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tomekkorbak

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pii-pile-chunk3-800000-850000

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[ "Wenger is getting on my nerves!", "\n\nIn my opinion the only super super star we have in our Team is not Henry or any other player but Wenger. ", "He makes stars from nothing and makes stars become super stars. ", "Besides he is the complete manager technically, strategically and in ECONOMICS. ", "A lot of football stars are more than overpaid: Wenger makes sure Arsenal always gets a good bargain. ", "That is why we are one of the most financially disciplined top clubs in Europe and our future prospects are brighter than Chelsea (they posts only losses and imagine if Ibramovich drops dead), Man U (Crazy debts in their books) and Liverpool (limited prospects for enlarged income streams)\n\nBUT, his stinginess gives me the creeps at times, as now. ", "He has a healthy transfer kitty but feels pained to spend. ", "He has again started with his \"one or two players...no more will come in\" and \"...we can cope with our current squad...\". ", "I heard that last season, only Adebayor came in, in January, when we were fighting for a place in Europe. ", "WHEN will they come in???", "\n\nWith our current squad we are much too fragile and we will be competing for trophies on four fronts. ", "We have lost our physical side, evident with the combination of Sol, Viera, Edu, Gilberto etc (all over 6-1ft and the CORE experienced squad is much too small. ", "The likes of Bolton, Blackburn, Everton mid-table teams would fancy their chances against us. ", "A season is not just a game against Zagreb, it stretches over about 9 months.", "\n\nGod forbid that we end up being embarrassed by Man U, Chelsea and Liverpool or even fighting for UEFA Cup places this season.", "\n\nThere's another factor behind Wenger's transfer policy. ", "The small print of the refinancing bond the club negotiated last month apparently had very strict guidelines on transfer spending. ", "According to a Telegraph article (13/7/06, no longer on-line I'm afraid) Arsenal are bound to a maximum net spend of £12m for the next 3 seasons (dropping to £5m for 2 years after that if thay become a mid-table club). ", "Given they've already bought Adebuyor(£5m), Walcott(£10m), Diaby(£3m) and Rosicky(£7m) since Xmas and only received money only for Owusu, Bentley and Pennant(resale), I make it a net spend of around £14m this year. ", "Even if you just count the spending since May he would still only have £5-6m net available for the rest of the season. ", "The logic of this is that Wenger can only buy the likes of Ribery or Yaya Toure if he sells. ", "This explains the apparent willingness to countenance selling Cole and/or Reyes. ", "If Wenger had more funds available he would fight tooth and nail to keep both.", "\n\nThe truth is for the next 5-6 seasons at least Arsenal will not be the big-spending club that many fans expect them to be. ", "It is very frustrating to see the likes of Spurs and Liverpool spending twice what we do but the danger of doing a Leeds is a danger with club debt so large. ", "We're really very lucky to have a manager with Wenger's ability to work on a budget.", "\n\npeople need to understand how these things work. ", "These guys are working for the future of the football club. ", "They had to build that stadium to start competing with thebiggest teamsin Europe. ", "Arsenal are indeed very lucky to have a 'complete manager'- one who doesn't just manage the team but looks after club finances as well. ", "Otherwise Asenal would have remained a relatively small club.. or do a Leeds.", "We are indeed lucky to have AW\n\nI understnad your thinking, but I think we will qualify aigain for CL after this season by finishing top 4.", "\n\nBut remember our priority is to win the EPL and the CL. ", "Wenger does not share that goal with us. ", "He does not care whether we finish 1st in the EPL or not. ", "His economics degree tells him he makes more money year-over-year if he finishes in the top 3 in the EPL and makes it to the second stage of the CL.", "\n\nThis way he saves the extra 25-50 mil needed to become a (maybe) EPL winner.", "\n\nGiven his success - all but last in the top 2 in the EPL - I don't understand why we question the wisdom of AW. ", "I would love to see a strong center half and another holding midfielder. ", "We complain so much about the lack of activity but he has been more active during the Jan transfer window (don't forget Diaby, Adebeyour, Ebouye, etc) than most of his counterparts. ", "I am nervous, too, but prepared to say \"in the professor we trust.\"", "\n\nYou have some very valid points, however you have to stand by a proven and tested Manager like AW.", "\n\nHe is the best out there at the moment and Lets see what happens... I think there are going to be a few people surprised by how well we do this season and especially if we do it without any one else coming in...\n\nYou see if for instance Ribery comes in, it may only be if Reyes Goes out and so on and so forth!" ]

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[ "Marathon related cardiac arrest risk differences in men and women.", "\nTo determine the incidence of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) and sudden cardiac death (SCD) in men and women. ", "Retrospective cohort study. ", "Two popular urban 42 km marathons. ", "1982 to 2009 finishers. ", "Race records were assessed for finishers, age distribution and cardiac events by sex. ", "The SCA/SCD incidence for all (total), male and female finishers. ", "There were 548,092 finishers with women finishers increasing from 10% to 40% over the first 18 years and remaining near 40% for the last decade. ", "There were 14 SCA events (1 woman, 13 men) with seven successful resuscitations yielding an all finishers SCA rate of 2.6 per 100,000 finishers. ", "The SCA rates (per 100,000) for men and women were 3.4 (95% CI: 1.8 to 5.9) and 0.6 (95% CI: 0.0 to 3.3), respectively (p=0.079). ", "The male SCA rate for the 2000-2009 decade was 4.6 per 100,000 finishers (95% CI: 1.8 to 9.5). ", "Eleven of 13 men were >39 years old. ", "The OR of a man experiencing SCA compared with woman was 5.7. ", "As the number of women participating in these two marathons has increased, the difference between the men's and total SCA and SCD incidence has increased for men, especially >39 years old, from coronary artery disease with men's incidence for SCA of 1 in 22,000 and SCD at 1 in 50,000 finishers over past decade." ]

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[ "Please turn on JavaScript. ", "Media requires JavaScript to play. ", "Advertisement At least three people have been killed in the Greek capital as protesters set fire to a bank during a general strike over planned austerity measures. ", "The bodies were found inside the Marfin Bank in Athens. ", "The Greek prime minister said it was a \"murderous act\". ", "The protest became violent, with petrol bombs thrown at police, who responded with pepper spray and tear gas. ", "Protesters are angered by spending cuts and tax rises planned in return for a 110bn euro (£95bn) bail-out for Greece. ", "A police spokesman said the three victims - two women and a man - were among 20 people working in the Marfin bank branch on Stadiou Avenue in central Athens when the petrol bomb was thrown. ", "Most of the employees managed to escape the fumes as the flames took hold. ", "AT THE SCENE By Malcolm Brabant, BBC News, Athens\n\n\n\nI have not seen this level of anger for quite some time, but the cuts that have been announced are much more severe this time and people have realised how much these austerity measures are going to hit them in their pockets. ", "This demonstration however, looks better organised too, with clear \"military\" objectives. ", "But the deaths are going to make the protesters pause. ", "And there is going to be a backlash against the anarchists who are going to be the main suspects in this. ", "It is very difficult to predict which way the situation is going. ", "This is a very volatile country. ", "But the protesters have managed to send a message to the international community that social unrest is a serious problem and that is going to undermine trust in the Greek government. ", "In video: Reporter overcome But three found their way blocked as they tried to escape to the roof and they suffocated. \"", "We took 15 minutes to get to the site because it was very difficult to get there,\" said fire brigade spokesman Panayiotis Falaras. ", "He said another five people had been rescued from the building's balcony. ", "Parliament is to vote on the measures by the end of the week. ", "They include wage freezes, pension cuts and tax rises. ", "They aim to achieve fresh budget cuts of 30bn euros over three years, with the goal of cutting Greece's public deficit to less than 3% of GDP by 2014. ", "It currently stands at 13.6%. ", "As the demonstration gained momentum, a group of protesters rushed up a flight of steps at the parliament building in Syntagma Square, taunting MPs to come out and calling them \"thieves\". ", "Riot police forced them back, but right next to parliament, other groups set buildings on fire - including a department of the finance ministry in charge of the the austerity programme, as well as an office of the Athens prefecture. ", "Prime Minister George Papandreou told MPs in parliament: \"Nobody has the right to violence and particularly violence that leads to murder. ", "Violence breeds violence.\" ", "World concern But one of the protesters told the BBC it had been the fault of the police, whose \"brutality\" had led to the escalation. ", "GREEK AUSTERITY MEASURES Public sector pay frozen till 2014 Public sector salary bonuses - equivalent to two months' extra pay - scrapped for higher earners and capped for others Public sector allowances cut by 20% State pensions frozen or cut; contribution period up from 37 to 40 years Average retirement age up from 61 to 63; early retirement restricted VAT increased from 19% to 23% Taxes on fuel, alcohol and tobacco up 10% One-off tax on profits, plus new gambling, property and green taxes\n\nIn pictures: Greece protests Angry Greeks 'left carrying the can' Greek economy 'to shrink by 3%' Hewitt: Europe's days of anxiety Merkel urges support for Greece Have your say \"It's something tragic, but I think that the responsibility in the last instance lies with the government because the government unleashed a tremendous amount of police violence against a huge demonstration,\" Panayotis Sotiris said. ", "The BBC's Malcolm Brabant in Athens says it is not clear whether shock over the deaths will have the effect of diminishing the protests. ", "But the fear is that the campaign to defeat the government will escalate, our correspondent adds. ", "The general strike is the third to hit Greece in as many months. ", "Flights in and out of Greece stopped at midnight, and trains and ferries were not running. ", "Schools, hospitals and many offices are shut. ", "The government has appealed to demoralised staff in the military, police, schools and hospitals not to retire, fearing the surge in demand for benefits could further drain treasury resources. ", "Meanwhile, the German parliament has begun considering the bail-out plan for Greece. ", "Chancellor Angela Merkel urged MPs to back the emergency loan package agreed by European finance ministers at the weekend. ", "What went wrong in Greece? ", "Greece's economic reforms that led to it abandoning the drachma as its currency in favour of the euro in 2002 made it easier for the country to borrow money. ", "Greece went on a debt-funded spending spree, including high-profile projects such as the 2004 Athens Olympics, which went well over budget. ", "It was hit by the downturn, which meant it had to spend more on benefits and received less in taxes. ", "There were also doubts about the accuracy of its economic statistics. ", "Greece's economic problems meant lenders started charging higher interest rates to lend it money and widespread tax evasion also hit the government's coffers. ", "There have been demonstrations against the government's austerity measures to deal with its 300bn euro (£267bn) debt, such as cuts to public sector pay. ", "Now the government is having to access a 110bn euro (£95bn; $146.2bn) bail-out package from the European Union and International Monetary Fund. ", "Greece's problems have made investors nervous, which has made it more expensive for other European countries such as Portugal to borrow money. ", "BACK {current} of {total} NEXT It requires Germany to pay the largest proportion of the loans. \"", "Quite simply, Europe's future is at stake,\" she said. ", "The EU has agreed to provide 80bn euros (£69bn) in funding - of which around 22bn euros would come from Germany - while the rest will come from the International Monetary Fund (IMF). ", "European Council President Herman van Rompuy said the European Union was watching events in Greece. \"", "We are all concerned by the Greek economic and budgetary situation, but at this moment our thoughts are with the human victims in Athens,\" Mr van Rompuy said. \"", "A major programme has just been finalised. ", "This programme is ambitious and credible in efforts that it represents towards the budgetary plan and competitiveness.\" ", "The bail-out deal is designed to prevent Greece from defaulting on its massive debt. ", "However, it must first be approved by some parliaments in the 15 other eurozone countries.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nBookmark with: Delicious\n\nDigg\n\nreddit\n\nFacebook\n\nStumbleUpon What are these? ", "E-mail this to a friend Printable version" ]

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[ "Resource Center Login\n\nMarketing Tips Free Newsletter\n\nMassage Videos\n\nIn this two-volume DVD set, you'll discover that chair massage does not need to be hard on your body. ", "You'll find out how to use your body in an efficient way, maximizing leverage and your body weight, while minimizing stress to your back and your thumbs. ", "Learn dozens of techniques in what is arguably, the most comprehensive set of chair massage DVDs you'll find anywhere.", "\n\nDelivery: Instant online access. ", "Download or view online for up to one year.", "\n\nMassage Anytime, Anywhere DVD\n\nLearn 42 incredibly practical techniques that can literally be done anytime, anywhere. ", "All techniques are done over the clothing and the only equipment required is a standard chair and your hands. ", "They are easy to learn and very relaxing. ", "After going through this DVD you'll be able to do anything from a three-minute neck rub to a one-hour full body massage.", "\n\nMassage Anytime, Anywhere Streaming Online Videos\n\nLearn practical massage techniques that can be done anytime and anywhere. ", "All techniques are done through the clothing and require no special equipment. ", "All you need is a standard office or dining room chair and your hands. ", "Get instant online access to the videos and an illustrated reference guide detailing all techniques\n\nPrice: Only $10\n\nDelivery: Instant online access. ", "Download or view online for up to one year.", "\n\nChair Massage Conference 2005 DVD\n\nThis four DVD set of the two-day International Chair Massge Conference 2005 gives you the feeling of being there. ", "This visual reference will also give you a better sense of what the presenters are talking about in sessions on body mechanics, stone massage and handling fainting episodes.", "\n\nBonuses:\n\n1)\n\nFree shipping worldwide via postal mail.", "\n\n2)\n\nFree Immediate online access to the audio files that you can listen to online or download, along with presentation summaries (and notes where available)." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nExtending code completion to support internal orm\n\nAs said in the tittle, i need to extend code completion to support a internal ORM.", "\nIt's something like ActiveRecords. ", "Ex.:", "\n@TableName(\"ONE_MODEL\")\npublic class OneModel extends BaseModel {\n\n}\n\n...\nOneModel oneModel = OneModel.getById(1);\nObject value = oneModel.get(\"COLUMN_NAME\");\n...\n\nSo, when using smart completion when caret between quotation marks inside de .get method, for example, i need to show parameters options based on the table columns.", "\nSomething like that it's possible to be made with Intellij Plugins?", "\nI was reading about CompletionContributor, but can't find anything about the possibility to identify the class whose method is being called, it's super class, and it's annotations values.", "\n\nA:\n\nCompletionContributor is the way to go. ", "This example is taken from the official SDK docs:\npublic class SimpleCompletionContributor extends CompletionContributor {\n public SimpleCompletionContributor() {\n extend(CompletionType.", "BASIC,\n PlatformPatterns.psiElement(SimpleTypes.", "VALUE).withLanguage(SimpleLanguage.", "INSTANCE),\n new CompletionProvider<CompletionParameters>() {\n public void addCompletions(@NotNull CompletionParameters parameters,\n ProcessingContext context,\n @NotNull CompletionResultSet resultSet) {\n resultSet.addElement(LookupElementBuilder.create(\"Hello\"));\n }\n }\n );\n }\n}\n\nThe second parameter of extend allows you to trigger your provider on a specific kind of PSI element. ", "In your case, you could target something like PlatformPatterns.psiElement(JavaElementType.", "LITERAL_EXPRESSION), then in your CompletionProvider you can check for the exact element with parameters.getPosition() and see if it's a PsiLiteral representing a String.", "\nUsing the PSI API, you can then discover what's around this literal, like classes if the containing file is a PsiClassOwner, or with PsiTreeUtil.getParentOfType() etc.", "\nIn your specific example, you could check if the string literal is part of a PsiMethodCallExpression. ", "\nTo easily understand how the PSI tree is built, I highly suggest you open Tools > View PSI Structure... and paste a sample of what you want to detect:\n\n" ]

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[ "Towards the use of microfluidics for individual embryo culture.", "\nMammalian embryo development is still relatively inefficient in vitro. ", "Much research has been conducted on the chemical environment, or culture medium, surrounding the embryo, but little attention has been given to the actual physical culture environment, which has changed very little over the years. ", "The application of microfluidics to embryo production in vitro is a tantalising approach that may alleviate some of the limits that traditional microdrop culture places on embryo development and research into gamete and embryo physiology. ", "These devices may lead to enhanced in vitro embryo development and quality by more closely mimicking the in vivo environment. ", "Initial work in this area is promising and gives us proof-of-principle that these unique microfluidic systems may indeed be applicable to in vitro culture of gametes and embryos. ", "The present paper reviews the advantages of microfluidics for in vitro embryo production: how the platforms are manufactured, the current uses of microfluidics in assisted reproduction, static v. dynamic culture environments, individual gamete and embryo culture and the future directions of microfluidic application to in vitro embryo production and manipulation. ", "Finally, preliminary data from our laboratory using a new microfluidic well insert for porcine, bovine and murine embryo culture is discussed." ]

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[ "[Progressive muscular atrophy in a ten-year-old girl].", "\nChronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, CIDP, is a rare differential diagnosis to the hereditary myopathies but because it can be treated effectively it is important to consider. ", "A ten-year-old girl's proximal muscle groups debilitated progressively, and in four months she lost the ability to walk. ", "Stretch reflexes were absent, creatine kinase low and spinal protein elevated. ", "Muscle biopsy showed demyelinating atrophy. ", "CIDP was diagnosed and she was successfully treated with immunoglobulin." ]

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[ "The invention relates to center lapping tools for precisely lapping center holes of opposed ends of a workpiece in order to facilitate subsequent high precision \"inside diameter outside diameter\", or ID/OD, grinding of the workpiece.", "\nIt is well known to those in the machine tool business that extremely close tolerances need to be maintained during an operation known as \"between-centers grinding\". ", "In \"between-centers grinding\" operations, a cylindrical workpiece is supported by means of \"center holes\" disposed in opposite ends of the workpiece. ", "The center holes of the workpiece ordinarily originally are provided therein by means of a lathe. ", "One end of the workpiece is positioned in the jaws of the lathe, and a center drill is used to drill one center hole in the opposed end of the workpiece. ", "The workpiece is then removed from the jaws of the lathe chuck and reversed, and the procedure is repeated to cut the second center hole in the other end of the workpiece. ", "Unfortunately, it is very difficult to achieve the desired accuracy in alignment of the two center holes formed in this manner. ", "Furthermore, the roundness of such center holes is not as accurate as is sometimes needed. ", "Cylindrical workpieces with lathe-cut center holes often are heat treated before the between-centers grinding operation, and this usually results in some warpage, which misaligns the lathe-cut center holes, even if they initially are perfectly aligned and perfectly round. ", "In order to solve this problem, a prior art machine made by EX-CEL-O Corporation of 549 Cedar Street, Newington, Conn. 06111, known as a \"center lapping machine\" was devised many years ago and remains the only such machine that is commonly used. ", "This center lapping machine includes a stationary, rigidly supported, upwardly oriented conical support, referred to herein as a \"dead center\" cone coaxially disposed with a rotary conical grinding stone that is commonly referred to as a \"lapping stone\" mounted on a motor driven spindle. ", "This spindle is driven by a belt and pulleys, and has four speeds which can be varied only by changing a belt and pulleys. ", "The lapping stone can be \"dressed\" by means of a built-in dressing tool that is pivotal by means of a gate-like hinge mechanism to swing a diamond dressing tip adjacent to the rotary lapping stone. ", "The diamond tip point can be moved along the surface of the rotating lapping stone, trimming it precisely to the proper angle, removing any buildup of material that may have occurred. ", "To continue center lapping operations, the dressing tool is pivoted away from the lapping stone. ", "The user positions one end of a workpiece to be center lapped so that the tip of the dead center cone is inserted into that center hole. ", "The operator then lowers the spindle on which the lapping stone is supported into the upper center hole, and lightly grinds the workpiece material surrounding the upper center hole, thereby producing a new, cleanly lapped, precisely oriented center hole. ", "The workpiece is then inverted, and the same operation is repeated to lap the other center hole.", "\nAlthough the EX-CEL-O center lapping machine has been the \"industry standard\" for many years, it suffers from a number of shortcomings. ", "One is that the dressing tool mechanism does not always provide the extremely precise accuracy necessary to always dress the lapping stone as accurately as is needed. ", "This problem is especially pronounced for older machines, due to the wear in the hinge mechanism and the failure of the dressing mechanism to return to precisely the same dressing position every time it is used. ", "Other problems with this prior art center lapping machine include the necessity of a time consuming belt changing operation to attain one speed which is satisfactory for dressing a particular stone and another spindle speed which is necessary for center lapping a particular type of workpiece with that dressed lapping stone. ", "This operation sometimes must be repeated every time the lapping stone is dressed, which may be as often as every dozen or so center lapping operations, since hard metal workpieces rapidly deteriorate the grinding surface of even the hardest lapping stone. ", "The time required to change spindle speeds by carrying out a belt changing operation greatly reduces the efficiency of the machinists in carrying out the between centers grinding operations. ", "In modern applications, required tolerances for between centers grinding in the aircraft turbine industry range from vary one ten-thousandth to a millionth of an inch. ", "These tolerances cannot be maintained on a high yield basis without excess use of high cost machinist's time with the above described prior art center lapping machine. ", "Furthermore, some lapping stones have cone angles other than the sixty degree angle, which is the only dressing angle capable of being utilized by the prior art center lapping machine.", "\nThus, there is an unmet need for an improved center lapping machine which is capable of consistently producing extremely high precision, precisely aligned center holes in workpieces to allow extremely precise between centers grinding operations to be performed on the workpieces.", "\nAccordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide an improved center lapping machine and method for providing extremely precise dressing of lapping stones with an extremely high degree of repeatability.", "\nIt is another object of the invention to provide an improved center lapping machine which avoids excessive inconvenience and waste of time by the operator in changing spindle speeds from an optimum dressing speed to an optimum center lapping speed.", "\nIt is another object of the invention to provide an improved center lapping machine and method which avoids inaccuracy in dressing of a lapping stone due to failure of the dressing mechanism to always return to precisely the same position for each dressing operation.", "\nIt is another object of the invention to provide an improved center lapping machine that avoids inaccuracy in the center lapping operation due to slight misalignment of the dead center cone.", "\nIt is another object of the invention to provide an improved center lapping machine which precisely and conveniently can dress a plurality of lapping stones having different cone angles." ]

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[ "Position Description\n\nProduce desserts and subsidiary items for board menus, for retail venues, and for catered events. ", "Assume responsibilities of Lead Baker when he/she is not available.", "\n\nEducation Required\n\nHigh School Diploma\n\nEducation Preferred\n\nExperience Required\n\n5 years experience in institutional baking; prefer history of continuing education\n\nExperience Preferred\n\nSkills, Characteristics Required for Position\n\n• Ability to understand, read and scale recipes\n• Understanding of basic baking chemistry and properties of leveners, fats, acids and alkalis\n• Must be able to earn ServSafe certification within 12 months of hire\n\nSpecial Working Conditions\n\nEmployee must be physically and mentally able to perform all essential job functions which require walking on hard surfaces, prolonged standing in one place, pushing, pulling, lifting, kneeling and stooping. ", "Ability to lift 50 lbs; work around equipment which has extremely hot surfaces, moving parts and extreme temperatures. ", "This position is essential; employees providing essential services must report to work as scheduled by their supervisor in the event of an emergency closing or delay.", "\n\nDriving Requirements\n\nN/A\n\nEssential Employee\n\nEssential - Emergency Only\n\nPrimary Duties\n\n1. ", "Produce pastry and bakery goods as directed by production sheets completed by Lead Baker.", "\n2.Produce bakery and pastry items according to standard production recipes generated by CBORD. ", "Vary and scale recipe and production as directed by Lead Baker.", "\n3.Keep accurate production and use records.", "\n4. ", "Provide input and directions for development of new recipes.", "\n5. ", "Work closely with Lead Baker to evaluate and maintain consistency in product quality, appearance, quantity and ensure product is prepared on schedule.", "\n6. ", "Oversee labeling of all products to ensure they are properly marked with date, item name, destination, and that products containing nuts or special items are designated.", "\n7. ", "Ensure sanitation standards are met and that ServSafe guidelines are being adhered to.", "\n8. ", "Train and supervise Baker’s Assistant.", "\n9. ", "Train student workers and show them the proper way to carry out their assignments.", "\n10. ", "Check and maintain organization of bakery area and baking recipe, usage, temperature and inventory records.", "\n11. ", "Maintain consistent and accurate documentation using Quality Control and HACCP reporting tools.", "\n12. ", "Maintain consistent and reliable attendance.", "\n\nSecondary Duties\n\n1. ", "Attend training sessions and continuing education cources as directed by Lead Baker.", "\n2. ", "Other duties as assigned." ]

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[ "Protein S deficiency.", "\nThe protein C (PC) pathway, with its cofactor protein S (PS), is an important natural antithrombotic mechanism. ", "Patients with phenotypic PS deficiency may develop recurrent thrombosis during adulthood, with a probability of remaining free of thrombosis of about 50% at age 45. ", "The molecular basis for hereditary PS deficiencies is highly heterogeneous, with a large spectrum of mutations that have various effects on the expression of the relevant allele." ]

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[ "Coronary venous noradrenaline during coronary angioplasty.", "\nCoronary venous and arterial noradrenaline concentrations were measured during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in 14 patients. ", "Coronary venous noradrenaline did not increase significantly during balloon inflation but was increased during early reperfusion in patients undergoing left anterior descending angioplasty (n = 8), from 157 +/- 38 pg/ml to 295 +/- 94 pg/ml (P less than 0.05). ", "Coronary blood flow, measured by thermodilution in 7 further patients during left anterior descending angioplasty, was 69 +/- 9 ml/min, decreased to 80 +/- 3% of basal flow during balloon inflation (P less than 0.01) and increased to 135 +/- 5% during early reperfusion (P less than 0.01). ", "It was estimated using these results that cardiac spillover of noradrenaline did not change during occlusion of the left anterior descending artery, but increased almost 3-fold during early reperfusion. ", "During the period of balloon inflations, there was a modest increase in overall sympathetic tone, as assessed by total noradrenaline spillover to plasma (400 +/- 77 ng/min to 473 +/- 87 ng/min, P less than 0.01). ", "These results, suggesting an increase in release of noradrenaline during early reperfusion following brief occlusion of the left anterior descending artery, may be relevant to the genesis of reperfusion arrhythmias." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nAllow VNC session and main session to use different mozc state\n\nI've set up vnc4server on my machine (it's not working fully, but that's another issue) and a colleague is logged in and using it OK.", "\nHowever, when I tried to switch to Japanese the conversion window popped up with his terminal commands appearing, and then he switched back to English, but I would not expect the IME settings to be shared like this. ", "Is there some way to tell mozc to only work with the current terminal session or disable it in the VNC?", "\n\nA:\n\nPossible solution\nTry to configure your ibus-mozc:\n\nOpen System Settings;\nClick on Text Entry;\nSelect Japanese (Mozc) (IBus);\nSwitch the central options:\n\nfrom:\n\nUse the same source for all windows.", "\n\nto:\n\nAllow different sources for each window and active too,\n\nNew windows use the default source.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Tags\n\nSuruc, Turkey – After fierce clashes with IS militants, the joint Kurdish forces of the People’s Protection Units and the Peshmerga reported advances towards the city of Tel Abyad in Raqqa province, in northern Syria, a military source reported on Monday.", "\n\nThe radical group of the Islamic State (IS/ISIL) has been in control over Tel Abyad and its surrounding for nearly two years.", "\n\nThe Kurdish forces retook the first village near Tel Abyad after forcing IS extremists out of the village.", "\n\nSpeaking to ARA News, the YPG fighter Noureddin Gabani said the joint Kurdish forces were able on Monday to liberate the village of Baghdik, administratively linked to the city of Tel Abyad in Raqqa province.", "\n\n“Following intense bombardment by the Peshmerga forces against IS headquarters in the area, the joint forces took over strategic hills overlooking Tel Abyad,” he added.", "\n\nNoureddin pointed out that the joint forces also seized control of the village of Jaada in southwestern Kobane, near the Qara Qozak Bridge, after an air strike launched by the U.S.-led coalition’s warplanes on a checkpoint of the Islamic State group (IS/ISIS) near the bridge.", "\n\nThe Syrian Observatory for Human Rights also confirmed the news, saying: “The Kurdish forces in cooperation with the Syrian opposition forces (FSA) took over an IS-held hilltop (in reference to a hill overlooking the village of Baghdik) in Raqqa after bloody clashes.”", "\n\nThis is the first time the Kurdish forces have enter the province of Raqqa.", "\n\nAt least 35 IS militants were killed, while four members of the Kurdish forces were reported killed during the clashes.", "\n\nThe Kurds have regained at least 163 villages in the countryside of Kobane in the past three weeks after expelling the IS terrorists from the city.", "\n\nNotably, the joint forces have blocked the international highway of Rodko from IS extremists." ]

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[ "Murderer Aaron McDonald is jailed for 21 years\n\nADMITS MURDER: Aaron Rhys McDonald has been sentenced to life in prison.", "\n\nRelevant offers\n\nAaron Rhys McDonald was today sentenced to life for murder with a non-parole term of 21 years after a terrible crime spree which left a woman dead and two hitchhikers badly injured.", "\n\nMcDonald, 39, who has 68 previous convictions and is assessed as a high risk reoffender, was also sentenced to an open-ended preventive detention term. ", "Almost all details have been suppressed about his victims and their families.", "\n\nThe suppression was imposed at the High Court in Christchurch today after a reporter went to the home of the murder and rape victim seeking an interview.", "\n\n\"The parents have suffered greatly because of their daughter's rape and murder. ", "They are in need of privacy.\"", "\n\nThe judge imposed a suppression order on the name of the 24-year-old Christchurch caregiver who McDonald admitted sexually violating and murdering.", "\n\nHe then travelled to the West Coast. ", "He admitted charges of robbing two women hitchhikers travelling from overseas, and causing both of them grievous bodily harm. ", "He also admitted reckless driving arising from a police chase which ended with a long stand-off near Franz Josef.", "\n\nThe judge suppressed publication of the summary of facts concerning the rape and murder, and the name of the victim, and the victim impact statement read in court and the others handed to the judge.", "\n\nHe suppressed the names of the two hitchhikers involved because media attention had been disproportionate and had caused the women undue hardship.", "\n\nJustice Whata said McDonald had picked up the women hitchhikers at Whataroa. ", "He threatened them with a metal bar, and robbed them. ", "One of them got away by jumping or being pushed from the moving car, causing a deep abrasion, and concussion.", "\n\nWhen McDonald did a u-turn, the other woman believed her friend was going to be run over as she lay on the road. ", "She got a knife from her pack, held it to McDonald's throat, and in the struggle that followed he got the knife from her and stabbed her in the neck three or four times, before she got out of the car.", "\n\nMcDonald threw molotov cocktails at the police who pursued him and caught him after a stand-off hours later.", "\n\nCrown prosecutor Claire Boshier told the court that all the victims said they did not wish to speak to the media. ", "They asked to be treated with courtesy and compassion as required under the Victims' Rights Act. ", "They asked that media respect their dignity and privacy. ", "Media actions had compounded their distress.", "\n\nShe said McDonald's offending warranted a starting point for the non-parole term of 23 to 24 years, with a reduction for his early guilty pleas.", "\n\nMcDonald now professed remorse, but she argued that it was \"at superficial level\". ", "He had a long-standing drug addiction and had undergone lengthy rehabilitation programmes without success.", "\n\nShe argued that an open-ended preventive detention sentence was warranted because of the on-going risk of further serious sentencing that he posed to the community. ", "The court could have no confidence that he would engage in meaningful treatment.", "\n\nDefence counsel Elizabeth Bulger said it had been a terrible set of offending which had resulted in the loss of a precious young woman, and trauma and distress for the other victims. ", "McDonald was on parole at the time and his offending had been fuelled by methamphetamine.", "\n\nShe said that preventive detention was not warranted, because there was not a pattern of violent or sexual offending on his record, and he would receive a long sentence in any case.", "\n\nJustice Whata said there was nothing in McDonald's childhood that would explain his offending. ", "His adult years had been blighted by drug use. ", "His criminal behaviour started in early adolescence and later involved a brutal assault on an elderly woman.", "\n\nHe said he had received a letter from McDonald apologising to the murder victim's family.", "\n\nMcDonald's offending fell beyond the normal range for murder, and an increase in the term was warranted. ", "His attempts to express remorse had been belated and he lacked insight into his offending.", "\n\nHe imposed the minimum non-parole term of 21 years on the murder charge, and then decided to also impose preventive detention because the offending was in the most serious category and the on-going risk McDonald posed was high." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHibernate Cross Reference many-to-many Parent/Child Mapping Of Same Class\n\nI'm having a major problem getting a parent/child relationship working for a hierarchy of a single class. ", "Basically I have to represent a server tree like thus:\nServer A\n Server B\n Server C\n Server D\n Server E\n Server C\n Server D\n Server F\n Server G\n\nNote that the children of Servers B & E are the same. ", "My original mapping was something like this, which was fine until I needed to have the objects for server C & D being the same instance, so having a single column for PARENT_ID got filled by the last relationship and only one of servers B or E would show the children:\n<hibernate-mapping ...>\n <class name=\"Server\" ...>\n ...\n <set name=\"children\" cascade=\"all-delete-orphan\" lazy=\"false\">\n <key column=\"PARENT_ID\" />\n <one-to-many class=\"Server\" />\n </set>\n </class>\n</hibernate-mapping>\n\nI know I need to do some sort of cross reference table to map the fact that a server can have multiple parents, but all the examples I've found on-line contain a separate parent and child class.", "\nCan anyone tell me how to do a cross reference parent/child mapping for the same class...? ", "I.e. something like:\n<hibernate-mapping ...>\n <class name=\"Server\" ...>\n ...\n <set name=\"children\" cascade=\"all-delete-orphan\" lazy=\"false\">\n <key>\n <column name=\"PARENT_ID\" />\n <column name=\"CHILD_ID\" />\n </key>\n <many-to-many class=\"Server\">\n <column name=\"???\" /", ">\n <formula>???</formula>\n </many-to-many>\n </set>\n </class>\n</hibernate-mapping>\n\nThanks,\nBob.", "\n\nA:\n\nIn your many-to-many mapping, set the column name to be CHILD_ID.", "\n<many-to-many class=\"Server\">\n <column name=\"CHILD_ID\" />\n</many-to-many>\n\nThis will cause the relationship to view the child id as the id representing itself. ", " While the one-to-many relationship will use the parent_id as the id representing itself. ", " Should work, I haven't ran it, but I have done a similar thing before.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Biochar-based functional materials in the purification of agricultural wastewater: Fabrication, application and future research needs.", "\nNowadays, agricultural contamination is becoming more and more serious due to the rapid growth of agricultural industry, which discharged antibiotics, pesticides or toxic metals into farmlands. ", "A large number of researchers have applied biochar-based functional materials to the treatment of agricultural wastewater contamination. ", "Meanwhile, biochar has also proved to be a very promising and effective technology in water purification field due to its various beneficial properties (e.g., cost effective, high specific surface area, and surface reactive groups). ", "The focus of this review is to highlight the fabrication methods and application of biochar-based functional materials with the removal of different agricultural contaminants, and discuss the underlying mechanisms. ", "However, the application of biochar-based functional materials is currently under its infancy, with the main hindrance is identified as the gap between laboratory scale and field application, immaturity of engineered biochar production technologies, and lack of quality standards. ", "In order to fill these knowledge gaps, more efforts should be made to pay for the relevant research in future studies." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Yes, that is correct. ", "This trading card game is based on the popular .hack// franchise from Japan, containing of the following:\n.hack//SIGN TV Series\n.hack//LIMINALITY OVA Series\n.hack//DUSK TV Series\n.hack//Tasogare no udewa densetsu Manga Series\n.hack// Video Games" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Controversies regarding the use of radiation after mastectomy in breast cancer.", "\nDespite years of clinical study, there are still many unanswered questions regarding postmastectomy radiation. ", "It is clear that radiation therapy plays a critical role in the multidisciplinary management of patients with locally advanced or inflammatory breast cancer. ", "It is also accepted that postmastectomy radiation is not required for most women with noninvasive disease or stage I disease. ", "Randomized clinical trials studying radiation treatments for women with stage II or III breast cancer have shown that the addition of radiation after mastectomy can reduce local-regional recurrence rates, which then improves survival. ", "However, other data have indicated that the risk of local-regional recurrence after mastectomy and chemotherapy is low for patients with small tumors and one to three positive lymph nodes, leading some to question whether postmastectomy radiation is useful for this group. ", "A second controversy regards the sequencing of postmastectomy radiation and breast reconstruction. ", "In this article we discuss these controversies, review the data that are relevant, and provide our institutional approaches to these issues." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "holistic pet care :: single sessions\n\nMay your hands be an extension of your heart and may you do the work of love with them. - ", "Aja Monet\n\nSmall animal massage is available by donation to ensure that all pets benefit from this service. ", "This service is offered from the heart, it will be my honor to work with your beloved best friends! ", "​​​\n\nAn introductory single massage session is an excellent way tomeet your pet and assess their comfort level and receptivityto this hands-on therapy and is available at $50.00 suggested donation with our Risk-free Guarantee. An in-depth review of your pet's health history will be done during this first visit.", "\n\nWith every massage, afull body scan and a customized massage planis recorded and serves as a baseline for your best friend's preventative care. ", "Sessions are approximately 1/2 to one hour in duration, based on your pet's response and how receptive they are to the massage.", "\n\nTo best realize the full benefits of massage, sessions are offered in acontinuous series of 3 or more massages.", "\n\nAll massage, aromatherapy and Reiki energy work sessions are available in the comfort of your own home. ", "​​\n\nSINGLE SESSIONS\n\nSingle Massage Session: An introductory single massage session is an excellent way tomeet your pet and assess their comfort level and receptivityto this hands-on therapy and is available at $50.00 suggested donation with our Risk-free Guarantee. An in-depth review of your pet's health history will be done during this first visit.", "\n\nEnd-of-Life Farewell Session: When the difficult time comes to say good-bye to your beloved pet with euthanasia, Now and Zen can come to you and your pet to provide gentle and compassionate massage with aromatherapy and Reiki energy work to ease their end-of-life transition. ", "Anita will be a caring, kind and respectful presence to help make your pet as comfortable and relaxed as possible as you bid farewell. ", "Please contact us to schedule.", "\n\nPAW IT FORWARD PROGRAMYOU GIVE TO YOUR PET = NOW AND ZEN GIVES TO A HARD-WORKING THERAPY DOG\n\nWhen you treat your pet to a massage, Now and Zen donates to an animal in need through our\"Paw It Forward\" program.", "\n\nYou will receive a photo of the happy recipient of your donated massages with their wags and love! ", "" ]

