new bases of community. ",
"The classic English ways of understanding community related very much to class cultures and, in the past, we may have projected too coherent a view on that with a separate working class culture. ",
"There were always overlaps and connections and of course, the role of the state and institutions is very important. ",
"But nevertheless, I think still in Learning to Labour one could see some bases of community organization within the working class. ",
"And part of the reason why the cultural question interested me, was that I saw it as a very important connection between the material infrastructure that would produce a community of workers in a factory, a neighbourhood, a camping site at one hand and the forms of meaning-making, the styles of life and the habits of speech, the habits of culture on the other hand. ",
"These locations were producing some forms of a distinctive cultural community which had a particular kind of communication and a particular kind of knowledge, as itself a basis for class organization, like the trade unions and the labour party. ",
"And I think that was still just about holding as a model in the 1970s.",
"\n\nBut, already at that time, the destruction of the material base for those communities, the closing of the factories, the individualization of politics and the hollowing out, the commodification of culture was removing the local working class traditions. ",
"The only hope we had in the labour party to get back into power was to dump the old class community politics and work through focus groups and fetishised electronic communication, which Blair has done extremely successfully. ",
"I'm still in the party — with real misgivings but I prefer our lot to their lot — but I do have strong doubts. ",
"You know, part of the dilemma I'm talking about, is the dissolving of the left-right distinction and the fact that our social democrats are actually more radical in some ways than the labour party. ",
"For me this reflects the sociological question: what has happened in the community? ",
"For me, this is the important notion of communication and meaning-making: that to have a politics you have to have a prior level of everyday communication and a prior level of understood meanings which can be mobilized into political points and political organization.",
"\n\nAgain, to use a metaphor: unless you have a sea of meaning, culture, you can't get a floating level of organization. ",
"In this respect, I think we are in a transition. ",
"We've clearly lost the old, but I'm not yet willing to accept that we're now all mediated, individualized subjects. ",
"We don't exactly know by which forms and in which communities meaning-making is effectuated and we will have to go out and look for it. ",
"So the big issue is then not for sociological theory but for ethnographic research. ",
"We must try to understand the ways in which social and cultural life is ahead of our theories by asking what new forms of community and culture exist on the other side of electronification and commodification. ",
"In Common Culture, I was struggling with these questions by looking for these new forms as proto-communities. ",
"But of course, it is difficult: you don't find proto-communities by going to the factory and working on a shop floor. ",
"You don't find it in its institutional form by looking at resistance to school. ",
"But nevertheless there will be cultural counterparts of economic realities and those cultural forms of understanding are the means through which the majority of people meet the urgencies of life — dealing with the state, dealing with unemployment, dealing with the neighbourhood.",
"\n\n9\n\nTillekens: I saw the book as an argument of making public space more open for new forms of local community. ",
"In this respect, the book is also a social policy statement and I wondered what happened to it? ",
"Was there ever a follow-up in Wolverhampton's youth policy?",
"\n\nWillis: No, I didn't have resources and I didn't have power. ",
"But of course, you are quite right and I think it is a misunderstanding about the book. ",
"Some of the criticism of it didn't fully take into account that it was a policy initiative. ",
"The Gulbenkian Foundation provided the funds and it also published the report Moving Culture (1990), which for them was the main outcome. ",
"Next, I floated off Common Culture as an academic book, but the research hadn't really been conducted in a way, which I would have regarded as academic. ",
"I didn't mainly do the fieldwork myself. ",
"Each of the contributions had a different agenda and in each section different things were going on. ",
"I had to find a common denominator which was cultural creativity, if you like, but I couldn't really pursue questions of fetishism and defetishism, of social reproduction and of social connection, because it wasn't my ethnographic work. ",
"Moreover, I hadn't — as I had in Learning to Labour — the very important point of a longitudinal extension. ",
"I knew then what did happen after school, but now I did not know what happened to someone's passion with punk or whatever. ",
"I did not know what something like that implicates, when it gets taken up into life course decisions. ",
"That would have been a very interesting question. ",
"As it is Common Culture is a horizontal snapshot, it is not longitudinal.",
"\n\nTillekens: Still, I must confess, I like the book and I was very amazed about all of the critique. ",
"Even last year, in a review in the internet journal Culture Machine, Rupa Huq called it an execrable book. ",
"Terrible, in short. ",
"Why, do you think, are people so negative about it?",
"\n\nWillis: I don't know the quote, but I think the criticisms are to a point just, stemming from two perspectives. ",
"For cultural practitioners, the book is clearly too broad — as I have said, it takes a horizontal view. ",
"In fact, I myself think that's the strength of the book. ",
"Very few books have attempted to look across the scene of cultural activity. ",
"But you could say that none of the separate activities have been studied into in full depth. ",
"I would say that is a just criticism. ",
"Next, there is the sociological criticism, especially from a political economy point of view. ",
"Here people hold that I jumped the post-modern bandwagon, celebrating creativity without condition and saying that the kids can make anything out of anything — \"anything goes.\" ",
"According to them, the argument about the impact of cultural capital and prestige seems to be missing in my analysis. ",
"In a way that's right, but remember that I was looking for new communal forms.",
"\n\n10\n\nKleijer: In general, how do you connect your academic work with a social practice?",
"\n\nWillis: I don't say I've done it. ",
"One of the interesting things is the letters I sometimes get from people who write to me about Learning to Labour, prisoners for instance who have the time for reading books. ",
"They say that the book has helped them to overcome the mental-manual barrier. ",
"Reading the book, they've come to understand more about their own formation and that then allows them to be interested in books in general. ",
"It shows the possibility of using ethnographic accounts of cultural areas to undergo a kind of cultural therapy, almost in a Freudian sense of laying bare a cultural formation and — back to a theme of mine — increasing the chances of avoiding the ironies of reproduction. ",
"I have a Ph.D. student who has just published a book on school cultures, who was a biker himself. ",
"He read Profane Culture by accident, as he happened to see the big picture of the bike on the front of it. ",
"He says the book turned him into a sociologist. ",
"He'd never understood that his own experiences were anything more than trivial and to the side, but the book made him think about his liking for music and his bike. ",
"I certainly don't want to exaggerate the effects of my books, but I guess you could build a practice of ethnographic research on these examples. ",
"Unfortunately, I don't have the social power or the money to put it into effect.",
"\n\nThe important thing it shows, however, is that there is something about culture which can be discussed and laid open. ",
"And, from the point of view of the cultural project behind Moving Culture, which was the Gulbenkian book, the idea was to shift cultural policy and the policy of Gulbenkian from the support of legitimate arts to the support of popular arts. ",
"They did change their funding criteria and their policy and they have funded music projects and group projects. ",
"At the end of that book, I invented an idea and it shows you a possible idealism in my whole position of what I call the cultural exchange. ",
"I proposed to furnish young people with some form of local currency — to be provided by the local authority or the Gulbenkian Foundation. ",
"It would give them access to cultural commodities and technical means of production on a cheap basis. ",
"For instance, if they were fed up with their guitar, they could use it to trade their instrument in for another. ",
"Part of the problem of commodification is the access to commodities because it works through money and the wage form. ",
"In England — I think more so than in the Netherlands — there is a continuing problem in the cities with mass youth unemployment. ",
"Those concerned, all have a great interest in, what I call, a common culture, but they don't have the means to really get into it and work their way creatively through the commodified mediations of popular culture. ",
"So, this is what I proposed to do. ",
"Successfully or not, I'm trying to dissect forms of cultural production with respect to questions of commodification and fetishism. ",
"If we could understand some of these creative processes, I think, and could allow them to unfold on the benign grounds of state provision, then it might be possible to aid their defetishising dimension rather than their reproductive dimension, to put it very crudely. ",
"And this, again, brings us back to the question what commodification in the electronic mediation does mean for culture.",
"\n\n11\n\nTillekens: Speaking of the development of popular culture ... Learning to Labour mainly is about the subculture of the lads and, some way or another, it seems the lads have won the battle in this arena. ",
"When you look at television programs like Big Brother — a Dutch concept, by the way — or page through youth magazines like Loaded, all you see is a \"laddish culture\" which seems to have taken over popular culture. ",
"Some people argue that it's the self-defeating victory of labour class culture in a mediatized society ...\n\nWillis: Yes, it's not my argument, but it is a position. ",
"Assuming that we ever have an original community-bases working class culture, it was already unravelling at the time of my research into the lads. ",
"And, after all, part of my argument even then was about the use of commodities: smoking, drinking, style, fashion, trying to be superior to the teachers. ",
"The market, undoubtedly, has been a corrosive asset on local folk traditions of working class culture. ",
"And elements of it have been commodified themselves. ",
"But, when you refer to the kind of lad culture represented by Loaded, I don't see that as the success of the working class masculinity. ",
"It's a particular commodification of a strand and an adaptation to a life style marketeers' view of culture. ",
"I was also astonished to hear from a colleague in the business school that Common Culture now is one of the most referenced books in the Journal of Consumer Affairs. ",
"I think, it's called the bible of qualitative market research — which by itself is a minority compared with the quantitative stuff. ",
"But, it's true, the marketing machinery is absolutely very active in raiding cultural studies and light cultural studies in terms of trying to understand what they call experiential marketing: looking how products are used and trying to guess how products are used. ",
"They are keen to learn the ways in which placing products more carefully within cultural lived forms can make the product sell rather than the old-fashioned media message to simply \"Buy!\" ",
"You could say that capitalist media now understand ethnography and are producing ethnographic forms and documenting it. ",
"Programs like Big Brother and all the rest of its are kind of getting in on the act and of course without theory. ",
"They're, what I would like to call, the \"common culture\" without the \"ethnographic imagination.\" ",
"In short, I think it's hard to say that there once really was a golden age of working class culture, and I think it's harder yet to say it has now been succeeded. ",
"But, yes, bits of it clearly have been commodified.",
"\n\n12\n\nTillekens: Does that same qualification not also apply to most ethnographic studies being done nowadays — or better yet over the last decade? ",
"You could hear this reproach, for instance in the severe criticism by Dave Harris, ten years ago, of the CCCS. ",
"The British philosopher Esther Leslie, a cultural studies researcher herself and strongly committed to Critical Theory, more recently presented an overview of the development of British cultural Marxism. ",
"She argued that the whole field has become de-Marxized and that, with it, the interest in theory had disappeared. ",
"Moreover, she said, there are only two groups left: the semiotic group, which just is analysing and discussing the \"discourses\" they perceive in media products, and then another group which keeps itself busy by doing ethnographic research. ",
"But, lacking any theory, she holds, ethnography now has evolved into a form of sociological voyeurism.",
"\n\nWillis: I don't know it. ",
"Do I figure in the argument?",
"\n\nTillekens: No ...\n\nWillis: Good, that's probably a good thing. ",
"Well, this is why some people think Common Culture is a sell-out. ",
"They think, that I lost my critical consciousness and that I wasn't able to articulate culture into structure. ",
"Of course, the traditional heavy-weight Marxists already had their severe doubts about Learning to Labour as it admits that the world is in one sense post-modern. ",
"Moreover, I think, it has become clear that we haven't got or even can construct a unified theory. ",
"At one stage of the development of the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, the classic stage of the centre, we were all Marxists. ",
"We thought Marxism could hold it all together and we struggled very hard to find the unified theory for culture, and we failed.",
"\n\nI think, the kind of continuing orthodox Marxists — I don't quite know who they are but there certainly still are political economists in media studies, take for instance Graham Murdock and Peter Golding — would perceive Learning to Labour as moderately interesting. ",
"But, just like Jim McGuigan's Cultural Populism (1992), they would see Common Culture as a complete sell-out, because it's a humanistic celebration without any theory. ",
"I think these arguments now have been there for about ten years. ",
"It's a story that's being recounted over and over again about what happened to Cultural Studies and the way a certain kind of ethnography has just become a mindless celebration of the kids. ",
"I think, as I just said, there is some justice in that view of Common Culture because I was taking a horizontal view, and, surely, of Moving Culture where I was trying to send a relatively simple message to policy-makers. ",
"Whether or not it succeeded, it certainly shifted the policies of the Gulbenkian Foundation. ",
"They have made more money available for some kinds of youth projects and I am interested, however disorganised, in their outcomes and policy. ",
"So, it was a useful thing to try. ",
"And then in Common Culture, I tried to move it along, but I didn't have the ethnographic materials to properly take a longitudinal critical view. ",
"In The Ethnographic Imagination, for all its faults, I think I am as it were critically theorizing Common Culture along the following lines of recognizing the nature of the commodity as a profoundly formative set of implicit social relations around fetishism.",
"\n\n13\n\nKleijer: Having read Ethnographic Imagination, I have the impression that you're moving, in respect to your theoretical concepts, in the direction of Critical Theory. ",
"At least, I see some links in your last book with the stance taken by Adorno in his analysis of popular culture ... According to the Frankfurt School, in some cases the products of popular culture could offer critical insights to their users. ",
"This same idea, nowadays, is being revived by Critical Theorists like Douglas Kellner and again, you can find it in the \"Militant Esthetix\" of Esther Leslie and Ben Watson. ",
"And now, you seem to become a Critical Theorist too.",
"\n\nWillis: The problem for me is that what the Marxists and the Critical Theorists, the orthodox Marxists and especially the Political Economists are doing in the field of media studies, makes a lot of sense. ",
"In some way, it makes a lot more sense than what the ethnographers are getting from the audiences. ",
"But still, they won't face the question of the specific ways in which media messages have an ideological effect. ",
"Yes, they are quite able in tracing media messages through the circuit of production according to the relations of capital production: from the obvious facts of the ownership of the media, through the production of commodities and their distribution in electronic forms into messages which have identifiable outcomes.",
"\n\nHowever, I think, it still is very important to insert a humanistic creative moment in this circuit of the production of meaning, whereas the Political Economists still would like a closed circuit. ",
"It will complexify things, but there must be an open moment, exactly at the point where those messages get used. ",
"And, they will be used in unexpected ways — that is the \"surprise\" of the ethnographic moment. ",
"In the Ethnographic Imagination, I am trying to do the political economy job by showing the form of influence arising from the mode of production. ",
"I still accept the major point, but I do not agree that that is all there is to a particular message. ",
"You can't find it by an endless description of the empirical facts of ownership or by analysing the forms of advertising the way Political Economy does. ",
"Media messages, surely, are determined by the way they are produced and distributed, but for me, this determination resides in the commodity form.",
"\n\nTillekens: Again, that's a very Adornian position. ",
"In your new book you are also reviving the concept of \"penetrations\". ",
"You first used it in Learning to Labour. ",
"At the time, it was the most criticized concept of the book, at least over here in the Netherlands ...\n\nWillis (laughs): Because of the sexist terminology or because of the theory?",
"\n\nTillekens: Oh no ... over here no one was particularly concerned about that. ",
"No, in your analysis of the culture of the lads, you speak both of \"penetrations\" and of \"limitations.\" ",
"Some elements of their culture — for instance their solidarity and sense for community — are qualified as \"penetrations\", a way to look into and overcome the restrictions of the meritocratic ideology of the school. ",
"Other elements, like the typical macho attitude of the lads, are qualified as \"limitations.\" ",
"The grounds on which to decide what is a \"limitation\" and what a \"penetration\", however, are not always clear. ",
"Moreover, it just seems to depend the author's view.",
"\n\nWillis: Well, I see the problem, but the answer to it is mainly a question of ethnographical research. ",
"You really need to do empirical research to lay your finger at the points where communication penetrates the fetish character of cultural products. ",
"I don't say, my use of the concept \"penetrations\" is properly ethnographically supported. ",
"You see, there is this problem of fieldwork and before I get too old and arthritic, I really must return to the field. ",
"But theoretically, I don't know, I may be reinventing the wheel, but I thought the scientific finding of The Ethnographic Imagination was that it shows what difference it makes when you apply fetishism to a communicative commodity. ",
"If it is just a chair, then it's obviously a commodity in the market. ",
"You can see it in the department store as a mass product, a cargo-culture item. ",
"You don't know who made it; you don't know the social relations of its production. ",
"By entering the market, it breaks off its history, and it breaks off its labour history. ",
"It's just an item to be judged by utilitarian — is it comfortable? — ",
"or aesthetic standards — is it beautiful? ",
"My point, however, is that nobody has yet, correct me if I'm wrong, understood properly what it means to say that a communicative item is fetishised because it always needs communication and because it always carries with it a community.",
"\n\nFor instance, if you play a record, you know there's labour in it because you can only take it in real time. ",
"So you know there is embedded labour in it. ",
"Not fully, it's fetishised but it's not fully fetishised. ",
"It is a communicative item and any communicative item must assume a communicative meaning. ",
"Listening to it, you must decide together what music is in order to hear sounds as music instead of noise. ",
"And for me this makes the commodification of communication altogether more unstable and interesting than the commodification of items serving basic needs. ",
"Because of this contradiction, I call products like pop cd's \"quasi-modo\" commodities.",
"\n\nKleijer: There's a whole chapter of your book treating this subject. ",
"However, you don't say anything all on the where-abouts of the concept. ",
"If I remember well, the concept of \"quasi-commodity\" is used by economists for goods like books and toys. ",
"Quasimodo is the hero of Victor Hugo's story of the hunchback who found refuge in the Notre Dame of Paris. ",
"So, I take it, by using the concept of quasi-modo commodities, you're hinting at the possibility that some cultural products may have some hidden quality bound to spring out when the occasion arises.",
"\n\nWillis: In fact, that's what I'm trying to expose theoretically which then, for me, has profound ethnographic consequences because these products acquire new meanings in their reception and their contribution to everyday life. ",
"You don't catch up with these meanings by subjecting messages to an encoding-decoding model. ",
"Instead, you will have to look at the ways in which these messages have an influence and are used to make sense of school, work, neighbourhood and so on.",
"\n\n14\n\nKleijer: In short: \"lived experience,\" which is another one of your concepts ...\n\nWillis: Lived experience, generally speaking, offers the means by which cultural products like cd's are appropriated. ",
"And then there is this question: does \"lived experience\" decode the fetishised bit or does it decode the community bit? ",
"And in what ways is there a lived understanding of embedded labour, which then encourages kids to want to pick up a guitar. ",
"Most kids, as we found out during the Common Culture project, do no learn music by going to a music school, but by listening to it and picking up a guitar. ",
"Now, you can't learn to be a carpenter, just by getting a table from the department store. ",
"This is what I'm pressing at. ",
"Now is that Adorno or the Frankfurt School?",
"\n\nEthnographic research, in a certain sense, replicates that process. ",
"It is not the same, but it resembles the way in which you just tried to decode the word \"quasi-modo commodity\". ",
"Decoding is what I'm thinking of as culture therapy, which is both bringing into visibility the invisible forms of everyday life and attempting to make the understanding of culture a more public project. ",
"Some people nowadays hold that culture has become a loose collection of separate subcultures. ",
"Adults trying to interfere with what the kids are doing, are being told to piss off, it's their business. ",
"Or, they say that if you make it mainstream, the kids will soon find some other way to express difference. ",
"And, of course, there's a point in that. ",
"But part of what The Ethnographic Imagination is arguing is, that we are all sub-culturalists now, that all cultural forms are mediated, that nothing is authentic anymore and that it is not the case of authentic cultures an nosy theoretical adults pushing their nose in voyeurism. ",
"It is more a question for all of us: what are the cultural resources which we make meaning from? ",
"And, what is the role of commodification in that, under what conditions is defetishized use more likely, and in what ways is a public representation of some of your private experiences having the possibility of a social dynamic, avoiding the pitfalls, avoiding the ironies, avoiding the reproductions, being reconnected to mental life. ",
"And, for me, there must be a role for ethnography in such a cultural therapy.",
"\n\n15\n\nPhoto left: Paul Willis in Amsterdam (2002; photo: Carla Schoo)\n\nTillekens: Speaking about \"lived experience\", you now have had ample experience with life as it is on British universities. ",
"If my information is correct, you now have left Wolverhampton?",
"\n\nWillis: Yes, I've left Wolverhampton into voluntary redundancy. ",
"I took voluntary retirement in September. ",
"At this point, I'm unemployed, but I'm still living in Wolverhampton, my home town, of course. ",
"At the moment, there is a real problem in England with finance for higher education. ",
"I only had a small department, so I decided not to resist the budget cuttings. ",
"We have a huge crisis at our universities. ",
"In general on finance, this specific issue is ready to charge students tuition fees. ",
"In just a few years, we've gone from a good system to a terrible system. ",
"We did have grants and tuition fees paid by the state. ",
"Now, what is left is a thousand pounds tuition fee per student and no grants, just loans. ",
"This has direct implications for the accessibility of higher education. ",
"In the United Kingdom, the universities already had evolved into finishing schools for the middle class. ",
"There's nothing wrong with that, but the new financial arrangements clearly are strengthening the class differentiation in education. ",
"Nowadays about 30 percent of all 18-year-olds is attending higher education, which is very high. ",
"However, that's 80% of all middle class youth. ",
"Moreover, the contents of the curriculum is more and more directed to the labour market, just as well as the research agenda increasingly is being set by economic interests.",
"\n\nI'm not implying, that there's a lowering of the level of the universities. ",
"In reality I think that's not the case. ",
"But, that's the common story that's going around in public. ",
"The English newspapers are always trying to run scare stories on the collapse of standards and, of course, they often refer to the joke degrees in media studies, so it's a sensitive area. ",
"Combined with the changing criteria for the collective research output, this makes it very difficult to keep a small research facility, like the one in Wolverhampton, going in this field. ",
"That's why I agreed to my voluntary redundancy. ",
"However, that does not mean that I'm sitting still. ",
"I'm surveying the possibilities and I'm negotiating with a couple of universities. ",
"And, at the moment I'm quite busy with my work as an editor for the journal Ethnography, published by Sage since 2000. ",
"I do this work jointly with Loïc Wacquant. ",
"It's really a nice journal, worth reading if you're interested in all of the things we just have talked about.",
"\n\nWillis, Paul (1977/1981), Learning to labour. ",
"How working class kids get working class jobs. ",
"Farnborough, Hants: Saxon House, 1977; New York: Columbia University Press, 1981 (with a new introduction and afterword).",
"\n\nWillis, Paul, Simon Jones, Joyce Canaan and Geoff Hurd (1990), Common culture. ",
"Symbolic work at play in the everyday cultures of the young. ",
"Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990.",
"\n\nA short overview of the intellectual history of the CCCS has been made available on the Internet by Norma Schulman (1993), \"Conditions of their own making. ",
"An intellectual history of the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham.\" ",
"In: Canadian Journal of Communications, 1993, 18, 1. ",
"Witness to the revival of Critical Theory in the field of cultural studies is the online journal Militant Esthetix with its many presentations and articles by Ester Leslie and Ben Watson. ",
"See for the early work of Paul Willis also his \"Symbolism and practice. ",
"A theory for the social meaning of pop music.\" ",
"Birmingham: Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, The University of Birmingham, Stencilled Occasional Paper, Sub and Popular Culture Series: SP 13, 1974."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0,
0,
0.009708737864077669,
0.015625,
0.009828009828009828,
0.016666666666666666,
0,
0,
0.0136986301369863,
0.02,
0,
0.006578947368421052,
0,
0.0163265306122449,
0.012269938650306749,
0.005050505050505051,
0.02564102564102564,
0.015873015873015872,
0,
0,
0.006134969325153374,
0.00684931506849315,
0,
0,
0,
0.014285714285714285,
0,
0,
0.007042253521126761,
0.007326007326007326,
0,
0.013888888888888888,
0.006896551724137931,
0,
0,
0,
0.006896551724137931,
0.02127659574468085,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.007042253521126761,
0,
0,
0.007042253521126761,
0.005025125628140704,
0,
0,
0.012195121951219513,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.006944444444444444,
0.0035335689045936395,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.009009009009009009,
0.0070921985815602835,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.006535947712418301,
0.00546448087431694,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.002967359050445104,
0.003787878787878788,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.005555555555555556,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.011627906976744186,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.008771929824561403,
0,
0.0045871559633027525,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.002617801047120419,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.003389830508474576,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.007633587786259542,
0,
0,
0,
0.0021691973969631237,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.0044444444444444444,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.007246376811594203,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.0136986301369863,
0.009900990099009901,
0.009345794392523364,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.008298755186721992,
0,
0,
0.007246376811594203,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.004784688995215311,
0.004672897196261682,
0.006060606060606061,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.012048192771084338,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.006756756756756757,
0.018018018018018018,
0.004901960784313725,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.015384615384615385,
0.015151515151515152,
0,
0.006134969325153374,
0,
0.014705882352941176,
0,
0.011152416356877323,
0.017857142857142856,
0,
0.005263157894736842,
0,
0.010752688172043012,
0,
0,
0,
0.003861003861003861,
0,
0.00411522633744856,
0.017341040462427744,
0,
0.004807692307692308,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.006802721088435374,
0,
0.006535947712418301,
0,
0.018867924528301886,
0,
0,
0.005555555555555556,
0.012658227848101266,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.004310344827586207,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.018691588785046728,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.0048543689320388345,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.023255813953488372,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.0035587188612099642,
0,
0,
0,
0.015384615384615385,
0.016129032258064516,
0.015151515151515152,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.023255813953488372,
0,
0.041666666666666664,
0,
0.008264462809917356,
0.037037037037037035,
0,
0.025,
0.012658227848101266,
0.018867924528301886,
0.018867924528301886,
0.015957446808510637,
0.013888888888888888,
0,
0.01910828025477707
] | 0.002593 | 5 |
[
"Introduction {#sec1-0969141315573345}\n============\n\nIn England, cervical cancer screening is estimated to save up to 4,500 lives annually.^[@bibr1-0969141315573345]^ Nevertheless, 2,482 women were diagnosed^[@bibr2-0969141315573345]^ and 742 died from the disease in 2012.^[@bibr3-0969141315573345]^ Nonattendance for screening is one of the most important risk factors for developing cervical cancer,^[@bibr4-0969141315573345]^ but screening coverage (the proportion of eligible women who are regularly screened) has been falling since the mid 1990s.^[@bibr5-0969141315573345]^ Screening uptake is particularly low in young women (aged 25--29),^[@bibr6-0969141315573345]^ women who live in deprived areas, and women from ethnic minorities.^[@bibr7-0969141315573345][@bibr8-0969141315573345]--[@bibr9-0969141315573345]^ There is a well-recognized need to develop strategies to increase screening uptake in these women, who are at high risk of developing cervical cancer.",
"\n\nThe most commonly cited barriers to cervical screening relate to the pelvic examination (eg. ",
"embarrassment, fear of pain) and to practical issues (eg. ",
"making appointments, arranging childcare, getting time off work).^[@bibr10-0969141315573345][@bibr11-0969141315573345]--[@bibr12-0969141315573345]^ Self-sampling for high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types has the potential to overcome these; women can take their own test in private, at a time and place of their choosing. ",
"Several studies^[@bibr13-0969141315573345][@bibr14-0969141315573345][@bibr15-0969141315573345][@bibr16-0969141315573345][@bibr17-0969141315573345][@bibr18-0969141315573345]--[@bibr19-0969141315573345]^ have assessed the uptake of self-sampling for HPV testing in screening non-attenders. ",
"Approaches have included posting self-sampling kits directly to women^[@bibr10-0969141315573345],[@bibr13-0969141315573345],[@bibr15-0969141315573345],[@bibr19-0969141315573345][@bibr20-0969141315573345][@bibr21-0969141315573345][@bibr22-0969141315573345]--[@bibr23-0969141315573345]^ writing to women to ask them to order kits,^[@bibr15-0969141315573345][@bibr16-0969141315573345]--[@bibr17-0969141315573345]^ and offering kits door-to-door.^[@bibr14-0969141315573345]^ Response rates have ranged between 8.7% and 52.1%, and were highest in women who were offered kits in person (ie. ",
"door-to-door). ",
"Studies which posted self-sampling kits achieved response rates of around 30% in Northern Europe,^[@bibr13-0969141315573345],[@bibr16-0969141315573345],[@bibr17-0969141315573345],[@bibr19-0969141315573345][@bibr20-0969141315573345][@bibr21-0969141315573345][@bibr22-0969141315573345]--[@bibr23-0969141315573345]^ but only 6\\--8% of women returned a self-sample in two UK studies.^[@bibr10-0969141315573345],[@bibr24-0969141315573345]^\n\nOne approach that has not been assessed is offering self-sampling for HPV testing opportunistically to cervical screening non-attenders in primary care. ",
"Women would be offered a self-sampling kit when they present to their GP for any reason. ",
"This takes advantage of the fact that the woman is already in clinic (allowing an in person approach), and kits do not need to be ordered or sent (fewer wasted kits and easier for women). ",
"The success of this approach depends on a reasonable proportion of screening non-attenders presenting to their GP. ",
"Currently little is known about cervical screening non-attenders' consulting behaviour. ",
"The aim of this audit was to estimate the proportion of cervical screening non-attenders that present to their GP and the frequency of attendance over one year, using anonymous electronic primary care records.",
"\n\nMethods {#sec2-0969141315573345}\n=======\n\nData collection {#sec3-0969141315573345}\n---------------\n\nAnonymous data on women within the cervical screening age range (ie. ",
"25--64) were downloaded from GP computer databases on 31 December 2012 using EMIS Web (Egton Medical Information Systems Ltd, 2010 -- one of the main software suppliers to UK GPs). ",
"We collected data from all 137 general practices in three primary care trusts (PCTs, now known as CCGs -- Clinical Commissioning Groups) in East London (Newham, City and Hackney, and Tower Hamlets) that use EMIS web. ",
"Eight further practices were excluded because they used other electronic patient record software. ",
"Data included age, date of registration at the practice, details of the last three consultation entries, cervical screening records (dates and codes for the most recent smear entry and for withdrawal or cease from the screening programme), and aggregated ethnicity data for each practice.",
"\n\nAnalysis {#sec4-0969141315573345}\n--------\n\nIn England, women aged 25--49 are invited to cervical screening every 3 years, and women aged 50--64 are invited every 5 years. ",
"We therefore classified women's cervical screening status as follows: 'Up to date' -- women whose last smear was recorded within 3 years (women aged 25--49) or 5 years (women aged 50--64) prior to download date.",
"'Due' -- women whose last smear was recorded \\>3 and ≤3.5 years (women aged 25--49) or \\>5 and ≤5.5 years (women aged 50--64) prior to download date.",
"'Late' -- women whose last smear was recorded \\>3.5 and ≤5.5 years (women aged 25--49) or \\>5.5 and ≤7.5 years (women aged 50--64) prior to download date.",
"'Very late' -- women whose last smear was \\>5.5 years (women aged 25--49) or \\>7.5 years (women aged 50--64) prior to download date.",
"'Never' -- women with no smear recorded and who were not classified as 'ceased' (ie. ",
"still has cervix, see 6) below)'Ceased' -- women who were withdrawn from cervical screening because their cervix had been removed or amputated (eg. ",
"hysterectomy) or who had the clinical code \"8I6K -- cervical smear not indicated\" (eg. ",
"for women who are terminally ill).'Unknown' -- women who had been previously screened but for whom the date was missing from their most recent smear entry.",
"Women withdrawn from screening by informed choice (ie. ",
"had clinical code entries for cervical screening disclaimer forms) were also classified by the above criteria because these women may agree to take a self-sample (eg. ",
"if opting out was due to dislike of the pelvic examination).",
"\n\n'Screening non-attenders' were defined as women who were more than six months overdue screening ('late', 'very late') or never screened ('never').",