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[ "Although vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) are highly effective in the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic events, they have limitations related to drug and food interactions. ", "VKAs also have a narrow therapeutic margin, requiring frequent monitoring, with a particular concern for an increased risk of intracranial bleeding.^[@R1]^ Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) represent an alternative to VKAs and inhibit coagulation by directly and specifically binding to the active site of either thrombin (dabigatran) or factor Xa (rivaroxaban and apixaban). ", "Due to a large therapeutic index, DOACs can be given in fixed doses without routine coagulation monitoring and have limited drug and food interactions.^[@R2]^ Randomized trials have generally established superior safety and at least similar efficacy of DOACs with VKAs in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF).^[@R3]^\n\nARISTOTLE (Apixaban for Reduction in Stroke and Other Thromboembolic Events in Atrial Fibrillation), a randomized, double-blind trial, compared apixaban with warfarin in patients with NVAF and ≥1 additional risk factor for thromboembolism.^[@R4]^ In that trial, apixaban reduced stroke/systemic embolism, bleeding, and mortality compared with warfarin.^[@R4]^ On the basis of ARISTOTLE, French regulators (Health Authority and Transparency Committee) approved apixaban for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with NVAF and ≥1 risk factor(s), but required a postmarketing effectiveness study. ", "To satisfy this request, the NAXOS study (Evaluation of Apixaban in Stroke and Systemic Embolism Prevention in Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation) was designed to describe the real-world use of apixaban and other oral anticoagulants (OACs) available in France (VKAs, dabigatran, and rivaroxaban). ", "NAXOS aimed to evaluate the risks of major bleeding (safety), stroke and systemic thromboembolic events (STEs; effectiveness), and all-cause mortality comparing apixaban with other OACs. ", "In the absence of randomized, controlled head-to-head comparisons between DOACs, high-quality observational data can provide useful information on the comparative effectiveness of DOACs. ", "Because France has near-universal healthcare coverage and a unified national healthcare data system (covering \\>90% of the total French population of ≈66 million individuals), NAXOS provided a good opportunity for a large population-based analysis of the comparative effectiveness of the OACs used in France for NVAF, focused on apixaban.", "\n\nMethods\n=======\n\nBecause of their sensitive nature, the data are available only to investigators habilitated by the French National Health System. ", "Patient consent was not required for this study (not applicable in anonymized claims database).", "\n\nStudy Design and Data Source\n----------------------------\n\nThis historical, population-based cohort study used French National Health System claims data (Système National des Données de Santé \\[SNDS\\]), which contains anonymous individual information on sociodemographic characteristics, all nonhospital reimbursed healthcare expenditures (without the corresponding medical indication or results), and all hospital discharge summaries.", "\n\nThe SNDS does not provide direct information on clinical history, clinical or paraclinical examination (tobacco smoking, blood pressure level, body mass index, etc), biologic results or any information on drug dispensed during a hospital stay (except very costly medication), and any data on cause of death; however, the outcome events of interest for this study (stroke, major bleeding, death) are captured by SNDS. ", "This claims database currently covers \\>90% of the country's population.^[@R5]^\n\nThe study population consisted of all patients aged ≥18 years covered by the SNDS, with ≥1 reimbursement for OAC treatments (VKAs, apixaban, rivaroxaban, or dabigatran) between January 2014 and December 2016, and newly initiating one of the study OAC treatments, that is, without the use of the same OAC in the 24 months before the index date (ie, date of the first dispensation).^[@R6]^ Patients with atrial fibrillation diagnosed in the 24 months before inclusion were identified using a validated algorithm previously used by Bouillon et al^[@R7]^ in the NACORA study. ", "A second algorithm was developed to identify NVAF (based on the European Society of Cardiology definition).^[@R8]^\n\nEligible patients were allocated to 4 distinct subcohorts based on whether they received VKAs, apixaban, rivaroxaban, or dabigatran during the study period.", "\n\nPatients with several OAC treatments, multiple doses or multiple prescribers at the index date, and patients possibly treated for indications other than stroke prevention in NVAF were excluded.", "\n\nSelected patients were followed up during their exposure to the studied anticoagulant treatment. ", "Hence, each patient was studied from the index date until switch to another anticoagulant treatment, treatment discontinuation, patient's last health record (last care recorded in the database prior a 6-month period without any reimbursed care, which may include emigration and admissions to geriatric homes), death, or end of the study period (ie, December 31, 2016), whichever occurred earliest. ", "Patients were censored at the first occurrence of one of these events. ", "Details/definitions of switching treatment, discontinuation, and drug coverage can be found in the Supplemental Materials in the [Data Supplement](https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/suppl/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.028825).", "\n\nOutcomes\n--------\n\nThe outcomes of interest were safety, defined as the risk of major bleeding events leading to hospitalization and identified through main hospital discharge diagnoses; effectiveness, defined as the risk of stroke and STE and identified through main hospital discharge diagnoses; and all-cause mortality, identified using the date of death recorded in the SNDS (Table I in the [Data Supplement](https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/suppl/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.028825)). ", "Safety was also investigated considering 3 specific bleeding sites. ", "For patients with \\>1 bleeding site at their date of first major bleeding event, the clinically most severe event was considered according to the following order of priority: intracranial bleeding, gastrointestinal bleeding, and other bleeding. ", "The proxies of outcomes have been adapted from Friberg et al^[@R9]^ and have been validated by Bouillon et al^[@R7]^ on the SNDS.", "\n\nStatistical Methods\n-------------------\n\nFor each cohort of OAC-naive patients, sociodemographic characteristics and comorbidities were described using descriptive statistics.", "\n\nThe main analysis, comparing apixaban versus each of the other OACs, was performed using propensity score (PS) matching. ", "Three PS were estimated for each comparison between apixaban and other OACs, using a logistic regression model that included the following variables: sociodemographic characteristics, specialty of the prescriber who initiated the OAC treatment, comorbid conditions, CHA~2~DS~2~-VASc score, modified HAS-BLED score, Charlson score, and drugs dispensed within 3 months before index date. ", "In case of collinearity, collinear variables were removed from the PS. ", "Several checks were performed to ensure a good balance of PS and of covariates between apixaban and comparison groups: first, the treatment group PS distribution was analyzed graphically. ", "Then, the balance of covariates across treatment and comparison groups was checked using standardized difference.^[@R10]^ Apixaban patients were matched with those treated with other anticoagulants using sequential pairwise nearest neighbor 1:n (n variable and n≤3) matching without replacement, using the logit of PS and specified caliper of width 0.2 of SD of the logit of PS.^[@R11]^ The quality of the matching was checked with absolute weighted standardized differences on the demographics and clinical covariates (standardized differences \\<0.1 indicating good balance between treatment groups).^[@R11]^\n\nAfter PS matching, the risk for each outcome was compared between apixaban and each of the other OACs using a Cox proportional hazard model with robust variance estimator to account for matching. ", "To account for the competing risk of mortality (as the mortality was \\>10% in the VKAs cohort), Fine and Gray models were used to compare safety and effectiveness outcomes between apixaban and VKAs. ", "Proportionality assumption was checked for exposure by including the interaction between a time function and exposure. ", "If the proportionality assumption was violated, then 2 models were computed: the first without considering the nonproportionality that computed an average hazard ratio (HR) for each exposure over the period, and the second with the inclusion of the interaction between time function (log) and exposure to identify potential change of the HR over time.", "\n\nTo support the robustness of the main analysis, 3 additional analyses were performed (see Supplemental Materials in the [Data Supplement](https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/suppl/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.028825)).", "\n\nAll statistical analyses were performed using SAS (SAS Institute, NC), version 9.4.", "\n\nSensitivity Analysis\n--------------------\n\nSensitivity analyses were performed using modified definitions of the outcomes: for the safety outcome, addition of associated diagnoses of hospital stays for major bleeding events and addition of transfusion (through medical procedures codes); and for the effectiveness outcome, exclusion of diagnoses of hemorrhagic stroke. ", "The comparisons between apixaban and each of the other OACs were performed using the same method as for the main analysis.", "\n\nEthics\n------\n\nThis study was approved by the French Institute for Health Data (Institut National des Données de Santé, approval No. ", "136 from September 8, 2015). ", "It was conducted using anonymized data, approved by the National Informatics and Liberty Committee (Commission Nationale Informatique et Libertés, approval No. ", "1877931 from March 17, 2016), and registered at URL: <https://www.clinicaltrials.gov>; Unique identifier: NCT02640222.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nIdentification of the Study Population\n--------------------------------------\n\nAmong the 1 951 218 patients included in the French National Health System database who had been dispensed ≥1 course of VKA, apixaban, rivaroxaban, or dabigatran between 2014 and 2016, 1 040 864 patients (53.3%) initiated one of the study OAC treatments. ", "Almost all patients (99.8%) were aged ≥18 years at OAC initiation, 438 280 patients had atrial fibrillation and 93.9% (411 700 patients) had NVAF. ", "After excluding patients without valid dosage or prescriber information, 411 077 patients were included in the study population.", "\n\nOf those included, 321 501 OAC-naive patients with NVAF were identified: 112 628 (35.0%) initiated VKAs (69.8% used fluindione, 27.3% used warfarin, and 2.9% used acenocoumarol), whereas 87 565 (27.2%), 100 063 (31.1%), and 21 245 patients (6.6%) initiated apixaban, rivaroxaban, and dabigatran, respectively (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#F1}\n\nPatient Characteristics\n-----------------------\n\nPrematched data showed notable differences in patient characteristics between the cohorts initiating VKA, apixaban, rivaroxaban, and dabigatran (Table). ", "Patients in the VKA cohorts were older, had a higher risk of stroke, and more comorbid conditions than patients receiving DOACs. ", "Among DOAC patients, those initiating apixaban were older, had a higher risk of stroke, and more frequently had comorbidities than those in the rivaroxaban and dabigatran cohorts.", "\n\n###### \n\nPrematched Baseline Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients in the 24 mo Before the Index Date by OAC Treatment in OAC-Naive Cohorts\n\n![](", "str-51-2066-g002)\n\nThe mean follow-up duration was 316 days (median=218 days) for anticoagulant-naive patients treated with VKAs. ", "For those receiving apixaban, rivaroxaban, and dabigatran, the mean follow-up duration was 286 (median=213), 318 (median=205), and 329 days (median=186), respectively.", "\n\nAmong apixaban-treated patients, 68 208 could be matched to 107 558 VKA patients, 81 759 could be matched to 100 050 rivaroxaban patients, and 21 245 could be matched to 21 245 dabigatran patients (Table II in the [Data Supplement](https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/suppl/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.028825)).", "\n\nAfter propensity score matching, the absolute weighted standardized differences of all confounding factors were \\<10% (Figure I in the [Data Supplement](https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/suppl/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.028825)). ", "The confounding factors after weighting for each of the matched cohorts are given in Table III in the [Data Supplement](https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/suppl/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.028825).", "\n\nOutcomes During Follow-Up\n-------------------------\n\nThe cumulative incidence of major bleeding during the follow-up period, taking into account the competing risk of death in the VKA cohort, was 4.00% for apixaban and 9.54% for VKA, 4.24% for apixaban and 6.38% for rivaroxaban, and 3.80% for apixaban and 4.31% for dabigatran (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The cumulative incidence of stroke or STE during the follow-up period, taking into account competing risks in the VKA cohort, was 3.16% for apixaban and 6.13% for VKA, 2.93% for apixaban and 3.22% for rivaroxaban, and 2.56% for apixaban and 3.28% for dabigatran (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The cumulative incidence of all-cause mortality during the follow-up period was 11.10% for apixaban and 26.55% for VKA, 9.18% for apixaban and 9.66% for rivaroxaban, and 8.36% for apixaban and 10.05% for dabigatran (Figure [4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#F2}\n\n{#F3}\n\n{#F4}\n\nComparison of Outcomes\n----------------------\n\nAfter propensity score matching, patients initiating apixaban were at a lower risk of major bleeding (all major bleeding HR, 0.43 \\[95% CI, 0.40--0.46\\]; gastrointestinal bleeding HR, 0.44 \\[95% CI, 0.40--0.50\\]; intracranial bleeding HR, 0.42 \\[95% CI, 0.37--0.48\\]; and other bleeding HR, 0.43 \\[95% CI, 0.39--0.47\\]) and stroke or STE (HR, 0.60 \\[95% CI, 0.56--0.65\\]) and had a lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR, 0.44 \\[95% CI, 0.42--0.45\\]) than matched patients initiating VKAs (Figure [5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Patients treated with apixaban had a lower risk of major bleeding than those treated with rivaroxaban (HR, 0.67 \\[95% CI, 0.63--0.72\\]), although the risk of stroke and STE (HR, 1.05 \\[95% CI, 0.97--1.15) and the risk of all-cause mortality (HR, 0.97 \\[95% CI, 0.93--1.02\\]) were comparable (Figure [5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Patients initiating apixaban were also associated with lower risks of gastrointestinal bleeding (HR, 0.63 \\[95% CI, 0.56--0.70\\]) and other bleeding (HR, 0.64 \\[95% CI, 0.57--0.71\\]), but a comparable risk of intracranial bleeding (HR, 0.87 \\[95% CI, 0.75--1.01\\]) than those initiating rivaroxaban. ", "Compared with patients treated with dabigatran, patients treated with apixaban had comparable risks of major bleeding (HR, 0.93 \\[95% CI, 0.81--1.08\\]), of stroke and STE (HR, 0.93 \\[95% CI, 0.78--1.11\\]), and of all-cause mortality (HR, 0.94 \\[95% CI, 0.85--1.04\\]) (Figure [5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Patients initiating apixaban had also a lower risk of gastrointestinal bleeding (HR, 0.60 \\[95% CI, 0.48--0.76\\]), a comparable risk of other bleeding (HR, 1.13 \\[95% CI, 0.90--1.44\\]), and a higher risk of intracranial bleeding (HR, 1.72 \\[95% CI, 1.20--2.48\\]) than those initiating dabigatran. ", "In case of violation of the proportionality assumption, the direction of the association was not modified after inclusion of the interaction between time function and exposure.", "\n\n{#F5}\n\nThe findings of the additional analyses using adjustment on confounding factors, adjustment on PS, and matching on high-dimensional propensity score were mostly consistent with those of the main analysis, as detailed in Figure II in the [Data Supplement](https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/suppl/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.028825). ", "Sensitivity analyses using modified outcome definitions (safety and effectiveness) were also overall consistent with the main analysis (Figure III in the [Data Supplement](https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/suppl/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.028825)).", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nWith a total cohort of 321 501 OAC-naive patients with NVAF, NAXOS is among the largest observational studies to assess the use and effects of OACs, and it offers a nationwide population-based perspective of the use of anticoagulants in everyday life. ", "In this study, the choice of anticoagulant clearly differed according to the patient profile, with patients who initiated DOACs having a lower cardiovascular risk profile than patients initiating VKAs. ", "Among patients prescribed DOACs, those receiving apixaban had a higher cardiovascular risk, higher CHA~2~DS~2~-VASc score, and more comorbid conditions (higher Charlson score) than those receiving other agents. ", "After PS matching, apixaban was associated with superior safety and effectiveness compared with VKAs. ", "Apixaban was also associated with superior safety compared with rivaroxaban, although effectiveness of the 3 DOACs was comparable. ", "The risk of all-cause mortality was lower with apixaban versus VKAs, although it was comparable between the 3 DOACs.", "\n\nTo support the robustness of the main analysis and to include the full population (no attrition bias), we performed 2 additional analysis, using adjustment for confounding factors, and using adjustment for PS. ", "Moreover, to try to improve the classical PS, we performed a third additional analysis, using matching on high-dimensional propensity score. ", "In addition, to support the validity of the definitions used to identify outcomes, sensitivity analyses were conducted using modified definitions of these outcomes. ", "Overall, these additional sensitivity analyses produced results consistent with the main analysis.", "\n\nIdentification of patients with NVAF and associated risk scores from claims databases is complex.^[@R12]^ The algorithm used in NAXOS relied on the criteria previously used in the ARISTOTLE trial^[@R4]^ and in the NACORA study (Nouveaux Anticoagulants Oraux et Risques Associés).^[@R7]^ In terms of sociodemographic and clinical data, patients included in the NAXOS study were comparable to those from 3 previous large French observational studies,^[@R7],[@R13],[@R14]^ in which patients treated with VKAs were older than patients treated with DOACs. ", "The age and comorbidities of patients included in the NAXOS study were similar to those of patients from the PAROS study (Apixaban in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation in a Real Life Setting: Cross-Sectional Study in France), a recent French cross-sectional survey of OAC prescriptions in patients with NVAF.^[@R15]^\n\nThe safety, effectiveness, and all-cause mortality observations pertaining to apixaban and VKAs in NAXOS are consistent with the results of the ARISTOTLE trial.^[@R4]^ The mortality of VKA-treated patients, however, was higher in NAXOS (13.39%) (data not shown) than in ARISTOTLE (3.94%), likely due to the older age of patients in the NAXOS cohort and due to the stringent selection process used to identify eligibility in randomized trials. ", "As a rule, patients enrolled in observational studies in routine clinical practice tend to be at substantially higher risk of adverse outcomes than patients in clinical trials.^[@R16]--[@R18]^\n\nThe relative risk of major bleeding events leading to hospitalization, the risk of stroke and STEs, and the risk of all-cause mortality with apixaban compared with VKAs were lower in NAXOS than in ARISTOTLE (HR, 0.43 versus 0.69, 0.60 versus 0.79, and 0.44 versus 0.89, respectively). ", "These relative risks may reflect poorer international normalized ratio (INR) control among patients treated with VKAs in routine clinical practice, as opposed to the highly controlled environment of a randomized clinical trial and is consistent with data suggesting that the majority of patients treated with VKAs in France have inadequate INR control,^[@R19],[@R20]^ compared with higher control rates in clinical trials that implement careful INR monitoring.^[@R4]^ However, this assumption remains speculative, as INR results are not available in the French claims database. ", "Another difference between NAXOS and randomized trials is that fluindione is the most frequently used VKA in France, whereas warfarin was preferentially used in randomized controlled trials.^[@R20]^\n\nThe results of the NAXOS study are in line with those of previous observational studies, both in terms of safety^[@R21],[@R22]^ and effectiveness.^[@R22],[@R23]^ In the study conducted by Vinogradova et al^[@R24]^ in the United Kingdom, apixaban was associated with a lower risk of bleeding compared with VKAs, but no difference was observed in the incidence of ischemic stroke and mortality. ", "In a US study, apixaban, but not dabigatran or rivaroxaban, was associated with a lower risk of stroke/thromboembolism compared with warfarin; all 3 DOACs were associated with a reduced risk of intracranial bleeding, and both apixaban and dabigatran were associated with a decreased risk of major bleeding.^[@R22]^ In a further US study that relied on claims data, both apixaban and dabigatran were associated with a reduced risk of major bleeding compared with warfarin, whereas rivaroxaban had a similar risk.^[@R21]^ In a Danish claims data study,^[@R25]^ all 3 DOACs were associated with a reduced risk of intracranial bleeding compared with VKAs, with no difference in stroke or thromboembolic events. ", "In our study, dabigatran was associated with significantly increased risks of gastrointestinal and other bleedings, but significantly reduced risk of intracranial bleeding, compared with apixaban. ", "These findings were consistent with those of the study from Graham et al.^[@R26]^ In a US study from Noseworthy et al,^[@R27]^ apixaban, rivaroxaban, and dabigatran appeared to have similar effectiveness, although apixaban had a lower bleeding risk and rivaroxaban had an elevated bleeding risk; among DOAC users in another large US-based analysis, the benefit-harm profiles for apixaban and dabigatran were more favorable than rivaroxaban.^[@R26]^\n\nAlthough observational analyses have provided somewhat inconsistent results with respect to mortality, safety, and effectiveness differences,^[@R24],[@R28]--[@R31]^ NAXOS, as one of the largest, includes the vast majority of the French population and suggests potentially clinically relevant differences between OACs, with possible public health impact.", "\n\nIn the ARISTOPHANES study (Anticoagulants for Reduction in Stroke: Observational Pooled Analysis on Health Outcomes and Experience of Patients), the incidence of stroke/systemic embolism with lower and standard doses of apixaban and rivaroxaban was similar to that with warfarin, although it was higher with dabigatran than with warfarin.^[@R23]^ The risk of major bleeding was lower with apixaban and dabigatran than with warfarin at both low and standard doses and higher with rivaroxaban at both doses. ", "At both low and standard doses, the risk of stroke/systemic embolism was lower with apixaban than with dabigatran or rivaroxaban, whereas the risk was higher with dabigatran than with rivaroxaban at low doses. ", "Whatever the dose, the risk of major bleeding was lower with apixaban and dabigatran than with rivaroxaban, in agreement with the NAXOS findings.^[@R23]^\n\nThe strengths of NAXOS are that it used a nationwide claims database (SNDS) covering both primary and secondary care, providing a broad range of data, including sociodemographic information, major medical history, and comprehensive healthcare reimbursement records, and comprises \\>90% of the French population. ", "It is one of the largest nationwide observational cohorts of patients initiating OACs for the treatment of NVAF to date, providing high statistical power. ", "Results were consistent across sensitivity analyses. ", "Most importantly, it was population based and relied on a single payer (French National Health System) database, thereby minimizing the potential for selection bias. ", "Finally, although it is not possible to exclude residual bias favoring apixaban in the comparisons, the fact that, among patients treated with DOACs, those receiving apixaban had higher CHA~2~DS~2~-VASc and Charlson scores than patients receiving the other DOACs suggests that residual bias by indication is an unlikely explanation for the superior safety of apixaban and that the findings are conservative estimates. ", "The magnitude of some differences between DOACs suggests that head-to-head randomized clinical trials appear warranted. ", "From an exploratory calculation conducted by authors based on the proportion of events, around 10 000 patients per treatment arm would be needed to evaluate outcomes across DOACs in a hypothetical head-to-head trial (assuming an 80% power).", "\n\nLike all observational studies, NAXOS has limitations: patients with NVAF were identified by an algorithm that may have excluded patients with less severe disease, such as those with uncomplicated paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. ", "The SNDS database does not collect diagnoses other than discharge diagnoses; therefore, some cardiovascular risk factors had to be identified from proxies based on treatments and hospital diagnoses (the drawbacks of using DRG and inability to fully ascertain the nature/cause of some outcome events are well known), and information was missing for major confounders (clearance of creatinine, hemoglobin, smoking status, weight, diet, and alcohol consumption), as is often the case for claims data, or even for medical records when data are not regularly updated. ", "Thus, the CHADS~2~, CHA~2~DS~2~-VASc, modified HAS-BLED, and Charlson scores adjusted for age were assessed through algorithms based on proxies. ", "It would have been of interest to separate the etiological subtypes of ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage, as we aware that the exact etiology is important for determining a causal relationship to anticoagulants' use. ", "However, in the database, we could not fully ascertain the nature/cause of these outcome events (for instance, in some elderly patients, no radiological investigation was performed, when the overall health status was poor).", "\n\nAlthough significant efforts were made to minimize confounding, residual confounding may be present, as in all observational analyses. ", "Nonetheless, the consistency of our findings is reassuring, suggesting robust evidence. ", "Large numbers of models were produced, opening a possibility of correction for multiple testing. ", "However, the majority of our findings were highly statistically significant, and the application of corrections for multiple testing would not have affected the critical findings, even if a threshold of *P*=0.001 and Bonferroni corrections have been used. ", "Finally, edoxaban is not reimbursed in France for treatment of NVAF and therefore could not be included in the present analysis.", "\n\nConclusions\n===========\n\nIn NAXOS, apixaban-treated patients had a lower risk of major bleeding events leading to hospitalization, lower risk of stroke and STEs, and lower risk of all-cause mortality compared with patients receiving VKAs. ", "NAXOS also suggests comparable effectiveness for all 3 DOACs (apixaban, rivaroxaban, and dabigatran), with superior safety of apixaban versus rivaroxaban, and no difference in mortality between agents. ", "Given the lack of randomized comparisons between DOACs, these observations are of interest to patients, clinicians, regulators, and payers.", "\n\nAcknowledgments\n===============\n\nAll authors critically reviewed the manuscript. ", "Drs Van Ganse and Steg provided supervision, conceived and designed the study, interpreted the data, and drafted the manuscript. ", "Drs Danchin, Mahé, Hanon, and Falissard were members of the Scientific Committee. ", "F. Jacoud and M. Nolin performed the statistical analysis. ", "F. Dalon, Dr Lefevre, Dr Cotte, Dr Gollety, and Dr Belhassen contributed to study design and interpretation of data. ", "Dr Van Ganse is the guarantor of the study. ", "We thank Georgii Filatov of Springer Nature, who conducted an English language edit of this manuscript.", "\n\nSources of Funding\n==================\n\nThis work was supported by Bristol-Myers Squibb/Pfizer. ", "The study was designed, conducted and written by the investigators and the academic group at PELyon. ", "PELyon performed statistical analyses independently from the sponsor.", "\n\nDisclosures\n===========\n\nDr Van Ganse reports personal fees from PELyon, outside the submitted work. ", "Dr Danchin reports personal fees and nonfinancial support from BMS, personal fees and nonfinancial support from Bayer, personal fees and nonfinancial support from Pfizer during the conduct of the study, personal fees and nonfinancial support from Amgen, personal fees and nonfinancial support from AstraZeneca, personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, personal fees from Intercept, personal fees from MSD, personal fees from Servier, personal fees from Sanofi, and personal fees from Novo Nordisk outside the submitted work. ", "Dr Mahé reports grants and personal fees from BMS/Pfizer, during the conduct of the study; personal fees from Daiichi Sankyo, BMS, Pfizer, and Bayer; and grants and personal fees from Leo Pharma, outside the submitted work. ", "Dr Hanon reports personal fees from Pfizer, personal fees from BMS, grants and personal fees from Bayer, personal fees from Boehringer, personal fees from Boston scientific, personal fees from Leo Pharma, and personal fees from Aspen during the conduct of the study, personal fees from Servier, personal fees from AstraZeneca, personal fees from Bouchara Recordati, personal fees from Vifor, personal fees from Novartis, and personal fees from HAC Pharma outside the submitted work. ", "F. Jacoud, M. Nolin, F. Dalon, and Dr Belhassen are employees of PELyon. ", "Drs Lefevre, Cotte, and Gollety are employees of Bristol-Myers Squibb. ", "Dr Falissard reports personal fees and nonfinancial support from BMS-Pfizer, during the conduct of the study; and personal fees from Eli Lilly, BMS, Servier, Sanofi, GSK, HRA, Roche, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, Almirall, Allergan, Stallergenes, Genzyme, Pierre Fabre, AstraZeneca, Novartis, Janssen, Astellas, Biotronik, Daiichi Sankyo, Gilead, MSD, Lundbeck, Actelion, UCB, Otsuka, Grunenthal, and ViiV, outside the submitted work. ", "Dr Steg reports personal fees from BMS/Pfizer during the conduct of the study; grants and personal fees from Amarin; personal fees from Amgen; grants and personal fees from Bayer; personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim; personal fees from AstraZeneca; personal fees from Idorsia; personal fees from Novartis; personal fees from Pfizer; grants, personal fees, and nonfinancial support from Sanofi/Regeneron; and grants and personal fees from Servier outside the submitted work; and he is an inventor on a patent on alirocumab use after acute coronary syndrome to reduce cardiovascular risk (all royalties assigned to Sanofi).", "\n\nSupplementary Material\n======================\n\nThis manuscript was sent to Michael Brainin, MD, Dr (hon), for review by expert referees, editorial decision, and final disposition.", "\n\nPresented in part at the European Society of Cardiology Congress, Paris, France, August 31 to September 4, 2019.", "\n\nFor Sources of Funding and Disclosures, see page 2074.", "\n\nThe Data Supplement is available with this article at <https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/suppl/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.028825>.", "\n" ]

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[ "More bands have now been revealed for Clutch‘s third annual ‘Earth Rocker Festival‘. ", "Set for June 13th at Shiley Acres in Inwood, WV, the festival will run as follows thus far:\n\nClutch\n\nKillswitch Engage\n\nCro-Mags (JM)\n\nFireball Ministry\n\nLet There Be Rock School\n\n- Advertisement -\n\nThe aforementioned Cro-Mags (JM) refers to the John Joseph and Mackie Jayson lineup of the band, with the altered name coming about as a result of a legal settlement between members of the band" ]

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[ "Saturday, 7 October 2006\n\nMy husband doesn't understand me -\n\nToday I went to work in the shop. ", "Al and Jean arrived at 8.30 and the Sage gave me a lift in a few minutes later (I couldn't find my book and I worry if I am without a book. ", "Hoho, what irony).", "\n\nAt 9 o'clock, the Sage called to us \"they are unpacking boxfuls of books under the Buttercross*, you'd better go and have a look.\"", "\n\nI smilingly served a customer (more like baring my teeth really, I wanted to look at those books) and then scuttled out. ", "Indeed, there were about ten boxfuls of books, some hardly read. ", "The local second-hand bookshop proprietor was going through the books, picking out what he wanted, from right to left. ", "I started at the left-hand box.", "\n\nA few minutes later, ten books in my arm, I waved to the Sage \"Can you bring my bag and I'll pay\". \"", "No, that's all right, I'll pay.\" ", "I went back to the shop, abashed to find there were five customers and Jean was alone. ", "However, a happy face and effusive apologies have got me through life so far and everyone was understanding.", "\n\nNot too long afterwards, the shop was empty again and the Sage came back. \"", "They have unpacked four more boxes\".......\n\nThis time, Jean and I both went and the Sage stood guard in the shop. ", "Nine books later, I spied a customer and returned happily to my duties, leaving my well-gotten gains with the chap in charge for the Sage to carry out negotiations. ", "And he did well.", "\n\nNow, the Sage doesn't read for the pleasure of reading in itself. ", "He is not obsessed with books. ", "He does read quite a lot, but usually for information. ", "He doesn't really understand the great joy of seizing a book just because it catches the eye, because a randomly-read paragraph appeals, because it's on a subject I know nothing about so maybe it's about time I did, because it is, simply, a bookful of wonderful words**.", "\n\nBut he encouraged me nonetheless, although he thinks I am, frankly, daft to have as many books as I have already. ", "And as a result I've smiled all day. ", "Mm, maybe that has something to do with it.", "\n\n*The Buttercross is the ancient marketplace. ", "On Thursdays there are market stalls there. ", "On Saturdays, for a small fee, a charity can set up a stall there (one has to book months in advance) to sell bric-a-brac, cakes, second-hand books, whatever, for its good cause).", "\n\n**'The Pencil' - a history of design and circumstance. ", "Now, there's a title. ", "It has never occurred to me to wonder who, and how, and why, and when, invented the pencil.", "'Hand to Mouth' - a Paul Auster I've not read. ", "I've never quite made up my mind about Paul Auster, but somehow I read him.", "Two books by Hanif Kureishi (My Beautiful Laundrette). ", "I've read 'The Buddha of Suburbia' but that's all.", "'Zorba the Greek' - one of those books you assume you must have read, but haven't.", "A book called 'Zoë'. ", "What, because I'm worth it?A biography of Maria Montessori.", "And others. ", "Quickly chosen, there will be hits and misses. ", "And the misses can go back to the next charity booksale, to find a better home.", "\n\nThe Day Job\n\nThe Place to Go\n\nDelightful people with a little too much time on their hands\n\nCopyright\n\nOh, what's the problem? ", "This is hardly Great Literature. ", "I'd appreciate anything taken from here being acknowledged, and I might change my mind if I'm suddenly proclaimed as the Literary Queen of the Blogosphere - but I probably wouldn't. ", "Do what you like, just as long as it doesn't extend to defamation of anyone, even me.", "\n\nActually, you want to pass off what I say as your own, I might even be flattered. ", "Let's face it, who cares anyway?" ]

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[ "Life kind of sucks when a cat is a thousand times prettier than you are.", "\n\nAloş, a cat from Turkey, dazzles with a mesmerizing set of peepers that will make humans and felines swoon. ", "The stark white cat has one bright blue eye and another that's a beautiful shade of green.", "\n\n“His eyes are the most beautiful in the world to me,” owner Burcu Kaynak told Bored Panda.", "\n\nA photo posted by Aloş (@kedialos) on Apr 17, 2016 at 11:10pm PDT\n\nAloş' different colored eyes are likely a result of heterochromia, which is a difference in coloration as a result of a lack or excess amount of melanin, or pigment. ", "The condition generally comes from genetic makeup but may also develop due to illness or injury.", "\n\nFor Aloş, his eye color doesn't seem to be a problem and is likely genetic.", "\n\n“It does not affect his vision at all,” owner Kaynak told Bored Panda.", "\n\nIn fact, the main thing the colored eyes bring Aloş is attention.", "\n\n“People are very interested in him, whether it’s on social media or when walking outdoors,” Kaynak explained.", "\n\nAt 12,000 followers and counting, it looks like the cute kitty may be the newest feline Instagram celebrity.", "\n\nA photo posted by Aloş (@kedialos) on Mar 19, 2016 at 6:35am PDT\n\nA photo posted by Aloş (@kedialos) on Mar 7, 2016 at 11:46pm PST\n\nA photo posted by Aloş (@kedialos) on Mar 9, 2016 at 10:44pm PST\n\nA photo posted by Aloş (@kedialos) on Feb 27, 2016 at 8:58am PST\n\nA photo posted by Aloş (@kedialos) on Apr 5, 2016 at 11:13am PDT\n\n[h/t Bored Panda]\n\nHave something to add to this story? ", "Share it in the comments." ]

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[ "Q:\n\n$\\lim_{ x\\to 0} f(x)$ also equal to $L$?", "\n\nIf $\\lim_{ x\\to 0} f(x^2) = L$, is the $\\lim_{ x\\to 0} f(x)$ also equal to $L$? ", "If not, prove by an example.", "\nFirstly, I apoligise for the horrible formatting, it doesn't seem to be working on my computer.", "\nSecondly, I am having a hard time figuring this out. ", "It seems to me that you could (via a proof) but I can think of a few examples where the limit is not equal, for example $x^{\\frac{1}{2}}$.\nAny thoughts on how to approach this?", "\n\nA:\n\nNo. ", "For example $f(x)=1$ if $x>=0$ and 0 otherwise. ", "Then $\\lim_{x\\rightarrow 0}f(x^2)=1$, yet $\\lim_{x\\rightarrow 0}f(x)$ is not defined.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nIssue with removing negation terms (terms with a minus before them) from a ruby string?", "\n\nThe end user of our rails application can pass in a negative term in the url parameter. ", "That's a term with a minus in front of it. ", "An example is the following: localhost:80/search?q=Arnold+Schwarz+-applesauce+-cantaloop\nI'm assuming in the params hash the value of q will be: \n\"Arnold Schwarz -applesauce -cantaloop\"\n\nI want to be able to populate an array in ruby that extracts all negative terms from the string. ", "Here is my code below which does not seem to work correctly. ", "It removes the -applesauce from the query_string and puts that into ret_hash[\"excluded_terms\"], but does not remove the -cantaloop.", "\nquery_string = \"Arnold Schwarz -applesauce -cantaloop\"\nexclude_terms = Array.new \n\ndef compose_valid_query_string(query_string)\n split_string = query_string.split\n ret_hash = {}\n split_string.each do |term|\n if(term.start_with?(\"-\"))\n deleted_term = split_string.delete(term)\n ( ret_hash[\"excluded_terms\"] ||= [] ) << deleted_term\n end\n end\n ret_hash[\"query_string\"] = split_string\n return ret_hash\nend\n\nA:\n\nThe problem is that you are deleting elements from the array while you are iterating through it. ", "Exactly what happens in these cases is undefined, but it's common enough for it to cause the iteration to skip elements. ", "\nAnother way to do this would be to use partition, which splits an enumerable into those elements for which a block is truthy and the remainder, for example. ", "\nnegative, positive = split_string.partition {|term| term.start_with?('-')}\n\n" ]

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[ "Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of human liver disease throughout the world. ", "More than 85% of all infected individuals become chronically infected. ", "Chronic HCV infection accounts for 30% of all cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, and liver cancer in the United States. ", "The CDC estimates that the number of deaths due to HCV will increase to 38,000/year by the year 2010.", "\nWhile initial therapy consisted of interferon alone, the combination of interferon alpha-2b with ribavirin for either 24 or 48 weeks is currently the most efficacious approved therapy for the treatment of chronic HCV infection. ", "However, there are many adverse side effects associated with this therapy (flu-like symptoms, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and depression from interferon, as well as anemia induced by ribavirin). ", "Furthermore, this therapy is less effective against infections caused by HCV genotype 1 which constitutes about 75% of all HCV infections.", "\nBased on the foregoing, there exists a significant need to identify compounds with the ability to inhibit HCV. ", "The present invention provides novel anti-infective agents which are HCV polymerase inhibitors." ]

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[ "Comes across the word \"Damn\" reading allowed in English Class Doesn't say it.", "\n\n143 shares" ]

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[ " 1. ", "Technical Field \nVarious embodiments generally relate to a memory device, and, more particularly, to a memory device including a memory cell array of a three-dimensional structure. ", " 2. ", "Related Art \nA semiconductor memory device is a memory device which is realized using a semiconductor such as silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), gallium arsenide (GaAs) and indium phosphide (InP). ", "Semiconductor memory devices are generally classified into a volatile memory device and a nonvolatile memory device.", "\nA volatile memory device is a memory device which loses stored data when power supply is interrupted. ", "A volatile memory device includes a static RAM (SRAM), a dynamic RAM (DRAM) and a synchronous DRAM (SDRAM). ", "A nonvolatile memory device is a memory device which retains stored data even when power supply is interrupted. ", "A nonvolatile memory device includes a flash memory device, a read only memory (ROM), a programmable ROM (PROM), an electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), an electrically erasable and programmable ROM (EEPROM) and a resistive memory device (for example, a phase change RAM (PRAM), a ferroelectric RAM (FRAM) and a resistive RAM (RRAM).", "\nIn order to meet excellent performance and low cost that consumers demand, the degree of integration of a nonvolatile memory device is increasing. ", "In the case of a two-dimensional or planar memory device, the degree of integration is determined by the area occupied by a unit memory cell. ", "Therefore, recently, a memory device of a three-dimensional structure in which unit memory cells are disposed in the vertical direction has been developed." ]

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[ "\n92 N.Y.2d 326 (1998)\n703 N.E.2d 745\n680 N.Y.S.2d 887\nIn the Matter of Aeneas McDonald Police Benevolent Association, Inc., Appellant,\nv.\nCity of Geneva, Respondent.", "\nCourt of Appeals of the State of New York.", "\nArgued September 15, 1998\nDecided October 20, 1998.", "\nBohl, Della Rocca & Dorfman, P. C., Albany (James B. Tuttle of counsel), for appellant.", "\nHarris, Beach & Wilcox, L. L. P., Rochester (Peter J. Spinelli and Edward A. Trevvett of counsel), for respondent.", "\nBartlett, Pontiff, Stewart & Rhodes, P. C., Albany (John J. Poklemba and Lawrence H. Weintraub of counsel), for Police Conference of New York, Inc., amicus curiae.", "\nChief Judge KAYE and Judges BELLACOSA, SMITH, CIPARICK and WESLEY concur.", "\n*329LEVINE, J.\nIn 1972, the City Council of the City of Geneva enacted Resolution No. ", "33, declaring that the City would furnish health benefits to all retired City employees through the Genesee Valley Medical Health Care Plan. ", "Thereafter, the City provided benefits to its retirees and, although Resolution No. ", "33 was *330 never formally repealed, the City utilized different providers over the years while maintaining a consistent level of benefits. ", "However, in 1996, when the current provider was Blue Cross-Blue Shield Preferred Blue Million, the City advised all retired City employees that, effective January 1, 1997, their health insurance coverage would be changed to the Blue Choice Extended Plan, which undisputedly affords inferior coverage to that provided in previous years.", "\nPetitioner, Aeneas McDonald Police Benevolent Association, Inc., commenced this CPLR article 78 proceeding to challenge the City of Geneva's right to reduce the level of health insurance benefits that it has provided since 1973 to the retired members of the Geneva Police Department. ", "Petitioner concedes that the labor relationship between the City and its police department has been governed by collective bargaining agreements at all times relevant to this appeal, and that none of those agreements addresses the issue of health benefits for retirees. ", "Nonetheless, petitioner contends that the City's past practice of providing a certain level of benefits makes it unlawful for the City to unilaterally reduce the benefits it offers to its retirees.", "\nSupreme Court granted the petition and directed the City to continue to pay for the more liberal (and expensive) health plan, holding first, that the petitioner has standing to bring this proceeding, and, second, that the City's 24-year practice of providing a certain level of benefits to its retirees pursuant to Resolution No. ", "33 created an enforceable contract right. ", "The Appellate Division reversed and dismissed the petition (245 AD2d 1042). ", "A three-Justice majority determined that there was no vested contractual right at issue and that, because health benefits for retirees are a nonmandatory subject of negotiation, the City was free to alter the benefits unilaterally. ", "Two Justices dissented, agreeing that Resolution No. ", "33 did not confer any binding entitlement in favor of retirees, but concluding that the City's past practice nevertheless gave rise to a vested right that was enforceable by the retired police officers. ", "Petitioner appeals as of right (see, CPLR 5601 [a]), and we now affirm.", "\nAt issue is whether retired municipal employees, who are no longer members of any collective bargaining unit, may enforce a past practice in civil litigation with their former municipal employer. ", "Where, as here, the past practice concededly is unrelated to any entitlement expressly conferred upon the retirees in a collective bargaining agreement, we hold that *331 there is no legal impediment to the municipality's unilateral alteration of the past practice.", "\nInitially, we conclude that petitioner has standing to bring the instant proceeding. ", "Under the three-part test for establishing associational or organizational standing that this Court adopted in Society of Plastics Indus. ", "v County of Suffolk (77 N.Y.2d 761), petitioner must demonstrate: (1) that one or more of its members has standing to sue; (2) that the interests advanced here are sufficiently germane to petitioner's purposes to satisfy the court that petitioner is an appropriate representative of those interests; and (3) that the participation of the individual members is not required to assert this claim or to afford petitioner complete relief (see, id., at 775). ", "We agree with Supreme Court's determination that petitioner has fulfilled this test by demonstrating that its membership, which consists of all past and present members of the Geneva Police Department, includes retirees that would have individual standing, and that its mission makes it an appropriate representative of its members' interests. ", "Finally, we can identify no reason why the participation of individual members would be necessary to fully adjudicate this proceeding or to grant the relief sought.", "\nTurning, therefore, to the merits, we must consider whether the City's past practice creates a basis for the remedy that petitioner seeks — namely, the right to compel the City to continue providing the same level of health benefits to its retirees as it has in the past. ", "Under New York's \"Taylor Law\" (Civil Service Law, art 14, §§ 200-214), the City, as a public employer, is statutorily obligated to negotiate in good faith with the bargaining representative of its current employees regarding the \"terms and conditions of employment\" (Civil Service Law § 204 [2]; § 209-a [1]). ", "Pursuant to this duty to negotiate, where a past practice between a public employer and its current employees is established, involving a mandatory subject of negotiation, the Taylor Law would bar the employer from discontinuing that practice without prior negotiation (see, Matter of Incorporated Vil. ", "of Hempstead v Public Empl. ", "Relations Bd., ", "137 AD2d 378, 383, lv denied 72 N.Y.2d 808; Matter of Unatego Non-Teaching Assn. ", "v New York State Pub. ", "Empl. ", "Relations Bd., ", "134 AD2d 62, 64, lv denied 71 N.Y.2d 805; see also, Matter of Incorporated Vil. ", "of Lynbrook v New York State Pub. ", "Empl. ", "Relations Bd., ", "48 N.Y.2d 398, 402, n 1).", "\nHealth benefits for current employees can be a form of compensation, and thus a term of employment that is a mandatory *332 subject of negotiation (see, Association of Surrogates & Supreme Ct. ", "Reporters within City of N. Y. v State of New York, 78 N.Y.2d 143, 154; Matter of Glens Falls Firefighters Union v City of Glens Falls, 30 PERB ¶ 4506; Matter of Triborough Bridge & Tunnel Auth. ", "v Bridge & Tunnel Officers Benevolent Assn., ", "29 PERB ¶ 3012; Matter of City of Cohoes v Cohoes Police Benevolent & Protective Assn., ", "27 PERB ¶ 3058). ", "Therefore, a past practice concerning health benefits for current employees, even where unrelated to any specific contractual provision, cannot be unilaterally modified by the public employer. ", "The employer also would have a duty to negotiate with the bargaining representative of current employees regarding any change in a past practice affecting their own retirement health benefits (see, Matter of Incorporated Vil. ", "of Lynbrook v New York State Pub. ", "Empl. ", "Relations Bd., ", "supra, 48 NY2d, at 406).", "\nFrom the foregoing propositions, petitioner draws the conclusion that a past practice concerning retirement health benefits that was in place when an individual retired, in and of itself, prevents the City from unilaterally reducing those benefits for such person after cessation of public service. ", "Such a conclusion misconstrues and unjustifiably extends the role of past practice in the field of public employment relations.", "\nAlthough, as we noted above, a past practice concerning a mandatory subject of negotiation gives rise to a statutory bargaining right on behalf of current members of the bargaining unit, plaintiff's retired members, upon whose behalf this proceeding was brought, cannot avail themselves of that right because a public employer's statutory duty to bargain does not extend to retirees (see, Civil Service Law § 201 [4], [7] [a]; § 204 [2]; see also, Chemical Workers v Pittsburgh Glass, 404 US 157, 166, 175-176; Myers v City of Schenectady, 244 AD2d 845, 847, lv denied 91 N.Y.2d 812; Matter of City of Cohoes v Cohoes Police Benevolent & Protective Assn., ", "supra, 27 PERB, at 3136).", "\nAdditionally, a past practice, independent of any contract term, may be relied upon by an arbitrator in resolving disputes which have been submitted under the grievance machinery of a collective bargaining agreement. \"", "Arbitrators may do justice\" and \"are not bound by principles of substantive law or rules of evidence\" (Lentine v Fundaro, 29 N.Y.2d 382, 386, 385). ", "Thus, when interpreting a collective bargaining agreement, an arbitrator may consider parol evidence even where the agreement is unambiguous, such that \"the award may well reflect the spirit rather than the letter of the agreement\" (Rochester City School Dist. ", "v Rochester Teachers Assn., ", "41 N.Y.2d 578, 582; *333 see, Lentine v Fundaro, supra, at 385; Steelworkers v Warrior & Gulf Co., 363 US 574, 581-582). ", "A court, on the other hand, must abide by the substantive rules of law that pertain to the relief being sought (see, Rochester City School Dist. ", "v Rochester Teachers Assn., ", "41 NY2d, at 582, supra). ", "Under the procedural posture of this case, petitioner may not avail itself of principles that apply when public employers and their employees engage in arbitration pursuant to grievance procedures to settle disputes under collective bargaining agreements, but instead is limited to asserting whatever right the City's past practice might have established under general contract principles.", "\nCourts also may look to the past practice of the parties to give definition and meaning to language in an agreement, including a collective bargaining agreement, which is ambiguous (see, Slatt v Slatt, 64 N.Y.2d 966, 967, rearg denied 65 N.Y.2d 785; Rochester City School Dist. ", "v Rochester Teachers Assn., ", "supra, 41 NY2d, at 583; see also, Myers v City of Schenectady, supra, 244 AD2d, at 847). ", "However, past practice, like any other form of parol evidence, is merely an interpretive tool and cannot be used to create a contractual right independent of some express source in the underlying agreement (see, Matter of Franklin Cent. ", "School Dist. [", "Franklin Teachers Assn.], ", "238 AD2d 848, 849; Matter of Hunsinger v Minns, 197 AD2d 871).", "\nPetitioner concedes that no collective bargaining agreement between the City and its police officers addresses the benefits in question, but relies on the language of Resolution No. ", "33 as evidence that a negotiated labor agreement pertaining to these health benefits was reached. ", "A municipal resolution is, in general, a unilateral action that is temporary in nature and, thus, it does not create any vested contractual rights (see, Matter of Jewett v Luau-Nyack Corp., 31 N.Y.2d 298, 306). ", "Furthermore, petitioner has failed to put forth any evidence, beyond the language of Resolution No. ", "33, that might establish either that an independent agreement to supply health benefits supported by consideration existed, or that any one of the collective bargaining agreements between the parties is ambiguous on the issue of health benefits for retirees, and thus susceptible to interpretation by parol evidence (cf., ", "Myers v City of Schenectady, 244 AD2d, at 847, supra).", "\nIt follows from the foregoing that there was no contractual or legal impediment to the City's unilateral alteration of the health benefits that it provides to petitioner's retiree members.", "\n*334Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed, with costs.", "\nOrder affirmed, with costs.", "\n" ]

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[ "Another report, another plan and yet still, we are as far from political consensus over energy and the environment as ever.", "\n\nAfter the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission released the findings of its long-running review into the electricity sector last week, Canberra once again went to war, duking it out along the very same battlelines it has been for two decades.", "\n\nIt follows the Finkel Report, the ongoing fight over the National Energy Guarantee and the bitter war over carbon pricing.", "\n\nBut those despairing Australia will ever solve its energy crisis should take heart.", "\n\nCanberra appears to be increasingly moving into a parallel universe, fighting ideological battles over coal-fired power generation, while the nation simply moves on.", "\n\nLike many other countries, Australian business and consumers have left their political leaders behind, opting for renewables backed up by gas, hydro and, to a smaller but growing extent, batteries.", "\n\nThe global rush to renewables\n\nAccording to the International Energy Agency, renewables last year saw the highest growth of any energy source, meeting around a quarter of global demand growth. ", "China and the US are leading the push.", "\n\nThis chart compiled by BP shows the rapid acceleration in renewable uptake across the globe. ", "Like its competitors, the oil company too has joined the renewables race.", "\n\nHere in Australia, we are on track to wildly overrun our renewable energy targets as households rush to rooftop solar. ", "You can thank Federal Government policy failures for that.", "\n\nAs political battles between and within the two major parties raged for 15 years, power companies refused to invest. ", "As ageing coal fired generators were shut down — reducing supply — electricity prices spiked. ", "And that provided a direct incentive to households to take matters into their own hands.", "\n\nThat has coincided with plummeting costs of solar panels and wind power generation, making the decision for many a no-brainer. ", "In fact, the next big push for rooftop solar is expected from manufacturers and businesses looking to cut electricity bills.", "\n\nAccording to industry research group Green Energy Markets, renewable generation large and small made up 17.2 per cent of all Australian electricity generation in the June 2017 financial year and, with the current rush underway, is on track to hit more than 30 per cent within the next two years.", "\n\nThat's way above Labor's 20 per cent target by 2020 which was deemed wildly optimistic when formulated a decade ago.", "\n\nBanks refuse to finance coal-fired generators and our major energy producers see no future in them. ", "The reasons are simple: They take far longer and are hugely more expensive to build than large-scale renewable plants. ", "Plus, they cost more to run.", "\n\nMost also view a carbon price as inevitable at some stage, which would make coal-fired generators unviable and their bankers nursing multi-billion-dollar losses.", "\n\nIt is a triumph of economics over ideology. ", "While coal will remain an important part of our electricity industry for another 20 years, its influence rapidly will diminish as the new technology takes over.", "\n\nIt is worth remembering that, unlike renewables and gas plants, none of the coal-fired generators have been built with private capital. ", "The only way another will ever be built is with yet another massive government subsidy.", "\n\nGas the culprit for higher power bills\n\nLast week's ACCC report into Australia's ongoing energy catastrophe appeared to open the door for government intervention, via long term contract pricing, an idea quickly seized upon as justification for federal financing of a new coal-fired generator.", "\n\nWhile the report highlighted ways to improve retail competition to help reduce power bills, it overlooked the key factor behind soaring energy prices: gas.", "\n\nRenewable energy may be the cheapest way to produce electricity but, because of its intermittent nature, it requires back-up. ", "Gas turbines, which unlike coal generators can be quickly turned off and on, are ideal.", "\n\nThe east coast gas boom transformed Australia into one of the biggest global gas exporters but left us chronically short of gas, sending prices into orbit.", "\n\nBecause it plays such an important role in electricity generation — as the final player to meet peak demand — gas is the swing factor in our power bills.", "\n\nThese two graphs from investment bank Morgan Stanley tell the story:\n\nIt is the rise in gas prices rather than the march of renewables that has fed directly into our electricity prices.", "\n\nLast year, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull intervened, threatening gas exporters with harsh export restrictions if they continued to drain the domestic market of supplies.", "\n\nThe threat seems to have worked. ", "Prices have moderated and the big exporters have pumped gas back into the domestic market. ", "But it is not a long-term solution.", "\n\nIn fact, we now find ourselves in the ludicrous situation of contemplating import terminals to shore up supplies with at least two east coast import terminals on the drawing boards.", "\n\nEventually, the east coast will need a reliable domestic supply, as West Australia has, by reserving a portion of its gas for locals.", "\n\nWhat is base load?", "\n\nElectricity markets are devilishly complex. ", "That makes the arguments around supply easy to manipulate. ", "Often, we are told we need coal to provide \"base load\" power. ", "But base load power is not all you would imagine it to be.", "\n\nBase load power usually is described as the minimum we need to keep things ticking over. ", "But engineers describe it as the lowest amount a coal-fired generator can produce before it has to be shut down. ", "Given they take days or even weeks to fire up, that can spell trouble.", "\n\nWhen our grid was powered mostly by coal, we were producing vast amounts of excess electricity for the simple reason our generators could not be turned down far enough at night. ", "Even at base load, they were producing far too much.", "\n\nThat is why gas, pumped hydro and increasingly, batteries, will play an important role into the future. ", "They can be turned on and off easily, making them far more efficient to operate.", "\n\nEnergy demand varies wildly, not just over a 24-hour period, but from season to season, particularly the heights of summer and winter. ", "Supply flexibility is now as important as stability.", "\n\nPolitics, climate and the economy\n\nThe political argument over electricity has become mired with the debate on climate.", "\n\nThe extent of the infighting and confusion over both is highlighted by the conflicting stances of our former leaders.", "\n\nJohn Howard introduced the Renewable Energy Target as Prime Minister, Tony Abbott signed the Paris Climate Accord while, a few years earlier, Malcolm Turnbull was rolled as Coalition leader for advocating the introduction of a carbon price.", "\n\nIt is a similar story on policy. ", "Under Mr Abbott, the carbon tax, which was about to revert to a flexible pricing mechanism, was abolished.", "\n\nIt was replaced by a $2.3 billion subsidy, called the Emissions Reduction Fund, that did little to alleviate emissions.", "\n\nIt was a move that appeared to contradict everything for which conservative governments once stood: small government, lower taxes and market forces.", "\n\nIt is one thing to reject science, that carbon emissions from human activity have altered the earth's climate. ", "It is another to discard economics.", "\n\nOur financiers, businesses and consumers have shifted to renewables for the simple reason that they are cheaper. ", "Perhaps it is time our leaders followed." ]

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[ " = -7*b(d) + 2*s(d). ", "Calculate k(q(n)).", "\n-64*n**4\nLet p(c) = 2*c**2 + 666. ", "Let h(b) = 0*b - b + 10*b - 7*b. ", "Give p(h(u)).", "\n8*u**2 + 666\nLet m(z) = 31*z**2. ", "Let k(v) = -12969*v**2. ", "Calculate k(m(r)).", "\n-12463209*r**4\nLet i = 8 - 6. ", "Let a(s) = 4*s - i*s - 4*s. ", "Let j(d) = -4*d + 0*d - 10*d + 20*d - 10*d. ", "Calculate j(a(z)).", "\n8*z\nLet f(u) be the third derivative of u**4/24 + u**2. ", "Let h(w) = 133*w + 152. ", "Let n(z) = -12*z - 14. ", "Let r(o) = -7*h(o) - 76*n(o). ", "What is f(r(a))?", "\n-19*a\nSuppose -x = 4*x + 2*a - 939, 4*x - 5*a - 771 = 0. ", "Let g(y) = -x + 96 + 2*y + 93. ", "Let r(i) = 9*i - 2. ", "What is r(g(z))?", "\n18*z - 2\nLet m(x) = 2*x**2. ", "Let r(w) be the third derivative of w**6/360 + 5*w**3/3 + 6*w**2. ", "Let c(j) be the first derivative of r(j). ", "What is m(c(z))?", "\n2*z**4\nLet d(p) be the third derivative of p**4/12 - 15*p**2. ", "Let g(c) be the third derivative of -59*c**5/60 + 66*c**2. ", "Determine d(g(t)).", "\n-118*t**2\nLet i be (3 - 2)/((7/(-6))/(-7)). ", "Let o(l) = -8*l + 6 - i. Let h(j) = -j. ", "Determine o(h(r)).", "\n8*r\nLet z(b) = -2*b**2. ", "Let u be ((-7)/(-21))/((-3)/45). ", "Let h(f) = -2*f - 4. ", "Let d(r) = r + 1. ", "Let n(j) = u*h(j) - 20*d(j). ", "Give n(z(w)).", "\n20*w**2\nLet l(q) = -2*q - 3*q + 0*q + q. Let z(x) = 2*x**2 + 8*x. ", "Let p(c) = -c**2 - 5*c. ", "Let s(v) = 8*p(v) + 5*z(v). ", "Give s(l(d)).", "\n32*d**2\nLet m(h) = 49 - 79*h**2 + 82*h**2 - 14. ", "Let c(s) = 3*s**2. ", "Give c(m(a)).", "\n27*a**4 + 630*a**2 + 3675\nLet c(g) = -g**2. ", "Let r(m) = -395*m + 76. ", "Calculate r(c(k)).", "\n395*k**2 + 76\nLet j(z) = 5020*z + 5030*z - 10054*z. ", "Let w(s) = 168*s**2 - 77. ", "Let g(l) = 13*l**2 - 6. ", "Let t(q) = -77*g(q) + 6*w(q). ", "Calculate t(j(v)).", "\n112*v**2\nLet g(p) = -9*p. ", "Let h(w) = -703*w + 11. ", "Give h(g(s)).", "\n6327*s + 11\nLet y(u) be the third derivative of u**4/24 + 80*u**2. ", "Let t(n) = -8*n. ", "What is t(y(j))?", "\n-8*j\nLet g(s) = 27*s**2 + 3*s. ", "Let j(k) = 105*k + 8. ", "What is j(g(v))?", "\n2835*v**2 + 315*v + 8\nLet g(n) = 3 - 2*n - 3. ", "Let a(r) = r**2 - 2*r - 2. ", "Let d(c) = -10*c**2 + 15*c + 15. ", "Let s(u) = -15*a(u) - 2*d(u). ", "Determine s(g(h)).", "\n20*h**2\nLet q be 63/252 - (-7)/4. ", "Let b(o) be the second derivative of 0*o**q + 11/6*o**3 + 0 + 8*o. ", "Let j(d) = -d. ", "Give b(j(c)).", "\n-11*c\nLet z(q) = 109*q. ", "Let n(p) = 2037*p. ", "What is n(z(h))?", "\n222033*h\nLet q(c) = -3*c. ", "Let y(d) = -63*d. ", "Let h(v) = -28*q(v) + y(v). ", "Let j(b) = -7*b**2. ", "Determine h(j(r)).", "\n-147*r**2\nLet u(r) be the first derivative of 14*r**3/3 + 2. ", "Let g(s) = -s + 4. ", "Let x(w) = w - 5. ", "Suppose -18*o = -17*o + 4. ", "Let z(t) = o*x(t) - 5*g(t). ", "What is u(z(q))?", "\n14*q**2\nLet f(s) = 1468*s. ", "Let i(t) = 29*t. ", "Calculate i(f(p)).", "\n42572*p\nLet f(i) = -4*i - 6. ", "Let c(z) = 23*z + 34. ", "Let t(s) = 6*c(s) + 34*f(s). ", "Let l(b) = -b + 688. ", "Determine l(t(v)).", "\n-2*v + 688\nLet c(g) = 50*g**2. ", "Let x(i) be the third derivative of -i**4/4 + 5*i**2 - 3*i. ", "Calculate c(x(p)).", "\n1800*p**2\nLet x(v) = -2*v. ", "Let f(o) = o. Suppose 4*n + 5*w = 5, -3*w - 3 = 2*n - 8. ", "Let c(i) = n*f(i) - 2*x(i). ", "Let z(k) = 28*k**2. ", "Give z(c(g)).", "\n28*g**2\nLet p(a) = -101053*a. ", "Let i(y) = -y**2. ", "Calculate p(i(d)).", "\n101053*d**2\nLet j(o) = o**2 + o + 1. ", "Let z(m) = 4*m**2 + 2*m + 2. ", "Let t(b) = 2*j(b) - z(b). ", "Let n(l) = -122*l. ", "What is n(t(h))?", "\n244*h**2\nLet t(f) = -4*f + 6. ", "Let q(y) = y + 2. ", "Let i(v) = -4*q(v) + t(v). ", "Let l(m) = -2*m**2. ", "Calculate i(l(u)).", "\n16*u**2 - 2\nLet f(s) = -113*s**2. ", "Let y(m) = -3*m + 4. ", "Let u(z) = -16*z + 22. ", "Let g(i) = 2*u(i) - 11*y(i). ", "Calculate g(f(t)).", "\n-113*t**2\nLet b(d) = d. Let l(c) = -c**2 - 2*c + 4053. ", "Calculate l(b(j)).", "\n-j**2 - 2*j + 4053\nLet y = -3 - -9. ", "Let s(j) = -4 + 6 - y*j**2 - 2. ", "Let n(b) be the first derivative of -2*b**3/3 - 1. ", "What is n(s(h))?", "\n-72*h**4\nLet s(h) = h + 18. ", "Let x(g) = -g**2 - 2302. ", "What is s(x(l))?", "\n-l**2 - 2284\nLet g(b) be the first derivative of -b**3/3 - 4. ", "Let n(r) be the first derivative of -5*r**2/2 + 2*r + 37. ", "What is g(n(l))?", "\n-25*l**2 + 20*l - 4\nLet v(j) = 70874*j**2 - 2*j. ", "Let p(q) = -2*q. ", "Give v(p(y)).", "\n283496*y**2 + 4*y\nLet a(k) = -3*k. ", "Let r(f) = -2*f - 16241. ", "Calculate r(a(x)).", "\n6*x - 16241\nLet y(k) = -k**2. ", "Let w(d) be the first derivative of -4 + 3 - 2*d**3 - 1. ", "Give y(w(z)).", "\n-36*z**4\nLet d(w) = 6664*w**2 + 2. ", "Let q(x) = 9*x. ", "Give q(d(v)).", "\n59976*v**2 + 18\nLet d be (-2)/(70/(-15))*(-70)/(-10). ", "Let t(q) be the second derivative of 0 + 2*q + 0*q**2 + 3/2*q**d. ", "Let k(f) = -f. ", "What is t(k(n))?", "\n-9*n\nLet a(y) = 12*y - 7. ", "Let m(g) be the third derivative of -g**4/24 + 4*g**2 + 34*g. ", "What is m(a(j))?", "\n-12*j + 7\nSuppose l + 0*l = -c + 4, -5*c + 3*l + 52 = 0. ", "Let v(y) = -c*y + 2*y**2 + 8*y. ", "Let a(h) be the third derivative of 7*h**4/24 + 2*h**2. ", "Determine v(a(s)).", "\n98*s**2\nLet h(v) = 316*v**2 - 6. ", "Let r(u) = -u. ", "Determine h(r(t)).", "\n316*t**2 - 6\nLet n(v) = -9*v + 4. ", "Let c(q) be the first derivative of -2*q**3/3 - 43. ", "What is c(n(m))?", "\n-162*m**2 + 144*m - 32\nLet v(n) = -1139 + 1139 - 3*n. ", "Let a(c) = 8*c**2 + c. Determine v(a(l)).", "\n-24*l**2 - 3*l\nLet d(a) = a**2 - 23*a + 45. ", "Let p be d(21). ", "Let o(l) = 8*l - 4*l + 0*l + p*l. ", "Let s(u) = -u**2. ", "Determine s(o(h)).", "\n-49*h**2\nLet w(o) = 2*o - 8. ", "Let t(z) = -8*z + 36. ", "Let g(i) = -4*t(i) - 18*w(i). ", "Let a(r) = -6*r - 4 + 4. ", "Calculate a(g(x)).", "\n24*x\nLet j(m) = -42*m**2. ", "Let n = 3 - 1. ", "Let b(s) = s + 4*s - n*s - 2*s. ", "Determine b(j(v)).", "\n-42*v**2\nLet s(n) = -9*n**2 + 2. ", "Let l(j) = 405967*j - 405967*j - j**2. ", "Determine s(l(u)).", "\n-9*u**4 + 2\nLet u be (-2)/(54/(-12) - -4). ", "Let q(x) be the second derivative of 0 + 0*x**2 + 0*x**3 + x + 7/12*x**u. ", "Let c(j) = 2*j**2. ", "What is c(q(t))?", "\n98*t**4\nLet v(p) = -10*p - 90. ", "Let x(c) = 6*c**2. ", "What is x(v(g))?", "\n600*g**2 + 10800*g + 48600\nLet k(q) = 8813*q**2. ", "Let u(h) = 680*h**2. ", "Calculate k(u(f)).", "\n4075131200*f**4\nLet d(q) be the first derivative of q**5/60 + 25*q**2/2 - 24. ", "Let x(n) be the second derivative of d(n). ", "Let a(f) = -26*f + 2. ", "Calculate a(x(l)).", "\n-26*l**2 + 2\nLet n(t) = -t - 8. ", "Let u be n(-6). ", "Let s(y) = -13*y**2 + 7. ", "Let m(v) = -4*v**2 + 2. ", "Let f(b) = u*s(b) + 7*m(b). ", "Let i(a) = -8*a. ", "What is f(i(l))?", "\n-128*l**2\nLet v(s) = -37 + 471*s + 37 - 467*s. ", "Let j(f) = 25*f. ", "What is v(j(t))?", "\n100*t\nLet w(i) be the third derivative of 1/60*i**5 - 26*i**2 + 0*i**3 + 0*i + 0*i**4 + 0. ", "Let o(x) = x**2. ", "What is w(o(h))?", "\nh**4\nLet h(t) = 87096*t**2. ", "Let a(r) = -r. ", "Determine h(a(p)).", "\n87096*p**2\nLet z(m) be the first derivative of m**5/30 + 4*m**3/3 - 13. ", "Let a(t) be the third derivative of z(t). ", "Let y(h) = -h + h**2 + h. Determine y(a(p)).", "\n16*p**2\nLet a(f) = -38*f - 21. ", "Let b(o) = 11*o + 6. ", "Let d(c) = 2*a(c) + 7*b(c). ", "Let p(n) = -11. ", "Let y(k) = -k + 1. ", "Let t(j) = p(j) + 11*y(j). ", "Calculate d(t(z)).", "\n-11*z\nLet z(t) = 3*t - 4*t - t. Let h(d) = -5*d + 136 + 4*d - 136. ", "Determine h(z(c)).", "\n2*c\nLet w(l) = -105*l**2. ", "Let p(v) = -769*v**2. ", "Calculate w(p(b)).", "\n-62092905*b**4\nLet p(r) = -1 + 1 + r**2. ", "Suppose -9 = -4*y - 1. ", "Let g(n) = 11*n**y + 11*n**2 - 25*n**2. ", "Calculate g(p(h)).", "\n-3*h**4\nLet z(m) = 65*m**2 - 37*m**2 + 52*m**2. ", "Let f(p) = -p. ", "Calculate z(f(a)).", "\n80*a**2\nLet g(p) be the first derivative of p**2/2 - 9. ", "Let f(l) be the first derivative of -19/2*l**2 + 1 + 0*l. ", "What is g(f(s))?", "\n-19*s\nLet x(j) = 1228*j - 593*j - 619*j. ", "Let u(c) = -2*c**2. ", "Give u(x(z)).", "\n-512*z**2\nLet s(l) = 10 - 851*l - 852*l + 2559*l - 855*l. ", "Let p(x) be the third derivative of -x**5/60 + x**2. ", "Calculate s(p(z)).", "\n-z**2 + 10\nLet d(x) be the second derivative of -28*x + 0*x**3 + 0 + 19/12*x**4 + 0*x**2. ", "Let v(w) = 2*w. ", "What is d(v(p))?", "\n76*p**2\nLet r(z) = -z**2. ", "Let w(b) be the third derivative of -b**4/24 + b**2. ", "Let k(x) = 9*x. ", "Let p = 16 + -15. ", "Let o(f) = p*w(f) - k(f). ", "What is o(r(m))?", "\n10*m**2\nLet s(n) be the first derivative of 7*n**4/8 + 11*n**2/2 + 5. ", "Let d(y) be the second derivative of s(y). ", "Let l(x) = -x**2. ", "Calculate l(d(j)).", "\n-441*j**2\nLet k(x) = -8*x. ", "Let i(h) = -6*h**2 - 44*h - 6. ", "Calculate k(i(u)).", "\n48*u**2 + 352*u + 48\nLet i(d) be the first derivative of -d**3/3 + 431. ", "Let w(g) = -g**2 + 7. ", "What is w(i(r))?", "\n-r**4 + 7\nLet n(z) = 14*z**2 - 3 + 3. ", "Let p be (-6)/((-27)/6 - -3). ", "Let q(w) = w - p*w + 0*w + 2*w. ", "Give q(n(m)).", "\n-14*m**2\nLet v(d) = -22*d. ", "Let r(z) = -15*z - 17. ", "Let b(n) = 16*n + 19. ", "Let c(m) = 4*b(m) + 5*r(m). ", "Let w(h) = 5*h + 4. ", "Let p(i) = -4*c(i) - 9*w(i). ", "Determine p(v(f)).", "\n22*f\nLet i(s) = -3*s. ", "Let g(n) be the third derivative of -n**4 - n**3/6 - 17*n**2 - 3*n. ", "Determine i(g(z)).", "\n72*z + 3\nLet i(f) be the third derivative of f**4/24 + 2*f**2 + 35*f - 40. ", "Let u(b) = -2*b +" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "Extended fertility and longevity: the genetic and epigenetic link.", "\nMany women now choose to develop their careers before having children. ", "Thus, it is becoming increasingly important to assess a woman's potential for extended fertility and to understand the health consequences of having children at a late age. ", "In particular, there is a striking positive correlation between extended fertility and longevity in women, which poses important implications for medicine, biology, and evolution. ", "In this article we review the diverse epidemiologic evidence for the link between fertility potential, age of menopause, and women's lifespan. ", "Then we discuss the recent advances using genomic technology to better understand biological mechanisms driving this association. ", "At the genetic level, there are polymorphisms that may be driving both extended fertility and longevity. ", "At the cellular and molecular levels, changes in the genome (both nuclear and mitochondrial), epigenome, and transcriptome during oocyte aging have important implications for fertility. ", "By synthesizing results from diverse domains, we hope to provide a genomic-era conceptual framework in which this important connection can be investigated and understood." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Friday, November 25, 2011\n\nBlack Friday Steam Sale: AI War And DLC 75% Off, Tidalis 80% Off\n\nLooking to pick up some great gifts for yourself or loved ones on Black Friday, but boarded up in your home as you rightfully should be? ", "Great news! ", "Online digital distribution king Steam is having an Autumn Sale, and we're participating big time.", "\n\nRight now you can get AI War and all of its expansions for 75% off. ", "That means you can get the base game for $5, small DLC for $1, full expansions for $2.50, and the whole AI War kitten caboodle together with some extra savings in the Alien Bundle for just $7.50. ", "If that wasn't enough, Tidalis is 80% off, and goes for just $2 instead of the standard $10 tag.", "\n\nThe sale only goes through this Sunday, November 27th. ", "So be sure to take advantage of these huge discounts now!" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "---\nabstract: 'The aim of this article is the calculation of the energy-momentum for a non-commutative radiating Schwarzschild black hole in order to obtain the expressions for energy. ", "We make the calculations with the Einstein and Møller prescriptions. ", "We show that the expressions for energy in both the prescriptions depend on the mass $M$ , $\\theta $ parameter and radial coordinate. ", "We make some comparisons between the results. ", "Our results show that the Einstein prescription is a more powerful concept than the Møller prescription.'", "\nauthor:\n- |\n I. Radinschi$^{1}$, F. Rahaman$^{2}$ and U. F. Mondal$^{3}$\\\n $^{1}$Department of Physics, Gh. ", "AsachiTechnical University, Iasi, 700050, Romania\\\n E-mail: radinschi@yahoo.com\\\n $^{2}$Department of Mathematics, Jadavpur University, India\\\n E-mail: rahaman@iucaa.ernet.in\\\n $^{3}$ Department of Mathematics Behala College, Parnasree, Kolkata 700060 , India\\\n E-mail:umarfarooquemondal@ymail.com\ntitle: 'Energy Distribution for Non-commutative Radiating Schwarzschild Black Holes'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nAmong the many interesting issues of General Relativity one of the most important is the energy-momentum localization. ", "To solve the problem of energy-momentum localization means to develop an unique mathematical formula for energy density. ", "Nowadays, in General Relativity there are some well-known tools for the calculations of the energy-momentum like superenergy tensors \\[1\\], quasi-local expressions \\[2\\], the energy-momentum complexes of Einstein \\[3\\], Landau-Lifshitz \\[4\\], Papapetrou \\[5\\], Bergmann-Thomson \\[6\\], Weinberg \\[7\\], Qadir-Sharif \\[8\\] and Møller \\[9\\] and the tele-parallel theory of gravitation \\[10\\]. ", "The tele-parallel theory of gravitation \\[10\\] presents the advantage that the calculations can be performed in such a manner that the problem of the coordinate dependence can be avoided.\\\n\\\nThe pseudotensorial definitions \\[3\\]-\\[9\\] have been used by many authors and have yielded meaningful and interesting results \\[11\\]. ", "The Einstein \\[3\\], Landau-Lifshitz \\[4\\], Papapetrou \\[5\\], Bergmann-Thomson \\[6\\], Weinberg \\[7\\] and Qadir-Sharif \\[8\\] definitions are coordinate dependent and the calculations have to be done in Cartesian coordinates. ", "Only the Møller \\[9\\] prescription allows to perform the calculations in any coordinate system. ", "We also notice the similarity of some results obtained with the energy-momentum complexes \\[3\\]-\\[9\\] with the results given by their tele-parallel versions \\[12\\]. ", "A great contribution to the rehabilitation of the pseudotensors has been done by Chang, Nester and Chen \\[13\\], they demonstrated that different quasi-local definitions correspond to different boundary conditions.\\\n\\\nRecently, study of noncommutative geometry has emerged. ", "To quantize the spacetime in string/M theory, it is realized that coordinates may become noncommutative operators on a D-brane\\[14\\] - \\[15\\] . ", "The result is a discretization of spacetime where the spacetime coordinate operators satisfy the relation $[x^\\mu,x^\\nu ] = i \\theta^{\\mu\n \\nu}$, where $\\theta^{\\mu\n \\nu}$ is an anti symmetric matrix which determines the fundamental discretization of spacetime. ", "It is shown that the divergences that appear in General Relativity could be avoided if non commutativity replaces point like structures by smeared objects. ", "The smearing effect is mathematically implemented with a substitution of Dirac delta function by a Gaussian distribution of minimal length $\\sqrt{\\theta}$. Schwarzschild spacetime is changed some what when a noncommutative spacetime is taken into account.\\\n\\\n\\\nIn this paper, we calculate the energy-momentum for a non-commutative radiating Schwarzschild black hole \\[14\\]-\\[15\\] and study some limiting cases. ", "For our purpose, we use the Einstein and Møller prescriptions.\\\n\\\nThe structure of our article is as follows: in Section II we present the non-commutative radiating Schwarzschild black hole \\[14\\]-\\[15\\]. ", "In Section III, we present the Einstein and Møller energy-momentum complexes whereas in Section IV we performed the calculations of the energy distributions for the non-commutative radiating Schwarzschild black hole. ", "In Section V we briefly present our concluding remarks. ", "Throughout our work we use for performing the calculations the signature ($1,-1,-1,-1$) and the geometrized units ($c=1;G=1$). ", "Also, Greek (Latin) indices take value from $0 $ to $3$ and $1$ to $3$, respectively.", "\n\nNon-commutative Radiating Schwarzschild Black Hole\n==================================================\n\nIn this section we present the non-commutative radiating Schwarzschild black hole \\[14\\]-15\\] that is under study. ", "The spacetime is described by the metric given by\\\n$ds^{2}=\\left[1-\\frac{4M}{r\\sqrt{\\pi }}\\gamma \\left(\\frac{3}{2},\\frac{r^{2}}{4\\theta }\\right)\\right]dt^{2}\\\\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-\\frac{dr^{2}}{\\left[1-\\frac{4M}{r\\sqrt{\\pi }}\\gamma \\left(\\frac{3}{2},\\frac{r^{2}}{4\\theta }\\right)\\right]}dr^{2}-r^{2} d\\Omega^{2} ,$ $$\\tag{1}$$\n\nwhere $\\gamma $ is the lower incomplete gamma function that has the expression $\\gamma (\\frac{3}{2},\\frac{r^{2}}{4\\theta })\\equiv\n\\int\\limits_{0}^{\\frac{r^{2}}{4\\theta }}\\sqrt{t}\\exp (-t)dt $. “", "In flat spacetime noncommutativity eliminates point-like structures in favor of smeared objects” \\[14\\]. ", "The authors of \\[14\\] considered the mass density of a static, spherically symmetric, smeared, particle-like gravitational source given by\n\n$$\\rho _{\\theta }(r)=\\frac{M}{(4\\pi \\theta )^{3/2}}\\exp\n\\left(-\\frac{r^{2}}{4\\theta }\\right). ", " \\tag{2}$$\n\nThe particle of mass $M$ is not localized at a point, but is diffused throughout a region of linear size $\\sqrt{\\theta }$. ", "This is the results of the intrinsic uncertainty that is encoded in the coordinate commutator.", "\n\nAt presently accessible energies, i.e. $\\sqrt{\\theta\n}<10^{-16}$ cm the noncommutativity is not visible. ", "We notice that minimal deviations from standard vacuum Schwarzschild black hole are expected at large distances. ", "Also, at the distance $r\\simeq\n\\sqrt{\\theta }$ some behaviour of new physics is expected, because in this case the density of energy and momentum is non negligible and present. ", "For balancing the inward gravitational pull and to prevent droplet to collapse into a matter point the radial pressure $p_{r}=-\\rho _{\\theta }$ has to be different by zero. ", "The spacetime non commutativity produces this important physical effect on matter. ", "Also, this implies the existence of the new physics at the distance $r\\simeq \\sqrt{\\theta }$.", "\n\nThe Einstein equations were solved considering $\\rho _{\\theta }(r)$ as a matter source and the resulting gravitational background is given by (1).", "\n\nThe mass distribution is\n\n$$m(r)\\equiv \\frac{2M}{\\sqrt{\\pi }}\\gamma\n\\left(\\frac{3}{2},\\frac{r^{2}}{4\\theta }\\right), \\tag{3}$$\n\nwith $M$ being the total mass of the source. ", "Analogous to the General Relativity we have\n\n$$m^{\\prime }(r)=4\\pi r^{2}\\rho _{\\theta }(r). ", " \\tag{4}$$\n\nIn the limit $r/\\sqrt{\\theta }\\rightarrow \\infty $ the classical Schwarzschild black hole solution is recovered. ", "The metric (1) can give“ useful insights about possible noncommutative effects on Hawking radiation” \\[14\\].", "\n\nEinstein and Møller Energy-Momentum Complexes\n=============================================\n\nIn this section we present the Einstein and Møller energy-momentum complexes.", "\n\nThe Einstein energy-momentum complex \\[3\\] in a four-dimensional gravitational background is given by $$\\theta _{\\nu }^{\\mu }=\\frac{1}{16\\pi }h_{\\nu ,\\,\\lambda }^{\\mu \\lambda }.", "\n\\tag{5}$$The Einstein superpotentials $h_{\\nu }^{\\mu \\lambda }$ have the expression$$h_{\\nu }^{\\mu \\lambda }=\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{-g}}g_{\\nu \\sigma }[-g(g^{\\mu \\sigma\n}g^{\\lambda \\kappa }-g^{\\lambda \\sigma }g^{\\mu \\kappa })]_{,\\kappa } \\tag{6}$$and obey the antisymmetry property $$h_{\\nu }^{\\mu \\lambda }=-h_{\\nu }^{\\lambda \\mu }. ", " \\tag{7}$$$\\theta _{0}^0$ and $\\theta _{i}^0$ represent the energy and momentum density components, respectively. ", "The Einstein energy-momentum complex observes the local conservation law $$\\theta _{\\nu ,\\,\\mu }^{\\mu }=0. ", " \\tag{8}$$The energy and momentum in Einstein’s definition are given by $$P_{\\mu }=\\int \\int \\int \\theta _{\\mu }^{0}\\,dx^{1}dx^{2}dx^{3} \\tag{9}$$\n\nand applying Gauss’ theorem the energy-momentum is\n\n$$P_{\\mu }=\\frac{1}{16\\pi }\\int \\int h_{\\mu }^{0i }n_{i}dS, \\tag{10}$$\n\nwhere $n_{i}$ represents the outward unit normal vector over the surface $dS. $ Here $P_{0}=E$ is the energy.", "\n\nIn (9) and (10) $P_{i}$, $i=1,2,3$, represent the momentum components.", "\n\nThe definition of the M[ø]{}ller energy-momentum complex \\[9\\] is given by\n\n$$\\mathcal{J}_{\\nu }^{\\mu }=\\frac{1}{8\\pi }M_{\\nu \\,\\,,\\,\\lambda }^{\\mu\n\\lambda }, \\tag{12}$$\n\nwhere we have the M[ø]{}ller superpotentials $M_{\\nu }^{\\mu \\lambda }$ given as below $$M_{\\nu }^{\\mu \\lambda }=\\sqrt{-g}\\left( \\frac{\\partial g_{\\nu \\sigma }}{\\partial x^{\\kappa }}-\\frac{\\partial g_{\\nu \\kappa }}{\\partial x^{\\sigma }}\\right) g^{\\mu \\kappa }g^{\\lambda \\sigma }. ", " \\tag{13}$$The M[ø]{}ller superpotentials $M_{\\nu }^{\\mu \\lambda }$ present the antisymmetric property $$M_{\\nu }^{\\mu \\lambda }=-M_{\\nu }^{\\lambda \\mu }. ", " \\tag{14}$$\n\nVery important is that M[ø]{}ller’s energy-momentum complex observes the local conservation law $$\\frac{\\partial \\mathcal{J}_{\\nu }^{\\mu }}{\\partial x^{\\mu }}=0, \\tag{15}$$where $\\mathcal{J}_{0}^{0}$ is the energy density and $\\mathcal{J}_{i}^{0}$ represents the momentum density components.", "\n\nIn the Møller definition the energy and momentum are given by $$P_{\\mu }=\\int \\int \\int \\mathcal{J}_{\\mu }^{0}dx^{1}dx^{2}dx^{3}. ", " \\tag{16}$$The energy distribution is obtained with the expression $$E=\\int \\int \\int \\mathcal{J}_{0}^{0}dx^{1}dx^{2}dx^{3}. ", " \\tag{17}$$With the aid of Gauss’ theorem we obtain\n\n$$P_{\\mu }=\\frac{1}{8\\pi }\\int \\int M_{\\mu }^{0i}n_{i}dS. \\tag{18}$$\n\nIn their important works Cooperstock \\[16\\] and Lessner \\[17\\] stressed the importance of the Møller energy-momentum complex. ", "In addition, we notice the good results obtained with the Einstein and Møller definitions for the energy-momentum in the case of various geometries \\[11\\].", "\n\nEnergy Distribution of the Non-commutative Radiating Schwarzschild Black Hole\n=============================================================================\n\nThe Einstein definition required Cartesian coordinates for performing the calculations. ", "We transform the gravitational background given by (1) in Schwarzschild Cartesian coordinates, as given by\\\n$ds^{2}=B(r)dt^{2}-(dx^{2}+dy^{2}+dz^{2})\\\\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-\n\\left[\\frac{A(r)-1}{r^{2}}\\right] (xdx+ydy+zdz)^{2}$,\n\n$$\\tag{19}$$\n\nwith $B(r)=1-\\frac{4M}{r\\sqrt{\\pi }}\\gamma\n(\\frac{3}{2},\\frac{r^{2}}{4\\theta\n})$ and $A(r)=\\frac{1}{1-\\frac{4M}{r\\sqrt{\\pi }}\\gamma (\\frac{3}{2},\\frac{r^{2}}{4\\theta })}$.\\\nWe use Maple program with the GRTensor II attached package to calculate the energy distribution and momenta and to make plots.", "\n\nThe Einstein superpotentials that we use for the evaluation of the energy distribution $h_{\\nu }^{\\mu \\lambda }$ are given by\n\n$$h_{0}^{0x}=\\frac{2x}{r^{2}}\\frac{4M}{r\\sqrt{\\pi }}\\gamma \\left(\\frac{3}{2},\\frac{r^{2}}{4\\theta }\\right), \\tag{20}$$\n\n$$h_{0}^{0y}=\\frac{2y}{r^{2}}\\frac{4M}{r\\sqrt{\\pi }}\\gamma \\left(\\frac{3}{2},\\frac{r^{2}}{4\\theta }\\right), \\tag{21}$$\n\n$$h_{0}^{0z}=\\frac{2z}{r^{2}}\\frac{4M}{r\\sqrt{\\pi }}\\gamma \\left(\\frac{3}{2},\\frac{r^{2}}{4\\theta }\\right). ", " \\tag{22}$$\n\nUsing (10) and (20)-(22) the expression for the energy distribution in the Einstein definition is given\n\n$$E_{E}=M-\\frac{Mr}{\\sqrt{\\pi }\\sqrt{\\theta }}\\exp\n\\left(-\\frac{r^{2}}{4\\theta }\\right)-M\n erf c\\left(\\frac{1}{2}\\frac{r}{\\sqrt{\\theta }}\\right). ", " \\tag{23}$$\n\nThe energy depends on the mass $M$, $\\theta $ parameter and radial coordinate. ", "In the limit case $r/\\sqrt{\\theta }\\rightarrow \\infty $ we obtain the energy of the classical Schwarzschild black hole solution $E_{E}=M$.\n\nThe M[ø]{}ller superpotential involved in the calculation of the energy $M_{0}^{0t}$ is\n\n$M_{0}^{0t}=[2M-\\frac{2Mr}{\\sqrt{\\pi }\\sqrt{\\theta }}\\exp\n(-\\frac{r^{2}}{ 4\\theta })-\\frac{Mr^{3}}{\\sqrt{\\theta }\\theta\n\\sqrt{\\pi }}\\exp (-\\frac{r^{2} }{4\\theta })\n\\\\\n\\\\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-2M\n{erf}c(\\frac{1}{2}\\frac{r}{\\sqrt{\\theta }})]\\sin \\theta$. $$\\tag{24}$$ The energy distribution in the Møller prescription is obtained combining (18) with (24)\\\n$E_{M}=M-\\frac{Mr}{\\sqrt{\\pi }\\sqrt{\\theta }}\\exp \\left(-\\frac{r^{2}}{4\\theta }\\right)-\\frac{Mr^{3}}{2\\sqrt{\\theta }\\theta \\sqrt{\\pi }}\\exp\n\\left(-\\frac{r^{2}}{4\\theta }\\right)\\\\\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - M erf\nc\\left(\\frac{1}{2}\\frac{r}{\\sqrt{\\theta }}\\right).$ $$\\tag{25}$$\n\nIn this case, the energy distribution also presents a dependence on the mass $M$, $\\theta $ parameter and radial coordinate. ", "In the Møller definition also for the limit $r/\\sqrt{\\theta }\\rightarrow \\infty $, we recovered the energy of the classical Schwarzschild black hole solution $E_{M}=M.$\n\n![", "The plot for the energy E prescribed by Einstein vs. $x=\\frac{r}{\\sqrt{\\theta}}$. Solid and dotted curves cut the x at the horizons of NCBH and Schwarzschild black hole.[]{data-label=\"fig:1\"}](ESch.eps){width=\"20.00000%\"}\n\n![", "The plot for the energy E prescribed by Møller vs. $x=\\frac{r}{\\sqrt{\\theta}}$. Solid and dotted curves cut the x at the horizons of NCBH and Schwarzschild black hole.[]{data-label=\"fig:1\"}](MSch.eps){width=\"20.00000%\"}\n\n![", "Comparison of the energy E prescribed by Møller and Einstein vs. $x=\\frac{r}{\\sqrt{\\theta}}$. Solid curve cuts the x at the horizon.[]{data-label=\"fig:1\"}](EM.eps){width=\"20.00000%\"}\n\n![", "Variation of the energy E prescribed by Møller with respect to r and $\\theta$.[]{data-label=\"fig:1\"}](3dM.eps){width=\"30.00000%\"}\n\n![", "Variation of the energy E prescribed by Einstein with respect to r and $\\theta$.[]{data-label=\"fig:1\"}](3dE.eps){width=\"30.00000%\"}\n\n![", "Variation of the energy E prescribed by Einstein and Møller with respect to r for a fixed $\\theta =.01$.[]{data-label=\"fig:1\"}](theta.eps){width=\"20.00000%\"}\n\nFinal Remarks\n=============\n\nIn our paper, we study the energy distribution of a non-commutative radiating Schwarzschild black hole in the Einstein and Møller prescriptions. ", "In both prescriptions the expressions for energy depend on the mass $M$, $\\theta $ parameter as well as radial coordinate. ", "One can observe from the figures 1-3 that the energy in Einstein’s prescription is always positive whereas the energy in Møller’s prescription assumes positive values only after a certain distance from the horizon. ", "Interestingly, we note that the energy in Einstein’s prescription adopts some real values within the horizon. ", "However, in the limiting case $r/\\sqrt{\\theta\n}\\rightarrow \\infty $ both yield the same expression for energy as $E_{E}=E_{M}=M$ that corresponds to the case of the classical Schwarzschild black hole solution. ", "This also represents the ADM mass. ", "The above limit can be achieved in two ways: either, $\n\\theta \\rightarrow 0$ i.e. when the noncommutativity is not visible or $r \\rightarrow \\infty $ i.e. at large distance. ", "When $r\\approx \\sqrt{\\theta} $, then $E_M \\neq E_E$. In fact $E_E\n>0 $ and $E_M<0$. Our results show that the Einstein prescription is a powerful concept than Møller’s prescription. ", "This is also sustained by the meaningful results obtained with the Einstein definition. ", "One can mention the work of Virbhadra \\[18\\], where he emphasized the importance of the Einstein prescription.", "\n\n\\\n\\\nFR is thankful to UGC, Govt. ", "of India, for    providing financial support under Research Award scheme.\\\n\\\n\\\n\\\n\\\n\n[99]{} L. Bel, C. R. Acad. ", "Sci. ", "Paris **246**, 3105 (1958); I. Robinson, unpublished lectures; I. Robinson, Kings College, London (1958); I. Robinson, Class. ", "Quant Grav. **", "14**, 4331 (1997); S. Deser and D. Seminara, Phys. ", "Rev. **D62**, 084010 (2000); J. M. M. Senovilla, Class. ", "Quantum Grav. **", "17**, 2799 (2000).", "\n\nJ. D. Brown and J. W. York, Quasilocal energy in General Relativity, Mathematical aspects of classical field theory (Seattle, WA, 1991), pp. ", "129-142, ; S. W. Hawking and G. T. Horowitz, Class. ", "Quantum Grav. **", "13**, 1487 (1996); Sean A. Hayward, Phys. 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[ "#define SIZE_MAX ...\n\ntypedef int... time_t;\n\ntypedef struct __alpm_list_t {\n void *data;\n struct __alpm_list_t *next;\n ...;\n} alpm_list_t;\n\nstruct pkg {\n char *filename;\n char *name;\n char *base;\n char *version;\n char *desc;\n char *url;\n char *packager;\n char *sha256sum;\n char *base64sig;\n char *arch;\n size_t size;\n size_t isize;\n time_t builddate;\n time_t mtime;\n\n alpm_list_t *groups;\n alpm_list_t *licenses;\n alpm_list_t *replaces;\n alpm_list_t *depends;\n alpm_list_t *conflicts;\n alpm_list_t *provides;\n alpm_list_t *optdepends;\n alpm_list_t *makedepends;\n alpm_list_t *checkdepends;\n alpm_list_t *files;\n ...;\n};\n\nenum pkg_entry {\n PKG_FILENAME,\n PKG_PKGNAME,\n PKG_PKGBASE,\n PKG_VERSION,\n PKG_DESCRIPTION,\n PKG_GROUPS,\n PKG_CSIZE,\n PKG_ISIZE,\n PKG_SHA256SUM,\n PKG_PGPSIG,\n PKG_URL,\n PKG_LICENSE,\n PKG_ARCH,\n PKG_BUILDDATE,\n PKG_PACKAGER,\n PKG_REPLACES,\n PKG_DEPENDS,\n PKG_CONFLICTS,\n PKG_PROVIDES,\n PKG_OPTDEPENDS,\n PKG_MAKEDEPENDS,\n PKG_CHECKDEPENDS,\n PKG_FILES,\n PKG_BACKUP,\n PKG_DELTAS,\n PKG_MAKEPKGOPT\n};\n\n// desc\nstruct desc_parser {\n enum pkg_entry entry;\n ...;\n};\n\nvoid desc_parser_init(struct desc_parser *parser);\nssize_t desc_parser_feed(struct desc_parser *parser, struct pkg *pkg,\n char *buf, size_t buf_len);\n\n// pkginfo\nstruct pkginfo_parser {\n enum pkg_entry entry;\n ...;\n};\n\nvoid pkginfo_parser_init(struct pkginfo_parser *parser);\nssize_t pkginfo_parser_feed(struct pkginfo_parser *parser, struct pkg *pkg,\n char *buf, size_t buf_len);\n\n// utils\nchar *joinstring(const char *root, ...);\nint parse_size(const char *str, size_t *out);\nint parse_time(const char *size, time_t *out);\nchar *strstrip(char *s);\n" ]