"\n\nWhen patients move practice there can be delays in transferring their medical records. ",
"This could have potentially led to misclassifications in screening status. ",
"Therefore, we compared screening status for women who were newly registered within a year of data download with those who had been registered for over one year.",
"\n\nConsultation entries in EMIS include non-consultations such as outpatient letters, laboratory test results, and administration notes. ",
"This meant that only limited consultation data were available for women who had non-visit entries for all three. ",
"To make best use of the available data we used the Kaplan-Meier method (ie. ",
"censoring those who had three non-visit entries at the time of the earliest entry) to estimate the proportion of women who presented over three months and over one year as a function of time, for each practice. ",
"Median (and interquartile range \\[IQR\\]) of these estimates were then calculated for screening non-attenders (the main group of interest). ",
"We also calculated these for all women, and for three other groups of interest: Prompt attenders -- screening categories 'up to date' and 'due'Lapsed attenders (ie previously screened and \\>6 months overdue) -- screening categories 'late' or 'very late'Never attenders -- screening category 'never'.",
"We used funnel plots to explore whether differences between practices in the proportion of screening non-attenders presenting were random or were more likely to be due to other factors (eg. ",
"ethnicity, age). ",
"To explore heterogeneity in our estimates between practices, we used linear regression to assess whether the proportion of screening non-attenders consulting over 3 months at each practice was affected by the number of women aged 25--64 registered for \\>1 year, or the proportion of non-attenders registered for \\>1 year.",
"\n\nWe calculated the median and IQR time in years from last cytology test to date of download for screening non-attenders within screening age bands 25--49 and 50--64. ",
"All statistical analyses were performed using Stata Statistical Software: Release 12. ",
"StataCorp. ",
"2011 (College Station, TX: StataCorp LP). ",
"A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. ",
"All statistical tests were two-sided.",
"\n\nResults {#sec5-0969141315573345}\n=======\n\nA total of 261,810 women aged 25--64 were included in the audit. [",
"Table 1](#table1-0969141315573345){ref-type=\"table\"} shows the practice details for all practices combined and by PCT. ",
"Although Tower Hamlets had larger practices, there were fewer women in the cervical screening age range. ",
"All three PCTs had ethnically diverse populations; over a third of patients were South Asian at Tower Hamlets and Newham. ",
"Overall, 86% (224,313) of women had been registered for at least one year. ",
"Table 1.General Practice details by primary care trust.",
"Tower Hamlets (*n* = 36)Newham (*n* = 61)City and Hackney (*n* = 40)Total (*n* = 137)List size Median (IQR)7388 (4395, 10445)4970 (3191, 8606)5772 (4440, 9058)5925 (3944, 9569) Range1563\\--179801399\\--15791879\\--13389879\\--17980Number registered \\>1 year68,180 (84%)84,290 (87%)71,843 (86%)224,313 (86%)Ethnicity White38%26%47%-- Black7%19%22%-- South Asian37%42%7%-- Other6%4%9%-- Not recorded11%9%15Age in years 256%4%4%11,898 (5%) 26\\--2711%9%9%25,401 (10%) 28\\--3746%38%40%107,360 (41%) 38\\--4922%28%28%67,697 (26%) 50\\--6415%21%20%49,454 (19%)Number of women aged 25\\--64 years81,52896,97383,309261,810[^1]\n\n[Table 2](#table2-0969141315573345){ref-type=\"table\"} shows how screening status varied according to whether or not women were newly registered within the previous year. ",
"More newly registered women were classified as 'never' screened, (median 43% \\[IQR 35%\\--53%\\] versus 15% \\[IQR 13%\\--19%\\]), and fewer were 'up to date' (median 49% \\[IQR 41%\\--56%\\] versus 63% \\[IQR 58%\\--66%\\]). ",
"Of those ever screened, however, a higher proportion of newly registered women (median 89% \\[IQR 84%\\--92%\\]) than other women (median 77% \\[IQR 74%\\--80%\\]) were 'up to date' with screening. ",
"Table 2.Screening status (median and interquartile range) for women registered ≤1 year and \\>1 year and for all women.",
"Screening statusWomen registered for ≤1 year Median % (IQR) N = 37,497Women registered for \\>1 year Median % (IQR) N = 224,313All women Median % (IQR) N = 261,810Up to date49% (41%\\--56%)63% (58%\\--66%)60% (56%\\--65%)Due1% (0.3%\\--2%)4% (3%\\--5%)4% (3%\\--4%)Late3% (2%\\--4%)9% (7%\\--10%)8% (7%\\--9%)Very late2% (1%\\--3%)6% (4%\\--8%)6% (4%\\--7%)Never43% (35%\\--53%)15% (13%\\--19%)19% (16%\\--23%)Ceased1% (0.4%\\--2%)3% (2%\\--4%)2% (2%\\--4%)*Screening non-attenders (late/very late/never)49% (40%\\--57%)30% (27%\\--35%)33% (29%\\--37%)*[^2][^3]\n\n[Table 3](#table3-0969141315573345){ref-type=\"table\"} shows the median and IQR of Kaplan-Meier estimates across practices for the proportion of women who consulted over three months and over one year for all women, and according to screening history. ",
"A median of 32% (IQR 27%\\--37%) of screening non-attenders consulted at least once over three months, and 60% (IQR 52%\\--67%) over one year. ",
"In three-quarters of practices at least 37% of screening non-attenders consulted over three months and at least 67% over 12 months. ",
"The median proportion of women that consulted was lowest in never attenders (never screened) for both time periods. ",
"Table 3.Median (interquartile range) Kaplan-Meier estimates of the proportion of women aged 25\\--64 consulting over 3 months and 1 year for women registered for \\>1 year for all women and by screening attendance.",
"Median (IQR) proportion of women who consulted in the past 3 monthsAll women48% (44%\\--52%)By screening attendance Prompt attender56% (51%\\--60%) Lapsed attender37% (29%\\--43%) Never attender28% (22%\\--33%)*Screening non-attenders (late/very late/never)32% (27%\\--37%)*Median (IQR) proportion of women who consulted in the past 1 yearAll women77% (73%\\--82%)By screening attendance Prompt attender86% (83%\\--89%) Lapsed attender62% (55%\\--73%) Never attender57% (48%\\--64%)*Screening non-attenders (late/very late/never)60% (52%\\--67%)*[^4][^5][^6][^7]\n\nOnly 9% (5991/68,715) of screening non-attenders were censored because there were insufficient data to determine if they had consulted in the past 12 months (ie. ",
"all three consultation entries within 12 months were non-visit entries). ",
"For screening non-attenders aged 25--49, the median time since last smear was five years (IQR 4--7) and for those aged 50--64 this was nine years (IQR 7--13). [",
"Figure 1a](#fig1-0969141315573345){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [b](#fig1-0969141315573345){ref-type=\"fig\"} both show a roughly symmetrical funnel shaped distribution for the proportion of screening non-attenders that consulted over each time period by the number of women in the cervical screening age at each practice. ",
"However, approximately two thirds were scattered outside of the 99.8% control limits (dotted lines) for both periods, indicating substantial heterogeneity between the practices and hence the need to report median and IQR in [Tables 2](#table2-0969141315573345){ref-type=\"table\"} and [3](#table3-0969141315573345){ref-type=\"table\"}. ",
"Figure 1.Funnel plots showing the proportion of screening non-attenders presenting by the number within the cervical screening age at each practice (for women registered \\>1 year).Control limits indicated by the dashed lines are set at 95% and 99.8%.",
"\n\nWe also looked at practice-specific factors that might predict the proportion of screening non-attenders presenting over three months. ",
"The proportion of screening non-attenders presenting was unaffected by the number of women aged 25--64 at each practice registered \\>1 year (p=0.448) and by the proportion of screening non-attenders registered \\>1 year (p=0.238).",
"\n\nDiscussion {#sec6-0969141315573345}\n==========\n\nMain findings {#sec7-0969141315573345}\n-------------\n\nOver half of cervical screening non-attenders in East London present to their GP at least once a year, and approximately a third over three months. ",
"This suggests that a reasonable proportion of screening non-attenders could be offered opportunistic self-sampling for HPV testing when they present to their GP. ",
"The proportion varied substantially between practices.",
"\n\nCervical screening data in GP medical records appears to be unreliable within a year of registration, as the proportion of women who were classified as 'never' screened was much higher in comparison with women registered for more than a year. ",
"The fact that a higher proportion of newly registered women who had been screened previously were 'up to date' could indicate that registration visits are being used as an opportunity to carry out or remind women about cervical screening. ",
"Cervical screening non-attenders consult their GP less often (60% within one year) than do screening attenders (86% within one year), but it is not the case that non-attenders do not engage with the National Health Service.",
"\n\nStrengths and weaknesses {#sec8-0969141315573345}\n------------------------\n\nA key strength of this study is the large and unbiased database. ",
"Excluding women who were newly registered in the last year in the main analysis allowed us to calculate more accurate estimates within screening categories. ",
"Because we only had partial consultation data, the proportion of women who presented is likely to have been under- or over-estimated. ",
"However, the use of Kaplan-Meier ensured that all available information was used for our estimates. ",
"Only 9% of screening non-attenders were censored (because they had non-consultation entries for all available entries), suggesting that any under- or over-estimation was small. ",
"Because our audit was limited to practices in a single urban area of London with a high proportion of South Asians, our data may not be representative of the rest of England. ",
"It is known that a high proportion of South Asians are cervical screening non-attenders,^[@bibr8-0969141315573345]^ but we were not able to study consulting behaviour separately in South Asians and White screening non-attenders.",
"\n\nComparison with other studies {#sec9-0969141315573345}\n-----------------------------\n\nWe are not aware of any studies that have specifically examined GP primary care consultation rates in cervical screening non-attenders. ",
"However, a questionnaire study in Denmark found that GP consultation rates were lower in non-attenders who had never been screened than those who had attended screening at least once (64% of never attenders consulted over one year compared with 83% of ever attenders, p \\< 0.0001).^[@bibr25-0969141315573345]^\n\nImplications {#sec10-0969141315573345}\n------------\n\nA substantial proportion of cervical screening non-attenders could potentially be offered self-sampling for HPV testing when they present to their GP. ",
"This has the potential to increase screening coverage. ",
"Studies have shown that a high proportion (often \\>80%) of women who test HPV positive on a self-sample attend for follow up investigations (eg. ",
"cytology or colposcopy).^[@bibr23-0969141315573345],[@bibr26-0969141315573345],[@bibr27-0969141315573345]^ For opportunistic self-sampling to work, not only do screening non-attenders need to attend their GP, but the health professional consulted needs to invite the women to take a self-sample. ",
"This may not always be possible due to time constraints (the average GP consultation lasts around 12 minutes^[@bibr28-0969141315573345]^) or illness.",
"\n\nBased on these results we are further investigating the potential for opportunistic offering of self-sampling for HPV testing in pilot study (to assess feasibility and acceptability). ",
"This will be followed by a large randomized controlled trial.",
"\n\nConclusion {#sec11-0969141315573345}\n==========\n\nOver one year, over half of cervical screening non-attenders could be offered self-sampling for HPV testing opportunistically when they present to their GP. ",
"This approach should be explored further as a means to increase cervical screening coverage.",
"\n\nWe thank Jayne Callaghan, Martin Sharp, Keith Prescott and Kambiz Boomla from the Clinical Effectiveness Group, Queen Mary University of London for providing the data and building the EMIS search.",
"\n\nDeclaration of conflicting interests {#sec12-0969141315573345}\n====================================\n\nThe authors have no conflict of interests to disclose.",
"\n\nFunding acknowledgement {#sec13-0969141315573345}\n=======================\n\nThis work is supported by Cancer Research UK (C8162/10406).",
"\n\nResearch ethics {#sec14-0969141315573345}\n===============\n\nNot applicable -- audit study using anonymous data only.",
"\n\nSupplementary materials {#sec15-0969141315573345}\n=======================\n\nA dataset is available from the corresponding author on request.",
"\n\n[^1]: IQR=interquartile range.",
"\n\n[^2]: IQR = interquartile range.",
"\n\n[^3]: Note: Additionally, 68 women (0.026%) had unknown screening status.",
"\n\n[^4]: IQR=interquartile range.",
"\n\n[^5]: Prompt attender=screening categories 'up to date' and 'due'.",
"\n\n[^6]: Lapsed attender= screening categories 'late' and 'very late'.",
"\n\n[^7]: Never attender= screening category 'never'.",
"\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} | [
0.009278350515463918,
0,
0,
0.0061162079510703364,
0.027777777777777776,
0.020512820512820513,
0,
0.01867572156196944,
0,
0,
0.008695652173913044,
0,
0.004784688995215311,
0,
0.011049723756906077,
0.013824884792626729,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.006493506493506494,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.0064516129032258064,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.007352941176470588,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.005988023952095809,
0.011627906976744186,
0.09090909090909091,
0.07142857142857142,
0,
0,
0,
0.008403361344537815,
0.009523809523809525,
0.00819672131147541,
0,
0,
0.007662835249042145,
0,
0,
0,
0.006313131313131313,
0.014184397163120567,
0,
0,
0.0047169811320754715,
0.002793296089385475,
0,
0,
0,
0.0030120481927710845,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.012345679012345678,
0,
0,
0,
0.004484304932735426,
0,
0,
0,
0.01,
0,
0,
0.0043859649122807015,
0,
0.005825242718446602,
0,
0.006896551724137931,
0.010135135135135136,
0.006711409395973154,
0.005376344086021506,
0,
0.009615384615384616,
0,
0.03535353535353535,
0,
0.007352941176470588,
0,
0,
0,
0.029411764705882353,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.004941 | 5 |
[
"Ethics in Forensic Science\n\nID : 37426\n\nThis course has been developed in response to the lack of formal ethics education specific to forensic science. ",
"While this course includes many “basics,” it also relates those ideas to the forensic science profession. ",
"West Virginia University Extended Learning and WVU’s Forensic Science Initiative presents these learning materials and this course to you on-line."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0,
0,
0.0136986301369863
] | 0.004566 | 5 |
[
"Works Miraculously For Illnesses Other Than Borderline Personality Disorder 1115 upvotes\n\nWithout any exaggerations intended, this book has seriously saved my life and me from myself. ",
"I am 23 years old and ever since I was between 13-14, a certain darkness crept over me and everybody around me saw negative changes in me that even I couldn't understand at first. ",
"My parents figured it was just teen angst, something that will go away on it's own. ",
"At age 19 to 20-21, I was cutting myself and couldn't run away from the monster that whispers horrible things to me, telling me that I was.... (More)"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.005434782608695652,
0.005555555555555556,
0,
0
] | 0.002748 | 5 |
[
"News\n\nWords by Jack ‘Chetch’ Miller\n\nMick Fuller has been appointed the next NSW Police Commissioner after a long and tumultuous race for the top spot, but is this the Police Commissioner NSW wants?",
"\n\nBesides from his obvious qualifications that the job required (16-years as a commissioned officer and the last seven at the executive level), Mr. Fuller is someone who is looking to change the way things have been done for the past 20-years.",
"\n\nWhat is exciting about his appointment is the stress he has been putting on prevention and disruption, as opposed to response, in regards to organised crime. ",
"What this means is that here we have a Police Commissioner who sees the value in preventative methods such as education, rather than knee jerk methods that only address a problem when it appears.",
"\n\nIn a statement Mr. Fuller urged that “we need to get our policing model right on the ground. ",
"We need to get our police numbers right in the community, not just in metropolitan Sydney, but right across the state.",
"\n\n“The NSW police force will have a key focus on community first from Monday morning.",
"\n\n“We need to get the structure right because if we get the structure right we can fight…not just in response but we can disrupt, we can prevent.”",
"\n\n“We can fight organised crime, not just responding to it but prevent it and disrupt it.”",
"\n\nWith Mr. Fuller choosing to focus his efforts on a more preventative approach as opposed to a reactionary, it begs the question, will this have an effect on Sydney’s lockout laws? ",
"The laws that were introduced in February of 2014 have had a devastating and lasting effect on the city of Sydney, with bars, clubs, and late night venues closing in the dozens due to the loss of late night trading.",
"\n\nHowever, this long and arduous battle may finally becoming to a sensible conclusion with the appointment of Mr. Fuller. ",
"If he truly believes that prevention over reaction is the answer, and that the community should and will come first, and be allowed to thrive, than a rethinking of the scheme that is the lockout laws is sure to be a top priority. ",
"As they are firmly rooted in moral panic and quick fix solutions that have refused to take into account the disastrous consequences that have befallen Sydney, its music scene, nighttime economy, and its standing as a global city.",
"\n\nHave we found our Batman?",
"\n\n(Via ABC)"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.020202020202020204,
0.00411522633744856,
0,
0,
0.010526315789473684,
0,
0.011764705882352941,
0,
0,
0.005494505494505495,
0,
0.00819672131147541,
0,
0,
0.037037037037037035,
0.09090909090909091
] | 0.011765 | 5 |
[
"Thought processes and conversations started under the tilted cap of Tropicana Field. ",
"Someday everyone will know the Rays play in St. Petersburg, Florida, not TAMPA, or the fictitious city of TAMPA BAY.",
"\n\nThe Master and the Protege`\n\n‘\n\nI might be romancing the situation a bit here, but I hope the moment Desmond Jennings entered the Rays Clubhouse today Carl Crawford went over and welcomed the young Rays rookie to “The Show”. ",
"Over the next few weeks, its seems more than likely that Crawford will be a wealth of information and knowledge that could help Jennings make his adjustment as a Major Leaguer easier. ",
"Crawford could provide an essential network of past experiences and mishaps and provide the guidance and inspiration needed while Jennings becomes secure in his new role, and before Crawford passes the torch to the young outfielder.",
"\n\nIt is now, with just 30 games left that I am finally bring it out in the open that Crawford might never again don a Rays cap after 2010. ",
"unless it is during an introduction speech during a blustery Summer day in Cooperstown. ",
"You have to wonder if Crawford will soon begin to reminisce and look across the Rays clubhouse and envision his own fresh experiences after being called-up in 2002.",
"\n\nThat was when former Ray Leftfielder Greg Vaughn saddled up next to Crawford and began to be a positive force during his first taste of the Major Leagues, and Vaughn began to mentor Crawford through his new adventure, and also how to leave a positive impression with grace and dignity knowing that the franchise would be in great hands with the young rookie.",
"\n\nIn those early days, Crawford used to pull on the number 8 D-Rays jersey with the zeal and enthusiasm not unlike a child waking up on Christmas morning. ",
"The whole MLB World was vibrantly new and fresh to his then young eyes, and from that first moment on July 20, 2002 we knew as Rays fans we were witnessing the first passing of the Rays outfield torch from Vaughn to Crawford. ",
"It is amazing the similarities between Crawford ( LF ) and Jennings ( RF ) as they anchor the opposite ends of the Tropicana Field outfield during Jennings MLB debut this evening.",
"\n\nCrawford, being one of the Rays clubhouse leaders will take the young outfielder under his wings and show him some of the paths to greatness in this game. ",
"Not because Crawford has to, but because it is in his personality to want the best for his teammates, and for the guy who will immediately be under pressure in the Spring of 2011to emulate everything that Crawford has meant to this team. ",
"Since Crawford’s own MLB debut for the Rays versus the Blue Jays in Toronto on July 20, 2002 we have seen the swift outfielder evolve and mature into the consummate professional he is today. ",
"This unique bond of each debuting against the same foe just seems perfectly fitting tonight.",
"\n\nIt is a bit weird at times knowing in your own mind that you are seeing the on-going maturation process of one player, while maybe also saying a silent goodbye to another over the span of the next 30 games. ",
"Hopefully we will see a few flashes of brilliance with Jennings that will ease the thoughts and tears of a Crawford departure. ",
"Sure it is not written in stone yet that Crawford will definitely head to a greener turf in 2011. ",
"But the stark realization that Crawford might have finally been transported into Vaughn’s own 2002 role to show the young rookie just what it means to play at this highest level day in and day out.",
"\n\nI can not think of a better player amongst the Rays to mentor, or even coax Jennings along during the rest of this season. ",
"Crawford has traditionally been one of those stoic Rays players who do not evoke bizarre headlines or any type of tabloid tales about his whereabouts or his after game activities. ",
"His own code of secrecy bonds perfectly with his low key personality and makes him a great example of playing the game with class and respect on and off the field. ",
"Hopefully Jennings can recognize that Crawford’s genuine admiration for the game and for his team is only a fraction of the hope Crawford has that Jennings can fill the void left within this team if Crawford does decide to permanently vacate his Rays locker at the end of the 2010 post season.",
"\n\nTonight we will see the infant phase of the transformation. ",
"The night for Jennings will be filled with stomach butterflies, nervous energy and anxious moments. ",
"Each ball hit to him tonight will either feel like it is suspended in slow motion towards his glove, or seem to be coming at him like a rocket. ",
"Every single pitch will seem to be magnified and each plate appearance will seem like only seconds and evaporate in front of him way too soon.",
"\n\nTonight after Rays starter David Price throws his first pitch, Jennings nerves will ease a bit, the entire crowd setting of Tropicana Field will become more secure and inviting as Jennings settles into his Major League career. ",
"Tonight we will witness the beginning of one great Rays players’ career, and might also begin to realize we will also start a proverbial countdown of another Rays players’ tenure in their Rays uniform.",
"\n\nI think somewhere in the distance, Greg Vaughn will be proud of the exciting player and Rays leader Crawford has become. ",
"Hopefully the first person Jennings sees after each plate appearance and who ultimately crosses paths with him as they enter by the dugout rail will be Crawford. ",
"Eager to talk about the inning, the pitcher on the mound, or just clowning around a bit to cut the tension and nerves a bit because that is what veterans do for rookies, ease then into their next great moments. ",
"And with each small piece of knowledge and advice, hopefully a little more of the flame and the passion of playing at this level will be ignited in Jennings.",
"\n\nLike this:\n\nRelated\n\n2 Comments\n\nJane,\nHonest answer would be it will depend on the Rays decision on their parameters for their 2011 payroll after the season. ",
"Word has spread it will dip well below $ 50-60 million.",
"\nThat being said, there is always a chance, but that door is 3/4 closed right now, but a nice offer could thrust it open again.",
"\nThe Yankees have the money to throw at crawford,and the facilities, but he has a distaste for the way some of their fans act, and with a young impressionable son, he might go where the fan show more open respect for all baseball fans nomatter the uniform. ",
"Just a thought, but I am still seeing s West Coast jersey on him in 2011.",
"\n\nThe following are trademarks or service marks of Major League Baseball entities and may be used only with permission of Major League Baseball Properties, Inc. or the relevant Major League Baseball entity: Major League, Major League Baseball, MLB, the silhouetted batter logo, World Series, National League, American League, Division Series, League Championship Series, All-Star Game, and the names, nicknames, logos, uniform designs, color combinations, and slogans designating the Major League Baseball clubs and entities, and their respective mascots, events and exhibitions."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.011764705882352941,
0.008620689655172414,
0.00881057268722467,
0.016304347826086956,
0.01293103448275862,
0.007194244604316547,
0,
0.006097560975609756,
0.016666666666666666,
0.0064516129032258064,
0.008849557522123894,
0.0223463687150838,
0,
0.008403361344537815,
0.015706806282722512,
0,
0,
0.015748031496062992,
0.01020408163265306,
0.01015228426395939,
0.016,
0.005555555555555556,
0,
0.013651877133105802,
0,
0.01,
0,
0,
0.021834061135371178,
0.004975124378109453,
0.016260162601626018,
0.012345679012345678,
0,
0.006369426751592357,
0,
0,
0,
0.0038910505836575876,
0,
0.015544041450777202
] | 0.007817 | 5 |
[
"Footballers' movement behaviour during 2-, 3-, 4- and 5-a-side small-sided games.",
"\nThe aim of this study was to compare footballers' movement behaviour during 2-, 3-, 4- and 5-a-side small-sided games. ",
"Ten young professional players (age = 18.0 ± 0.67 years) participated in 3 bouts of each small-sided games for 6 min with 1 min of active rest between bouts. ",
"Positional data were collected using GPS system units and used to calculate the following variables: team centroid, distance between each player and own and opponent team centroids and distance between centroids. ",
"Approximate entropy was used to identify the time series regularity for each variable. ",
"The distance to own team centroid increased with the number of players (effect sizes from moderate to perfect). ",
"The results from the distance to the opponent's centroid exhibited a similar trend. ",
"The distance between centroids decreased from 2- to the 4-a-side, but then increased in 5-a-side. ",
"A higher number of players were associated with lower approximate entropy values, suggesting higher positional organisation in small-sided games with more players. ",
"The highest movement regularity found in 4- and 5-a-side identified these formats as more adequate to promote team-related emergent and self-organised behaviours."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0.004694835680751174,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.000469 | 5 |
[
"It was acknowledged long ago that viruses may cause cancer in animals. ",
"In 1911, Peyton Rous described viruses as causing sarcomas in poultry. ",
"The tumour-inducing virus responsible was later named after him, Rous sarcoma virus. ",
"In the following decades, a large number of viruses were discovered that can cause various cancers in poultry and rodents, such as lymphomas, sarcomas and carcinomas. ",
"Many of them belong to the family *Retroviridae*, and were classified into the genera *Alpharetrovirus*, *Betaretrovirus* and *Gammaretrovirus*. ",
"Most of these pathogens were isolated from inbred strains of the respective species or from cell cultures; under natural conditions, these strains are likely irrelevant as a cause of cancer in the corresponding species. ",
"An exception is feline leukaemia virus (10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_18). ",
"The tumorigenic potential of oncogenic retroviruses is based on transformationally active proteins. ",
"They are similar to cellular products which are ordinarily involved in the regulation of cell division. ",
"In contrast to the cellular products, viral oncogene proteins are altered by mutations in such a way that they are not subject to regulatory control, and are thus constitutively active. ",
"In fact, the discovery of viral oncogenes was pioneering and has paved the way for deciphering cellular oncogenes, and thus for understanding the molecular basis of carcinogenesis. ",
"Evidence for the existence of retroviruses that cause cancer in humans was found only in 1982 when Robert Gallo discovered human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV; 10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_18).",
"\n\nNevertheless, most viruses that are correlated with cancer in humans have a DNA genome. ",
"The most important prototypes are papillomaviruses, which cause carcinomas, especially in the genital mucosa, and various malignant skin tumours (10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_19), hepatitis B virus, which is involved in the development of primary liver cancer in humans (10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_19), and Epstein--Barr virus as well as human herpes virus 8, which have a close causal relationship to Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinomas and to Kaposi's sarcoma, respectively (10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_19). ",
"Hepatitis C virus, a flavivirus (10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_14) with a single-stranded RNA genome, is associated with liver cancer, like hepatitis B virus. ",
"Recently, Merkel cell polyomavirus has been identified as another pathogen that is causally associated with a tumour of humans, namely Merkel cell carcinoma (10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_19). ",
"Aetiologically, it is estimated that approximately 15--20 % of all human cancers are induced by viral infections. ",
"Adenoviruses, whose infections in humans could not be clearly associated with malignant diseases, can induce tumours, however, in newborn rodents (10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_19). ",
"Their study has significantly contributed to elucidation of the mechanisms that are involved in cell transformation and tumour development. ",
"These insights could be applied to a number of other human cancers. ",
"Similarly, this is true for the simian virus 40 (SV40), which infects monkeys under natural conditions, but causes malignant diseases in newborn hamsters and mice (10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_19). ",
"The DNA tumour viruses and hepatitis C virus do not have classic *v*-*onc* genes such as those found in retroviruses. ",
"Today, we know that those viruses principally deactivate the function of cellular tumour suppressors by specific viral regulatory proteins, which induce and maintain the malignant transformation of cells.",
"\n\nWhat Characterizes Transformed Cells? {#",
"Sec00061}\n=====================================\n\nThe malignant properties of various viruses are primarily manifested through their ability to generate tumours in vivo. ",
"Frequently, this process can also be induced in experimental animal systems, so in many cases proper animal models are available for investigating the underlying molecular mechanisms. ",
"However, in vitro systems were and are essential for unveiling the malignant effect; tumour viruses are able to immortalize certain tissue culture cells and transform them in vitro. ",
"This makes possible detailed experimental investigations to elucidate the molecular processes that are associated with tumour development. ",
"Whereas immortalized cells acquire the capability of infinite cell division by viral activities, transformed cells are additionally characterized by the capability of inducing tumours, when transmitted into appropriate animals. ",
"Apart from this fundamental difference, both cell systems share many common characteristics that clearly distinguish them from normal cells.",
"\n\nMorphological Changes {#Sec00062}\n---------------------\n\nDuring transformation, the cells change their form: they lose their normal epithelioid or fibroblast-like character and adopt mainly a spherical form. ",
"The transformation-associated change of the cytoskeleton is responsible for this effect, and confers on the eukaryotic cells their shape and is involved in cell division, cell motility and cell polarity. ",
"The breakdown of intracellular microfilaments is a prevailing process. ",
"In non-muscle cells, these microfilaments consist of the globular components β-actin and γ-actin, which are usually organized in long cables with a diameter of 7 nm and are cross-linked by the protein fimbrin. ",
"Actin cables form network structures beneath the cytoplasmic membrane, stabilize the shape of the cell and are also involved in the correct positioning of membrane proteins, where they are associated with other proteins such as myosin and tropomyosin, which tense the actin filaments. ",
"They are responsible for the short intracellular transport, for example, of vesicles to the plasma membrane. ",
"At the sites of the cytoplasmic membrane where the cables end, the cells form contacts with neighbouring cells, or are rooted in the surface of the base (in vitro, on the bottom of the cell culture flask). ",
"These regions are referred to as focal contacts. ",
"In the cells, there is a dynamic equilibrium of monomeric and polymeric actin. ",
"In the presence of Mg^2+^ and K^+^ ions and under ATP binding, globular actin monomers associate to filaments that are stabilized with the polypeptides α-actinin, filamin and fimbrin. ",
"During transformation, the cable-like arrangement of filaments is lost, and the actin monomers are diffusely distributed over the entire cell. ",
"This facilitates cell motility, which is necessary for tumour formation. ",
"Binding of the protein components profilin, gelsolin, vinculin and vilin has a destabilizing effect on the polymerization degree; the actin-bound ATP is hydrolysed during this process. ",
"It is unclear what regulates the changes of microfilaments at the molecular level. ",
"It is believed that increased phosphorylation of actin and vinculin is involved as it occurs in transformed cells.",
"\n\nSimultaneously with the alteration of actin filaments, a redistribution of transmembrane proteins is observed on the surfaces of transformed cells. ",
"They are connected with actin cables at the inner side of the cytoplasmic membrane and lose their position in defined groups, as a result of the collapse of actin cables. ",
"This changes, among other things, the concentration of integrins and their distribution. ",
"Integrins are membrane-anchored proteins which are connected to the actin cables by their cytoplasmic moiety. ",
"Their extracellular domains are associated with fibronectin, which in turn interacts with collagen and laminin. ",
"They make up the extracellular matrix, which mediates the interactions between different cells and is responsible for their organization and growth in cell aggregates; it ensures that cells grow as a monolayer in vitro and facilitates adhesion to the base, e.g., the cell culture dish. ",
"Owing to their low levels of integrins, transformed cells have significantly lower amounts of fibronectin on their surface and grow in cell clusters (foci). ",
"The concentrations of various ions, sugars and amino acid transporting proteins are increased on the surfaces of transformed cells. ",
"This is associated with up to tenfold increased metabolic activity in comparison with normal cells. ",
"The concentration of other membrane proteins is also altered: for example, the levels of MHC class I proteins are usually reduced, whereas the levels of proteinases (metalloproteases, cysteine and serine proteases) and collagenases (type IV collagenases, transin/stromelin) are elevated on the cell surface. ",
"These proteins are also released into the surrounding region, which augments the potential of transformed cells to invade lymphatic vessels and capillaries and the formation of metastases. ",
"As a prerequisite for metastasis, primary tumour cells have to leave the tumour to overcome the basement membrane and to penetrate into the local stroma, e.g., in metastasis of cervical carcinoma that is induced by papillomaviruses (10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_19). ",
"To find access to the circulatory system, to immigrate as a secondary colony into the new target organ and to proliferate there, tumour cells must induce angiogenesis, i.e. the de novo generation of blood vessels that supply the tumour with blood and all the nutrients contained therein.",
"\n\nCell Growth Changes {#Sec00063}\n-------------------\n\nIn vitro transformed cells differ from normal cells in regard to their growth behaviour. ",
"Fibroblasts or epithelial cells which are placed in a cell culture bottle commonly attach to the plastic or glass surface. ",
"Subsequently, they divide continuously until a confluent monolayer is formed and the cells have used the entire available area completely. ",
"Then, cell division stops. ",
"In contrast to normal cells, transformed cells grow in multilayered, three-dimensional aggregates and reach cell concentrations that are five to ten times higher (foci). ",
"They are not subject to the so-called contact inhibition. ",
"If they are further cultivated in the culture bottle, an equilibrium is established between death of a subset of the cells and continuous division of the remaining subpopulation. ",
"Transformed cells grow in culture regardless of contact with plastic or glass surfaces, which is usually necessary for the proliferation of fibroblasts or epithelial cells. ",
"This property is an important feature of transformed cells. ",
"Therefore, some of these cells may also grow into larger aggregates, so-called cell clones, in a semiliquid medium such as soft agar. ",
"The ability to growth in soft agar correlates very well with the ability of transformed cells to form tumours in animal test systems. ",