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[ "This chapter examines a case of anthropomorphism through which three writers (La Fontaine, Buffon, Michelet) express their fears and anxieties concerning depression through the intertextual description of a bird.", "\n\nThis volume explores the relationship between identity - understood not as an essence, but rather a positioning - and the work of German-Jewish women authors. ", "The period 1900-1938 provided them with a wide range of possible ...\n\nThis article attempts to show how certain Cuban films both reflect and construct behaviour concerning male–female relations. ", "In so doing, they illustrate how Cuban cinema provided a mainstream cultural forum for controversial ...\n\nConsumers are becoming more aware of the relationships between diet and health and this has increased consumer interest in the nutritional value of foods. ", "This is impacting on the demand for foods which contain functional ...\n\nThe title of this second edition of the Dictionary preserves the old name purely in order to maintain continuity with the first edition, which adopted ‘Anglo-Norman’ as being the term in current use in academic circles at ...\n\nThis volume examines the Kindertransport to Britain 1938/39. ", "The seventeen contributions provide various new perspectives, which are investigated for the first time in this volume. ", "Chapters focus on the Kindertransport in ..." ]

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[ "Introduction {#Sec1}\n============\n\nStructured or complex light beams with tailored intensity, polarization or phase have emerged as an interesting route in a variety of applications (e.g., microscopy, quantum optics and information, photonics, optical trapping, data communication, etc.)^[@CR1]--[@CR6]^. The development of efficient beam converters allows generating powerful pulses of complex light beams, which is of particular interest in direct laser processing and surface structuring. ", "For example, optical vortex beams with nanosecond pulse duration have been exploited to fabricate chiral micro-needles on various materials (e.g. metals, silicon and azo-polymer)^[@CR7],[@CR8]^, while a variety of structures have been achieved with fs pulses (e.g., silicon nano-cones^[@CR9]^, polymer micro-tubes^[@CR10]^, graphene micro- and nano-disks^[@CR11]^, nano-cavities in glasses^[@CR12]^, etc.). ", "An amazing property of fs laser pulses is the ability to trigger the formation of self-organized quasi-periodic surface patterns, generally indicated as laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)^[@CR13]--[@CR15]^. Under fs laser irradiation, LIPSS with a period Λ considerably smaller than the laser wavelength, λ, or with a near-wavelength period are formed^[@CR13]^, which are generally termed as *high spatial frequency* LIPSS (HSFL, typ. ", "Λ ≪ λ/2) and *low spatial frequency* LIPSS (LFSL, Λ \\~ λ), respectively. ", "In the present investigation, with LIPSS we namely refer to LFSL. ", "For metals and semiconductors, the typical LIPSS are ripples perpendicular to the laser polarization forming a surface grating with a sub-wavelength pitch. ", "The ripples formation is generally interpreted as resulting from an interference process between the incident laser light and a surface scattered wave associated to surface roughness^[@CR16]--[@CR19]^, but also other mechanisms, like self-organization of surface instabilities, hydrodynamics, etc., ", "can be involved^[@CR20]--[@CR22]^. More recently, for semiconductors (e.g. InP and Si), other LIPSS characterized by a supra-wavelength period and a preferential orientation along the laser polarization, indicated as grooves, have attracted attention^[@CR23],[@CR24]^. Grooves are typically formed at locations characterized by higher fluence, and for large number of laser pulses; their genesis seems to be strictly related to a further spatial modulation of the intensity appearing at higher excitation level, and to the presence of nanoparticles back-deposited on the target surface during the ablation process^[@CR25]--[@CR27]^. However, upon multiple-pulse irradiation the periodic intensity modulations progressively lead to local ablation and/or material reorganization, eventually leading to LIPSS formation on the material surface.", "\n\nThe general characteristics that the LIPSS orientation is linked to the state of polarization (SoP) of the incident beam has been exploited to obtain new morphological patterns by generating ripples and grooves with fs vector vortex (VV) beams characterized by spatially variant polarization and intensity distributions^[@CR26],[@CR28]--[@CR31]^. Moreover, the analysis of the surface structures has also been shown to offer a useful approach to the characterization of intense complex light fields^[@CR32]--[@CR35]^. Most of the previous studies deal with symmetric beams with ring intensity distribution and simple polarization state (e.g. linear, radial, azimuthal, spiral)^[@CR26],[@CR28],[@CR30],[@CR32]--[@CR34]^, while more complex light fields like VV with higher topological charge, or composite spatial intensity profiles are still rarely investigated^[@CR29],[@CR31]^. In the present work, we focus on laser-induced surface structures formed on a crystalline silicon target through multi-pulse irradiation with fs VV laser fields produced by q-plates with various topological charges. ", "The q-plate is a thin optical device based on liquid crystal technology^[@CR4],[@CR36]^ that allows generating light beams with phase or polarization singularities^[@CR37]^. A q-plate essentially works as an inhomogeneous birefringent linear retarder characterized by a distribution pattern of the local optic axes in the transverse *x-y* plane. ", "The local optic axis is oriented with respect to the *x* axis at an angle *α* given by the equation:$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$\\alpha (r,\\varphi )=q\\varphi +{\\alpha }_{0}$$\\end{document}$$where $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$\\varphi =arctan(\\frac{y}{x})$$\\end{document}$ is the azimuthal angle, $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$r=\\sqrt{{x}^{2}+{y}^{2}\\,}\\,$$\\end{document}$is the radial coordinate and $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${\\alpha }_{0}$$\\end{document}$ is the initial orientation angle at *ϕ* = 0. ", "Besides the topological charge *q*, the action of the q-plate is determined by the value of the birefringent optical retardation *δ*. ", "The q-plate cell has a homogeneous thickness, hence *δ* is uniform point by point along the plate and its value is controlled through an external electric voltage applied to the plate^[@CR38]^. The q-plate transforms an input light field described by the Jones vector $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${{\\boldsymbol{\\psi }}}_{in}(x,y)$$\\end{document}$ into an emerging light field $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${{\\boldsymbol{\\psi }}}_{out}(x,y)\\,\\,$$\\end{document}$given by:$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${{\\boldsymbol{\\psi }}}_{out}(x,y)=[cos(\\frac{\\delta }{2})I-i\\,sin(\\frac{\\delta }{2}){M}_{q}(\\alpha )]{{\\boldsymbol{\\psi }}}_{in}(x,y)$$\\end{document}$$where *I* is the identity matrix, and $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${M}_{q}(\\alpha )$$\\end{document}$ is the Jones matrix of a half-wave plate whose axis forms an angle *α* with respect to the reference *x*-axis. ", "Equation ([2](#Equ2){ref-type=\"\"}) shows that the optical retardation, *δ*, acts as a tuning parameter between two limiting states. ", "For the un-tuned condition, *δ* = 2π, the q-plate behaves as a transparent medium leaving unchanged the input beam. ", "At the optimal tuning, *δ* = π, it converts the input beam into a more complex optical beam capable of carrying an orbital angular momentum (OAM)^[@CR37]^ (see section Methods). ", "Irradiating the q-plate with a linearly polarized input beam allows generating a superposition of left and right circularly polarized helical beams carrying opposite values of OAM, *ℓ* = ±2*q* (i.e. a null total OAM), and characterized by topologically non-trivial polarization patterns (see e.g. Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, panels (e) and (f)). ", "The output beam presents a spatial intensity distribution characterized by a central region of zero intensity (due to undefined phase on the beam axis), a principal intense annulus and several secondary rings at increasing radial distance from the axis^[@CR4],[@CR26]^. The most intense part of this beam is spatially filtered with an iris, thus converting the input beam into a beam with an annular spatial profile and a complex spatial distribution of the polarization. ", "We show that such kind of complex light fields can lead to the generation of surface structures with rather complex distribution of ripples and grooves. ", "In addition, by tuning the value of the optical birefringent retardation of the q-plates, *δ*, other light fields with a composite intensity and polarization distribution can be produced. ", "Our findings indicate that these complex light beams offer a further degree of freedom allowing one to imprint surface structures with peculiar shapes related to the value of the q-plate topological charge.", "Figure 1Panels (a) and (b): SEM images showing the surface morphologies developed on the silicon target after an irradiation sequence of *N* = 200 pulses in tuned condition of q-plates (*δ* = π), for (**a**) *q* = 1, and (**b**) *q* = 5/2, respectively. ", "The pulse energy is *E*~0~ = 50 µJ for *q* = 1 and *E*~0~ = 100 µJ for *q* = 5/2. ", "Panels (c) and (d) display zoomed views of the SEM image of panels (a) and (b), respectively. ", "The scale bars in SEM images are 20 µm for (a) and (b) and 10 µm for (c) and (d). ", "Panels (e) and (f) report simulation of far-field beam profile with local direction of the beam polarization. ", "In the maps, each beam intensity profile is normalized to its own maximum value and shown in the color bar, while the spatial scale bar for the maps, shown in panel (e), is 20 μm. ", "The yellow dotted line in panel (a) marks a direction along which grooves alignment closely resembles a quasi-radial pattern, while in panel (e) it shows the corresponding line in the SoP of the beam. ", "On either sides of this dotted lines, the surface structures and SoP of the beam are arranged as a family of spiral-like patterns.", "\n\nResults and Discussion {#Sec2}\n======================\n\nThe surface structuring experiments are carried out by focusing the generated beams on the surface of an intrinsic (100) silicon target, in air, with a number of pulses, *N*, selected by an electromechanical shutter. ", "The experimental setup is illustrated in detail in the section Methods. ", "Briefly, as input beam to the q-plate we use a Gaussian laser beam with a pulse duration of ≈35 fs, at a central wavelength of 800 nm, that is linearly polarized along the reference (horizontal) *x*-axis, i.e. $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${{\\boldsymbol{\\psi }}}_{in}(x,y)={{\\boldsymbol{G}}}_{H}(x,y)$$\\end{document}$. Here we exploit four different q-plates with *q* = 1, 3/2, 2 and 5/2. ", "Hence, in tuned conditions (*δ* = π), the silicon target is irradiated by a VV beam $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${{\\boldsymbol{V}}}_{q}(x,y)={M}_{q}(\\alpha ){{\\boldsymbol{G}}}_{H}(x,y)$$\\end{document}$ that is a superposition of two helical beams with opposite OAM *ℓ* = ±2*q*, except for a multiplicative phase term $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${e}^{-i\\frac{\\pi }{2}}=-\\,i$$\\end{document}$. Examples of the spatial distribution of intensity and polarization of the $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${V}_{q}(x,y)$$\\end{document}$ beams are shown in Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "By varying the optical retardation *δ* we produce a superposition state of the $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${{\\boldsymbol{G}}}_{H}$$\\end{document}$ and $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${{\\boldsymbol{V}}}_{q}$$\\end{document}$ light fields given by:$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${{\\boldsymbol{\\psi }}}_{out}(x,y)=cos(\\frac{\\delta }{2}){{\\boldsymbol{G}}}_{H}(x,y)-i\\,sin(\\frac{\\delta }{2}){{\\boldsymbol{V}}}_{q}(x,y)$$\\end{document}$$\n\nFor each value of the topological charge *q*, Eq. ([", "3](#Equ3){ref-type=\"\"}) represents an ensemble of complex VV light fields characterized by an inhomogeneous distribution of both polarization and fluence, of which $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${{\\boldsymbol{G}}}_{H}(x,y)\\,\\,$$\\end{document}$and $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${{\\boldsymbol{V}}}_{q}(x,y)$$\\end{document}$ are the two degenerate cases. ", "Some novel and interesting aspects of direct fs laser surface structuring carried out by such a kind of structured light beams generated with a q-plate with *q* = 1/2 on a silicon target were addressed in a previous communication^[@CR26]^. Here, we further assess and extend the possibilities offered by direct laser surface structuring with complex light exploring various surface structures generated by using q-plates with a higher topological charge. ", "The produced surface structures are compared with the polarization and intensity distributions of the VV beams at the focal plane of the lens. ", "We illustrate first the surface structures produced by using the VV beams generated at optimal tuning conditions (*δ* = π). ", "Then, we address the role of the variable optical retardation, finally presenting and discussing surface structures with peculiar shapes, that are generated with appropriate selection of the q-plate and of the optical retardation *δ*.", "\n\nSurface structuring at optimal tuning (*δ* = π) {#Sec3}\n-----------------------------------------------\n\nHere, we discuss the surface structures produced by electrically tuning the q-plates to the standard optical retardation of *δ* = π, so as to achieve a conversion to an annular VV beam (see Eq.", " [3](#Equ3){ref-type=\"\"} and Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} reports examples of SEM images of the target surface and maps of the spatial profiles of both fluence and polarization for two VV beams, namely those produced with *q* = 1 and *q* = 5/2. ", "In particular, panels (a),(b) of Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} illustrate the morphology of the crystalline silicon surface after irradiation with *N* = 200 pulses at a pulse energy *E*~0~ = 50 µJ for *q* = 1 and *E*~0~ = 100 µJ for *q* = 5/2. ", "The lateral panels (c) and (d) are zoomed views of the SEM images of panels (a) and (b), respectively, evidencing the LIPSS. ", "Finally, panels (e) and (f) report maps of the beam intensity and polarization. ", "In the maps, each beam intensity profile is normalized to its own maximum value.", "\n\nThe VV beams clearly produce craters with an annular shape resembling their intensity distribution. ", "The actual value of external and internal radii of the annular craters depend on the specific value of the pulse energy used in our experimental conditions. ", "However, the SEM images clearly evidence that the relative fraction of the central region unaffected by the ablation process increases with the topological charge *q*, as required by the corresponding increase of the low fluence central region of the beam. ", "In an attempt to underline the consistency between the experimental results and the beam intensity profiles, we estimated the ratio of the internal and external radii measured at a fixed value of the pulse number *N* = 200, for all the q-plates. ", "The experimental data are shown in Fig.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"} as solid dots. ", "Moreover, we also insert the corresponding data point for *q* = 1/2 as obtained in our previous investigation in similar experimental conditions^[@CR29]^. The ratio *R*~*in*~/*R*~*ex*~ clearly increases with the topological charge *q*, passing from ≈20% at *q* = 1/2 to ≈55% at *q* = 5/2. ", "Since the removal of material in the ablation process is a threshold phenomenon, the expected ratio between the radii can be derived from the maps of the fluence spatial profiles by fixing an appropriate fraction of the peak fluence coherent with the experimental case. ", "The corresponding values are reported as a solid, red line in Fig.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The comparison shows that the expected behavior reproduces fairly well the observed experimental trend, thus supporting the good consistency between the features expected according to the VV beam spatial profiles and the main characteristics of the annular craters formed on the silicon target.", "Figure 2Variation of the ratio between the internal and external radii, *R*~in~/*R*~ex~, for the craters produced by *N* = 200 laser pulses with the VV beams generated by various q-plates at an optical retardation *δ* = π, as a function of topological charge *q*. ", "The symbols are experimental data points. ", "The solid line represents the expected trend obtained by fixing an appropriate ablation threshold value coherent with the experimental data. ", "The error bars are standard error estimated by repeated measurements of the area of the internal and external circles of the annular crater, and propagating the uncertainties to the radii ratio. ", "The right inset visualizes *R*~*in*~ and *R*~*ex*~ on a SEM image. ", "The values of the laser pulse energy are *E*~0~ = 30 µJ for q = 1/2, *E*~0~ = 50 µJ for q = 1, *E*~*0*~ = 100 µJ for q = 3/2, 2 and 5/2. ", "As ablation occurs above a given threshold fluence value at a fixed number of pulses, the ratio *R*~*in*~/*R*~*ex*~ is independent of the specific value of the pulse energy, namely depending on the shape of the spatial profile and, hence, on the value of *q*.", "\n\nIn all cases, the central non-ablated region is covered with an assembly of a large number of nanoparticles, as typically observed during fs laser surface structuring in air with annular VV beams^[@CR26],[@CR31]^. These nanoparticles form during the material decomposition ensuing fs laser irradiation and target ablation, and are back-deposited on the sample surface due to the effective confinement of the ambient pressure^[@CR27]^.\n\nWe turn now to the analysis of the LIPSS formed within the annular craters. ", "The SEM images of Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} display the rather complex surface patterns generated by VV beams. ", "In all cases, three annular regions characterized by different surface morphologies are recognized. ", "The central ring, corresponding to the region of higher laser fluence and presenting supra-wavelength grooves, and two adjacent annuli on both sides, covered by sub-wavelength ripples. ", "Taking as an example the simpler case of *q* = 1 (Fig.", " [1(a)](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}), one can observe that the overall spot is characterized by an annular ablation crater with external and internal radii *R*~*ex*~ (*q* = 1) ≈ 66 µm and *R*~*in*~ (*q* = 1) ≈ 22 µm. ", "The central part of this crater is covered by an annular region of grooves with a width of ≈29 µm surrounded by two rippled areas, at the external and internal boundaries, whose widths are ≈9.5 µm and ≈7.5 µm, respectively. ", "The different width of the rippled regions is due to the slightly dissimilar variation of the beam intensity spatial profile at the two sides of its peak position. ", "The average period of the ripples and grooves measured in the SEM images of Fig.", " [1(a)](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} are (535 ± 36) nm and (1.7 ± 0.2) µm, respectively, in agreement with previous observations^[@CR26]^. The variation of the LIPSS period on laser pulse energy and number of pulses follows a behaviour similar to that already discussed earlier both for VV beams^[@CR26]^ and more standard Gaussian beams^[@CR19],[@CR21],[@CR23],[@CR39],[@CR40]^. Hence, our investigation does not identify any direct influence of the q-value on the LIPSS period, rather the main effect of the different q values is on the various LIPSS spatial patterns that can be generated, which are namely related to the spatially-varying polarization and fluence of the VV laser beams.", "\n\nInterestingly, the polarization-locking nature of LIPSS allows a direct visualization of the local polarization direction providing a spatial map of the state of polarization (SoP) of the beam engraved on the target surface. ", "However, the more complex nature of the SoP does not make it possible to identify exact radial or azimuthal patterns as for the simpler case of *q* = 1/2^[@CR26],[@CR31]^. Nonetheless, in the map of the beam SoP (Fig.", " [1(a)](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, lower panel) one can easily discern two symmetrical areas, located along the direction indicated by the yellow dotted line, characterized by a nearly radial polarization direction, and recognize the corresponding regions of the crater where grooves alignment closely resembles a radial pattern, while ripples approximately follow an azimuthal distribution. ", "On either sides of this dotted line, LIPSS are arranged as a family of spiral-like patterns. ", "Graphically, in panel (a) of Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} the grooves resembles the spatial distribution of the in-plane magnetic field lines generated by a bar magnet kept along the direction of the yellow dotted line. ", "As the value of *q* increases, the SoP of the VV beam and, consequently, the spatial distribution of the surface features become progressively more and more complex. ", "However, following the same kind of illustration used before, one can qualitatively describe the spatial orientation of the grooves patterns produced by the VV beam with *q* = 5/2 as in-plane magnetic field lines generated by eight bar magnets arranged as in Fig.", " [3(b)](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"} with alternating *N* and *S* poles. ", "Interestingly, the number of independent polar vertices locations *n*~*p*~ corresponds to *n*~*p*~ = 2(\\|*ℓ*\\| − 1). ", "This is confirmed also for the other *q* values, for which the representative sketches are shown in Fig.", " [3(c)](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "This pictorial representation suggests that the grooves formed on the silicon target surface provide an easy and direct visualization of the beam SoP also for more complex beams, thanks to their inherent property of orienting along the field polarization. ", "Even if the larger dimensions of the supra-wavelength grooves may somewhat limit the spatial resolution in comparison to sub-wavelength ripples, they clearly offer a more straightforward picture of the SoP in weak focusing conditions, i.e. for beam spot sizes in the range of tens of microns. ", "Moreover, in many practical conditions, the generation of uniform grooves is a comparatively easier phenomenon, that takes place in the higher intensity region of the beam or for larger number of pulses^[@CR23],[@CR24],[@CR26],[@CR27],[@CR41]^, while ripples are confined in narrower regions around the low intensity beam edge where fluence values are closer to the ablation threshold.", "Figure 3Panels (a) and (b) report schematic illustrations of the spatial distribution in-plane magnetic field lines generated by an arrangement of bar magnets graphically resembling the spatial distribution of the grooves formed by the VV beams generated by q-plates in tuned conditions (*δ* = π) and shown in Fig.", " [1(a,b)](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The right inset (panel c) shows the same kind of schematic for the other q-plates used, namely *q* = 3/2 and *q* = 2. ", "Interestingly, the number of independent polar vertices locations *n*~*p*~ corresponds to *n*~*p*~ = 2 (\\|ℓ\\| − 1) = (4*q* − 2).", "\n\nSurface structure produced at variable optical retardation *δ* by beams generated by a q-plate with *q* = 1 {#Sec4}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe q-plate beam converter easily allows generating a variety of complex light beams in the form of a superposition of the VV beam obtained at tuned conditions (*δ* = π) illustrated earlier, and the input Gaussian beam. ", "As indicated by Eq. ([", "3](#Equ3){ref-type=\"\"}), the fractional contribution of the two components depends on the optical retardation *δ*, which is easily controlled by an external voltage^[@CR4],[@CR38]^. Hereafter, we illustrate the effect of the optical retardation tuning on the surface structures imprinted on the silicon target for several *δ* values in the case of *q* = 1. ", "Then, selected examples of the surface structures produced by VV beams at higher values of the topological charge *q* will be discussed in the next section, thus addressing the versatility of the q-plate approach to laser texturing with fs VV beams.", "\n\nThe upper panels of Fig.", " [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"} report SEM images of the silicon target surface after irradiation with VV beams generated by the q-plate with *q* = 1 at different values of the optical retardation *δ*, ranging from *δ* = 2π to *δ* = 0.59π. ", "For the sake of completeness, also the tuned case (*δ* = π), corresponding to the VV beam with \\|*ℓ*\\| = 2 discussed earlier, is reported as panel (d). ", "The experimental conditions used are *N* = 200 laser pulses at an energy *E*~0~ ≈ 40 µJ. The corresponding SoP and intensity maps of the VV beams are shown in the lower panels of Fig.", " [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}.Figure 4Panels (a--g) show SEM images of the silicon surface after irradiation with VV beams generated by q-plate with *q* = 1 at different values of the optical retardation *δ* ranging from *δ* = 2π (Gaussian beam) to *δ* = 0.59π (number of laser pulses *N* = 200, pulse energy *E*~0~ ≈ 40 µJ). ", "For the sake of completeness, panel (d) shows the case of a tuned q-plate (*δ* = π) corresponding to a VV beam with \\|ℓ\\| = 2, discussed in the previous section. ", "In each SEM image, the dotted arrows mark the direction along which the regions of minimum intensity of the VV beam move while varying the optical retardation *δ*. ", "The scale bar in each SEM image corresponds to 20 µm. ", "For each case, the lower panel displays the corresponding spatial distribution of the VV beam intensity and SoP. The scale bar, shown in lower left map, is 20 μm.", "\n\nLet us consider first the case of the Gaussian beam $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${G}_{H}$$\\end{document}$ at *δ* = 2π in panel (a), comparing it with the features of the modifications induced by the VV beam $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${V}_{q}\\,\\,$$\\end{document}$at *δ* = π of panel (d) already discussed earlier. ", "The Gaussian beam $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${G}_{H}\\,\\,$$\\end{document}$produces a smaller crater with an external radius of ≈31 μm, while the corresponding VV beam $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${V}_{q}\\,\\,$$\\end{document}$generates a shallower annular crater with a larger external radius and an overall width of (37.6 ± 0.8) µm. ", "Moreover, while in the case of the VV beam, ripples decorate either sides of the grooved central annular region (22 ± 1) µm wide, the morphology of the crater induced by the Gaussian beam is rather different. ", "This diverse texture is due to the fact that the present analysis is carried out at a fixed energy *E*~0~ ≈ 40 µJ, which in the case of $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${G}_{H}\\,\\,$$\\end{document}$is spread over a smaller spot than for $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${V}_{q}$$\\end{document}$, thus leading to a higher peak fluence, as also indicated by the intensity maps of Fig.", " [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"} (lower panels). ", "The peak fluence of the Gaussian beam at the beam centre (*x* = 0, *y* = 0) is $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$\\frac{2{E}_{0}}{\\pi {w}_{0}^{2}}\\approx 1.4$$\\end{document}$ J/cm^2^, which is about 2.7 times larger than that of peak fluence value $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$2{{\\rm{e}}}^{-1}\\frac{E}{\\pi {{w}_{0}}^{2}}\\approx 0.51$$\\end{document}$ J/cm^2^ of the $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${V}_{q}$$\\end{document}$ beam with \\|*ℓ*\\| = 1^[@CR42]^, occurring at a radial position *r*~*p*~ ≈ 30 μm. ", "At the higher peak fluence achieved by the Gaussian beam, the crater is characterized by two principal regions presenting different surface textures. ", "Coarse wrinkles decorated with several columnar structures and deep cavities cover the central area of the crater. ", "This kind of surface structures typically forms in high laser fluence regions, or after a large number of pulses^[@CR13],[@CR24],[@CR29]^. The central area is surrounded by grooves covering a ≈ 9.5 µm wide annular ring. ", "The grooves are aligned along the laser polarization direction and are characterized by an average spatial period of (1.6 ± 0.2) µm. ", "Besides the grooves, no clear signature of ripples is recognized in the SEM image of Fig.", " [4(a)](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "This is likely due to a very limited region of ripple formation, and to a dense re-deposition of nanoparticles generated in the fs ablation around the circular crater. ", "In fact, craters produced by Gaussian beams at reduced laser peak fluence, in similar experimental conditions, have shown a progressive reduction of the central area characterized by the coarse structures, followed by the annular grooved region and, eventually, surrounded by an external rippled area^[@CR24]^.\n\nWe turn now to illustrate the effects of the optical retardation tuning. ", "As an example, panels (c) and (e) of Fig.", " [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"} report SEM images for *δ* = 1.18π, and *δ* = 0.9π, i.e. for *δ* slightly changed from the optimal tuning *δ*~*opt*~ = π for the VV beam generation. ", "One can observe that the central circular region of minimum fluence produced at *δ*~*opt*~ progressively transforms into an elliptical area, in correspondence of even little detuning from the condition of optimal tuning. ", "In particular, the orientations of the major axes of the two ellipses depend on the sign of (*δ* − *δ*~*opt*~) and are orthogonal to each other (see panels (c) and (e) of Fig.", " [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Panels (b) and (f) show the further variations occurring when the optical retardation reaches values of *δ* = 1.44π and *δ* = 0.84π, respectively. ", "In these cases, the ellipses separate in two regions located at larger distance from the crater centre. ", "These two regions tend to move further apart along two orthogonal directions as \\|*δ* − *δ*~*opt*~\\| increases, eventually reaching the external border of the annular crater. ", "It should also be noted that the total area of the two regions of minimum fluence, below the ablation threshold, is much less than both the elliptical area before splitting, and the area of the central disk at optimal tuning. ", "Moreover, splitting and migration of the regions of minimum fluence is accompanied by a variation of the ripple and groove orientations, as well as of the general surface texture, as a consequence of the modifications in the spatial distribution of laser fluence and SoP due to the progressive change in the contributions of the two fields, i.e., $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${G}_{H}\\,\\,$$\\end{document}$and $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${V}_{q}$$\\end{document}$ terms of Eq. ([", "3](#Equ3){ref-type=\"\"}). ", "The observed evolution of the surface texture agrees fairly well with the variation of the fluence spatial distribution reported in the lower panels, showing that as *δ* progressively moves from *δ*~*opt*~, the central region of minimum intensity splits into two separate regions and the surface structure changes following the spatial distributions of the complex beam SoP and fluence. ", "The observed direction along which the region of minimum fluence moves depends on the input polarization direction and on the value of *α*~0~, which in the present case is estimate to be *α*~0~ ≈ −π/6. ", "Splitting of the minimum fluence region in two parts is a consequence of the decay of the central high-order optical vortex, associated with the two circular components, into elementary ones. ", "This qualitatively justify the direct relationship between the number of split regions and the charge of the q-plate^[@CR43]^. Finally, these experimental findings further confirm that direct fs laser surface texturing with complex light beams generated by a q-plate, assisted by the possibility of optical retardation tuning, offers an effective route to the fabrication of rather composite surface features and LIPSS. ", "This aspect is further illustrated in the following section by reporting some examples of peculiar surface structures generated with VV beams produced by q-plates with higher values of the topological charge *q*.", "\n\nPeculiar surface structure produced by complex light beams {#Sec5}\n----------------------------------------------------------\n\nFigure [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"} reports some SEM images exemplifying the variety of patterns that can be imprinted on the silicon sample surface by using VV beams generated by q-plates with a larger topological charge *q*, namely *q* = 3/2, 2 and 5/2, through an appropriate selection of the optical retardation *δ*. ", "In particular, in Fig.", " [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"} two conditions corresponding to *δ* below and above the optimal retardation value (*δ*~*opt*~ = π) are shown for each q-plate. ", "For *q* = 3/2, the lower panels (c) and (d) display the corresponding spatial distribution of the VV beam intensity and SoP.Figure 5SEM images illustrating the structures formed on the silicon surface after irradiation with fs VV beams generated by three different q-plates for two different values of the optical retardation *δ*. ", "The scale bar in the SEM images corresponds to 20 µm. ", "Panels (a) and (b) show the case of *q* = 3/2 for *δ* = 1.51π and *δ* = 0.59π at a pulse energy *E*~*0*~ = 65 µJ. For this case, the lower panels (c) and (d) display the corresponding simulated far field intensity and SoP patterns of the corresponding VV beams. ", "The scale bar, shown in panel (c), is 20 μm. ", "Panels (e) and (f) illustrate the case of *q* = 2 for *δ* = 1.4π and *δ* = 0.61π at a pulse energy *E*~*0*~ = 55 µJ. Panels (g) and (h) report the case *q* = 5/2 for *δ* = 1.28π and *δ* = 0.61π at a pulse energy *E*~*0*~ = 100 µJ. In all cases, the number of pulses is *N* = 200.", "\n\nWe illustrate first the case *q* = 3/2 reported in panels (a) and (b) of Fig.", " [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "For *δ* = 1.51π, Fig.", " [5(a)](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows a pattern composed by three individual, arc-shaped, ablated lobes, located on a circular track at ≈120° from each other, surrounding a triangular central region. ", "This form is fairly consistent with the spatial distribution of the laser fluence of the VV beam, shown in Fig.", " [5(c)](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The VV beam intensity profile is characterized by a central intense region, due to the $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${G}_{H}$$\\end{document}$ component, surrounded by a less intense external part coming from the annular $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${V}_{q}$$\\end{document}$ contribution. ", "In particular, it presents a spatial modulation on the external ringed region enclosing the central triangular high-intensity part, with three maxima and minima located at about 120° from each other, explaining the three ablated lobes. ", "A closer look to the various parts composing the pattern reveals the presence of LIPSS. ", "In particular, each one of the single, external lobes shows ripples and grooves with a preferential orientation, in fairly good agreement with the SoP of the VV beam shown in Fig.", " [5(c)](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Instead, the peripheral area of the central region is decorated by nearly horizontal grooves resembling the linear polarization of the predominant $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${G}_{H}$$\\end{document}$ contribution, meanwhile columnar structures typically formed at higher fluence cover the center of the triangular crater. ", "A complementary form is imprinted on the sample surface for *δ* = 0.59π, as shown in Fig.", " [5(b)](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "In this case, the pattern is characterized by three elliptical non-ablated islands located at 120° from each other, and surrounded by an ablated area presenting a variety of micro/nano structures. ", "Also in this case, the imprinted form agrees well with the fluence spatial distribution of the VV laser beam of Fig.", " [5(d)](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}, showing three regions of very low fluence within a quasi-circular spot with a central intensity peak. ", "Again, the central region is characterized by a triangular intense part, with vertices lying in the zones separating the elliptical islands, and presenting linear grooves and columnar structures, resulting from the dominant $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${G}_{H}$$\\end{document}$ component with horizontal polarization. ", "Moreover, the rest of the crater is covered by LIPSS with a complex spatial arrangement reflecting the intricate SoP of the VV beam. ", "This example illustrates the complex morphology that can be obtained with VV beams generated by optical retardation tuning of a q-plate with *q* = 3/2; interestingly, the triangular shape of the central region, as well as the three ablated lobes at *δ* = 1.51π, and the three non-ablated islands at *δ* = 0.59π address the OAM of the constituent helical beams forming the $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${V}_{q}$$\\end{document}$ component, i.e. \\|*ℓ*\\| = 3.", "\n\nWe turn now to *q* = 2 with the two examples of surface patterns reported in panels (e) and (f) of Fig.", " [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}, corresponding to *δ* = 1.4π and *δ* = 0.61π, respectively. ", "At *δ* = 1.4π (Fig.", " [5(e)](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}), a central crater is surrounded by four elliptical ablated regions located at the vertices of a square. ", "An optical retardation of *δ* = 0.61π (Fig.", " [5(f)](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}) leads to the generation of four main non-ablated regions that are linked by bridges left in the less intense zones of the beam encircling the central, high-fluence area. ", "Hence, the non-ablated part resembles a paddle wheel inscribed in the irradiated area and presenting a central hole. ", "The two upper-left arms of the paddle are joined in some points with the external sample surface, possibly because of slight local non-uniformities of the laser beam fluence profile at the edges of the ablated area. ", "Finally, for *q* = 5/2 the two interesting shapes shown in panels (g) and (h) of Fig.", " [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"} are produced at *δ* = 1.28π and *δ* = 0.61π, respectively. ", "The morphology of the non-ablated parts in Fig.", " [5(g)](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"} resembles a paddle wheel with 5 arms (or a flower with five petals) with a pentagonal shaped hole in the center, where the $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${G}_{H}\\,$$\\end{document}$component is dominant. ", "Instead, Fig.", " [5(h)](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the formation of a starfish-like shaped feature with a deep central crater. ", "Both *q* = 2 and *q* = 5/2 confirm a remarkable relation of the characteristics of the generated patterns with the OAM of the helical beams forming the $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${V}_{q}$$\\end{document}$ component, i.e. \\|*ℓ*\\| = 4 and 5, respectively. ", "Moreover, in both cases, the orientation of the LIPSS imprinted in the ablated regions is consistent with the SoP of the VV beam.", "\n\nFinally, Fig.", " [6](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"} reports SEM images of some very peculiar structures obtained with VV beams that further emphasize the potentiality and versatility of their use in direct fs laser surface processing. ", "In particular, here we consider the non-ablated area remaining in the central part of the crater, whose shape results from the spatial modulation of the VV beam fluence, and the existence of a definite threshold for material removal in the laser ablation process. ", "Therefore, the structures have been achieved by tailoring the laser fluence spatial distribution of the VV beams, through the optical retardation of the q-plates, and their corresponding intensity maps are displayed in the lower panels of Fig.", " [6](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "As already discussed above, for *q* = 1 the spatial modulation of the laser fluence by optical retardation tuning leads to two regions of minimum fluence (see e.g. Fig.", " [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "When the distance between these regions is not enough to lead to separated non-ablated islands, as, e.g., for *δ* = 0.9π (Fig.", " [6(a)](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}), an elliptical non-ablated area is obtained. ", "At *q* = 3/2, three regions of minimum fluence form in the VV beam spatial profile, as for example illustrated in Fig.", " [5(b)](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Also in this case, an appropriate optical retardation tuning can lead to a spatial fluence distribution limiting the ablation in the central area and allowing to imprint a blunt triangle in the center of the ablation crater, as for example shown in Fig.", " [6(b)](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"} at *δ* = 0.85π. ", "To facilitate the identification of the resulting shape, three white dotted segments along the straight edges of the central non-ablated part are drawn in Fig.", " [6(b)](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The internal angles at the three vertices formed by these lines are (61 ± 1) degrees, hence showing that an equilateral blunt triangle is eventually achieved. ", "The corresponding three vertices are indicated as small circles in the map of the fluence spatial distribution reported in the lower panel of Fig.", " [6(b)](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}.Figure 6SEM images of the silicon surface after irradiation with N = 200 fs VV pulses generated by four different q-plates; the topological charge, q, and optical retardation, *δ*, are indicated on the top of each image. ", "The scale bars in the images correspond to 20 µm. ", "The structures are produced at a laser pulse energy of: (**a**) 40 µJ, (**b**) 65 µJ, (**c)** 55 µJ, and (**d**) 100 µJ, respectively. ", "The lower panels display the spatial maps of the fluence and SoP of the corresponding VV beam. ", "The scale bar, shown in lower left map, is 20 μm.", "\n\nIncreasing the value of q-plate topological charge *q*, blunt square and pentagonal patterns are achieved for *q* = 2 at *δ* = 0.87π and for *q* = 5/2 at *δ* = 0.72π, respectively. ", "The mean of the internal angles between straight edges in Fig.", " [6(c) and (d)](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"} are (90 ± 2) and (107 ± 2) degrees, respectively. ", "However, in this cases one can also observe the formation of a circular ablated area within the central regions. ", "The central hole is due to the gradual increase of the intensity of the $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${G}_{H}$$\\end{document}$ component at the spot center, as evidenced by the spatial intensity maps of the VV beams (see lower panels of Fig.", " [6(c) and (d)](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These examples suggest that appropriate optical tuning of the q-plates allows generating VV beams capable of scribing peculiar geometrical shapes on the sample surface that are characterized by a fairly good degree of regularity. ", "The number of sides of the imprinted figure is directly related to the OAM, \\|*ℓ*\\|, carried by the left and right circularly polarized helical beams forming the $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${V}_{q}$$\\end{document}$ component, going from a segment with rounded extremes at \\|*ℓ*\\| = 2 to a blunt pentagon at \\|*ℓ*\\| = 5. ", "Surface structures with such morphologies may attract particular interest because of their potential to impart novel functionality and responses to the material surface. ", "In fact, the basic units can be replicated over larger areas by laser step scan processing. ", "This might allow the fabrication of arrays of structures with high precision and reproducibility, and in short time, through direct laser surface processing with tailored VV beams.", "\n\nConclusions {#Sec6}\n===========\n\nIn summary, we have presented an experimental analysis on fs laser surface structuring with complex VV beams generated by q-plates with topological charges *q* = 1, 3/2, 2, 5/2, through multi-pulse ablation of a solid crystalline silicon target. ", "Our findings show good agreement between the spatial profile of fluence and SoP of the beam in the focal plane, and the features of the generated ablation craters and LIPSS (ripples and grooves) patterns. ", "In particular, we have demonstrated that optical retardation tuning of the q-plate offers a novel strategy to manipulate the fluence distribution of the beam, and fabricate specific surface structures, with peculiar shapes. ", "This is achieved by simply tuning the voltage to the q-plate, thus making our approach very useful and advantageous as a beam shaping technique since it allows generating a variety of fields in an easy way and with the use of a flat and compact optical element. ", "A variety of shapes imprinted on the sample surface has been observed, that comprehends reliefs of non-ablated regions in form of isolated islands, multi-ablated spots with particular geometries, hollowed paddle wheels, starfish and blunt regular polygons (e.g., triangle, square and pentagon). ", "We have, thus, demonstrated that the use of ultrashort complex light beams in direct surface structuring allows achieving a further advance in laser patterning and texturing. ", "The features of the generated surface structures are compared with the vector vortex beam characteristics at the focal plane rationalizing their relationship with the local state of the laser light. ", "In conclusion, irradiation with fs complex light beams can offer a valuable route to design unconventional surface structures, which, moreover, can provide basic units that replicated over larger areas allow fabricating complex surfaces with novel or extended functionality.", "\n\nMethods {#Sec7}\n=======\n\nExperimental setup {#Sec8}\n------------------\n\nThe experimental setup is sketched in Fig.", " [7](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The laser source is a Ti:Sa laser system delivering ≈35 fs pulses at a central wavelength of 800 nm, with a Gaussian beam spatial profile, at a repetition rate of 10 Hz. ", "A combination of half wave-plate and polarizer is used to control the pulse energy. ", "Optical VV beams are generated by a beam converter based on different q-plates with topological charges *q* = 1, 3/2, 2, and 5/2 and an initial angle *α*~0~ ≈ −π/6 (see Eq. ([", "1](#Equ1){ref-type=\"\"})). ", "The q-plate tuning is achieved by varying the optical retardation *δ* by means of the driving voltage *V*~*pp*~ (peak to peak) applied to the q-plate, by using a square-wave at 11 kHz delivered by a signal generator^[@CR4],[@CR38]^. At optimal tuning, corresponding to a half-wave retardation (*δ* = π), the q-plate allows generating various complex light fields depending on the polarization of the input beam. ", "By using a linear polarization along the reference (horizontal) *x*-axis, the q-plate generates a superposition state of left and right circularly polarized helical beams, whose spatial distribution in cylindrical coordinates can be expressed as:$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${{\\boldsymbol{\\psi }}}_{VV}^{(\\ell )}\\propto {f}_{\\ell }(r,z)({{\\boldsymbol{e}}}_{{\\boldsymbol{l}}}\\,{e}^{i|\\ell |\\varphi }+{{\\boldsymbol{e}}}_{{\\boldsymbol{r}}}\\,{e}^{-i|\\ell |\\varphi })$$\\end{document}$$In Eq. ([", "4](#Equ4){ref-type=\"\"}), $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${{\\boldsymbol{e}}}_{{\\boldsymbol{l}}}$$\\end{document}$ and $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${{\\boldsymbol{e}}}_{{\\boldsymbol{r}}}$$\\end{document}$ are the unit vectors associated with the left and right circular polarization states, *z* the direction of the propagation axis, $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$r$$\\end{document}$ and $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$\\varphi $$\\end{document}$ the radial and azimuthal coordinates in the *x-y* plane ($\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$r=\\sqrt{{x}^{2}+{y}^{2}}\\,;\\,\\varphi =$$\\end{document}$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$arctan(y/x))$$\\end{document}$. The function $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${f}_{\\ell }(r,z)$$\\end{document}$ describes the radial distribution of the field and is identical for the two modes carrying opposite values of the OAM, ±\\|*ℓ\\|*. ", "The temporal dependence, inherited from the input laser light pulse, can be treated as a global term not affecting the spatial and polarization structure of the field, and is not shown in Eq. ([", "4](#Equ4){ref-type=\"\"}). ", "In general, at the exit of a tuned q-plate, i.e. at an optical retardation *δ* = π (see Eq. ([", "2](#Equ2){ref-type=\"\"})), the profile of the generated VV beam is described by a Hyper-Geometric Gaussian mode^[@CR44],[@CR45]^. However, by filtering the beam with a circular aperture, we observe that the beam profile is well approximated by a Laguerre-Gauss mode subclass $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$L{G}_{0,\\ell }$$\\end{document}$^[@CR5]^, which we designate as $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${{\\boldsymbol{V}}}_{q}(x,y)$$\\end{document}$ (see Eq.", " [3](#Equ3){ref-type=\"\"}). ", "For conditions of optimal tuning *δ* = π, the VV beam waist at the focal plane is evaluated by the analysis of the variation of the annular crater radii vs laser energy^[@CR42]^, resulting *w*~0~ ≈ 43 μm. ", "At full wave retardation (*δ* = 2π), instead, the q-plate output results in a Gaussian beam with horizontal polarization $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${{\\boldsymbol{G}}}_{H}(x,y)$$\\end{document}$ (see Eq. ([", "3](#Equ3){ref-type=\"\"})). ", "Finally, optical retardation tuning provides a variety of fs VV laser beams (see Eq. ([", "3](#Equ3){ref-type=\"\"})) with a rather complex spatial variation of the SoP and fluence distribution.", "Figure 7Schematics of the experimental setup used for fs laser surface structuring with VV beams generated by a q-plate. ", "HWP = half-wave plate, P = polarizer, ES = electro-mechanical shutter; I = iris; L = lens. ", "The silicon target is fixed on a computer controlled high precision 3-axis translation stage. ", "The right panel shows images of the q-plates used in our experiments, e.g. *q* = 1, 3/2, 2, and 5/2, kept in between to cross-polarizing sheets. ", "The image in the red dashed box corresponds to a q-plate with *q* = 1/2.", "\n\nThe surface structuring experiments are carried out by focusing the generated VV beams on polished (100) intrinsic (resistivity \\> 200 Ωcm) silicon plates (Sil'tronix Silicon Technologies), in air. ", "The number of pulses hitting the target surface, *N*, is selected by an electromechanical shutter (see Fig.", " [7](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The target is an intrinsic (resistivity \\> 200 Ωcm), single-crystalline Si (100) plate. ", "The laser beam is focused by a lens (focal length 75 mm) onto the Si target sample, mounted on a computer-controlled 3-axis translation stage, at normal incidence. ", "An electromechanical shutter controls the number of laser pulses, *N*, irradiated on the target surface. ", "The morphological modifications of the irradiated target surface are analyzed by means of a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM).", "\n\n**Publisher\\'s note:** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.", "\n\nJ.JJN., ", "A.R., and R.B. acknowledge the partial support from the research project \"FAVOLA\" funded by Università degli Studi di Napoli \"Federico II\". ", "L.M., F.C., and A.R. acknowledge the partial support by the European Research Council (ERC), under Grant No. ", "694683 (PHOSPhOR).", "\n\nJ.JJN. ", "and E.A. carried out the direct surface structuring experiments and analyzed the data. ", "F.C. carried out the simulations. ", "A.R. fabricated the q-plates. ", "A.R., D.P., F.C. and L.M. supervised the fs vector beams generation and characterization procedures. ", "A.V. and R.F. carried out the SEM measurements. ", "J.JJN., ", "R.B. and S.A. presented the idea. ", "S.A. guided and supervised the experiments and wrote the manuscript, with contributions from J.JJN., ", "E.A. and F.C. All the authors assisted with the various stages of the experiments, discussed the results and commented on the manuscript.", "\n\nCompeting Interests {#FPar1}\n===================\n\nThe authors declare no competing interests.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Psalm 54 Lament, Imprecation, and Hope: The Prayer of the Righteous\n\nSermon, Uri Brito, \"Lament, Imprecation, and Hope: The Prayer of the Righteous\", Psalm 54\nA particular focus on the imprecatory psalms.", "\n\nUri Brito is Senior Pastor of Providence Church in Pensacola, Fl. ", "He is a graduate of Reformed Theological Seminary in Orlando, Fl. ", "Pastor Brito is the editor of The Church-Friendly Family and the author of The Trinitarian Father. ", "He blogs at uribrito.com and is the founder of Kuyperian Commentar y, a website dedicated to worldview thinking. ", "He is a Certified Counselor through the Association of Biblical... read more" ]