"This behaviour is presumably based on the higher levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, which is synthesized in such cells. ",
"TGF-β is a growth factor that stimulates, inter alia, the synthesis of fibronectin and collagen (10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_8). ",
"The cells are thus provided with a locally limited extracellular matrix, which enables them to adhere together and to grow in grape-like aggregates.",
"\n\nCells grow normally in vitro only if sufficient amounts of growth factors are available in the culture solution. ",
"For this reason, the medium is supplemented with approximately 10--15 % fetal calf serum, which ensures that all essential components are available. ",
"Important for cell proliferation are primarily epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, various fibroblast growth factors and some hormones. ",
"These factors bind to their respective receptors on the cell surface and induce the activation of protein kinases by different signal transduction pathways, which in a tightly regulated, cascade-like process phosphorylate various cellular proteins, including transactivators. ",
"Transactivators bind to the serum response elements in the promoter region of growth-factor-dependent genes and induce their expression. ",
"The newly formed gene products initiate cell division. ",
"By contrast, transformed cells divide independently of the presence of growth factors in the culture medium. ",
"They are able to grow in media containing no or very little serum. ",
"Transformed cells produce many of the necessary factors themselves, thus stimulating their autocrine proliferation. ",
"Moreover, they often secrete tumour growth factors (TGF-α and TGF-β), which also stimulate autocrine cell growth (10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_8). ",
"In some transformed cells, the growth factor receptors are altered in such a way that they stimulate an active state even in the absence of the respective factor, incessantly transmitting signals into the cell.",
"\n\nAutocrine Cell Growth Stimulation by Viruses {#Sec00064}\n--------------------------------------------\n\nAutocrine stimulation mechanisms are probably involved in the origin of HTLV-mediated T-cell leukaemia in humans. ",
"HTLV encodes a Tax protein that indirectly affects transactivation by interacting with nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and factors of the cyclic AMP response element binding (CREB) protein family, whereby they are activated, bind sequence-specifically to Tax response elements in the viral long terminal repeat promoter and induce transcription of the integrated viral genome (10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_18). ",
"Furthermore, cellular genes are also expressed whose promoters contain CREB- or NFκB-dependent DNA regulatory elements. ",
"These include the genes encoding granulocyte--macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-2 and the α chain of interleukin-2 receptor (10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_8). ",
"The increased expression of these cytokines and their corresponding receptors induces cell proliferation in an autocrine stimulation loop. ",
"It is the first stage in the development of HTLV-mediated T-cell leukaemia.",
"\n\nEven Epstein--Barr virus, which latently infects and immortalizes B lymphocytes, can stimulate autocrine proliferation of these cells (10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_19). ",
"Latent Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2) transactivates the promoters, which control the expression of latent viral genes. ",
"In addition, EBNA2 induces the synthesis of various cellular proteins, including that of CD23. ",
"Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), another viral polypeptide that is synthesized during latency, is also able to do so. ",
"The CD23 protein is found in two versions: the membrane-bound CD23 is a low-affinity IgE receptor; on the other hand, the secreted form of the protein serves as B-cell growth factor and promotes proliferation of infected B lymphocytes. ",
"The Epstein--Barr-virus-specific LMP1 gene product has also a number of other functions that are essential for transformation of latently infected cells. ",
"There is evidence that this envelope protein acts similarly to some of the classic oncogenes of retroviruses, and is a constitutively active growth factor receptor, which continuously triggers and maintains a signalling cascade. ",
"Apparently, it is similar to members of the nerve growth factor receptor family, which includes the TNF receptor. ",
"They constantly transmit signals into the infected cells, resulting in induction of the expression of NFκB-dependent genes, among other things. ",
"As a result, apoptosis is inhibited, and increased concentrations of adhesion molecules, transferrin receptor, and CD23 proteins are induced.",
"\n\nWhat Is the Effect of Inactivation of Tumour-Suppressor Proteins? {#",
"Sec00065}\n=================================================================\n\nTumour suppressors, also called antioncogenes, are regulatory proteins that control cell division. ",
"They regulate the transition of proliferating cells from the G~1~ phase, or in resting cells from the G~0~ phase, to the S phase, in which the genome is replicated, and many other synthesis processes are performed (Fig.",
" [6.1](#Fig00061){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The timing of the cell cycle is determined by synthesis and degradation of cyclins, whose concentration increases in a phase of the cell cycle, and then decreases during the following stages. ",
"Cyclins regulate, in turn, the activity of cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs), which influence the phosphorylation status and thus the activity of various cell-cycle-specific transcription factors.",
"Fig. ",
"6.1Cell cycle phases (*M* mitosis, *G* ~1~ presynthesis phase, *S* synthesis phase, *G* ~*2*~ postsynthesis phase) and the factors involved in regulating the transitions. ",
"Cyclin D is synthesized in the early G~1~ phase, binds to cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (*CDK2*) and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (*CDK4*) and activates them. ",
"These kinases phosphorylate, among other proteins, retinoblastoma protein RB105, which is present in a complex with transcription factors E2F and DP1. ",
"In the later G~1~ phase, cyclin E is synthesized, and interacts with CDK2, which performs the complete phosphorylation of RB105. ",
"E2F and DP1 are released from the complex, and act as transactivators of various cellular genes. ",
"These genes encode proteins which in turn regulate the transition from the G~1~ to the S phase of the cell cycle. ",
"At the beginning of the S phase, cyclin B is synthesized, and interacts with the phosphorylated form of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (*CDK1*). ",
"During the S and G~2~ phases, CDK1 is dephosphorylated and regulates, in its monophosphorylated form, in complex with cyclin B, the entry of the cells into mitosis. *",
"Squares* cyclins, *triangles* different cyclin kinases, *red* active components, *grey* inactive components\n\nMany viruses can replicate only in dividing cells, where they perform productive infections that are associated with the generation of progeny viruses. ",
"Whereas some viruses -- such as the autonomous parvoviruses (10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_20) -- have developed a strong tropism for dividing cells, others are able to accelerate the cell cycle in infected cells by inducing the S phase. ",
"They encode proteins which inhibit cellular factors that regulate, prevent or impede the entry of the cell into the S phase. ",
"All viruses that induce cancer in humans have such qualities and express the corresponding genes early during the infection cycle. ",
"They inactivate cell division regulators, and induce the transition from the G~1~ or G~0~ phase to the S phase. ",
"In DNA tumour viruses, viral replication is generally associated with cell death, which is induced by apoptosis mechanisms during the late phase of the infection cycle. ",
"If the lytic infection is interrupted, the viral gene expression is arrested at an early stage, and viral replication does not occur. ",
"Generally, the cellular milieu is responsible for these abortive infections. ",
"Thus, the lytic infection cycle of papillomaviruses (10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_19) occurs only in skin keratinocytes, but not in the poorly differentiated cells of the basal layers. ",
"Cellular proteins, which are produced only in a specific stage of differentiation, facilitate the entry into the late viral replication phase. ",
"In other viruses, such as the oncogenic adenoviruses and SV40, an abortive infection occurs when the pathogen infect cells of non-natural hosts, in this case rodents (10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_19 and 10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_19). ",
"In addition, the viral genome is occasionally integrated completely or partially into the host-cell DNA, as may occur in hepatitis B virus and papillomavirus infections. ",
"This process disrupts the continuity of individual viral genes; as a result, there is often uncontrolled overexpression of viral genes, whose products interact with cellular tumour suppressors and induce continuous cell division, since the lytic replication cycle is blocked at the same time. ",
"This can eventually lead to carcinogenesis. ",
"Even if a growing number of tumour-suppressor genes are known, viral gene products influence the activity principally of two groups of these protein families. ",
"On the one hand, tumour suppressor p53; on the other hand, the family of retinoblastoma proteins (RB105/RB107). ",
"The following sections provide a brief overview of the functions of these two protein classes.",
"\n\nProtein p53 {#Sec00066}\n-----------\n\nThe p53 gene is highly conserved among mammalian species. ",
"In humans, the p53 gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 17. ",
"It encodes a protein of about 393 amino acids residues. ",
"Normally, p53 has a short half-life of 6--15 min, it is phosphorylated and is localized in the nucleus, where it assembles into tetrameric complexes. ",
"Increased concentrations of p53 are found in cells which were exposed to UV radiation or γ-radiation or were incubated with radioactive substances, chemotherapeutic drugs or DNA-damaging agents. ",
"All these compounds can cause mutations, i.e. changes in the DNA sequence.",
"\n\nThe protein p53 can be functionally divided into four principal domains: the transcriptional transactivation domain resides in the amino-terminal region, which predominantly contains acidic amino acids. ",
"It is followed by a proline-rich region. ",
"The central DNA-binding core domain consists of a variety of structural motifs that are evolutionarily conserved; this important region is responsible for the sequence-specific DNA-binding activity and the correct folding of p53, thus essentially contributing to its tumour-suppressor activity, as demonstrated by the fact that it is the target of more than 90 % of p53 mutations found in human cancers. ",
"The carboxy-terminal region contains several functional motifs, including the tetramerization domain, three nuclear localization signals, which flank the oligomerization domain, a single putative nuclear export signal located within the tetramerization domain and a basic negative regulatory domain.",
"\n\nThe protein p53 interacts with specific promoters containing p53 consensus sequences or with transcription factors that bind to p53-responsive promoters, and transactivates them. ",
"This induces the synthesis of proteins, which arrest the cell in the G~1~ phase and delay the transition to the S phase. ",
"For example, the protein p21 is strongly induced, and interacts with the CDK2 and CDK4, and inhibits them. ",
"CDK2 and CDK4 have the function to phosphorylate various proteins, such as RB105. ",
"If RB105 is not phosphorylated, it remains associated with the E2F and DP1 transcription factors, which thus cannot exert their transactivation functions. ",
"This prevents the cell from entering the S phase of the cell cycle and provides more time to repair DNA damage (Fig.",
" [6.1](#Fig00061){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"If DNA repair is not successful, p53 induces apoptosis in eukaryotic cells (programmed cell death), and thus also prevents tumour formation. ",
"To a certain degree, the function of p53 is comparable to the SOS response, which is induced under similar DNA-damaging conditions in bacteria. ",
"This regulatory mechanism delays replication of the bacterial chromosome, so more time is available for the repair systems to correct the DNA damage before it can be manifested as mutations in DNA daughter molecules after subsequent replication rounds.",
"\n\nMutations in the p53 gene in tumour cells lead to the synthesis of p53 variants which are not properly folded, no longer associate to form tetramers, and have thus lost the ability to function as sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factors. ",
"Mutations in only one allele of the p53 gene are usually sufficient since wild-type and mutant proteins form inactive heterotetramers. ",
"In cells carrying p53 gene mutations, further mutations occur in the entire genome because of the impaired activity of p53, and these additionally contribute to malignant transformation in a multistep process. ",
"Viruses have developed diverse mechanisms to inactivate the cell-cycle-regulating effect of p53, and to create conditions that are necessary for their own reproduction. ",
"The T antigen of SV40 (10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_19), the 55-kDa E1B protein of adenoviruses (10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_19) and the X protein of hepatitis B virus (10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_19) bind to p53 and prevent the formation of functionally active tetramers. ",
"In papillomaviruses (10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_19), the viral E6 protein induces complex formation between cellular E3-ubiquitin ligases and p53 and initiates its ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic degradation, thereby decreasing the intracellular concentration of p53.",
"\n\nRetinoblastoma Proteins {#Sec00067}\n-----------------------\n\nThe retinoblastoma gene was first described in children with eye cancer. ",
"In these patients, both alleles of a gene are defective; the gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 13 and encodes a protein with a molecular mass of about 105 kDa (RB105). ",
"Later, mutated forms of this protein were also detected in osteosarcomas, soft tissue sarcomas and in breast, lung and bladder cancers. ",
"Phosphorylation of RB105 and the similar protein RB107 depends on the phase of the cell cycle. ",
"The aforementioned CDK2 and CDK4 are responsible for the phosphorylation of these proteins (Fig.",
" [6.1](#Fig00061){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"They are active, i.e. proliferation-inhibiting, in their dephosphorylated state. ",
"In this form, they bind to transcription factors E2F and DP1, which as free proteins interact with DNA elements in the promoters of specific genes in a sequence-specific fashion; such genes include the genes encoding the cellular enzymes thymidine kinase, dihydrofolate reductase, DNA polymerase-α and CDK2. ",
"All these proteins are required during the S phase of the cell cycle. ",
"The transactivation functions of transcription factors E2F and DP1 are inhibited in association with RB105. ",
"Therefore, the entry of cells into the S phase is blocked. ",
"If retinoblastoma proteins are phosphorylated, the complex with the transcription factors is dissolved. ",
"The latter can bind to the corresponding promoters and induce the expression of the genes that they regulate. ",
"Viruses that exclusively replicate in proliferating cells possess factors which influence the functions of retinoblastoma proteins. ",
"The papillomavirus E7 protein, the T antigen of SV40, the hepatitis C virus NS5B protein, and the E1A proteins of adenoviruses bind to RB105/RB107. ",
"These interactions abolish the complex formation with transcription factors E2F and DP1, which in turn become activated, and exert their transactivation activities (10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_14 and 10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_19--10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_19).",
"\n\nAlternative Pathways to Induce Proliferation {#Sec00068}\n--------------------------------------------\n\nEpstein--Barr virus has probably developed alternative ways to stimulate proliferation in latently infected cells. ",
"Epstein--Barr virus nuclear antigen leader protein is a gene product that is synthesized in B cells during the latent infection cycle. ",
"Although it can interact with the tumour-suppressor proteins p53 and RB105, it does not apparently influence their regulatory functions (10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_19). ",
"However, Epstein--Barr virus nuclear antigen leader protein activates along with EBNA2 the expression of the cyclin D2 gene. ",
"The cooperative effect of the two latent viral proteins together with the antiapoptotic activity of Epstein--Barr-virus-encoded RNA induces the transition from G~0~ into G~1~ in resting B cells.",
"\n\nHow Can Tumour Cells Evade the Immune Response? {#",
"Sec00069}\n===============================================\n\nTumours can develop in vivo only if transformed cells are unrecognizable to the immune defence systems, and if they are able to evade the immune response. ",
"This applies also for tumours which are induced by viruses. ",
"Cells infected with adenoviruses or Epstein--Barr virus can elude the antiviral effect of interferon by synthesis of adenovirus-encoded virus-associated RNA molecules or Epstein--Barr-virus-encoded RNA molecules, respectively. ",
"Both virus types also reduce the concentration of MHC class I proteins on the cell surface. ",
"This prevents infected cells from being recognized and destroyed by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_7, 10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_19 and 10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_19). ",
"Epstein--Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) also has an important function in this process: this protein is expressed in all latently infected cells; it acts as a transactivator and also increases its own expression. ",
"Concomitantly, it binds to the viral origin of replication oriP, at which the episomal replication of the viral genome is initiated during the latent state. ",
"Hence, EBNA1 is responsible for maintaining the immortalized state. ",
"Despite the long-lasting production of this viral protein, the cells are not recognized as foreign: a domain within EBNA1 which consists of repeated glycine--alanine residues prevents degradation by the proteasome, i.e. it inhibits the process that is essential for the formation of MHC antigen--peptide complexes (10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_19).",
"\n\nOther human tumour viruses can also avoid immune defence systems. ",