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[ "Wednesday, November 05, 2008\n\nDona Nobis Pacem\n\nA small group of thoughtful people could change the world.", "\n\nIndeed, it's the only thing that ever has.", "\n\n-Margaret Mead\n\nI know this post is early, but it's already November 6th in some parts of the world. ", "I wanted to thank Mimi for all of your hard work in putting this together. ", "The Peace Globe Movement has been very inspiring to watch over the past couple of years.", "\n\nAfter you check out the blogosphere and see all the peace globes, make sure to check out Mimi Lenox herself who will be on The Doctor Anonymous Show 56 which will be on Thursday, November 6th, 2008 at 9pm Eastern time. (", "And even if you cannot listen live, the show will be archived you can listen here later or even download it later so you can listen whenever you want!) ", "We'll talk about how the Peace Globes have swept through the blogsosphere. ", "And, of course taking your phone calls. ", "Call in and say hello to Mimi. ", "See you for the show.", "\n\nIf you do listen live, you can even take part in the chat room. ", "It is truly \"The show within the show.\" ", "You can even call in and say hello. ", "A great opportunity to interact with medbloggers you've only read about. ", "And, you will be able to see me on the live webcam during the show! ", "See you tonight!", "\n\nFor first time Blog Talk Radio listeners:*Although it is not required to listen to the show, I encourage you to register on the BlogTalkRadio site prior to the show. ", "I think it will make the process easier.", "\n\n*To get to my show site, click here. ", "As show time gets closer, keep hitting \"refresh\" on your browser until you see the \"Click to Listen\" button. ", "Then, of course, press the \"Click to Listen\" button.", "\n\n*You can also participate in the live chat room before, during, and after the show. ", "Look for the \"Chat Available\" button in the upper right hand corner of the page. ", "If you are registered with the BTR site, your registered name and picture will appear in the chat room.", "\n\n*You can also call into the show. ", "The number is on my show site. ", "I'll start taking calls about halfway into the show. ", "Hope these tips are helpful!", "\n\nUpdate: Thanks so much to Mimi for being on show 56. (", "You can click on the above player to listen to the show, or you can download the show here.) ", "It was really great talking with Mimi again. ", "For me, it's been very special seeing the growth of the Peace Globe Movement and BlogBlast For Peace. ", "I was blown away learning that there are over one thousand globes that have been put up in the blogosphere. ", "And, the number of countries that are involved - incredible.", "\n\nThanks to Lee from the blog called Tar Heel Ramblings for calling into the show. ", "Plus, in the chat room, there were a number of new listeners - undoubtedly there to support Mimi and to wish her well. ", "What a community that she has accumulated and she has put into action.", "\n\nThanks also to those who stopped by here - especially to those who left a comment below. ", "I feel bad for not being able to get out there and check out more peace globes. ", "But, the ones that I have seen, they have blown me away. ", "As I told Mimi, I'm fascinated by the creativity that is out there in the blogosphere. ", "I can't wait to see what's next. ", "Thanks again for your support of Mimi. ", "It was great talking with her again.", "\n\n9 pm Eastern Time? ", "I'm in Scotland so I'm guessing about five to seven hours ahead of you. ", "I'm not sure I'll be up by then so I'll wish everyone a great evening chatting about this amazing experience. ", "Thank you Mimi!! :-)", "\n\nThank you for inviting me to your show. ", "I had a great time! ", "It was wonderful to see so many friends there chatting and talking about the movement. ", "You are a pro host with a generous laugh that puts people at ease." ]

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[ "Vigna owahuensis\n\nVigna owahuensis is a rare species of flowering plant in the legume family known by the common name Oahu cowpea.", "\n\nDistribution\nIt is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known from seven small populations on the islands of Hawaii, Molokai, Lanai, and Kahoolawe. ", "Though it was described from a specimen collected on Oahu it is now extirpated from that island. ", "It was also known from Niihau, Maui, and Kauai in the past.", "\n\nThis plant grows in many types of shrubland and grassland habitat, as well as in some cultivated areas. ", "It occurs on cinder cones and offshore islets and exposed coral reefs.", "\n\nDescription\n\nVigna owahuensis is an annual or perennial herb growing up to long. ", "Each leaf has three hairy leaflets of widely varying shape and size. ", "Flowers occur singly or in clusters of up to four. ", "They are light yellow or greenish in color and are about long. ", "The fruit is a long, thin legume pod up to in length. ", "The pod may be slightly inflated or not. ", "It contains up to 15 gray or black beans around long.", "\n\nConservation\nThe species faces many threats, including loss of habitat to agriculture and development, degradation of the habitat by exotic plants and animals, and military activity. ", "It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.", "\n\nThere are fewer than 100 individuals in total remaining on four islands. ", "Two of the seven populations are on Molokai, one occurring in a plantation of tropical ash and pine trees. ", "As of the year 1994 there was only one plant known on Lanai. ", "There are several individuals on Hawaii and Kahoolawe.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nUSDA Plants Profile\n\nowahuensis\nCategory:Endemic flora of Hawaii" ]

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[ "What is Ash Wednesday?", "\n\nWhat is the meaning of Ash Wednesday?", "\n\nRoman Catholic churches of the Latin Rite use this service to prepare church members to better appreciate the death and resurrection of Christ through self-examination, repentance, prayer, fasting, and self-denial. ", "Ashes from the burned palms of the preceding year's Palm Sunday are blessed. ", "With these ashes, the priest marks a cross on the foreheads of worshipers, saying, \"Remember, man, that dust thou art, and unto dust thou shalt return\" (Genesis 3:19 KJV). ", "Besides showing sorrow for their sins, those who honor Ash Wednesday add an additional meaning; the need to prepare for a holy death.", "\n\nOrigin of Ash Wednesday\n\nAsh Wednesday has a non-Christian origin and was accepted into the beliefs of the Catholic Church at the Council of Nicaea in 325 AD. ", "The council also settled upon the 40-day fast period as the standard length to celebrate Lent. ", "During this time period the goal of Constantine was to combine pagans and Christians into a peaceable unit within the Roman kingdom.", "\n\nEven after the Council of Nicaea the beginning start date of Lent was still questioned. ", "In 601 Pope Gregory moved the beginning of Lent from the fourth Sunday of the year to Ash Wednesday, 46 days before Easter. ", "This changed allowed for 40 days of fasting with six Sundays counted as feast days, for a total of 46 days for Lent. ", "Pope Gregory also instituted the tradition of marking parishioners forehead’s with ashes in the shape of a cross.", "\n\nIs Ash Wednesday Mentioned in the Bible?", "\n\nAsh Wednesday is not specifically mentioned in the Bible, however, from Biblical times, sprinkling oneself with ashes has been a mark of sorrow for sin. ", "Several times the Bible mentions people repenting in dust and ashes; for example: Mordecai (Esther 4:1), Job (Job 42:6), the inhabitants of Nineveh (Jonah 3:5-6), and Daniel (Daniel 9:3-4). ", "Repentance in dust and ashes often was accompanied with fasting during Bible times.", "\n\nThe type of fast Jesus himself endorsed was the following, found in Matthew 6:16-18, \"Moreover, when you fast, do not be like the hypocrites, with a sad countenance. ", "For they disfigure their faces that they may appear to men to be fasting. ", "Assuredly, I say to you, they have their reward. ", "But you, when you fast, anoint your head and wash your face, so that you do not appear to men to be fasting, but to your Father who is in the secret place; and your Father who sees in secret will reward you openly.”", "\n\nAdditionally, Isaiah 58:5-7 says, \"Is it a fast that I have chosen, a day for a man to afflict his soul? ", "Is it to bow down his head like a bulrush, and to spread out sackcloth and ashes? ", "Would you call this a fast, and an acceptable day to the Lord? “", "Is this not the fast that I have chosen: to loose the bonds of wickedness, to undo the heavy burdens, to let the oppressed go free, and that you break every yoke? ", "Is it not to share your bread with the hungry, and that you bring to your house the poor who are cast out; when you see the naked, that you cover him, and not hide yourself from your own flesh?”", "\n\nJesus is calling His followers to avoid making a show when fasting, but rather to help those in need. ", "He is calling Christians to think externally in avenues of service, instead of only thinking internally toward themselves. ", "The point of that matter is this; Jesus is interested in the condition of the heart and not merely external appearances or show. ", "As you think about your life, repentance, and fasting where is your heart? ", "Are you others focused or self focused? ", "Do you desire to have true repentance and fasting as mentioned in Psalms 51 (especially verses 10-13, 17), or are your actions merely based on outward tradition?", "\n\nShould Christians Celebrate Ash Wednesday?", "\n\nAs mentioned before, the Bible directly talks about repentance and fasting, but doesn’t mention Ash Wednesday specifically. ", "Therefore, Christians are under no obligation to celebrate the holiday. ", "The important fact to remember is that Christians should be ready and willing to repent, fast, and focus on God throughout the year and not just during the Lenten season.", "\n\nAdditionally, Ash Wednesday is not a day of holy obligation, although Roman Catholics attend Mass on this day in order to mark the beginning of the Lenten season. ", "The churches of the Anglican Communion, as well as some other Protestant churches observe Ash Wednesday. ", "Eastern Rite churches, however, do not observe Ash Wednesday, their Lent begins on the preceding Monday." ]

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[ "McDowell To Drive For Phil Parsons Racing In Cup In 2012\n\n[1]Michael McDowell will return to the Sprint Cup Series with Phil Parsons Racing, formerly HP Racing. ", "The team hasn’t announced a car number, but it has switched to Fords and will use engines from Roush-Yates Engines.", "\n\nThe team has enough sponsorship to run the first fives races of the season.", "\n\nMcDowell will also drive Joe Gibbs Racing’s No. ", "18 in five races in the Nationwide Series. ", "McDowell will pilot the car at Road America, Watkins Glen International, Michigan International Speedway, and Iowa Speedway twice." ]

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[ "---\nauthor:\n- |\n [Rebekah ]{}L. Rogers$^1$, Ling Shao$^1$, Jaleal S. Sanjak $^1$, Peter Andolfatto$^2$,\\\n and Kevin R. Thornton$^1$\nbibliography:\n- 'NewAnnotations.bib'\ntitle: ' Revised annotations, sex-biased expression, and lineage-specific genes in the *Drosophila melanogaster* group'\n---\n\n****\n\nResearch Article\n\n1\\) Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine\\\n2) Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and the Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University\\\n\n**Running head:** Gene annotations and sex-biased expression in [*Drosophila*]{}\n\n**Key words:** Gene annotation, sex-specific gene expression, polycistronic genes, gene fusion, [*D. simulans*]{}, [*D. yakuba*]{}, [*D. ananassae*]{}.", "\n\n**Corresponding author:** Rebekah L. Rogers, Dept. ", "of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 5323 McGaugh Hall, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697\\\n\\\n**Phone:** 949-824-0614\n\n**Fax:** 949-824-2181\n\n**Email:** rogersrl@uci.edu\n\n {#section .unnumbered}\n\nAbstract {#abstract .unnumbered}\n--------\n\nHere, we provide revised gene models for [*D. ananassae*]{}, [*D. yakuba*]{}, and [*D. simulans*]{}, which include UTRs and empirically verified intron-exon boundaries, as well as ortholog groups identified using a fuzzy reciprocal-best-hit blast comparison. ", "Using these revised annotations, we perform differential expression testing using the cufflinks suite to provide a broad overview of differential expression between reproductive tissues and the carcass. ", "We identify thousands of genes that are differentially expressed across tissues in [*D. yakuba*]{} and [*D. simulans*]{}, with roughly 60% agreement in expression patterns of orthologs in [*D. yakuba*]{} and [*D. simulans*]{}. ", "We identify several cases of putative polycistronic transcripts, pointing to a combination of transcriptional read-through in the genome as well as putative gene fusion and fission events across taxa. ", "We furthermore identify hundreds of lineage specific genes in each species with no blast hits among transcripts of any other [*Drosophila*]{} species, which are candidates for neofunctionalized proteins and a potential source of genetic novelty.", "\n\nIntroduction {#introduction .unnumbered}\n------------\n\nAccurate models of gene structure including UTRs, intron-exon boundaries, as well as coding sequences are essential for proper interpretation of molecular genetics [@Fire1998; @CRSPR], demographic inference [@Halligan2006; @Parsch2010; @Clemente2012], tests of selection [@McDonald1991], and comparative genomics [@modENCODE]. ", "The [*Drosophila*]{} offer an excellent model for comparative genomics, with high-quality sequenced genomes for 12 species[@TwelveGenomes] as well as draft genomes for an additional 8 species [@modENCODE] spanning a total of 63 MY [@Tamura2004]. ", "Previous gene models provided for the 12 [*Drosophila*]{} genomes focused on gene prediction with the aid of homology to establish putative annotations of coding sequences across taxa with 15,000-16,000 genes for most species [@TwelveGenomes]. ", "These gene models produce reliable annotations for conserved genes as well as genes that are present in multiple species but will lack lineage specific genes where sources of genetic novelty add to the genome, will misidentify rapidly evolving sequences, and will neglect isoforms that may offer alternative molecular functions.", "\n\nRecent work has validated gene models in [*D. melanogaster*]{} through cross-species comparisons [@modENCODE]. ", "While aligned CDS sequences often display patterns of expression consistent with conservation, gene structure varies across taxa at UTRs, introns, and noncoding DNA [@modENCODE]. ", "Furthermore, any gene families and functional classes subject to rapid evolution in gene structure which is unlikely to be reflected in homology based annotations [@Wasbrough2010] and *de novo* genes will also be absent in spite of their role in developing functional diversity [@Zhao2014].", "\n\nBeyond the evolution of gene structure, expression patterns of genes across tissues is expected to influence their evolutionary constraints and rates of sequence evolution [@VanDyken2010] as well as their functional roles within the organism. ", "Sex-biased genes are often rapidly evolving [@Ranz2003; @Ellegren2007] especially among male reproductive proteins [@Zhang2007; @Meisel2011; @Haerty2007]. ", "Moreover, sex specific expression patterns can influence the extent to which genes contribute to sexual antagonism, influencing their role in the evolution of sexual dimorphism [@Mank2008]. ", "Correctly identifying sex-specific and tissue specific expression is therefore essential for studying the molecular and evolutionary impacts of genes within species. ", "Moreover, changes in tissue specific or sex-specific expression may point to rapid evolution of gene functions and candidate loci to search for signals of evolutionary change and differential selective effects between the sexes.", "\n\nHere, we describe RNA-seq based gene annotations for [*Drosophila*]{} outgroup species [*D. simulans*]{}, [*D. yakuba*]{}, and [*D. ananassae*]{} based on whole transcriptome sequencing of male and female adult tissues. ", "These revised gene models capture hundreds of lineage specific genes on major chromosomal arms in [*D. yakuba*]{} and [*D. simulans*]{}. ", "We also describe [5$'$]{} and [3$'$]{} UTRs, and intron-exon structure for genes throughout the [*D. melanogaster*]{} group. ", "Finally, we describe sex-biased expression across species, identifying thousands of genes that are differentially expressed across tissues. ", "These revised gene models as well as results of sex-biased and tissue-biased differential expression testing should serve as a resource for the [*Drosophila*]{} evolutionary and molecular genetics community interested in evolution, conservation, and gene expression.", "\n\nMethods {#methods .unnumbered}\n-------\n\n### Sample preparation {#sample-preparation .unnumbered}\n\nFly stocks were incubated under controlled conditions at 25 and $\\sim$40% humidity. ", "Virgin flies were collected within 2 hours of eclosion, then aged 2-5 days post eclosion before dissection. ", "We dissected samples in isotonic Ringers solution, using female ovaries and headless gonadectomized carcass from two adult flies as well as testes plus glands and male headless gonadectomized carcass for four adult flies for each sample RNA prep. ", "We collected three biological replicates of the [*D. yakuba*]{} reference, three biological replicates of the [*D. simulans*]{} $w^{501}$ reference, and one replicate of the [*D. ananassae*]{} reference and one replicate of the [*D. melanogaster*]{} reference (stock numbers in Table \\[FlyStocks\\]). ", "Samples were flash frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately after dissection, and and stored in 0.2ml Trizol at -80. ", "All samples were homogenized in 0.5ml Trizol Reagent (Invitrogen) with plastic pestle in 1.5ml tube, mixed with 0.1ml chloroform, and centrifuged 12,000g 15min at 4oC, as Trizol RNA extraction protocol. ", "The RNAs in the supernatant about 0.4ml were then collected and purified with Direct-Zol RNA MiniPrep Kit (Zymo), following the standard protocol. ", "The total RNAs were eluted in 65$\\mu$L RNase-Free H$_2$O. About 1$\\mu$g purified RNAs were treated with 2$\\mu$L Turbo DNase (Invitrogen) in 65$\\mu$L reaction, incubated 15min at room temperature with gentle shaking. ", "These RNAs were further purified with RNA Clean and Concentrator-5 (Zymo). ", "One extra wash with fresh 80% ethanol after the final wash step was added into the original protocol. ", "The treated RNAs were eluted with 15$\\mu$L RNAse-Free H$_2$O, and stored at -80.", "\n\nThe amplified cDNAs were prepared from 100ng DNase treated RNA with Ovation RNA-Seq System V2 (Nugen) and modified protocol. ", "The preparations followed the protocol to the step of SPIA Amplification (Single Primer Isothermal Amplification). ", "The amplified cDNAs were first purified with Purelink PCR Purification Kit (Invitrogen, HC Binding Buffer) and eluted in 100$\\mu$L EB (Invitrogen). ", "These cDNAs were purified again to 25$mu$L EB with DNA Clean and Concentrator -5 Kit (Zymo) for Nextera library preparation. ", "About 43ng cDNAs were used to construct libraries with Nextera DNA Sample Preparation Kit (Illumina) and modified protocol. ", "After Tagmentation, Purelink PCR Purification Kit with HC Binding Buffer was used for purification and eluted with 30$\\mu$L EB or H2O. The products (libraries) of final PCR amplification were purified with DNA Clean and Concentractor-5 and eluted in 20$\\mu$L EB. ", "The average library lengths about 500bp were estimated from profiles on a Bioanalyzer 2100 (Agilent) with DNA HS Assay. ", "All libraries were normalized to 2-10nM based on real-time PCR method with Kapa Library Quant Kits (Kapa Biosystems). ", "The qualities and quantities of these RNAs, cDNAs and final libraries were measured from Bioanalyzer with RNA HS or DNA HS Assays and Qubit (Invitrogen) with RNA HS or DNA HS Reagents, respectively. ", "Samples were barcoded and sequenced using 76 bp reads in 4-plex on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 using standard Illumina barcodes, resulting in high coverage (Figure \\[DsimFemCov\\]-\\[DmelCov\\]). ", "Coverage in RNA-seq data is dependent on expression level, but the majority of sites have coverage less than 50 reads. ", "One replicate of female tissues was sequenced using single end reads. ", "All other libraries were sequenced using paired end reads and dual indexing. ", "Samples were sequenced as they became available, across the equivalent of one eight lane flow cell for the 32 samples in total.", "\n\n### Trinity and Augustus gene annotation {#trinity-and-augustus-gene-annotation .unnumbered}\n\nRNA sequencing data for ovary, female carcass, testes, and male carcass of [*D. yakuba*]{}, [*D. simulans*]{}, and [*D. ananassae*]{} were concatenated into a single fastq file, and digitally normalized to remove excess redundant reads for highly expressed transcripts. ", "This step results in tractable runtimes with no loss of information in transcript annotations. ", "We ran Trinity <http://trinityrnaseq.sourceforge.net/>[@Haas2013; @Grabherr2011]. ", "For a single sample:\n\n1\\. FASTQ files for left and right reads were concatenated. ", "2. ", "The concatanated files were subject to “digital normalization” using the following command in the Trinity package:\n\n`normalize_by_kmer_coverage.pl --seqType fa --JM 100G --max_cov 30 --left left.fa`\\\n`--right right.fa --pairs_together --PARALLEL_STATS --JELLY_CPU $CORES`, where \\$CORES is how many CPU we had available\n\n3\\. The resulting normalized left and right fastq files where then used in the following command: ` Trinity.pl --seqType fa --bflyHeapSpaceInit 1G --bflyHeapSpaceMax 8G`\\\n`--JM 7G --left $LEFTFILE --right $RIGHTFILE --output trinity_output`\\\n`--min_contig_length 300 --CPU $CORES --inchworm_cpu $CORES --bflyCPU $CORES`, where the variables are the normalized fastq files and the number of cores available.", "\n\n4\\. Further detail is at <https://github.com/ThorntonLab/annotation_methods>\n\nThe resulting annotations were used as input in the Augustus v2.5.5 gene prediction software <http://bioinf.uni-greifswald.de/augustus/> with command line options `--species=fly --hintsfile=$INFILE_BASE.hints.", "E.gff `\\\n`--extrinsicCfgFile=augustus.2.5.5/config/extrinsic/extrinsic.", "ME.cfg `\\\n`$INFILE --gff3=on --uniqueGeneId=true > $INFILE_BASE.gff3`.", "\n\n### Alignment and annotation {#alignment-and-annotation .unnumbered}\n\nWe matched Augustus gene models to previous annotations from FlyBase r1.3 for [*D. ananassae*]{}, and [*D. yakuba*]{}, or to the [*D. simulans*]{} $w^{501}$ reference annotations. ", "CDS sequences were required to physically overlap with the location of a current FlyBase or $w^{501}$ gene model and were required to have matches to 85% or more CDS sequence with 90% or greater amino acid similarity in an all-by-all BLASTp of translated sequences at a cutoff of $E\\leq 10^{-10}$ with low-complexity filters turned off (-F F). ", "We mapped RNA-seq data to known gene models annotated in FlyBase, [*D. yakuba*]{} r1.3, [*D. ananassae*]{} r1.3, [*D. melanogaster*]{} r.5.45, and the [*D. simulans*]{} $w^{501}$ gene models annotated by Hu et al. [", "@SimRef]. ", "GFF Files were reformatted using gffread from Cufflinks suite. ", "Sequences were mapped to the genome using Tophat v.2.0.6 [@Trapnell2009; @Kim2013] and Bowtie2 v.2.0.2 [@Langmead2009], using reference annotations as a guide, with no attempt to identify novel transcripts using reads which fell outside reference annotations (-G) and all other parameters set to default. ", "We used Cufflinks 2.0.2 [@Trapnell2012] to calculate expression levels across genes and transcripts, normalizing expression by the upper quantile (-N) and ignoring reads which fall outside known gene models (-G) with all other options set to default. ", "Orphaned gene models from FlyBase or from Hu et al. (", "2012) which had FPKM $\\geq 2$ but which had no assembled gene model match from Augustus were included in the final annotations used for differential expression testing. ", "Some annotations contain polycistronic transcripts encompassing multiple independent open reading frames. ", "A portion of these polycistronic transcripts may reflect only low-level polycistronic transcription, rather than polycistronic transcripts serving as the dominant isoforms but the rate of polycistronic transcription cannot be readily determined with available data. ", "For genes with polycistronic transcripts but no 1:1 transcript match with FlyBase gene models, we included annotations for both the polycistronic Augustus gene models and the gene models from FlyBase supporting independent transcripts.", "\n\n### Sex-bias and Tissue Bias {#sex-bias-and-tissue-bias .unnumbered}\n\nThe union of gene models from Augustus and orphaned gene models from FlyBase were combined into a single GFF containing transcript and CDS annotations for each species. ", "We then re-mapped RNA-seq reads to gene models in the reannotated GFF for [*D. yakuba*]{}, [*D. ananassae*]{}, and [*D. simulans*]{}, as well as unmodified gene models for [*D. melanogaster*]{} r.5.45 with Tophat and performed differential expression testing at an FDR $\\leq$ 0.1 normalizing expression by the upper quantile (-N) and ignoring reads which fall outside known gene models (-G) with all other options set to default using the Cufflinks suite according to the same criteria described above. ", "We compared female carcass to female ovaries, male carcass to male testes, female carcass to male carcass, and female ovaries to male testes for each species, grouping replicates for reference genomes.", "\n\n### Orthologs and lineage specific genes {#orthologs-and-lineage-specific-genes .unnumbered}\n\nOrthologs were identified using fuzzy reciprocal best hit BLASTp comparisons of all translations across reference genomes for gene model predictions of [*D. ananassae*]{}, [*D. yakuba*]{}, [*D. simulans*]{}, as well as [*D. melanogaster*]{}. ", "Orthologs are similar to those previously used to annotate gene families in [*Drosophila*]{} [@TwelveGenomes; @Hahn2007]. ", "Putative orthologs must be putative reciprocal hits of the same rank order, where genes with an E-value within a single log-unit of one another are assigned the same rank, using the best E-Value for a gene with a cutoff of $E\\leq10^{-10}$. Lineage specific genes were defined as genes with no hit in an all-by-all BLASTp of translations against translations of the other outgroups (e.g. [*D. yakuba*]{}, [*D. ananassae*]{}, and [*D. melanogaster*]{} for [*D. simulans*]{}) at a cutoff of $E\\leq10^{-10}$ with low-complexity filters turned off (-F F).", "\n\n### Gene ontology {#gene-ontology .unnumbered}\n\nWe used DAVID gene ontology analysis software <http://david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/> to determine whether any functional categories were overrepresented among genes with sex specific or tissue specific expression. ", "Functional data for [*D. ananassae*]{}, [*D. yakuba*]{} and [*D. simulans*]{} are not readily available in many cases, and thus we identified functional classes in the [*D. melanogaster*]{} orthologs as classified in Flybase. ", "Gene ontology clustering threshold was set to Low. ", "Genes with tissue specific expression were based on genes with differential expression from cufflinks for comparisons of female carcass vs. female ovaries and male carcass vs. male testes at a genomewide FDR $\\leq 0.10$, according to cufflinks default settings.", "\n\nResults {#results .unnumbered}\n-------\n\n### Annotations {#annotations .unnumbered}\n\nFor moderately to highly expressed genes we recover gene structure with intron-exon boundaries and UTR sequences for full length transcripts including novel exons which were previously unannotated based on comparative genomics (Figure \\[AdhFig\\]-\\[AnnotationFig\\]). ", "Many genes are part of polycistronic transcripts including one from [*D. melanogaster*]{}. ", "We identify 2529 putative polycistronic transcripts in [*D. yakuba*]{}, 2379 in [*D. ananassae*]{}, and 561 in [*D. simulans*]{}. ", "For such genes we offer gene models from FlyBase as well as fused models from Augustus. ", "The extent to which such transcription of multiple genes is functional as opposed to a stochastic byproduct of transcriptional errors is unclear. ", "We also include FlyBase gene models expressed in the reference genomes with no 1:1 match in gene models from Augustus. ", "The addition of FlyBase gene models results in an additional 4265 annotations in [*D. yakuba*]{}, 5367 in [*D. ananassae*]{}, and 7419 in [*D. simulans*]{}. ", "We identify a total of 22,989 transcripts for 16,278 genes in [*D. simulans*]{}, 20,315 transcripts for 17,579 genes in [*D. yakuba*]{}, and 22,420 transcripts for 20,580 genes in [*D. ananassae*]{} (Table \\[GeneCounts\\]). ", "Compared to [*D. yakuba*]{}, for [*D. ananassae*]{} an additional 1,173 FlyBase gene models failed to match sufficiently well with RNA-seq supported gene models and these were added to the annotations, explaining some of the excess in the number of genes and also highlighting the difficulties of annotation through comparative genomics across large phylogenetic distances. ", "In [*D. ananassae*]{}, 72% of gene models have RNA-seq data supporting 60% or more gene features (exons, UTRs) compared to 79.4% in [*D. yakuba*]{} and 80.1% in [*D. simulans*]{} (Table \\[PercentSupport\\]).", "\n\nAs defined by a fuzzy reciprocal best-hit blast [@TwelveGenomes; @Hahn2007] we identify 12,127 genes in [*D. melanogaster*]{} with first-order orthologs in [*D. simulans*]{}, 11,425 with first-order orthologs in [*D. yakuba*]{}, and 11,348 with first-order orthologs in [*D. ananassae*]{} (Table \\[AllOrthoCounts\\]). ", "The increase in the number of genes with orthologs in [*D. simulans*]{} is the product of improved annotations as well as the improved assembly of the $w^{501}$ [*D. simulans*]{} reference[@SimRef]. ", "We observe a 1:1 concordance for 48% of FlyBase gene models in [*D. yakuba*]{} and 46% of FlyBase gene models for [*D. ananassae*]{}. ", "These annotations typically include UTR sequences in addition to empirically supported intron-exon and coding sequence boundaries, an improvement over previous gene models from release r1.3 which lack UTRs [@TwelveGenomes]. ", "We further identify thousands of lineage specific genes in each species of [*Drosophila*]{} with no matching gene model in other outgroup species. ", "While lineage specific genes identified on minor chromosomes could result from assembly issues, we identify hundreds on major chromosomal arms (Table \\[NewGenes\\]) suggesting that many of these are in fact cases of lineage-specific gene formation.", "\n\n### Sex-biased and tissue-biased expression {#sex-biased-and-tissue-biased-expression .unnumbered}\n\nWe observe thousands of genes with sex-biased or tissue-biased expression in [*D. yakuba*]{} and [*D. simulans*]{}, but hundreds of genes with sex-biased or tissue-biased expression in [*D. melanogaster*]{} and [*D. ananassae*]{}, a direct product of increasing power to detect differences in RNA levels with biological replicates. ", "Gene ontology categories overrepresented between ovary and female carcass reflect differences in genes involved in reproduction, chromosome segregation and DNA synthesis or repair, while genes differentially expressed between testes and carcass reflect sperm development, cell division, and energy production (see Supplementary Information). ", "We used reciprocal best hit orthologs to identify genes with similar regulation across species, focusing on [*D. yakuba*]{} and [*D. simulans*]{} where biological replicates increase power for differential expression testing (Table \\[DiffExpGeneTab\\]). ", "A total of 10,369 genes in [*D. yakuba*]{} have reciprocal best hit orthologs in [*D. simulans*]{}, and were retained to compare differential expression across the two species. ", "We have collected replicates for both [*D. yakuba*]{} and [*D. simulans*]{}, contributing to the greater power in differential expression testing. ", "Roughly 60% of genes with tissue biased expression in [*D. yakuba*]{} that have a reciprocal best hit ortholog in [*D. simulans*]{} exhibit the same tissue specific bias in [*D. simulans*]{}, with marginally greater agreement in genes biased toward the carcass than the reproductive tissues in both males and females (Figure \\[VennDiagrams\\]). ", "We additionally observe evidence of differential expression in at least one of the four comparisons of male and female germline or somatic tissues for 118 lineage specific genes in [*D. ananassae*]{}, 334 in [*D. yakuba*]{}, and 222 in [*D. simulans*]{} (Table \\[NewGenes\\]), suggesting that they are not solely artifacts of gene annotation software.", "\n\nDiscussion {#discussion .unnumbered}\n----------\n\n### Gene models and ortholog calls {#gene-models-and-ortholog-calls .unnumbered}\n\nCorrect interpretations of gene expression changes and gene family evolution depend on accurate gene models. ", "Among the [*Drosophila*]{}, [*D. melanogaster*]{} has received the most attention with empirically verified gene annotations through high throughput EST and RNA-seq data as well as detailed manual or molecular curation of single genes. ", "Until present, gene models for outgroup species offer only CDS sequences, with no information concerning [5$'$]{} or [3$'$]{} UTRs or alternative isoforms even for well-studied genes such as *Adh*. ", "Establishing more complete gene models based on RNA-seq data will allow us to correctly identify coding and non-coding sequences during functional assays, correctly identify putatively neutral vs non-neutral mutations, and correctly define new mutations including the origins of new genes, expansion of gene families, and gross modification of coding sequences through rearrangement, duplication, and deletion. ", "Moreover, identifying putative isoforms provides a more complete portrait of gene structure and function across species. ", "Here, we provide updated gene annotations based on high coverage RNA-seq data for the reference genomes of 3 species of [*Drosophila*]{}: [*D. ananassae*]{}, [*D. yakuba*]{}, and [*D. simulans*]{}, which should serve as an excellent springboard and initial resource to the [*Drosophila*]{} molecular and evolutionary genetic community.", "\n\nAdditionally, lineage specific genes are unlikely to be identified in previous annotation efforts that focused largely on conserved amino acid sequences. ", "With RNA-seq annotations we can identify lineage specific genes, which are expected to be important in the evolution of genomes and emergence of genetic novelty. ", "The increased power to identify genes independently from conservation is a major step toward studying the evolution of genome content and rapidly evolving gene sequences. ", "The ability to identify transcribed genes independently from conservation will facilitate evolutionary and functional analyses of the most rapidly changing segments of the genome. ", "There may be additional gene models and isoforms in other tissue types or timepoints which deserves to be explored. ", "Particularly, these annotations are unlikely to reflect the full diversity of sequences and isoforms expressed during embryonic development post-fertilization, pupal development, or in larvae. ", "These alternative timepoints deserve future exploration and the gene models offered here will serve as a lower bound on the full diversity of sequences that are transcribed within each species.", "\n\n### Polycistronic genes {#polycistronic-genes .unnumbered}\n\nWe observe thousands of putatively polycistronic annotations in [*D. ananassae*]{} and [*D. yakuba*]{}, as well as hundreds in [*D. simulans*]{} $w^{501}$ where fewer gene model annotations were previously aligned and power to identify polycistronic genes is limited. ", "In [*D. melanogaster*]{}, hundreds of genes are known to show signs of polycistronic transcription [@Lin2007] offering a means of co-regulation across genes with similar functions [@Slone2007; @Blumenthal1998]. ", "With very high sequencing coverage we are able to recover a greater number of polycistronic transcripts, though some of these may be false positives resulting from annotation algorithms. ", "Some genes may differ in the frequency with which they are transcribed as polycistronic vs. independent transcripts, but these results imply that at least low levels of polycistronic transcription may be common for many genes in the genome and future validation may explore the extent of their functionality. *", "Adh* and *Adhr* show evidence of differing polycistronic status across [*Drosophila*]{} species [@Betran2000] and plant genomes are thought to split and fuse genes at rates of roughly $10^{-11}-10^{-10}$ per gene per year [@Nakamura2007]. ", "Switching the rates at which genes are co-transcribed has the potential to alter regulatory patterns across species [@Slone2007; @Blumenthal1998] and thereby produce novel phenotypes. ", "These differences in polycistronic transcription therefore represent potential sources of genetic change that may be important in evolutionary change.", "\n\n### Tissue specific expression {#tissue-specific-expression .unnumbered}\n\nWe identify thousands of genes that are differentially expressed across tissues in [*D. yakuba*]{} and [*D. simulans*]{}, where biological replicate samples for each tissue are available. ", "A large fraction of the genome appears to display tissue biased expression between germiline and carcass, with many fewer genes showing differential expression between male and female gonadectomized carcass, consistent with early microarry-based assays in [*D. melanogaster*]{} [@Parisi2003; @Parisi2004]. ", "We have sequenced samples to extremely high coverage, generating transcript annotations with [5$'$]{} and [3$'$]{} UTRs with empirically supported intron-exon structures, improving accuracy in differential expression testing. ", "Biological replicates for [*D. yakuba*]{} and [*D. simulans*]{} result in much greater power to identify differentially expressed genes in comparison with [*D. ananassae*]{} and [*D. melanogaster*]{}. ", "However, even in [*D. ananassae*]{} and [*D. melanogaster*]{} where only one replicate was available per tissue, we are still able to identify hundreds of genes that are differentially expressed across tissues with high coverage.", "\n\nA comparison of orthologs between [*D. yakuba*]{} and [*D. simulans*]{} where biological replicates should result in sufficient power to detect differential expression reliably across both species reveals that roughly 60% of genes with reciprocal best hit orthologs exhibit similar tissue biased expression between the two species. ", "The remaining 30% represent either genes that are differentially regulated between tissues but with effect sizes beyond the limits of detection, or genes that have evolved independent expression patterns between the two species. ", "We also observe tissue biased expression in hundreds of lineage specific genes, which may represent candidates for neofunctionalization and new gene origination. ", "These genes that display changes in sex-biased or tissue-biased expression across taxa, as well as lineage specific genes that exhibit tissue-biased and sex-biased expression are important candidate loci for evolutionary change in genome content and function that will be useful in exploring the functional and selective impacts of genomic changes.", "\n\nData access {#data-access .unnumbered}\n-----------\n\nGene annotations, ortholog calls, gene ontology calls, and Cuffdiff differential expression testing output files for all samples are available at <http://github.com/ThorntonLab/GFF>. ", "RNA-seq based annotations as well as first order orthologs in comparison to [*D. melanogaster*]{} can be viewed in the UCSC browser on the Thornton Lab public track hub at <http://genome.ucsc.edu>. ", "Sequencing fastq files were deposited in SRA with accession numbers PRJNA196536, PRJNA193071, PRJNA257286, and PRJNA257287.", "\n\nAuthor Contributions {#author-contributions .unnumbered}\n--------------------\n\nRLR, PA, and KRT designed experiments. ", "LS and RLR performed experiments and collected data. ", "RLR, JS, and KRT performed analyses. ", "RLR and KRT wrote the manuscript with methodological input from LS.", "\n\nAcknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered}\n----------------\n\nWe would like to thank Rahul Warrior for offering incubator space for fly cultures and Rachel Martin for an emergency supply of liquid nitrogen. ", "RLR is supported by NIH Ruth Kirschstein National Research Service Award F32-GM099377. ", "Research funds were provided by NIH grant R01-GM085183 to KRT and R01-GM083228 to PA. ", "All sequencing was performed at the UC Irvine High Throughput Genomics facility, which is supported by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number P30CA062203. ", "The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. ", "The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.", "\n\n Species Strain\n ----------------------- ---------------\n [*D. melanogaster*]{} 14021-0231.36\n [*D. simulans*]{} $w^{501}$\n [*D. yakuba*]{} 14021-0261.01\n [*D. ananassae*]{} 14024-0371.13\n\n : \\[FlyStocks\\]Fly stocks used for RNA-seq\n\n Species Transcripts Genes \n -------------------- ------------------ ------------- --------- --------- ---------\n Previous Release Revised FlyBase Revised FlyBase\n [*D. simulans*]{} r1.3 18,781 15,415 16,278 15,413\n [*D. yakuba*]{} r1.3 20,239 16,082 17,579 16,077\n [*D. ananassae*]{} r1.3 22,418 15,070 20,580 15,069\n\n : \\[GeneCounts\\]Number of transcripts and genes identified\n\n Species Percent Suported\n -------------------- ------------------\n [*D. ananassae*]{} 72.3%\n [*D. yakuba*]{} 79.4%\n [*D. simulans*]{} 80.05%\n\n : \\[PercentSupport\\]Percent of revised gene models with $\\geq$ 60% of features supported by RNA-seq data\n\n Genes in With an ortholog in Revised FlyBase\n ----------------------- ----------------------- --------- ---------\n [*D. melanogaster*]{} [*D. simulans*]{} 12,199 10,705\n [*D. melanogaster*]{} [*D. yakuba*]{} 11,472 11,556\n [*D. melanogaster*]{} [*D. ananassae*]{} 11,451 10,938\n [*D. simulans*]{} [*D. melanogaster*]{} 13,295 -\n [*D. simulans*]{} [*D. yakuba*]{} 12,299 -\n [*D. simulans*]{} [*D. ananassae*]{} 11,994 -\n [*D. yakuba*]{} [*D. melanogaster*]{} 12,868 -\n [*D. yakuba*]{} [*D. simulans*]{} 12,831 -\n [*D. yakuba*]{} [*D. ananassae*]{} 12,337 -\n [*D. ananassae*]{} [*D. melanogaster*]{} 12,897 -\n [*D. ananassae*]{} [*D. simulans*]{} 12,612 -\n [*D. ananassae*]{} [*D. yakuba*]{} 12,723 -\n\n : \\[AllOrthoCounts\\]Genes with a first order ortholog identified\n\n Species Major chromosomes Total Diff Exp\n -------------------- ------------------- ------- ----------\n [*D. ananassae*]{} - 2977 118\n [*D. yakuba*]{} 230 1340 334\n [*D. simulans*]{} 369 1314 222\n\n : \\[NewGenes\\]Putative Lineage Specific Genes on Major Chromosomes\n\n Species Tissue Tissue Significant Tested\n ----------------------- -------------- ---------------- ------------- --------\n [*D. ananassae*]{} Female Ovary Female Carcass 203 7537\n Female Ovary Male Testes 200 8282\n Male Carcass Male Testes 1013 8349\n Male Carcass Female Carcass 175 8417\n [*D. yakuba*]{} Female Ovary Female Carcass 5420 8689\n Female Ovary Male Testes 5868 10202\n Male Carcass Male Testes 3065 10412\n Male Carcass Female Carcass 724 9430\n [*D. simulans*]{} Female Ovary Female Carcass 5053 8967\n Female Ovary Male Testes 5741 10222\n Male Carcass Male Testes 4628 10679\n Male Carcass Female Carcass 611 9566\n [*D. melanogaster*]{} Female Ovary Female Carcass 112 11326\n Female Ovary Male Testes 370 12890\n Male Carcass Male Testes 220 13268\n Male Carcass Female Carcass 286 12502\n\n : \\[DiffExpGeneTab\\] Differentially Expressed Genes By Tissue and Species at FDR $\\leq$ 0.1\n\n![", "\\[AdhFig\\]Quantile normalized coverage for reference strains at the *Adh* locus in [*D. yakuba*]{}. ", "Coverage shows clear distinctions between introns and exons, and coverage that spans both [5$'$]{} and [3$'$]{} UTRs in ovaries and carcass. ", "Low coverage of intron sequence points to partial sequencing of low levels of unprocessed transcripts. ](", "AdhQuantNorm.pdf)\n\n![", "\\[AnnotationFig\\] Quantile normalized RNA-seq data for three replicates of the [*D. yakuba*]{} reference with an example of flybase gene model (white) and revised gene model (grey). ](", "NewUTRPlot.pdf)\n\n![", "\\[VennDiagrams\\] Genes with tissue biased expression in both [*D. yakuba*]{} and [*D. simulans*]{} in A) female ovary B) female carcass C) male testes D) male carcass. ", "Numbers shown include only genes with a reciprocal best hit ortholog in the sister species. ](", "AllVenn.pdf)\n\nSupplementary Information {#supplementary-information .unnumbered}\n-------------------------\n" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention is directed to structure preserving deformations in digital images.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nCreating meaningful deformations of digital shapes with respect to user interactions is a long-standing problem with its applications spanning numerous areas of computer graphics. ", "In computer animation, shape deformation is used to create active characters. ", "In geometry processing, shape deformation can be used to smooth and match geometric objects. ", "Moreover, shape deformation is used in shape modeling to save human labor. ", "So far, most of the research in shape deformation focuses on preserving high frequency signals such as shape details or articulated structures such as skeletons.", "\nBesides shape details and articulated structures, many digital shapes possess rich global structures which relate different parts of the digital shapes. ", "Representative structures include various symmetries, grid patterns and some shape structures such as line features. ", "Usually, the human visual system is sensitive to these global structures.", "\nThus, it is important to preserve these structures for realistic editing of digital shapes. ", "Moreover, symmetries are ubiquitous in our daily lives, and so from the perspective of modeling, it may be important to preserve symmetries. ", "Despite the tremendous advances in detail-preserving and skeleton-driven editing, little work on has been done regarding structure preserving editing." ]