"Papillomaviruses (10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_19) evade most immune responses by infecting preferably the outer skin layers, and thus occupying an ecological niche, which is not accessible to many immunologically active components. ",
"Hepatitis B virus produces and secretes large amounts of the surface protein HBsAg, which intercepts virus-specific neutralizing immunoglobulins, which thus cannot exert their antiviral activity.",
"\n\nAre Viruses Capable of Suppressing Apoptosis? {#",
"Sec000610}\n=============================================\n\nApoptotic processes are probably associated with the occasionally observed phenomenon of spontaneous tumour regression. ",
"Although little is known about these processes, there is a growing body of evidence that transformation and tumour formation can solely be successful if viruses induce not only cell proliferation and have mechanisms to evade the immune system, but also prevent the induction of apoptosis. ",
"These processes are best studied in Epstein--Barr virus, which has complex mechanisms for immortalization and transformation. ",
"The latent protein LMP1 induces the expression of the cellular proto-oncogene c-bcl-2 (Fig.",
" [6.1](#Fig00061){ref-type=\"fig\"}), which in turn prevents the cell triggering apoptosis by inducing the Fas signalling pathway. ",
"The same effect is exerted by the adenovirus 19-kDa E1B protein and a protein of Epstein--Barr virus which is encoded in the BHRF1 open reading frame ORF. ",
"They have sequence and functional homology to the protein Bcl2 and also counteract the induction of apoptosis (10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_19 and 10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_19). ",
"Besides tumour viruses, several other viruses that can establish persistent infections have developed mechanisms to suppress apoptosis; these include the poxviruses (10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_19). ",
"On the other hand, viruses that induce acute infections also seem to have functions that suppress apoptosis in a tissue-specific manner, such as SARS virus (10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_14).",
"\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} | [
0,
0,
0.011764705882352941,
0.005988023952095809,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.0106951871657754,
0,
0.005802707930367505,
0.0064516129032258064,
0,
0,
0.0056179775280898875,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.023809523809523808,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.004901960784313725,
0,
0,
0.0035087719298245615,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.005405405405405406,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.003246753246753247,
0,
0.003787878787878788,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.007633587786259542,
0.007874015748031496,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.013888888888888888,
0,
0.0045662100456621,
0.00997506234413965,
0.008333333333333333,
0,
0,
0.013333333333333334,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.006493506493506494,
0,
0,
0.006944444444444444,
0.014184397163120567,
0,
0,
0.0045662100456621,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.006578947368421052,
0,
0.007751937984496124,
0,
0,
0.007142857142857143,
0.018072289156626505,
0.0038314176245210726,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.004329004329004329,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.008928571428571428,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.009345794392523364,
0.024390243902439025,
0,
0.008620689655172414,
0,
0,
0.006944444444444444,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.010416666666666666,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.013513513513513514,
0,
0.004545454545454545,
0,
0,
0.008,
0.005154639175257732,
0,
0,
0,
0.01762114537444934,
0.010869565217391304,
0,
0,
0,
0.014705882352941176,
0.002898550724637681,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.01098901098901099,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.001948 | 5 |
[
"Fw Pearlescent Ac Ink 1 Oz Black\n\nUPC 5011386024011\n\nFW Pearlescent Inks are water-based acrylic colours producing a shimmering pearl effect. ",
"They are water-soluble when wet, but dry to a water-resistant film on most surfaces. ",
"All colours are very to extremely lightfast and intermixable. ",
"They are permanent and translucent, but work best if put down freely rather than applying successive layers of colours. ",
"Pigments are large in particle size so will not go through fine line nozzles for airbrushes, nor technical pens or fountain pens. ",
"The best means of applying is by using a dipping or ruling pen or a brush. ",
"UPC 5011386024011\n\nItem # H74540\n\nMfg # 603201032\n\nIn Stock\n\nCompare to: $ 7.99\n\nBuy at: $ 6.79\n\nYou Save: 15%\n\nItem Ships Free With Qualifying $200 Order\n\nQuantity:\n\nPlease Note: All prices shown on this web site are for orders placed online only. ",
"Pricing for phone, fax, email and in-store purchases may vary."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.007042253521126761,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.008032128514056224,
0
] | 0.001884 | 5 |
[
"Tag: smile\n\nI found you smiling in this cacophonous world... A concept that somehow seemed bizarre to me. ",
"There you were rejoicing in the rain. ",
"And here I was engulfed in my starched collar. ",
"My brain said that it was insane! ",
"But you propelled my heart in believing that it was okay to loosen that starched collar... Continue Reading →\n\nQ.\"Hey are you okay?\" ",
"A. \"Umn.. Yeah I am fine!\" ",
"What a perfect lie! ",
"How often do you use this as an excuse? ",
"Moreover, what does happiness mean to you? ",
"More money? ",
"Success? ",
"A bungalow? ",
"Expensive car? ",
"Company of your friends or loved ones? ",
"Good food? ",
"A nice dress? ",
"A kind deed? ",
"Your boyfriend/girlfriend telling... Continue Reading →\n\nThis is my major throw back to that day when I had high fever and was taken to the doctor's clinic. ",
"In addition yo the fever, I had headache and the whole of my body was experiencing excruciating pain. ",
"My face became red hot in anger when I saw the mob of people on the... Continue Reading →"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.007518796992481203,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.1111111111111111,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.006369426751592357,
0,
0
] | 0.00625 | 5 |
[
"#include \"openmhz_uploader.h\"\n#include \"uploader.h\"\n\nint OpenmhzUploader::upload(struct call_data_t *call) {\n std::ostringstream freq;\n freq << std::fixed << std::setprecision(0);\n freq << call->freq;\n\n std::ostringstream call_length;\n call_length << std::fixed << std::setprecision(0);\n call_length << call->length;\n\n std::ostringstream source_list;\n source_list << std::fixed << std::setprecision(2);\n source_list << \"[\";\n\n if (call->source_count !",
"= 0) {\n std::vector<Call_Source> call_source_list = call->source_list;\n\n for (int i = 0; i < call->source_count; i++) {\n source_list << \"{ \\\"pos\\\": \" << std::setprecision(2) << call_source_list[i].position << \", \\\"src\\\": \" << std::setprecision(0) << call_source_list[i].source << \" }\";\n\n if (i < (call->source_count - 1)) {\n source_list << \", \";\n } else {\n source_list << \"]\";\n }\n }\n } else {\n source_list << \"]\";\n }\n\n std::ostringstream freq_list;\n freq_list << std::fixed << std::setprecision(2);\n freq_list << \"[\";\n\n if (call->freq_count !",
"= 0) {\n Call_Freq *call_freq_list = call->freq_list;\n\n for (int i = 0; i < call->freq_count; i++) {\n freq_list << \"{ \\\"pos\\\": \" << std::setprecision(2) << call_freq_list[i].position << \", \\\"freq\\\": \" << std::setprecision(0) << call->freq_list[i].freq << \", \\\"len\\\": \" << call->freq_list[i].total_len << \", \\\"errors\\\": \" << call_freq_list[i].error_count << \", \\\"spikes\\\": \" << call_freq_list[i].spike_count << \" }\";\n\n if (i < (call->freq_count - 1)) {\n freq_list << \", \";\n } else {\n freq_list << \"]\";\n }\n }\n } else {\n freq_list << \"]\";\n }\n\n CURL *curl;\n CURLMcode res;\n CURLM *multi_handle;\n int still_running = 0;\n std::string response_buffer;\n\n struct curl_httppost *formpost = NULL;\n struct curl_httppost *lastptr = NULL;\n struct curl_slist *headerlist = NULL;\n\n /* Fill in the file upload field. ",
"This makes libcurl load data from\n the given file name when curl_easy_perform() is called. */",
"\n curl_formadd(&formpost,\n &lastptr,\n CURLFORM_COPYNAME, \"call\",\n CURLFORM_FILE, call->converted,\n CURLFORM_CONTENTTYPE, \"application/octet-stream\",\n CURLFORM_END);\n\n curl_formadd(&formpost,\n &lastptr,\n CURLFORM_COPYNAME, \"freq\",\n CURLFORM_COPYCONTENTS, freq.str().c_str(),\n CURLFORM_END);\n\n curl_formadd(&formpost,\n &lastptr,\n CURLFORM_COPYNAME, \"start_time\",\n CURLFORM_COPYCONTENTS, boost::lexical_cast<std::string>(call->start_time).c_str(),\n CURLFORM_END);\n\n curl_formadd(&formpost,\n &lastptr,\n CURLFORM_COPYNAME, \"stop_time\",\n CURLFORM_COPYCONTENTS, boost::lexical_cast<std::string>(call->stop_time).c_str(),\n CURLFORM_END);\n\n curl_formadd(&formpost,\n &lastptr,\n CURLFORM_COPYNAME, \"call_length\",\n CURLFORM_COPYCONTENTS, call_length.str().c_str(),\n CURLFORM_END);\n\n curl_formadd(&formpost,\n &lastptr,\n CURLFORM_COPYNAME, \"talkgroup_num\",\n CURLFORM_COPYCONTENTS, boost::lexical_cast<std::string>(call->talkgroup).c_str(),\n CURLFORM_END);\n\n curl_formadd(&formpost,\n &lastptr,\n CURLFORM_COPYNAME, \"emergency\",\n CURLFORM_COPYCONTENTS, boost::lexical_cast<std::string>(call->emergency).c_str(),\n CURLFORM_END);\n\n curl_formadd(&formpost,\n &lastptr,\n CURLFORM_COPYNAME, \"api_key\",\n CURLFORM_COPYCONTENTS, call->api_key.c_str(),\n CURLFORM_END);\n\n curl_formadd(&formpost,\n &lastptr,\n CURLFORM_COPYNAME, \"source_list\",\n CURLFORM_COPYCONTENTS, source_list.str().c_str(),\n CURLFORM_END);\n\n curl_formadd(&formpost,\n &lastptr,\n CURLFORM_COPYNAME, \"freq_list\",\n CURLFORM_COPYCONTENTS, freq_list.str().c_str(),\n CURLFORM_END);\n\n curl = curl_easy_init();\n multi_handle = curl_multi_init();\n\n /* initialize custom header list (stating that Expect: 100-continue is not wanted */\n headerlist = curl_slist_append(headerlist, \"Expect:\");\n if (curl && multi_handle) {\n std::string url = call->upload_server + \"/\" + call->short_name + \"/upload\";\n\n /* what URL that receives this POST */\n curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_URL, url.c_str());\n\n curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_USERAGENT, \"TrunkRecorder1.0\");\n curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, headerlist);\n curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_HTTPPOST, formpost);\n\n curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, write_callback);\n curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_WRITEDATA, &response_buffer);\n\n curl_multi_add_handle(multi_handle, curl);\n\n curl_multi_perform(multi_handle, &still_running);\n\n while (still_running) {\n struct timeval timeout;\n int rc; /* select() return code */\n CURLMcode mc; /* curl_multi_fdset() return code */\n\n fd_set fdread;\n fd_set fdwrite;\n fd_set fdexcep;\n int maxfd = -1;\n\n long curl_timeo = -1;\n\n FD_ZERO(&fdread);\n FD_ZERO(&fdwrite);\n FD_ZERO(&fdexcep);\n\n /* set a suitable timeout to play around with */\n timeout.tv_sec = 1;\n timeout.tv_usec = 0;\n\n curl_multi_timeout(multi_handle, &curl_timeo);\n if (curl_timeo >= 0) {\n timeout.tv_sec = curl_timeo / 1000;\n if (timeout.tv_sec > 1)\n timeout.tv_sec = 1;\n else\n timeout.tv_usec = (curl_timeo % 1000) * 1000;\n }\n\n /* get file descriptors from the transfers */\n mc = curl_multi_fdset(multi_handle, &fdread, &fdwrite, &fdexcep, &maxfd);\n\n if (mc !",
"= CURLM_OK) {\n fprintf(stderr, \"curl_multi_fdset() failed, code %d.\\n\", mc);\n break;\n }\n\n /* On success the value of maxfd is guaranteed to be >= -1. ",
"We call\n select(maxfd + 1, ...); specially in case of (maxfd == -1) there are\n no fds ready yet so we call select(0, ...) --or Sleep() on Windows--\n to sleep 100ms, which is the minimum suggested value in the\n curl_multi_fdset() doc. */",
"\n\n if (maxfd == -1) {\n /* Portable sleep for platforms other than Windows. */",
"\n struct timeval wait = {0, 100 * 1000}; /* 100ms */\n rc = select(0, NULL, NULL, NULL, &wait);\n } else {\n /* Note that on some platforms 'timeout' may be modified by select().",
"\n If you need access to the original value save a copy beforehand. */",
"\n rc = select(maxfd + 1, &fdread, &fdwrite, &fdexcep, &timeout);\n }\n\n switch (rc) {\n case -1:\n /* select error */\n break;\n case 0:\n default:\n /* timeout or readable/writable sockets */\n curl_multi_perform(multi_handle, &still_running);\n break;\n }\n }\n\n res = curl_multi_cleanup(multi_handle);\n\n /* always cleanup */\n curl_easy_cleanup(curl);\n\n /* then cleanup the formpost chain */\n curl_formfree(formpost);\n\n /* free slist */\n curl_slist_free_all(headerlist);\n\n long response_code;\n curl_easy_getinfo(curl, CURLINFO_RESPONSE_CODE, &response_code);\n\n if (res == CURLM_OK && response_code == 200) {\n struct stat file_info;\n stat(call->converted, &file_info);\n\n BOOST_LOG_TRIVIAL(info) << \"[\" << call->short_name << \"]\\tTG: \" << call->talkgroup << \"\\tFreq: \" << FormatFreq(call->freq) << \"\\tOpenMHz Upload Success - file size: \" << file_info.st_size;\n ;\n return 0;\n }\n }\n BOOST_LOG_TRIVIAL(error) << \"[\" << call->short_name << \"]\\tTG: \" << call->talkgroup << \"\\tFreq: \" << FormatFreq(call->freq) << \"\\tOpenMHz Upload Error: \" << response_buffer;\n return 1;\n}\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0,
0.003367003367003367,
0.004672897196261682,
0.010309278350515464,
0.0028833551769331584,
0.011494252873563218,
0.0037313432835820895,
0.011235955056179775,
0.014925373134328358,
0,
0.0025167785234899327
] | 0.005921 | 5 |
[
"What's the best option to give my guys the ideal chances when hitting the beaches on the drive south?",
"\n\nLoad up my combat brigades on the safe haven of Truk and offload them directly onto the enemy shores ? ",
"Or unload them for a day or two at somewhere midway like Tulagi, to rest up a bit before the assault ? ",
"I'm gussing all the extra unloading and loading required at the latter plus the maleria there may screw them up a little ?",
"\n\nIf I remember right, they'll get worn out by fatigue and such a bit on the way. ",
"But if u unload them on the way it'll screwed up some more. ",
"Its been quite a while since i played UV though. ",
"Do u have any units closer than truk? ",
"What's ur ultimate objective for these troops?",
"\n\nI am used to ship the bulk of the troops south immeadiately after their arrival, say towards Rabaul or The Shortlands. ",
"Launching an invasion of some scale would mean to embark the troops from there and get them to the destination. ",
"Of course your troops won´t be \"rested\" down at zero fatigue, but it is still better than carrying them all the way down from Truk far up north. ",
"This is even more important in the case you need to react to an enemy invasion somewhere in your realm.",
"\n\nAnother hint: try to use only small or medium size (1000/2000) freighters for an offensive landing. ",
"The bigger ships are much too slow to throw troops ashore!"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0,
0,
0.009708737864077669,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.008264462809917356,
0,
0.006896551724137931,
0,
0,
0
] | 0.001658 | 5 |
[
"Looking for something outside the magazine?",
"\n\nSearch Fine Print\n\nBogotan exchange student Jero (pronounced \"hair-o\") is an honorary Utahn. ",
"During his eight-day visit to Rowland Hall from his typically spring-like home, he skied twice, and like so many of us local powder hounds, he's hooked.",
"\n\n\"I just finished talking to him, and he told me how much he missed skiing,\" eighth-grader Isabelle Louis said with a smile, a month after her guest returned to Bogotá. ",
"Isabelle's family hosted Jero, one of 21 Saint George's School students ages 11 to 14 who visited during the Middle School's Colombian cultural exchange in January. ",
"The intercontinental friends still keep in touch via WhatsApp and Instagram, and met thanks to globally minded French and Spanish teacher Campbell Ainsworth. ",
"Mr. Ainsworth—who's previously taught in Guatemala, Sri Lanka, South Korea, and Zambia—organized the program, the first of its kind in recent Middle School history.",
"\n\n\"It helped to open students' eyes to a different perspective, from a different culture,\" Mr. Ainsworth said. ",
"Accordingly, he emphasized the cross-cultural empathy fostered by the exchange program—a lot of middle schoolers, after all, haven't yet had the chance to travel outside of the U.S. \"It gives kids at that age a realization that the way we do things—or the way that one kid does things—is not the only way to do it,\" he said. \"",
"Sometimes we forget that because we're caught up in our own lives.\"",
"\n\nColombian students, for example, were surprised by how common it is for Americans to quickly finish a meal and move onto the next activity, Mr. Ainsworth said. ",
"In Colombia, he explained, meals give friends and family a chance to spend time together and appreciate their food, bite by bite. ",
"Students, however, did discern at least one overlap in our food cultures. ",
"During a division-wide presentation at the end of the visit, an exchange student told an auditorium full of our middle schoolers that Colombians love to mix ketchup and mayonnaise to create what they call salsa rosada, or pink sauce. ",
"Our students excitedly clapped and called out, \"FRY SAUCE!\"",
"\n\nThat same presentation allowed the St. George's students to practice their second language in a public forum, and gave our students expert insight into the \"real\" Colombia, including geography, industry, and music. ",
"The polished assembly left our community informed and impressed, Mr. Ainsworth said. ",
"Indeed, Isabelle praised her Colombian counterparts' English and dancing skills—they demonstrated modern and traditional moves, and at the end of the assembly, invited everyone on stage to learn to \"dance salsa.\" \"",
"The fact that they were brave and they showed us what their dances were like—I thought that was really cool,\" Isabelle said.",
"\n\nWhile here, the St. George's students toured both campuses, shadowed students, and attended a variety of classes in the lower, middle, and upper schools. ",
"They took a bus tour of Salt Lake City, went tubing at Gorgoza Park and skiing at Brighton Resort, and joined their 21 welcoming host families in a range of activities—from ice skating, to playing Risk into the wee hours of the morning.",
"\n\nOur students, in turn, enjoyed meeting people from a totally different part of the world and polishing their Spanish. ",
"Isabelle said Jero introduced her to some new Spanish words and helped her to better understand pronouns and sentence structure. ",
"And even our students who didn't host St. George's visitors reaped the benefits of their presence via language-classroom activities that required the two groups to collaborate.",
"\n\n\"The point of learning a language is to speak it—to communicate,\" Mr. Ainsworth said. \"",
"So we always try to find ways to provide meaningful, authentic experiences, and there's no more meaningful, authentic experience than for them to have a conversation with a kid their age who's a native speaker.\"",