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[ "Atyphopsis\n\nAtyphopsis is a genus of moths in the subfamily Arctiinae. ", "The genus was erected by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1878.", "\n\nSpecies\n Atyphopsis modesta Butler, 1887\n Atyphopsis roseiceps Druce, 1898\n Atyphopsis obscura Hampson, 1898\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Arctiinae\nCategory:Moth genera" ]

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[ "# apiserver\n\nCurrent version: 0.1.0\n\n## Background\n\nThis library provides an API server intended for use in an OS that is primarily accessible through the API.", "\nIt's intended to be the primary way to read and modify OS settings, to update services based on those settings, and more generally to learn about and change the state of the system.", "\n\nThe server listens to HTTP requests on a Unix-domain socket.", "\nThere is no built-in authentication - local access to the socket should be limited to processes and containers that should be able to configure the system.", "\nRemote access should only be allowed through an authenticated control channel such as SSH or SSM.", "\n\n## Design\n\n### API\n\nWe present an HTTP interface to configurable settings and other state.", "\nThe interface is documented in [OpenAPI format](https://swagger.io/docs/specification/about/) in [openapi.yaml](../openapi.yaml).", "\n\nThe Settings APIs are particularly important.", "\nYou can GET settings from the `/settings` endpoint.", "\nYou can also PATCH changes to the `/settings` endpoint.", "\nSettings are stored as a pending transaction until a commit API is called.", "\nPending settings can be retrieved from `/tx` to see what will change.", "\n\nUpon making a `/tx/commit` POST call, the pending transaction is made live.", "\nUpon making an `/tx/apply` POST call, an external settings applier tool is called to apply the changes to the system and restart services as necessary.", "\nThere's also `/tx/commit_and_apply` to do both, which is the most common case.", "\n\nIf you don't specify a transaction, the \"default\" transaction is used, so you usually don't have to think about it.", "\nIf you want to group changes into transactions yourself, you can add a `tx` parameter to the APIs mentioned above.", "\nFor example, if you want the name \"FOO\", you can `PATCH` to `/settings?tx=FOO` and `POST` to `/tx/commit_and_apply?tx=FOO`.", "\n\nRequests are directed by `server::router`.", "\n`server::controller` maps requests into our data model.", "\n\n### Model\n\nThe API is driven by a data model (similar to a schema) defined in Rust.", "\n(See the [models](../../models) directory for model definitions and more documentation.)", "\nAll input is deserialized into model types, and all output is serialized from model types, so we can be more confident that data is in the format we expect.", "\n\nThe data model describes system settings, services using those settings, and configuration files used by those services.", "\nIt also has a more general structure for metadata.", "\nMetadata entries can be stored for any data field in the model.", "\n\n### Data store\n\nData from the model is stored in a key/value data store.", "\nKeys are dotted strings like \"settings.service.abc\".", "\nThis naturally implies some grouping and hierarchy of the data, corresponding to the model.", "\n\nThe current data store implementation maps keys to filesystem paths and stores the value in a file.", "\nMetadata about a data key is stored in a file at the data key path + \".\" ", "+ the metadata key.", "\nThe default data store location is `/var/lib/bottlerocket/datastore/current`, and the filesystem format makes it fairly easy to inspect.", "\n\n### Serialization and deserialization\n\nThe `datastore::serialization` module provides code to serialize Rust types into a mapping of datastore-acceptable keys (a.b.c) and values.", "\n\nThe `datastore::deserialization` module provides code to deserialize datastore-acceptable keys (a.b.c) and values into Rust types.", "\n\n## Current limitations\n\n* Data store locking is coarse; read requests can happen in parallel, but a write request will block everything else.", "\n* There's no support for rolling back commits.", "\n* There are no metrics.", "\n* `datastore::serialization` can't handle complex types under lists; it assumes lists can be serialized as scalars.", "\n\n## Example usage\n\nYou can start the API server from the `apiserver` directory with a command like:\n\n`cargo run -- --datastore-path /tmp/bottlerocket/data --socket-path /tmp/bottlerocket/api.sock --log-level debug`\n\nThen, from another shell, you can query or modify data.", "\nSee `../../apiclient/README.md` for client examples.", "\n\n## Colophon\n\nThis text was generated using [cargo-readme](https://crates.io/crates/cargo-readme), and includes the rustdoc from `src/lib.rs`." ]

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[ "MUMBAI: Former Maharashtra chief minister Ashok Chavan is the 13th accused in the FIR filed by the Central Bureau of Investigation ( CBI ) in the Adarsh Cooperative Housing Society scam, thus becoming the first CM of the state to figure as an accused in any FIR.The CBI, which registered the FIR and gave it to a special CBI court on Saturday, gave a copy of the document to the Bombay high court on Monday. ", "The CBI is investigating the scam involving allegations of illegal land allotment and environmental violations in the Colaba sea-facing building where top politicians, bureaucrats and their relatives have flats. ", "The allotment was initially meant for serving and retired defence personnel and their families, including Kargil war heroes and their widows. ", "TOI first exposed the scam in a report on October 25, 2010 and wrote on January 31 that Chavan may figure among the accused.", "The CBI`s FIR says that Chavan played a key role in the conspiracy and abused his official position as revenue minister back in 2000 and later as CM. ", "As revenue minister he became a member of the criminal conspiracy with R C Thakur, Brig M M Wanchu and K Gidwani (ex-MLC). ", "He proposed to include civilians as members of Adarsh Society with ulterior motive to make his relatives members in the society, the FIR states. ", "The longest paragraph in the roles attributed to each accused concerns Chavan.", "The 13 accused include six retired top army brass, four ex-IAS officers, two politicians and a former defence estates officer. ", "Former city collector I A Kundan, who was earlier reported as being among the 13, is not among the accused. ", "Former civic commissioner Jairaj Phatak is being treated as the 14th name whose role will be investigated under provisions of the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act. ", "Phatak holds the rank of joint secretary, government of India, and anyone of that rank or above cannot be investigated for allegations under the Prevention of Corruption Act without prior approval of the Centre. ", "Until then, Phatak remains just a suspect.", "In an indication that the list of accused may grow, the FIR also accuses other unknown public servants and private persons.", "The FIR accuses the 13 of offences under the Indian Penal Code (IPC), like criminal conspiracy, cheating, forgery for the purpose of cheating and public servants using forged documents as genuine. ", "They have also been charged under the Prevention of Corruption Act and the maximum punishment attracted is seven years in jail.", "Chavan, who had to step down last year as a result of the scam being exposed, played a continuing role between 2000 and 2009 in the development of the 31-storey building on prime Colaba property, alleges the CBI. ", "The FIR states, After induction of civilian members in the society, process of allotment of land got expedited by officers of the state. ", "The society approved the proposal to induct civilians, changing the complexion of the society.", "The former CMs role did not end there, says the CBI. ", "Chavan as CM in July 2009 gave the society the concession of 15% Recreation Ground (RG) which was not allowed earlier by the state government and in turn got membership for his close relatives and thus abused his official position and favoured the society, states the FIR.On Pradeep Vyas, former Mumbai city collector, the CBI says that from 2002 to 2005 he approved false documents as proof of income submitted by members and accepted ineligible members for which his wife, a serving IAS officer, was given membership to Adarsh.", "The former defence officials named in the FIR include Maj Gen (Retd) A R Kumar and Brig (Retd) R C Sharma, who helped clear the land from the armys side. ", "They allegedly abused their official position and dishonestly issued purported NOC to collector, Mumbai, for development of the plot as they were members of the society. ", "Brig (retd) P K Rampal, as then general-officer-in-command (GOC), did not object to the NOC, the FIR says.", "Maj Gen (retd) T K Kaul, who is among the accused, allegedly misrepresented facts to Parliament in 2003. ", "In a reply to a Lok Sabha-starred question, he said the land wasnt and had never been under the armys occupation. ", "Brig (Retd) T K Sinha is accused of saying by letter that the management of defence land in Mumbai was the responsibility of the Local Military Authority and not the Defence Estates Office.", "With respect to Phatak`s role, the FIR explains that the state had set up a high-rise committee headed by a retired high court judge. ", "Any building over 70 metres high had to be referred to the committee. ", "The committee had recommended a 97.6-metre height for Adarsh, but the society added one more floor in September 2007. ", "Former BMC chief Phatak illegally regularized the new height without referring it to the high-rise committee. ", "The final height was 100.7 metres.", "Among the accused are R C Thakur, former defence estates officer; Brig (Retd) M M Wanchu; ex-MLC Kanhaiyalal Gidwani; Maj Gen (Retd) A R Kumar; Brig (Retd) R C Sharma; Maj Gen (Retd) T K Kaul; Brig (Retd) T K Sinha; Brig (Retd) P K Rampal; P V Deshmukh, former UD deputy secretary; former principal secretary, UD, Ramanand Tiwari; former CMs secretary Subhash Lalla; ex-collector Pradeep Vyas; and former CM Chavan." ]

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[ "Tuesday, January 4, 2011\n\nSo for my birthday, my sister surprised me with a ticket to see Usher, Trey and Miguel perform!!! ", "By far the best gift I have ever received thus far (besides my camera). ", "I've been meaning to blog about this but school is a riot. ", "Anyways, the seats were a bit \"eh!\" ", "but I still felt their energy and I could see pretty well so yeah...lol. ", "Anyways, they were all amazing!!! ", "Each one of them displayed their style perfectly; Miguel sounds amazing live, Trey teased the shit out of the ladies and Usher completely \"WOW'd\" me! ", "He's one hell of a performer, I honestly feel privileged to have seen him perform in his prime! ", "And his dancers? ", "Oh my gosh, words cannot even begin to express how excellent they are! ", "The choreography was probably one of my favorite part of the entire show. ", "That and Trey's teasing antics.", "\nNote:\nMost of these pictures don't have my watermark on 'em just keep in mind if you do post any of my photos, make sure you credit me. ", "if I do find you, I will sue you --FAIR warning.", "\nUsher's set was crazy!!!", "\n\nThis was my first OFFICIAL concert show. ", "I've attended shows given by underground artists such as Big Sean and Curren$y and I was either in front or on the stage lol so being this distant from Trey & 'em was heart wrenching. -__- ", "The next show I go to though, WILL be Chris Brown and I will be on stage. ", "haha\n\n0\ncomments:\n\nPost a Comment\n\nABOUT ME\n\nThe Expressionist -- the girl who starved her ego and fed her Soul. ", "A walking contradiction. ", "A child of solitude. ", "A prisoner of passion. ", "Student of Psychology. ", "Aspiring to dominate in matters of creative conduct. ", "-teff, THE don.." ]

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[ "Classic Land Rover Magazine\nIssues\n\nClassic Land Rover is an exciting new monthly magazine dedicated to Series and the classic Land Rovers. ", "Written by enthusiasts, it is the complete guide to buying, owning, running, driving, repairing, modifying and restoring pre-nineties Land Rovers and Range Rover classics." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThis invention relates to a closure system including a closure having an integral tamper band connected to the skirt of the closure by bridges which fracture upon removal of the closure to provide a visual indication that the container has been opened or tampered with. ", "More particularly, the invention relates to such a closure system in which axially extending ratchet members on the end of the tamper band and on the container cooperate to allow the tamper band to rotate with the closure as the closure is screwed onto the container, but prevent rotation of the tamper band as the closure is unscrewed to fracture the bridges joining the tamper band to the closure skirt.", "\n2. ", "Background Information\nIt is common practice today for container closures to have tamper indicating means which provide a visual and mechanical indication that the container has been opened or tampered with. ", "Many of these tamper indicating closures include a tamper band secured to the skirt of the cap by frangible bridges which fracture when an attempt is made to remove the cap. ", "When such tamper bands are applied to screw type closures, it is common to provide means to prevent rotation of the tamper band relative to the cap as the cap is unscrewed. ", "Typically, this means has been radially extending ratchet members on the container neck and on the inner surface of the annular tamper band. ", "Examples of such closures are found for example in U.S. Pat. ", "Nos. ", "3,874,540 and 4,534,480. ", "Such closures require very close tolerances on the closure and the container to assure proper engagement of the ratchets.", "\nMany tamper bands are secured to the container by a radially inwardly directed lip which engages a radial flange or transfer bead on the container. ", "Some of these tamper bands are provided with ratchet teeth which cooperate with corresponding members on the skirt to couple the tamper band to the cap during application of the closure to the container to resist premature fracturing of the bridges as the lip on the tamper band is forced over the transfer bead. ", "When the cap is unscrewed, the inclined surfaces on the ratchet teeth cooperate to axially separate the tamper band from the skirt thereby applying an axial force to assist in fracturing the bridges. ", "Closures with such features are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. ", "Nos. ", "4,461,391 and 4,560,076, and French patent no. ", "1,536,459. ", "The closure in the second of these patents also utilizes radially extending ratchet teeth to prevent rotation of the tamper band as the cap is unscrewed. ", "Such closures must also be made with close tolerances to preclude prying of the tamper band off of the transfer bead. ", "Furthermore, the bridges must be made stronger to resist the twisting moment applied to them during application of the cap. ", "This makes it more difficult to fracture the bridges on removal of the cap.", "\nThe closure disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,503,986 has a tamper indicator made of a lower ring keyed to radial projections on the container to prevent rotation and joined to an upper ring of larger diameter by frangible bridges. ", "Axially extending ratchet teeth on the upper ring cooperate with lugs on the cap skirt to permit relative rotation between the cap and the indicator as the cap is being screwed on, but lock the upper ring to the cap for rotation therewith during unscrewing of the cap to fracture the bridges. ", "This closure requires both radial and axial engagement means for the tamper band and is more difficult and costly to manufacture. ", "In addition, the tamper band is not integral with the cap, therefore requiring additional handling during application of the two piece closure to a container.", "\nThere remains a need for a reliable, inexpensive, easily manufactured closure with a tamper band which provides an indication that the closure has been opened or tampered with.", "\nThere is further need for such a closure which does not require tight tolerances either on the closure or the container to which the closure is applied.", "\nThere is also a need for such a closure in which bridges connecting the tamper band to the cap do not have to resist large forces during application of the cap so that they can be made to fracture with less force upon removal of the cap.", "\nWith regard to the need for such a closure which can be easily manufactured, the closure should be designed such that it can be integrally molded without the need for slides or other complex molding techniques." ]

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[ "If Nova Scotians value the lives of seniors, they must be prepared to pay for more staff to ensure vulnerable residents receive the care they need in nursing homes, says the longtime president of the Nova Scotia Nurses Union.", "\n\n\"It's that simple — what has to happen is money,\" Janet Hazelton said in an interview with CBC in which she discussed recent news stories detailing neglect and other concerns in nursing homes.", "\n\nHazelton, whose union represents some 6,900 nurses in the province, said good care is owed to aging Nova Scotians who find themselves in nursing homes after working all their lives and paying taxes.", "\n\n\"I'm pretty sure there's not a child at the IWK [Health Centre] that's waiting an hour, an hour and a half to get their meal,\" she said.", "\n\n\"Many, many of our seniors are not getting a hot meal because by the time the CCA [continuing care assistant] gets to them, their meal is cold. ", "There's only so much we can do with the staff that is there.\"", "\n\nThe Nova Scotia Nurses Union says it's long past time to update staffing levels at long-term care facilities. (", "CBC)\n\nJane Meadus, a lawyer at the Toronto-based Advocacy Centre for the Elderly, agrees there is an indifference toward seniors in care that would be not accepted in other facilities, such as a children's hospital.", "\n\n\"One of the problems is the attitude. '", "This is just the way it is and this is what we have to put up with,'\" she said.", "\n\nHazelton said the requirements in the current Homes for Special Care Act governing long-term care staff are vague and outdated. ", "One RN can be responsible for as many as 120 residents, LPNs care for about 30 residents each, and CCAs have between four and six residents each.", "\n\nLPNs give out approximately 24,000 medications in long-term care facilities in Nova Scotia each month, something that takes up most of their day.", "\n\n\"They start in the morning and they pass out meds all day long until they go home,\" said Hazelton, who's been fighting for more staff since she became union president in 2002.", "\n\nSicker residents, same staff\n\nThough the province has done a good job of providing services that allow and encourage aging Nova Scotians to stay in their own homes for as long as possible, Hazelton said the downside is that when seniors enter nursing homes, they are often much sicker and in need of greater care.", "\n\n\"Most of our residents are incontinent, many of them cannot walk or need assistance to walk, the majority of them need help to bathe, half or more need some help feeding,\" she said.", "\n\n\"The requirement of care for those seniors has escalated and the funding hasn't changed.\"", "\n\nWhen workers call in sick, Hazelton said they are not always replaced, leaving others to pick up the slack in an already overworked environment.", "\n\nStaffing a constant problem\n\nFinding enough health-care professionals to work in long-term care is difficult, said Meadus.", "\n\n\"The hours aren't great. ", "Often the pressure and responsibility is probably more in an LTC [long-term care] setting than in other places. ", "It's not seen as a desirable place to work and the wages tend to be lower,\" she said.", "\n\nJane Meadus says the public would never allow children to be treated the way seniors are treated in long-term care. ", "She calls it a \"discriminatory\" attitude. (", "CBC)\n\nMeadus attended a public inquiry that recently wrapped into patient safety in Ontario's long-term care homes. ", "The inquiry was launched after RN Elizabeth Wettlaufer killed eight people and harmed six others while working in nursing homes in southwestern Ontario from 2007 to 2016.", "\n\nWettlaufer is serving a life sentence after confessing to the crimes.", "\n\nOne of the issues that came up during the inquiry was staffing, said Meadus. ", "Even though others noticed Wettlaufer had a poor work ethic and made frequent mistakes, she kept her job in part because it is difficult to recruit and retain RNs.", "\n\nBroken Homes, a 2015 report into long-term care staffing by the Nova Scotia Nurses Union, cites research demonstrating that increasing RN staffing ratios reduces the probability of hospitalizations and associated health system costs. ", "It also shows improved outcomes such as fewer pressure ulcers, fewer urinary tract infections, fewer falls and reduced mortality.", "\n\nNew legislation needed\n\nHazelton's union wrote a new piece of draft legislation with improved staffing levels and presented it to the Nova Scotia government this year.", "\n\n\"We believe in order to look after our residents safely, and make sure they have quality of care and quality of life, the government needs to address the care hours that our residents are currently funded for.\"", "\n\nIan Macdonald, a spokesperson for CARP NS, a national, non-partisan association that advocates for older Canadians, said the number of Nova Scotians over 65 will double in the next 10 years.", "\n\n\"I believe it's well past time to act,\" he said. \"", "We know what the best practices are. ", "This is a situation that has been addressed in other provinces and other countries.\"", "\n\n'Quick actions' expected from panel\n\nNova Scotia Health Minister Randy Delorey told CBC News his department's first priority is the care of residents in long-term care.", "\n\nThe government announced the creation of a three-person panel last month that will explore ways to improve long-term care in the province.", "\n\nThe Health Department \"wants to move quickly to make improvements where we can and ensure residents and their families remain confident in the care being provided,\" said Tracy Barron, a spokesperson for the department.", "\n\n\"We believe the panel can help us with quick actions to improve the system,\" she said.", "\n\nHazelton said she hopes that's the case.", "\n\n\"Right now it's our moms and dads [in these homes]. ", "Twenty or 30 years from now, it's us,\" she said.", "\n\n\"So if we don't value it now, it's not going to get any better. ", "In fact, it's going to get worse.\"" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "In Situ, Light-Guided Axon Growth on Biomaterials via Photoactivatable Laminin Peptidomimetic IK(HANBP)VAV.", "\nThe ability to guide the growth of neurites is relevant for reconstructing neural networks and for nerve tissue regeneration. ", "Here, a biofunctional hydrogel that allows light-based directional control of axon growth in situ is presented. ", "The gel is covalently modified with a photoactivatable derivative of the short laminin peptidomimetic IKVAV. ", "This adhesive peptide contains the photoremovable group 2-(4'-amino-4-nitro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)propan-1-ol (HANBP) on the Lys rest that inhibits its activity. ", "The modified peptide is highly soluble in water and can be simply conjugated to -COOH containing hydrogels via its terminal -NH2 group. ", "Light exposure allows presentation of the IKVAV adhesive motif on a soft hydrogel at desired concentration and at defined position and time point. ", "The photoactivated gel supports neurite outgrowth in embryonic neural progenitor cells culture and allows site-selective guidance of neurites extension. ", "In situ exposure of cell cultures using a scanning laser allows outgrowth of neurites in desired pathways." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Landing a vehicle onto a dynamic vehicle, such as an aircraft carrier, requires some respect for dynamics that do not exist when the landing is performed onto a stable environment, such as ground or a building. ", "Some systems presently provide for flight deck motion compensation when an approaching aircraft is close to the aircraft carrier. ", "However, at range the system still provides navigation relative to a reference landing beam that varies to a great extent when the dynamic vehicle is experiencing motion. ", "For example, when the carrier is changing heading and an aircraft is on approach, the reference landing beam skews by a great amount thereby causing any aircraft at distance to perform quite dynamic maneuvers to get back to the centerline of the touchdown point." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "KFXZ\n\nKFXZ may refer to:\n\n KFXZ (AM), a radio station (1520 AM) licensed to Lafayette, Louisiana, United States\n KFXZ-FM, a radio station (105.9 FM) licensed to Opelousas, Louisiana, United States" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Correlates of mental health service utilization and unmet need among a sample of male adolescents.", "\nThe authors sought to identify the correlates of mental health services utilization and unmet need for these services among a sample of adolescent males. ", "We hypothesized that our findings would replicate and extend those of the recent Methods for the Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders (MECA) study, which found that parental factors play a major role in their children's unmet mental health care needs. ", "Our study involved an evaluation of mental health service utilization and unmet need during the prior 2 years, as reported by the subjects at a follow-up assessment at age 16. ", "Four factors were found to predict increased mental health services utilization, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) among the adolescent males, the father's alcohol use disorder, and the mother's amphetamine use disorder. ", "One factor was found to predict decreased utilization, the father's cannabis use disorder. ", "Four factors significantly predicted unmet treatment need, including conduct disorder, the mother's amphetamine use disorder, a higher number of siblings, and a parental history of having had a childhood anxiety disorder. ", "The results of this study suggest that parental psychopathology, parental substance abuse, the presence of conduct disorder, and an increased number of siblings act as barriers to adequate mental health treatment among adolescents. ", "These findings confirm the crucial role that parental factors play in the treatment utilization and the unmet treatment need of their children, and also suggest that an increased number of siblings can also be associated with unmet treatment need." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Implications of genetics and current protected areas for conservation of 5 endangered primates in China.", "\nMost of China's 24-28 primate species are threatened with extinction. ", "Habitat reduction and fragmentation are perhaps the greatest threats. ", "We used published data from a conservation genetics study of 5 endangered primates in China (Rhinopithecus roxellana, R. bieti, R. brelichi, Trachypithecus francoisi, and T. leucocephalus); distribution data on these species; and the distribution, area, and location of protected areas to inform conservation strategies for these primates. ", "All 5 species were separated into subpopulations with unique genetic components. ", "Gene flow appeared to be strongly impeded by agricultural land, meadows used for grazing, highways, and humans dwellings. ", "Most species declined severely or diverged concurrently as human population and crop land cover increased. ", "Nature reserves were not evenly distributed across subpopulations with unique genetic backgrounds. ", "Certain small subpopulations were severely fragmented and had higher extinction risk than others. ", "Primate mobility is limited and their genetic structure is strong and susceptible to substantial loss of diversity due to local extinction. ", "Thus, to maximize preservation of genetic diversity in all these primate species, our results suggest protection is required for all sub-populations. ", "Key priorities for their conservation include maintaining R. roxellana in Shennongjia national reserve, subpopulations S4 and S5 of R. bieti and of R. brelichi in Fanjingshan national reserve, subpopulation CGX of T. francoisi in central Guangxi Province, and all 3 T. leucocephalus sub-populations in central Guangxi Province." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Warren hound\n\nWarren Hound refers to the group of Mediterranean rabbit-hunting dogs. ", "In Spanish, this kind of breeds are called podencos and in Portuguese, podengos. ", "Generally speaking, a warren hound has erect ears, a smooth (or in some cases, wire) coat, a slender body, and a whip-like tail. ", "However, there are some exceptions: for instance, the Cretan Hound has usually rose-ears and a curly or curved tail, while the Barrocal Algarvio is long-haired, and the Podenco Paternero and some Campaneros have a robust, almost Mastiff-like body. ", "Unlike hounds or sighthounds which rely on just one sense, warren hounds tend to work with three senses: smell, sight and hearing.", "\n\nWarren Hound breeds include:\n\n Andalusian Warren Hound (podenco andaluz), RSCE/VDH \n Campanero \n Malagueño\n Maneto, a separate RSCE breed\n Large (talla grande)\n Medium (talla mediana)\n Small (talla chica)\n Smooth-haired (pelo liso, pelo corto)\n Wire-haired (pelo duro, pelo cerdeño)\n Long-haired (pelo sedeño, pelo largo)\n Barrocal Algarvio (cão do barrocal algarvio), CPC: Initial Registration\n Ca Coniller de Menorca (ca de conills, in Spanish can de conejos de Menorca)\n Large (grande)\n Medium (mediano)\n Small (pequeño)\n Smooth-haired (corto)\n Rough-haired (áspero)\n Charnaigre (charnigou, charnego, in French charnigue, charnègre) (extinct)\n Cirneco dell'Etna, FCI/AKC\n Cirneco di Bagheria (cirneco della sicilia occidentale)\n Cirneco di Lampedusa (probably extinct)\n Cretan Hound (Κρητικός Λαγωνικός [kritikos lagonikos]), KOE/VDH\n Ibizan Hound (ca eivissenc, in Spanish podenco ibicenco), FCI/AKC\n Rough-haired (duro)\n Smooth-haired (liso)\n Long-haired (largo) - included to the rough-haired in the FCI standard, described separately in the RSCE standard\n Pharaoh Hound (kelb-tal fenek, literally a \"rabbit dog\"), FCI/AKC\n Podenco Canario, FCI\n Podenco Enano del Hierro\n Podenco Orito (podenco orito español), RSCE: Grupos Étnicos\n Podenco Palmero (podenco canario de la laurisilva, podenco del monte de la laurisilva)\n Podenco Paternero (podenco paternino de huelva, podenco de paterna)\n Podengo Crioulo (aracambé, in Portuguese podengo brasileiro, pé duro), Sociedade Brasileira de Cinofilia\n Large (grande) (not officially accepted by the SOBRACI breed standard)\n Medium (médio)\n Small (pequeno, miniatura, terrier de minas)\n Smooth-haired (curto)\n Rough-haired (duro)\n Long-haired (longo)\n Podengo Galego (coalleiro galego, in Spanish podenco gallego), Xunta de Galicia\n Smooth-haired (corto)\n Rough-haired (duro) (extinct)\n Portuguese Warren Hound (podengo português), FCI/AKC\n Large (grande)\n Medium (médio)\n Small (pequeno)\n Smooth-haired (liso, curto) \n Wire-haired (cerdoso, longo)\n Xarnego Valencià (in Spanish podenco valenciano), RSCE\n Short-haired (pelo liso)\n Wire-haired (pelo duro)\n Long-haired (pelo sedeño)\n\nSources\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Hounds" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "{\n \"index_name\": \"stormpath\",\n \"start_urls\": [\n \"https://docs.stormpath.com/rest/product-guide/latest/about.html\",\n \"https://docs.stormpath.com/rest/product-guide/latest\"\n ],\n \"stop_urls\": [],\n \"selectors\": {\n \"lvl0\": \"div.section h1\",\n \"lvl1\": \"div.section h2\",\n \"lvl2\": \"div.section h3\",\n \"lvl3\": \"div.section h4\",\n \"lvl4\": \"div.section h5\",\n \"text\": \"div.section p, div.section li\"\n },\n \"min_indexed_level\": 2,\n \"nb_hits\": 3383,\n \"strip_chars\": \" :;,.1234567890¶\"\n}" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "require File.expand_path('../../../spec_helper', __FILE__)\nrequire File.expand_path('../fixtures/common', __FILE__)\n\ndescribe \"Dir.mkdir\" do\n before :all do\n DirSpecs.create_mock_dirs\n end\n\n after :all do\n DirSpecs.delete_mock_dirs\n end\n\n it \"creates the named directory with the given permissions\" do\n DirSpecs.clear_dirs\n\n begin\n File.exist?('nonexisting').should == false\n Dir.mkdir 'nonexisting'\n File.exist?('nonexisting').should == true\n platform_is_not :windows do\n Dir.mkdir 'default_perms'\n a = File.stat('default_perms').mode\n Dir.mkdir 'reduced', (a - 1)\n File.stat('reduced').mode.should_not == a\n end\n platform_is :windows do\n Dir.mkdir 'default_perms', 0666\n a = File.stat('default_perms').mode\n Dir.mkdir 'reduced', 0444\n File.stat('reduced').mode.should_not == a\n end\n\n Dir.mkdir('always_returns_0').should == 0\n platform_is_not(:windows) do\n File.chmod(0777, \"nonexisting\",\"default_perms\",\"reduced\",\"always_returns_0\")\n end\n platform_is_not(:windows) do\n File.chmod(0644, \"nonexisting\",\"default_perms\",\"reduced\",\"always_returns_0\")\n end\n ensure\n DirSpecs.clear_dirs\n end\n end\n\n ruby_version_is \"1.9\" do\n it \"calls #to_path on non-String arguments\" do\n DirSpecs.clear_dirs\n p = mock('path')\n p.should_receive(:to_path).and_return('nonexisting')\n Dir.mkdir(p)\n DirSpecs.clear_dirs\n end\n end\n\n ruby_version_is \"\"...\"1.9\" do\n it \"call #to_str on non-String arguments\" do\n DirSpecs.clear_dirs\n p = mock('path')\n p.should_receive(:to_str).and_return('nonexisting')\n Dir.mkdir(p)\n DirSpecs.clear_dirs\n end\n end\n\n it \"raises a SystemCallError if any of the directories in the path before the last does not exist\" do\n lambda { Dir.mkdir \"#{DirSpecs.nonexistent}/subdir\" }.should raise_error(SystemCallError)\n end\n\n it \"raises Errno::EEXIST if the specified directory already exists\" do\n lambda { Dir.mkdir(File.dirname(__FILE__)) }.should raise_error(Errno::EEXIST)\n end\n\n it \"raises Errno::EEXIST if the argument points to the existing file\" do\n lambda { Dir.mkdir(__FILE__) }.should raise_error(Errno::EEXIST)\n end\nend\n\n# The permissions flag are not supported on Windows as stated in documentation:\n# The permissions may be modified by the value of File::umask, and are ignored on NT.", "\nplatform_is_not :windows do\n describe \"Dir.mkdir\" do\n before :each do\n @dir = tmp \"noperms\"\n end\n\n after :each do\n File.chmod 0777, @dir\n rm_r @dir\n end\n\n it \"raises a SystemCallError when lacking adequate permissions in the parent dir\" do\n Dir.mkdir @dir, 0000\n\n lambda { Dir.mkdir \"#{@dir}/subdir\" }.should raise_error(SystemCallError)\n end\n end\nend\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Jam'iyat-e Nesvan-e Vatankhah\n\nJam'iyat-e Nesvân-e Vatankhâh (, meaning \"Patriotic Women's League of Iran\" or \"Society of Patriotic Women\") (1922–1933), was one of the most active organizations in the Women's rights movement in Iran that formed after the Persian Constitutional Revolution. ", "The Society was set up in 1922 under the name, Jamʿīyat-e taraqqī-e neswān, by Mohtaram Eskandari, director of the state school number 5 for girls, who was disappointed with the results of the revolution for women, Noor-ol-Hoda Mangeneh, Mastoureh Afshar, and other women's rights activists.", "\n\nTheir objective was \"to emphasize [the] continuous respect for the laws and rituals of Islam; to promote the education and moral upbringing of girls; to encourage national industries; to spread literacy among adult women; to provide care for orphaned girls; to set up hospitals for poor women; to organise co-operatives as a means of developing national industries; and to give material and moral support to the defenders of the country in the event of war.\" ", "The organization contributed \"the most important recorded effort to establish ties with women of the region.\"", "\n\nThe league held lectures and waged campaigns. ", "In 1932, it organized the Oriental Women's Congress in Tehran. ", "The league also published the important women's journal, Nosvan Vatankhah [Patriotic women], from 1922.", "\n\nSee also\n Iranian Constitutional Revolution\n Women's Freedom Association \n Women's Movement in Iran \n Mokhadarat Vatan Association\n Iranian women \n Constitutional Revolution's Associations\n\nReferences\n\n \n\nCategory:1922 establishments in Iran\nCategory:Feminist organisations in Iran\nCategory:Women's rights movement in Iran\nCategory:Organizations established in 1922" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Magnetic structures of NaFePO4 maricite and triphylite polymorphs for sodium-ion batteries.", "\nThe magnetic structure and properties of polycrystalline NaFePO4 polymorphs, maricite and triphylite, both derived from the olivine structure type, have been investigated using magnetic susceptibility, heat capacity, and low-temperature neutron powder diffraction. ", "These NaFePO4 polymorphs assume orthorhombic frameworks (space group No. ", "62, Pnma), built from FeO6 octahedral and PO4 tetrahedral units having corner-sharing and edge-sharing arrangements. ", "Both polymorphs demonstrate antiferromagnetic ordering below 13 K for maricite and 50 K for triphylite. ", "The magnetic structure and properties are discussed considering super- and supersuperexchange interactions in comparison to those of triphylite-LiFePO4." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Avenel (Bedford, Virginia)\n\nAvenel, also known as the William M. Burwell House, is a historic home located at Bedford, Virginia. ", "It was built about 1836, and is a two-story, brick dwelling with a blend of Federal and Greek Revival styling. ", " It is topped by a hipped roof and has a one-story wraparound porch. ", " Also on the property are a contributing smokehouse, hen house, a frame 19th-century barn, and site of a kitchen building.", "\n\n\"The Lady in White\" or the \"White Lady of Avenel\", is the most commonly reported apparition at Avenel. ", "The apparition is thought to be Mary Frances \"Fran\" Burwell. \"", "The legend has it that she stayed on the front porch waiting for her husband to come home from the Civil War, but he never did.\" ", "says Adam Stupin, founder of SouthWest Virginia Ghost Hunters.", "\n\nIt was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. ", " It is located in the Bedford Historic District.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia\nCategory:Federal architecture in Virginia\nCategory:Greek Revival houses in Virginia\nCategory:Houses completed in 1836\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in Bedford, Virginia\nCategory:Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Virginia\nCategory:Historic district contributing properties in Virginia\nCategory:Houses in Bedford County, Virginia\nCategory:Plantation houses in Virginia\nCategory:1836 establishments in Virginia" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "/**\n * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one\n * or more contributor license agreements. ", " See the NOTICE file\n * distributed with this work for additional information\n * regarding copyright ownership. ", " The ASF licenses this file\n * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the\n * \"License\"); you may not use this file except in compliance\n * with the License. ", " You may obtain a copy of the License at\n * <p>\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n * <p>\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n */\n\npackage org.apache.hadoop.ozone.container.common.volume;\n\nimport javax.annotation.", "Nonnull;\nimport java.util.", "Collection;\nimport java.util.", "Collections;\nimport java.util.", "HashSet;\nimport java.util.", "Optional;\nimport java.util.", "Set;\nimport java.util.concurrent.", "CountDownLatch;\nimport java.util.concurrent.", "ExecutionException;\nimport java.util.concurrent.", "ExecutorService;\nimport java.util.concurrent.", "Executors;\nimport java.util.concurrent.", "TimeUnit;\nimport java.util.concurrent.atomic.", "AtomicLong;\n\nimport com.google.common.util.concurrent.", "MoreExecutors;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.hdds.conf.", "ConfigurationSource;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.hdds.", "DFSConfigKeysLegacy;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.server.datanode.", "DataNode;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.server.datanode.checker.", "VolumeCheckResult;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.util.", "DiskChecker.", "DiskErrorException;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.util.", "Timer;\n\nimport com.google.common.annotations.", "VisibleForTesting;\nimport com.google.common.collect.", "Sets;\nimport com.google.common.util.concurrent.", "FutureCallback;\nimport com.google.common.util.concurrent.", "Futures;\nimport com.google.common.util.concurrent.", "ListenableFuture;\nimport com.google.common.util.concurrent.", "ThreadFactoryBuilder;\nimport org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.", "Nullable;\nimport org.slf4j.", "Logger;\nimport org.slf4j.", "LoggerFactory;\n\n/**\n * A class that encapsulates running disk checks against each HDDS volume and\n * allows retrieving a list of failed volumes. ", "The class only detects failed\n * volumes and handling of failed volumes is responsibility of caller.", "\n */\npublic class HddsVolumeChecker {\n\n public static final int MAX_VOLUME_FAILURE_TOLERATED_LIMIT = -1;\n\n public static final Logger LOG =\n LoggerFactory.getLogger(HddsVolumeChecker.class);\n\n private AsyncChecker<Boolean, VolumeCheckResult> delegateChecker;\n\n private final AtomicLong numVolumeChecks = new AtomicLong(0);\n private final AtomicLong numAllVolumeChecks = new AtomicLong(0);\n private final AtomicLong numSkippedChecks = new AtomicLong(0);\n\n /**\n * Max allowed time for a disk check in milliseconds. ", "If the check\n * doesn't complete within this time we declare the disk as dead.", "\n */\n private final long maxAllowedTimeForCheckMs;\n\n /**\n * Minimum time between two successive disk checks of a volume.", "\n */\n private final long minDiskCheckGapMs;\n\n /**\n * Timestamp of the last check of all volumes.", "\n */\n private long lastAllVolumesCheck;\n\n private final Timer timer;\n\n private final ExecutorService checkVolumeResultHandlerExecutorService;\n\n /**\n * @param conf Configuration object.", "\n * @param timer {@link Timer} object used for throttling checks.", "\n */\n public HddsVolumeChecker(ConfigurationSource conf, Timer timer)\n throws DiskErrorException {\n maxAllowedTimeForCheckMs = conf.getTimeDuration(\n DFSConfigKeysLegacy.", "DFS_DATANODE_DISK_CHECK_TIMEOUT_KEY,\n DFSConfigKeysLegacy.", "DFS_DATANODE_DISK_CHECK_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT,\n TimeUnit.", "MILLISECONDS);\n\n if (maxAllowedTimeForCheckMs <= 0) {\n throw new DiskErrorException(\"Invalid value configured for \"\n + DFSConfigKeysLegacy.", "DFS_DATANODE_DISK_CHECK_TIMEOUT_KEY + \" - \"\n + maxAllowedTimeForCheckMs + \" (should be > 0)\");\n }\n\n this.timer = timer;\n\n /**\n * Maximum number of volume failures that can be tolerated without\n * declaring a fatal error.", "\n */\n int maxVolumeFailuresTolerated = conf.getInt(\n DFSConfigKeysLegacy.", "DFS_DATANODE_FAILED_VOLUMES_TOLERATED_KEY,\n DFSConfigKeysLegacy.", "DFS_DATANODE_FAILED_VOLUMES_TOLERATED_DEFAULT);\n\n minDiskCheckGapMs = conf.getTimeDuration(\n DFSConfigKeysLegacy.", "DFS_DATANODE_DISK_CHECK_MIN_GAP_KEY,\n DFSConfigKeysLegacy.", "DFS_DATANODE_DISK_CHECK_MIN_GAP_DEFAULT,\n TimeUnit.", "MILLISECONDS);\n\n if (minDiskCheckGapMs < 0) {\n throw new DiskErrorException(\"Invalid value configured for \"\n + DFSConfigKeysLegacy.", "DFS_DATANODE_DISK_CHECK_MIN_GAP_KEY + \" - \"\n + minDiskCheckGapMs + \" (should be >= 0)\");\n }\n\n long diskCheckTimeout = conf.getTimeDuration(\n DFSConfigKeysLegacy.", "DFS_DATANODE_DISK_CHECK_TIMEOUT_KEY,\n DFSConfigKeysLegacy.", "DFS_DATANODE_DISK_CHECK_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT,\n TimeUnit.", "MILLISECONDS);\n\n if (diskCheckTimeout < 0) {\n throw new DiskErrorException(\"Invalid value configured for \"\n + DFSConfigKeysLegacy.", "DFS_DATANODE_DISK_CHECK_TIMEOUT_KEY + \" - \"\n + diskCheckTimeout + \" (should be >= 0)\");\n }\n\n lastAllVolumesCheck = timer.monotonicNow() - minDiskCheckGapMs;\n\n if (maxVolumeFailuresTolerated < MAX_VOLUME_FAILURE_TOLERATED_LIMIT) {\n throw new DiskErrorException(\"Invalid value configured for \"\n + DFSConfigKeysLegacy.", "DFS_DATANODE_FAILED_VOLUMES_TOLERATED_KEY\n + \" - \"\n + maxVolumeFailuresTolerated + \" \"\n + DataNode.", "MAX_VOLUME_FAILURES_TOLERATED_MSG);\n }\n\n delegateChecker = new ThrottledAsyncChecker<>(\n timer, minDiskCheckGapMs, diskCheckTimeout,\n Executors.newCachedThreadPool(\n new ThreadFactoryBuilder()\n .setNameFormat(\"DataNode DiskChecker thread %d\")\n .setDaemon(true)\n .build()));\n\n checkVolumeResultHandlerExecutorService = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(\n new ThreadFactoryBuilder()\n .setNameFormat(\"VolumeCheck ResultHandler thread %d\")\n .setDaemon(true)\n .build());\n }\n\n /**\n * Run checks against all HDDS volumes.", "\n * <p>\n * This check may be performed at service startup and subsequently at\n * regular intervals to detect and handle failed volumes.", "\n *\n * @param volumes - Set of volumes to be checked. ", "This set must be immutable\n * for the duration of the check else the results will be\n * unexpected.", "\n * @return set of failed volumes.", "\n */\n public Set<HddsVolume> checkAllVolumes(Collection<HddsVolume> volumes)\n throws InterruptedException {\n final long gap = timer.monotonicNow() - lastAllVolumesCheck;\n if (gap < minDiskCheckGapMs) {\n numSkippedChecks.incrementAndGet();\n if (LOG.isTraceEnabled()) {\n LOG.trace(\n \"Skipped checking all volumes, time since last check {} is less \" +\n \"than the minimum gap between checks ({} ms).\",", "\n gap, minDiskCheckGapMs);\n }\n return Collections.emptySet();\n }\n\n lastAllVolumesCheck = timer.monotonicNow();\n final Set<HddsVolume> healthyVolumes = new HashSet<>();\n final Set<HddsVolume> failedVolumes = new HashSet<>();\n final Set<HddsVolume> allVolumes = new HashSet<>();\n\n final AtomicLong numVolumes = new AtomicLong(volumes.size());\n final CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);\n\n for (HddsVolume v : volumes) {\n Optional<ListenableFuture<VolumeCheckResult>> olf =\n delegateChecker.schedule(v, null);\n LOG.info(\"Scheduled health check for volume {}\", v);\n if (olf.isPresent()) {\n allVolumes.add(v);\n Futures.addCallback(olf.get(),\n new ResultHandler(v, healthyVolumes, failedVolumes,\n numVolumes, (ignored1, ignored2) -> latch.countDown()),\n MoreExecutors.directExecutor());\n } else {\n if (numVolumes.decrementAndGet() == 0) {\n latch.countDown();\n }\n }\n }\n\n // Wait until our timeout elapses, after which we give up on\n // the remaining volumes.", "\n if (!", "latch.await(maxAllowedTimeForCheckMs, TimeUnit.", "MILLISECONDS)) {\n LOG.warn(\"checkAllVolumes timed out after {} ms\",\n maxAllowedTimeForCheckMs);\n }\n\n numAllVolumeChecks.incrementAndGet();\n synchronized (this) {\n // All volumes that have not been detected as healthy should be\n // considered failed. ", "This is a superset of 'failedVolumes'.", "\n //\n // Make a copy under the mutex as Sets.difference() returns a view\n // of a potentially changing set.", "\n return new HashSet<>(Sets.difference(allVolumes, healthyVolumes));\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * A callback interface that is supplied the result of running an\n * async disk check on multiple volumes.", "\n */\n public interface Callback {\n /**\n * @param healthyVolumes set of volumes that passed disk checks.", "\n * @param failedVolumes set of volumes that failed disk checks.", "\n */\n void call(Set<HddsVolume> healthyVolumes,\n Set<HddsVolume> failedVolumes);\n }\n\n /**\n * Check a single volume asynchronously, returning a {@link ListenableFuture}\n * that can be used to retrieve the final result.", "\n * <p>\n * If the volume cannot be referenced then it is already closed and\n * cannot be checked. ", "No error is propagated to the callback.", "\n *\n * @param volume the volume that is to be checked.", "\n * @param callback callback to be invoked when the volume check completes.", "\n * @return true if the check was scheduled and the callback will be invoked.", "\n * false otherwise.", "\n */\n public boolean checkVolume(final HddsVolume volume, Callback callback) {\n if (volume == null) {\n LOG.debug(\"Cannot schedule check on null volume\");\n return false;\n }\n\n Optional<ListenableFuture<VolumeCheckResult>> olf =\n delegateChecker.schedule(volume, null);\n if (olf.isPresent()) {\n numVolumeChecks.incrementAndGet();\n Futures.addCallback(olf.get(),\n new ResultHandler(volume, new HashSet<>(), new HashSet<>(),\n new AtomicLong(1), callback),\n checkVolumeResultHandlerExecutorService\n );\n return true;\n }\n return false;\n }\n\n /**\n * A callback to process the results of checking a volume.", "\n */\n private class ResultHandler\n implements FutureCallback<VolumeCheckResult> {\n private final HddsVolume volume;\n private final Set<HddsVolume> failedVolumes;\n private final Set<HddsVolume> healthyVolumes;\n private final AtomicLong volumeCounter;\n\n @Nullable\n private final Callback callback;\n\n /**\n * @param healthyVolumes set of healthy volumes. ", "If the disk check is\n * successful, add the volume here.", "\n * @param failedVolumes set of failed volumes. ", "If the disk check fails,\n * add the volume here.", "\n * @param volumeCounter volumeCounter used to trigger callback invocation.", "\n * @param callback invoked when the volumeCounter reaches 0.", "\n */\n ResultHandler(HddsVolume volume,\n Set<HddsVolume> healthyVolumes,\n Set<HddsVolume> failedVolumes,\n AtomicLong volumeCounter,\n @Nullable Callback callback) {\n this.volume = volume;\n this.healthyVolumes = healthyVolumes;\n this.failedVolumes = failedVolumes;\n this.volumeCounter = volumeCounter;\n this.callback = callback;\n }\n\n @Override\n public void onSuccess(@Nullable VolumeCheckResult result) {\n if (result == null) {\n LOG.error(\"Unexpected empty health check result for volume {}\", volume);\n markHealthy();\n } else {\n switch (result) {\n case HEALTHY:\n case DEGRADED:\n if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {\n LOG.debug(\"Volume {} is {}.\", ", "volume, result);\n }\n markHealthy();\n break;\n case FAILED:\n LOG.warn(\"Volume {} detected as being unhealthy\", volume);\n markFailed();\n break;\n default:\n LOG.error(\"Unexpected health check result {} for volume {}\", result,\n volume);\n markHealthy();\n break;\n }\n }\n cleanup();\n }\n\n @Override\n public void onFailure(@Nonnull Throwable t) {\n Throwable exception = (t instanceof ExecutionException) ?", "\n t.getCause() : t;\n LOG.warn(\"Exception running disk checks against volume {}\",\n volume, exception);\n markFailed();\n cleanup();\n }\n\n private void markHealthy() {\n synchronized (HddsVolumeChecker.this) {\n healthyVolumes.add(volume);\n }\n }\n\n private void markFailed() {\n synchronized (HddsVolumeChecker.this) {\n failedVolumes.add(volume);\n }\n }\n\n private void cleanup() {\n invokeCallback();\n }\n\n private void invokeCallback() {\n try {\n final long remaining = volumeCounter.decrementAndGet();\n if (callback !", "= null && remaining == 0) {\n callback.call(healthyVolumes, failedVolumes);\n }\n } catch (Exception e) {\n // Propagating this exception is unlikely to be helpful.", "\n LOG.warn(\"Unexpected exception\", e);\n }\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * Shutdown the checker and its associated ExecutorService.", "\n * <p>\n * See {@link ExecutorService#awaitTermination} for the interpretation\n * of the parameters.", "\n */\n void shutdownAndWait(int gracePeriod, TimeUnit timeUnit) {\n try {\n delegateChecker.shutdownAndWait(gracePeriod, timeUnit);\n } catch (InterruptedException e) {\n LOG.warn(\"{} interrupted during shutdown.\",", "\n this.getClass().getSimpleName());\n Thread.currentThread().interrupt();\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * This method is for testing only.", "\n *\n * @param testDelegate\n */\n @VisibleForTesting\n void setDelegateChecker(\n AsyncChecker<Boolean, VolumeCheckResult> testDelegate) {\n delegateChecker = testDelegate;\n }\n\n /**\n * Return the number of {@link #checkVolume} invocations.", "\n */\n public long getNumVolumeChecks() {\n return numVolumeChecks.get();\n }\n\n /**\n * Return the number of {@link #checkAllVolumes} invocations.", "\n */\n public long getNumAllVolumeChecks() {\n return numAllVolumeChecks.get();\n }\n\n /**\n * Return the number of checks skipped because the minimum gap since the\n * last check had not elapsed.", "\n */\n public long getNumSkippedChecks() {\n return numSkippedChecks.get();\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Neonatal visual evoked potentials in infants born to mothers prescribed methadone.", "\nDrug misuse in pregnancy is associated with impaired infant visual development. ", "Pilot data showed abnormal flash visual evoked potentials (VEPs) in neonates exposed to methadone in utero, but results were confounded by intrauterine growth restriction, gestation, and ongoing drug misuse. ", "This large cohort study aimed to clarify the effects on neonatal flash VEPs of maternal drug misuse in pregnancy, including prescription of substitute methadone and subsequent development of neonatal abstinence syndrome. ", "This was a prospective cohort study. ", "Flash VEPs were recorded within 3 days of birth from 100 healthy infants of drug-misusing mothers prescribed substitute methadone during pregnancy and 50 comparison infants matched for birth weight, gestation, and socioeconomic deprivation. ", "VEP morphology was classified as mature, typical, or immature, and amplitudes and implicit times of the major waveform components measured. ", "Drug exposure was determined by maternal history, maternal and infant urine, and meconium toxicology. ", "VEPs from maternal drug-exposed infants were more likely to be of immature waveform (P < .001) and were smaller in overall amplitude (median 27 µV vs 39 µV, P < .001) compared with non-drug-exposed infants. ", "Most infants were exposed to illicit drugs in addition to prescribed methadone; differences in VEP parameters were independently associated with maternal prescribed methadone and persisted after correcting for birth weight, cigarette smoking, and excess in utero alcohol exposure. ", "In utero exposure to prescribed substitute methadone is associated with altered flash VEPs in the newborn period and these infants may warrant early clinical visual assessment." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Hydrocarbon fuels generally contain numerous deposit-forming substances. ", "When used in internal combustion engines (ICEs), deposits tend to form on and around constricted areas of the engine which are in contact with the fuel. ", "In automobile engines deposits can build up on engine intake valves leading to progressive restriction of the gaseous fuel mixture flow into the combustion chamber and to valve sticking. ", "There are two general types of inlet valve deposits, heavy deposits and thin deposits. ", "These different types of deposits affect the performance of the fuel and the engine in slightly different ways. ", "Heavy deposits are carbonaceous and oily in appearance. ", "They cause flow restriction past the valves, which in turn reduces the maximum power of the engine, decreasing fuel economy and increasing emissions. ", "Thin deposits tend to cause problems on starting the engine and increasing emissions.", "\nAs engines become more sensitive to deposits, it has become common practice to incorporate a detergent in the fuel composition for the purposes of inhibiting the formation, and facilitating the removal, of engine deposits, thereby improving engine performance and emissions.", "\nIt is known to use certain polyisobutylsuccinimide-derived quaternized PIB/amine dispersants/detergents as additives in fuel compositions. ", "Polyisobutylsuccinimides may also be described as polyisobutylene succinimides. ", "These quaternized dispersants/detergents are derived from traditional PIB/amine fuel additive compounds that have pendant tertiary amine sites which can be alkylated, i.e. quaternized, by a quaternizing agent, such as propylene oxide. ", "Examples of these additives are disclosed in U.S. patent application US 2008/0307698.", "\nHowever, there is a need for additives that provide the benefits described above while also exhibiting improved thermal stability and/or oil compatibility properties. ", "There is also a need for additives that provide the benefits described above more efficiently, thus allowing for the use of lower additive treat rates while obtaining the same performance, thus reducing the cost and environmental impact of the additives as well as the compositions in which they are used. ", "There is also a need for additives that provide the benefits described above which are less energy intensive to produce.", "\nThe present invention deals with a new class of detergents which offer significant improvements over traditional PIB/amine detergents, including polyisobutylsuccinimide-derived quaternized detergents. ", "A new class of quaternized PIB/amines derived from polyisobutenyl succinamides and/or esters have now been discovered. ", "These additives are more thermally stable than the imide variant and may be manufactured by a less energy-intensive process. ", "The quaternized additives of the present invention not only perform at least equally as well as comparable polyisobutenyl succinimide quaternized additives, but can also provide that performance more efficiently and/or with improved thermal stability and/or oil compatibility." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Japanese destroyer Michishio\n\nwas the third of ten s built for the Imperial Japanese Navy in the mid-1930s under the Circle Two Supplementary Naval Expansion Program (Maru Ni Keikaku).", "\n\nHistory\nThe Asashio-class destroyers were larger and more capable that the preceding , as Japanese naval architects were no longer constrained by the provisions of the London Naval Treaty. ", "These light cruiser-sized vessels were designed to take advantage of Japan’s lead in torpedo technology, and to accompany the Japanese main striking force and in both day and night attacks against the United States Navy as it advanced across the Pacific Ocean, according to Japanese naval strategic projections. ", "Despite being one of the most powerful classes of destroyers in the world at the time of their completion, none survived the Pacific War.", "\n\nMichishio, built at the Fujinagata Shipyards in Osaka was laid down on 5 November 1935, launched on 15 March 1937 and commissioned on 31 October 1937.", "\n\nOperational history\nOn commissioning, Michishio was assigned to support Japanese combat operations in the Second Sino-Japanese War from November–December 1937. ", "However, following reports of operational problems with her sister ship , she was withdrawn to Sasebo Naval Arsenal for modifications and replacement of her engines.", "\n\nAt the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, Michishio was assigned to Destroyer Division 8 (Desdiv 8), and a member of Destroyer Squadron 2 (Desron 2) of the IJN 2nd Fleet, escorting Admiral Nobutake Kondō's Southern Force Main Body out of Mako Guard District as distant cover to the Malaya and Philippines invasion forces in December 1941.", "\n\nMichishio escorted a troop convoy from Mako towards Singora, then put into Hong Kong on 5 January 1942. ", "She escorted another troop convoy to Davao, and then accompanied the Ambon invasion force (31 January), the Makassar invasion force (8 February ) and the Bali/Lombok invasion force (18 February).", "\n\nOn the night of 19 February, Michishio participated in the Battle of Badoeng Strait. ", "Michishio was guarding the transport Sagami Maru off Bali when an Allied fleet attacked. ", "Michishio was caught in crossfire by four United States Navy destroyers and severely damaged, with 13 crewmen dead and 83 injured. ", "She was towed by the destroyer to Makassar for repairs.", "\n\nIn March, after emergency repairs at Makassar, Michishio returned to Yokosuka Naval Arsenal for further repairs, which lasted to the end of October. ", "Returning to active duty at Rabaul at the end of October, Michishio was assigned to three \"Tokyo Express\" transport runs in early November. ", "During the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal on 14 November, she was damaged by United States Navy aircraft, and had to be towed to Shortland Island for repairs. ", "However, field repairs proved impossible, and she was towed to Rabaul, then to Truk, and finally to Yokosuka, arriving on 17 March 1943. ", "\nMichishio remained under repair at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal to 14 November, during which time one of her main gun turrets was replaced by two triple Type 96 AA guns. ", "She returned to Truk at the end of 1943 and escorted the cruisers and on a mission to Kavieng at the end of the year.", "\n\nIn January 1944, Michishio returned to Kure Naval District together with the battleship , and escorted a troop convoy back to Truk at the end of that month. ", "For the end two months, she served largely as escort for the battleship \n\nDuring the Battle of the Philippine Sea, Michishio was in Admiral Takatsugu Jōjima's “Force B”, but did not see combat during that battle. ", "Afterwards, she assisted the torpedoed tanker Itsukushima Maru at Negros Island, and escorted the battleship from Davao to Kure. ", "She accompanied the battleship in August from Sasebo to Singapore and then escorted supply convoys to Brunei.", "\n\nDuring the Battle of Surigao Strait, Michishio was in Admiral Shōji Nishimura's Southern Force. ", "On 25 October, she was struck by a torpedo fired by , and then finished off by at position . ", "Michishio was removed from the navy list on 10 January 1945.", "\n\nRediscovery\nMichishio's wreck was discovered along with sister Yamagumo on 27 November 2017 by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen's research ship RV Petrel. ", "The wrecks are 1 mile (1.6 km) apart in 380 ft (117 m) of water. ", "Both wrecks are heavily encrusted with marine growth which, combined with their close proximity, made it impossible to distinguish the two.", "\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n CombinedFleet.com: Asashio-class destroyers\n CombinedFleet.com: Michishio history\n GlobalSecurity.org: Asashio class destroyers\n Materials of the Imperial Japanese Navy\n\nCategory:Asashio-class destroyers\nCategory:Ships built in Japan\nCategory:World War II destroyers of Japan\nCategory:1937 ships\nCategory:Maritime incidents in October 1944\nCategory:World War II shipwrecks in the Philippine Sea\nCategory:Shipwreck discoveries by Paul Allen" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Golf Digest Podcast: Juli Inkster on the Solheim Cup and more listener call-ins\n\nWe interviewed Juli Inkster on the Golf Digest Podcast this week. ", "On a tour where the No. ", "1 player in the world just turned 20, Inkster is an impressive anomaly. ", "She’s been on the LPGA since the 1980’s, has 44 professional wins — including seven majors — and she’s a member of the World Golf Hall of Fame. ", "On top of all that, she’s the Solheim Cup captain again this year after leading the 2015 American team to their first win since 2009, and she’s a commentator for FOX Sports.", "\n\nOn this week’s podcast, Inkster talks about what she’s looking for in her team this year and about the evolution of players on the LPGA.", "\n\nInkster’s interview comes after a couple listener call-ins, where we break down Ian Poulter’s decision-making skills at the Players and talk about the grammar feud of whether the world ‘golf’ should be a verb. ", "If you want your questions to be on the show, call in at 212-286-1812, and you just might hear your voicemail on air.", "\n\nSome highlights of this week’s podcast:\n\n2:26 Was Poulter playing for second by not going for it on 16 at the Players?", "\n\n6:51 Is the word ‘golf’ a verb?", "\n\n10:12 Inkster talks about how she’s able to be the busiest woman in golf\n\n12:45 What Inkster thinks about when partnering players in the Solheim Cup.", "\n\n14:03 Is everyone over the Alison Lee/Suzann Peterson putt?", "\n\n15:25 Players on the LPGA are younger than ever, Inkster compares how different the players of today to her experiences as a young golfer." ]