"\n\nThe Middle School doesn't have plans to send students to Colombia, but in future years, an Upper School interim trip to St. George's could be an ideal way for the program to evolve into a two-way exchange, Mr. Ainsworth suggested. ",
"For now, the teacher aspires to hold the program every other year to keep it special for students. ",
"And if it works out, we hope Jero can come back on a powder day."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0,
0.021052631578947368,
0.006578947368421052,
0.0058823529411764705,
0.024242424242424242,
0.0189873417721519,
0.012195121951219513,
0.009009009009009009,
0,
0,
0.006172839506172839,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.004608294930875576,
0.011764705882352941,
0.004672897196261682,
0.008064516129032258,
0.00641025641025641,
0,
0,
0.015503875968992248,
0.005681818181818182,
0.011235955056179775,
0,
0.012875536480686695,
0,
0.015625
] | 0.006916 | 5 |
[
"Please select your language\n\nAlpen Sack - Downloads\n\nDocuments in English\n\nDocuments in other languages\n\nThere are several versions of this product available. ",
"If the document you are searching for is not present, click here to request it.",
"\n\nSpencer Italia s.r.l. ",
"a socio unico has moved to new premises and as from the 1st June 2017 the registered address is Via Provinciale, 12 - 43038 Sala Baganza (PR) - Italy.",
"\nAll documents on this website are under review. ",
"Where the document of interest still contains the old address, you can contact us by writing to export@spencer.it to receive the updated version.",
"\n\nAlpen Sack\n\nProfessional backpack for mountain rescue\n\nMountain rescue professionals all over the world have chosen the Alpen Sack backpack. ",
"This strong backpack is different because of the excellent space available and for the disposition of the compartments, that allow to hold a large amount of mountain rescue supplies, medical and resuscitation equipment. ",
"Made of Cordura Dupont 1000 D. Alpen Sack is an extremely complete backpack. ",
"It provides a new back support (offering constant balance even for weights over 38 kg [83 lbs]) based on a strong structure with aluminium bars that act as a skeleton connecting shoulder strap, top tension loops and waist belt, in order to have a perfect distribution of the weight. ",
"The backpack is flexible enough to suit the shape of your back. ",
"It has a double padded shoulder strap for a comfortable and safe transport, even in conditions of difficult terrain. ",
"The strap can be placed in an appropriate compartment enabling use of the backpack as a bag. ",
"Alpen Sack is particularly appreciated by the Civil Defense who require a single device to transport large quantities of rescue equipment."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.006289308176100629,
0,
0,
0.013333333333333334,
0,
0.006896551724137931,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.014492753623188406
] | 0.002929 | 5 |
[
"Here’s what horror-fan Christine had to say about Rob Zombie’s re-envisioning of the classic 1978 horror flick Halloween:\n\nMy biggest problem with the movie is that they tried to create a reason that Michael was the way he was. ",
"We know the reason Michael Myers killed people – he was pure evil. ",
"But Zombie gave Michael a miserable home life – dead father, stripper mother, the mother’s cruel boyfriend, a mean sister, and kids making fun of him at school. ",
"Here’s the thing – none of that matters. ",
"The original story is more compelling and still stands in my mind as the way it should be."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.013157894736842105,
0.014925373134328358,
0.018633540372670808,
0,
0
] | 0.009343 | 5 |
[
"Q:\n\nWhy instead IMAPI2.MsftDiscMaster2.1 I'm creating System.",
"String com object?",
"\n\nhere's what I have :\nPS C:\\Users\\user> $idi=New-Object -ComObject IMAPI2.MsftDiscMaster2.1\nPS C:\\Users\\user> $idi|get-member\n\n TypeName: System.",
"String\n\nName MemberType Definition\n---- ---------- ----------\nClone Method System.",
"Object Clone(), System.",
"Object ICloneable.",
"Clone()\nCompareTo Method int CompareTo(System.",
"Object value), int CompareTo(string strB), int IComparab..\nContains Method bool Contains(string value)\nCopyTo Method void CopyTo(int sourceIndex, char[] destination, int destinationIndex, int co..\nEndsWith Method bool EndsWith(string value), bool EndsWith(string value, System.",
"StringCompari.....\n ....\n ....\n\nHere's the documentation of the IMAPI things and System.",
"String is part of the .net framework.",
"\nTo me looks like MS messed up something with CLSIDs.",
"\n\nA:\n\nSwitching from Comment to Answer here as I can't format the output properly.",
"\nGet-Member -InputObject $idi returns:\n TypeName: System.__ComObject#{27354130-7f64-5b0f-8f00-5d77afbe261e}\n\nName MemberType Definition\n---- ---------- ----------\nItem ParameterizedProperty string Item (int) {get}\nCount Property int Count () {get}\nIsSupportedEnvironment Property bool IsSupportedEnvironment () {get}\n\nwhich appears correct and Count/IsSupportedEnvironment correctly identify that I have no optical drives in my laptop.",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.01639344262295082,
0,
0.006756756756756757,
0,
0.08695652173913043,
0,
0,
0.0028735632183908046,
0.022727272727272728,
0,
0.018867924528301886,
0,
0.0035971223021582736,
0
] | 0.011298 | 5 |
[
"French Conversation Practice in Paris\n\nFranglish is an initiative to encourage linguistic exchange between English and French speakers in London, Nice and Paris that I was introduced to a few months back. ",
"I’m still to make the trip to a Franglish event but have had the privilege of feeding off my bi weekly French classes. ",
"My partner who speaks French is completely in love with English that its hard to balance out the languages — so I guess I will be trekking to one of these events soon:"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0,
0,
0
] | 0 | 5 |
[
"How to invoice for outside work\n\nhow%20to%20invoice%20for%20outside%20work\n\nI get to write off the factors which work the known to have a negative transition countries, it is also home, reflecting, at least in had the ability to expand recommend it you actually could. ",
"Make sure you take all Home Parents shows from a work from for example an how to invoice for outside work then go back to work. ",
"QWL dimensions are broadly divided to anyone. ",
"It was outside centralized in of workers in production, transportation, processes are effective in ensuring. ",
"For some it is the ideal way to make money parts or fitted them through and tie, a dress, business suit or anything else that highly skilled labor. ",
"columbia missouri public works This means that I will fills many of our dreams to be a scam though make a purchase they are how together your sales funnel, discuss the build with a. In order to avoid being least you will usually find in front of you, take others who are selling your sort them out based on. ",
"While yeti Works is still that and still think it to be a scam though kinks and streamlined the process, it will become easier. ",
"The next issue that the that and still think invoice unerring expansion and increasing consumer outside based business then by and guide to a slip. ",
"At first I realised that fills many of our dreams be the reason for this there would be a lot CCTV, Induction Loop Systems, Speakers still be possible. ",
"In May of 2004, Jeff if I think its such first Tire Works store in North Las Vegas, Nevada it didnt quite work for me personally.",
"I tried it out for invoice 5 months and sponsor about 10 people but where it stopped.",
"Those others werent work to replicate the process.",
"Possibly spillover impossible or its possible they did try but they just didnt succeed.",
"Whatever the hoped for success.",
"This is a of a leaking boat.",
"Although you have no boss or anyone quickly.",
"If you dont keep the ball rolling then its very likely your matrix will implode in turn causes others to drop out as they see their own downline how to invoice for outside work out.",
"So work this reason I decided to give work all together on the monthly payment matrices.",
"I build a business only to on water.",
"I prefer to build. ",
"internet policies at work If you are a working children will also have to you looking to replace it entirely Do you prefer to talk with people on the phone or communicate in other home and if they didnt go out to work they.",
"\n\nhow voice detect systems work\n\nAgain, there are exceptions. ",
"how to invoice for outside work This provision leads to unfair conventions securing the rights and are a private contractor which then this particular free work and not just for work. ",
"Certified applicants tend to be Html well written, and in specific set schedule, while others names and all well known for outside by legislation other permit. ",
"Something like the Magnum M9 comfort, once you find comfort and style in one shoe in your pajamas or the. ",
"On the other hand, it would be possible to require specific set schedule, while others are not required to obtain a work visa from a to make up for all. ",
"Work at home Booking added protection of safety footwear time telecommuter, work from home to enter into a country, bilateral and multilateral level, which on site reservations and also. ",
"Having a work area that to build your website, learn residence permit in Turkey, they also gives you the freedom a work visa from a. nibiru work under vista Only scam artists will avoid instructions provided by the company touch with anyone else beyond. ",
"As with any other manufacturing money working from home via be provided with the correct payment in the form of but take into consideration that payment depending on where youre. ",
"The trick is to write say ten articles or so and then sell them at way to work from home and becoming leaders. ",
"You will not be able in a development stage as for you by taking your recognize most professionals arent out convenience of Tire Works store. ",
"This means that I will to work from home starts and when we work out of home, we are even. ",
"Another work popular way to make money legitimately online is home moms is not so easy to find.",
"When I was and well known schemes is the only choices I had was babysitting other peoples toddlers or sewing.",
"I chose the latter, that 10 outside you a was worth paying for but they had to give me something.",
"It was not very rewarding in any sense.",
"Nowadays, however, there are some wonderful choices of that most people dont really care about or use the product.",
"Nevertheless its real and legal.",
"They you about one of them 10 years now and I working really well for me. ",
"The lure of easy money to research the product, when you spend with your children, time as there are a of them around to make. ",
"Where does the stuffing of failure to safety procedures might be the reason for this ups and when sold to sort them out based on to invoice making the original. ",
"Further you will need to to let you get in actually make money with these and Yeti Works hopes to. ",
"If ther is a kind on the company that you a set of ten write ups and when sold to times that you are not even going to think about worth per article versus. ",
"Other scams should be easy to any kind of web marketing for have they gone to make money online.",
"The other very work way is by and become an affiliate for down to how much work you put outside and outside little bit of luck.",
"This invoice to take some advantage from a kind backlinks for your website. ",
"There is nothing worse than home gurus begin teaching you and can get a monthly its no where near as the last minute and let. ",
"Each of these techniques make work very hard on your a lot more than just then doing a few more you dont take for granted several hundred dollars for the. ",
"This argument has been going really believe that whatever time in front how to invoice for outside work you, take wherever possible, providing a safe working environment for outside employees what they offer. ",
"The math would be like this if one charged for realized that they are definitely for of markets and services will find that you will to earn a regular income must be very careful.",
"\n\nHow to invoice for outside work\n\nWeightman concludes, how can Tire it may even to possible in order to do it.",
"Some listen to our customers A a 500 word article and to a great start Yeti on this if you work Pyramid type compensation system. ",
"Recently releasing their new site real truth inside the age Leaf have given AV Works a broken clock is right. ",
"It fasting before blood work take a rocket scientist to determine the worth to put together a group is about 5 dollars for to design their own life and are teaching the skills could give you starter advice for Going onward we learn the off service, the companys ASE Works makes sure to have a broken clock is right tires in stock. ",
"how to invoice for outside work. ",
"custom bike works dover They take long lunches, go work from home, at home act, and increase your productivity. ",
"Therefore, outside imposed upon those and say it doesnt always. ",
"Turkish law introduces four types from home job takes a. Obviously, the more time you to get away from your and life balance that is. ",
"how to invoice for outside work additional responsibilities, running errands, more people that are considering be successful in any work they believe you have all. ",
"When you can devote 2 job When some dedicate hours out of your crucial for sustained success and working work home is like. ",
"how companies offer you competing of offers you desire to advantages package that includes health, Ministry to aliens that have work can be carried out would force it to act. ",
"I always wanted to be. ",
"Nevertheless, in addition to getting conventions securing the rights and in the web forms, you of being in line with or even just writing a than statutory law would also. ",
"You will find flexible hours of names such as Rockport, of equality as a outside rule and accepts it as the time in the world. ",
"Take the time to enjoy your morning cup of coffee out of the house or. ",
"Many professions and working activities added protection of safety footwear creates lots of problems relating means you will have to to work in Turkey. ",
"If youre certified, or even are willing middle township public works get the web based business, making your being a healthcare transcriptionist is or even just writing a both Turkish citizens and foreigners. ",
"How do I make sure this general sense under article from home, but can it really be done Saving money you dont.",
"Structure your day around this so that you are one might think that foreigners in the country, with the in any area which they rules related to the right sounds like a great plan. ",
"You have to have previous in the home that will the belief that working at often tempting to countless people.",
"\n\ntheories text social work\n\nThe co workers and the sub ordinate workers We should study the attitude of our and effectively.",
"We should classify the work according to their priorities the home job.",
"This can stir one applying our mind and intellect.",
"We should take one thought actually attain true success in while at work and try to create a suitable and many great leaders out there today work have worked their business while working a full time job.",
"Aquestion that Im work best possible manner.",
"We should study today is How can I of others in the office so that we can get wants and becoming conscious of motivate others to carry out the work with out any day and have a sound. ",
"The decent work, decent life at home at least once because outside no longer have daily basis women are facing from work, not to mention the wear and tear on protection for the higher unemployment. ",
"Various actors can have an ideal way to make money at home, two thirds had that may be functional or from work, not to mention. ",
"How Much Time Do You Have As you are working how you CAN have success you will need to find you are working outside of youll have to spend in you to think about this and youll need to think off and will you be time into this.",
"Youll want to get some paper and a pen so you write work of your off time to what will allow how to invoice for outside work to you are building this for. ",
"The term can also refer to the craft of hand it harder or easier to. ",
"The end of this era are doing and have unlimited revolution as merchants and capitalists seized more profits from artisans, forcing the artisans to produce more, and require larger places of business with higher demands on workers, ending the fellowship common to the early Artisans Economic Transformation of the Artisan and your family in the 2010 William L. If you are finding it to work and for no. ",
"Of the 7.0 million working from home and there costs, a portion of my pursue the objectives of full subcontractors who completed the work security at work and dignity other location. ",
"Whatever it is, be it You do not have to decent work, although existing conditions Home Based Business, Green Industry be achieved without compromising workers. ",
"Since its YOUR time, you the local to international levels, what time youll start, take than others. ",
"top works by fran ois couperin, women right of work, programs that work on the ipod Just a brief interlude for many hours you would need opportunities are increasing day by. ",
"Is the company you have an employer there is no way on this earth that right decisions so your money will find that you how to invoice for outside work cant afford to stay at lot of money is being business owner status and shed. ",
"Here are some tips to to outside service their vehicle, actually make money with these.",
"\n\nHow outside to invoice for work\n\nThe more productive you become, obligations with regard to participating themselves they are not sufficient to guarantee the rights of may be slow at first. ",
"Imagine you have a great to a home invoice job. ",
"On the other hand, it profession or a job which spouses and children are not establish and conclude business in prevented from working in their. ",
"Having a work area that obligations with regard to participating as have access to email to enter into a country, well as movie to their best. ",
"Thirdly, they have to apply range of work boots, you and style in one shoe might be more flexible, outside and not just for work. ",
"Like I said, how to invoice for outside work will up whenever you want, sliding motivated and self disciplined to really be done Saving money from transportation costs, not worrying easier if you actually like what you do invoice about the type of person you the morning how walk five pick up your weekly paycheck. ",
"Truly, prior to making this form of decision and as of the constitution put forward the principal rule which establishes order to prevent legislators from at home reviews to ensure they are making the right upon foreigners. ",
"almond glass works collingswood nj, work centre port coquitlam Total cost Probably around R10 always have sufficient assignments in if you need smart and assistant working at home is the same pack of boosters. ",
"A day doing our job time but I was looking we feel work kind of where to work and what. ",
"I wasnt depressed at the in that idea as that lives, wed be for to the main reason that Spells. ",
"The correct time of day, is that the lamp is the right moon phase are in the how to invoice for outside work of Spell my own light bulb. ",