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[ "**Other languages: [中文](README.md)**\r\nTrying to update! ", "please wait patiently.", "\r\nUpgrade the kernel again. ", "The updated version is V86. ", "This version of the kernel is more powerful than any previous version of the kernel. ", "It not only supports 5G network card\r\nThe attack also completely fixed all the issues mentioned in the iwconfig wireless extension compatibility driver module and the telegram group. ", "comprehensive\r\nUpgraded various wireless network card firmware and kernel code, and added support for driver modules (such as Wireguard), I can open the /dev / diag debug module from different countries in the kernel.", "\r\nFriends can test the availability of QCSuper in the Github project. ", "Profiles and compilers will undergo major updates, abandoning the original GCC10\r\nThe compiler turned to the faster Clang10 compiler, which is Google's recommended compiler. ", "It can restart the kernel code and make the code smaller and faster.", "\r\nTo increase the speed of the phone core, the Clang10 compiler is compiled with the latest source code. ", "So, many drivers have been added and are pending\r\nAfter using it, you can give it back to the TG telegram group or Github's question. ", "Ok, let's talk a lot. ", "I fell asleep first." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nCode generation\n\nHow does a compiler generate binary code to a separate file?", "\nA reference to what file(s) in the source code of GCC handle this would be of great help. ", "\nWhat I want to know is how exactly do compilers (gcc in particular) generate machine code from ASM?", "\n\nA:\n\nTo answer this question one would need books, not just a few lines.", "\nThe extremely short version is:\nA compiler is divided in 2 parts:\n\na Front-end that translates a specific language (like C) into a syntax-tree (generic way to represent a program)\nand a Back-end which translates the syntax-tree into machine specific (X86, ARM, ...) code.", "\n\nThere are several steps involved:\n\nLexical analysis (converting keywords like \"switch\" into codes)\nSyntax analysis (converting from the previous step into a syntax-tree)\nCode optimization (modifies the syntax-tree to improve performance)\nCode generation (generates machine code from the syntax-tree)\nLinking (combines together more execution units into one binary file)\n\nGoogling around can give you more detailed info.", "\n\nA:\n\nThe assembler is a separate utility. ", " You can find more information here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Assembler\nThe source code is part of the binutils package. ", " You can find it here: ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/binutils/\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow much should a hobby business make to be worth the effort for taxes?", "\n\nMy wife was a software developer for 15 years until we had our daughter, and since then she has been primarily concerned with caring for her. ", "She has been volunteering her time for personal fulfillment, but recently a neighbor approached her about teaching piano lessons. ", "\nOne option is to just give the lessons for free and ask them to purchase their own books. ", "Another option is to charge for the lessons, but the income will amount to less than $5,000/year if she charges market rates.", "\nI was looking at the Social Security calculations and it doesn't look like that additional income will make a significant difference in her benefits since the $0 years aren't that much different when averaging in such small amounts.", "\nHow much should a hobby business make to make it worth the effort of charging for such services?", "\nEdit: We are MFJ and we max out the 15% bracket each year. ", "I would change the balance of my Roth/Traditional contributions for this extra income, so any extra income effectively goes into retirement pre-tax, but reduces post-tax Roth contributions accordingly. ", "Self-employment taxes will apply before that calculation.", "\n\nA:\n\nSo long as you don't hate what you are doing, I'd say the price is somewhere in the neighborhood of $100-200 year of income to be worth the bookkeeping. ", "I'd only say more than that if you have a ridiculously complex tax situation, you have an irrational hatred of filling out a few forms once a year, or if you just have such a stupidly large amount of money that even having a few hundred dollars a year to donate to people in desperate need just doesn't mean anything to you. ", "Or if you are under special income limits and just a few dollars of income would put you in a bad situation (like a loss of medical benefits, etc).", "\nThe reason is actually quite simple: the taxes aren't really that hard or time consuming. ", "I've handled three self-employment businesses in my life, and unless you are trying to itemize every last dollar of business deductions and expenses, or you really want to scrape out every last cent from minor deductions that require considerable extra paperwork, it's a few extra forms on your taxes. ", "Most of the extra taxes are as a percentage, so it reduces the benefits, but really not by much.", "\nYou don't have to make it extra complicated if the extra complexity doesn't give you a big payoff in benefit.", "\nI would suggest you pick the simplest imaginable possible system for accounting for this, so that you might only spend an extra few hours per year on the books and taxes. ", "Don't keep $10 sheet music receipts if you feel it's a burden to try to itemize expenses, etc. ", "Instead, the decision should be if you (or in this case your wife) would enjoy doing it, and bringing in money can just be nice in it's own way. ", "I'd suggest she keep some out for little extra niceties, earmark some for feel-good charitable giving, and then of course sock away the rest.", "\nDon't let extra income be an unnecessary burden that prevents you from getting it in the first place. ", "\n\nA:\n\nI had a chat with a coworker whose spouse also teaches music lessons. ", "One interesting insight was that after raising prices, the children were much more likely to come prepared because the parents felt more invested when it cost them more. ", "They were also less likely to cancel the lessons at the last minute. ", "This is an argument in favor of TTT's suggestion to charge something even if we donate the income to charity. ", "Along those lines it might also make sense to give discounts if the child comes prepared having practiced daily. ", "\nI agree that it's not a lot of paperwork for some additional pay, the problem is that I would also be tempted to buy a new piano and find other expenses to reduce the income. ", "That's a discussion for another day. ", "\nI think the break-even point is probably somewhere around $1000/year when I weigh record-keeping time verses the income. ", "So as long as we exceed that, I will probably encourage her to charge for the lessons even if she charges below the market for them. ", "I will consider setting up a charitable giving account that they can pay to instead of paying us directly.", "\n\nA:\n\nThe cost of paying tax should be considered an additional financial expense, and the administrative burden of filing those taxes should be considered an additional labour 'expense'. ", "Simplified, your question is asking how to determine whether these additional expenses are 'worth' it. ", "There are many ways to calculate what your time is 'worth'. ", "Consider two situations where you may consider picking up additional part time work at minimum wage:\n1) If you are working 80 hours a week at a stressful but high-paying job, working another 5 hours a week at minimum wage would likely not be worth your time [both because you already make 'a lot' of money, and also because your time is limited and therefore precious]. ", "\n2) If you are working 20 hours a week at minimum wage, then another 5 hours a week at the same job would likely be worth your time [both because it would increase your income by 25%, and also because it would not put a heavy strain on your light schedule]. ", "\nThese two extreme examples highlight the inferred principle that I think generally applies to weigh such decisions:\n\nIf you need money to sustain your lifestyle (either now or into retirement), then earning more money has a positive impact on you;\n\nCompetes with:\n\nIf working additional hours would be a detriment to your lifestyle, then earning more money has a negative impact on you\n\nIn your specific example, the actual 'work' component will happen regardless of the money aspect. ", "That is, your wife will be providing these services regardless. ", "So your question is essentially \"would it be worth it for my wife to make $5k, given that she would pay tax on that money and would bear the burden of administrating the tax filings etc.?\" ", "\nWe can't answer this directly, because it relates to what your wife values. ", "If doing this would make the activity (which is otherwise just a hobby) an unwanted chore, then it may not be worth the post-tax income. ", "If doing this would not impact her enjoyment of the teaching, but would add on an unwanted ~1 hour / week of paperwork, is it worth spending 50 hours over the course of the year, to earn $5k? ", "I assume the answer then would be \"yes\".", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Logic devices are reaching increasingly faster speeds. ", "As the speed continues to increase testing the devices becomes more difficult. ", "This presents a problem.", "\nTesters that are capable of dealing with source synchronous (sync) testing are expensive. ", "This presents a problem.", "\nTrying to guarantee source sync timing parameters by design (or characterization) is not a good solution because without actual testing one cannot be sure that a product meets the required specifications. ", "Random defects and other anomalies may affect device performance. ", "This may present a problem.", "\nFIG. ", "3 illustrates a situation 300 with clocks and outputs in perfect alignment. ", "Here a clock (CLK) 302 and data d0, . . . , ", "dn (312-0, . . . , ", "312-n respectively) are all clocked by an internal clock (Int Clk) 320 into respective registers 304, 314-0, . . . , ", "314-n, then buffered respectively by 306, 316-0, . . . , ", "316-n, and presented as an output clock 308, and output data 318-0, . . . , ", "318-n all perfectly aligned at t0 322.", "\nFIG. ", "4 illustrates a sync source datasheet specification (spec), for example, using the 250 MHz QDR (Quad Data Rate) SRAM as an example. ", "One of the specs denoted as tCQHQX specifies that no output transitions will occur greater than 300 pS before the output clock. ", "Likewise tCQHQV also specifies that no output transitions will occur greater than 300 pS after the output clock. ", "FIG. ", "4 illustrates this situation 400 with clocks and outputs. ", "Here a clock (CLK) 402 and data d0, . . . , ", "dn (412-0, . . . , ", "412-n respectively) are all clocked by an internal clock (Int Clk) 420 into respective registers 404, 414-0, . . . , ", "414-n, then buffered respectively by 406, 416-0, . . . , ", "416-n, and presented as clock output 408, and data outputs 418-0, . . . , ", "418-n where for illustration purposes, output clock 408 is centered at t0 422, and output d0 418-0 illustrates an early output at tb 421 with respect to output clock 408 at t0, and output dn 418-n illustrates a late output at ta 423 with respect to output clock 408 at t0. ", "The 250 MHz QDR spec requires these data out transitions to be within 300 ps of the output clock. ", "How to test for this may present a problem." ]

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[ "declare namespace jdk {\n namespace nashorn {\n namespace internal {\n namespace runtime {\n namespace linker {\n class JavaAdapterBytecodeGenerator$MethodInfo {\n public equals(arg0: java.lang.", "Object): boolean\n public hashCode(): int\n public static class: java.lang.", "Class<any>\n }\n }\n }\n }\n }\n}" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nConversion to unit8 data class in MATLAB\n\nI am new to matlab in beginner phase. ", "I want to know that \nHow to convert a (2*3) matrix having values out side the range [0 255] to an uint8?", "\nI am trying to convert it to unit8 data class but it gives me the following error with the following syntax.", "\nB=unit8(A). ", "where A is 2*3 Matrix values [4 5 6 ; 2 4 5]\n\nerror: \n Undefined function 'unit8' for input arguments of type 'double'.", "\n\nA:\n\nIt is spelling Mistake. ", "it is uint8 not unit8\n\n" ]

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[ "\n\n#include \"../../common/arraylist_string.h\"\n#include \"tea.h\"\n#include \"tealeaves.h\"\n#include \"chai.h\"\n\n#include \"mem.h\"\n#include \"assert.h\"\n\nvoid chai_steep_tea( tea_t * t ) \n{\n\ttealeaves_steep_tea( t->chai->teaToMakeChai );\n\tsteep_chai_ingredients( t );\n\tprintf(\"tea is steeping with chain\\n\");\n} \n\n\ntea_t * chai_new( tea_t * teaToMakeChai )\n{\n\ttea_t * t = tea_new();\n\tt->type = ChaiType;\n\tNEW(t->chai);\n\n\tchai_t * ch = t->chai;\n\tch->teaToMakeChai = teaToMakeChai;\n\tarraylist_string_t * ingredients = arraylist_string_new();\n\tch->ingredients = ingredients;\n\tarraylist_string_add( ingredients, \"bay leaf\");\n\tarraylist_string_add( ingredients, \"cinnamon stick\");\n\tarraylist_string_add( ingredients, \"ginger\");\n\tarraylist_string_add( ingredients, \"honey\");\n\tarraylist_string_add( ingredients, \"soy milk\");\n\tarraylist_string_add( ingredients, \"vanilla bean\");\n\treturn t;\n}\n\nvoid chai_free( tea_t * t )\n{\n\tassert( t );\n\tarraylist_string_free( t->chai->ingredients );\n\tFREE( t->chai->teaToMakeChai );\n\tFREE( t->chai);\n\tFREE(t);\n}\n \n\n \nvoid steep_chai_ingredients(tea_t * t) \n{\n\tarraylist_string_t * ingredients = t->chai->ingredients;\n\tint i,\n\t\tsz = arraylist_string_size( ingredients );\n\t\n\tfor( i = 0; i < sz; i++)\n\t\tprintf(\"%s is steeping\\n\", arraylist_string_get( ingredients, i) );\n\tprintf(\"chai ingredients are steeping\\n\");\n}\n" ]

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[ "Testicular cysts: differentiation with US and clinical findings.", "\nIn 34 of 847 patients (4%), testicular cysts were discovered with high-resolution ultrasound (US). ", "Sixteen had a cystic testicular tumor, and US images showed multiple cysts and solid tumor portions in 12 of these 16 (75%). ", "Eighteen patients had nonneoplastic cysts: Five had cysts of the tunica albuginea, and 13 had intratesticular cysts. ", "All tunica albuginea cysts were palpable as small masses, and only US images showed that the masses were cystic. ", "None of the 13 intratesticular cysts was palpable; all were accidentally discovered with US, which showed that 12 were single cysts with a marginal location (92%). ", "On histologic studies, the nonneoplastic cysts were related to the spermatic ducts (rete testis, efferent ductules) and frequently appeared as postinflammatory alterations. ", "Only five patients with intratesticular cysts were followed up with US, and no changes occurred. ", "The combination of clinical and US findings facilitated the differentiation between nonneoplastic and neoplastic testicular cysts." ]

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[ "DYVE\n\n89.7 RVFM is an FM radio station owned by Wave Network. ", "The station's studio is located in Brgy. ", "San Fransisco, Borongan.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Radio stations established in 2012" ]

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[ "Continuing its leadership in the marketing and distribution of NASCAR merchandise, Action Performance Companies, Inc. (NYSE: ATN - News) today announced it will joint venture with McFarlane Toys to produce and market a new series of action figures based on popular NASCAR drivers.", "\n\nThe affiliation will capitalize on Action´s exclusive licensing agreements with NASCAR´s top drivers, including eight of 2001´s top 10 Winston Cup finishers, and McFarlane Toys´ expertise creating detailed, high quality action figures. ", "The joint venture, constituted as Action McFarlane LLC, will also leverage the companies´ substantial distribution channels, which includes the major mass merchandisers, key distributors and specialty chains, and trackside retail operations at NASCAR events.", "\n\nRusty Wallace, Jeff Gordon, Sterling Martin, Dale Earnhardt, Jr., Tony Stewart, Kevin Harvick, and John Force are among the NASCAR superstars who license their likenesses to Action Performance and will be among the first drivers to be depicted as action figures under the joint venture.", "\n\nInitial plans are to produce the first six-figure line, based on some of the most popular NASCAR drivers under license to Action Performance, starting in mid 2003.", "\n\nExposure for NASCAR drivers is at an all-time high given the growing popularity of the sport and resultant interest in the sport by major television broadcasters, including extensive live coverage of the Winston Cup series by NBC, FOX and TNT.", "\n\n\"This joint venture will combine Action´s business model with the creative and marketing genius of Todd McFarlane to bring high quality NASCAR and NHRA action figures to the market,\" said Action Chairman and CEO Fred Wagenhals. \"", "With the popularity of NASCAR drivers under license to Action, we believe this joint venture will provide a significant extension to the line of collectibles and merchandise within Action´s NASCAR product line.\"", "\n\n\"I´ve always felt if you are going to be successful in business, then hang around the experts. ", "In this case, that becomes Action Performance,\" said Todd McFarlane, CEO of McFarlane Toys. \"", "By using the company´s history and skill in delivering high-quality NASCAR merchandise, as well as Action Performance´s vast knowledge of the NASCAR community in general, it became obvious to our companies that joining forces would be in the best interest of both parties. ", "This new venture will provide the consumer with figures of the highest quality at a variety of sizes and price points as well as being directed to the prebuilt audience that Action Performance has nurtured.\"", "\n\nAbout McFarlane Toys:\n\nGrammy- and Emmy-winning Producer/Director Todd McFarlane, best known as the creator of Spawn and the founder of SPAWN.COM, is the creative force behind McFarlane Toys. ", "The international award winning company is one of America´s top action figure manufacturers.", "\n\nIn 2001, McFarlane reshaped the sports collectibles market with the introduction of McFarlane´s Sports Picks NHL, NFL, NBA and MLB action figure lines. ", "With McFarlane´s details, accuracy, and a reputation for delivering picture-perfect facial likenesses, McFarlane´s Sports Pick has been a sellout success with every new series.", "\n\nAction Performance Companies Inc. (NYSE: ATN) is the leader in the design, promotion, marketing and distribution of licensed motorsports merchandise.", "\n\nThe Company’s products include a broad range of motorsports-related die-cast replica collectibles, apparel, souvenirs and other memorabilia. ", "Action Performance markets and distributes products through a variety of channels including the Action Racing Collectables network of wholesale distributors, the Racing Collectables Club of America, QVC, goracing.com, trackside at racing events, direct corporate promotions, mass retail and department stores, specialty dealers and online at nascar.com.", "\n\nThis news release contains forward-looking statements regarding expectations for revenues, EBITDA, net income, cash flow and capital and other funding needs, growth strategy, operational plans, and guidance for future periods. ", "The Company's actual results could differ materially from those set forth in these forward-looking statements. ", "Factors that might cause such differences include, among others, the ability of the Company to successfully execute its business plan, competitive pressures, acceptance of the Company's products and services in the marketplace, the success of new marketing programs, the Company's ability to successfully execute its agreements with other parties, and other risks discussed in the Company's Form 10-K, dated September 30, 2001, on file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission." ]

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[ "ABOUT US\n\nWe are the Original Innovators of the portable jump starter. ", "Trusted by Professionals around the world for Safety, Performance, and Durability. ", "Make the right choice with the jump starter that sets the Industry Standard.", "\n\nLearn more" ]

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[ "I'm Interested In\n\nSundays at 2:00pm ET\n\nSHARE\n\nWe’re celebrating our 200th show with a classic Arts & Seizures line-up —we’ve got rabbis and pro wrestlers and a whole lot more!!! ", "Want guanciale and hot peppers on your pizza? ", "We can do that, too. ", "Live at 2 PM, Brooklyn time, on the edge of Insanity. ", "I’m kvelling." ]

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[ "Preliminary detection of the anti‑tumour activity of indoline‑2,3‑dione derivative DH‑12a targeting aminopeptidase N.\nAminopeptidase N (APN) is important in tumour processes. ", "The present study detected the anti‑tumour activity of the novel APN inhibitor DH‑12a, which is an indoline‑2,3‑dione derivative. ", "In the present study, Bestatin, a clinical APN inhibitor was used as a positive control. ", "The expression of APN in the ES-2 and 3AO cell lines were assessed using flow cytometry and the drug inhibition constants of DH‑12a (Ki=13.15 µM) and Bestatin (Ki=16.57 µM) were assessed using a double reciprocal method of competitive inhibition. ", "The in vitro effects of DH‑12a on cell proliferation were assessed using a 3‑(4,5‑dimethyl‑thiazol‑2‑yl)‑2,5‑diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay on human cell lines of ES‑2 (IC50=43.8 µM), A549 (inhibition rate=41.5% at 160 µM DH‑12a), HL60 (inhibition rate=47.83% at 160 µM DH‑12a) and 3AO (IC50=70.2 µM). ", "The inhibition rates were consistently higher than those of Bestatin. ", "The effects of DH‑12a on cell migration (inhibition rates in ES‑2 cells and 3AO cells were 56.4 and 76.5%, respectively at 15 µM) and invasion (inhibition rates in ES‑2 cells and 3AO cells were 75.6 and 66.5%, respectively at 15 µM) were assessed using transwell plates. ", "The in vivo effects of DH‑12a on tumour proliferation and lung tumour metastasis were determined using an H22 xenograft mice model, where DH‑12a was administered in combination with genotoxic 5‑fluorouracil. ", "The anti‑tumour activities of DH‑12a in vivo were also greater than those of Bestatin. ", "In conclusion, the in vitro effects of DH‑12a on tumour proliferation, migration and invasion were consistent with the in vivo effects. ", "In addition, DH‑12a exhibited greater anti‑tumour properties compared with Bestatin." ]

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[ "The speciation of plutonium in foodstuffs and its influence on gut uptake.", "\nSoluble plutonium complexing agents in foodstuffs have been identified. ", "These have been labelled to high specific activity with 238Pu and their gut uptake determined in rats. ", "The range of values found for naturally-occurring complexes was between 0.03% for oxalate and 0.1% for phytate. ", "However, reasons are advanced for believing that the enhancement of uptake in rats fed the phytate complex would not be expected to occur in man. ", "These results are not taken, therefore, as suggesting that there should be any change in the gut uptake factor of 0.05% currently recommended by the National Radiological Protection Board for plutonium contained in foodstuffs eaten by humans." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nError de conexion a base de datos con Laravel Passport\n\nEstoy instalando una API con Laravel Passport utilizando bases de datos POSTGRESQL.", "\nAl momento de instalar Laravel y la autenticación básica, funciona ok al punto de registrar usuarios y hacer login perfectamente. (", "toma la base de datos ok) Pero al momento de seguir los pasos para instalar Passport y correr el comando php artisan migrate, Passport no reconoce que estoy usando POSTGRESQL y busca la conexión a MYSQL, que es inexistente.", "\nprobe si es un tema de cache corriendo:\nphp artisan config:cache \n\ny no funciona. ", "Agradeceré ayuda!", "\nTengo en config/databases:\n'default' => env('DB_CONNECTION', 'pgsql'), donde tengo el postgresql\ny en el .env tengo deshabilitado MYSQL:\n#DB_CONNECTION=mysql\n#DB_HOST=127.0.0.1\n#DB_PORT=3306\n#DB_DATABASE=laravel\n#DB_USERNAME=root\n#DB_PASSWORD=\n\nEl error que tira por consola es:\nIlluminate\\Database\\QueryException \n\nSQLSTATE[HY000] [1045] Access denied for user 'forge'@'localhost' (using password: NO) (SQL: \ncreate table `oauth_auth_codes` (`id` varchar(100) not null, `user_id` bigint unsigned not \nnull, `client_id` bigint unsigned not null, `scopes` text null, `revoked` tinyint(1) not \nnull, `expires_at` datetime null) default character set utf8mb4 collate \n'utf8mb4_unicode_ci')\n\nat vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Database/Connection.php:671\n667| // If an exception occurs when attempting to run a query, we'll format the \nerror\n668| // message to include the bindings with SQL, which will make this exception a\n669| // lot more helpful to the developer instead of just the database's errors.", "\n670| catch (Exception $e) {\n671| throw new QueryException(\n672| $query, $this->prepareBindings($bindings), $e\n673| );\n674| }\n675| \n\nA:\n\nfinalmente encontré la solución en un foro de Laravel Passport, parece que en las últimas versiones la conexión a la db se configura directamente en passport (no se porque no toma la de .env o config/databases), \"publicando\" (exportando) del vendor a la app el archivo de conexión que incluye el Passport Storage Driver, para poder modificarlo y declarar la conexión exclusivamente para Passport.", "\nDemás esta decir que hay en Laravel 3 lugares diferentes para declarar una conexión a la base de datos, tema para charlar directamente con Otwell.", "\nEn fin, esto se hace con el siguiente comando:\nphp artisan vendor:publish --tag=passport-config \n\nque agrega un file en la carpeta config llamado passport.php, y donde encontramos, listo para configurar:\n/*\n|--------------------------------------------------------------------------\n| Passport Storage Driver\n|--------------------------------------------------------------------------\n|\n| This configuration options determines the storage driver that will\n| be used to store Passport's data. ", "In addition, you may set any\n| custom options as needed by the particular driver you choose.", "\n|\n*/\n\n'storage' => [\n 'database' => [\n 'connection' => env('DB_CONNECTION', 'mysql'),\n ],\n],\n\n" ]

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[ "Three bronze plaques honoring the victims of Sept. 11 have been stolen from a memorial in New Jersey, just weeks after the world marked 18 years since the terror attacks, investigators said.", "\n\nThe plaques were stolen between Wednesday and Thursday from the Monmouth County memorial at Mount Mitchill Scenic Overlook in Atlantic Highlands, police said.", "\n\n“This is a place where people especially families come here to remember their loved ones,” Sierra Ortiz told Fox 5 New York. “", "It’s disgusting that someone would actually do that.”", "\n\nTUNNEL TO TOWERS RUN HONORS FALLEN FDNY FIREFIGHTERS, US TROOPS WHO HAVE DIED SINCE 9/11\n\nEach plaque detailed events in a three-hour time span that unfolded on the morning of September 11, 2001, according to the Monmouth County Parks website. ", "Each plaque was set in a rock lining a walkway that led to a statue of an eagle overlooking the New York skyline.", "\n\n“I constantly walk up that path and read what happened on that day and it’s just unbelievable that someone would take it away,” Cindy Sullivan told the outlet.", "\n\nCLICK HERE TO GET THE FOX NEWS APP\n\nThe memorial also honored the 147 Monmouth County residents who died in the attacks, according to the park's website. ", "Their names were carved in stone set beneath the eagle sculpture, which held a beam from one of the towers.", "\n\nPolice have offered a $5,000 reward for information leading to an arrest." ]

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[ "I feel like the only way to stop [substance abuse] is to have law enforcement walking around, showing kids that it's not right.", "\n\n”\n\n–Professor Cavendish\n\nProfessor Nigel Rainsford Cavendish was the principal of Laurence Tureaud High School from 1976-2010, when he was killed by zombies, reincarnated as one of the undead, and killed again by Ryan Lambert with a shotgun.", "\n\nProfessor Cavendish was an esteemed professor of English hailing from Stratford-upon-Avon. ", "He was contacted by the time-travelling war correspondant Mark Logan to join the staff of Laurence Tureaud High School and was appointed principal following Logan's departure to the Bronze Age. ", "He was known as a benevolent principal and his rule was marked by relative stability. ", "He took great strides to appease the angry spirits haunting the school, and when faced with a growing Altoids problem among the students, he hired Officer Ryan Lambert to combat the situation. ", "He was much loved by his students until his death at the hands of zombies in 2010." ]

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[ ".45 Caliber (.4515) 185 gr. ", "FPJ Match\n\nThese bullets have the Full Profile Jacket Match TournamentMaster design. ", "The 185 grain #8810 bullet was first introduced in 1979 in the full metal jacket configuration and was reintroduced in 1984. ", "Since that time, they have been used successfully for Bullseye, Combat, Practical Pistol, or any match where accuracy and function are critical. ", "These bullets are fine selections in the 45 ACP cartridge for these types of competitions, which demand superb accuracy.", "\n\n*Sierra Bullets does not sell any loaded ammunition. ", "What you are purchasing are bullets only and will need to be loaded into ammunition in order to be fired from a firearm. ", "Prices, specifications and availability are subject to change without notice. ", "We reserve the right to correct typographic, photographic and/or descriptive errors." ]

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[ "Tile Table Top Designs\n\nhas provided over 32499 Collection of Greatest Home Designs on which selected from various stages of designs that can fit to your needs.", "\nWe do this for you because We believe a successful home design is not only functional and beautiful, but also a happy reflection of how you live every day !", "\nThis time on this post, Nama Domain offer you one of the best design of Tile Table Top Designs.", "\nThis [Judul Postingan] is examples of a good concept.", "\n\nIt can help you whenever you are confused to choose a good design for your lovely home.", "\nPerhaps, it can be your inspiration for your structuring idea.", "\nThis is indeed the home concept for everybody who wants to have comfortable home.", "\n\nAlso find the other picture or article about\nTable Top Designs\nWe hope it can help you to get information of the picture" ]

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[ "An alternative form of the integrin beta 1 subunit with a variant cytoplasmic domain.", "\nWe have identified an alternatively spliced form of the human beta 1 integrin subunit, beta 1S. The beta 1S mRNA is expressed in human platelets, HEL and K562 erythroleukemia cell lines, and THP1 monocytic and HL60 promyelocytic cell lines. ", "It is undetectable in peripheral blood lymphocytes and cultured umbilical vein endothelial cells at early passages. ", "The beta 1S cDNA encodes a new cytoplasmic domain distinct from the previously reported alternative cytoplasmic domain of the beta 1 subunit. ", "The sequence reveals the presence of an insert of 116 nucleotides which produces a frame shift in the previously reported 3' end of the beta 1 integrin subunit and codes for a unique 48-amino acid COOH-terminal sequence. ", "An antiserum prepared against a synthetic peptide generated from the deduced sequence of the beta 1S cytoplasmic domain immunoprecipitated an HEL cell surface molecule that comigrated with the usual beta 1 subunit in sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis. ", "The immunoprecipitation indicated that beta 1S constitutes a minor portion of total beta 1 subunit in these cells. ", "This variant beta 1 cytoplasmic tail may modulate integrin affinity and may provide additional modes for the transduction of extracellular signals and modulation of cytoskeletal organization by beta 1 integrins." ]

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[ "There’s another Dark Web beyond sites dealing in illegal goods and conspiracy theories. ", "Even without a Tor browser, you can access a so-called Intellectual Dark Web of controversial authors, speakers, and interviewers–on the right and left. ", "Neuroscientist, author, and podcaster Sam Harris is part of that list, and is also one of the Four Horsemen of the Atheist Apocalypse (with Richard Dawkins, Daniel C. Dennett, and Christopher Hitchens). ", "But Harris is no longer part of Patreon , the crowdfunding service that had allowed listeners to contribute to his podcast Waking Up .", "\n\nOn Sunday night, Harris announced his departure from Patreon, where he was one of the top-ranked creators, because the service has expelled several people with whom he does not agree. ", "Among them: feminism and “identity politics” critic Carl Benjamin (aka Sargon of Akkad), former Students for Trump adviser James Allsup, and all-around political bomb thrower Milo Yiannopoulos.", "\n\n“Although I don’t share the politics of the banned members, I consider it no longer tenable to expose any part of my podcast funding to the whims of Patreon’s ‘Trust and Safety’ committee,” wrote Harris, who’s now raising money on his own site.", "\n\nRelated: Cloudflare’s Matthew Prince Explains Why It Was So Hard To Dump The Daily Stormer\n\nOver the years, Harris has ticked off both conservatives and liberals with his critique of religion and readiness to speak with almost anyone, regardless of how offensive their views may be. ", "This famously included an interview with political scientist Charles Murray, author of the The Bell Curve, which probes a racial basis for differences in intelligence. ", "Other episodes spawned criticism that Harris gives a platform to Islamophobes and white nationalists. ", "However, Harris has famously refused to speak with alt-right icon Richard Spencer, so as not to give him a platform.", "\n\nAs deplatforming—both voluntary and involuntary—continues on social media, funding networks, and other online communities (such as Tumblr), the classic American struggles and arguments over free expression and tolerance show no sign of abating." ]

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[ "“met with around 45 Democrats at the Washington, D.C. home of U.S. Rep. Rosa DeLauro, D-New Haven”\n\nWhen the Russia narrative failed, Democrats shifted to a new tactic of questioning Trump’s mental fitness for office. ", "They’re just going from thing to thing, hoping something will allow them to declare the 2016 election void so they can remove Trump from office.", "\n\nIn this latest effort, they recruited Yale psychiatry professor Bandy Lee to declare Trump unfit. ", "We’ve been following the story closely:\n\nWhite House physician Dr. Ronny Jackson just gave Trump a clean bill of physical and mental health but Democrats are not letting go of the mental health attack because they’ve got nothing else.", "\n\nBandy Lee just had a second meeting with Democrats and is now getting death threats.", "\n\nAdelaide Feibel reports at Yale Daily News:\n\nYale psychiatrist faces threats In the wake of denunciation from fellow psychiatrists and death threats from supporters of President Donald Trump, Bandy Lee MED ’94 DIV ’95 met with lawmakers again last week to discuss the president’s mental stability, despite colleagues’ claims that she is breaking psychiatric ethical code. ", "Lee made national headlines in January after she briefed congressmen on Trump’s mental state, arguing that the president is a danger to society. ", "Last Wednesday, Lee met with around 45 Democrats at the Washington, D.C. home of U.S. Rep. Rosa DeLauro, D-New Haven, marking her second such gathering with lawmakers. ", "Since the news broke of the meeting, Lee told the News, she has received death threats at a level that makes her fear “mob violence.” ", "According to Lee, the offices of DeLauro and U.S. Rep. Jamie Raskin, D-MD were flooded with threats, leading to the cancellation of a scheduled town hall with Raskin… On Friday, White House physicians said Trump was in “excellent health” after administering a physical examination, the president’s first since he took office. “", "Using psychiatry for political or self-aggrandizing purposes is stigmatizing for our patients and negatively impacts our profession,” the APA statement read. ", "But Lee has consistently argued that she has a duty to warn, which is greater than her obligation for political neutrality as a psychiatrist. ", "She told the News she is not normally political but that by speaking out, she has the potential to prevent violence and the “potential extinction of our species.”", "\n\nWhat Democrats and Dr. Lee don’t seem to realize is that to most Americans, they are the ones who need to be fitted for straight jackets.", "\n\nPatricia McCarthy writes at American Thinker:\n\nPhysician, heal thyself: It’s Bandy Lee who’s non compos mentis In recent weeks, Bandy X. Lee, a pseudo-psychiatrist, astonishingly employed by Yale, has been going around telling everyone who will listen that Trump is mentally ill, dangerously so, and that he must be removed from office. ", "The Democrats are all atwitter. ", "They hang on her every word. ", "They do not care that she is acting and speaking in complete violation of her profession. ", "As any professional in mental health knows, it is absolutely unethical to diagnose a person one has never met or spoken to, let alone interviewed or examined. ", "It is this woman who is mentally ill. ", "She continues to speak out in spite of being warned by the American Psychiatric Association that her public comments are unethical… Trump has done more good for the nation in one year than Obama did in eight. ", "But Yale’s Bandy Lee thinks Trump is mentally impaired! ", "Lee is a political hack, not a legitimate psychiatrist. ", "No honorable psychiatrist would do what she has been doing. ", "Lee clearly has some mental issues herself. ", "Someone needs to arrange an intervention.", "\n\nThe only question at this point is what new narrative Democrats will embrace when this one has run its course.", "\n\n\n\n" ]

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[ "Glee: The Music, Volume 2\n\nGlee: The Music, Volume 2 is the second soundtrack album by the cast of the American musical television series Glee, featuring songs from episodes nine to thirteen of the show's first season. ", "It was first released on December 4, 2009 in Australia by Columbia Records. ", "It has been certified platinum in Canada and Australia, and gold in the United Kingdom and the United States. ", "Volume 2 received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the vocals of cast members Lea Michele, Amber Riley, and Kevin McHale, but felt the album was weak in arrangements and similar to a collection of karaoke tracks. ", "All tracks were released as singles and performed on the series, with the exception of \"Don't Make Me Over\"—only an instrumental version was used.", "\n\nProduction and songs\nEach of songs included on the album were released as singles, available for download. \"", "True Colors\" charted highest in all regions except America, reaching number 15 in Ireland, number 35 in the United Kingdom, number 38 in Canada, and number 47 in Australia. ", "In America, the best-performing single was \"Lean on Me\", which charted at number 50. ", "The only songs which failed to chart in any region were \"(You're) Having My Baby\" and \"Don't Make Me Over\". ", "Karaoke versions of \"Lean on Me\", \"My Life Would Suck Without You\" and \"True Colors\" were also released, based on fan–demand and the popularity of karaoke tribute videos to the series.", "\n\nYoko Ono was hesitant about allowing Glee the rights to \"Imagine\". ", "Series music supervisor P.J. Bloom explained: \"It was very difficult to convince Yoko Ono that it was the right thing to do. ", "She needed to truly understand how the music was going to be used. ", "The added component of us wanting to have a deaf choir signing the song made for this incredibly poignant moment. ...", "It really took a lot of convincing to get her on board and realize that it was a great, great moment, and a tribute to John and his song.\" ", "While a full version of \"Don't Make Me Over\" is included on the album, only an instrumental version was used in the show.", "\n\nReception\n\nThe album has received mixed reviews from critics. ", "Whitney Pastorek of Entertainment Weekly felt that there was much about the album that should not work, including \"sickly-sweet vocals\", \"theme-park-level arrangements\" and \"cheesy song choices\". ", "Despite this, she commented: \"When the Glee kids nail something—like a version of Van Halen's \"Jump\" that made my cheeks sore from smiling—the title of this joyful franchise could not be more apt.\" ", "Allmusic's Andrew Leahey observed that the soundtrack felt \"a bit rushed\" due to its release four weeks after Volume 1 and the fact it features songs from half as many episodes as the first album. ", "He criticized: \"As before, this album sometimes strays away from choral arrangements and sounds more like a collection of karaoke recordings.\" ", "Overall, however, Leahey believed that returning fans would find the album enjoyable.", "\n\nChristopher John Farley of The Wall Street Journal commented that Michele, Riley and McHale have \"the most distinctive voices\" of all the Glee cast members, suggesting that Michele's rendition of \"Don't Rain on My Parade\" would \"have some listeners hoping she'll be sharing her talents with Broadway again soon.\" ", "IGN's Brian Linder recommended the album to Glee fans only, opining that \"only two or three tracks will be of interest to the non-hardcore fan. ", "Unlike the first installment in the show's soundtrack series, Glee – The Music, Vol. ", "2 isn't going to win over any skeptics.\"", "\n\nTrack listing\nUnless otherwise indicated, Information is taken from the album’s Liner Notes\n\nNotes\nLily Allen’s “Smile” contains replayed elements of “Free Soul” written by Donat “Jackie” Mittoo and Clement Dodd.", "\nWhile Dianna Agron, Chris Colfer, Jayma Mays & Mark Salling are listed in the “Glee Cast Vocals” section of the album’s Liner notes, their vocals don’t appear on any of the album's songs.", "\n\nPersonnel\n\nDianna Agron – vocals\nLily Allen – composer\nAdam Anders – engineer, producer, additional vocals\nPaul Anka – composer\nPeer Åström – engineer, mixing, producer\nIyiola Babalola – composer\nDavid Baloche – additional vocals\nDave Betts – art direction, design\nPJ Bloom – supervisor\nGeoff Bywater – executive in charge of music\nCharlie Chaplin – composer\nKevin Clark – composer\nChris Colfer – vocals\nKamari Copeland – additional vocals\nHal David – composer\nTim Davis – additional vocals\nDante Di Loreto – executive producer\nTom Eyen – composer\nBrad Falchuk – executive producer\nJohn Fogerty – composer\nJerry Fuller – composer\nEmily Gomez – additional vocals\nHeather Guibert – coordination\nNikki Hassman – additional vocals\nChrissie Hynde – composer\nMick Jagger – composer\nJeannette Kaczorowski – cover design\nJenny Karr – additional vocals\nTom Kelly – composer\nRobin Koehler – coordination\n\nHenry Krieger – composer\nKerri Larson – additional vocals\nJohn Lennon – composer\nDavid Loucks – additional vocals\nMeaghan Lyons – coordination\nChris Mann – additional vocals\nMax Martin – composer\nMaria Paula Marulanda – art direction, design\nJayma Mays – vocals\nKevin McHale – lead vocals\nLea Michele – lead vocals\nCory Monteith – lead vocals\nMatthew Morrison – lead vocals\nMark Mueller – composer\nRyan Murphy – producer\nTiffany Palmer – additional vocals\nGeoffrey Parsons – composer\nRyan Peterson – engineer\nKeith Richards – composer\nLionel Richie – composer\nAmber Riley – lead vocals\nMark Salling – vocals\nSting – composer\nJule Styne – composer\nLouie Teran – mastering\nJenna Ushkowitz – lead vocals\nAlex Van Halen – composer\nEddie Van Halen – composer\nWindy Wagner – additional vocals\nBill Withers – composer\n\nSource: allmusic.", "\n\nCharts and certifications\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nCertifications\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Glee (TV series) albums\nCategory:2009 soundtracks\nCategory:Columbia Records soundtracks" ]

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[ "NWSB Insider and WSU Cougars blogger Britton Ransford is in a state of shock today. ", "He says the offense was bad. ", "That wasn’t supposed to happen. ", "The defense was bad. ", "That was supposed to happen. ", "If you told him that WSUs defense would hold BYU to 30 points he probably would have assumed WSU won by 14. ", "After a promising first drive was interrupted by a terrible throwing decision by Jeff Tuel, the wheels fell off the Mike Leach bus." ]

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[ "Un volcán en erupción, que produce permanentes seísmos. ", "Así vive las últimas semanas Podemos. ", "En constante alerta, en constante estallido. ", "A 48 horas de la trascendental reunión extraordinaria y urgente del Consejo Ciudadano Estatal -máximo órgano entre asambleas-, convocada por la crisis de Madrid tras la renuncia de Íñigo Errejón a ser el candidato de Podemos, la dirección nacional apuesta por rebajar la tensión e, incluso, recula su posición firme de confrontar con su ex número dos y hasta le tienden la mano para negociar.", "\n\n\"Estamos trabajando en un proceso participativo que pueda incluir a todo el mundo. ", "Trabajando para dialogar y lograr un proceso de la máxima unidad\", ha expuesto Irene Montero, líder ahora de Podemos, por la baja por paternidad de Pablo Iglesias. ", "Su posición supone suavizar la estrategia férrea marcada hasta ahora, y dictada por el propio Iglesias: presentar en la Comunidad de Madrid una candidatura contra Errejón, que se situó \"fuera del partido\", y al que acusaron de \"engañar\" y \"dinamitar todos los puentes\".", "\n\nPese a que Montero niega un cambio de posición, la rectificación es notoria. ", "Un viraje de 180 grados. ", "Preguntada en el Congreso, antes de la celebración de la Diputación Permanente, si con todo el mundo, Podemos incluye a Errejón, la respuesta ha sido explícita: \"Con todo el mundo incluye a Errejón. ", "Hay una hoja de ruta de los inscritos, una candidatura de unidad, lo más participada posible, y después hablaremos con todos los partidos, también con Errejón\".", "\n\nEsa nueva puerta abierta a negociar con Errejón sería, incluso, antes de la celebración de las elecciones. ", "Esto es, la posición de Podemos es ahora negociar antes de las urnas y no después, abriendo la puerta, que antes decidió cerrar de forma contundente a ir de la mano. \"", "En el proceso participado está invitado todo el mundo. ", "Eso incluye la posibilidad de llegar a un acuerdo con el partido de Errejón\".", "\n\nEso sí, Montero, para evitar la sensación de cesión, ha querido imponer una suerte de exigencia previa a Errejón: que no acuda este miércoles a la reunión del Consejo Ciudadano Estatal. \"", "Creo rotundamente que no (debe acudir), creo que debe ser consecuente. ", "Él se ha ido de Podemos, ha fundado otro partido y creo que nos debe dejar debatir, ser responsable, igual que lo vamos a ser nosotros, y contribuir a que dejemos de hablar de nosotros mismos y que podamos hablar de política\". ", "La cúpula morada quiere evitar que su ex número dos siga siendo \"el centro del debate\". \"", "Creo que la condición de posibilidad para que con el nuevo partido de Errejón nos podamos entender es que nos permita tener nuestros debates de forma tranquila, que haya un respeto hacia Podemos\".", "\n\nEl giro estratégico ha transitado desde la posibilidad, repetida por todos sus principales dirigentes de que Unidos Podemos presentaría una candidatura propia y contra Errejón en la Comunidad de Madrid, a la opción de negociar, como han pedido los líderes territoriales. \"", "Nosotros tenemos que hacer el máximo proceso de unidad antes de las elecciones\", ha sentenciado Montero.", "\n\n\"Podemos no puede ser una máquina de expulsión\"\n\nEsta posición de la dirección nacional de Podemos llega en la víspera de la reunión de su máximo órgano; de la dimisión de Ramón Espinar, secretario general de Madrid, que no era partidario de competir contra Errejón como quería la cúpula y dimitió de todos su cargos; y después de que los líderes territoriales protagonizaran un cónclave al margen de la dirección nacional donde pedían \"unidad\" y \"no competir\" contra Errejón.", "\n\nEste mismo lunes, José García Molina, líder de Podemos en Castilla-La Mancha y anfitrión de la cita de los barones de Podemos, ha insistido en una entrevista en Antena 3 en la necesidad de que Podemos sea un \"proyecto que crezca, de la unidad. ", "Podemos es un lugar del que nadie tiene que marcharse, es un lugar al que tiene que venir la gente. ", "No puede ser una máquina que expulse a la gente\".", "\n\nPara Molina, que resume el sentir de los líderes territoriales, Podemos \"debe reflexionar sobre lo que está pasando\". \"", "Tenemos que dejar de competir entre nosotros y empezar a cooperar\". ", "Sus palabras son de especial calado, toda vez que es considerado uno de los líderes autonómicos más afines a Pablo Iglesias, pero que en esta ocasión tampoco comulgaba con la decisión estratégica de la cúpula nacional.", "\n\nConsulta a los inscritos\n\nDos días después de ese cónclave en Toledo, en el que se escenificó una suerte de rebelión de los líderes territoriales, Podemos suaviza su discurso. ", "Del portazo a Errejón a la mano tendida. \"", "Somos conscientes de que hay que buscar el mayor proceso de unidad con todas aquellas formaciones políticas, también el partido de Errejón, que están en disposición de que no gobiernen los trillizos reaccionarios en Madrid\", ha expuesto Irene Montero, en alusión a PP, Cs y Vox y a la posible reedición del pacto consumado en Andalucía.", "\n\nSobre la fórmula buscada en esa negociación, Montero también ha abierto la posibilidad de que se termine haciendo una consulta a los inscritos para que sean ellos los que tengan la última palabra. \"", "No lo podemos saber\", ha respondido la líder de Podemos sobre la posible fórmula para concurrir en Madrid si se negocia con Errejón. \"", "Eso lo tendrán que decir los inscritos, nosotros vamos a trabajar por la máxima unidad posible\"." ]

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[ "Christine Högl\n\nHARPIST\n\ndreams in the stars\n\nHarp music live in the Planetarium\n\nAudiences experience harp music full of imagination, interleaved with impressive image projections. ", "The listener is simultaneously a viewer who leans back comfortably while delving into another dimension. ", "In a unique way the fulldome projection of modern planetarium opens the view into distant worlds of the universe. ", "Be still and listen… that is the gateway to „heaven on earth“.", "\n\n25 years of 'Harp Music under the Stars' celebration tour 2017\n\nThe project \"Harp Music under the Stars\" has been a journey full of adventures and great moments, like performing in 2004 at IPS Conference at Valencia, Spain and many other planetariums. ", "The ambience of planetarium theaters is a perfect setting for my music and audiences just love it.", "\n\nThe project has been the heart of my concert activity for a quarter of a century. ", "I am grateful and happy about this work, because it is the fulfillment of a life's work. ", "As a planetarium musician I have achieved everything I can wish for: eight ‘Star Dream' live productions, the setting of the children's show 'The Time Bubble Journey' and the fulldome-show 'Magic of the Otherworld'.", "\n\nWhen my project began in 1992, there were hardly any concerts or cultural events in the dome. ", "I could encourage many planetariums to try out my new idea – with success! ", "It can be said that as a pioneer of live concerts in planetariums, I was groundbreaking for many musicians. ", "Today, 25 years later, there is a diverse cultural program and a wide range of live music in the 'Star Theatres'. ", "The cultural landscape is meanwhile a part of planetariums.", "\n\n\"Take time for dreaming, it is the way to the stars\" is an Irish word. ", "In this sense, harp sounds in connection with the starry sky are in their element. ", "It is a magical and timeless combination that touches and enchants people of all ages. ", "Starry Sky and harp music remember our eternal home, and also touches our deep belonging to the Blue Planet Earth. ", "It is a 'heaven on earth' when we open to it." ]

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[ "Gramicidin conformational studies with mixed-chain unsaturated phospholipid bilayer systems.", "\nThe transition of gramicidin from a nonchannel to a channel form was investigated using mixed-chain phosphatidylcholine lipid bilayers. ", "Gramicidin and phospholipids were codispersed, after removal of the solvents chloroform/methanol or trifluoroethanol which resulted in nonchannel and channel conformations, respectively, as confirmed using circular dichroism (CD). ", "The fluorescence emission maxima of the nonchannel form were shifted toward shorter wavelengths by heating at 60 degrees C (for 0-12 h), which converted it to a channel form, again as confirmed by CD. ", "The channel form did not respond to heat treatment. ", "Heat treatment also increased the fluorescence anisotropy of the nonchannel gramicidin tryptophans. ", "The rate of transition from the nonchannel to channel conformation was found to be faster if phosphatidylethanolamine was present in combination with phosphatidylcholine compared to phosphatidylcholine alone. ", "Also, gramicidin in bilayers of the polyunsaturated 1-palmitoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-phosphatidylcholine converted more rapidly compared to 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine. ", "Using the fluorescence anisotropy of the membrane lipid probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene, it was also shown that the motional properties of the surrounding lipid acyl chains differed for the channel and nonchannel gramicidin conformations. ", "The possibility that lipids tending to favor the hexagonal phase (HII) would enhance the rate of the nonchannel to channel transition was supported by 31P NMR which revealed the presence of some HII lipids in the channel preparations. ", "The results of this study suggest that gramicidin may serve as a useful model for similar conformational transitions in other more complex membrane proteins." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCan a foreign key reference a non-unique index?", "\n\nI thought a foreign key meant that a single row must reference a single row, but I'm looking at some tables where this is definitely not the case. ", "Table1 has column1 with a foreign key constraint on column2 in table2, BUT there are many records in table2 with the same value in column2. ", "There's also non-unique index on column2. ", "What does this mean? ", "Does a foreign key constraint simply mean that at least one record must exist with the right values in the right columns? ", "I thought it meant there must be exactly one such record (not sure how nulls fit in to the picture, but I'm less concerned about that at the moment).", "\nupdate: Apparently, this behavior is specific to MySQL, which is what I was using, but I didn't mention it in my original question.", "\n\nA:\n\nFrom MySQL documentation:\n\nInnoDB allows a foreign key constraint to reference a non-unique key. ", "This is an InnoDB extension to standard SQL.", "\n\nHowever, there is a pratical reason to avoid foreign keys on non-unique columns of referenced table. ", "That is, what should be the semantic of \"ON DELETE CASCADE\" in that case?", "\nThe documentation further advises:\n\nThe handling of foreign key references to nonunique keys or keys that contain NULL values is not well defined (...) You are advised to use foreign keys that reference only UNIQUE (including PRIMARY) and NOT NULL keys.", "\n\nA:\n\nYour analysis is correct; the keys don't have to be unique, and constraints will act on the set of matching rows. ", " Not usually a useful behavior, but situations can come up where it's what you want.", "\n\nA:\n\nYes, you can create foreign keys to basically any column(s) in any table. ", " Most times you'll create them to the primary key, though.", "\nIf you do use foreign keys that don't point to a primary key, you might also want to create a (non-unique) index to the column(s) being referenced for the sake of performance.", "\nDepends on the RDBMS you're using. ", " I think some do this for you implicitly, or use some other tricks. ", " RTM.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Google+ Followers\n\nSunday, 11 March 2012\n\nChristians For Israel\n\nAlthough anti-Semites like the Wandering Fool, aka Gilad Atzmon, believe Israel is a Jewish plot, in fact the most supportive and dedicated lobby in support of Israel is the 30m+ Christians United for Israel group of Pastor John Hagee, a supporter of Hitler no less!", "\n\nIndeed modern political Zionism owes its origins not to Jewish support but Christian Evangelists – Lords Palmerstone & Shaftestbury, Ernest Laharanne, Disraeli, Lloyd George, Balfour. ", "Most of them were anti-Semites, because where best to send Jews but to Palestine. ", "Today John Hagee, who believes Hitler was acting out the divine will, is the spokesman for CUFI.", "\n\nIn Genesis and Ezekiel Gog and Magog are forces of the Apocalypse who are prophesied to come out of the north and destroy Israel unless stopped. ", "The Book of Revelation took up the Old Testament prophesy:\n\n“And when the thousand years are expired, Satan shall be loosed out of his prison, And shall go out to deceive the nations which are in the four quarters of the earth, Gog and Magog, to gather them together to battle and fire came down from God out of heaven, and devoured them.”", "\n\nBush believed the time had now come for that battle, telling Chirac:\n\n“This confrontation is willed by God, who wants to use this conflict to erase his people’s enemies before a New Age begins”…\n\nThere can be little doubt now that President Bush’s reason for launching the war in Iraq was, for him, fundamentally religious. ", "He was driven by his belief that the attack on Saddam’s Iraq was the fulfilment of a Biblical prophesy in which he had been chosen to serve as the instrument of the Lord.", "\n\n“Tony’s Christian faith is part of him, down to his cotton socks. ", "He believed strongly at the time, that intervention in Kosovo, Sierra Leone – Iraq too – was all part of the Christian battle; good should triumph over evil, making lives better.”", "\n\nMr Burton, who was often described as Mr Blair’s mentor, says that his religion gave him a “total belief in what’s right and what’s wrong”, leading him to see the so-called War on Terror as “a moral cause”…\n\nAnti-war campaigners criticised remarks Mr Blair made in 2006, suggesting that the decision to go to war in Iraq would ultimately be judged by God.", "\n\nBill Moyers reports that the organization Christians United for Israel – led by highly-influential Pastor John C. Hagee – is a universal call to all Christians to help factions in Israel fund the Jewish settlements, throw out all the Palestinians and lobby for a pre-emptive invasion of Iran. ", "All to bring Russia into a war against us causing World War III followed by Armageddon, the Second Coming and The Rapture. ", "See this and this\n\nThis all revolves around what is called Dispensationalism. ", "So popular is Dispensationalism that Tim LaHaye’s Left Behind series has sold 65 million copies.", "\n\nDr. Timothy Webber – an evangelical Christian who has served as a teacher of church history and the history of American religion at Denver Seminary and Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville, Vice-President at Northern Baptist Theological Seminary in Lombard, IL, and President of Memphis Theological Seminary in Tennessee – notes:\n\nIn a recent Time/CNN poll, more than one-third of Americans said that since the terrorist attacks of 9/11, they have been thinking more about how current events might be leading to the end of the world.", "\n\nWhile only 36 percent of all Americans believe that the Bible is God’s Word and should be taken literally, 59 percent say they believe that events predicted in the Book of Revelation will come to pass. ", "Almost one out of four Americans believes that 9/11 was predicted in the Bible, and nearly one in five believes that he or she will live long enough to see the end of the world. ", "Even more significant for this study, over one-third of those Americans who support Israel report that they do so because they believe the Bible teaches that the Jews must possess their own country in the Holy Land before Jesus can return.", "\n\nMillions of Americans believe that the Bible predicts the future and that we are living in the last days. ", "Their beliefs are rooted in dispensationalism, a particular way of understanding the Bible’s prophetic passages, especially those in Daniel and Ezekiel in the Old Testament and the Book of Revelation in the New Testament. ", "They make up about one-third of America’s 40 or 50 million evangelical Christians and believe that the nation of Israel will play a central role in the unfolding of end-times events. ", "In the last part of the 20th century, dispensationalist evangelicals become Israel’s best friends-an alliance that has made a serious geopolitical difference.", "\n\n***\n\nStarting in the 1970s, dispensationalists broke into the popular culture with runaway best-sellers, and a well-networked political campaign to promote and protect the interests of Israel. ", "Since the mid-1990s, tens of millions of people who have never seen a prophetic chart or listened to a sermon on the second coming have read one or more novels in the Left Behind series, which has become the most effective disseminator of dispensationalist ideas ever.", "\n\n***\n\nDuring the early 1980s the Israeli Ministry of Tourism recruited evangelical religious leaders for free “familiarization” tours. ", "In time, hundreds of evangelical pastors got free trips to the Holy Land. ", "The purpose of such promotional tours was to enable people of even limited influence to experience Israel for themselves and be shown how they might bring their own tour group to Israel. ", "The Ministry of Tourism was interested in more than tourist dollars: here was a way of building a solid corps of non-Jewish supporters for Israel in the United States by bringing large numbers of evangelicals to hear and see Israel’s story for themselves. ", "The strategy caught on.", "\n\n***\n\nShortly after the Six-Day War, elements within the Israeli government saw the potential power of the evangelical subculture and began to mobilize it as a base of support that could influence American foreign policy. ", "The Israeli government sent Yona Malachy of its Department of Religious Affairs to the United States to study American fundamentalism and its potential as an ally of Israel. ", "Malachy was warmly received by fundamentalists and was able to influence some of them to issue strong pro-Israeli manifestos. ", "By the mid-1980s, there was a discernible shift in the Israeli political strategy. ", "The American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), the Jewish state’s major lobbying group in Washington, D.C., started re-aligning itself with the American political right-wing, including Christian conservatives. ", "Israel’s timing was perfect. ", "It began working seriously with American dispensationalists at the precise moment that American fundamentalists and evangelicals were discovering their political voice.", "\n\n* **\n\nProbably the largest pro-Israel organization of its kind is the National Unity Coalition for Israel, which was founded by a Jewish woman who learned how to get dispensationalist support. ", "NUCI opposes “the establishment of a Palestinian state within the borders of Israel.”", "\n\n***\n\nIn their commitment to keep Israel strong and moving in directions prophesied by the Bible, dispensationalists are supporting some of the most dangerous elements in Israeli society. ", "They do so because such political and religious elements seem to conform to dispensationalist beliefs about what is coming next for Israel. ", "By lending their support-both financial and spiritual-to such groups, dispensationalists are helping the future they envision come to pass.", "\n\n***\n\nDispensationalists believe that the Temple is coming too; and their convictions have led them to support the aims and actions of what most Israelis believe are the most dangerous right-wing elements in their society, people whose views make any compromise necessary for lasting peace impossible. ", "Such sentiments do not matter to the believers in Bible prophecy, for whom the outcome of the quarrelsome issue of the Temple Mount has already been determined by God.", "\n\nSince the end of the Six-Day War, then, dispensationalists have increasingly moved from observers to participant-observers. ", "They have acted consistently with their convictions about the coming Last Days in ways that make their prophecies appear to be self-fulfilling.", "\n\n***\n\nAs Paul Boyer has pointed out, dispensationalism has effectively conditioned millions of Americans to be somewhat passive about the future and provided them with lenses through which to understand world events. ", "Thanks to the sometimes changing perspectives of their Bible teachers, dispensationalists are certain that trouble in the Middle East is inevitable, that nations will war against nations, and that the time is coming when millions of people will die as a result of nuclear war, the persecution of Antichrist, or as a result of divine judgment. ", "Striving for peace in the Middle East is a hopeless pursuit with no chance of success.", "\n\n***\n\nFor the dispensational community, the future is determined. ", "The Bible’s prophecies are being fulfilled with amazing accuracy and rapidity. ", "They do not believe that the Road Map will-or should-succeed. ", "According to the prophetic texts, partitioning is not in Israel’s future, even if the creation of a Palestinian state is the best chance for peace in the region. ", "Peace is nowhere prophesied for the Middle East, until Jesus comes and brings it himself. ", "The worse thing that the United States, the European Union, Russia, and the United Nations can do is force Israel to give up land for a peace that will never materialize this side of the second coming. ", "Anyone who pushes for peace in such a manner is ignoring or defying God’s plan for the end of the age.", "\n\n***\n\nIt seems clear that dispensationalism is on a roll, that its followers feel they are riding the wave of history into the shore of God’s final plan. ", "Why should they climb back into the stands when being on the field of play is so much more fun and apparently so beneficial to the game’s outcome? ", "As [one dispensationalist group's] advertisement read, “Don’t just read about prophecy when you can be part of it.”", "\n\nThose who say that criticizing Zionism is anti-semitic are misleading people for their own ulterior motives which have nothing to do with ensuring the safety of the Jewish people.", "\n\nIsraeli Zionists are no more true to the cultural heritage of the Jewish people than Christian Zionists are.", "\n\nAtheist War Hawks Manipulate Believers to Beat the Drums of War\n\nLeo Strauss is the father of the Neo-Conservative movement, including many leaders of the current administration.", "\n\nIndeed, many of the main neocon players – including Paul Wolfowitz, Richard Perle, Stephen Cambone, Elliot Abrams, and Adam Shulsky – were students of Strauss at the University of Chicago, where he taught for many years.", "\n\nThe people pushing for war against Iran are the same neocons who pushed for war against Iraq. ", "See this and this. (", "They planned both wars at least 20 years ago.) ", "For example, Shulsky was the director of the Office of Special Plans – the Pentagon unit responsible for selling false intelligence regarding Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction. ", "He is now a member of the equivalent organization targeting Iran: the Iranian Directorate.", "\n\nStrauss, born in Germany, was an admirer of Nazi philosophers and of Machiavelli. ", "Strauss believed that a stable political order required an external threat and that if an external threat did not exist, one should be manufactured. ", "Specifically, Strauss thought that:\n\nA political order can be stable only if it is united by an external threat . . . . ", "Following Machiavelli, he maintained that if no external threat exists then one has to be manufactured\n\nIndeed, Stauss used the analogy of Gulliver’s Travels to show what a Neocon-run society would look like:\n\n“When Lilliput [the town] was on fire, Gulliver urinated over the city, including the palace. ", "In so doing, he saved all of Lilliput from catastrophe, but the Lilliputians were outraged and appalled by such a show of disrespect.” (", "this quote also from the same biographer)\n\nOnly a great fool would call the new political science diabolic . . . ", "Nevertheless one may say of it that it fiddles while Rome burns. ", "It is excused by two facts: it does not know that it fiddles, and it does not know that Rome burns.", "\n\nSo Strauss seems to have advocated governments letting terrorizing catastrophes happen on one’s own soil to one’s own people — of “pissing” on one’s own people, to use his Gulliver’s travel analogy. ", "And he advocates that government’s should pretend that they did not know about such acts of mayhem: to intentionally “not know” that Rome is burning. ", "He advocates messing with one’s own people in order to save them from some “catastophe” (perhaps to justify military efforts to monopolize middle eastern oil to keep it away from our real threat — an increasingly-powerful China?).", "\n\nWhat does this have to do with religion?", "\n\nStrauss taught that religion should be used as a way to manipulate people to achieve the aims of the leaders. ", "But that the leaders themselves need not believe in religion.", "\n\nIn the late 1990s Irving Kristol and other writers in neoconservative magazines began touting anti-Darwinist views, in support of intelligent design. ", "Since these neoconservatives were largely of secular backgrounds, a few commentators have speculated that this – along with support for religion generally – may have been a case of a “noble lie”, intended to protect public morality, or even tactical politics, to attract religious supporters.", "\n\nSo is it any surprise that the folks who planned war against Iraq and Iran at least 20 years ago are pushing religious disinformation to stir up the evangelical community?", "\n\nI’ve recently seen a swarm of spam claiming that all Muslims are evil, that they want to take over the world and establish a Muslim caliphate, and that they want to nuke Iran. ", "They misquote Muslims and use false statements to try to stir up religious hatred.", "\n\nThey are simply promoting the Straussian playbook: stir up religious sentiment – even if you are personally an atheist – to create and demonize an “enemy”, so as to promote war …\n\nThe truth is however the opposite. ", "It is Palestinian in-fighting, corruption and political illusions in imperialism which have brought us to the present impasse whereby Hamas and Fateh compete as to who can best oppress the Palestinians.", "\n\nAnd of course there is the Palestinian quisling Authority, which as far as I know isn't Jewish!", "\n\nThe fact is that political morons and idiots like Shafic have racialised and divided the Palestinians by accepting Zionist ideology at its word.", "\n\nContrast this with South Africa and the ANC where there was unity of purpose and struggle.", "\n\nThe tragedy is that politically the Palestinians have gone backwards in the past 40 years and their leaderships still cling to the phantom of a 2 states solution\n\nYou Jews are destroying the Palestinian movement.", "All your smears and fighting .....Jews leave the Palestinian struggle alone, you have done more dammage in the last 10 years then the Zionists." ]

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