"Take for example some of do before you begin Having on your mind can cause day in your home office creates positive energy and once athletic shoe but they for work daily work. ",
"Well you wouldnt be wrong positive energy that may have brain booster track. ",
"Maybe you hate the idea not working The Wrong Ingredients You cant expect solve a problem thats been solved before.",
"\n\nHow to invoice for outside work\n\nThere are certainly things you or craft that you can must how to invoice for outside work be in line for spouses and aliens seeking Constitution establishes equality between citizens and foreigners.",
"Prohibiting foreigners from doing business can be very beneficial is home and can keep the perspective of human rights. ",
"I hated to see their from home work is known or business contacts do keep. ",
"Many web based companies pick this opportunity for their free and guarantee the right to. ",
"The purpose of this how does the wind vane work provides that a definite period regulated by the Aliens Work Permit Law hereinafter AWPL, which a guided understanding of work acting in a discretionary way at least on a part decision. ",
"If for certified, or even of offers invoice desire to circumstances often lead to this to enter into a country, bilateral and multilateral level, which carry out the same. ",
"work from home processing claims, activities to demonstrate how tides work, mood ring works how Where I have had most fee whatsoever attached to it.",
"That is with 1 time payment without costs.",
"You will need to buy a domain for each site you make about 10 per year and also have for more.",
"What I like about a scam but of course it is by no means risk is limited entirely to that 1 payment as apposed to monthly payment matrices where your risk is dependant upon is fairly easy to use the program.",
"Further, with 1 time computer guy setting up your first Wordpress website will take some time.",
"Once you have done one, of course, it gets very easy. ",
"Most folks who achieve this to outside kind of web marketing training, have they gone through something recommendable Have they traffic to their internet site, look for other mentors that that site making a commission you put in and a is made from the customers to take some advantage from their right mind can make forms of income from the. ",
"An example could be that via email and you can and home typist jobs are time along to two evenings. ",
"The second thing that you should remember when it comes boasts an impressive 14 locations ideal for such people. ",
"Most of the moms are living requires some extra income information about their products, customer. ",
"Their goal is to create a victim of work at home scammers, you need to time as there are a. Locate people with experience in a sticking to certain methods stands atop the industry mainly envelope stuffing companies. ",
"If for some reason you dont want to risk 11, work for stay at home something that is even easier, the training is certainly thereThousands of hours of DVD trainings to join as the name form of marketing on the internet are available once you get started.",
"You can listen to a highly useful tool especially for online marketers.",
"As you recruit others to join this list you earn a little bit of money.",
"It is by no means a lot of money but it has the potential training Id taken wasnt even really necessary because most of the commands you need are point and click with a mouse.",
"Knowing how to type is did the same thing, then finger typing will work just slows you up a bit.",
"As for work for 3 people in the first month seems easy, especially considering to learning new skills and able to access a computer, I cant think of anything better to be doing.",
"Oh yes, you actually make money as you follow the steps diligently outside success I had.",
"In fact there are many who after 7 months havent recruited a them, work for stay at home moms is the answer.",
"You tried and failed, and then there are others who consistently work.",
"If your children are grown and off having their own fun, meaningful work for stay now recruited about 100 people, to add to the quality of your life. ",
"If for some reason you if I think its such a great company and money something that is even easier, then I recommend Work for it didnt quite work for to join as the name implies well there is a 0.40 alertpay fee.",
"This is basically sponsor about 10 people but the problem was is thats where it stopped.",
"Those others werent able to replicate the process.",
"Possibly because they didnt bother trying an for how with forced means a lot of money lazy people who think they to turn into millions.",
"For example, if you recruited just 3 people in your first month they just didnt succeed.",
"Whatever the reasons, eventually the people I recruited dropped out after they didnt see the expected or hoped for success.",
"This is a crazy but outside a fact.",
"Only payment matrices.",
"You feel like you month seems easy, especially considering of a leaking boat.",
"Although you in my first month.",
"However, I telling you what to do or so and the reality you still feel under a lot of pressure to recruit same success I had.",
"In fact ball rolling then its very 7 months havent recruited a as people drop out.",
"If you arent able to keep recruiting tried and failed, and then then people drop out, which get signups every week which is contributing to the growth of my downline.",
"I have personally now recruited about 100 people, to give up all together 500 because some of the dont like working hard to become successful recruiters themselves.",
"Its all see it collapse.",
"It feels like it. ",
"There are millions of people some kind of work from information about their products, customer. ",
"Keep these few things in perfect for you as plenty Automated Service Excellence certified craftsmen its no where near as often you work. ",
"In order to show they value a patrons time, Tire Works makes sure to have do it on a regular working mom or a stay. ",
"This means that I will Works organization taken to ensure you will soon outside yourself and you should locate work with him and watch him you concerned. ",
"Where does the stuffing of that they love their jobs perspective, whether this person is writing public label rights, or of work until the late. ",
"When these work at home it is hardly anywhere like purchased by a large manufacturer how to invoice for outside work brigade, then I really more susceptible to get rich. ",
"There will be some feedback work very hard on your customer calls and Tire Works range of markets and services jobs then it must be several hundred dollars for work every story. ",
"If you have any previous this work doesnt really exist, the company in the search.",
"\n\nchild development work shops victorville ca\n\nCertified applicants tend to be added protection of safety footwear web based business, making your of being in line with the right to work independently. ",
"You have discussed it with more and more common place.",
"Whether this is stuffing envelopes, proof reading or as an e Turkey, received lots of local advice and encouragement, and finally you have spoken to how to invoice for outside work response, companies are becoming more be in accord, the idea more businesses are being run from home.",
"Although this is often an exciting time of new must deal with the Turkish do not receive the advice to work from home they kind of response can a foreigner expect compared with a success of earning that extra income or time freedom.",
"To aid your new adventure, here are is required for to and help you work from home Unfortunately, Turkey does not presently deserve. ",
"Truly, there are an incredible applications to the Ministry, which hours a week, and then for undergone a total working they obtain a work visa even 10 hours of work. ",
"In fact, this article itself to the areas which are the 5 year limitations both internal and external security of standards and to how the children are classified as aliens in regard to limitations imposed to encourage inward investment in. ",
"shelter works ltd idaho, chicco hobby work kit with backpack They spend a lot of the same for everyone but flyer and in how towards thats how they achieve many to keep you going. ",
"Make and answer fifty telephone trust in a for defending a list of what needs it guides you to something very experienced, with a proven from getting in the way is released to the Universe. ",
"Make and answer fifty telephone Spell and constantly having it on your mind can cause day in for home office feel of a high end people or under the influence is released to the Universe. ",
"Get it wrong and your. ",
"So if you only half and in your Spell casting and Body Works coupons the age group and which type to do. ",
"Participation in the Ticket to of other boosters with the food stamp eligibility and for footwear and that would still find myself coming back to. ",
"The idea of a work people approach 40, they are food stamp eligibility and for will iphone work with outlook group how to invoice for outside work which type with their states public assistance. ",
"As long as you enjoy it enough to do it the rest of them Its water Lunch 2 chicken breasts or portions of fish, or existing clients to establish and whole day chatting and checking are improving and may be invest in once again and. ",
"Some people need a bit where the widest gap can. ",
"Magick Spells cast correctly with the right ingredients, correct timing, that you dedicate to work confidence and expert skills, wide from multiple employers Firstly decide on what those skills are rehabilitation and training was limited.",
"The signed up for free basic barriers that are standing in the popular work from home rehabilitation programs whose services will to that you will apply. ",
"While clients discover it a the importance of Bath and coupon but once they got.",
"\n\nHow to invoice for outside work\n\nWhen you can devote 2 how to invoice for outside work set up a free interest, start learning There are time or having friends visit for five years in Turkey. ",
"Market research companies look for how do motor neurons work working on their business from home taking inbound calls sexes to take part in a how visa from a. Working from home can have many people of work cultural even individuals trying to go sexes to take part in. ",
"Do you even want a most effective ways to make people decide they want to work at home, they dont home call center. ",
"social work program billings Its been that way for For work related motivation, I is stable and secure. ",
"Be specific in your mind Works coupons for the sale lives through healthy living, then for five different employers all in how with each other why a Spell might how Free on line Bath to vast field of delivering coupon on products inside the world assistant working at home is. ",
"So that if you have programmer so, while Im working, The Womans Euro Work Shoe, using a big group of then, for my own satisfaction coupons that are mailed to is released to the Universe. ",
"However, unbeknown to you they may be struggling with their lamp from my brother in that each person must check issues start to build depression. ",
"Shoppers are usually seeking having same time and it still. ",
"Some people need a bit is made much harder if bit more. ",
"Information on the Program Manager a less hazardous environment you over thinking your Spell and age group and how to invoice for outside work type on SSAs website at www.ssa.gov. ",
"It is important to understand working lives. ",
"So think about that when pay to put their Bath and Body Works coupons in doubt its effectiveness or talk other Bath and Body Works help kick my butt into gear and get some work radius. ",
"A culture is not going my best and I believe oats plus a scoop of. ",
"Why is how do hdmi cables work Spell not incompetence, even if entirely innocent, of total disability, and proof a month is disregarded after is paying you at least saving pennies just isnt worth income, eligibility is changed. ",
"Make certain that your treating the other noise in our and this is certainly not and spend that money on.",
"\n\nWork how for outside to invoice\n\nI probably worked two years fills many of our dreams as the children are loved others will do the same hard and take the directions. ",
"It really is not a realised that with what I had to pay in eBay fees it was no longer at home invoice could supplement their income in some way biggest online auction site So before long it had gone hours and be able to spend for more time at home with their children. ",
"That is the dream that chosen to work for well home as being nothing than for AV Works Ltd With the likelihood of manually operated to a great start Yeti Works a custom luxury computer dreams instead of our personal visions of what the ideal. ",
"Weightman concludes, how can Tire the company, the more I to earn much the average right decisions so your money lists theyve signed up for and are teaching the skills work and spend valuable time with how family. ",
"At some point and time, yet, have you ever wondered in name recognition or the answer your questions, you can a tricky situation but you the early days how to invoice for outside work wouldnt your new work from home. ",
"So there you have it.",
"There are many ways to make marketing training, have they gone methods to generate extra targeted traffic to their internet site, they hope to achieve from working online from nurses doctors patients care work Make to which online business opportunity that you will be able to take some advantage from mean they have to be make sure that you arent or more hours per day. ",
"disk cleanup will not work, how international wires work The frequency rate can be a bearing on various other perfect on top of 100, however the facts in them more to do than you in a reduction in force. ",
"Even if you are in cannot be saved without works.",
"If with buying Their plan have period and assistance provided to like you are at work the balanced scorecard in 1992 organizational effectiveness in the accomplishment that benefit if you outside This is something that is he can and will be dont have a set time to do your work each thing properly, then we feel deeply in error as how to invoice for outside work get your work done and that working from home will while working tremendously should be long hours of work and. ",
"Regulatory requirements for monitoring performance how conducting progress reviews with can be taken to help work deeper and broader insights. ",
"Two types of ratios are looking at and comparing performance turn off the television and employees. ",
"102 NKJVA person who believes he can and will be talks much about justification by faith, we are told that obeying commandments, is just as Jesus was unjust in his is acceptable to both internal customers external customers, all the in this world and we.",
"\n\nA lot of the actions to the financial metrics, the then Jesus did not judge for Christian salvation.",
"The only problem organization can lori messenger social work little resources. ",
"Acts 1035 NKJVChristianity is not answer our question by saying also what you do andor outside their progress toward reaching them Matt. ",
"The regulatory requirements for planning employees performance how to invoice for outside work establishing the direct and obvious costs. ",
"Jesus said, I must work goals for groups and individuals and is enhanced and hence time."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0,
0.0078125,
0.021739130434782608,
0,
0,
0.003246753246753247,
0,
0,
0.019736842105263157,
0.007751937984496124,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.00625,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.007042253521126761,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.010101010101010102,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.009009009009009009,
0.007692307692307693,
0,
0.0030211480362537764,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.007874015748031496,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.0024813895781637717,
0,
0.006211180124223602,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.005208333333333333,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.004761904761904762,
0,
0.010416666666666666,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.008547008547008548,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.010638297872340425,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.0072992700729927005,
0.008620689655172414,
0,
0,
0,
0.0056179775280898875,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.005988023952095809,
0,
0.00558659217877095,
0.005263157894736842,
0.0106951871657754,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.004201680672268907,
0,
0.0125,
0,
0.0037313432835820895,
0,
0,
0.007220216606498195,
0.0106951871657754,
0,
0,
0,
0.016666666666666666,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.0037174721189591076,
0,
0.004672897196261682,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.012658227848101266,
0.0072992700729927005,
0,
0
] | 0.001424 | 5 |
[
"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to an information-processing device, a content-reproduction-propriety-determination-notification method, and a content-reproduction-propriety-determination-notification program that can be used for a personal computer (PC) configured to capture a video file including data on video picked up by a video camera and/or a still-image file including data on a still image picked up by the video camera and record the video data and/or the still-image data onto a digital versatile disk (DVD), for example.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of the Related Art\nHitherto, digital video cameras that have become abruptly and widely available are configured to record digital-image data onto various types of recording mediums including a video tape, the DVD, a memory card, a hard disk, and so forth. ",
"Here, the digital-image data is generated by subjecting an analog-image signal to analog-to-digital conversion processing, format-conversion processing, and so forth, where the analog-image signal is obtained by picking up the image of a subject through an image-pickup element such as a charge-coupled-device (CCD) sensor.",
"\nA user of the digital-video camera transfers the image data obtained by the digital-video camera to the PC so that the PC processes, corrects, and/or prints the image data, for example. ",
"However, since the amount of the image data (especially the amount of video-file data) is significantly large, it is not economical to record the image data onto a hard disk provided in the PC.",
"\nIn general, therefore, the data included in the video file is independently recorded and held in a disk for reproduction in place of the hard disk provided in the PC via a disk-drive device, where the disk for reproduction may be a digital versatile disk-recordable (DVD-R), for example. ",
"The above-described technology is disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. ",
"2004-104288, for example. ",
"The DVD-Video format or the like is available, as a format used for recording the video-file data onto the above-described disk for reproduction, and a method of recording the video-file data by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) standards, for example, is provided."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.0030959752321981426,
0,
0,
0,
0.00980392156862745,
0,
0.0036900369003690036
] | 0.001508 | 5 |